RickBrannan/categorize_bib_lang_grammar huggingface dataset:
An adverb used as a preposition with nouns and pronouns, but never with verbs.
There are several different kinds of pronouns in Koiné Greek.
Most pronouns can function either as nouns or adjectives in a sentence.
When a pronoun functions as a noun, this grammar classifies it as a pronoun.
When a pronoun functions as an adjective, this grammar classifies it as a determiner.
Reflexive pronouns do not appear in the nominative case because they reflect back on the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive pronouns do not occur in the neuter, only in masculine or feminine.
The words "this" and "that" are demonstrative pronouns.
They indicate what is wanted.
A "near" demonstrative pronoun indicates something near the speaker.
A "far" demonstrative pronoun indicates something at a distance from the speaker.
In the examples above, the word "this" is a "near" demonstrative pronoun.
The word "that" is a "far" demonstrative pronoun.
However, sometimes "near" and "far" demonstrative pronouns do not necessarily indicate distance from the speaker.
Sometimes a speaker uses both a "near" and "far" demonstrative pronoun to indicate two different items that are the same distance.
In cases like this, the "near" and "far" demonstrative pronouns may not indicate distance.
The "near" and "far" demonstrative pronouns may be a way a simply distinguishing the basket that is wanted from the basket that is not wanted.
This is a very common use of demonstrative pronouns.
An indefinite pronoun refers to a noun which is unspecified (e.g., τις, a certain one, someone, anyone).
A personal pronoun stands for a personal noun indicating grammatical purpose: first person (I, we), second person (you), third person (he, she, they).
A reciprocal pronoun stands for a noun and indicates that two or more people are interacting by performing an action and receiving the results of the action.
It is often translated one another.
A reciprocal pronoun indicates that two or more people are interacting with one another, both doing and receiving the action.
In the NT, there is only one reciprocal pronoun, ἀλλήλων.
It is always in the plural, and only in the accusative, genitive or dative.
It never appears in the nominative or singular, so the lemma is the genitive plural.
A reflexive pronoun stands in place of a noun and indicates that the subject itself is affected by the verbal action.
A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause and refers back to another nominal as its antecedent.
A relative pronoun refers back to another nominal as it's antecedent and introduces a relative clause.
Who, whom, what and which are common relative pronouns.
A relative pronoun always agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but not in case.
The case is determined by its function in the relative clause.
A relative pronoun sometimes takes on the same case as its antecedent, 1) when it is in close proximity to its antecendent and 2) when the relative pronoun would normally be accusative but has been changed to match a genitive or dative antecedent.
A proper noun is a noun that names or references a specific object.
In the New Testament proper nouns are nouns that name a specific person or place.
Note: Both Cephas and Peter are proper nouns because they are names for a specific person.
An indeclinable proper noun is a proper noun that does not “decline” (change its spelling) to indicate how it is functioning in a sentence.
An indeclinable proper noun will normally have the same spelling each time it occurs in the New Testament.
The term “decline” refers to the changes in form (spelling) that most Greek words undergo in order to show how they are functioning in a sentence.
If a word is “declinable” it means that the word has different forms to indicate how it is being used in a sentence.
Most Greek nouns have different forms to indicate gender, number, and case.
Not all Greek words change forms to show how they are functioning in a sentence.
Words that do not change forms to indicate their usage are called “indeclinable” words.
An “indeclinable proper noun” is a proper noun that does not change forms to indicate how the author is using it in a sentence.
Indeclinable proper nouns, in the Greek New Testament, are proper nouns that do not change form.
Most often indeclinable proper nouns are words that were borrowed from other languages, such as Hebrew, Latin, and Aramaic.
The indeclinable proper noun Ἀβραάμ (Abraham) occurs 73 times in the Greek New Testament and always with the exact same spelling.
It is borrowed from Hebrew.
An example of an indeclinable proper noun that is the name of a location is Βηθσαϊδά (Bethsaida).
An example of an indeclinable proper noun that is the name of a being is Βεελζεβούλ (“Beelzebul” which is a name for Satan).
There are four marks as reflected in the following table.
The time of action can be past, present or future.
The kind of action can be mere occurrence, duration or completion.
Older Greek grammars often refer to tense while some newer grammars call this form in order to emphasis verbal aspect.
A modern approach is to refer to the form (or morphological encoding) as tense form, while referring to the concept of the viewpoint of the action as aspect.
Aorist is a verb tense-form used to express an unspecified kind of action (in other words - only that some form of action has occurred or occurs), without reference to its duration or completeness.
In the indicative mood and aorist participles, the aorist tense generally refers to an unspecified kind of action that occurred in the past.
The action is described as a whole (e.g., he wrote).
The kind of action may be unspecified (also known as simple or simply completed), continuous (also described as imperfective), or completed with an ongoing effect.
The basic form for a verb in the indicative Aorist tense is given in Table 4 (Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs) , and Table 7 (Master Verb Tense Chart - The Aorist Tenses) of the Master paradigm.
The Paradigms also contain forms of verbs in the aorist tense for the subjunctive mood, imperative mood, participles, and infinitives.
The Koine Greek language has two ways of forming the Aorist Tense.
There is no difference in meaning between a 1st Aorist verb and a 2nd Aorist verb.
They are both Aorist verbs.
If it helps, you may think of it as a room (the Aorist room) and the Aorist room has two doors.
It does not matter which door you use to enter the room.
In both cases the word is now in the Aorist room.
A 1st Aorist verb uses the same verbal stem that is used in the present tense.
A 2nd Aorist verb is first formed by making a change to the present tense stem for the verb.
The change in the stem lets the reader know that it is a 2nd Aorist verb.
Because the 1st aorist tense formative ends with a vowel no connecting vowel is required before adding the secondary personal ending.
Table V-TA-4b shows how a Second Aorist Middle Indicative verb is formed.
Participles in the Aorist indicative generally represent events that have occurred in the past.
In this example, ἀσπασάμενοι is an aorist middle participle; and ἐμείναμεν is an aorist active indicative.
It should also be remembered that the aspect is undefined.
The greeting could have been short in duration or prolonged.
In this case we know the duration of the stay.
It was one day, because we are given this as additional information.
When the High Priest asked Jesus if He was the Christ, the Son of the Blessed one, Jesus responded with a simple “I am”.
He also added a comment that they would see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of power.
The High Priest then responds.
The time frame for this action was very short.
That was all the time it took for Jesus to say Ἐγώ εἰμι (I am).
The aorist tense may also be used for events that occurred over a long period of time.
The Aorist tense can be used for action that is repeated.
The aorist tense may be used to describe an event occurring in the present, or just completed.
This also includes an Epistolary aorist in which the writer describes his letter as already having been completed and delivered.
The Aorist tense may be used to describe action that will occur in the future.
Some have referred to this as the prophetic future (or an event that is so certain that it is described as if it had already occurred).
This may be overstating the case as the aorist tense simply presents an event as a completed action.
Yet, using the aorist tense, which describes completed action, for something to occur in the future instead of the future tense does add a sense of certainty to the event.
The Gnomic Aorist describes a generally accepted truth or fact that occurs regularly and so can be assumed to have occurred.
When used with a participle, it refers to a time in the future from the time of the main verb.
The basic form for a verb in the indicative Future tense is given in Table 4 Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs , and Table 6 (Master Verb Tense Chart - The Future Tenses) of the Master paradigm.
There are only five future infinitives that occur in the New Testament.
There are only twelve future participles that occur in the New Testament.
Liquid verbs are verbs that have a stem ending in λ,μ,ν, or ρ.
They are called “liquid” because the air flows around the tongue or through the nose when forming the sound of the letter.
In this case the connecting vowel omicron has lengthened to an omega.
The circumflex accent marks the contraction.
The first person plural has an acute accent on the antepenult syllable (the third syllable from the end).
It does not have a circumflex accent, because the circumflex can only stand on the last two syllables.
Then the epsilon and omicron contract to become κρινοῦμαι.
The eta and alpha contract to an eta.
As with the Aorist tense, there is no difference in meaning between a 1st Future Passive Indicative verb and a 2nd Future Passive Indicative verb.
They are both Future Passive Indicative verbs.
If it helps, you may think of it as a room (the Future Passive room) and the Future Passive room that has two doors.
In both cases the word is now in the Future Passive room.
In the case of a Future Passive verb, the Future Passive tense is built upon the Aorist Passive Tense stem without the augment.
A First Future Passive verb is built upon a First Aorist Passive Tense stem and the Second Future Passive verb is built upon a Second Aorist Passive Tense stem.
In both cases the verb is a Future Passive Indicative verb.
As we stated with Table V-TF-6, there is no difference in meaning between a 1st Future Passive Indicative verb and a 2nd Future Passive Indicative verb.
The Second Future Passive verb is built upon a Second Aorist Passive Tense stem.
The future tense for εἰμί is easy to learn when the student notices that it is made up of the future tense formative (εσ) + the connecting vowel + plus the Primary Middle/Passive Personal Ending.
The Gnomic Future is not used as a way to predict the future, but to describe an event that can reasonably be expected to occur in the future.
Participles in the future tense refer to an action or event that will occur in the future when compared to the time of the main verb for the sentence.
In the New Testament, there are only 13 participles that occur in the future tense.
The basic form for a verb in the Imperfect indicative tense is given in Table 4 - Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs , and Table 5 - Master Verb Tense Chart - Present and Imperfect Tenses of the Master Verb paradigms.
The present tense stem for a verb may be determined by deleting the connecting vowel and personal ending from a present tense verb.
If a verb has a prefix or an augment such as in the imperfect tense, the prefix or augment must also be deleted.
The Secondary Active personal endings are shown in Table V-TI-3 and in the upper right quadrant of the Verb Master Chart Table 4.
The Secondary middle/passive personal endings are shown in Table V-TI-3b below and the lower right quadrant (Quadrant 4) of the Verb Master Chart Table 4.
The most frequent use of the imperfect tense is to describe a continuing action that occurred in the past.
It is therefore described as continuous (or imperfective).
Continuous action is action that is viewed as ongoing, continuous, or as a process from the speaker’s point of view.
The iterative imperfect describes repeated action occurring in the past.
These repeated actions may have been repeated by a single person (or agent) or multiple persons (or agents).
Similar to the iterative imperfect, the imperfect may also be used to describe an event that generally occurs (or may be reasonably expected to occur).
The imperfect tense may be used to describe an event that occurs over an extended period of time.
This is very close to the 1,691 occurrences of the Imperfect Tense.
The translator should give special attention when the Perfect Tense is used (compared to the Present Tense or the Aorist Tense) and try to note the significance of the meaning that is being conveyed by use of Perfect Tense.
The Perfect Tense is principally used to place an emphasis on the results or present condition that now exists from the past action.
This condition may have come into being as a result of a single action in the past or as a result of a series of actions.
As already stated, there is no implication (based on the use of the perfect tense) that these results will continue into the future, merely that they are still present at the time the speaker makes the statement.
In V-TP-7d Imagined Event we give an example where the people only imagined that an event had occurred; and their perception was incorrect.
Because the Perfect is a stative tense, the focus is on the resultant state as opposed to the completed act.
Depending upon the context, there may be (1) a greater emphasis on the present condition; or (2) a greater emphasis on the completed action that resulted in the present condition in which case the use of a helping verb is appropriate.
However, some grammarians suggest that the translator use caution in coming to this conclusion.
What seems to be a simple statement may be placed in the perfect tense to dramatize or place a special emphasis on this event.
These verbs could be classified as an Intensive Perfect with a greater emphasis on the present condition.
The basic form for a verb in the indicative Perfect tense is given in Verb Master Table 4-Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs and Verb-Master Table 8-The Perfect Tenses of the Master paradigm.
The Paradigms also contain forms of verbs in the Perfect tense for the subjunctive mood, imperative mood, participles, and infinitives.
As with the Aorist Tense, The Koine Greek language has two ways of forming the Perfect Tense.
There is no difference in meaning between a 1st Perfect verb and a 2nd Perfect Verb.
They are both perfect verbs.
If it helps, you may think of it as a room (the Perfect Tense room) and the Perfect Tense room has two doors.
In both cases the word is now in the Perfect Tense room.
The vast majority of Perfect verbs in the New Testament are 1st Perfect Verbs.
There are only a few Second Perfect verbs in the New Testament from 26 different stems.
There is NO Tense formative and NO connecting vowel for verbs in the Perfect Middle/Passive indicative tense.
The Perfect Middle tense is identified by the reduplication + and absence of a connecting vowel + The Quadrant 3 Middle/Passive Personal Ending attached directly to the Perfect Tense Stem.
There are no Second Perfects in the Middle/Passive because there is no tense formative.
This is the most common use of the Perfect Tense.
It is referred to as the Intensive Perfect.
However, the use of the Perfect Tense does NOT imply that the results will continue forever.
This type of conclusion must be made on the basis of other factors.
Acts 24:7 is an example of the emphasis on the present state of Paul as a result of his having been placed in prison in the past.
His current state is “imprisoned.” It is also clear from the context, there is a possibility of his release by the next governor.
The emphasis is on his current condition as a result of past action, not on what may or may not happen in the future.
The speaker's viewpoint may or may not be true.
The Gnomic Perfect refers to a state that could result from an action that could occur at any time.
It simply refers to an action that occurred in the past.
However, some grammarians suggest that one use caution in coming to this conclusion.
What, at first glance, seems to be a simple statement about an event that occurred in the past, may be placed in the perfect tense to dramatize or place a special emphasis on this event.
The Pluperfect tense has the same meaning as the Perfect Tense, except that it only brings the results of an action up to a selected time in the past.
Both the Pluperfect Tense and the Perfect Tense describe the state resulting from a previous action or series of actions.
The Pluperfect describes an event that was completed in the past and had results that existed in the past from the speaker’s point of view.
On the other hand, the Perfect Tense, brings the results all the way up to the time the speaker is speaking.
Use of the Pluperfect Tense does not indicate if the results still exist at the time the speaker is speaking only that they existed at some point in the past.
The Pluperfect only occurs 88 times in the New Testament.
The emphasis is therefore on the results that occurred.
This is known as a Periphrastic Construction.
The following is a list of the Pluperfect Verbs in the New Testament.
The basic form for a verb in the Pluperfect tense is given in Verb Master Table 4-Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs of the Master paradigm.
In this section we will describe the formation of the Active and Middle Pluperfect Verbs with a theme vowel.
This is why it is shown in parenthesis.
Table V-T-PL-5 [ 2nd Pluperfect Active Indicative based on ἔρχομαι (I go) ].
With the Intensive Pluperfect, stress is on the results that existed from some action that occurred in the past prior to the time of the speaker.
The Consummative Pluperfect is also known as the Extensive Pluperfect.
With the Consummative Pluperfect stress is on the process that led to the results.
Sometimes the Pluperfect is used in such a manner that it seems to simply refer to an event that occurred in the past.
Periphrastic construction.
The word-for-word translation below tries to pick up on the imperfect helping verb (ἦν) combined with the perfect participle (ἑστὠς).
The time of the Periphrastic construction also affects the time of the present participle (παρακαλῶν) and so we included the helping verb “was” in our word-for-word translation.
The present tense in the indicative mood is the only way to describe an action that is taking place at the time the speaker is speaking.
When the present tense is indicating an event occurring at the present time, it may be indicating continuing and ongoing action, but may be simply indicating an event taking place at the time the speaker is speaking.
The present tense may also be used for dramatic effect to bring the hearer into the time the action occurred.
The basic form for a verb in the present tense indicative is given in Tables 4 - Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs , and Table 5 - Master Verb Tense Chart - Present and Imperfect Tenses of the Master Verb paradigms .
Imperative Mood , Participles , and Infinitives .
Verbs in the Optative Mood are so rare a paradigm table was not created for them.
There are only 70 occurrences of the optative mood in the New Testament.
The present tense is used to express the continuous aspect in all moods other than the indicative mood.
In the indicative mood, the Aspect may be simple or continuous.
The Customary Present is used to describe events that regularly occur or may be reasonably expected to occur.
Simple Action that occurred in the past but is portrayed with the present tense (instead of the expected aorist or imperfect tense).
This has the dramatic effect of moving the reader into the time that the event occurred.
It portrays the event as now occurring.
Frequently the Historic Present is used with the verb λέγω.
Most English versions will translate Historic Present verbs with a verb in the past tense.
The following example is from the story of when a person with leprosy came to Jesus to ask for healing.
The narrative reads as though we were right there watching the scene.
As such it adds an emphasis on the certainty of the event portrayed.
The following are examples of the Present tense being used with the continuous aspect in moods other than the indicative.
In Koiné Greek, the base form of the verb communicates the basic meaning of that term.
However, this base form never stands alone.
The base form of a verb is usually accompanied by a connecting vowel and a word ending.
For example, consider the Greek verb αγαπαω ("I love").
This is the form of the verb that appears in any standard lexicon.
The base form of the verb is αγαπ-.
This expresses the basic meaning of the verb ("love").
The connecting vowel of this verb is the letter -α-.
This connecting vowel can change form depending on the number of syllables in the word and well as the specific word ending used in any given instance.
The word ending of this verb is the letter -ω.
This word ending indicates the tense, voice, and mood of the verb as well as the person and number of the verb's subject.
If the verb is a participle, the word ending can also indicate gender and case.
For the verb above, the word ending -ω indicates that the verb is in present tense, active voice, and indicative mood.
The word ending also indicates that the subject of the verb is 1st person singular ("I").
In Koiné Greek, sometimes extra letters will be added at the beginning of the base form.
This is called an augment.
Letters in a verbal augment are NOT considered part of the base form.
They are added in certain circumstances depending on the form of the verb used in any given instance.
If you are ever uncertain about the form of any particular verb, consult a lexicon.
The finite verb forms in Koiné Greek are marked for tense, whether that be present, aorist, future, imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect.
The non-finite verb forms in Koiné Greek include the infinitive and the participle.
As a general rule, Koiné Greek does not use helping verbs.
However, English uses many different kinds of helping verbs.
Often, it is necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of a Greek verb.
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object.
Most verbs in the passive tense will be intransitive, but there are a few exceptions.
The passive verb γεννᾶται is intransitive.
Verbs may be classified as Transitive , Intransitive, or Linking .
Linking verbs may also be referred to as equative verbs.
Transitive verbs require an object for the action of the verb.
The object may be stated or implied.
The action of the verb is carried over into (or onto) an object of the verb.
Therefore, transitive verbs will always have an object for the verb.
The verbal idea of the verb determines if a verb is transitive or intransitive.
Intransitive verbs may appear in the active, middle, or passive voice.
Some verbs can be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another sentence.
Generally passive verbs are intransitive, but this is not always the case.
The following is an example where πίστευω is transitive.
The table below omits most of the sentence in order to place the subject and verb together.
The following is an example of a passive verb (πείθομαι) that is transitive.
Linking verbs "link" the subject of the sentence by showing a relationship with another noun, pronoun, or adjective.
Linking verbs show relationship.
The linking verb "is" shows a relationship between David and King of Israel.
Verbs may be classified as Transitive, Intransitive, or Linking.
Because a participle is a verbal adjective, it can function as an adjective or as a noun.
It can also be joined with a linking verb.
The verb εἰμί (to be) is the most frequently used linking verb.
There are 2,597 linking verbs in the New Testament.
The reader should keep in mind; A verb may be transitive, intransitive or linking depending on its function in the sentence.