RickBrannan/categorize_bib_lang_grammar huggingface dataset:
Thus, in the Hithpael stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make oneself known" (causative action, reflexive voice).
The Hithpael stem can be used to express simple reflexive action in two ways.
First, the Hithpael stem can express a simple action in reflexive voice.
In these cases, usually the Hithpael stem functions as the reflexive voice of the Qal (or perhaps Niphal) stem rather than the Piel stem.
This is the case with the verb אָבַל ("to mourn"), as shown in the example below.
Secondly, the Hithpael stem can also express simple action of a verb that is reflexive by its very nature.
In these rare cases, usually the verb appears only in the Hithpael stem in Biblical Hebrew.
This is the case with the verb אָפַק ("to constrain oneself"), as shown in the example below.
Sometimes the Hithpael form functions in ways that do not follow the strictly the reflexive conventions of the Hithpael stem as listed above.
Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe reciprocal voice, middle voice, passive voice, as well as stative or other kinds of verbal action.
A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these instances of the Hithpael stem.
The Hithpalpel is an extremely rare stem formation that is similar to the Hithpael.
It expresses the reflexive voice of the Pilpel stem.
The Hithpalpel stem is a variation of the Hithpael stem and expresses the reflexive voice of the verbal action of the Pilpel stem.
The Hithpalpel stem is formed from the Hithpael by dropping the 2nd radical and repeating the 1st and 3rd radicals, thus making a form that appears to have 4 consonants.
It is an extremely rare stem formation in Biblical Hebrew.
Many of the verbs in the the Hithpalpel stem in the Hebrew Bible are from the root מָהַהּ ("to linger, delay").
It is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the precise nuance of any verb in the Hithpalpel stem.
The Hithpoel is an extremely rare stem formation that is similar to the Hithpael.
It expresses the reflexive voice of the Poel stem.
The Hithpoel stem is a variation of the Hithpael stem and expresses the reflexive voice of the verbal action of the Poel stem.
The Hithpoel stem is formed from the Hithpael stem by a vowel change.
It is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the precise nuance of any verb in the Hithpoel stem.
The Hithpolel is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Hithpael.
It expresses the reflexive voice of the Polel stem.
The Hithpolel stem is a variation of the Hithpael and expresses the reflexive voice of the verbal action of the Polel stem.
The Hithpolel stem is formed from the Hithpael by dropping the 2nd radical and repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change).
It is a rare stem formation in Biblical Hebrew.
It is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the precise nuance of any verb in the Hithpolel stem.
The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil, and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem.
The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil stem formation in Biblical Hebrew.
The Hophal stem is usually indicated by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the verb`.
The Hophal stem usually expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem.
Scholars sometimes disagree whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the Hophal, the Pual or even the Qal Passive stem.
In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping verbs.
Here the qamets hatuf is used throughout.
The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Hebrew.
For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Hebrew, the Hophal stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil stem, but in passive voice.
In the Qal stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (:ref:simple<stem-action-simple>` action, active voice).
But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (causative action, active voice).
Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to be brought" (causative action, passive voice).
Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple passive action.
A good example is the verb יָצַק.
In the Qal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to pour out".
In the Hiphil stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple action "to pour".
In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple passive "to be poured" (that is, the passive of both the Qal stem and the Hiphil stem).
For some verbs, the Hophal and/or Pual forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem.
In all these cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
Sometimes the Hophal form is used with specific verbs or in specific contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action.
A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
The Hothpaal is an extremely rare stem formation that is derived from the Hithpael.
It generally expresses action in passive voice.
The Hothpaal stem is a variation of the Piel and generally expresses verbal action in passive voice.
The Hothpaal stem is formed from the Hithpael stem by vowel changes and is an extremely rare stem formation in Biblical Hebrew.
Many of the occurrences of the Hothpaal stem in the Hebrew Bible are from the root verb פָּקַד ("to visit, number, or appoint").
The Niphal stem generally expresses passive or reflexive voice, but it can also express other kinds of action depending on the context and the specific verb.
The Niphal form is a verbal stem formation in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a נִ prefix before the 1st radical of the verb.
The Niphal stem is extremely flexible in its use in Biblical Hebrew.
Generally speaking, the Niphal stem expresses either passive or reflexive voice; but it can also express middle voice, reciprocal voice, simple action, or even stative action, depending on the context and the specific verb.
Some verbs express passive voice in the Niphal stem; some verbs express reflexive voice in the Niphal stem; for some verbs, the Niphal stem might express either passive voice or reflexive voice, depending on the context; and so on.
Passive voice means that the subject of the verb is receiving the action rather than performing the action.
In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any helping verbs.
Reflexive voice means that the subject of the verb is both performing and receiving the action.
In Biblical Hebrew, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any additional words.
This kind of action stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice.
Reciprocal voice means that multiple subjects are in view who are both performing the action for another and receiving the action from another.
In Biblical Hebrew, the reciprocal nature of the action is expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any additional words.
In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs express different meanings in different stem formations.
A good example is the Hebrew verb רָאָה.
In the Qal stem, the verb רָאָה expresses the simple action "to seֶe".
But in the Niphal stem, the verb רָאָה expresses the simple action "to appear".
A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the different meanings for these verbs in the various stem formations.
In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs express stative action in the Niphal stem rather than the Qal stem.
This is a very rare use of the Niphal stem.
Stative action is expressed most often using the Qal stem in Biblical Hebrew.
The Nithpael is an extremely rare stem formation that is derived from both the Hithpael and Niphal.
It expresses the reflexive voice of the Piel stem.
The Nithpael stem is a variation of the Hithpael and expresses the reflexive voice of the verbal action of the Piel stem.
The Nithpael stem is formed from the Hithpael stem by inserting the נ from the Niphal stem into the Hithpael prefix (נִתְ).
The Palel is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Piel and expresses the same range of meanings.
The Palel stem is a variation of the Piel and has potential to express the same range of verbal action.
It is the same stem formation as the Pilel, only with a variant vowel pattern.
The Palel stem is formed from the Piel stem by repeating the 3rd radical (with different vowels), thus making a verb that appears to have 4 consonants.
Many of the occurrences of the Palel stem in the Hebrew Bible are from the root verb שָׁאַן ("to be at ease").
The Pealal is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Piel and expresses the same range of meanings.
The Pealal stem is a variation of the Piel and has potential to express the same range of verbal action.
The Pealal stem is formed from the Piel stem by simply repeating both the 2nd and 3rd radicals, thus making a verb that appears to have 5 consonants.
In the following example, the root is סחר, and the 2nd and 3rd radicals repeat.
The Piel stem is the most flexible stem formation in Biblical Hebrew and can express simple, intensive, resultative, causative, or other kinds of verbal action depending on the context and the specific verb.
The Piel form is a verbal stem formation in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a daghesh in the 2nd radical of the verb.
The Piel stem is the most flexible in its use of all the various stem formations; it can express simple action, intensive action, resultative action, causative action, or other kinds of action (all in active voice) depending on the context and the specific verb.
Some verbs express simple action in the Piel stem; some verbs express intensive action in the Piel stem; for some verbs, the Piel stem might express either simple action or intensive action, depending on the context; and so on.
In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs can express different meanings in different stem formations.
A good example is the Hebrew verb נָחַם.
In the Niphal stem, the verb נָחַם usually expresses either stative action ("to be sorry") or passive action ("to be comforted").
But in the Piel stem, the verb נָחַם expresses the simple action "to comfort".
On the other hand, some verbs express the same meaning in multiple stem formations.
A good example is the verb אָסַף, which expresses the simple action "to gather" in both the Qal and the Piel stem.
A good example is the verb שָׁלַח.
In the Qal stem, the verb שָׁלַח means "to send" or "to stretch out".
But in the Piel stem, the verb שָׁלַח means "to send away".
Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for dynamic verbs) or to be in the state described by the verb (for stative verbs).
The Piel stem often serves this causative function with stative verbs.
A good example is the verb מָלֵא.
In the Qal stem, the verb מָלֵא expresses the stative action "to be full".
But in the Piel stem, the verb מָלֵא expresses the causative action "to fill" (meaning, to cause something to be full).
In Biblical Hebrew, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Piel form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element.
Thus, a verb that is transitive in the Piel stem may be intransitive in the Qal and/or Niphal stems.
A good example is the Hebrew verb שָׁבַר.
In the Qal stem, the verb שָׁבַר means "to break".
But in the Piel stem, the verb שָׁבַר means "to shatter" or "to break in pieces".
A dictionary or lexicon will indicate an intensive nuance in comparison with the meaning of the verb in other stem formations.
Sometimes the Piel form is used in ways that do not follow the general conventions of the Piel stem as listed above.
In these instances, the context demonstrates that none of the normal meanings of the verbal action make sense.
A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these rare instances of the Piel stem.
The Pilel is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Piel and expresses the same range of meanings.
The Pilel stem is a variation of the Piel and has potential to express the same range of verbal action.
It is the same stem formation as the Palel, only with a variant vowel pattern.
The Pilel stem is formed from the Piel stem by repeating the 3rd radical, thus making a verb that can appear to have 4 consonants.
The Pilpel stem is a variation of the Piel and has potential to express the same range of verbal action.
The Pilpel stem is formed from the Piel by dropping the 2nd radical and repeating the 1st and 3rd radical, thus making a verb that appears to have four consonants.
Many of the occurrences of the Pilpel stem in the Hebrew Bible are from the root verb כּוּל ("to comprehend, contain").
These paradigms use the root כּוּל, meaning "to sustain" in the Pilpel stem.
The Poal is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Pual.
It expresses the passive voice of the Poel stem.
The Poal stem is a variation of the Pual and expresses the passive voice of the verbal action of the Poel.
The Poal stem is formed from the Pual by a vowel change.
The Poel is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Piel and expresses the same range of meanings.
The Poel stem is a variation of the Piel and has potential to express the same range of verbal action.
The Poel stem is formed from the Piel by a vowel change and is a rare stem formation in Biblical Hebrew.
The following form is a Poel :ref:`participle_active`.
The Polal is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Pual.
It expresses the passive voice of the Polel stem.
The Polal stem is a variation of the Pual and expresses the passive voice of the verbal action of the Polel stem.
The Polal stem is formed from the Pual by dropping the 2nd radical and repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change).
The Polel is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Piel and expresses the same range of meanings.
The Polel stem is a variation of the Piel and has potential to express the same range of verbal action.
The Polel stem is formed from the Piel stem by dropping the 2nd radical and repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change).
The Polpal is a rare stem formation that is similar to the Pual.
It expresses the passive voice of the Pilpel stem.
The Polpal stem is a variation of the Pual and expresses the passive voice of the verbal action of the Pilpel stem.
The Polpal stem is formed from the Pual by dropping the 2nd radical and repeating the 1st and 3rd radicals (with a vowel change), thus making a verb that appears to have 4 consonants.
The Pual stem is the passive form of the Piel, and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem.
The Pual stem is the passive form of the Piel formation in Biblical Hebrew.
The Pual stem is usually indicated by a daghesh in the middle consonsant of the verb` and a qibbuts vowel under the first consonant.
Generally speaking, the Pual stem expresses the :ref:`passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem.
Scholars sometimes disagree whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the Pual, the Hophal, or the Qal Passive stems.
In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Pual form of the verb itself without any helping verbs.
The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative are not found in the Pual stem in Biblical Hebrew.
A good example is the verb בָּקַע.
In the Qal stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to cut open" or "to break open" (simple action, active voice).
But in the Piel stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to rip open" (intensive action, active voice).
Thus, in the Pual stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to be ripped open" (intensive action, passive voice).
Some verbs use the Pual stem to express simple action in passive voice (rather than the Niphal stem).
This can be true even if the verb also appears in the Piel stem in Biblical Hebrew; in such cases, the Pual form does NOT function as a passive of the Piel stem.
A good example is the verb יָלַד.
In the Qal stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple action "to give birth".
In the Piel stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the causative action "to cause to give birth" (meaning, to serve as a midwife).
But in the Pual stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple passive "to be born" (that is, the passive of the Qal stem rather the Piel stem).
Sometimes the Pual form is used with specific verbs or in specific contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action.
A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these rare instances of the Pual stem.
The Pulal is a rare stem formation that it similar to the Pual.
It expresses the passive voice of the Pilel and/or Palel stems.
The Pulal stem is a variation of the Pual and expresses the passive voice of the verbal action of the Pilel and/or the Palel stems.
The Pulal stem is formed from the Pual by repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change), thus making a verb that appears to have four consonants.
Most of the Pulal verbs found in the Hebrew Bible are from the root אָמַל ("to be weak").
The Qal stem is the stem formation that is the simplest of form in Biblical Hebrew.
The Qal stem is generally used to express either simple action or stative action.
In Biblical Hebrew, the Qal stem is the simplest of all the verbal stem formations in both form and function.
All the other stem formations are derived from the Qal form.
It is by far the most common form of a verb, and it almost always expresses either simple action in active voice (for dynamic verbs) or stative action in passive voice (for stative verbs, which do not have active voice).
In English, stative verbs require the helping verb "to be" for proper translation value (see example).
In Biblical Hebrew, the stative nature of the verb is indicated by the verb itself without requiring any additional helping verbs.
Depending on the verb form, there are often two or three different ways of conjugating a verb in the Qal stem.
Which way is used depends on which verb it is.
Here the sample verb is קוּם (to rise up), where the 2nd radical (a shureq vowel) shortens to a holem vowel.
Here the sample verb is שִׂים (to set), where the 2nd radical (a hireq-yod vowel) shortens to a tsere vowel.
The Qal Passive is a passive form of the Qal stem.
It looks similar to (and is sometimes identified as) the Pual or the Hophal stem.
The Qal Passive form is a stem formation in Biblical Hebrew that expresses simple action in passive voice.
There is some debate among scholars concerning all the verbs that are parsed as Qal Passive, because they could also be identified as either a Pual or a Hophal.
This distinction is not important for meaning or translation.
The Tiphil is an extremely rare stem formation that is similar to the Hiphil and expresses causative action in active voice.
The Tiphil stem (sometimes called: Tiphal, Tiphel, or Taphel) expresses causative action in active voice, similar to the more common Hiphil stem formation.
It differs from the Hiphil by using a ת prefix before the 1st radical instead of a ה prefix.
Biblical Hebrew utilizes four different types of suffixes.
The most common type is the pronominal suffix which changes form based on both gender and number.
However, there are also three other simple suffixes called the directional ה (he), the paragogic ה (he), and the paragogic נ (nun).
The directional (he) suffix at the end of a term expresses the concept of movement (either in space or in time) toward the word (usually a person or thing) that takes the suffix.
This suffix should not be confused with the third person feminine singular pronominal suffix, although it looks very similar.
The directional ה (he) suffix is never accented, nor does it affect the vowel pattern of a word in any way.
This is in contrast to the third person feminine singular pronominal suffix, which can take the accent and affects the vocalization of the word to which it is attached.
This suffix consists of a ה (he) consonant preceded by a qamets vowel.
The paragogic ה (he) suffix can only attach to an imperative verb and most likely expresses some kind of added emphasis to the verb.
However, the specific nature and meaning of this emphasis is unknown.
This suffix should not be confused with the cohortative verbal ending, although they appear exactly alike.
These suffixes are distinguished by the form of the verb to which they are attached.
The paragogic ה suffix always attaches to an imperative verb in Biblical Hebrew, whereas the cohortative qamets-he ending always attaches to an imperfect verb to form the specific cohortative verbal form.
The paragogic נ (nun) suffix can only attach to a finite verb, and its meaning is unknown.
This suffix is an unexplained feature of Biblical Hebrew grammar with no discernible meaning or function.
The paragogic נ (nun) is a simple consonant appearing either as a suffix or an infix.
When appearing as a suffix, it stands at the end of the word, following the verb conjugation ending (as in the examples below).
When appearing as an infix, the paragogic נ (nun) is usually represented by a daghesh forte inside the initial letter of a pronominal suffix.
Pronominal suffixes refer to a person(s) or thing(s) and can be attached to nouns, verbs, prepositions, participles, infinitives, even some particles.
A pronominal suffix nearly always functions as either a personal pronoun (for example, "I" or "me" in English) or a possessive pronoun (for example, "my" or "mine" in English).
A pronominal suffix refers to a person(s) or a thing(s) and can change form according to gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural), and person (first, second, or third person).
These various suffixes look quite similar to their corresponding personal pronouns.
Only nouns in the construct state can take a pronominal suffix.
When attached to a noun, a pronominal suffix functions as a personal pronoun in a construct relationship with the noun to which it is attached.
Very often, the pronoun functions as a possessive attributive adjective indentifying the person(s) or thing(s) in possession of that noun.
A pronominal suffix can be attached to any finite verb conjugation to indicate the direct object of the verb.
In these cases, the pronominal suffix always functions as a personal pronoun.
Similar to verbs, a pronominal suffix attached to a preposition is always the object of that preposition, functioning as a personal pronoun.
When the preposition אֵת takes a pronominal suffix, it can be distinguished from the direct object marker.
The preposition will take a hireq vowel with a daghesh in the taw consonant (see examples below).
When attached to a participle, the pronominal suffix can function as a personal pronoun, a possessive adjective, or as a noun in construct relationship with the particle.
When attached to an infinitive construct, the pronominal suffix can function as the object of the verbal action.
When attached to an infinitive construct, the pronominal suffix can function as the subject of the verbal action described by the infinitive.
In these cases, often the object of the infinitive (with the direct object marker) will appear immediately following the infinitive.
When the direct object marker takes a pronominal suffix, it can be distinguished from the preposition אֵת.
The direct object marker will take a holem vowel without a daghesh in the taw consonant (see examples below).
When attached to the demonstrative particle הִנֵּה, a pronominal suffix can function as either the object of the particle or the subject of a verbal participle that immediately follows the particle.
In these cases, the pronominal suffix functions as the object of the verbal action expressed by the demonstrative particle.
Sometimes, a pronominal suffix attached to the particle הִנֵּה functions as the subject of a participle that immediately follows the particle.
A verb is a word in a sentence that describes either an action by the subject of a sentence, or the subject itself.
Therefore, the verb is often the most important word in understanding a sentence or a clause.
A "dynamic verb" describes a subject performing an action.
The subject is doing something.
An "intransitive verb" is a verb that does NOT require an object to receive the verbal action.