RickBrannan/categorize_bib_lang_grammar huggingface dataset:
For example εἰμί occurs 2,458 times in the New Testament, but only 2,129 times does εἰμί function as a linking verb.
The following is an example of εἰμί (to be) used as a linking verb.
The following is an example of εἰμί (to be) used as a transitive verb with a participle phrase ἔχων “one having” as the object of the subject of the sentence.
This is also an example of how a verb may function one way in the Greek language and a different way in a different language.
In this instance ἦν (the imperfect active indicative 3rd person singular of εἰμί) serves as a transitive verb.
It cannot be a linking verb because there is no separate noun for it to link.
The participle ἔχων is the object of the verb.
However, in the English translation.
The pronoun “He” is a separate word.
The following are two examples of εἰμί as an intransitive verb.
The following is an example of a participle form of εἰμί (οὖσιν) being used as a linking verb.
A verb which can take a direct object is transitive (e.g.
Note: In this example ἔφαγεν (they ate) is the transitive verb and ἄρτους (bread) is the direct object.
Verbs may be classified as Transitive, Intransitive, or Linking .
Intransitive verbs do not take an object.
The following two tables (4a and 4b) are an example of a single sentence with three different transitive verbs.
However, each verb takes its object in a different case.
A verb in the active voice indicates that the subject performs the action (e.g., He washed the baby).
(2) Some Greek manuscripts have the words heartless (and) implacable (KJV only).
(2) Some Greek manuscripts have the words stumbles or weakens (KJV, NJB).
(2) Some later Greek manuscripts have the word to/in-these (KJV and possibly the NJB).
(BSB, ESV, NIV, GNT, NASB, NABRE, NLT, GW, NET, NRSV, NCV, KJV)
(BSB, ESV, NIV, GNT, NASB, NLT, NET, NCV)
(BSB, GNT, NIV, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, NCV, NABRE)
(BSB, NIV, GNT, NASB, KJV, ESV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
(BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, ESV, NLT, NET)
(BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, KJV, NRSV, ESV, NABRE, GW, NET, NCV)
(BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, NABRE, ESV, NLT, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
(BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, NRSV, ESV, GW, CEV, NET, NABRE, REB, NCV)
(BSB, NIV, NJB, ESV, NASB, NRSV, KJV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
(BSB, NIV, NJB, NASB, NRSV, NABRE, ESV, NLT, GW, NET)
(BSB, NIV11, GNT, NJB, NLT, GW, CEV, NCV)
(BSB, RSV, GNT, NJB, NASB, KJV, ESV, NABRE, CEV, REB)
(BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, ESV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
(BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, KJV, ESV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
(BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, NABRE, NLT, ESV)
(GNT) (RSV, GNT, CEV, NLT, NCV)
(GNT, NABRE, ESV, NET, NASB, KJV)
(GNT, NLT, GW, CEV, NCV)
(GNT, NLT, GW, NET, NASB)
(NASB:) diligence: There are several ways to interpret the Greek word that the NASB translates as diligence:
(NIV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NASB, KJV, NABRE, NET, GNT3)
(NIV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NASB, NABRE, GW, KJV)
(NIV, GNT, NABRE, NRSV, KJV, GW, NET, NCV)
(NIV, GNT, NJB, CEV, KJV)
(NIV, GNT, NJB, CEV, NCV)
(NJB) (BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NRSV, NABRE, REB, NCV)
(NJB) (GNT, NJB, NABRE, NRSV, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, NCV)
(NJB) (NJB, KJV)
(RSV) (RSV, GNT, NABRE, CEV, REB)
(The word father is used to mean “ancestor” here.)
Accept him whose faith is weak: In the Greek, the phrase translated him whose faith is weak occurs before the verb Accept to emphasize it.
Among the Jews, Circumcision is a religious ritual which serves as a sign that they have a covenant with God (Genesis 17:9–14).
And (NIV, BSB)
And do this because you know the time (NABRE) (BSB, NIV, GNT, NASB, KJV, NABRE, NLT, NET, NCV)
The clause if they do not persist in unbelief interrupts the clause And…they will be grafted in.
As a rhetorical question, as in the BSB.
As long as (GNT) (GNT, GW, CEV)
At the right time (GNT) (GNT, GW, REB, NCV)
Be of the same mind toward one another (NASB) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NASB, KJV, ESV, NLT, GW, NET, REB)
Because (GNT) (BSB, RSV, GNT, NJB, NABRE, ESV, NLT, GW, CEV, NCV)
Because: Some languages do not start sentences with Because.
But also in many languages the word Therefore must be first in the clause.
But here you should use the past tense.
But some languages use a positive question, like the second example, to imply a positive answer.
But the sense between these two clauses (5:7a and 5:7b) is generally agreed to be though, as in many English versions.
But, for this author, the main argument for interpretation (1) is to take ef´ hois as meaning “about which things” and not connect it the singular “fruit” as interpretation (2) requires, even though fruit is a mass noun implying plural fruits.
But/And for/about them, if they do not remain/stay not believing,
But: The Greek word here indicates strong contrast.
Christ (CEV) (KJV, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB)
This clause is passive.
Doxology (NIV)
English uses Unless…had in the first part and would have become in the second part to indicate this meaning.
Everyone must obey (GNT) (GNT, NJB, GW, CEV)
For example, (NIV)
For example, the GNT omits this phrase.
For/And we (incl) know that all of creation
Gentile (NIV)
Gentiles (CEV)
Gentiles: The Greek word that the BSB translates as Gentiles refers to ethnic groups or people groups rather than to political states or countries.An ethnic group is a group of people who consider themselves a group because they share the same physical appearance, language, religion, culture, and history, or because they share two or more of these things.
Gentiles: The word Gentiles refers to non-Jewish people.
God-haters (BSB) (BSB, RSV, NIV, ESV, NABRE, NASB, KJV, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, NCV)
God’s righteousness (NASB) (BSB, NIV11, NASB, KJV, ESV)
God’s righteousness (NET) (BSB, RSV, NIV, ESV, NASB, KJV, NET, REB, NABRE)
God’s way of putting people right (GNT) (GNT, NJB, NCV, NLT, GW)
God’s wrath (RSV) (RSV, GNT, ESV, GW, CEV)
Have the same concern for everyone (GNT) (GNT, NJB, NABRE)
He cannot die again: In English the semi-colon (;) at the end of this clause indicates that there is a connection to the words that come next.
Here it implies sex, so the BSB has used relations, which here in English clearly implies sex.
Here the if-clause comes after the then-clause.
Here the word Spirit refers to Jesus’ own human spirit, and the words of holiness indicates that his spirit is characterized by holiness.
Here this word means appoint or designate.
Here “their trespass” leads to “riches for the world.” So some English versions add a verb like means.
His people, whom He foreknew: The clause whom He foreknew further describes His people.
I (REB) (GNT, NCV, CEV, REB)
I agree that the law is good (NIV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NJB, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, NCV, NABRE)
I am an Israelite myself: The “-ite” ending in English means “a person of.” For example:
I could pray (NJB) (NJB, REB)
I have shown myself (RSV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NASB, KJV, ESV, NLT, NABRE, REB, NCV)
I place (GNT)
I will make you angry by a nation without understanding: The Greek puts the phrase by a nation without understanding in the front of the clause as part of a Greek poetic form.In this case, two parts, having similar meaning to the two previous parts, are put in reverse order.
If possible use the same word or phrase in both clauses.
If possible, use similar words in both clauses.
If that is true in your language, introduce the indirect speech in a natural way in your language.
If that is true in your language, use the plural you.
If this first part is true, that supports the then-clause
If you confess… (GNT) (GNT, NIV11, NLT, GW, CEV, REB, NCV)
If you need to translate Him as “God,” consider that now who justifies the wicked is a descriptive relative clause.
In English this is indicated by having a comma after “men/people.” For example:
In English this is indicated by not having a comma after “men/people.” (BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, NABRE, NLT, NET, REB)
In English usually a form of “be/is” can be added.
In many English versions, the word Therefore is in the middle of the clause.
In many languages the normal way of referring to a past event must be used, as in the last example above.
In other languages people use a non-figurative word or phrase.
In some English versions, there is a semi-colon (;) after the word drink.
In some languages a comma and a connecting word are most natural here.
In some languages a comparison with much more is not natural or meaningful.
In some languages a full stop is most natural.
In some languages a word or phrase other than it must be used to clearly refer to that event.
In some languages an idiom is used for this meaning.
In some languages an idiom such as “give/put heart/liver” is used for the meaning of Love.
In some languages an idiom such as “give/put heart/liver” is used for the meaning of love.
In some languages beginning a new sentence would be more natural or more clear.
In some languages both the past and present situation must be explicit to indicate the correct meaning.
In some languages it is more natural for the not only part to be second.
In some languages it is more natural to put the negated part last.
In some languages one word or phrase covers both “depravity” and malice.
In some languages repeating a word for emphasis is not natural or has the wrong meaning.
In some languages repeating meaning implies a different meaning, such as expressing anger.
In some languages spirit is only used after a person has died physically.
In some languages the if-clause must come first.
In some languages the verb “submit” cannot naturally connect to a quality like God being right.
In some languages the word faith cannot be used with strengthened.
In some languages the word spirit refers only to the part of a person that still lives after the body dies.
In some languages the word then must be first in the clause.
In some languages translating father literally would imply a literal ancestor.
In some languages weak refers only to lack of physical strength.
In some languages, it may be more natural to put the word Therefore at the beginning of the sentence, as the BSB does.
In some languages, the word sin must be repeated here, as the BSB does.
In some languages, using an if-clause would have a different meaning, or be confusing after just saying clearly that we are God’s adopted children.
In the Greek the word truth is first in the clause.
In the first place (GNT) (BSB, ESV, RSV, GNT, NABRE, REB)
In the same way (GNT)
Inasmuch as: The Greek of 11:13b has a word that is often translated as “then” or “therefore” after the phrase Inasmuch as.
Indicate or imply that patriarchs refers to many, many generations before this time.
Instead (GNT)
Instead: The Greek word is literally “but.” It indicates contrast and emphasis.
Issue 1: Passive
Issue 2: Clause structure
Issue 2: Rhetorical Question
Issue 2: Rhetorical question
It connects to sin or the whole clause.
It indicates a sequence (first action then second action), as in the BSB.
It is a direct address to the person or persons to whom Paul spoke as you.
It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), because Paul consistently used the first person singular to refer to his apostolic mission in the rest of Romans, but he used we here instead.
It means decisively here.
It means evaluate.
It means form or pattern here.
It means loss here, as in the NIV.
It means right (versus wrong).
It occurs in the middle of the clause.
It refers to a person’s spirit.
It refers to removing something.
Likewise (ESV)
Likewise (RSV) (RSV, GNT, NJB, ESV, CEV, NABRE, GW, NCV)
Many scholars believe the root refers to Abraham or perhaps Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Many scholars think that was is the correct verb to add here.
Not recognizing (NJB) (NJB)
On the contrary, who are you, O man (NASB) (BSB, NIV, GNT, ESV, NASB, KJV, CEV)
Or: In this context the word Or indicates that Paul asked a second rhetorical question related to the first rhetorical question (2:3).
Other English versions add a different word or phrase to avoid the figurative use of is.
Other languages can add other words to help indicate that this if-clause is a situation that was not true.
Otherwise, (NASB)
Perhaps (NJB)
Similarly, true circumcision occurs in a person’s heart/liver/insides.
Sin must not be your master (GNT) (GNT, NABRE, CEV)
So (NIV) (BSB, NIV, NASB, KJV, NLT, NET, REB)
So some English versions add a verb like “means” (as in the ESV).
So some English versions add a verb like “mean” (as in the ESV).
So the BSB and many other English versions use commas or semi-colons, rather than full stops, to indicate that.
So then (NJB) (NJB)
So, here the singular You refers to someone in a general way and does not accuse the whole church in Rome of saying what Paul quoted in 11:19b–c.
Some Greek manuscripts have the words of-the root and of-the richness.
Some languages can imply both first in time and first in status, as the Greek word does.
Some languages can use a semi-colon here.
Some languages cannot use have become filled when referring to sins.
Some languages cannot use the noun eating here.
Some languages cannot use the word separate when referring to love.
Some languages have a word, phrase, or special grammar to indicate that.
Some languages must introduce the words I want with “that.” Some languages must add to do at the end for a natural clause, as the BSB does.
Some languages must translate it as something other than a passive clause.
Some languages must use a verb for this event.
Some languages must use an active clause here.
Some languages must use an active clause.
Some languages use the same word for “law” and commandment.
Some other English versions add the word escalating or “increasing” (NIV: “ever-increasing”).
Some scholars think this phrase is a figure of speech where one term describes the other even though they are connected with and.
The BSB and many other English versions add the verb are.
The BSB and many other English versions add the verb be.
The BSB uses a comma in 9:1 and a period with a new sentence in 9:2 to indicate the connection of the truth to 9:2–3.
The English versions that indicate contrast do not say what they are contrasting to.
The English words “can” or could have a similar meaning here.
The GNT example above avoids the exaggeration in English.
The GNT makes this clear by capitalizing law, their way of indicating the Laws of Moses.
The GNT, for example, does not have one here.
The Greek begins with a conjunction that is usually translated as “for.”
The Greek can also be read as direct speech.
The Greek connecting words indicate that heirs of God and co-heirs with Christ are connected but different things.
The Greek does not imply that God has still not counted believers as righteous today (as with the present tense in 3:22 and 9:30).God declares someone righteous when they believe in Jesus (i.e.
The Greek here is literally “seed,” singular, but referring to plural seeds as a group.
The Greek is literally “of-(the)-promise the word (is) this.” It emphasizes the word promise.
The Greek is literally “the ones according to spirit/Spirit.” The verb live is implied from 8:5a.
The Greek to eat after faith supports interpretation (1), but the Greek “being weak” (14:1a, 2b) supports interpretation (2).
The Greek verb means “acknowledging the importance of something” (BDAG) or “to acknowledge the high status of (an) event” (L&N).
The Greek verb refers to examining something under conditions that show what kind of thing it is and deciding if it is the right or genuine thing.
The Greek verb that the BSB literally translates as become means that Israel would have resembled Sodom.
The Greek word here refers to continuing to believe (or hope) or to do as planned in the midst of opposition or difficulty.
The Greek word that the BSB translates as Mine is emphasized in the Greek by being first in the clause.
The Greek word “anastasis” and the English word resurrection do not imply that a person will live again as a different person or as an animal.
The fullness refers to being completely included in God’s kingdom of faith in Jesus.
The fullness refers to the number of Jews who will believe in Jesus as many as could be.
The meaning of I is emphasized in the Greek.
The phrase cling to is a figure of speech.
The phrase of address, O man, can refer to either a man or a woman.
The phrases not only and but also emphasizes the second group.
The root enables you^(plur)^ to continue living.
The second question is also a rhetorical question.
The semi-colon implies this in English.
The singular emphasizes that this statement is true for each person.
The singular word sin refers to sin as a concept.
The style of using we when only one person is speaking or writing occurs in Greek literature and in the Bible.
The verb is was not written in the Greek because the Greek does not use it in these cases, but it is necessary for natural English.
The word Spirit is used in a similar way to when a person refers to his own spirit.
The word Spirit refers to the Holy Spirit.
The word Why is implied from 3:7b and the word say is implied from 3:8b.
The word commandment is singular and a different Greek word that the word translated as “law” in 7:7.
The word considered means “thought about.” For example:
The word forefather refers to an ancestor of long ago.
The word have here refers to being in a relationship with the Spirit of Christ.
The word heart refers to the inner person, where thoughts and feelings occur.
The word hearts refers here to the inner being of people, which includes the mind, the emotions, and the will.
The word natural refers to having sex in ways that are appropriate or fitting.
The word passions refers to strong desires.
The word seal means the same thing as sign here.
The word subjected refers to causing to be under the authority of someone or something.
The word then occurs in the middle of the clause.
The words people of can also be indicated by the “-ites” ending in English.
The words these things refer to the situations in 8:35.
There are two ways to translate the Greek word that the BSB translates as the present:
There is an implied contrast in this phrase.
Therefore (NIV) (BSB, NIV, KJV)
These words, height and depth, probably refers to things or beings that are high or deep (without being specific like interpretation (2) or (3)).
They (BSB) (BSB, NIV, GNT, KJV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
This clause refers to not following/obeying the temptations of sin.
This makes the then-clause the topic.
This phrase connects to the verb “speak” or to “I speak the truth” as a whole.
This phrase implies every person.
This verb means “declare righteous.” It indicates that God decides that a person is acceptable to him.
This word is probably emphasized in the Greek clause.
The form of this Greek clause expresses something that is possible but not certain.
Translate this if-clause with that meaning.
Transliterate Christ and include a phrase that explains the meaning.
Use “like/as” to indicate the comparison.
Usually, “be/is” is implied.
You do not support the root: The Greek emphasizes the word You.
You should probably use the same kind of sentence (rhetorical question, statement, or command) as in 2:3.
You^(plur)^ should/must detest/despise/loathe doing anything that is evil,
a father: The Greek refers generally to being a father or ancestor.
a person (NJB)
a thing not of the letter but of the spirit (NJB) (NJB)
accept humble duties (GNT) (GNT)
according to (RSV) (RSV, GNT, NJB, NASB, ESV, KJV, NET, REB, GW)
all the Gentiles (NIV) (NIV, BSB, NASB, NRSV, NABRE, NET, NLT)
always continuing (NCV)
an apostle (ESV) (RSV, GNT, NJB, NASB, ESV, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
and as a result they… (GNT) (GNT, NABRE, NLT, GW)
and circumcision is not outward and physical
and concerning sin (NET) (RSV, GNT, KJV, ESV, NET, NABRE, REB, GW)
and is also (NIV)
and not all the descendants of Abraham count as his children (NJB) (GNT, NIV, NJB, KJV, NASB, NLT, REB, NABRE)
and obtain (ESV)
and received… (NIV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NJB, NASB, KJV, ESV, NET, REB, NCV)
and so saving some of them (REB) (RSV, GNT, NJB, ESV, NABRE, REB, NLT, CEV, NCV)
anything in the future (GW) (RSV, NJB, NASB, KJV, NABRE, ESV, GW, NET, REB, NCV)
anything in the present (GW) (RSV, NJB, NASB, KJV, NABRE, ESV, GW, NET, REB, NCV)
as I have among other Gentiles (GNT) (BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, KJV, NRSV, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
as a sacrifice of atonement (NIV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, NABRE, NLT, CEV, REB, NCV)
as far as (NJB) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NJB, KJV, NASB, ESV, NABRE, REB, NCV)
as good as dead (NIV) (RSV, NIV, NJB, ESV, NABRE, NLT, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
as long as (NJB)
attain (NABRE)
be just and to justify: The Greek words for be just and to justify have the same root, dikaio-.The Greek word that this TN interprets to be “justice” (BSB “righteousness”) in 3:25–26 also has the same root.
There is no verb in the Greek here.
because (ESV) (RSV, ESV, NET)
because (GNT)
because (NCV) (ESV, RSV, GNT, NASB, NABRE, NLT, NET, REB, NCV)
because (NJB)
because (RSV) (RSV, KJV)
because of one man’s trespass (ESV) (RSV, ESV, NLT, CEV, GW, NCV)
because they (RSV) (RSV, NJB, ESV, NASB)
become one (GNT)
being ignorant of (RSV) (BSB, RSV, ESV, KJV, NABRE)
believe and obey (GNT) (GNT, NLT, CEV, REB, NCV)
boast about God (GNT) (BSB, ESV, NIV11, GNT, NJB, NASB, NABRE, GW, CEV, REB, KJV)
brought (GNT)
by persistence (NIV)
by the mercies of God (ESV) (ESV, RSV, NABRE, KJV, NASB, NET, REB)
by the trespass of the one man (NIV) (BSB, NIV, NJB, NASB, KJV, NET, REB, NABRE)
causes…to sin (NCV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, GNT, ESV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NET, REB, NCV)
complete number (GNT) (GNT, NABRE)
conceited (CEV)
contentious (NABRE) (RSV, ESV, NABRE)
corrupted (GNT)
cut [it] short (KJV) (KJV)
declare (NJB)
despise (GNT)
determine (NRSV) (NRSV, GNT, NJB, NABRE, NLT, GW)
develops (NJB)
diligence (NASB) (GNT, NASB, NLT, NCV)The RSV, ESV and REB also translate the Greek here consistently with the same word in 12:8, but choose “zeal,” interpretation (2).
diligently (NIV) (BSB, NIV, GNT, NASB, KJV, NRSV, NABRE, NLT, NET, NCV)
diminished number (NABRE) (KJV, NABRE)
dissension: The Greek word refers to conflict of any kind: arguments, fighting over a difference of opinion, or rivalry over a job or position.
do not argue with them about their personal opinions (GNT) (RSV, NIV11, GNT, NJB, ESV, NABRE, NLT, GW, NET, NCV)
do not boast against the branches (NABRE) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NABRE, KJV, NLT, GW, NET, NCV)
do not consider yourself to be superior to those other branches (NIV11) (NIV11, GNT, NJB, ESV, NASB, CEV, REB)
do not let sin reign (BSB) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NJB, KJV, ESV, NLT, NASB, GW, CEV, NET, NCV, NABRE)
does not disappoint us: Our hope in God and his promises does not shame us at the present time because God loves us and has given the Holy Spirit to us (5:5b–c).Some English versions and some scholars believe that the Greek verb should be a future tense here: “hope will not put us to shame,” because the full realization of that hope is in the future.
don’t understand (NLT) (NLT, GW, CEV)
enthusiastically (GW) (RSV, ESV, GW, REB)
envious (NIV)
excellent (NIV) (BSB, ESV, RSV, NIV, NET, NCV, REB, KJV)
feed him;: The semi-colon (;) after the word him indicates in English that there is a connection to the words that follow but does not say what that connection is.
finally (GNT)
for (NABRE) (NABRE)
for an ignoble one (NABRE) (KJV, ESV, NABRE, NLT)
for menial use (RSV) (BSB, NIV, GNT, NJB, NASB, REB, NET, GW, NCV)
forever (ESV) (RSV, BSB, NIV, NJB, NASB, ESV, NABRE, NLT, GW, CEV, NCV)
from…from: The word from indicates that God called some Jews and some Gentiles.
full inclusion (ESV) (RSV, NIV11, ESV, GW)
fullness (NIV84) (BSB, NIV84, KJV)
genuine (ESV)
give preference to one another in honor (NASB) (NASB, KJV)
glorify (NRSV)
grace and apostleship (RSV) (BSB, RSV, NIV, NJB, NASB, ESV, KJV, NET, GW, CEV)
hardhearted (BDAG)
has authority (GNT) (GNT)
have relations with another man…has relations with another man (NJB) (NJB, NABRE)
he is righteous (GNT) (BSB, ESV, RSV, NIV11, GNT, NJB, NASB, NABRE, KJV, NET, CEV, NCV)
he who exhorts (RSV) (RSV, NASB, KJV, ESV, NABRE, NET)
hearts: In Greek, the word hearts refers figuratively to the inner person, which includes the mind, the emotions, and the will.
holiness (NIV) (BSB, NIV, KJV, GW, REB)
humanly speaking, (JBP)
if a (person), irrespective of his work, (JBP)
ignoring (NET) (NET, REB)
immature (NASB) (GNT, NJB, NASB, REB, NABRE, NCV)