RickBrannan/categorize_bib_lang_grammar huggingface dataset:
The Accusative case is formed by adding the accusative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
Note: The hyphen (-) indicates that there is no case ending for the third declension accusative singular neuter nouns and adjectives.
The accusative case most commonly indicates the direct object of a transitive verb.
The direct object refers to the person(s) or thing(s) upon which the verb is acting.
Note: In this example, ἁμαρτίαν  is the direct object of the participle αἴρων.
Some verbs may require two or more objects to complete their meaning.
These verbs will require two or more objects, a person (or persons) and/or a thing (or things)in the accusative case to complete their thought.
In this case, the translator may wish to use an implied preposition in their translation in order to make a smoother translation.
Another example of a double accusative is the accusative that is used with an oath.
The preposition “by” may be used to assist in the translation.
Note: In this example, σε and με are Accusative Direct Objects.
Certain prepositions take their object in the accusative case such as είς, δία, πρός, and ὑπό.
Often the meaning of the preposition is specific first to the preposition itself and then to the case of the noun it is used with.
Therefore, the basic meaning of the case cannot be trusted to arrive at a proper understanding of the meaning of the preposistion and a lexicon must be consulted.
In some cases the meaning of the preposition will conform to the basic meaning of the case such as ἀπό with the Genitive case (from, out from) but in other cases such as when ὑπό is used with the accusative case it has the basic meaning of “below” or “under” and when used with the genitive case AND AN ACTIVE VERB ὑπό has the basic meaning of “with” or “by” .
Therefore, a lexicon must be consulted to arrive at the meaning of the preposition.
The subject of an infinitive may also be the subject of the sentence.
If this is the case, the subject of the sentence (and of the infinitive) will be in the nominative case.
If the subject of the infinitive is not the subject of the sentence, it will almost always be in the accusative case.
Therefore, the accusative case is considered to be the case for the subject of an infinitive.
Infinitives can have both a subject and an object.
If this is the case both will be in the accusative case.
In this instance, usually word order and context will clarify which word is the subject and which is the object of the infinitive.
If there are two words in the accusative case, and context by itself does make clear (1) which word is the subject of the infinitive, and (2) which word is the object of the infinitive, then the reader may use the following rule as a helpful guideline.
This same basic principle may also be used to help identify the subject from the predicate nominative.
In the following example a single word serves as the object of a participle and at the same time as the subject of the infinitive.
An Adverbial Accusative occurs when an adjective or number in the accusative case is used to quantify (or limit) the action of a verb.
Some words such as μᾶλλον and σχεδόν have become adverbs because of their exclusive use in this manner.
In Koiné Greek, the "dative" case ending can serve a wide range of functions.
It can indicate the indirect object (or recipient) of a verbal action.
It can also express a variety of adverbial meanings, including location, instrument, manner, or relation.
The Dative case serves three primary functions.
It points to whom something was done or for whom something was done.
It can also be used to indicate someone or something that is being eferred to by the verb, including possession.
The Dative case is formed by adding the Dative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
The movable Nu may be present when (1) it appears at the end of a sentence or (2) when the following word begins with a vowel.
However, sometimes it appears when the following word begins with a consonant.
There is no fixed rule that determines when a moveable Nu will be present.
The reader/translator must be aware that it may or may not be present.
The Dative- Indirect object will only occur with a transitive verb.
The noun or pronoun in the dative case receives the object of the verb.
Example: He hit the ball to Tom.
In this example, “ball” is the object of the verb.
However, if the verb is passive, the word in the dative case will receive the subject of the verb.
The Dative-Indirect Object/personal Interest is the most common use of the dative case when a preposition is not used.
Often, the translator will use the key words “to” or “for” in the translation.
As an indirect object, the dative case is used to point out the person “to whom” or “for whom” something is done.
If the dative case is treating an object as if it were a person, then the dative case is used to point out the thing “to which” or “for which” something is done.
A sub-category of the Dative of Indirect Object is the Indirect Object of Advantage or (Disadvantage).
It may be to the advantage (or disadvantage) of the person who receives the object.
If it is to the persons advantage, it is referred to as the Indirect Object of Advantage.
If it is to their disadvantage (or harm), it is referred to as the Indirect Object of Disadvantage.
The Dative-Instrumental may be used to indicate the Means, Cause, Manner, or Agent by which an event occurs.
The Dative-Instrumental may also be used to indicate an association with the main subject of the action.
Making distinctions between Means, Cause, Manner, Agent, or Association can be very difficult and often the choice between one category and another is a matter of personal interpretation.
The Instrumental of Means is used to indicate the means (or the process or method) by which the action of the verb is accomplished.
The Instrumental of Cause is used to indicate the cause, the motivating event, or reason something occurred.
The Instrumental of Manner is used to indicate the method or manner used to accomplish something.
This is very closely related to the Instrumental of Means.
The Instrumental of Agent is used with a verb in the middle or passive voice to express the agent or person by which an action is accomplished.
Agency may also be expressed by using the preposition ὑπὸ with the genitive case or δία with the accusative case.
The Instrumental of Association is used to indicate an association, relation, or affiliation of some kind with the subject carrying out the action of the verb.
Certain verbs take their object in the dative case.
This often happens with verbs that indicate some sort of personal relation to the action.
In Koiné Greek, the "genitive" case ending serves a wide variety of functions.
Most commonly, it expresses possession, meaning that the term containing the genitive case ending possesses (in some way) the word it describes.
However, it can also express other meanings as well.
In Koiné Greek, the genitive case ending has potential to express the widest range of meanings of all the various case endings.
The genitive case ending can express possession, description, kinship, apposition, separation, the subject of a verbal idea, the object of a verbal idea, and others.
Often, a specific word with a genitive case ending may seem to fit into more than one category.
In these cases, the final determination of the meaning must be based upon context.
In this example, the relationship expressed is that of possession and/or source.
The Genitive case is formed by adding the Genitive case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
Usually, the word in the Genitive case usually follows the word that it is modifying.
When the word in the Genitive case occurs before the word it is modifying, the word in the Genitive case is being given more attention by the author.
A word with a "possession" genitive case ending owns or possesses (in some way) the object that is being described.
However, the most common way a speaker/writer expresses possession is by using a personal pronoun in the genitive case.
Sometimes a possessive pronoun is used to express possession.
In these cases, the possessive pronouns will look like any other adjective and will agree with the noun they are describing in case and gender.
A word with an "attributive" genitive case ending functions very much like a typical adjective.
The word with the genitive case ending expresses some general attribute (or description) of the word it is describing.
A word with a "material" genitive case ending indicates either (1) the substance of which an object is made or (2) something which an object contains.
In both cases, the "object" is the word being described by the term containing the genitive case ending.
A word with a "kinship" genitive case ending describes some kind of kinship relationship.
In most cases, this kind of genitive refers someone who is the physical descendent (son or daughter) of another person.
However, it can refer to someone who is a descendant several generations later, or even someone who is a descendant in a relational sense and not a physical sense.
For example, in Luke 13:16 the woman is called a "daughter of Abraham" even though many centuries had passed since Abraham died.
The woman was still considered to be a daughter of Abraham.
A word with an "apposition" genitive case ending describes in some way the preceding word (which also has a genitive case ending).
It functions very much like an adjective, except it is usually not an adjective, but a noun instead.
Apposition is the term used when a noun describes (or gives more information about) another noun.
This kind of genitive can be translated into English a variety of different ways, depending on the specific context.
Some common ways of translation an apposition genitive into English include "who is," "which is," "namely," a simple comma, or sometimes not translated at all.
The apposition genitive indicates that Mary is the mother of the child specified in the sentence.
A word with a "separation/source" genitive case ending indicates some kind of separation from, movement away from, or the source of some object.
Some grammars call this specific kind of genitive case ending the "ablative" case ending.
However, there is no difference in form between the "genitive" case ending and the "ablative" case ending.
They appear exactly the same.
As might be expected, the prepositions έκ ("out of") and ἀπό ("from") require their object to have the genitive case ending.
This kind of genitive can also be used to express a comparison between two objects (as a function of a "separation" of the two objects in view).
Note: In this example “of goods” is a Genitive of Source.
Note: In this example we see the comparative function for the Genitive of Separation.
A word with a "subject/object" genitive case ending indicates either the subject or object of a verbal idea.
In the example below, the word παρουσία ("coming") refers to a verbal idea.
The subject of this verbal idea is τοῦ Υἱοῦ ("the Son").
The object of this verbal idea is τοῦ Χριστοῦ ("the Christ").
The Genitive case is primarily the case of description.
A word in the genitive case may also serve as the subject or object of the head noun.
In Koiné Greek, the "nominative" case ending usually indicates the subject of the sentence.
However, the nominative case ending can also indicate a predicate nominative or predicate adjective.
In Koiné Greek, the nominative case ending indicates the subject of a sentence.
Any adjectives or participles that describe the subject of the sentence also take the nominative case ending.
In a sentence with a linking verb, the nominative case ending can indicate the predicate nominative or predicate adjective.
The nominative case ending is the standard form used for dictionary entries in a Greek lexicon.
The nominative case is formed by adding the nominative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
The primary use of the nominative case ending is to identify the subject of the sentence.
When the subject is paired with the definite article, the definite article will also take the nominative case ending.
When an adjective or participle functions as the subject of the sentence, it will take the nominative case ending.
Any adjectives or participles that describe the subject of a sentence will also take the nominative case ending.
This is because adjectives and participles must agree with the term that they describe in case as well as gender and number.
In the example below, the adjective (καλός) and the noun (ποιμὴν) both take the nominative case ending.
In the example below, the participle (βλέπων) and the noun (Πατήρ) both take the nominative case ending.
Sometimes a writer may not intend to form a complete sentence.
This may occur in titles, headings, the greeting of a letter, or when a writer wishes to express strong emotion.
In cases like these, there is often a subject to the sentence fragment but no predicate and no verb.
The subject of these kinds of sentence fragments will take the nominative case ending.
When a linking verb requires a predicate, that predicate will contain some kind of predicate nominative (either a noun or a participle functioning as a noun) or predicate adjective (either an adjective or a participle functioning as an adjective).
In these cases, the predicate nominative or predicate adjective will take the nominative case ending.
Unlike in English, a linking verb in Koiné Greek can be implied and not explicitly stated.
The Nominative-Predicate (also referred to as Predicate Nominative) construction can take different forms but consists of a subject + a linking verb + an object in the nominative case.
It is often difficult to tell which term is the subject and which term is the predicate nominative, but they are not the same thing.
They must be distinguished from one another.Care must be used in the translation of a Nominative-Predicate because the object may not be in the last position and is often not an exact equivalent of the subject.
Koiné Greek does not use position to distinguish between the subject and the predicate nominative.
The predicate nominative may appear either before or after the subject.
The predicate nominative is generally the larger class of objects, while the subject is the smaller class.
In Koiné Greek, the nominative case ending can be used to indicate a term that is in apposition to another word (usually a noun).
Appositions can be translated into English a variety of different ways, depending on the specific context.
Some common ways of translating an apposition into English include "who is," "which is," "namely," a simple comma, or sometimes not translated at all.
In the example below, the terms ὁ μάρτυς and ὁ προτότοκος both take the nominative case ending and are in apposition to Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ (even though Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ takes the genitive case ending).
The apposition indicates that Jesus Christ is the person whom the writer indicates is the faithful witness and the firstborn from the dead.
NOTE: In Koine Greek, the linking verb may be omitted entirely, and may have to be supplied by the reader (or translator) to complete the sentence.
As stated above, the more definite of the two nominatives will be the subject of the sentence.
The pronoun may be included as a part of the verb.
When Jesus spoke to the crowd and said “you”, they had a clear understanding of who the “you” was referring to.
It was referring to them.
In this sentence, the subject “you” is included in the verb εἶ.
Notice that in this example both the subject (Ἠλείας) and the predicate nominative (ἂνθρςπος) come before the verb.
This may occur with γίνομαι, εἰμί, or λογίζομαι.
This portrays a process of something “changing into” something else.
In English, it is translated with a predicate nominative and the εἰς is not translated.
The vocative case is the case of direct address.
Only 2.1% of the 28,599 nouns in the New Testament are in the vocative case.
The vocative of direct address is the most frequent use of the vocative case.
The vocative case can also be used to express emotion or emphasis.
The particle ὦ is used when the vocative case is used to add additional emphasis or emotion to the basic function of direct address.
Example of ὦ + vocative to add an emotional emphasis.
Note: The emotional emphasis can be difficult to reflect in a translation.
The exclaimation mark is used in this example to reflect the emotion.
Example of ὦ + vocative to add emphasis.
Note: The emphasis is lost in the English text.
Adjectives can have three degrees, called positive (e.g., good), comparative (e.g., better) and superlative (e.g., best).
There are two conditional particles, εἰ and ἐάν, usually translated if, which introduce a condition which must be met for a consequence or conclusion to follow.
A "subordinating conjunction" connects two phrases, clauses, or sentences that are NOT equally salient within a portion of text.
The second phrase, clause, or sentence is logically dependent in some way on the initial phrase, clause, or sentence.
Koiné Greek contains many conjunctions, but the two most common conjunctions in the New Testament are και ("and, also") and δε ("but, and").
Sometimes in Koiné Greek conjunctions are combined with other words (called "krasis") to form compound terms.
These are not the same as compound conjunctions.
Conjunctions in Koiné Greek can appear as stand-alone words or be combined with other words to form a compound term.
A compound conjunction is formed from two separate conjunctions that appear together at the beginning of a sentence.
Conjunctions can express any of the following connective relationships.
This is not a complete list, but it represents the major categories of meaning for conjunctions in Koiné Greek.
These conjunctions are often to connect phrases that, logically, are equally salient to the text.
In the above sentence, the word "and" is a coordinating conjunction.
It indicates that the speaker has the same level of preference for apples and bananas.
In the above sentence, the word "so" is a coordinating conjunction.
It indicates the reason/result relationship between the first clause ("John went to the store") and the second clause ("his wife visited her friend").
Both clauses are of equal salience to the text.
A "correlative conjunction" is a conjunctive particle used with a correlative adverb to join together two different words, phrases, or clauses.
These conjunctions are often to connect phrases that, logically, are NOT equally salient to the text.
In the above sentence, the word "because" is a subordinating conjunction.
It indicates the reason why the speaker likes apples.
It does NOT indicate why apples are juicy.
The second clause ("they are juicy") is NOT as logically salient to the text as the first clause ("I like apples").
In the above sentence, the word "until" is a subordinating conjunction.
It indicates how long John went to the store.
It does NOT indicate how long the store stayed open.
The second clause ("it close") is NOT as logically salient to the text as the first clause ("John went to the store").
In Koiné Greek, the definite article describes a noun by identifying it specifically in some way.
The definite article contains the same standard word endings as an adjective.
Much like a typical adjective, the definite article describes a noun but includes a much wider range of functions than a typical adjective.
The definite article is the most common kind of determiner in Koiné Greek.
Demonstrative determiners indicate a specific object or thing by means of a verbal gesture.
The words "this" and "that" are demonstrative determiners.
They indicate which basket is wanted.
A "near" demonstrative determiner indicates something near the speaker.
A "far" demonstrative determiner indicates something at a distance from the speaker.
In the examples above, the word "this" is a "near" demonstrative determiner.
The word "that" is a "far" demonstrative determiner.
However, sometimes "near" and "far" demonstrative determiners do not necessarily indicate distance from the speaker.
Sometimes a speaker uses both a "near" and a "far" demonstrative determiner to indicate two different items that are the same distance.
Consider the example above.
In cases like this, the "near" and "far" demonstrative determiners may not indicate distance.
The "near" and "far" demonstrative determiners may be a way a simply distinguishing the basket that is wanted from the basket that is not wanted.
This is a very common use of demonstrative determiners.
A "demonstrative determiner" is a demonstrative pronoun that functions as an adjective within a sentence.
Some common different determiners in Koiné Greek include αλλος, ετερος, μονος, and some instances of ιδιος.
A "differential determiner" is an adjective that distinguishes one thing from another thing within a sentence.
An "interrogative determiner" introduces a question that identifies or quantifies something in a sentence.
All cardinal numerals in Koiné Greek are considered numeral determiners in this grammar.
The word "five" is a numeral determiner.
They say how many there are of a particular thing.
All ordinal numerals in Koiné Greek are considered ordinal determiners in this grammar.
The word "second" is an ordinal determiner.
A "possessive determiner" is a personal pronoun that functions as a possessive adjective within a sentence.
Some common quantifying determiners in Koiné Greek include πας, ολος, and πολυς.
A "quantitative determiner" expressses how much (or how many) of a thing is in view within a sentence.
Some common "relative determiners" include οσος, οιος, οποιος, and some instances of ος and τις.
In Koiné Greek, determiners are words that describe another word in the same sentence.
Not all determiners are adjectives, but all determiners function like adjectives in a sentence.
The most common determiner in Koiné Greek is the definite article.
Properly speaking, the definite article is not an adjective, but it mimics an adjective in both form and function.
Demonstrative pronouns are another common kind of determiner.
Within a sentence, a demonstrative pronouns can function like either a pronoun (to refer to something) or an adjective (to describe something).
When a demonstrative pronoun functions like a adjective, it is classified as a determiner in this grammar.
The definite article must always agree in case, number and gender with the term it describes.
The definite article can function in many different ways in Koiné Greek.
It can indicate a category, rather than a specific person or item.
The article can be used like a possessive pronoun.
The article can be used like a relative pronoun.
The article can be used with infinitives and indicate temporality.
This is called the anaphoric (meaning "refers to again") use of the definite article.
This is called the deictic (meaning "pointing") use of the definite article.
The article can be used to indicate that a substantive is the very best (or worst) of its kind, or "in a class by itself".
This is called par excellence.
The article can be used to indicate that a noun is unique or one of a kind.
In the construction ὁ δέ or ὁ μὲν … ὁ δέ, the article indicates a change of subject and is used as a third person personal pronoun in the nominative (e.g., he, she, they).
Similarly, in the construction ὁ μὲν … ὁ δέ when the article is nominative, a contrast is indicated between groups.
If only the first of two singular nouns has the article, they are referring to the same person.
Some passages where the Granville Sharp rule applies are theologically important and often debated.
Some common interrogative determiners include ποσος, ποιος, ποταπος, and some instances of τίς.
The following four tables are for the declension of the cardinal numbers one through four.
One follows a 3-1-3 pattern but only occurs in the singular.
The numbers two through four only occur in the plural.
Two is the same in the nominative, genetive, and accusative cases.
Possessive determiners indicate an association between an object/thing and a person/entity.
The word "my" is a possessive determiner.
It indicates an association between the "son" and John.
Possessive determiners can be either personal or impersonal.