RickBrannan/categorize_bib_lang_grammar huggingface dataset:
In the example above, the possessive determiner "his" is personal, because it refers to a person ("John").
The word "its" is an impersonal possessive determiner, because it does not refer to a person but to an object ("tree").
Determiners are words that identify or quantify a noun.
Relative determiners express a relationship or quantify the noun by comparing the noun with another object.
Now it was the Sabbath day when Jesus made the mud and opened his eyes.
In Koiné Greek, the "gender" ending of a word indicates the grammatical gender of that word, whether it is masculine, feminine, or neuter.
The term "gender" refers to one of these varieties of word endings.
Gender endings in Koiné Greek indicate the grammatical gender of a word.
When a word refers to a person, the gender ending of the term usually indicates whether that person is a man or a woman.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, participles, and definite articles all require a gender ending.
There are three different kinds of gender endings: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
The Masculine ending indicates that the grammatical gender of that word is masculine.
The Feminine ending indicates that the grammatical gender of that word is feminine.
The Neuter ending indicates that the grammatical gender of that word is neuter.
Nominals are marked for grammatical gender, one of which is masculine.
Nominals are marked for grammatical gender, one of which is neuter.
A "directive interjection" is an interjection that expresses a direct command.
An "exclamation interjection" expresses strong emotion by the speaker.
Some common exclamation interjections in Koiné Greek include the terms αμην, ουαι, ωσαννα, χαιρη (perhaps others?).
Some common response interjections in Koiné Greek include the terms ναι ("yes"), ου ("no"), and ουχι ("no").
The two remaining verb forms, the infinitive and the participle, technically do not have mood, but are often discussed in the same section as mood in Greek grammars and when parsing verbs.
The mood of a verb represents its relation to reality as portrayed by the speaker.
An action (or an event) can be presented as being 1) real, or 2) potential.
The following chart should help to demonstrate these differences.
The imperative mood is used in giving a command (e.g.
It is the most frequently used mood and is the default mood when there is no reason to use one of the other moods.
The Indicative mood indicates that the action of the verb is being portrayed as real (or actual).
It does not mean that the action portrayed is real.
The speaker could be lying.
He could be telling a parable, a make-believe story, exaggerating, or just be wrong.
In all of these cases the statement is presented as being real.
Interrogative statements (or questions).
Time in the indicative mood can be past (completed action), Present (either durative or undefined), or future (either durative or undefined).
Aspect refers to the kind of action.
The kind of action can be mere occurrence (undefined), durative, or completed.
The aspect (or kind of action) for the indicative mood in the present tense must be determined based on the context.
When we say the aspect is “Mere occurrence” or “Undefined” this means the action could have taken place over a long period of time, in a moment of time, or anywhere in between.
The aspect (or kind of action) is not defined.
Table V-IT-1a through Table V-IT-5b for a complete listing of the different present, imperfect, future, and aorist tense forms for verbs with a theme vowel.
A declarative statement makes a statement or assertion.
This is the most common use of the indicative mood.
The indicative mood may be used in a question when it expects a declarative response.
It assumes that there is a factual response to the question.
The following example ( Table VM-4) could be translated as a Declarative Indicative or an Interrogative Indicative based on Greek grammar.
It should also be kept in mind that the punctuation marks in the Greek text are not a part of the original text of the scripture, but are a helpful aid in our translation.
A verb in the indicative mood may be used in the first part of a conditional statement (known as the protasis or the “if clause”).
In this case the clause usually begins with ἐι (if).
Often it will contain the particle ἀν (a non-translatable particle which makes a statement conditional) in the apodosis (or the “then clause”).
It is appropriate for the indicative mood to be used in the protasis because it is being presented as reality.
The future indicative is sometimes used to express a command.
An infinitive is a verbal noun (e.g., to eat, to run, to go).
It expresses aspect and voice like other (finite) verbs, but does not indicate person or number.
It can take an object, but usually does not explicitly express a subject.
The optative mood indicates that the speaker is referring to the verbal action as a contingent possibility (even less assured than the subjunctive mood) (e.g., he might eat).
A participle is a verbal adjective (e.g.
It has properties of a verb in that it expresses aspect and voice.
Participles are never the main verb in the sentence.
As a verbal adjective, it functions as an adverb modifying the verb.
A Participle also has properties of an adjective in that it expresses case, gender and number.
Like other adjectives, a participle can be used to modify a noun or take the place of a noun in a sentence.
It can be the subject for the main verb in the sentence.
Therefore, and understanding of participles is important to understanding the Greek text.
Similar to an adjective, a participle has Gender, number, and case.
A participle can take an article, and can function as a noun.
Similar to a verb, a participle has tense /aspect and voice.
It can also be modified by another adverb, and take a direct object.
All participles are formed from a verb.
Participles never take the place of the main verb in a sentence.
Participles can function as an adverb modifying a verb.
When their meaning is directed toward a verb, it will agree with a word (most likely the subject of the verb) in case number and gender.
If a sentence begins with a participle, it is helpful to locate the main verb and subject of the sentence to help with the translation.
Continuous action is reflected by use of the present tense stem.
Time – As a Verbal-adjective, the time of the action is relative to the time of the main verb.
Adjectival Usage - Participles may be used to modify a noun or a pronoun.
In this sense, they qualify or limit the noun.
Like other adjectives the participle can take the place of a noun.
It is “attributing” some characteristic to the noun or pronoun that makes it distinctive, by assigning some quality or characteristic to the noun.
If it is being used as a noun (substantive use), it will be in the case that a noun would be.
If it is functioning as the subject of the sentence, it will be in the nominative case.
If it is functioning as the direct object of the verb, it will be in the accusative case.
If the participle is being used as a noun there will probably not be another noun in the sentence that agrees with the participle in case, number, and gender unless it is part of a series.
If a definite article precedes the participle, the emphasis of the participle is adjectival.
If the definite article is absent, the emphasis may still be adjectival.
In this case it may still be used attributively or substantively.
Adverbal usage - Participles may be used to modify a verb.
In this sense they describe an action or the time of an action that takes place related to the verb.
However, that noun may be implied or in a previous sentence.
If the participle is in the imperfect tense continuous action is implied.
This is also often the case with the present tense.
Therefore a translation of while making, or before making may be appropriate to reflect the continuous nature of the action.
Temporal participles answer the question of “When?” for the verb it is modifying.
They answer the question, How.
As such it could reflect an emotion or attitude or how the action was carried out.
In this case, the time of the participle is usually contemporaneous with the main verb (present tense or sometimes aorist tense).
It usually follows the main verb.
The causal since of the participle may be brought out by using the word “because” or “since”.
The causal participle usually precedes the verb it modifies.
The concessive tone of the participle can be conveyed with the words (even though, although, in spite of, or despite).
They express the intent of the person carrying out the action.
Adverbial participles of purpose can be translated with the phrase “for the purpose of” or as an infinitive.
An Adverbial Participle of Result is similar to the Adverbial Participle of Purpose.
However, rather than indicating the purpose for the action, it gives the results of the action.
This category should only be chosen if the participles does not fit into any other category.
A participle of attendant circumstances describes (1) an action that is dependent upon the main verb; (2) the emphasis is on the main verb; and, (3) the action described by the participle is simply incidental to the main verb.
Generally the participle will precede the main verb in both word order and time of the event, but not necessarily.
The basic form for a participles are given in Table V-P-T1_Present Active and Middle Participles, V-P-T-2_Aorist Active and Middle Participles , V-P-T-3_Aorist Passive Participles, and V-P-T-4_Perfect Participles.
Because the time of action comes from the main verb, the aspect of the present participle generally takes precedence.
Therefore, the final tau (τ) drops off and the omicron lengthens to omega (ω).
Therefore, the final tau (τ) drops off.
However, in the neuter the omicron does not lengthen resulting in λῦον.
First aorist tense stem + tense formative (σα) + participle morpheme(ντ/ουσα) + case ending.
Note: [ There is no augment.
The augment for the aorist indicative tense indicates an event that occurred in past time.
Therefore, there is no augment.
This results in the combined tau-iota becoming a sigma which then causes the ν to drop off resulting in λυσας.
It is much easier, just to think of the feminine form marker as σας.
The First Aorist middle participle is formed using the middle participle morpheme μενο for masculine or neuter verb stems and μενη for feminine verb stems.
Second aorist tense stem + connecting vowel + participle morpheme(ντ/ουσα) + case ending.
There is no need for an Aorist form marker because the use of the Second Aorist stem serves this purpose.
With participles, the emphasis is on the aspect of the action and not the time of the action.
The second aorist active participle will therefore look just like the present active participle except for use of the second aorist stem.
Second aorist tense stem + connecting vowel + participle morpheme (μενο/μενη) + case ending.
The theta (θ) is dropped from the particle morpheme just as it is with second aorist verbs.
It is not needed because the changes in the root notify the reader that this is second aorist verb.
The time of action is indicated by the main verb.
Therefore, the emphasis of a participle in the present tense is toward the aspect (or type) of action.
Use of the present tense generally indicates continuous or ongoing action in relation to the main verb.
While the basic rule is that use of a participle in the present tense indicates continuous action (or on going action) at the time of the main verb, there are exceptions.
One of the clearest exceptions is found in Mark 6:14.
John the Baptist could not have been continually baptizing people after he was killed, and certainly there were times when he paused from his activities to eat and sleep.
He was simply known as John the one who baptizes because this was a regular part of his ministry when he was alive.
In addition, because John the Baptist was already dead, he could not have been baptizing people at the time the speaker was speaking.
This should serve as a reminder for the need to take into account the context of the participle.
In this example ἀποκριθεὶς is an aorist passive participle, yet the action is contemporaneous.
The perfect tense is used to indicate action completed prior to the time of the main verb.
The future tense is used to indicate action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.
If a participle is being used as a noun (substantive use), it will be in the case that the noun would be.
In this example πιστεύσας is in the nominative case and has the definite article.
It is joined with another participle in the nominative case.
They are both substantive participles and acting as the subject of the sentence.
Because both participles are in the aorist tense, the aspect of the action is undefined.
It could refer to continuous action or simply an action that has occurred.
Note: In this instance the participle (παράγων) is a present active participle nominative masculine singular.
It is modifying the verb εἶδεν which is an aorist active indicative 3 person singular verb.
The present participle would imply continuous action, but it takes its time from the main verb which is aorist.
Note: The main verb ἐπορεύετο is in the imperfect tense which implies continuous action.
Adverbs of condition are similar to a first class condition statement.
It is appropriate to add the word “if” in translating Participle Adverbs of Condition.
The subjunctive mood indicates that the speaker is referring to the verbal action as a possibility or probability.
The subjunctive mood is also used as a mild command (let’s eat).
The subjunctive mood is used to portray a probable or desired action.
Verbs occur in the subjunctive mood 1,868 times in the New Testament.
Verbs which are preceded by ἄν, ἐάν, ἕως, ὅταν, ὁς αν, or ὄπου ἄν will be in the subjunctive.
This is a strong clue that a verb in the subjunctive is following.
Tense in the subjunctive mood refers to Aspect not time.
Verbs in the subjunctive mood have no reference to time – past, present, or future.
The subjunctive is based on the present or aorist tense of the verb.
There is no augment for verbs in the aorist subjunctive as there is no reference to time.
There is no tense formative for verbs formed on the second aorist stem in subjunctive.
The most common use of the subjunctive is in dependent or conditional clauses.
In fact, if the translator sees an ἐάν, ἐι, or ἄν they should start looking for a verb in the subjunctive case.
Rhetorical question that is asking a question for the purpose of directing the hearers thinking, but not expecting an answer.
Approximately one-third (1/3) of uses of the subjunctive case in the New Testament fall into this category.
The Exhortative Subjunctive is also known as the Hortatory Subjunctive.
It occurs almost always as a first-person plural expression.
It is a polite way of encouraging others to join the speaker in a course of action.
Sometimes it is also used as a command.
Note: In this example ἐγείρεσθε is a second person plural imperative.
Jesus uses this form to express that something will never happen.
It adds extra strength to the prohibition.
The subjunctive may also occur without any of the key words (ἄν, ἐάν, ἕως, ὅταν, ὁς αν,or ὄπου ἄν) to indicate something that is possible or even probable.
A negative is a grammatical feature used to indicate that something is false (i.e., the opposite of affirmative).
In Koiné Greek, all nouns contain case, gender, and number.
By case, a noun can be nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, or vocative.
By number, a noun can be singular or plural.
By gender, a noun can be masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Nouns are listed in a Greek dictionary by their nominative masculine singular form.
A noun is a part of speech which refers to a living being (e.g., man), place (Jerusalem), thing (water) or quality (goodness).
A noun can be the subject or object of a verb or object of a preposition (e.g., The man drank water from Jerusalem).
In Koiné Greek, a predicate adjective is an adjective that functions as a noun in a sentence and appears in the predicate position.
In Koiné Greek, a "substantive adjective" is an adjective that functions as a noun in a sentence and appears in any position other than the predicate position.
A substantive adjective is not a noun in the proper sense of the word.
A substantive adjective is an adjective that stands in place of a noun rather than describing a noun.
When a substantive adjective is translated into English, usually a noun or pronoun must be supplied.
In Koiné Greek, the "number" ending of a word indicates the number of things being referred to by that word.
The term "number" refers to one of these varieties of word endings.
Number endings in Koiné Greek indicate how many there are of that particular thing.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, participles, verbs, and definite articles all require a number ending.
Adverbs do not require a case ending.
There are two different kinds of number endings: singular and plural.
The singular ending indicates that there is only one.
The plural ending indicates that there is more than one.
If a word's grammatical number is singular, it denotes one participant.
If a word's grammatical number is plural, it denotes more than one participant.
A collective noun has the grammatical feature of singular yet refers to a group.
The grammatical number of a verb usually agrees with the number of it's subject.
This is a numeral which does not decline, i.e., whose form does not change to indicate its function in a sentence.
Note: The columns shaded in grey and the unshaded columns are the same.
The initial consonant is then followed by an epsilon.
When a vowel comes before a diphthong that does not begin with the same vowel, it is contracted with the dipthong's first vowel.
The dipthong's second vowel disappears, unless it is an iota (ι) in which case it becomes a subscript.
The following table shows common contractions that occur when the stem of a word ends in a "stop".
A stop is a consonant whose sound is formed by stopping or slowing down the flow of air through the mouth.
Stops are classified as Labial (formed by the lips), Velar (formed by pushing the tongue against the roof of the mouth), of Dental (formed by the tongue against the teeth).
The following chart shows what will happen when the stop is followed by either a sigma (σ) or a theta (θ).
Correlative particles are used as a pair to join together two different words, phrases, or clauses.
The first particle is a correlative adverb.
The second particle is a correlative conjunction.
The words "either" and "or" are correlative particles.
The word "either" is a correlative adverb.
The word "or" is a correlative conjunction.
In this example, we have a first person, singular, present active indicative verb and a first person, genitive, singular personal pronoun.
The first person is the person or persons that are speaking.
If it is a single person, it is “I”, “me”, or “my”, if it is a group of people it is “we”, “us”, or “our”.
The first person can be found in Verb forms, and Pronoun_Personal forms.
The first person is only used in direct speech.
When a word is in the first person, it can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form.
These changes can be classified into Verbal Conjugation forms and Personal Pronouns.
Some languages use an inclusive we (which includes the person being spoken to in the “we”) and an exclusive we (which excludes the person being spoken to from the “we”).
Neither English nor Biblical Greek distinguishes between the inclusive and the exclusive “we”.
The first person can be found in Verb forms and as a Pronoun.
The first person of a verb is formed by adding a first person personal ending (or sufformative) to the verb stem.
These endings can be divided into eight basic types: primary active, secondary active, primary middle/passive, and secondary middle/passive.
The present tense uses the primary endings.
The aorist tense uses the secondary endings.There are also singular and plural endings.
The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a first person.
Greek distinguishes between singular and plural, but not between masculine, feminine, and neuter in the first person.
A first person can be used in a sentence (or a clause) as the subject, an object, or to indicate possession.
Personal pronouns may also be the object of a preposition.
The number (singular or plural) will agree with its antecedent.
However, the case will depend on its function in the sentence (or clause).
The subject in a sentence is usually the person or thing which does the action of the verb.
However, if the verb is in the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb.
The personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence.
Therefore an emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
Therefore the addition of the personal pronoun ἐγώ places a slight emphasis on the pronoun.
As stated at Pronoun Personal, the personal pronoun can be used in all cases.
First person personal pronouns can be the object of a preposition.
They therefore can occur in the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative case depending upon the preposition.
Note: Some prepositions take their object in the Genitive case.
The object in a sentence is the person (or object) that receives the direct (or indirect) action of the verb.
This is done by adding an object in either the dative or the accusative case.
The first person reflexive personal pronoun ἐμαυτοῦ occurs 37 times in the New Testament in the Genetive, Dative and Accusative cases but occurs only in the masculine singular form.
It occurs in both the singular and plural forms.
One time (at 2 Cor 1:9) in the New Testament the third person reflexive personal pronoun ἑαυτοῖς is used as a first person reflexive personal pronoun.
Third person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to someone besides himself or the listener (or reader).
The third person is used when the person or thing referred to does not include either the speaker(or writer) or the person (or people) being addressed.
Pronouns in the third person (he, him, his, she, her, or it or group of people/things they, them, or their) refer to someone or something that is spoken about.
The third person can be used in both direct and indirect speech.
Third person references appear in both Verb forms, and Pronoun_Personal forms.
When a word is in the third person, it can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form.
The third person of a verb is formed by adding a third person personal ending (or sufformative) to the verb stem.
These endings can be divided into eight basic types: primary active, secondary active, primary middle/passive and secondary middle/passive.
There are also singular and plural endings.
The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that indicate a third person verbal form.
Greek distinguishes between singular and plural, and between masculine, feminine, and neuter in the third person.
The third person can be found in verb forms, and in Pronoun_Personal forms.
As stated above a suffix is added to the verb stem to indicate the person and number for the subject of the verb.
The subject in a sentence is the person or thing that does the action of the verb.
However, if the verb is in the passive voice , the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
Therefore, an emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
The third person Personal Pronoun can be used as a subject, an object, or to indicate possession.
Personal pronouns may also be used as the object of a preposition.
The number (singular or plural) and the gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter) will agree with its antecedent.
However, the case will depend on its function in the sentence.
Third person personal pronouns can be the object of a preposition.
As stated above, the personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence.
The third person reflexive pronoun occurs 317 times in the New Testament.
It occurs in the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative forms.