RevolutionCrossroads/si_us_revolutionary_era_collections huggingface dataset:
hanging, printed
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Hanging, Printed
Date made: ca 1785
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
printed, block (overall production method/technique)
Measurements: overall: 35 1/2 in x 77 in; 90.17 cm x 195.58 cm
Credit line: Mrs. Kenneth Franzheim
Les Travaux de la Manufacture
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Valance, Printed
Date made: ca 1784
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 71 1/2 in x 15 1/2 in; 181.61 cm x 39.37 cm
Credit line: Mrs. Kenneth Franzheim
valance, printed
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Valance, Printed
Date made: ca. 1784
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 24 in x 33 1/2 in; 60.96 cm x 85.09 cm
Credit line: Gift
Le Escarpolette (The Swing)
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Fabric, Fragment, Printed
Date made: ca. 1789
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 44 1/2 in x 23 in; 113.03 cm x 58.42 cm
La liberte Americaine
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Valance, Printed
Date made: 1786
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 19 in x 26 in; 48.26 cm x 66.04 cm
Credit line: Gift
Copperplate printed toile; Pastoral design; ca. 1800
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Hanging, Printed
toile, copperplate
Date made: ca. 1800
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 46 1/2 in x 68 in; 118.11 cm x 172.72 cm
Credit line: Gift
Description: Part of a hanging or curtain?; Copperplate print in red on a plain weave cotton ground, probably a later version of a pastoral design produced at Jouy, France in 1785.
La Toilette de Venus
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Panel, Printed
Date made: ca 1775
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 77 1/2 in x 24 in; 196.85 cm x 60.96 cm
Credit line: Mrs. Kenneth Franzheim
La Sacrifice a L'amour
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Fabric, Fragment, Printed
Date made: 1804
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 39 in x 25 in; 99.06 cm x 63.5 cm
Le Meunier son fils et L'ane
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Hanging, Printed
Date made: ca. 1806
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 47 in x 72 1/2 in; 119.38 cm x 184.15 cm
Credit line: Gift
Danish Pulled Work and Embroidered Muslin Fragment
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Lace
lace
date made: 18th century
place made: Denmark
Physical Description: embroidery, dresden work (overall production method/technique)
Measurements: overall: 5 1/2 in x 3 in; 13.97 cm x 7.62 cm
Credit line: gift of Mrs. Carl Kelleter
Topics: Lace and lace making
Textiles
Description (Brief): Dresden work pulled thread and surface embroidered muslin made in Denmark
Ipswich Black Silk Bobbin Lace Border
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: lace
lace, border
lace
date made: 1770-1810
maker: unknown
place made: United States: Massachusetts, Ipswich
Associated Place: United States: Massachusetts, Ipswich
Physical Description: silk (overall material)
black (overall color)
bobbin lace (overall production method/technique)
Measurements: overall: 85 in x 4 1/2 in; 215.9 cm x 11.43 cm
Credit line: Bequest of the Misses Long
Topics: Silk
Lace and lace making
Adornment
Clothing and dress
Dress accessories
Textiles
Description: This black silk bobbin lace was made in Ipswich, Massachusetts, around 1790. The thread is 2-ply, S-twist black silk. The ground is kat stitch, which is also known as Paris ground. Point ground, Cross, twist, twist, twist, is used only as a filling.
Late 18th C. Lappet Made With Alençon Needle Lace Applied to Droschel Bobbin Lace
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Lace
lace, lappet
lace
date made: 1775-1800
Physical Description: linen (overall material)
needle lace, alençon (motifs production method/technique)
bobbin lace, droschel (net production method/technique)
Measurements: overall: 3 1/2 in x 21 in; 8.89 cm x 53.34 cm
Credit line: Mrs. James W. Pinchot
Topics: Lace and lace making
Textiles
Description (Brief): Lappet with rounded end in Alençon needle lace applied to hand made Droschel bobbin net made in the last quarter of 18th century. The small Alençon floral motifs along the vein in the center covers most of the lappet. There are also floral motifs along the picoted edges.
Sewing scissors or shears; 18th c.
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: scissors
shears
scissors
date made: 18th century
place made: France
Measurements: overall: 10 1/4 in; 26.035 cm
Credit line: Gift of Hope Hanley
Pocket
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Embroidery, White Work
pocket, white work
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: linen (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 16 1/2 in x 12 in; 41.91 cm x 30.48 cm
Credit line: The Sutphen-Schenck-Hunt Memorial Collection
1790 - 1810 Indigo Wool Whole Cloth Quilt
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: quilted counterpane
quilt
date made: 1790-1810
maker: unknown
place made: United States
Physical Description: fabric, wool, wool/cotton, cotton/silk (overall material)
thread, wool (overall material)
filling, wool (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 99 in x 90 in; 251 cm x 229 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mrs. Franklin Chace
Topics: Quilts
Furnishings
Textiles
Description: This example of a late 18th-early 19th-century bedcover is quilted in a pattern of repeating large feathered clamshells, 7 stitches per inch. The quilt was made with glazed indigo wool, has a wool filling, and wool/cotton lining. Both sewing and quilting threads are 2-ply blue wool. The edges of the front and original lining were turned in and stitched with blue wool. It has had much wear and a second lining of a cotton/silk fabric was added at later date.
The fabric for this quilt was dyed blue with indigo, one of the oldest dyes used for textiles. Glazing, a process involving the use of a hot press on wool fabric, resulted in a smooth, lustrous fabric surface. Little of the glaze remains on this quilt.
Sarah Prince Fenn's Sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: sampler
Date made: 1775
maker: Fenn, Sarah Prince
Place Made: United States: Connecticut, New Haven
Physical Description: linen ( ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 9 7/8 in x 7 5/8 in; 25.0825 cm x 19.3675 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mr. Paul S. Conger in memory of Mr. William J. Whitting
Topics: Embroidery
Alphabets
Textiles
Description: Two block alphabets, no "J," with "V" and "U" reversed. Numbers to 10. Alphabets and numbers colored in groups. These rows separated by simple geometric crossbands. Crown and several simple geometric motifs fill out alphabet lines. At base of sampler, rose, tulip, strawberry plants, and tree climbing one edge. Brown guidelines under tree and flowers. Border of single row of marking cross on all four sides. Silk embroidery thread on linen ground. STITCHES: two-sided cross, marking cross, satin, Algerian eye, stem, outline, queen, straight, tent, crosslet, herringbone, chain, hem. THREAD COUNT: warp 26, weft 31/in.<br>
<B>Inscription:</B><br>
"Sarah Prince Fenn Aged<br>12 Year 7 months<br>1775"<br>
<B>Background:</B><br>
Sarah was born on February 21, 1763, to Benjamin and Mary Peck Fenn in Milford, Connecticut. She married Theophilus Miles, and they had three children—Mary, Samuel, and Sarah Fenn. Mrs. Miles died in Milford on May 15, 1790, about five months after the birth of their daughter Sarah Fenn Miles. Theophilus married Martha Clark on September 15, 1791.
18th Century Ingrain Carpet
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Carpet
carpet, ingrain
carpet, ingrain, length
date made: 18th century
place made: United Kingdom: England
Measurements: overall: 72 in x 35 in; 182.88 cm x 88.9 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mrs. Ester Schwartz ( Mrs.Samuel )
trimming
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Trimming
Hannah Chandler; "American Beauty;" coverlet; overshot; c. 1790-1825; Vermont
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: coverlet, overshot
coverlet
Date made: 1780
ca.1780
date made: c. 1790-1825
maker: Chandler, Hannah
Chandler, Hannah
place made: United States: Vermont, Wilmington
Physical Description: cotton, linen, wool (overall material)
overshot (overall production method/technique)
4-harness loom (overall production method/technique)
American Beauty (overall pattern)
Measurements: overall: 88 in x 78 in; 223.52 cm x 198.12 cm
Credit line: Gift of Grace L. Temple
Topics: Furnishings
Textiles
Description: Hannah Chandler (1761-1836) wove this "American Beauty" pattern, overshot coverlet using a light and medium blue 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun indigo-dyed cotton and linen warp, a Z-spun cotton single weft, and a 2-ply, S-twist, Z-spun gold wool supplementary pattern weft. The coverlet was woven as one length, cut in half, folded back on itself, and seamed up the middle, creating the full coverlet width. Although undated in the weave and lacking an embroidered date on the hemline, this coverlet was most likely woven c. 1790-1825 near Wilmington, Vermont. This coverlet is said to be made by Hannah Chandler. The donor is the great-granddaughter of Hannah, wife of Medad Smith. Hannah Chandler was born October 28, 1761 and died April 26, 1836. Medad Smith was born February 22, 1755, and married Hannah October 23, 1781. The coverlet was originally dated at 1780, but this is too early for plied cotton yarns to be found in the warp. Technology improved toward the end of the 18th century allowing for stronger cotton yarns that could withstand the tension of the loom. This coverlet is interesting because of the blue-dyed cotton and linen threads. When contrasted with the gold wool, this coverlet would have really stood out in a room.
Liberty Guided by the Wisdom of '76
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: embroidery, picture
maker: Salter, Harriet Maria
place made: United States: Connecticut, Hartford
Physical Description: silk (thread material)
silk (ground material)
Measurements: overall: 17 7/8 in x 17 3/4 in; 45.4025 cm x 45.085 cm
Credit line: Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood
Publisher: Ring, Betty. Girlhood Embroidery, American Samplers & Pictorial Needlework, Wagenknecht, Edward. A Pictorial History of New England
Topics: Embroidered Pictures
Textiles
Description: After a young lady learned to embroider a sampler, she might attend a female academy to make a silk embroidered picture. This was a more challenging technique that became popular in the early 1800s. Subjects included classical, biblical, and historical scenes, as well as mourning pictures.
This circular embroidery of Liberty, with spear and shield, also depicts a boy and girl looking toward a temple on a distant hilltop, while an eagle carrying a liberty cap and an olive branch flies overhead. Liberty's helmet and shield are worked in gold thread, and there is a painted eye in the center of the shield. She wears a light blue dress striped with violet. The bodice is decorated with a painted gilt face surrounded by gold spangles. The eagle is done in gold paint and there are 17 gold painted stars above it. A glass mat is reverse-painted in black with a 3/4" gold and black sawtooth band around a 17" circular opening. In the upper corners are gilt cornucopias, and in the lower corners, gilt conventionalized flowers. Above the opening are the words “HARRIET M. SALTER,” and below the opening, “LIBERTY GUIDED BY THE WISDOM OF '76.” The picture is stitched on a plain-weave ivory silk ground with silk thread. The stitches used are satin, long and short, French knot, outline, and couching.
The liberty cap is a conical-shaped cap that was worn as a symbol of freedom from tyranny through rebellion during the Revolutionary War. The eagle was a national emblem of victory through the blessings of God, and the eye in the center of the shield is a symbol of the eye of God keeping watch on humankind.
Harriet worked her silk picture c.1807 at the school of Mrs. Lydia Bull Royce in Hartford, Connecticut. Identifying characteristics of this school are the appliquéd garments on the figures and trees with peculiar star-shaped chenille-worked leaves. Harriet’s elder sister, Christian, also worked an embroidered picture at Mrs. Royce's school, c.1805. See page 213 in <i>Girlhood Embroidery, American Samplers & Pictorial Needlework</i> by Betty Ring (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).
Harriet Salter was the second of nine children born to John and Mary Williams Salter of Mansfield, Connecticut. Born on March 20, 1792, she married Heman Ely as his second wife on August 20, 1828. They moved from Tolland, Connecticut, to Elyria, Ohio, and had one son, Charles Arthur. Harriet died August 6, 1846.
sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Sampler
date made: 1788
Physical Description: cotton (overall ground)
silk (overall thread)
Measurements: overall: 28375 in x 26 1/4 in; 72072.5 cm x 66.675 cm
Credit line: Gift of Florence E Quinlan
Cap crown from 1780 in Mechlin Bobbin Lace
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Lace
lace, cap back
lace
date made: 1780
Measurements: lace: 11 1/4 in x 8 7/8 in; 28.575 cm x 22.5425 cm
overall: 28.5 cm x 22.5 cm; 11 1/4 in x 8 7/8 in
Credit line: Miss Anna Fairchild, 1910
Topics: Lace and lace making
Textiles
handkerchief
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Handkerchief, Printed, copperplate
Date made: ca/ 1784
cal. 1784
ca. 1784
place made: United Kingdom: England
Physical Description: cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 22 1/2 in x 25 3/4 in; 57.15 cm x 65.405 cm
Description: Americans have been celebrating national events, anniversaries, and heroes on textiles since the beginning of the republic. This red and white copperplate printed linen handkerchief, celebrating the newly won freedom of the American colonies, was made in England in 1784. It features a center medallion of 13 hearts, and delicate floral sprays. Along the border are vignettes of American life during the Revolution, and a poem concerning the growing and processing of grain, flax, and tobacco by American women, while their husbands were away fighting the British.
cap, lace
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Lace
cap, lace
lace
date made: 1800
Measurements: overall: 15 in; 38.1 cm
Topics: Lace and lace making
Textiles
needle, knitting
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Needle, Knitting
Physical Description: metal (overall material)
Measurements: needle, knitting:;
Bobbin Lace Sprigs on Droschel Ground
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Lace
lace, border
lace
date made: 1790-1805
Physical Description: bobbin lace, droschel (overall production method/technique)
Measurements: overall: 60 in x 3 3/4 in; 152.4 cm x 9.525 cm
Credit line: Miss Annie-May Hegeman
Topics: Lace and lace making
Textiles
Description (Brief): Brussels bobbin lace sprigs applied to handmade Droschel ground probably from the late 18th century.
Sarah Kurtz's Sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: sampler
Date made: 1804
maker: Kurtz, Sarah
place made: United States: District of Columbia, Georgetown
Physical Description: linen (ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 21 1/8 in x 17 1/8 in; 53.6575 cm x 43.4975 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mrs. Mary E. Lyddane
Topics: Embroidery
Alphabets
Textiles
Description: Three block alphabets; one script alphabet. Two alphabets have letters colored alternately with no "J"; numbers to 4, to 15, and to 21; all these rows separated by geometric crossbands. Surrounding verse and inscription paired motifs of trees, crowns, flower-baskets, birds, and bird in wreath; two checkered flower-baskets with handles but no flowers. Border of geometric strawberry vine on all four sides. Silk embroidery thread on linen ground. STITCHES: cross, crosslet, stem, chain, eyelet, Algerian eye. THREAD COUNT: warp 28, weft 32/in.<br>
<B>Inscription:</B><br>
"When wealth to virtuous hands is giv[e]n<br>It ble<i>f</i>[s]ses like the dews of heavn<br>Like heaven it hears the orphans cries<br>And wipes the tears from widows eyes<br>
Sarah Kurtz." (written in ink after the inscription is: "Worked 1804 age 9")<br>
<B>Background:</B><br>
Sarah was born January 20, 1795, to Christian (1751 - 1808) and Maria Gardner (1756 -1822) in Georgetown, DC. She and Thomas Orme were married by Rev. Balch in Georgetown, D.C., on June 2, 1816. They had three daughters—Rebecca, Elizabeth, and Anna. Sarah died on December 23, 1864, in Washington and is buried there in Oak Hill Cemetery. Anna's daughter Mary donated her grandmother's and aunt's samplers. See Elizabeth Orme's sampler.
sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Embroidery, Sampler
sampler
Date made: c. 1775- 1780
maker: Davis, Sarah
Butters, Sarah Davis
Associated Place: Turkey: İstanbul province, Constantinople
United States: New Jersey
Physical Description: linen (ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 4 3/4 in x 8 1/2 in; 12.065 cm x 21.59 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mr. Lemuel Pope
Topics: Feminism
Kentucky Derby
Horse racing
Pea Ridge, Battle of (Arkansas : 1862)
Description: Two block alphabets: 26 letters, some double letters; q and Q; numbers to 10 and to 8; letters colored in groups of 2 or 3; all rows separated by simple crossbands; no border; silk embroidery thread on a linen ground; STITCHES-Cross, Crosslet, Satin, Herringbone, Marking Cross, Closed Feather; THREAD COUNT-warp 24, weft 22/in.
sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Embroidery, Sampler
sampler
Date made: 1805
maker: Martin, Susanna
Physical Description: linen (ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 10 in x 11 1/4 in; 25.4 cm x 28.575 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mrs. Helen Curtice Cooley
Hannah Hall's Sampler; 1803
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: embroidery, sampler
sampler
date made: 1803
maker: Hall, Hannah
Physical Description: linen (ground material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 17 3/8 in x 11 1/4 in; 44.1325 cm x 28.575 cm
Credit line: Gift of Mrs. Gladys M. Cox
Topics: Embroidery
Textiles
Description: This sampler features two block alphabets, and below the alphabets are flower-baskets, trees, birds, and dogs. The flower baskets on this sampler may stand for friendship and love, while the birds are spirits of the air, and dogs denote fidelity and watchfulness. It is hemstitched on all four sides. Hannah included the inscription:
<br>“Hannah Hall / AE 12 1803”<br>
The sampler is stitched with silk embroidery thread on a linen ground with a thread count of warp 25, weft 22/ in. The stitches used are cross, crosslet, satin, and reverse tent.
Nothing is known about the life of Hannah Hall.
Elizabeth Mason's Sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: sampler
Date made: 1783
maker: Mason, Elizabeth
Place Made: United States: Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Physical Description: linen (ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 18 1/4 in x 16 1/8 in; 46.355 cm x 40.9575 cm
Credit line: Gift of Gertrude D. Webster
Topics: Embroidery
Alphabets
Textiles
Description: Three block alphabets. No "J"; numbers to 18 and to 9; alphabets and numbers colored in groups of two. Rows of lettering and numbers separated by geometric crossbands; also two wide crossbands; one geometric strawberry vine, and one geometric vine with free-style roses, with guide-lines drawn under roses. At bottom of sampler, stag and doe on hillocks, surrounded by birds, butterflies, trees, flowers, under angular garland; stag and doe have satin-stitched collars. Name and date appear in flower-shaped medallion hanging from garland. Border of band of sawtoothed satin stitch and geometric carnation vine on all four sides. Silk embroidery thread on linen ground. STITCHES: cross, crosslet, stem, satin, Algerian eye, straight, bullion. THREAD COUNT: warp 36, weft 29/in.<br>
<B>Inscriptions:</B><br>
"See How The Lillie<i>f</i>[s] Flour White And Fair<br>See How the Raven<i>f</i>[s] Fed From Heaven<i>f</i>[s] Air<br>
Ari<i>f</i>[s]e Thou King of King<i>f</i>[s] Ari<i>f</i>[s]e And Reign<br>Except Thy Wor<i>f</i>[s]hip SprinG All Wor<i>f</i>[s]hip<i>f</i>[s] Vain<br>
Elizabeth<br>Ma<i>f</i>[s]On her<br>WOrk Ma<br>de<br>in the 11<br>Year Of<br>her ag<br>1783"<br>
<B>Background:</B><br>
Elizabeth Mason was probably from the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area.
Ann Louisa Ghequiere's Sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: sampler
Date made: 1799
Associated Name: Ghequiere, Ann Louisa
maker: Chequiere, Ann Louisa
place made: United States: Maryland, Baltimore
Physical Description: linen (ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 14 5/8 in x 13 3/4 in; 37.1475 cm x 34.925 cm
Credit line: Gift of Miss Harriet Fenwick Donaldson
Topics: Embroidery
Alphabets
Textiles
Description: Five block alphabets of 26 letters, numbers to 14. Each row of alphabets and numbers different color. All these rows separated by narrow geometric crossbands. Border of geometric strawberry vine and single row of herringbone stitch on all four sides. Silk embroidery thread on linen ground. STITCHES: cross, crosslet, long-armed cross, satin, herringbone, eyelet, four-sided, rice, queen, hem. THREAD COUNT: warp 28, weft 28/in.<br>
<B>Inscriptions:</B><br>
"EDUCATION<br>
Youth like <i>f</i>[s]oftened Wax, with Ea<i>f</i>[s]e will take<br>Tho<i>f</i>[s]e Images that fir<i>f</i>[s]t impre<i>f</i>[s]sions make.<br>If tho<i>f</i>[s]e are fair, their Actions will be bright,<br>If foul, they'll clouded be with Shades of Night.<br>
Ann Louisa Ghequiere [f]inished in her 9th year."<br>
<B>Background:</B><br>
Ann Louisa was born about 1792 to Charles and Harriet Halley Ghequiere in Baltimore, Maryland. She married Dr. Martin Fenwick of West River, Maryland, on August 21, 1815, at St. Peter Pro-Cathedral in Baltimore, Maryland. The marriage was performed by Archbishop John Carroll, with whom her father had been friendly for many years. They had four children—;Harriet, Louisa Claire, Chloe, and Henry. Ann Louisa died on February 22, 1864 in West River.
Margaret Bedell's Sampler
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Embroidery, Sampler
sampler
Date made: c. 1773 - c.1800
maker: Bedell, Margaret
Physical Description: linen (ground fabric material)
silk (embroidery thread material)
Measurements: overall: 18 1/2 in x 8 1/4 in; 46.99 cm x 20.955 cm
Credit line: Gift of Gertrude D. Webster
Description: Alphabets, numbers, and a family record are featured on this sampler by Margaret Bedell. The sampler is stitched with silk embroidery thread on a linen ground with a thread count for the top piece warp 34, weft 38/ in and the bottom piece warp 40, weft 40/ in. The stitches used are cross, Algerian eye, and eyelet. Margaret included the inscription: "Margaret BeDeLL WaS / born the 1 DaY OF FeBrUa / ry 1763 / GILbert FOWLer WaS / BOrn OCtOber the 20 DaY / 1762 Margaret BeDell / WaS Born FeBrUarY / the 1 DaY 1763 We WaS / MarrIed OCtOber the 9 1791 / BeNJaMIN FOWler WaS / BOrN AUgUSt the 3 DAY / 1792 aNd he DeParted / thIS LIFe FebUarY / the 16 DaY 1795 / ELIZabeth FOWLer aNd / CatherINe FOWLer WaS / BOrn DeCeMber the 14 / DaY 1796 Phebe FOW/ ler WaS BOrN JULY / the 18 DaY 1799." Apparently Margaret began this sampler when she was a child and then used it to record her marriage and the birth and death of a son. Next a new piece of cloth was added to record the births of three daughters. Margaret Bedell married Gilbert Fowler on October 9, 1791.