RevolutionCrossroads/si_us_revolutionary_era_collections huggingface dataset:
Microscope Set
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: magnifying glasses
microscope, hand-held, set
date made: ca 1800
Physical Description: brass (overall material)
ebony (overall material)
glass (overall material)
wood (overall material)
leather (overall material)
chomis (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 5.3 cm x 17.3 cm x 16.7 cm; 2 3/32 in x 6 13/16 in x 6 9/16 in
overall, case: 2 1/8 in x 6 3/4 in x 6 5/8 in; 5.3975 cm x 17.145 cm x 16.8275 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Queckett, John thomas. Practische Handbrich der Mikroskopie. Atlas
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Microscopes
Health & Medicine
Description: Six graduated hand-held microscopes housed in a rectangular leather-bound case with two brass hook-and-eye closures. The interior of the case is lined with a faded rust-colored chamois cloth. Each microscope has a brass barrel case with rounded ebony handle. A small pin inside the barrel is used to secure specimens. The uniformity of the workmanship of the microscopes, the simplicity of the turned wooden handles, and the rust-colored, chamois-lined, interior of the case indicates this set was made in the first half of the 19th century.
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Drug Mill
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Mill
Date made: 18th Century
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
brass (overall material)
iron (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 21.7 cm x 16.7 cm x 9.7 cm; 8 9/16 in x 6 9/16 in x 3 13/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
[None None]
Funnel
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Funnel
Date made: 18th Century
Physical Description: glass (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 31.3 cm x 11 cm; 12 5/16 in x 4 5/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
oil lamp
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Lamp
oil lamp
Date made: 18th Century
Measurements: overall: 56 cm x 24 cm; 22 1/16 in x 9 7/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Lighting
Medicine Chest
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: medical chest
medicine chest
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
glass (overall material)
paper (overall material)
metal (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 20.5 cm x 17.5 cm x 16 cm; 8 1/16 in x 6 7/8 in x 6 5/16 in
overall, chest: 6 1/2 in x 6 7/8 in x 6 3/8 in; 16.51 cm x 17.4625 cm x 16.1925 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Das Deutsche Apotheken-Museum
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: This small wooden drug chest has a hinged lid with a bale handle and two hinged side compartments. The exterior of the chest is embellished with metal straps, hinges, and incised stylized flowers. Inside are four drawers with stamped pewter knobs and three compartments for bottles. The chest and drawers are lined with marbled paper. All of the bottles are blown and molded glass. Five of the bottles have pewter caps, and two have glass stoppers. The four pewter containers have pewter caps. One drawer is filled with a white powder.
By the 18th century medicine chest of this type had become more or less standardized and available to the general population. They were used in the home as well as for travel over land and on the water. The Deutsche Apotheken Museum has a similar but slightly larger medicine chest in their collection which is illustrated in <i>Das Deutsche Apotheken Museum</i>, figure 256.
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Clyster
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Syringe
Date made: 18th Century
Physical Description: pewter (overall material)
wood (overall material)
cotton (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 57 cm x 6.5 cm; x 22 7/16 in x 2 9/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Description: Device with a pewter body and wooden handle known variously as a clyster, rectal syringe or enema pump.
Eyecup
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: eyecup
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 5.5 cm x 5 cm x 3.3 cm; 2 5/32 in x 1 31/32 in x 1 5/16 in
overall: 2 1/8 in x 1 7/8 in x 1 1/4 in; 5.3975 cm x 4.7625 cm x 3.175 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Ophthalmology
Health & Medicine
Description: Eyecups or eye baths were made from a variety of materials including silver, glass and aluminum. Silver eyecups were used as early as the 16th century. However, it was not until the 18th century when more common materials such as ceramics and glass made them popular and accessible to the general public. Eyecups are used to clean the eyes with a medicated solution or plain water. This oval eyecup is ceramic and the rim conforms to the eye. It has a tapered pedestal which flares out into the foot. It has a white glazed background with blue and pink flowers.
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Prism
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: prism
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: glass (overall material)
wood (overall material)
metal (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 13.3 cm x 5 cm x 3.3 cm; 5 1/4 in x 1 31/32 in x 1 5/16 in
overall: 1 3/8 in x 5 1/4 in x 2 in; 3.4925 cm x 13.335 cm x 5.08 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: Cone–shaped glass prism with a turned wooden handle.
[None None None None None]
Lectern
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: lectern
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: walnut (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 10 cm x 20.8 cm x 18 cm; 3 15/16 in x 8 3/16 in x 7 1/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Medicine
Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Description: A trapezoid-shaped wooden stand with marquetry design forming a frame of flowers and intertwined stems. A print, OFFICINA PHARMACEUTICA DIETERICIANA, 1991.0664.0061 in the Squibb Collection depicts an apothecary (on the right) in a shop using a writing desk similar to the one shown here.
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Tobacco Box
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: box
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: brass (overall material)
copper (overall material)
shagreen (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 3.7 cm x 12.5 cm x 7.3 cm; 1 7/16 in x 4 15/16 in x 2 7/8 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: This oval brass container has a hinged lid. The exterior is elaborately engraved, with dancing characters flanked by two angels. An illegible engraving is at the bottom of the lid. The interior of the lid is lined with shagreen (sharkskin).
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Votive Tabernacle Shrine
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: tabernacle
date made: 18th century
place made: Germany
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
brass (overall material)
silver (overall material)
paint (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 64.7 cm x 33.5 cm x 17.5 cm; 25 1/2 in x 13 3/16 in x 6 7/8 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Religion
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: A tabernacle is a religious structure or shrine where one can place offerings such as a monetary donation or a symbolic gesture for a wish or as thanks for an answered prayer.
This tabernacle shrine is a concave wooden form in the shape of an arch with rounded cusps and foils. The back of the wooden form is rough and looks as if it was meant be set into a niche. Two sheets of thin brass are molded and nailed to the top of the wooden form ending about two inches from the base. Inset into the arch at the top is a large repousse baroque shell. Below the shell is an apothecary cabinet created by a stamping technique, possibly repousse silver over brass.
The miniature apothecary has three sections of cabinets. The center cabinet protrudes (3 1/4") slightly. The cabinets are made of silver over brass with two round columns in the center. Apothecary jars sit on three rows of cabinets and four shelves. A decorative gallery extends across all three sections of the apothecary.
In the center of the tabernacle is the figure of Christ on the Cross made of molded silver over brass. Above the figure is a plaque engraved with the Latin initials "INRI", for Iesus Nazarenus Rex iudaeorum, in English, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.
The nails that secure the shrine to the wooden “frame” appear to be modern, probably late 19th-century, suggesting the shrine was placed in the “frame” to keep it stable before being sold to collector Jo Mayer. There are no square holes in the wood which would indicate older nails.
George Urdang and F. W. Nitardy described the shrine in "The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy Catalogue", as a “votive tabernacle shrine in the form of an ancient pharmacy . . . made in the moderate-baroque style of the middle 18th century . . . . The tabernacle was a gift from a grateful patient to a Bavarian cloister pharmacy. It is said to be the work of gold and silversmiths of Augsburg . . .” After close inspection, the gold colored metal appears to be brass, although the metalsmith did use silver over brass for the cabinets and apothecary jars.
It is interesting to note, in his article, “Rarities and Antiques in the Collection of Jo Mayer,” Ferchl writes that the shrine was procured "through various channels of the art trade into the haven of the Wiesbaden collection." Though obscure, this is the only reference found to date indicating how any of Mayer's collection were acquired.
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Balance
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Balance
Date made: About 1770
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
iron (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 29 1/2 in x 24 3/4 in x 9 3/4 in; 74.93 cm x 62.865 cm x 24.765 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Weights and measures
Pharmacy
Chair
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Chair
chair, side
Chair, Arm
Chair; Chair, Arm; Furnishings
Date made: 1805
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 42 1/2 in x 19 in x 17 1/2 in; 107.95 cm x 48.26 cm x 44.45 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Table
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Console
Wall Consoles, Batch of Two
Console; Wall Consoles, Batch of Two; Furnishings
Date made: 18th Century
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 80.6 cm x 76.8 cm x 20.5 cm; 31 3/4 in x 30 1/4 in x 8 1/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Table
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Console
Date made: 18th Century
Physical Description: wood (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 79 cm x 72 cm x 23 cm; 31 1/8 in x 28 3/8 in x 9 1/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Bloodletting Cup
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: cup
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: glass (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 4.2 cm x 3.8 cm; 1 21/32 in x 1 1/2 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: This aqua–colored blown glass bloodletting cup has a wide base and a rolled lip. Cups for bloodletting were also made of tin and deer or livestock antlers. Suction is created by heating the cup. The warm cup is applied to the skin and the suction created brings the blood to the surface of the skin.
[None None]
ESS VINCKTOX
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: bottle
bottle; Pharmaceutical Container
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: glass (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 13.5 cm x 7 cm x 7.3 cm; 5 5/16 in x 2 3/4 in x 2 7/8 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description (Brief): This blown and molded square shaped glass bottle has a skinny neck and flared lip. The bottle has a baked white enamel label framed in blue and red, and is surrounded by a gold and brown escutcheon with a crown sitting at the top. The label reads “ESS VINCKTOX” in black text, with the first initial of each word in red. This bottle would have contained Essence of Vincetoxicum. <i>Vincetoxicum officinal</i>, or root of swallow wort, was the main ingredient in this essence, and was prescribed as a diuretic, emmenagogue, or diaphoretic.
[None]
Pil agar
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 12.2 cm x 9 cm; 4 13/16 in x 3 17/32 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: This albarello drug jar depicts two lions flanking a cartouche that is topped by a crown. The interior of the cartouche has a cross between the letter P at left and the letter A on the right. The jar is very similar in style to the ones seen in objects 1991.0664.0669–.0673. The jar is labeled with the text “Pil. Agar” in black gothic text. The jar would have contained Pillules Agarico, or pills of Agaric. Agaric refers to a fungus formed into a pill with other ingredients such as myrrh and sapa and used as a styptic (to staunch bleeding) and an expectorant.
[None]
jar
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: Jar
Date made: 18th Century
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 21.1 cm x 4 cm; 8 5/16 in x 1 9/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
Description: This Albarello drug jar has a flared lip and foot. The central motif is a double-headed eagle wearing a crown and a shield with a grayish-white glaze with blue, yellow, green and magnesium decoration. The eagle is flanked by two putti sitting among blue and green foliage.
[None]
Ext. Coclearia
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
jar; Pharmaceutical Container
date made: 18th century
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 11 cm x 8.2 cm; 4 11/32 in x 3 7/32 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: This albarello drug jar depicts two lions flanking a cartouche topped by a crown. The interior of the cartouche has a cross flanked on the left by the letter P and on the right by the letter A. The jar is very similar in style to the ones seen in objects 1991.0664.0669–.0673. The jar is labeled “Ext. Coclearia” and would have contained an extract of cochlearia from the <i>Cochlearia officinalis</i> plant. The extract was used as a mild stimulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic to treat scurvy.
[None]
Drug Jar
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
jar
date made: 18th century
place made: Germany
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 12.1 cm x 10 cm; 4 3/4 in x 3 15/16 in
overall: 4 3/4 in x 3 3/4 in; 12.065 cm x 9.525 cm
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Health & Medicine
Description: This straight walled drug container has a flared lip and base. The jar has a white tin glazed background and is decorated with a blue crown flanked by blue vines, leaves, and flowers. A maker’s mark is on the bottom of the container. George Urdang attributes the jar to 18th-century Rheinisberg, a small town near Berlin. The crown is the royal Prussian crown.
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Drug Jar
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
jar; Pharmaceutical Container
date made: 18th century
place made: Italy: Liguria, Savona
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 18 cm x 12.5 cm; 7 1/16 in x 4 15/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Drey, Rudolf E.A.. Apothecary Jars
Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Description (Brief): This albarello-shaped drug jar is decorated with blue arches or false gadroons. In <I>Apothecary Jars</i> by Rudolf Drey, a similar jar to 1991.0664.0648 through 1991.0664.0664, is illustrated, and attributed to Savona, a seaport town in northern Italy, and has a similar blue and manganese pallet. Although similar this container has oval gold and brown medallions painted in the cold technique inside each arch. The waist of the albarello has been left blank allowing the apothecary to reuse the container for different medications and write in the appropriate label.
[None]
SEM: POCONIAE
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
jar; Pharmaceutical Container
date made: 1790-1810
Date made: 1775 - 1799
place made: Germany
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 15.8 cm x 10.5 cm; 6 1/4 in x 4 1/8 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Description: This drug jar is marked <i>SEM: POCONIAE</i>. Pharmaceutical historian George Urdang attributes containers 1991.0664.0760 through 1991.0664.0825 to Hanau in the late 18th century based on the floral design surrounding the medallion and the initials <i>HN</i> on the bottom of many of the jars in the series. However, in a letter to museum curators dated August 1983, the pharmaceutical historian Wolfgang-Hagen Hein wrote that the containers without initials and those marked <i>FH</i> were made in Florsheim in the German state of Hesse.
[None]
BACCIL AD FORNACEM
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
jar; Pharmaceutical Container
date made: 1790-1810
Date made: 1775 - 1799
place made: Germany: Hesse, Hanau
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 16 cm x 11 cm; 6 5/16 in x 4 5/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Description: This drug jar is marked <i>BACCIL AD FORNACEM</i>, and <i>HN</i> on the bottom. Baccil and Fornacem in Latin translates to basin and furnace respectively.
Pharmaceutical historian George Urdang attributes containers 1991.0664.0760 through 1991.0664.0825 to Hanau in the late 18th century based on the floral design surrounding the medallion and the initials <i>HN</i> on the bottom of many of the jars in the series. However, in a letter dated August 1983, the pharmaceutical historian Wolfgang-Hagen Hein wrote that the containers without initials and those marked <i>FH</i> were made in Florsheim in the German state of Hesse.
[None]
CORTEX LIGN QUASSIAE
Collection: National Museum of American History
Object type: jar
jar; Pharmaceutical Container
date made: 1790-1810
Date made: 1775 - 1799
place made: Germany
Physical Description: ceramic (overall material)
Measurements: overall: 16 cm x 11 cm; 6 5/16 in x 4 5/16 in
Credit line: Gift of American Pharmaceutical Association and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Publisher: Urdang, George and Ferdinand William Nitardy. The Squibb Ancient Pharmacy: A Catalogue of the Collection
Topics: Art
Pharmacy
European Apothecary
Description (Brief): This drug jar is marked <i>CORTEX LIGN QUASSIAE</i>. Cortex refers to the skin or peel of a plant. Ling is probably an abbreviation for Lignum or wood, and Quassiae is a bitter wood. The tree is native to the West Indies and South America. The bark can be made into a tea or tonic by soaking chips of wood in water or alcohol. It was used as a tonic, an antispasmodic, and to reduce fevers. Cups were made from Quassia, and when filled with water, properties from the wood would create a tonic which popular in the 19th century.
Pharmaceutical historian George Urdang attributes the containers 1991.0664.0760 through 1991.0664.0825 to Hanau in the late 18th century based on the floral design surrounding the medallion and the initials <i>HN</i> on the bottom of many of the jars in the series. However, in a letter to museum curators dated August 1983, the pharmaceutical historian Wolfgang-Hagen Hein wrote that the containers without initials and those marked <i>FH</i> were made in Florsheim in the German state of Hesse.
[None]