Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File S. 32997, for Charles Le Brett, Connecticut

SERVICE
Conn.
Lee Brett, Charles
NUMBER _____
NUMBER S 32997
Continental (P.I.)
CONTENTS

9652 + Massachusetts  Revolutionary War
Charles Libby
of _____ in the state of who was a Private in the regiment commanded by Colonel Bradley of the Conn. & Co. line, for the term of 2 years
Inscribed on the Roll of Massachusetts at the rate of 8 Dollars per month, to commence on the 1 of April 1818
Certificate of Pension issued the 22 of July 1818 and Sister  Judith Clarke  Wimpcomb Cont.
Arrears to 4th of March 89. 3 Semi-ann. all'ce ending Sept 48 11 \frac{2}{35} 137.3
{ Revolutionary claim, } { Act 18th March, 1818. }
New enrolments opened 30 Dec. 1828 & deliv'd to the Prov. Mar. See cir. Tra. Sep. 8: '35-
To Massachusetts from 4 th Mar. 1835 - Sep. 15 th 35-
He d. Aug. 7 - 1840 Pension paid to Widow Judith Clarke until death

District of Connecticut, ss.
At a Special Court of Common Pleas, holden at Pomfret within and for the County of Windham, in said district—
ON this 21 st day of June A. D. 1820, personally appeared in open Court, being a Court of Record for the County aforesaid, [Having the power of fine and imprisonment,]
Charles Lebrett of Woodstock in said County & District aged Sixtyfour years, who, being first duly sworn according to law, doth, on his oath declare, that he served in the Revolutionary war as follows, viz : That he enlisted for the term of one year on the 12 th day of December in the year 1775 in the State of Rhode Island in the company commanded by Captain Spurr in the regiment commanded by Colonel Hitchcock in the line of the State of Rhode Island on the Continental establishment : that he continued to serve in the said corps until the 8 th day of February 1777 when he was discharged from the said service in near Morristown in the State of New Jersey
And on the 12 th day of March 1777. I again enlisted into the company commanded by Capt. Josiah Child in the Reg t commanded by Col. Bradley for the term of three years or during the war in the Connecticut line on the Continental establishment I continued to serve in said Corps until the 18 th day of Decem r . 1777. When I was discharged at Valley Forge in the State of Pennsylvania. I was in the Battle on Long Island, also in those of Branton & Germantown at which last place I was taken prisoner. I am a Wheelwright by occupation but am unable to work but little having been disabled by a Paralytick shock. I have a wife, Sally aged 42 years able to do but little by reason of Bodily infirmity Seven Children viz - Susannah aged 17 years lame & able to labor but little - Charles S. aged 14 years deaf & dumb - Sally M. aged 12 well - Abiel aged 9 well - Julian aged 7 well - Maria aged 5 well - Harriet aged 1 year all to support - I am now a Pensioner the date of my original application was the 10 th day of April 1818. the amount of my Pension is 9.652 And I do solemnly swear that I was a resident citizen of the
United States, on the 18th day of March, one thousand eight hundred and eighteen ; and that I have not, since that time, by gift, sale, or in any manner, disposed of my property, or any part thereof, with intent thereby so to diminish it, as to bring myself within the provisions of an act of Congress, entitled. "an act to provide for certain persons engaged in the land and naval service of the United States, in the Revolutionary war," passed on the 18th day of March, one thousand eight hundred and eighteen ; and that I have not, nor has any person in trust for me, any property or securities, contracts, or debts due to me ; nor have I any income other than what is contained in the Schedule hereto annexed, and by me subscribed.
A Schedule containing the whole estate & income of Charles Lebrett of Woodstock in Windham County necessary & clothing & bedding excepted - 1 Cloth Loom $ 6.00 1 chest of drawers - 1.00 - 1 Ditto 1.00 - 2 tables 1.50 - three chairs 50 - 4.00 Iron ware - 6.00 broken & glass ware 2.00 - 1 Grindstone 75 - 8.75 1 Looking Glass 75 - Tubbs & Hams 1.50 - Pails, Piggins & milk poms 2.00 - 34.25 Amount carried over $ 23.00

Amount Brought over $23.00 Warming Pan & Stove 1.50 - farming Utensils 5.00 6.50 And Irons Shovels Hoes 1.00 - two pigs 2.00 - 1 cow $22.25.00 $54.50
I am indebted to sundry persons to the amount of Eighty dollars - & before I received my Pension was dependent on the Publick for support -
Pomfret June 21 st 1820 -
Charles LeBrett
For instance
Charles LeBrett Affirmation Mo. 9.652 up. 22. Phil. 1819 Sept. 1819
Sworn to and declared on the 21 st day of June A. D. 1820, before the Court of Common Pleas, for the County of Windham, in the district of Connecticut.
Attest. David G. Bolles Clerk.
I, David G. Bolles Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas for the County of Windham, in the State of Connecticut, do hereby certify that the foregoing declaration & oath and the Schedule thereto annexed, are truly copied from the records of the said Court; and I do further certify, that it is the opin- ion of the said Court, that the total amount in value of the property exhibited in the aforesaid Schedule, is Fiftyfour Dollars and 50 Cents. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, & affixed the Seal of the said Court, on this 26 th day of June
David G. Bolles Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas for Windham County.

Charles Le Brett
Cont. to master.

Application for a transfer
Commonwealth of Massachusetts County of Hampden ss.
On this 31 st day of August 1835 before me the subscriber a Justice of the Peace for the said County of Hampden personally appeared Charles LeBrett who on oath declares that he is the same person who formerly belonged to the Company commanded by Cap- tain Josiah Child in the Regiment commanded by Colonel George P. Bradley in the service of the United States; that his name was placed on the Pension roll of the State of Connecticut from whence he has lately removed; that he now resides in the State of Massachusetts where he intends to remain & wishes his pension to be there payable in future. The following are his reasons for remo- ving from Woodstock in Connecticut to Springfield in Massa- chusetts. Several of his children & family are employed in a manufacturing establishment at the latter place & the necessity, as well as desire, of residing with his family obliges him to reside there also. Charles LeBrett
Sworn & subscribed to before me, David M. Bryant the day & year aforesaid } Justice of the Peace

I Hiram Ladd of Springfield in the County of Hampden & Commonwealth of Massachusetts of lawful age testify & say that I am acquainted with Charles Le Boutt a reputed Revolutionary pensioner, lately resident in Woodstock Connecticut but now living in said Springfield; - & that the said Charles Le Boutt who took the foregoing oath is the person described in the affidavit. Hiram Ladd
Commonwealth of Massachusetts Hampden ss. Aug 31 st 1835 Then personally appeared Hiram Ladd the subscriber to the foregoing instrument and made oath to the truth thereof before me. And I certify that the said affiant is personally known to me, & is a person of veracity
David M Bryant Justice of the Peace

Commonwealth of Massachusetts Hampden County ss.
I John Ingersoll Clerk of the Judicial Courts of said Commonwealth held within & for said County being Courts of Record do hereby certify that David M. Bryant Esquire is a Justice of the Peace for the said County of Hampden; and that I believe his name subscribed to the foregoing certificates to be his true & proper signature In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand & affixed the seal of the Court of Common Pleas at Springfield on this fourth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty five.
John Ingersoll Clerk

Charles Schuch.
Resid. W. Mt.
Woodstock
Prison of Whiteheads
Rest R. Island Line
1775-2 years
Dec. 1 st - Apr. 18/18
Bradley's Con o ng. 12 Mar 1777
g aming

To Iabez Clarke Esq r Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the County of Windham and District of Connecticut The Petition of Charles Leavitt, now resident in the Town of Woodstock in said County & District - Sheweth That on the 12 th day (Dec r AD 1775) - he enlisted into Capt. Spencers company & Col o Hitchcocks Regiment of Rhode Island Line, and joined the Army then near Boston, and continued in the Army, subg till the 8 th 1777 when his time having expired he was discharged. and afterwards (viz on the 12 th of March 1777) - he again enlisted in the Company of Capt. Josiah Child, Col o Bradleys Regiment of the Connecticut Line, that he joined the Army & was taken prisoner at the Battle of Germantown, and continued a prisoner untill the 8 th day of Dec r following when he escaped and again joined the American Army and was afterwards discharged - that he is very poor & indigent & needs the assist ce of his Country for support  and that he is entitled to a pension dated at Windham April 1 st day AD 1818
Charles Leavitt
State of Connecticut
County of Windham ss. Windham April 1 st AD 1818
Then came personally before me Iabez Clarke Esq r Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, within and for the County of Windham and District of Connecticut, Charles Leavitt the signer of the foregoing Petit n and submitted and made oath to the following affidavit - (viz) I Charles Leavitt reside in the Town of Woodstock, in said County of Windham, that on the 12 th day of Dec r AD 1775, he enlisted as a Private in Capt n Spencers Comp y and Col o Hitchcocks regiment of the Rhode Island Line, and joined the Army then near Boston, and continued in the Army untill the 8 th day of February 1777 - when he discharged in New Jersey (near Springfield) - and that afterwards he again enlisted - viz on the 12 th day of March AD 1777 in Capt. Josiah Childs company in Col o Bradleys regiment of the Connecticut Line, & soon after joined the Continental Army at Red Bank on Schuylkill river

view, that I continued faithfully to serve in said Regiment, and was taken prisoner by the British in the Battle of Germantown - and was kept a prisoner about two months - when I effected my escape - and again rejoined the regiment, and soon afterwards - viz - about the 18 th day of December AD 1777, I was regularly discharged - as my escape from the British was under such circumstances, as to endanger my personal safety if again taken prisoner - I am now poor, and not able to support myself - and need the assistance of my Country for support
Charles LeBrett
Sworn this 1 st day of April AD 1818
Before Iabez Clarke Judge of Court of Common Pleas for Windham County
We William Bowen, and Ephraim May, both of Woodstock in the said County of Windham Do Swear, that we are acquainted with Charles LeBrett, the signor of the above affidavit, and know that he was from home in the summers of 1776, and 1777, and we then understood that he was in Army of the United States, we further say that S r Charles LeBrett is a very poor and indigent man and needs Assistance for his support
William Bowen
Sworn April 15 th 1818
Before me Iabez Clarke Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Windham County
I David Rawson of Woodstock in the County of Windham Do Swear, that I was a soldier in Col d Bradley's regiment in the Connecticut Line in the summer of AD 1777, and know that Charles LeBrett was a soldier in the same Regiment at that time, and in Capt. Isaiah Child's company -
In presence of Iabez Clarke
David
Rawson mark
Sworn the 15 th day of April AD 1818
Before me - Iabez Clarke Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Windham County

In Testimony of the matters aforesaid I have caused the Seal of the Court of Common Pleas for Windham County to hereunto be affixed Attest Jabez Clarke Jabez Clarke Judge of said Court
I Jabez Clarke Judge of the Court of Common Pleas within and for the County of Windham in the State of Connecticut Do hereby certify that it appears to my satisfaction, that the said Charles Buel did serve in the Revolutionary war, as stated in the preceding declarations, affidavits and that the same have been examined and now transmitted the proceedings & testimony had and taken before me, to the Secretary for the department of War pursuant to directions of the aforementioned act of Congress Attest Jabez Clarke
I Samuel Gray Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in and for the County of Windham & State of Connecticut, do certify that Jabez Clarke Esq. is Judge of said Court; that the above Signatures are his own hand writing - that the Seal Annexed is the Seal of said Court In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Name this 18th day of May A.D. 1818
Sam Gray
1776 12. M o 1777 - 9 m o

Rev. and 1812 Wars Section
AWF/HMM
May 19, 1930.
Mr. Herbert P. Robinson Ossining, Box 331 New York.
Dear Sir:
I advise you from the papers in the Revolutionary War pension claim S. 32997, it appears that Charles Le Brett enlisted December 12, 1775 and served as a private to February 8, 1777, in Captain Spurr's Company, Colonel Hitchcock's Rhode Island Regiment, and was in the battles of Long Island and Trenton; he enlisted March 12, 1777 and served in Captain Josiah Child's Company, Colonel Bradley's Connecticut Regiment; was in the battle of Germantown where he was taken prisoner but made his escape December 8, 1844 1777, joined the army and served until December 18, 1777.
He was allowed pension on his application executed April 1, 1818, at which time he was a resident of Woodstock, Windham County, Connecticut, aged sixty-two years.
In 1820 the soldier referred to his wife, name not stated, aged forty-two years, and to seven children, as follows:
Susannah aged seventeen Charles S. or L. " fourteen Sally M. " twelve Abiel " nine Julian " seven Marietta " five Harriet " one.
In 1835 the soldier was living in Springfield, Massachusetts, with some of his children.
The records do not show when or where the soldier was born, nor date and place of his death. He d. Aug 7-1840 A.B.
Very truly yours,
E. W. MORGAN Acting Commissioner.

Q117 S. 32997
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
BUREAU OF PENSIONS.
Washington, D. C., _____, 19_____
In reply to your request of _____, received _____ for a statement of the military history of Charles Le Brett a soldier of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR, you will find below the desired information as contained in his (or his widow's) application for pension on file in this Bureau.
   DATES OF ENLISTMENT OR APPOINTMENT. LENGTH OF SERVICE. RANK. OFFICERS UNDER WHOM SERVICE WAS RENDERED. STATE.   CAPTAIN. COLONEL.     Dec. 12-1775 to Feb. 8-1777 Pvt. Spurr Hutchcock R. I.   Feb. 12-1777 Josiah Child Bradley Conn.   Taken prisoner at Battle of Germantown escaped   Dec. 8-1777 joined the army & served until about   Dec. 18-1777  
Battles engaged in, Long Island, Trenton & Germantown Residence of soldier at enlistment, not stated Date of application for pension, about 1818 - He claim was allowed Residence at date of application, Woodstock, Windham Co., Conn. Age at date of application, 62 years
Remarks: In 1820 soldier referred to his wife, name not stated, aged 42 years & 7 children - Susannah aged 17; Charles S. or L. aged 14; Sally M. aged 12; Abiel aged 9; Julian aged 7; Marietta aged 5 & Harriet aged 1. In 1835 soldier was living in Springfield Mass. with some of his children. Respectfully,
Commissioner.

32997 Perz INVALID.
1923 Feb. 9. Hist. to Mrs. Harriet Lane aw. 1930 May 19. " " " Herbert P. Robinson aw.
File No. 32,997
Charles Librett,
Pin Rev. Rev.
Act: 18 th March 1815 th
Index:—Vol. 2, Page 248
[Arrangement of 1870.]

Box 221 Ossining, N.Y. 2/2/20.
Bureau of Pensions, Washington, D.C.
Gentlemen- A few weeks ago I sent a letter requesting war record of Charles Lebrett of Woodstock, Conn., in Capt, Chilas Company, Rev. War Pensioner.
I am interested in getting all facts possible. Please search for above record and send bill to
Yours truly
Herbert T. Robinson

already Ans. 5/19/30.
Box 336, Ossining, N.Y. 3/21/30.
Bureau of Pensions, Wash, D.C. Gentlemen -
Please send war record of Charles Lebrett of Woodstock Conn. in Capt Childs Co. Rev. War. pensioner, page 635 Conn. men in Rev. any other record of family date of death etc. included Please send bill for search to
Yours Truly
Herbert P. Robinson

Riverside Calif. Jan. 17 th /23.
Commissioner of Pensions Washington, D. C. &
Dear Sir,
Will you please look for the record of Chas. LeBnd pensioner of the Revolution- ary War? He enlisted April 21 st 1777 and belong- ed to Josiah Child's Company, 5 th Connecticut regiment. Please inform me if he received honorable dis- charge papers, if he was a drummer and the amount of pension and anything
Rev. Ser.

you may find recorded. Thanking you in advance.
I am, Very resp. yours,
Mrs. Harriet Lane 169 Linwood Ave., Riverside Calif.

James Dodd Sept. 11 th '35-
Charles Lebrete
J. G. Edwards Esq. Commissioner of Pensions City of Washington
J.
Sept 14 Mr. Brant

Sir
Pension Office Conn't Agency Hartford September 11. 1835
Charles Gebrett a private on the Roll of this Agency under the act of 18 March 1818 was last paid to the 4 th March 1835
Very Respectfully Your mo t O b Servant
Henry Stodd
J. L. Edwards Esq Commissioner of Pensions City of Washington

Sept 8.
W. Br. Ind.
To the Commissioner of Pensions Washington D.C.

Springfield Sept. 4 th 1835
To the Commissioner of Pensions Sir.
Enclosed is the application of Charles LeBrite for a transfer of his name from the Connecticut to the Massachusetts Agency. I have endeavored to conform to the form & the regulations transmitted to me with the previous informal application made in behalf of LeBrite. Your attention to the accomplishment of the matter as early as the duties of your office will permit, will oblige a poor & dependent applicant &
your At. Serv t .
Wm Bliss

To whom it may concern.
Enclosed is the deposition of John Wilson. taken at the request of Charles Debret to be used in support of his claim to a pension under the late act of Congress, for services in the Revolutionary war.
Taken sworn to & sealed up by me Simon Davis Jr. Justice of the peace

I John Willson of Thompson in the County of Windham and District of Connecticut, being duly sworn according to Law do testify & say that That I know Charles Lebre of Woodstock in S. District of Connecticut, and I know that said Lebre, was a soldier in Capt. Josiah Childs Company in Col. Bradleys Regiment. Gen. Huntingtons Brigade during a Campaign of nine months in the year 1777 and that S. Lebre was taken Prisoner at the Battle of Germantown, and he escaped from the Enemy in December following, & joined his Regt. and was discharged at Valley Forge, and further saith John Willson not.
State of Connecticut Windham County ss. { Then Personally Thompson July 9 th 1818
John Willson signer of the above deposition and made solemn oath to the truth of the same. Before me Simon Davis Jr. Justice of the Peace
I certify that the above named John Willson, is a man in good standing, and of truth & veracity, among his neighbours. Attest Simon Davis Jr. Justice of the Peace

Samuel Gray Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in & for the County of Windham in the State of Connecticut. Do Certify that Simon Darrow's Justification before whom the within Affidavit hath been taken, is duly enrolled as one of the Justices of the Peace in & for said County and full Faith & Credit ought to be given to his Act & Deed as such. c
In Testimony Whereof I have hereunto Subscribed My Name & Affixed the Seal of said Court in Windham in said County this 21 st Day of July A.D. 1818 c
Sam Gray
Stephen N. Wilson Dept. of Finance 1818

I Aja Plank of Thompson in the County of Windham State of Connecticut do hereby say that I was a Private soldier in the (or Fields) Spurr's Company in Col. Hitchcock's Regiment D (cont) in the year from 1776 to 1777 that (now of Woodstock in County of) Charles Lebrun was during said time a private in said Company Enlisted for one year and I know that said Lebrun was in the Battle of Long Island and that he served not the full term of one year from which I then understood was honorably discharged I further the Deponent saith not dated at Thompson this 8 th day of July. D 1818 ————— Aja Plank
Windham to Thompson July 8 th 1818 then personally appeared Aja Plank of Thompson and being duly cautioned made oath that the dep- osition was true in all its parts.
I further certify that the said Aja Plank the Deponent is an honest & disinterested man worthy of credit.
Sworn before me —
George Larned Justice of Peace

To whom it may Concern The Deposition of Asa Plank is taken at the request of Charles Gilbert To be used in support of his application for a pension under the late act of Congress Taken & read up by me George Larned Justice
I Samuel Gray Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in & for the County of Windham in the State of Connecticut. do Certify that George Larned Jus before whom the foregoing Affidavit hath been taken is duly enrolled as one of the Justices of the Peace in & for said County and full faith thereby ought to be given to his acts & deeds as such In Testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my Name and Affixed the Seal of Court in Windham this 21 st Day of July A.D. 1818.
Sam Gray
Asa Plank Dep. of Justice in 1796

This may Certify that I enlisted under Capt. Josiah Childs company April. 1777. and joined the army June following and Charles Lebrun was then in camp, Josiah Childs company Col. B: Bradleys Regim. General Huntington Brigade Charles Lebrun enlisted for three years was taken Prisoner at the Battle of Germantown and the made his Escape December following and joined the army was discharged about the first of Janu y . Jason Phipps 1778.
Windham J. Thompson July 8 th 1818
Then appeared Jason Phipps and made Oath the above Certificate by him subscribed before me -
Jason Phipps Justice of Peace and I the said Phipps further state that the Jason Phipps is considered a man of Truth and Veracity.

I Samuel Gray Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in & for the County of Windham in the State of Connecticut do hereby certify that Iehze Ormsby Aff. before whom the within Affidavit hath been taken is duly enrolled as one of the Records of the said Court & full faith & credit ought to be given to his Acts & Records. In Testimony Whereof the undersigned has subscribed my Name and affixed the Seal of said Court in Windham in County this 21 st Day of July A.D. 1818.
Samuel Gray
Johnathan D. ... taken by the ... of ... to be under my hand & seal ... P.S. ...
Masson ... Sep. 10 ... in ...
40 120 10 16.6 8.3 12

To Whom it may concern Enclosed is the Deposition of Isaiah Plant taken at the request of Rev. Libert to be used in support of his ap- plication for a pension under the late act of Congress - Taken & Spald up by me George Lamond Just. peace

I Isaiah Plank of Thompson in the County of Windham and State of Connecticut do hereby certify that I was knowing that Charles Libret now resident in Woodstock in said County did in the month of December 1875 Enlist into Capt Shum's Company and Col Hetchcock's Regiment in the service of the United States in the extraordinary war for the term of one Year. Said Regiment being then stationed at Prospect Hill near Boston and that the said Libret served in said Regiment on Long Island & other places adjacent to New York. The full term for which he Enlisted. The Deponent was a private soldier in the same company and Regiment during said term. and further saith not. Thompson July 9 th 1888 Isaiah Plank
Windham to Thompson July 9. 1888 then personally appeared before me the subscriber a justice of peace for the County of Windham and being duly cautioned and sworn made

Solemn oath to the truth of the foregoing deposition by him subscribed I further certify that the Deposition is entitled to credit as a voucher.
Sworn before me.
George Larned Just. Peace.
I Samuel Gray Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in & for the County of Windham in the State of Connecticut - do certify that George Larned Esq before whom the within Affidavit has been taken is duly enrolled as one of the Justices of the Pleas in & for said County & full faith & credit ought to be given to his Acts & deeds as such - In
Testimony whereof I have hereunto Subscribed my Name & Affixed the Public Seal of said Court - at Windham in said County the 25 th Day of July AD 1818 Sam Gray
Samuel Gray Clerk of said Court

APPLICATION FOR A NEW CERTIFICATE.
District of Columbia County of Washington ss.
On this thirtieth day of December 1828, before me, the subscriber, a Justice of the Peace for the said county of Washington personally appeared Charles LeBrett who, on his oath, declares that he is the same person who formerly belonged to the company commanded by Captain Isaiah Childs in the regiment commanded by Colonel Ez P. Bradley in the service of the United States; that his name was placed on the pension roll of the State of Connecticut that he received a certificate of that fact, under the signature and seal of the Secretary of War: which certificate, on or about the first day of April 1828, at or near  Middham Ct. in Connecticut , (his said pension certificate) he was taken from him by force by his creditors and not willingly give it up and placed in prison in Brooklyn and that said creditors still hold his certificate and refuse to return it to him.
Sworn and subscribed to, before me, } the day and year aforesaid. }
Charles LeBrett
R. Johnson J.P.
NOTES.—The last four blanks are left for the applicant to set forth the time, place, and manner of the loss or destruction of the original certificate.
The oath to be taken before a duly qualified magistrate, whose official character and signature must be properly authenticated.
¶ If the pensioner has never received a formal certificate, but has drawn his pension on a mere notification, as was the case in a few instances many years ago, he should leave out the above words in italics, and insert, in lieu thereof, "but has never received a formal certificate, and now wishes to obtain one."
The pensioner's oath must be supported by the evidence of another person as to identity. The person must swear that he well knows him to be the same person described in the above affidavit. The magistrate must certify that the deponent is a person of veracity. This oath must also be authenticated by the certificate of the proper officer, under his seal of office, setting forth that the officer before whom the affidavit may be made is a Justice of the Peace, Judge, or Notary Public, as the case may be.
When a person acting as an Agent or Attorney for a Pensioner, loses the certificate, the affidavit of that person is also required, which must be authenticated as above.