Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File R. 3,346, Peter Emery, Continental (Va.) New Jersey

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Continental (Va.) 
Emery, Peter R. 3,346
New Jersey   Mary

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New York
Peter Emery
of Henry Co. in the State of New Youk who wa a Private in the ........ commanded by Captain____, ____ of the Regt. commanded by Col. Walker in the New York line for 2 years.

1834
Letter to Bates Cook and 3.. Auditor 23Oct1838.
Dead
Paid at the ........... under the Act of then 6 April 1838 from 4 March 1834 to the 8th July 1834 the day he died. Age notified ..Nov. 1838.

Inscribed on the Roll of New York at the rate of 80 Dollars 00 Cents per annum, to commence on the 4th day of March, 1834.

Certificate of Pension issued the 15 day of Nov. 1833 _____________ and ..... Bates Cook 
Lewiston

Arrears to the 4th of .. '33      $200
Semi-anl. allowance ending 4 Mr. '34  $40
                                                            $240
Revolutionary Claim,
Act June 7, 1832.
Recorded by Go. C. Stiles
Book E. Vol. A. Page 55

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3611

Mary Emery
Act  July 7. 1838

Married 14. Feb 1786
Husband died 8 July 1834
Widow died 1841

Col. Housager
Majr Weltner
on roll

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State of New York County of Niagara On this 2nd day of October in the year eighteen hundred and thirty eight, personally appeared before Mr. Abraham Hogeboom Esquire, one of the Judges of the court of common Plea, in and for said county Mary Emery a resident of the Township of King, County of York Home District Province of Upper Canada aged seventy three years and upward who being first duly sworn according to law doth on her oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the pension made by the act of Congress passed July 7 1838 entitled " An act granting half pay and pension to certain widows". That she is the widow of Peter Emery late of said Township of King, who was a private in the army of the Revolution as will more fully appear by reference to the application of said Peter for a pension made in the year 1833 now on file in the War Department and on which a certificate was issued dated 15.November 1833 No 24.244 now in her possession. She further declares that she was married to the Said Peter Emery on the 14th day of February in the year seventeen hundred and eighty six and that her husband the aforesaid Peter Emery died on the 8th of July 1834. That she was not married to him prior to his leaving the service but the marriage took place previous to the first of January seventeen hundred and ninety five at the time above stated.
Mary Emery, his mark
Sworn and subscribed the day and year first aforesaid before me.  I certify that the reason why the affiant did not write her name is because she is illiterate.  Witness my hand
Abram Hogeboom { one of the Justice sof the Court of Common Pleas in and for Niagara County New York
I further certify that the applicant cannot from bodily infirmity attend court to make the aforesaid declaration.  Abram Hogeboom { one of the Justice sof the Court of Common Pleas in and for Niagara County

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State of New York County of Niagara. On the 3. day of October 1838. Personally appeared before me Lothrop Cook a Justice of the Peace in and for this said County Peter Emery who being first duly sworn according to law doth in his oath depose and say that his is the son of Peter Emery deceased, of the Township of King in the Province of upper Canada and of Mary Emery widow of the said Peter who is the applicant in the written declaration mentioned that his Father the said Peter Emery was a pensioner of the United States as appears by his certificate which he has seen in his possession and how in possession of said Mary Emery - That the said Peter Emery died on the 8th day of July 1834 in the said Township of King - that his mother the said Mary Emery has not since been married but continues his widow_ and further that he has no knowledge of the existence at any time of any record or written entry in the family or elsewhere dating the marriage but on the contrary believes there are not any as neither of his parents could write. Peter Emery's mark X Sworn to and subscribe this day and year first above written before me - I certify that the above named deponent is a credible witness - and that the reason why he cannot write his name is because he is illiterate. Lothrop Cook J.P. State of New York County of Niagara Hiram A. Cook Clerk of the County of Comm. Pleas in and for said County do hereby Certify that Lothrop Cook is Justice of the Peace in and for said County duly elected and sworn. that his term of Office Commenced of the first day of January AD 1835 and Expires on the last day of December AD 1838 and that his signature above written is his genuine signature Given under my hand and the Seal of said County this 6th day of June A.D. 1837. H.A. Cook Clerk [seal]

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State of New York
County of Niagara} SS

I Hiram A Cook Clerk of the County of Niagara and also Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in and for said county do hereby certify that Abraham Hogeboom is a Judge of the said court of Common Pleas duly commissioned and qualified that his Commission is dated on the 12th day of May A.D. 1835 and will Expire on the 11th day of May A.D. 1840 and that his signature within  written is genuine
Given under my hand and Seal of said Court & County the 10th day of June 1839

H.A Cook Clerk

(Seal to the left )

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Upper Canada
Home  District
To wit}

Personally appeared before me Charles Scadding, Esquire, one of Her Majesty's Justices of the Peace, in and for the Home District, John Leppard, Abraham Leppard and Jacob Leppard, all of the Township of East Gwiliambury in the Home District aforesaid, Yeoman; who being duly sworn upon the Holy Evangelists severally make oath and say. And first this Deponent John Leppard for himself saith that he this deponent was born in the State of New Jersey now one of the United States of America and is now upwards of sixty six years of age; that he resided in Sussex County in said State till he was Twenty two years of age; that this deponent verily believes that it was within the space of two years after the close of the American war of Independence that Peter Emery, then of Sussex County aforesaid, labourer, was married to Polly Lacy in Sussex County aforesaid_ That this deponent was not present at the marriage _ but that it was currently

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reported and believed in the neighborhood that a wedding had taken place between the said Peter and Polly. That this deponent lived in the immediate vicinity of the said Peter and Polly in Sussex County and that the said Peter and Polly lived together as, and passed for, man and wife_ That this deponent upon his removal to Northumberland County in the State of Pennsylvania , one of the United States aforesaid, was followed by the said Peter and Polly, who then had a large family, and lived together as before, in the vicinity of this deponent_ That this  Deponent afterward removed to the Township of East Gwilliamsburg aforesaid and that the said Peter and Polly with their family were again the near neighbors of this Deponent and lived as man and wife_ That during the long acquaintance of this Deponent with the said Peter and Polly he never heard in any of the places

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where they resided as near neighbors, or elsewhere, any report, calculated to throw a shade of suspicion on the legality of the marriage of the said marriage of the said Peter and Polly_ And  these Deponents Abraham Leppard and Jacob Leppard for themselves say that they are brothers of the aforesaid John Leppard and are twins now Sixty Four years of age and upwards_ That they resided with the said John Leppard and made the same removals as the said John Leppard _And that, with the exception of the age of the said John Leppard to which they cannot depose, the foregoing statement of the said John Leppard is to their knowledge in all things substantially correct and true.

Sworn before me at Whitechurch in the Home District aforesaid this Fourth day of May in the year of our Lord 1839. Having been first read over and explained to the said John Leppard and Jacob Leppard who seemed to comprehend the contents and made their marks thereto in my presence
Charles Scadding JP.

            his
John X Leppard
         mark

Abraham Leppard

            his
Jacob    X   Leppard
            mark

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State of New York
Niagara County } On this 31st day of May 1839, personally appears before me Jonathan Bell, a Justice of the Peace of the said county, Moses Clark, of the township of East Gwilliamsburg, Home District, Upper Canada, who on his oath duly administered by me declares that during the last twenty two years he has been well acquainted with John Leppard, Abraham Leppard and Jacob Leppard, all of said township of East Gwilliamsburg, and that their characters as  honest men and good citizens stand fair in the community in which they live, and Declarant, from his long acquaintance with them, has no hesitation saying that every confidence may be placed in their integrity
Subscribed and sworn before me this 31st day of May 1839        Moses Clark
Jonathon Bell J.P.

From information derived from persons well acquainted with Moses Clark, who executed the above affidavit I am able to certify that he is a respectable man and that the utmost confidence may be had in the  correctness of his affidavit.
?  May 31st, 1839

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Upper Canada
Home District}  John Bogart of the Township of Whitechurch in the Home District and Province of Upper Canada, Yeoman, and Martin Bogart of the same place, Yeoman, severally make oath and say: and first this deponent John Bogart for himself saith that he knows Mary Emery of the Township of King in the District and Province aforesaid, Widow, that she is the Widow of Peter Emery late of the Township of King aforesaid. Yeoman, and that the said Peter Emery was in the Military service of the United States of America_ And this deponent Martin Bogart for himself saith that he knows Mary Emery aforesaid. that she is the widow of the late Peter Emery aforesaid, and that the said Peter Emery was in the Military service of the United States of America_
Sworn before me at Whitechurch aforesaid this 24th day of September in the year of our Lord 1838_
The word "late" having been first underlined 
Harry Blackstone
A commissioner for taking affidavits in the Kings Bench in and for the Home District

John Bogart ?
Martin Bogart

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27.558

Application of Peter Emery 
of

King, Upper Canada
for a Revolutionary Pension


from Bates Cooke

Lexington, N.Y.

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State of New York
Niagara County SS On this 26th day of August personally appeared before the Hon. Addison Gardner Circuit Judge, Nathan Dayton and Joel McCollum Judge of the Court of  ? and General  ? Delevrey held at the court House in Lockport in and for said county Peter Emery a resident of the Township of King in the County of York  Home District and Province of Upper Canada aged over seventy eight years who being first duly sworn, according to the law, doth on his oath, make the following declaration, in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the act of congress passed  7 June 1832._ That he enlisted in the army of the United States in the year in which the Hessians were taken at Trenton , after Harvest, with Lieutenant Royer at Frederickstown in the State of Maryland for the term of three years and served in a Regiment composed of troops recruited part in Maryland and part in Pennsylvania and he does not recollect  whether that Regiment was called of the Maryland or Pennsylvania line he served under the following named officers_ Ensign Peter Krumatt, or Croomit or Kermit, Lieut. Michael Royer, first Captain Fisker or Fishker a few months then Captain Charles Baltsel or Balchell, Major Lewis Neltner, Lieut. Col. Staker or Steeker, and Colonel Housaken or Hooscken _ the Colonel was a resident of Maryland as also were the Major & Lieut.Col and the deponent at the time of his enlistment resided below the Short Hills, about twelve miles north of Leesburgh; Louden County Virginia_ from Frederickstown the Regiment moved to Philadelphia the fall before Hessians were taken and remained in that part of Pennsylvania and in New Jersey- through the winter_ The deponent cannot give the movements of the army in their order_ he may during his term of service

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in the several battles of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth- exclusive of sundry skirmishes- he thinks his company officers were not changed while he was in service, except the Captain aforesaid_ Colonel Housaker resigned about six months after the deponent enlisted _ Lt. Colonel Staker then was promoted or took command of the Regiment,_ and after retaining it a few months relinquished the command or resigned when Major Weltner was promoted as the deponent believes and retained command of the Regiment till the expiration of the term for which this deponent enlisted at which time this deponent was honorably discharged at Wyomissing in Pennsylvania_ his discharge was in writing - he has no recollection of what became of it and is now unable to provide or account for it_ The deponent served another term of three months in New Jersey Militia_ he resided after leaving the army in New Jersey a few years then removed to Pennsylvania, Nothumberland County from whence he removed to Canada where he has resided continually up to the present time_ his removal to Canada was about twenty nine years since_ he is of German extraction, cannot read or write in English and very little in German and cannot give correctly the name of his officers nor the time of enlistment, service or discharge by dates_
He hereby relinquishes every claim whatever to a pension or an annuity except the present and he declares that his name is not on the pension roll of any agency in any State_

Sworn to and subscribed
tis 26th August 1833
before me

DMcCollum Judge of
Niagara County Courts

         his
Peter   X    Emery
      mark

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And the said court do hereby declare their opinion that the above named applicant Peter Emery or Schemery was a revolutionary soldier and served as he states.

I Henry Catlin Clerk of the County of Niagara and of the court aforesaid do hereby certify that the foregoing contains the original proceedings of the said court in the matter of the application of Peter Emery for a pension_
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office this 26th day of August in the year eighteen hundred and Thirty three_

Henry Catlin Clerk

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State of New York
Jefferson County It is hereby certified that at a Surrogate Court held in the Village of Watertown this 9th day of September 1846 present the Hon. A.P. Wordwell Surrogate of the County of Jefferson, it was proved by adduction of testimony satisfactory to said court that Peter Emery was a Pensioner of the United States at the rate of eighty dollars per annum; that he died in 1836 leaving Mary Emery his widow and that the said Mary Emery continued to be the widow of the said Peter Emery until her death and that she died in the Township of King in the Province of Canada West, then Upper Canada on the twenty sixth day of August one thousand eight hundred and forty one:that Jacob Emery, Peter Emery John Emery,William Emery, Nancy Stook, wife of Richard Stook , Desire Spring wife of Daniel Spring & Mary Harman wife of Adam Harman are the children, the lawful and only children of the said Peter Emery and Mary Emery_ In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of my office this 9th day of September 1846

Nathaniel P. Wordwell
Surrogate

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Mary Emery
widow of Peter Emery_
Heirs7
Act July 7,1838

Adriel Ely
Watertown
Jefferson County New York
7 July 1838 
A Ely

Huband died 
8 July 1836

Mary Emery died
26 August 1841

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State of New York
Jefferson County  On this 9th day of September 1846 personally appeared in open court being the Court of Common Pleas Jefferson County Nancy Stooks wife of Richard Stooks a resident of the Township of King in the Province of Canada West aged Fifty eight years aforesaid who being first duly sworn according to law doth upon her oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefits of the several acts of Congress in relation to Revolutionary Pensions; that she is the daughter of Peter Emery who was a soldier of the Revolution and a Pensioner of the United States under the act of June 7th 1839 at the rate of Eighty dollars per annum and that her father the said Peter Emery died on the eighth day of July 1836 leaving a widow and children; that Mary Emery the aforesaid widow remained the widow of the said Peter Emery until her death, and that she died in the Township of King, then in Upper Canada on the twenty sixth day of August one thousand eight hundred and forty one; that Jacob Emery,  Peter Emery, John Emery, William Emery, Nanct Stooks wife of Richard Stooks Desire Spring wife of Daniel Spring and Mary Harman wife of Adam Harman all residents of the Province of Canada West are the children of the aforesaid Peter Emery and

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Mary Emery his wife; she further declares that her mother's name before marraige was Mary Loree daughter of Daniel Loree of Mendham New Jersey; that her father the said Peter Emery and her mother the said Mary Loree were lawfully married in the state of New Jersey by John Mc Mustsee Esq in the year one thousand  seven hundred Eighty three (1783) _ the month and day this declarant does not remember to have heard _ the herein set forth in regard to the marriage this declarant states from what she has heard her parents say and from the family Register which her father kept which contains the dates of the marriage of her Parents & the births of their children which Bible Register was consumed a number of years ago when her father lost his house and most of its contents by fire 

Sworn to and declared in open court this 9th day of September 1846

         her
Nancy X Stooks
      mark
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the Court of the County of Jefferson_

CB Hourd Clerk

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State of New York
Jefferson County SS

It is hereby certified that upon examination of the preceeding testimony the Jefferson County Court is of the opinion that Mary Emery widow of Peter Emery died on the 26th day of August 1841 and that her surviving children were on the 5th day of Nov 1849 seven in number whose names are Jacob Emery, Peter Emery, John Emery, William Emery, Nancy Stooks, Desire Spring and Mary Harman.

Given under my hand this 20th day of November 1849

Hon  (illegible) Co Judge
Jeff Co.

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Peter Emery

on notes of Col. Housager

Admitted
Private 2 years





Bates Cook Esq
Lewiston
New York

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WAR DEPARTMENT, Pension Office, Sir: Nov. 11th ‘33 The evidence in support of your claim, under the act of June 7, 1832, has been examined, and the papers are herewith returned. The following is a statement of your case in a tabular form. On comparing these papers with the following rules, and the subjoined notes, you will readily perceive that objections exist, which must be removed, before a pension can be allowed. The notes and the regulations will shew what is necessary to be done. Those points to which your attention is more particularly directed, you will find marked in the margin with a brace, /thus } ). you will, when you return your papers lo this Department, send this printed letter with them; and you will, by compling with this request, greatly facilitate the investigation of your claim.
A Statement, shewing the Service of Peter Emery w/ Lieut Himery

Period when service was rendered:   Enlisted for the term of 3 years, 3 years 0 months 0 days;  Rank of the Claimant:  Private;  Names and rank of the field officers under whom he served:  Lieut Colonel Stuker, Colonel Housaker, May Wiltren;  Age at present and place of abode when he entered the service:  18 years, Maryland;  Proof by which the declaration is supported:    

I am, respectfully, Your obedient servant, 
J. L. Edwards, Commissioner of Pensions

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2 
REGULATIONS UNDER THE ACT OF JUNE 7, 1832. 
The following regulations have been adopted: This law has been construed to extend, as well to the line, as to every branch of the Staff of the Army, and to include under the terms "Continental Line," "State troops," "militia," and "volunteers," all persons enlisted, drafted, or who volunteered and who were bound to military service. but not those who were occasionally employed with, the army upon civil contracts, such as Clerks to Commissaries and to Store Keepers, &c. Teamsters, Boatmen, &c. Persons who served on board of Private Armed Vessels are also excluded from the benefits of the law, as well as persons who turned out as patrols, or were engaged in guarding particular places at night, and were not recognized as being in actual military service. 
Four general classes of cases are embraced in this law:
1. The Regular Troops. 
2. The State Troops. Militia, and Volunteers. 
3. Persons employed in the Naval service. 
4. Indian Spies. 
As rolls of the regular troops in the Revolutionary War exist in this Department, all persons, claiming the benefit of this law as officers, non-commissioned officers, musicians or privates, will in the first instance, make application by transmitting the following declaration, which will be made before a Court of Record of the County where such applicant resides. And every Court having by law a seal and Clerk is considered a Court of Record. 
DECLARATION, 
In order to obtain the benefit of the Act of Congress of the 7th of June, 1832. 
State, Territory, or District of   County of }ss. 
On this      day of          personally appeared (a) before               A.B. a resident (b) of             in the county of            and State, Territory or District of               aged (c)            years, who being first duly sworn, according to law, doth on his oath make the following declaration, in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the act of Congress, passed June 7th, 1832. That he enlisted in the Army of the United States in the year (d)             , with               and served in the                     (e) regiment of the line, under the following named officers: 
[Here set forth the names and rank of the Field and Company Officers; the time he left the service; (and if he served under more than one term of enlistment, he must specify the particular period, and rank and names of his officers;) the town or county and State in which he resided when he entered the service; the battles, if any, in which he was engaged, and the country through which he marched. This form is to be varied so as to apply to the cases of officers and persons who belonged to the militia, volunteers, navy, &c.] 
He hereby relinquishes every claim (f) whatever to a pension or an annuity, except the present, and he declares that his name is not on the Pension Roll of any Agency in any State, or (if any) only on that of the Agency in the State of      
Sworn to and subscribed the day and year aforesaid.                         A. B. 
[And then will follow the certificate of the Court.] 
And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion (g) that the above named applicant was a revolutionary soldier, and served as he states. 
I                           of the Court of                     do hereby certify (h) that the foregoing contains the original proceedings of the said Court in the matter of the application of                for a pension. 
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office (i) this       day of          &c. 
If, on examination of the proper record the names of applicants, making such declaration, cannot be found, they will produce such proof as the rule given in note (j) points out. 
Every applicant who claims a pension by virtue of service in the State Troops, Volunteers or Militia, except those who belonged to the New Hampshire Militia and State Troops of Virginia, will make and subscribe a declaration similar to the foregoing, with the following additions, viz: 
(k) We, A. B., a Clergyman, residing in the                        and C. D. residing in (the same) hereby certify, that we are well acquainted with                       , who has subscribed and sworn to the above declaration; that we believe him to be         years of age; that he is reputed and believed, in the neighborhood where he resides, to have been a soldier of the Revolution, and that we concur in that opinion. 
Sworn and subscribed the day and year aforesaid. 
[And then will follow the certificate of the Court.] 
And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion, after the investigation of the matter, and after putting the interrogatories prescribed by the War Department, that the above named applicant was a Revolutionary Soldier, and served as he states. And the Court further certifies, that it appears to them that A. B.                          who has signed the preceding certificate, is a clergyman, resident in the                  and that C.D., who has also signed the same is a resident in the                       and is a credible person, and that their statement is entitled to credit. 
I,                         Clerk of the Court of         do hereby certify that the foregoing contains the original proceedings of the said Court, in the matter of the application of                   for a pension. 
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office, this            day of           &c. 
Every applicant will produce the best proof in his power. This is the original discharge or commission; but it neither of these can be obtained, the party will so state under oath, and will then procure, if possible, the testimony of at least one credible witness, stating in detail his personal knowledge of the services of the applicant, and such circumstances connected therewith, as may have a tendency to throw light upon the transaction. 
If such surviving witness cannot be found, the applicant will so state in his declaration (l) and he will also, whether he produce such evidence or not, proceed to relate all the material facts, which can be useful in the investigation of his claim, and in the comparison of his narrative with the events of the period of his

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3
alleged service, as they are known at the Department. A very full account of the services of each person will be indispensable to a favorable action upon his case. The facts stated will afford one of the principal means of corroborating the declaration of the applicant, if true, or of detecting the imposition, if one be attempted; and unless, therefore. these are amply and clearly set forth, no favorable decision can be expected. All applicants will appear before some Court of Record in the County, in which they reside, and there subscribe and be sworn to, one of the declarations above provided, according to the nature of his case. 
The Court will propound the following (m) interrogatories to all applicants for a pension, on account of service in the Militia, State troops, or Volunteers, except the Militia of New Hampshire and the State troops of Virginia. 
1. Where and in what year were you born? 
2. Have you any record of your age, and if so, where is it?  
3. Where were you living when called into service; where have you lived since the Revolutionary war, and where do you now live? 
4. How were you called into service; were you drafted, did you volunteer, or were you a substitute? And if a substitute, for whom? 
5. State the names of some of the Regular Officers, who were with the troops, where you served; such Continental and Militia Regiments as you can recollect, and the general circumstances of your services. 
6. To a Soldier. Did you ever receive a discharge from the service, and if so, by whom was it given and what has become of it? 
To un Officer. Did you ever receive a commission, and if so, by whom was it signed, and what has become of it?
7. State the names of persons to whom you are known in your present neighborhood, and who can testify as to your character for veracity, and their belief of your services as a soldier of the Revolution. 
The Court will see that the answers to these questions are embodied in the declaration, and they are requested to annex their opinions of the truth of the statement of the applicant. 
The applicant will further produce in Court, if the same can be done, in the opinion of the Court, without too much expense and inconvenience to him, two respectable persons one of whom should be the nearest clergyman, if one lives in the immediate vicinity of such applicant, who can testify, from their acquaintance with him, that they believe he is of the age he represents, and that he is reputed and believed in the neighborhood to have been a Revolutionary soldier, and that they concur in that opinion. If one of these persons is a Clergyman, the Court will so certify, and they will also certify, to the character and standing of other persons, giving such certificates. 
The traditionary evidence of service is deemed very important, in the absence of any direct proof, except the declaration of the party. And the Courts are requested to be very particular in the enquiry whether the belief is general, and whether any doubts have ever existed upon the subject. 
Applicants unable to appear in Court by reason of bodily infirmity, may make the declaration before required, and submit to the examination, before a Judge or Justice of a Court of Record of the proper county, and the Judge or Justice will execute the duties, which the Court is herein requested to perform, and will also certify that the applicant cannot, from bodily infirmity, attend the Court. Whenever any official act is required to be done by a Judge or Justice of a Court of Record, or by a Justice of the peace. the certificate of the Secretary of State or Territory, or of the proper Clerk of the Court or County, under his seal of office, will be annexed, stating that such person is a Judge or Justice of a Court of Record, or a Justice of the Peace, and that the signature annexed is his genuine signature. 
No payments can be made on account of the services of any person, who may have died before the taking effect of the act of June 7, 1832; and in case of death subsequent thereto, and before the declaration herein required is made, the parties interested will transmit such evidence as they can procure, taken and authenticated before a Court of Record, showing the services of the deceased, the period of his death, the opinion of the neighborhood respecting such services, the title of the claimant, and the opinion of the Court upon the whole matter. 
[a] The declarant must appear in open Court, unless prevented from doing so by reason of bodily infirmity; in which case the declarant will follow the rule laid down for his guidance. [b] The declarant must make his declaration in the county where he resides. If he should fail to do so, he must assign a sufficient reason for not conforming to the rule. 
[c] The age of the claimant must invariably be mentioned. 
[d] The declarant must mention the period or periods of the war when he served. 
[e] Every continental officer or soldier must give the name of the Colonel under whom he served; otherwise a satisfactory examination of the claim cannot be had. Every claimant must state, with precision, the length of his service, and the different grades in which he served, in language so definite as to enable the Department to determine to what amount of pension he is entitled. In a case where the applicant cannot, by reason of the loss of memory, state precisely how long he served, he should amend his declaration by making an affidavit in the following words:
" Personally appeared before me, the undersigned, a Justice of the Peace, &c. A. B. who, being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that, by reason of old age, and the consequent loss of memory, he cannot swear positively as to the precise length of bis service; but, according to the best of his recollection, he served not less than the periods mentioned below, and in the following grades:
For            year          months, and         days, I served as a               ; For            mouths and           days, I served as a                and for such service I claim a pension." 
{It is important, in all cases, to determine with precision the period for which each applicant served, and the particular rank he held, as the law directs the pension to be paid according to the grade of the pensioner and the length of his service. The use of the phrase about three or four months, is too indefinite, and all such qualifying expressions are objectionable. Some persons who apply for pensions merely state that they served two years in the militia, &c. without specifying the tours, the names of the officers, and other particulars respecting their service. This form of a declaration is highly objectionable. It must, in every case, be clearly shown under what officers the applicant served; the duration of each term of engagement; the particular place or places where the service was performed; that the applicant served with au embodied corps called into service by competent authority that lie was either in the field or in garrison; and for the time during which the service was performed, he was not employed in any civil pursuit. 
[f]  The law makes the relinquishment indispensable. 
[g]  The opinion of the Court is always required. 
[h]  The Clerk must give his certificate in every case. 
[i]  The Clerk must his seal, and if it has no device or inscription by which it can be distinguished from any other seal, or if he has no public seal of office, the certificate of a Member of Congress, proving the official character and signature of the certifying officer, should accompany the papers. 
Mode of authenticating papers. 
In every instance where the certificate of the certifying officer who authenticates the papers is not written on the same sheet of paper which contains the affidavit, or other papers authenticated, the certificate must be attached thereto by a piece of tape or narrow ribbon, the ends of which must pass under the seal of office of the certifying officer, so as to prevent any paper from being improperly attached to the certificate. 
Proof of Service. 
[j] In a case where the name of the applicant is not found on the records of the Department, he must prove his service by two credible witnesses who are required to set forth in their affidavits the time of the claimant's entering the service, and the time and manner of his leaving the same, as well as the regiment, company, and line to which he belonged. The magistrate who may administer the oaths must certify to the credibility of the witnesses, and the official character and signature of the magistrate must be certified by the proper officer, under his seal of office. The notes from [a] to [j] are all equally applicable to the cases of Militia men, Volunteers and State Troops. The proof required by rule in note [j] applies to continental troops only. 
[k]  This traditionary evidence is indispensable in militia cases. 
[l] If a witness cannot be found, the declarant must state the fact. 
[m] The answers to the interrogatories must all be written, and sent to the War Department, with the declaration.

Page 25

Canada West
Home District}Henry Harman of the Township of King in said District being sworn as the Law Directs on his oath saith that about the year 1818 he settled in the Townsip of King in said District then in a half mile of Peter Emery and Mary his wife- that he and Peter Emery did continue nigh neighbors until Emery died which took place on or about the eighth day of July _1836 Deponent further saith that prior to the Death of the widow of the late Peter Emery, she went to live a mile from Deponents dwelling and died there; to this Deponents knowledge about the last days of August in the year eighteen hundred & forty one  that deponents wife was at that time so sick he could not attend the widow Mary Emerys funeral, and in a few days thereafter deponent Buried his own wife   that his troubles were such he cannot state the day of the death of the widow of the late Peter Emery_ & further that he knows
over

Page 26

and is well acquainted with all the surviving sons and daughters of the late Peter and Mary Emery formerly from the State of New Jersey and in his lifetime a Pensioner of the United States_ that Peter & John Emery & Nancy wife of Richard Stooks is in King _ Jacob Emery & Desire wife of Daniel Spring in Town of Whitchurch and Mary wife of Adam Hereman in Maryposy all in the Home District of Canada West, and William Emery High Partdouer in Western District of C.West is all the children now living sons & daughters of the late Peter and Mary Emery set forth in this affidavit above_
Sworn & subscribed to before me this 18th day of Oct. 1848       Henry Harmon

Subscribed and sworn before me at Whitchurch in the Home District 18th Oct 1848  A. W. Ruchanie J.P.

Page 27

I do hereby certify I am well acquainted with Henry Harman the person which has taken and subscribed to the annexed affidavit, & that e is a man of credibiity & respect, and that confidence may be safely placed on his oath or his word

Whitchurch 18th Oct 1848 A. W. Ruchanie J.P.

Page 28

State of New York
Jefferson County

Henry Harman being sworn says that he is the identical person who subscribed & made oath to the within affidavit & that it contnets are true
Henry Harman

Sworn & subscribedthis 6 day of November 1849
I certify the said affidavit to be a credible person

John Baker  Justice of the Peace

Page 29

REJECTED

33411

Mary Emery

Service: Peter

Page 30

I do hereby certify I have upwards of thirty years been well acquainted with John Leppard who has before me taken (by cross) subscribed to the annext affidavit proving the marriage of Peter Emery to Mary Losee, and I do hereby certify the said John Leppard is a man of sound mind and memory, and of undoubted credibiity and truth

Jeremiah Graham J..P

Page 31

Lewiston N.Y. 11th June 1839

J.L. Edward Esquire

Dear Sir

I herewith enclose you the declaration of Mary Emery, widow of Peter Emery, a Revolutionary Pensioner with the evidence of her marriage in order to entitle her to the benefit of the Act of Congress granting half pay and pensions to certain Widows_

Sometime since I forwarded you the like declaration in care of Susannah Hide from which I have not had the honor to receive your reply

I am Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant

Lothrop Cooke

Page 32

Treasury Department
Second Comptroller's Office,
Nov.2. 1838

Sir:
Under the act of the 6th of April 1838, entitled "An act directing thr transfer of money remaining unclaimed by certain Pensioners, and authorizing the payment of the same at the Treasury of the United States" Mary Emery widow of Peter Emery dcsd. a Pensioner on the Roll of the Albany N.Y. Agency, at the rate of Eighty Dollars per annum, under the law of 7th June 1832 has been paid at this Department from the 4 of March 1834 to the 8th July 1834. day he died.

Respectfully, yours,

Albion K. Parris
Comptroller.

Page 33

A Letter from Luther Conklin Mendham Sussex County to Mrs. Peter Emery
[ink bled through from letter on front of paper]

Page 34

Mendham N.J. Nov 15, 1838

Dear Sir
Your of the 8th just arrived this day and with regard to obtaining the necessary information concerning the marriage of Mary Emery. Have not yet been accomplished+ but the Letter I have put in the hands of the Loseys to ascertain what can be done, and he will endeavour to inform me of the result next week as he purposes to visit that section of County where her marriage was said to have taken place_ and on his return I will inform you immediately

Yours respectfully  Luther Conkling
Bates Cooke Esq.

Page 35

Lewiston 31. August 1833.

JL Edwards Esquire
(Comm. of Pensions)

Sir, I herewith enclose you applications for pensions from Peter Emery or Hemery and James Rindress, both of whose names, it is presmed will appear upon the rolls, both of whom are illiterate Duchmen and it was with great difficulty I could understand them so as to get the names of officers correctly, particularly Emerys and it is more than probable that the names are not correct now but corrected as they are with others. I hope they will be understood_ I do not know them but they brot. certificates of fair character from the place where they reside_ Please say whether Rindress was "for during the War" if his name appears on the Rolls.

Chapman Hawley, whose papers were forwarded some time since is solicitous to receive an answer 

I am Very Respectfully your Mo. Obt. Servant
Bates Cooke

Page 36

Watertown Jefferson County New York
Nov 21 1849
Sir
I enclose herewith the declaration of the children of Peter & Mary Emery under Law of July 7.1838, asking for the pension due their mother Mary Emery from the death of her husband Peter Emery who died 8th July 1836, to the 4th March 1841
Peter Emery was a pensioner under act June 7. 1832 @ $80. per annum_ died 8th July 1836. Mary Emery his widow died 26th August 1841 The only question I apprehend in this case which will require any particular consideration is, in regard to the time of the marriage_ there being no record. I refer to the testimony of John Leopard who wirnessed the marriage & has known the parties from that time through their lives. He knows that they were married in 1782 because he was 17 years old the preceeding New Year's day. When this witness was 18 or 19 years old he moved into Pennsylvania & there found Peter and Mary Emery as husband & wife this was in 1788 or 1789_ So far as the knowledge of one's own age at a particular time in his life enables a man to remember the date, _ this

Page 37

witness has its said. At the age of 18 or 19 he moved to Pennsylvania_ this was such an event that he would not be likely to forget Edith Phillips swears that she knew them in 1791 in Pennsylvania as husband and wife and from that time through life_
Joseph Flosey swears that he was 62  1January 1849 and that Nancy Stooks is older than himself_ Flosey you will perceive was born in 1787_ Mrs. Stooks the declarant swears that his age in 1846 was 58_ this makes her birth in 1788. She also swears that her father kept a family record which is destroyed.  The letter of Luther Conkling the Post-Master of Mendham  New Jersey shows that no records of marriages prior to 1797 were made in said town. The papers contain all the evidence that can be processed on the subject & in my opinion I trust in yours is sufficient to establish the fact that they were married before 1794

Very Respectfully
Yr Obe Sert
Adriel Ely

J.L. Edwards Esq
Commissioner of Pensions

Page 38

Land Offices, Annapolis, 20th Sept. 1839.

Sir,
In reply to your letter of the 18th  I note, I have to state ,that I have very carefully examined the Muster and pay rolls of the revolution in the office, and they afford no evidence of the service of Peter Emery as he alleges to have served in a German Regiment Commanded by Cl Housager, _ I do not find that there was any officer of that name commanded a Regiment in the Maryland line, the German Regiment in the Maryland line was commanded by Col Lodowich Weltner,_
Very respectfully yr ob ob,

G.G. Brewar,

J.L. Edwards, Esq,

Page 39

Mendham NJ Dec 14th 1838

Sir
After the lapse of more than two months during which time diligent search has been made by David Losey Nephew of old Polly Losy the nearest relation now living that can be found I must say that no evidence can be found  Nehemiah Losey her brother the only one that I was acquainted with died only a few days before receiving your first letter. David has spent time and money in riding through the County of Warren in which Oxford is formerly Sussex Co he could find a number of persons that was acquainted with Peter Emery and Polly Losey but could find none that saw them married I also wrote to Mr. Edsell the present Clerk of Sussex Co to examine the record and got his answer that no record was made of marriages in Su Co earlier than 1797 Consequently theirs was never recorded.
You may inform the widow if still living that her Brother Nehemiah died last sumer the family remaining are well

Yours respectfully
Luther Conkling Post Master
Mendham NJ

Page 40

N. York
Mary Emery
let.to G.D. Brewer 18 Sept 1839
de. to L. Cooke Sept 20.1839



Act July 1838

Page 41

No 37.11
Mary Emory
NY

se let to G.D. Brewer 18 Sep 1839
" " L.Cooke 21. Sep 1839

Rejected
Let to Adriel Emory
Feby 15/
3346

Act of July 1838

Page 42

Canada West
Home District
To wit}  Joseph Flory, a Resident of Township of  King in the said District, by me duly sworn as Required by Law, Saith that he was well acquainted with the Late Peter Emery and Mary his wife, and Lived in less than three quarters of a mile of them in the Town of King aforesaid, from the year eighteen hundred and seventeen until Peter Emery Died which Death took place on the Eighth Day of July in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and thirty six as nigh as this Deponent can identify from his family calculations strictly Made, & according to Deponents best recollection Knowledge and Strong belief, to him it is the  true time that the widow Mary Emery was often at Deponents house and conversation with her on the subject of her husbands Death kept the recollection of this deponent fresh on the time of his Death. This deponent further saith that Mary Emery widow of the late Peter Emery moved to another house. That her death took place on the last part of August and in the year eighteen hundred & forty one. That this deponent attended the Funerals of both Peter & Mary Emery who Deponents often heard them speak of they having immigrated from the State of New Jersey and from Pennsylvania to this Province, and that he had been a Revolution soldier; & before his Death he told this Deponent he then received a pension for his service in the Continental army for the

Page 43

the United States of America, and the Deponent further states that he is fully Confident that as of the surviving sons and daughters of the said Peter Emery and Mary his wife is as follows (viz) John & Peter Emery & Nancy Wife of Richard Stooks now reside in the Township of King and Jacob Emery and Desire Wife of Daniel Spring reside in Whitchurch and Mary Wife of Adam Harman resides in the Township of Maryposey, these are all in the Home District and William Emery, in or nigh Port Dover in the western District of Canada West_ that the above named are all of the Sons and Daughters of the Late above named Peter and Mary Emery that are now living & from a long acquaintance of this Deponent with Nancy Emery now Wife Richard Stooks  he thinks she is as old or older them himself that his age is sixty two the first of January - 1849 ( before signing the above was ? and Explained to the party making his mark
Joseph Flory his mark

Subscribed and sworn before me at Whitchurch in the Home District the 18th day of Octr 1848

A.M. McKechanie J.P.

Page 44

I do hereby certify that I am well acquainted with Joseph Flory the person who here talks and subscribed to the annexed affidavit and that he is a man of credibility and respect and that confidence may be safely placed on his oath or his word-

Whitchurch 18th Octr 1848  A.M. McKechanie J.P.

Page 45

Office of the Clerk of the Peace Home District
Toronto 20th October 1848.

I hereby certify that Alexander McKechanie Esquire before whom the annexed affidavit of Joseph Flory is sworn is, and at the date of the said Affidavit was, one of the Majestys Justices of the Peace in and for the Home District,duly qualified according to law to act in that capacity, and I furthur certify that I verily believe the name "A.M. McKechanie JP" subscribed to the said affidavit is of the proper hand writing of the said Alexander McKechanie.

Geo Emery
Clerk Peace HD

Page 46

State of New York
Jefferson County

Joseph Flory being sworn says that he is the identical person who subscribed and made oath to the within affidavit & that the same is true
      his
Joseph X Flory
       mark

Sworn to & subscribed before me this sixth day of November 1849 & I certify that the said deponent is a credible person

John Baker Justice of the Peace

Page 47

State of New York
Jefferson County SS}
I William Herman a resident of the Township of King Canada West being sworn say that I am fifty one years of age that I have known the late Peter Emery since the year of 1815 that some years after they moved into the Township of King within two miles of this deponent that this deponents father had been a British soldier in the war of the revolution (1812 crossed out) with the United States that in conversation between Deponents father and Peter Emery the deponents father and Peter Emery this deponent often heard Peter Emery say that he was a soldier in the revolutionary war and in the United States service and claimed to be entitled to a pension for his services in said war and that he afterwards stated that he was receiving such pension. that after his death Mary Emery widow of the said Peter Emery and her son Peter Emery went to the United States and brought back money due said Peter Emery at his death as pension money and that the widow Mary Emery died about five years after the death of her husband but that deponent cannot with precision state the time of either and that the name of the children of said Peter and Mary Emery are as follows Nancy wife of Richard Stooks, Jon & Peter living in the Town of King, Desire wife of Daniel Spring and Jacob Emery in the town of Whitchurch and Mary wife of Adam Herman in

Page 48

Maryposy all in the Home District and William Emery nigh Port Dover in Western District all of Canada West and is all thr children now living of the said Peter and Mary Emery, and this deponent further says that he heard Peter and Mary Emery say that the emigrated from New Jersey into Pennsylvania and from there to Canada and there remained untill they died And this deponent further says that the said Mary Emery did not marry after the death of her husband   And this deponent further says that Nancy and Desire children of Peter and Mary Emery are both older than himself of which Desire is younger than Nancy but cannot state precisely the age of either

William Harmen
Sworn and subscribed before me this fifth day of November 1849 and I certify that the above William Harman is a credible person_

John Baker Justice of the Peace

Page 49

State of new York
Jefferson County

Thomas Ross being sworn says that he is the identical person who subscribed and made oath to the within affidavit and that the same is true in all its particulars

Thomas Ross

Subscribed & sworn before me this sixth day of November 1849 & I certify that the above named deponent is a credible person

John Baker Justice of the Peace

Page 50

Canada West
Home District
County of York
To wit}
Thomas Ross of the Township of King in the County of York being duly sworn as the law directs, on oath saith, that he this deponent with his own hands made the coffin for and attended the funeral of Mary Emery widow of the late Peter Emery who died in the Township of King aforesaid and helped tp put her corpse into the coffin & that to this deponents certain knowledge the funeral took place on the last part of the month of August in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and forty one and that to ascertain the time of her death this deponent has just examined his family Record (in his own hand) of the death of two of his own children in a few days of the time of the Widow Emerys death & funeral, & deponent then lived in a half mile of Mary Emery now in question, widow of the late above named Peter Emery. They being Father and Mother to Nancy Wife of Richard Stooks, of King aforesaid, as well as of other children. to this Deponent their residence unknown
Thomas Ross

Sworn Before Me this 17 day of October 1848 
H Stewert J.P.

I do hereby certify I have been ten ten years acquainted with Ms Thomas Ross who has subscribed and taken the above affidavit before me and do hereby Recommend him to be a man of strict piety, probity and truth amongst us. and a patron to the  ? of his acquaintance
Henry Stewert J.P.

Page 51

Office of the Clerk of the Peace HD
Toronto 20th October 1848

I hereby certify that Henry Stewart Esquire before whom the annexed affidavit of Thomas Ross is sworn, is and was at the date of the said affidavit, one of her Majestys Justices of the Peace in and for the Home District, duly qualified according to law to act in that capacity _ And I further certify that I verile believe the name  " Henry Stewart J.P." subscribed to the said affidavit, is of the proper hand writing of the said Henry Stewart.

Geo Emery
Clerk Peace H.D.

Page 52

Canada West
Home District
To Wit}

John Leopard of East Gwilliambury, in said District Yeoman, being Duly Sworn as the Law Directs, saith on his oath, That he this Deponent was born the first day of January Seventeen hundred and Seventy, In the town of Mendham (or Mendison) Sussex County, in the State of New Jersey and when this Deponent arrived to the age of twelve years and upwards one Peter Emery then worked for Henry Kizer (uncle and neighbor to this deponent) that Mary Losee (Daughter of Daniel Losee then of the Town of Mendham aforesaid) She then lived at and worked for Thomas Paul a Merchant in that place. This Deponent on oath saith that Peter Emery Married to Mary Losee and that he clearly and well recollects the time of their wedding or Marriage to each other, but cannot state with precision the (date crossed out) Month but is confident it was in the Month of September and in the year of our Lord seventeen hundred and eighty two. That the wedding supper was prepared at Deponents Fathers house he clearly recollects a fat pig at the wedding supper come on the table Baked whole standing on his feet in the dish, and a Potatoe baked in his mouth; this deponent further saith , that he well knows his own age was twelve years old the New Year Day prior to this marriage of Peter Emery to Mary Losee,_ that the new Married couple did stop at this Deponents Fathers House for a day or two after the wedding and then went to Henry Kizers to Live until Peter Emerys time expired for which he has engaged to work for Deponents Uncle Henry Kizer, that Deponents Parents treated Emery as one of their own family, and living so nigh several years after they were married, Emery and his wife often visited at Deponents Fathers. Deponent became fully acquainted with them, that after a few years Emery Moved to Pennsylvania and at the age of Eighteen or nineteen of this Deponent His Father also removed to a place then called Greenwoods in the County of Columbia in Pennsylvania, and in one mile of Peter & Mary Emery aforesaid, and about the year Eighteen hundred Peter Emery moved from thence to Upper Canada, and in Eighteen hundred and two this Deponent moved to East Gwillimsbury in the Home District of Upper Canada ( now C.W.) and found the same Peter and Mary Emery and family there in the County of York, District & Province aforesaid, and this Deponent on his oath further saith that always since that period of time , he has kept a social acquaintance with the aforesaid Peter and Mary and family, until the Death of the said Peter and Mary Emery and with their Sons and Daughters up to the present time, and this Deponent on oath Doth further State that

Page 53

that to the best of his recollection Knowledge and belief and particularly from a Marriage of a relative of his nigh the time of the Death of Peter Emery that he Departed this life on or about the eighth day of July in the year One thousand and Eight hundred and thirty six_ and that Mary his Widow Departed this life on the twenty six or twenty seventh day of August in the year of One Thousand Eight hundred and forty one_ and further saith this Deponent that all of the surviving sons of the late Peter and Mary Emery are named William, John, Jacob and Peter Emery and Daughters he cannot fully name but he says Nancy wife of Richard Stooks of Town of King, Desire Wife of Daniel Spring_ that one of the daughters her name he cannot recollect is wife of Adam Harmon, he thinks there is one more but dare not state- he this Deponent states that the Father Peter Emery applied for and obtained his pension for a number of years prior to his death and that Mary Widow of the late Peter Emery did not receive any on her own account as widow of the late Peter Emery to the best of Deponents knowledge and belief. Deponent further saith not Sworn and subscribed at East Gwillimbury after having been carefully red and explained , the Nature of which he this deponent appeared clearly to understand, and he states the reason of his subscribing his name by cross or Mark is want of education he has to commit all to Memory. Sworn & Subscribed this _ 14th day of July _ 1847 at East Gwillimbury Canada West Before me Jeremiah Graham J.P. his John Leopard His Mark

Page 54

Office of the Clerk of the Peace, Home District
Toronto 29 th April 1848

I hereby certify that Jeremiah Graham Esquire, before whom the annexed affidavit of John Leopard is sworn, is and was at the date of said affidavit, one of her Majestys Justices of the Peace in and for the Home District, duly qualified according to Law to act in that capacity. And I further certify that I verily believe the name Jeremiah Graham J.P subscribed to the said affidavit is of the proper hand writing of the said Jeremiah Graham.

Geo Emery Clerk Peace. H.D.

Page 55

State of New York
Jefferson County SS

I John Leopard being sworn depose and say that I am the identical person who subscribed and made oath to the within deposition and that the same is true in all respects
       his
John X Leopard
     mark

Sworn and Subscribed before me this sixth day of November 1849 and I certify that the above named offiant is a credible person

John Baker Justice of the Peace

Page 56

Upside down at top of page:

Marriage of Peter Emery to Mary Losee Proved by John Leopard
State of New York
Jefferson County

I James G. Lynde Clerk of Jefferson County do hereby certify that John Baker before whom the annexed affidavit purports to have been taken was at the date of the same a Justice of the Peace in the County aforesaid & that I am acquainted with his hand writing & verily believe his signature thereto genuine
Given under my hand & the seal of the County Nov. 19.1849

Jas G Lynde Clerk
By W. E Massey Dep

Page 57

Canada West
Home District}

Edith Phillips of the Township of King in the 
 saidHome District Widow personally appeared before me James Gamble Esquire one of her Majestys Justices of the Peace for the said district this 8th day of August in the year of our Lord 1846 and maketh  affirmation and saith that she resided in Northumberland county in the State of Pennsylvania in or about the year 1791 and that she  then and at that time became personally acquainted with the late Peter Emery and Mary his wife and that the acquaintance existed for and during the term of eight years that the deponent removed to Canada in the Township of King aforesaid and that about the year 1802 the said Peter Emery and wife and family removed also to Canada in the said Township of King When the said Peter Emery and his wife Mary have since died that that the said Peter Emery and Mary Emery lived together as man and wife from the beginning of her acquaintance up to their death deponent verily believes they were lawfully married and has no doubt as to the fact having never been in question in the least

     Her
Edith X Phillips
   mark  first read and explained

Affirmed before me at King in the said district this 8th day August 1846

James Gamble J.P.

I do hereby certify that I have been personally acquainted with the above named Edith Phillips from my childhood up to the present time that she is a person of the utmost integrity piety and morality

August 8th 1846   James Gamble J.P.

Page 58

State of New York
Jefferson County
Edith Phillips being sworn says that she is the identical person (name crossed out) who subscribed & made oath to the written affidavit & that the same is true in all respects

Sworn 7 Subscribed this   day of    1849 before me & I certify said deponent is a credible person

I James Gamble one of her Majestys Justices of the Peace in the Township of Whitchurch, Home District, Canada West, being duly sworn says that Edith Phillips of the Township of King came before me and acknowledged that she signed and made oath to the written affidavit on  the 8th day of August 1846 and that the said Edith Phillips is now dead.
Subscribed and sworn before me this 5th day of November 1849 and I certify that said James Gamble the above deponent ia a man of certifiability & trust

John Baker Justice of the Peace

Edith Phillips & Emery (crossed out)

James Gamble