Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File S. 14956, Calvin Bissell, Conn.
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Conn.
Bissell, Calvin
S.14956
carded
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Died 25 Oct. 1837
Order to pay 30 Oct. 1838

Connecticut
Calvin Bissell
of Litchfield in the State of Conn.
who was a Private in the Corps commanded 
by Captain Osborn of the Regt. commmanded
by Col.___ in the Connt.___
line for 1 Year.

Inscribed on the Roll of connecticut
at the rate of 40 Dollars --- cents per annum 
to commence on the 4th day of March, 1831.

Certificate of of Pension issued on the 21 day of June 1833 and sent to 
Litchfield Ct.

Arrears to the 4th of Ma '23                    $80
Semi-anl. allowance ending 4 Sep '33      20
                                                               $100

                                         Revolutionalry Claim,
                                          Acct June 7, 1832.

Recorded by Go. C. Stiles Clerk,
Book E. Vol. 3 Page 4.
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6    8
Calvin Bissell

Admitten
Private 12 month
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War Department
Pension Office 183

Sir:
The evidence in support of your claim under the act of June 7, 1832, has
been examined, and the papers are herewith returned.  The following is a statement of 
your case in a tabular form.  On comparing these papers with the following rules, and
the subjoined notes, you will readily perceive that objections exist, which must be removed,
before a pension can be allowed.  The notes and the regulations will show what is
necessary to be done.  Those points to which your attention is more particularly directed,
you will find marked in the margin with a brace, (thus: }).  You will, when
you return your papers to this Department, send this printed letter with them; and
you will, by complying with this request, greatly facilitate the investigation of your
claim.

A Statement, showing the Service of Calvin Bissell.  Connecticut


Period when the service was rendered
May 1775 enlisted      
Duration of the clamaints service. 7 months Rank of the claimant. private  Names and Rank of the Company officers under whom he 
served Maj. Welsh Col. Hinman  Country through which he marched. Lake Champlain  Place of abode when he entered the service and age at the present period 79 Litchfield C.T. and now lives at same place Evidence by which the declarations supported 1th tour proved by two surviving witnesses


1776 enlisted  Duration of the clamaints service. 1 month Names and Rank of the Company officers under whom he 
served Col Osburn Country through which he marched. N.Y. Evidence by which the declarations supported 2nd tour by surviving witnesses

1776 Duration of the clamaints service. 4 months  Names and Rank of the Company officers under whom he 
served Capt. Grisvold  Country through which he marched.West Chester NY  Evidence by which the declarations supported 3 tour proven by two surviving witnesses

Certificate o'Clergyman and a Citizen

I am, respectfully,
   Your obedient servant,
              J.L. Edwards, 
                 Comissioner of Pensions.
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2
Regulations Under the Act of June 7, 1832.
The following regulations have been adopted:
This law has been construed to extend, as well to line, as to every branch of the Staff of the Army, and to include under the terms "Continental Line," "State troops," "militia," and "volunteers," all persons unlisted, drafted, or who volunteered and who were bound to military service, but not those who where occasionally employed with the army upon civil contracts, such as Clerks to Commissaries and to Store Keeper, &c. Teamsters, Boatmen, &c. Persons who served on board of Private Armed Vessels are also excluded from the benefits of the law, as well as persons who turned out as patrols, or were engaged in guarding particular places at night, and were not recognized as being in actual military service.
Four general classes of cases are embraced in this law:
1 The Regular Troops.
2. The State Troops, Militia, and Volunteers.
3. Persons employed in the Naval service.
4. Indian Spies.
As rolls of the regular troops in the Revolutionary War exist in the Department, all persons, claiming the benefit of this law as officers, non-commissioned officers, musicians or privates, will in the first instance, make application by transmitting the following declaration, which will be made before a Court of Record of the County where such applicant resides. And every Court having by law a seal and Clerk is considered a Court of Record.
Declaration,
In order to obtain the benefit of the Act of Congress of the 7th of June, 1832.
State, Territory of District of } ss.
On this  day of   personally appeared (a) before
A.B. a resident (b) of  in the county of  and State, Territory or District of  aged (c) years, who being first duly sworn, according to law, doth on this oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the provion made by the act of Congress, passed June 7th, 1852. That he enlisted in the Army of the United States in the year (d) , with and served in the  (e) regiment of the  line, under the following named officers:
{Here set forth the names and rank of the Field and Company Officers, the time he left the service; (and if he served under more than one term of enlistment, he must specify the particular period, and rank and names of his officers.} the town or county and State in which he resided when he entered the service; the battles, if any, in which he was engaged, and the country through which he marched. This form is to be varied so as to apply to the cases of officers and persons who belonged to the militia, volunteers, navy, &c.}
He hereby relinquishes every claim (f) whatever to a pension or an annuity, except the present, and he declares that his name is not on the Pension Roll of any Agency in any State, or (if any) only on that of the Agency in the State of
Sworn to and subscribed the day and year aforesaid, A.B.
{And then will follow the certificate of the Court.}
And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion (g) that the above named applicant was a revolutionary soldier, and served as he states.
I of the Court of do hereby certify (h) that the foregoing contains the original proceedings of the said Court in the matter of the application of for a pension.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office (i) this
day of &c.
If, on examination of the proper record the names of applicants, making such declaration, cannot be found, they will produce such proof as the rule given in not (j) points out.
Every applicant who claims a pension by virtue of service in the State Troops, Volunteers or Militia, except those who belonged to the New Hampshire Militia and State Troops of Virginia, will make and subscribe a declaration similar to the foregoing, with the following additions, viz:
(k) We, A.B., a Clergyman, residing in the  and C.D. residing in (the same) hereby certify, that we are well acquainted with  , who has subscribed and sworn to the above declaration; that we believe him to be years of age; that he is reputed and believed, in the neighborhood where he resides, to have been a soldier of the Revolution, and that we concur in that opinion.
Sworn and subscribed the day and year aforesaid,
{And then will follow the certificate of the Court.}
And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion, after the investigation of the matter, and after putting the interrogatories prescribed by the War Department, that the above named applicant was a Revolutionary Soldier, and served as he states. And the Court further certifies, that it appears to them that A.B. and that C.D., who has also signed the same is a resident in the
I, Clerk of the Court of do hereby certify that the foregoing contains the original proceedings of the said Court, in the matter of the application of for a pension.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office this  day of  &c.
Every applicant will produce the best proof in his power. This is the original discharge or commission; but if neither of these can be obtained, the party will so state under oath, and will then procure, if possible, the testimony of at least one credible witness, stating in detail his personal knowledge of the services of the applicant, and such circustances connected therewith, as may have a tendency to throw light upon the transaction.
If such surviving witness cannot be found, the applicant will so state in his declaration (l) and he will also, whether he produce such evidence or not, proceed to relate all material facts, which can be useful in the investigation of his claim, and is the comparison of his narrative with the events of the period of his alleged service, as they are known at the Department A very full account of the services of each person
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will be indispensable to a favorable action upon his case. The facts stated will afford one of the principal means of corroborating the declaration of the applicant, if true, or of detecting the imposition, if one be attempted; and unless, therefore, these are amply and clearly set forth, no favorable decision can be expected. All applicants will appear before some Court of Record in the County, in which they reside, and there subscribe and be sworn to, one of the declarations above provided, according to the nature of his case
The Court will propound the following (m) interrogatories to all applicants for a pension, on account of service in the Militia, State troops, or Volunteers, except the Militia of New Hampshire and the State troops of Virginia.
1. Where and in what year were you born?
2. (Have you any record of your age, and if so, where is it?)
3. Where were you living when called into service; where have you lived since the Revolutionary war, and where do you now live?
4. How were you called into service; were you drafted, did you volunteer, or were you a substitute? And if a substitute, for whom?
5. State the names of some of the Regular Officers, who were with the troops, where you served; such Continental and Militia Regiments as you can recollect, and the general circumstances of your services.
6. {To a Soldier
{Did you ever receive a discharge from the service, and if so, by whom was it given and what has become of it?
{To an Officer, {Did you ever receive a commission, and if so, by whom was it signed, and what has become of it?
7. State the names of persons to whom you are known in your present neighborhood, and who can testify as to your character for veracity, and their belief of your services as a soldier of the Revolution.
The Court will see that he answers to these questions are embodied in the declaration, and they are requested to annex their opinions of the truth of the statement of the applicant.
The applicant will further produce in Court, if the same can be done, in the opinion of the Court, without too much expense and inconvenience to him, two respectable persons one of whom should be the nearest clergyman, if one lives in the immediate vicinity of such applicant, who can testify, from their acquaintance with him, that they believe he is of the age he represents, and that he is reputed and believed in the neighborhood to have been a Revolutionary soldier, and that they concur in that opinion. If one of these persons is a Clergyman, the Court will so certify, and they will also certify, to the character and standing of other persons, giving such certificates.
The traditionary evidence of service is deemed very important, in the absence of any direct
proof, except the declaration of the party. And the Courts are requested to be very particular in the enquiry whether the belief is general, and whether any doubts have ever existed upon the subject.
Applicants unable to appear in Court by reason of bodily infirmity, may make the declaration before required, and submit to the examination, before a Judge or Justice of a Court of Record of the proper county, and the Judge or Justice will execute the duties, which the Court is herein requested to perform, and will also certify that the applicant cannot, from bodily infirmity, attend the Court.
Whenever any official act is required to be done by a Judge or Justice of a Court of Record, or by a Justice of the peace, the certificate of the Secretary of State or Territory, or of the proper Clerk of the Court or County, under his seal of office, will be annexed, stating that such person is a Judge or Justice of a Court of Record, or a Justice of the Peace, and that the signature annexed is his genuine signature.
No payments can be made on account of the services of any person, who may have died before the taking effect of the act of June 7, 1832; and in case of death subsequent thereto, and before the declaration herein required is made, the parties interested will transmit such evidence as they can procure, taken and authenticated before a Court of Record, showing the services of the deceased, the period of his death, the opinion of the neighborhood respecting such services, the title of the claimant, and the opinion of the Court upon the whole matter.
(a) The declarant must appear in open Court, unless prevented from doing so by reason of bodily infirmity; in which case the declarant will follow the rule laid down for his guidance.
(b) The declarant must make his declaration in the county where he resides. If he should fail to do so, he must assign a sufficient reason for not conforming to the rule.
(c) The age of the claimant must invariably be mentioned.
(d) The declarant must mention the period or periods of the war when he served.
(e) Every continental officer or soldier must give the name of the Colonel under whom he served; otherwise a satisfactory examination of the claim cannot be had. Every claimant must state, with precision, the length of his service, and the different grades in which he served, in language so definite as to enable the Department to determine to what amount of pension he is entitled. In a case where the applicant cannot, by reason of the loss of memory, state precisely how long he served, he should amend his declaration by making an affidavit in the following words:
"Personally appeared before me, the undersigned, a Justice of the Peace, &c. A. B. who, being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that, by reason of old age, and the consequent loss of memory, he cannot swear positively as to the precise length of his service; but, according to the best of his recollection, he served not less than the periods mentioned below, and in the following grades:--For---year- months and -- days, I served as a ; and
for such service I claim a pension."
It is important, in all cases, to determine with precision the period for which each applicant served, and the particular rank he held, as the law directs the pension to be paid according to the grade of the pensioner and the length of his service. The use of the phrase about three or four months, is too indefinite, and all such qualifying expressions are objectionable. Some persons who apply for pensions merely state that they served two years in the militia, &c. without specifying the tours, the names of the officers, and other particulars respecting their service. This form of a declaration is highly objectionable. It must, in every case, be clearly shown under what officers the applicant served; the duration of each term of engagement; the particular place or places where the service was performed; that the applicant served with an embodied corps called into service by competent authority; that he was either in the field or in garrison; and for the time during which the service was performed, he was not employed in any civil pursuit.
(f) The law makes the relinquishment 
indispensable.
(g) The opinion of the Court is always required.
(h) The Clerk must give his certificate in every case.
(i) The Clerk must affix his seal, and if it has no device or inscription by which it can be distinguished from any other seal, or if he has no public seal of office, the certificate of a Member of Congress, proving the official character and signature of the certifying officer, should accompany the papers.
Mode of authenticating papers.
In every instance where the certificate of the certifying officer who authenticates the papers is not written on the same sheet of paper which contains the affidavit, or other papers authenticated, the certificate must
the attached thereto by a piece of tape or narrow ribbon, the ends of which must
pass under the seal of office of the certifying officer, so as to prevent any paper from being improperly attached to the certificate.
Proof of Service.
(j) In a case where the name of the applicant is not found on the records of the Department, he must prove his service by two credible witnesses, who are required to set forth in their affidavits the time of the claimant's entering the service, and the time and manner of his leaving the same, as well as the regiment, company, and line to which he belonged. The magistrate who may administer the oaths must certify to the credibility of the witnesses, and the official character and signature of the magistrate must be certified by the proper officer, under his seal of office.
The notes from (a) to (i) are all equally applicable to the cases of Militia men, Volunteers and State Troops. The proof required by rule in note (j) applies to continental troops only.
(k) This traditionary evidence is indispensable in militia cases.
(l) If a witness cannot be found, the declarant must state the fact.
(m) The answers to the interrogatories must all be written, and sent to the War Department, with the declaration.
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No 5228
Calvin Bissell
Page 8

Calvin Bissell, pages 8-9
Declaration in order to obtain the benefit of an act of congress passed June 7th 1832.
State of Connecticut, County of Litchfield for Litchfield 2 August 1832.

On this 2d day of August 1832, personally appeared in open court before the Hon. Frederick Wolcott, Judge, of Probate, for the district of  Litchfield in County of Litchfield, now sitting Calvin Bissell, aged 79 years, a resident of said town of Litchfield, who first being sworn according to law, doth on his oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the Act of Congress passed June 7th 1832 — that he entered the service of the United States  under the following officers and served as herein stated.

I was in the Army of the United States in the war of the Revolution as follows — I enlisted under Major David Welch of said Litchfield and went to Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in the year 1775 — I think I enlisted and went in the month of May 1775 and continued in the service at that time seven months, and was discharged sometime in the month of December the same year. The regiment I was in was commanded by Col. Benjamin Hinman of Southbury in this State – it being a detachment from the Regiment under the command of Col. David Wooster.

The next service I performed for the United States was in the year 1776, when I went to N. York in the militia under the command of Capt. John Osborn of this town, and was in said service one month. I went in the month of August and was discharged in  the month of September the same year.

In the year 1776 sometime in the month of December I enlisted under Capt. Shubeal Griswold of Torrington in this State. The first lieutenant was Jonathan Moran, and the 2nd Lieutenant Theodore Catlin both of this town. The ensign was Jonathan Buel of Cornwall in this State, was stationed at Westchester and other places in the State of N. York for the term of four months, was discharged in the month of April 1777. Which these terms of duty makes the term of twelve months.

I was called to Danbury in this State on an alarm at the time said Danbury was burnt by the British forces.

I was also called another twice to Fishkill in the State of N. York where I served about 3 weeks.

I never had any written discharge, but was discharged but was dismissed by ___. I rely on the depositions of James Baldwin & John Hall which are included for the proof of my serving the seven months maintained above, also on the depositions of Soloman Harrison and Samuel Seymour for the proof of the  four months service stated above,  and on the deposition of Nathan Landon alone as is so forth my serving the one month as specified above, as I know of no other human living who was with me at that service.  I also hereby relinquish any claim whatever to a pension or annuity except the present and I declare that my name is not on the pension roll of the  agency of any state.

I was born in the town of Litchfield where I now reside on the 21st day of April 1753 and am now 79 years of age.    X Calvin Bissell
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Jonathan Buel of Cornwall in this State-- was stationed at West Chester and other places in the State of N York for the term of four months, was dismissed in the month of April 1777 - which the tour of duty makes the term of twelve months. 
I was called to Danbury in this State on an alarm at the time and Danbury was burnt by the British Troops-
I was also called on another [illegible] twice to Fishkill in the State of N York where I served about 3 weeks --
I never had any written discharge, but was [illegible] by [illegible] - I rely on the depositions of James Baldwin & John Hall which are entered for the proof of my serving the seven months mentioned above-- Also on the deposition of Soloman Harris and Samuel Seymour, for the proof of the four Months
service stated above and on the deposition of
Nathan Landon alone as it respects my serving
the one month as specified above, as I know of
no other person living who were with me at that service - I also hereby relinquish every claim whatever to a Pension or annuity except the present and I declare that my name is not on the pension roll of the [illegible] of any State--
I was born in the Town of Litchfield where I now reside on the 21st day of April 1753, and am now 79 years of age, Calvin his X mark Bissell
Sworn to & subscribed the day year aforesaid
before me Frederick Wolcott Judge of
Probate City District Court -
We, Truman March, a Clergyman residing in the Town of Litchfield State of Connecticut, and Joseph Adams residing in Litchfield, hereby certify that we are well acquainted with Calvin Bissell-- who has sworn to the above declarations that we believe him to be 79 years of age, that he is reported
& -
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& he lived in the neighborhood where he resides to have been a soldier of the Revolution and that we concur in that opinion
Truman Marsh
Joseph Adams
And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion, after the Investigation of the Matter and after putting the
Interogatories prescribed by the War Department, that the above named applicant was a Revolutionary Soldier, and lived as he states, and this Court further certifies that it
appears to them, that Truman Marsh, who has signed the preceding Certificate is a Clergyman resident in the Town of Litchfield, and that Joseph Adams, who has also signed said Certificate is a resident in Litchfield, and 
creditable person, and that their statement is entitled to Credit--
Frederick Wolcott, Judge of Probate
District of Litchfield State of
Connt.
& Phinehas Miner Clerk of the Court
of Probate for the District of Litchfield
in the State of Connecticut, do hereby
certify that the foregoing contains the
original proceedings of the said Court
in the matter of the application of
Calvin Bissell for a Pension.-
In testimony whereof
have hereunto set my hand
seal of office this 6th
day of August A.D. 1832
Phinehas Miner Clerk
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I James Bodwin of Litchfield, State of Connecticut depose & say, that Calvin Bissell of Litchfield, Soon after the Lexington Battle so called in the year 1775 inlisted under Major David Welch of said Litchfield, for the term of sevin Month the company was stationed at Scandinger on Lake Champlain and he was honorably discharged - the regiment was under the immediate command of Col. Herman of Southing in this State. his Christian name I do not
recollect - the Company was a detachment from Cont
David Wooster Regiment - Lieut Bezaleel Beebe of Litchfield was the first Lieut-- Lieut. Aron Foot of [illegible] in said State was the 2d Lieutenant-- Thomas Callon of Litchfield was the Ensign of said Company and first had with not -
James Baldwin
State of Connecticut
Litchfield County of Litchfield July 26th 1832- Then personally appeared Mr James Baldwin, the Signer of the above affidavit and made oath to the truth of the same
before me. 
Joseph Adam Justice of the peace
I certify that I am personally acquainted with this James Baldwin the Signer of the foregoing deposition, and that he is entitled to full credit & belief--
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
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Declaration in order to obtain the benefit of an act
---
I John Hall of Litchfield State of Connecticut depose & say that I enlisted into the army of the U States sometime in the Month of May 1775 Under Major David Welch of Litchfield and went with him to Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain for the term of Seven Months and that Calvin Bissell of Litchfield inlisted with me under Welch at the same time, and went to
Ticonderoga in the same Company, where he served for the full term of seven months the Regiment in which said Bissell and me full served was commanded by Col Benjamin Hinman of Southbury in the State of Connecticut being a detachment from
the Eighth commanded by Col David Wooster- said Bissell after having served faithfully for the Term of Seven Months was honorably dismissed and further without. John Hall
State of Connecticut Litchfield County of Litchfield 23rd July 1832
then personally appeared John Hall the Signer of the foregoing affidavit and made oath to the truth of the same
before me--
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
I hereby certify that I am well acquainted with Mr John Hall signer of the above affidavit, and that he is entitled to full belief
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
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Declaration in order to obtain the benifit of an act
I Soloman Harrison of Litchfield, State of Connecticut depose and say, that I enlisted under Capt Shubore Griswold of Terrington in Litchfield County State of Conn. about sometime in the year 1776, and went into the Service of the U States at the same time Calvin Bissell of said Litchfield, enlisted under the said Capt Griswold. the other officers were Lieut. Jonathan Moran & Lieut. Theodore Catlin of said Litchfield, and Ensign Jonathan Beul
of Cornwall in this State - said Bissel served in the said Service, at twice the full term of four months - was Stationed at Westchester, and other places in the State of N York. said Bissel after serving the full term of four months as aforesaid was honorably discharged, from
Service - I think it was in the month of December 1776 that said Bissell Enlisted, and was discharged in April 1777 - but cannot be positive as to exact dates -- and further depose not
Solomon Harrison
State of Connecticut, Litchfield County, Litchfield July 23d 1832 - then formally appeared Solomon Harrison Signer of the foregoing deposition and made oath to the
truth of the same before me
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
I certify that I am well acquainted with Mr Solomon Harrison the Signer of the foregoing deposition, and that he is entitled to full credit and belief
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
---
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Declaration in order to obtain the benefit of an act
I Samuel Seymour of Litchfield State of Connecticut depose and say, that I went into the Army of the United States, the latter part of the year 1776 or the early part of the year 1777 I went to Westchester and the Trinity, under the command of Capt Nathaniel Goodwin of Litchfield -- at the time I went I found Mr Calvin Bissell of Litchfield under the Command of Capt Shubael Griswold of Imington in this State- said Calvin Bissell
was in the said service all the time I was there, and staid till after I was discharged. I was in said service at that time two months, I have the impression that Bissell was at that time in the service of the United States for
the full term of four months, but of this I cannot be positive as I came home from service before him-
Samuel Seymour
State of Connecticut
Litchfield County, Litchfield Aug. 2d 1832
then personally appeared Samuel Seymour the
Signer of the above deposition, and made oath to the truth of the same before me - Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
I certify that I am personally acquainted with Capt Samuel Seymour the signer of the above deposition and that he is entitled to full credit & belief
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
Page 15

I Nathan Landon of Litchfield, State of Connecticut do hereby certify that in the Year 1776 I went to N York in the service of the United States, under the command of Capt Jn Anbern of said Litchfield, and that Calvin Bissell of said Litchfield was in the same Company with me, and that I am personally
Knowing that said Calvin Bissell served in said Service one month, that he went to N York sometime in the Month of August and was dismissed in the Month of Sep in the same
year - and further with not
State of Connecticut
Nathan Landon
Litchfield County Litchfield July 16. 1832
then personally M. Nathan Landon the
Signer of the foregoing deposition and made oath to the truth of the same. Before me
Joseph Adams Justice of the peace
Page 16

I Frederick Wolcott, Clerk of the
County Court within & for the County
of Litchfield in the State of Connecticut
certify that Joseph Adams, Esq. now
is & that he was at the date of the
several preceding instruments which
purport to be signed by him is Justice
of the Peace within & for said County
legally commissioned & qualified as
such that he hath a right by law to administer
Oaths to - and that the signed test to said instruments which purport to be his are genuine has for [illegible] and writing. Witness my hand & the that of said Court this third day of August in 1832. Frederick Wolcott Clerk

[Written sideways in the margin:]
Nathan Landon

I hereby certify that I am well acquainted with the within man, Nathan Landon Signer of the within depositions, and that he intitles to full credit & belief. Joseph Adams Justice of the peace.
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14.956
INVALID.
Rev War
File No.14.956
Calvin Bissell
Priv. Rev. War
-
Act: June 7 1832
Index: -- Vol. 1, Page 33
---
{Arrangement of 1870.}
Page 18

THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES
Form VAM-51
12 - 5 - 41
BOUNTY LAND WARRANT RECORD CARD*
Division of Veterans' Administration Archives
NAME Bissell, Daniel 
Grade Sergeant
Line Connecticut
WARRANT NUMBER 5439
ACREAGE 100
Issued Nov. 9, 1789
to- not shown-
*The information concerning the issuance of warrants carded on this form is found in volumes 2 to 4 of "Land Warrants Issued Prior to 1800" which are registers of bounty land warrants issued to non-commissioned officers and privates under congressional resolutions of September 16, 1776, and subsequent
dates. Other records relative to the applications for warrants appear to have been destroyed in the War Department fire of November 9, 1800. Information concerning warrants surrendered to the Federal Government is to be found in General Land Office records in The National Archives.