Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File W. 18220, John Venables, N.C.
Page 1

(3-1776)

SERVICE
N.C.
S.C.

Venables, John
or
Venable
                 Mary

NUMBER
W.18220

CONTENTS
Page 2

(left side of booklet):
	11.062
North Carolina
Mary Venable, died
N.C.
Widow of John Venable
who was a pensioner under the Act of 1832
and who died on the 1st June, 1835
of Stokes in the State of N.C.
who was a Private in the _______
commanded by Captain _______ of the
Regt commanded by Col. Neal in
the N. Carolina line for 15 months
Inscribed on the Roll of N. Carol.
at the rate of 50 Dollars _______
per annum, to  commence in the 1st day
of June 1839 and end 4th March
1841(?)
Certificate of Pension issued the 8th day of
August, 1846, and sent to John
Morrow, Clover Garden N. C.
Total amount,  $88:38
     [Act July 7, 1838]
Recorded by EW. Robinson, Clrk
Book D. Vol. 1  Page 301
(right side of booklet):
Recorded
Page 3

North Carolina 23.376
John Venable
Stokes in the State of N. Car
was a Pr:   in the _______ commanded
by Captain _______ of the Regt commanded
by Col. Neal in the N. Car:
line for 15 months_
Inscribed on the Roll of N. Carolina
at the rate of 50 Dollars ____ Cents per annum
to commence on the 4th day of March, 1831.
Certificate of Pension issued the 16- da of Jan 1834
(illegible) and (illegible) here: A.H.
(illegible line)
Arrears to the 4th of Sept 1834	125
(illegible) allowance ending 4 March 34	25
					$150.-
		{Revolutionary Claim,}
		{Act June 7, 1832}
Recorded by N Rice  Clerk
Book E   Vol.  (illegible)  Page 75.
Page 4

Paid at the (torn out) under the
Act of the 6th (torn out) 1838 from
4 Sept 1837. to March 1838.
Died 1 June 1839 _ see
wido’s rejected papers
Act 7 July 1838_
Page 5

(left side of booklet):
(illegible)  Mary Venables
probate in the latter
part of this record
She wishes this record
to be returnd to her
List   G Banner
30 July 1830
(right side of booklet):
(illegible) Venables Family
Register that is to
say his own age and
the age of his wife
the time of their
marriage, the ages of 
their children HC
also the time of the 
Departure of his father
and mother,
Page 6

(left side of booklet):
(illegible)  Mary Venables
probate in the latter
part of this record
She wishes this record
to be returnd to her
List   G Banner
30 July 1830
(right side of booklet):
(illegible) Venables Family
Register that is to
say his own age and
the age of his wife
the time of their
marriage, the ages of 
their children HC
also the time of the 
Departure of his father
and mother,
Page 7

left side of booklet):
John Venables was 
born September the
1st in the year of our 
Lord  1762
Mary Curry was born June 25th in the year
of our Lord 1762
The above named John and Mary was 
married December the
23rd  1783
(right side of booklet):
Here follows the ages
of their children J.C
Richard Venables
was born February 
14th in the year of our
Lord  1785
Jesse Venables was born May the 14th
in the year of our Lord
1789
Page 8

(left side of booklet):
Betsy Venables 
was born November
the 21st in the year
of our Lord
1789
Wm Venables was
born the 24th day of 
June in the year
of our Lord  1792
(right side of booklet):
Salley Venables
was born March 12 in the year of
our Lord 1795
Mary Venables was born November 
30th in the year of 
our Lord 1797
Page 9

Rebecca Venables
was born June 2
in the year of our 
Lord 1800
John Venables was born April 
the 25th in
the year of our Lord
1803
Malcolm Venables
was born July
29th in the year of our Lord 
1805
Page 10

(right side of booklet):
Margaret Venables
wife of Wm. Venables
and Mother of ____
William  Rebecca 
and John Venables
Departed this life
November 23rd
in the year of our
Lord 1774
Page 11

William Venables
husband of margaret
Venables and
Father of William
Rebecca and John
Venables
Departed this life 
December the 22nd
in the year of our
Lord 1815
(right side of booklet):
William Venables brother
of John  Venables Departed
this life June the 8th in the
year of Lord 1823
his age was 62 years 8 –
months and 23 days
Ursuly Venables wife of
the above named  William
Venables Departed this 
Life December 2nd. 1830
Rebecca Steele departed
this life June 10th 1828
her age was 69 years 8
months and 27 days
Page 12

(left side of booklet):
State of North Carolina)
County of Stokes)
   Be it known that on this
30th day of July 1839
Mary Venables now the
widow of John Venables
dcd personally appeared 
before the subscribed a 
Justice of the peace for
said County and made oath
in due form of Law that the
foregoing is the true family
Record of her and her husband
marriage and ages of their 
children as named therein and
she further declares that the
same records were writen by
her said Husband & has
been kept by her in safety 
ever since his death which
(right side of booklet):
happened on the first day
of June 1839   the latter part
of said record is in the Father
& Mother of the decedant
& others.  Sworn to & subscribed
the date first above writen 
the truth of which I am 
fully satisfied as I am
well acquainted with the
hand writing of the afor=
said John Venables Decd also
my personal acquaintance
with him.
Sworn to before and & subscribed
C  Banner  JP       her
	       Mary  X  Venable
		   mark
Page 13

From 	1829		31
(?)	1760		14
69=27		17
		10
		27
Page 14

6228
Mary Venables
Declaration for
a Pension
Page 15

State of North Carolina}
County of Stokes} S.S
	On this 30th day of July 1839.  personally appeared
before me Charles Banner one of the Justices of the peace of the
Court of Pleas and quarter Sessions in and for the County aforesaid
Mary Venables a resident the county and state aforesaid aged
seventy seven years 25th of Jun 1839. who being from bodily
infirmities unable to travill to court without much dificulty
& impairing her complaint and she being first duly sworn
according to law, doth on her oath make the following decla=
ration in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made
by the Act of Congress passed July 7. 1838. entitled: an act
granting. half pay and pensions to certain widows; that
she is the widow of John Venables. who was a private
soldier during the Revolutionary War and served in many
expeditions in the army of the United States as a private
militia soldier as she has just reason  to beleave=  But
she begs leave to refer the Pension Department to 
her husband  John Venables Decd Declaration which 
is, or ought to be filed in the pension office of the U
States, by which he obtained a pension for Fifty
dollars per. annum. which certificate she has in
her possession dated at the War Office of the U. States
the 16th day of January 1834 signed by Lew Coss
Secretary of War And number 23.376= She further
declares that she was married to the said John Venables
the 23d day of December 1783 by Micajah Clark a
Justice of the peace in and for Surry County N. Carolina.
that her husband the aforesaid John Venables died on
the first day of June 1839.  that she was not married to
him prior to his leaving the service but the marriage took
place previous to the first of January seventeen hundred
and ninety four (viz) at the time above stated.  that 
during the time she the said Mary & John Venables aforesaid
lived in union together as man and wife.  She bore nine
of her body (to wit)  Richard Venables the first was born 
the 14th Feby 1785. = 2d Jesse Venables was born 14th May 1787
Page 16

3d  Betsey Venables was born the 21. November 1789
4th  Wm Venables was born the 24. June  1792
5th  Sally Venables was born the 12. March 1795
6th  Mary Venables was born the 30. Novem  1797
7th  Rebecca Venables was born the 2nd June  1800
8th  John Venables was born the 25th April  1803
9th Malcolm Venables was born the 29th July  1805
Reference being had to the Family Record which was
writen by her husband John Venables Decd and accompanying
this Declaration, that her maiden name was Mary 
Curry _ sworn to and subscribed on the day and year
first above writen before me		her
C  Banner  J. P.			Mary  X  Venables
						mark
State of North Carolina}
Stokes County}  SS
	Be it known that on the 4th. day of
August 1839:  before me Charles Banner a Justice of
the peace in & for said County personally appeared
the Rev. William Steele a Clergiman of the Babtist
order or church & a person of probaty veracity & truth
in the County of Stokes where he resides. and he first
made affirmation according to law.  States that
he was well acquainted with John Venables above
named in his widow Mary Venables Declaration
that he this Deponant married Rebecca the
sister of said John Venables Dec.d & went with said John
Venables to the Clerk of surry County N. Carolina a
week or two before Christmas in the year 1783 & then
& there was Security for said John Venables in a
bond. for his licence to be married to Mary Curry
who is the identical person who made the foregoing
declaration & signed the same and that he saw them
joined together as man & wife by a certain Justice of
the peace named..Clark in the then Surry County
N Carolina which was a few day before Chrismas
in the year 1783.  that the foregoing names and
Page 17

and ages of the children of the said John & Mary –
Venables he believes is correct. and that the family record
which accompanys this paper. is the hand writing of the 
said John Venables Decd with which this Deponant is well acquainted
that he was at the burial of said John Venables on the
3.d day of June 1839. but did not see him die. which he
believes was on the evening of the first day of June 1839
and he further states that said John Venables Decd was 
a Pensioner & drew a pension of fifty dollars per
annum from the United States. and that the aforsaid 
Mary Venables his widow resides in  Stokes County
aforesaid and has remained unmarried ever since
his death. & is from bodily infermity unable to travel
to court with out injuring her Rheumatick complaint
Sworn to and subscribed the day & year first above 
writen before me
C Banner  J.P.		W.m Steele
State of North Carolina}
County of Stokes}  	I Reubin D. Golding
Clerk of the Court of pleas. and Quarter Sessions
for the County of Stokes aforesaid do hereby certify
that Charles Banner is a magistrat of said Court
as above. and that the foregoing Signature to the 
Declaration of Mary Venables & Deposition of
William Steele is genuine,     In Testamony
	whereof I have hereunto affixed
	the seal of my office, and subscribed
	my name this 30th day of August
A.	D. 1839__Reuben D Golding CLK
Page 18

Returning to be  made to
John Morrow P. M.
Clover Garden, Orange Co, N.C.
Page 19

State of North Carolina}  Courts of Pleas and quarter
	Stokes County}  sessions December Term 8-5
On this 9th day of December 1845 Personally appeared in Open
Court before the court of Pleas & quarter sessioning for said
County (it being a Court of Record) Malcolm Venable resident
of said County and on oath made the following Declaration
in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the acts
of Congress passed for the benefit of Widows of Revolutionary sol
diers and their Heirs, this Declaration on behalf of himself and the other
Heirs at law of John and Mary Venable decd, saith that he is
one of the children and Heirs at Law of said John & Mary Vena
ble Decd; that said John Venable was a United States Pensioner
and lived in Stokes County North Carolina and was placed on the 
North Carolina Pension Roll for Stokes County the 16th 
January 1834 at the rate of $50 Dollars per annum.
     That said John Venable did die on the first day of June in
the year Eighteen hundred and thirty nine (1839) and left the said
Mary his Widow his surviving who did not afterwards
Mary but remained his widow til her death: that his (illegible)
said Mary Venable did die on the ninth day of September in 
the year Eighteen Hundred and forty two (1842) and left her
surviving the following 9 Children to wit:  Richard Venable
Jesse Venable, Elizabeth Venable:  William Venable Sarah
Venable, Mar Venable, Rebecca who intermarried with And
erson (illegible) John Venable and the Declarant Malcolm
Venable, all of lawful age and the only surviving children in (illegible)
Law of the said John and mary Venable decd;
in conclusion this declarant saith that his Mother the said Mar Venable
made (illegible) for a pension in her life time but never obtained one
and he is of opinion that her Heirs are entitled to the amount
due at the tiem he died and wishes to renew the claim
That his parents said John & Mary Venable were married
Page 20

Before January first seventeen hundred and ninety four(?)
the evidence of which fact he supposes to (illegible) file in 
the Pension office
Sworn to & subscribed on the the 9th day of December 1845
In Open court:
attest:  Jno Hill &  C.C.C  Malcolm Venable
State of North Carolina}
Stokes County}
I John Hill Clerk of the Court of Please & quarter
Sessions for Stokes County now in Session certify
that the forgoing Declaration of Malcolm Venable
was read in open court and appeared thereby
& also certify that satisfactory evidince was
shown said court that John Venable a
United States pensioner at %50 per annum
residing in Stokes Co N.C did die on the 
first day of June 1839 and left a widow
him surviving (to wit) Mary Venable,
who did no after marry but remained his
widow till her death , that said Mary 
Venable did die on the 9th Sept 1842 and 
left his surviving the following nine children
to wit,  Richard Venable, Jesse Venable, Elizabeth
Venable, William Venable, Sarah Venable, Mary
Venable, Rebecca who intermarried with Anderson
(illegible) John Venable & the Declarant Malcolm
Venable all of lawful age & the only surviving Children
& the heirs at law of said John Venable & Mary Venable
decd & that satisfactory evidence was furnished said Court
that the declarant Malcolm Venable is a man
of truth & to be believd where of on it was the order
ed by the said Court that the Clerk certify the
same to the War Department
	In testimony whereof I have
	hereunto affixed my seal of
	office & subscribed my name this
	   9th day of December
	1845		Moffitt
Page 21

28.037
John Venables
(illegible)
15 months  $50
Hon. A. H. Sheppard
(illegible)
Page 22

State of North Carolina}
Stokes County}  SS
	On this 10th day of September 1833
personally appeared in open court before us the Justices of
the County Court of Stokes aforesaid now siting John
Venable Esquire. a resident of said County in North Carolina
aged seventy one years the firs day of September Instant
who being duly sworn according to Law doth on his
oath make the following declaration in order to obtain
the benefit of the Act of Congress passed the 7th June 1832
	That he entered the service of the United States under
the following named officers, and served as herein after
stated according to the best of his recollection (to wir)
That he entered the service of the United States as a substitute
for a certain John Jordan in York district in the state of
South Carolina as a private militia soldier.  Some time
in the latter end of August or first of September in the year
1778 in a company commanded by a Liutenant Malcolm
Henry and a Regiment commanded by Col Thomas Neal
& randavoud at a Majer (illegible) in York district aforesaid
and marched from thence & crossed broad River at Talberts
Ferry passing through several places in said state of 
S. Carolina which he cannot particularly name at present
but that he was marched across Fair Forest, Tiger & more
rivers through a small village called Ninety Six.  thence
crossing Saluda River to a place calld Fort White Hall
at which place a General Williamson resided where a military
store was kept, at this place orders was given by the 
commanding officers that two companies (to wit) Capt Sadler
& Lieutenant Henry should be detached from Col. Neals
regiment when this applicant marched some miles
under the command of Lieutenant Henry up the 
Country not far from the Savannah River to guard
the frontiers against the Hostile Indians and marchd
by a fort calld Independence, several miles through a 
wilderness country & were stationed in an encampment
near Savannah River at a large cane brake
                             on the North side
of said river, at which place he was discharged from
his Term of Service of three months     as he entered for
as a substitute aforesaid but the does not recollect
whether he got a written discharge or not, (illegible)
he has lost it, and further he states that he knows
of no living witness that he can prove the foregoing service
by, as he was at the time of entering into said service
Page 23

as foresaid a student to school under the Tuition
of a M. Jesse Burgin in Your district aforesaid, in
S. Carolina & was sixteen years of age the first of 
Septemr 1778 agreeable to his fathers record of his
age as stated to him; and at the same time of 
his entering into the service aforesaid he was
then living about one hundred & fifty miles
from his Father William Venables who resided in
Surry County N. Carolina and from the Division
of said County is now in the part called
Stokes County
	The next service that this applicant entered
into was a private militia soldier drafted in the 
county of Surry in North Carolina in the month
of February or March 1780.  and rendavoused at the Court
house in Richmond in the County aforesaid in the 
Company commanded by Captain James Freeman
& Lieutenant Samuel Dyer.  That these troops to
which he was attached were called into service for the
purpose of joining the army organized for the defence of
Charlestown in South Carolina   that in execution of this 
object they marched from Richmond aforesaid towards 
Charlestown about one hundred and fifty miles crossing
the Yadkin river & through Salisbury in Rowan County
& Charlotte in Mecklinburg County N. Carolina
that they were in company with General Rutherford
near Salisbury and after being marched to a 
place in or near what is called & known by the
name of the Waxhaw settlements in South Carolina
near the Cataba River & nation of Indians of
the Cataba tribe; so called; and about this time
information came to our(?) United State troops that the
City of Charlestown had surrendered to the British
that upon the receipt of this information it appeared
to discourage our officers to proceed any farther
whereupon thy applicant with others were verbally
discharged by his captain aforesaid after having
served one month at least.  That some time in 
the same year say 1780 in the Spring or Summer season he thinks
the month of May or June when living at his uncle Richard
Page 24

Richard Venables in Lincoln County N. Carolina
he entered the service as a volenteer in a Company
of light horse or militia Troopers & found his
own horse under the command of Capt John Barber
of said County of Lincoln and marchd as one
of the Troopers with said Captain about forty or 
perhaps fifty miles to a place called the wax=
haw settlements about the Boundary line
between North & South Carolina   at thie encamp
=ment of General Sumpter
while at that encampment
his said John Venables horse escaped from
him in this capacity as a light horse militia private
soldier he served one month, and after loosing his 
horse, as aforesaid he wa permited and directed by
his Captain John Barber to go and join the army
under the command of General Rutherford a
distance of about thirty or more miles, in Anson
County N. Carolina near the Peedee River, and that
soon as he reached the encampment of General
Rutherford which did no exced two days he
immediately joined as a volentear  militia soldier
in the Infantry of General Rutherfords forces
under the command of a Captain Armstrong
from Lincoln County N Carolina in Col Alexan-
ders Regiment and near this encampment General
Butler & Genl Caswell of N Carolina with Genl Gates
from the North joined their forces under Genl
Rutherford as he now thinks, but is not positively
certain as to seeing all the Generals aforesaid then
marched from the encampment where those Generals
met with their forces, by the placed calld the
Cheraw Hills in S. Carolina to Rugeley Mills in
said state, at which place he saw a number of
generals he thinks about thirteen in number &
that General Gates was the commander in Chief
at this encampment  we was ordered to build up our
fires & leave them in as silent a manner as possible
in the night of the 15th August 1780.  said to be
12 or 13 miles from Camden in S Carolina &
from thence was marched in as silent a manner
as possible some miles towards Camden in the night 
time when & where the advanced guards began fireing
Page 25

fireing on the enemy & the enemy at our guards
occasionally from that until day light  when
the General engagement took  place in which
our American army under the Command of the
aforesaid Genl gates, was defeated that he was in
the said Battle & that it was said that General
Rutherford was taken prisoner during the Battle
and after said battle & defeat of our forces he
this applicant returnd home to Surry County
passing through Lincoln County N Carolina where
he volunteered his services & his Uncle rich Venables
resided in this last service as one of the Infantry
in Genl Gates,s army in Capt Armstrongs company
he served two months at least_
the next service he entered as a volenteer in the 
same year of 1780 a few days after he arived home
to his Fathers in Surry County N Carolina & served
as a light horseman private under Captain James
Shepperd to range the Cunty of Surry aforesaid to keep
the Tories in subjection, that he continued in their service
at least two months that he recd no writen discharge
in this service as a light horse trooper he found his owne
horse & as some time of the service  Edmund Kerby was 
Lieutenant & Wm Haghlett was his Lieutanant at
another itme, in Cols Martin Armstrongs Regiment
of Surry County Militia
The next service he entered the service as a volenteer, private
in Surry County aforesaid in the Company of Militia commed
ed by Captain Wm Bostick which was a short time after
the Battle of Kings mountain in the fall of the year
1780 or last of October & guarded the prisoners (at the
vilage calld the old Town) that wer taken at the 
aforesaid Battle  in this service he continued one month
at least & was discharded but not in writing & returned
home- and in the next service some time in the 
month of February 1781 he again entered the 
Service of his country as a vulenteer private under
Capt Edward Lovell of the Surry County Militia
in N Carolina and immediately after entering this
service was appointed Ensign in said Company which
appointment was made by his Captain aforesaid & 
continued to the end of this expedition which was
not less than one month as light horseman or trooper
marched from Surry County aforesaid to Guilford
County N. Carolina & joined the army commanded by General
Page 26

General Green that he continued in said County
of Guilford & was in a Battle at what is calld
Whetsells Mills on Reedy fork which happened
a very few days before the Battle of Guilford
in this service he acted as Ensign trooper for the 
term aforesaid of one month but (?) no commission
& knows of no person that can testafy that he
acted as an officer Ensign aforesaid, therefore
he only claims as a private trooper – The next
service he entered as a volenteer  horseman (there
being a call for a horse company) in the month 
of May 1781 in Surry County N Carolina under
the command of Capt David Humphries who was
a Capt appointed to command said company and 
in this service of a three months he was imployed
mostly in transporting of lead for the use of the
army of the United States from Chizzels lead
mines near New River in Virginia crossing the
rugged Blue ridge of mountains to Salisbury 
in N Carolina a distance of upwards of one
hundred miles for which he received  a discharge
from his Captain aforesaid for a tour of three
months which discharge he has lost or mislaid
so that he cannot find it.  this service he proves 
by the testimony of James Forrister
The next & last service he rendered he entered
in Surry County N. Carolina at the court house
in Richmond as a private light horseman as
a substitute for a certain Benjamin May of said 
county of surry in Capt Minor smiths company.
of troopers under a Col Smith & (?) Grayhorn
and this applicant found his own horse &
marched from Richmond aforesaid scouring the county
to subdue the Tories through several counties in the
state of N. Carolina above two hundred miles to the
place calld the Raft Swamp & to the Brick house
near Willmington in N. Carolina & at the camp at Shaws
in Brunswick County recd a writen discharge signed
by his Capt M smith the 17th November 1781 after
serving his term of three months which discharge
accompanies this declaration _ The following
Page 27

is a brief recapitulation of the applicants claim
as set forth in the foregoing Declaration. (to wit)
in 1778	3 months a private militia man in the service
		he saw & knew a Magr Pickins afterwards was
		General_Col Thos Neal & Genl Williamson
in 1780.1.	Month under Capt Freeman he know Genl
		Rutherford & Col John Armstrong of the Regulars
		he was a private infantry
in same	1 month a light horseman – Genl. Sumpter
		under Capt Barber
in same	2 months in the Infantry under Capt. Armstrong
		in time of Gates Defeat
in same	2 months under Capt Shepperd light horseman
in same   	1 month under Capt Bostick infantry
in 1781	1 ditto under Capt Lowell in the light horse
in 1781	3 ditto under Cap Humphies ditto
in 1781	3 ditto ditto   ditto  M Smith  ditto ditto
he can prove by the Testamony of the Revd Wm Steel
a clergiman as to the most of the services & part
by James Forrister & part by Abm Stow__
and he hereby relinquishes every claim whatever
to a pension or annuity except the present
and declares that his name is not on the pen=
=sion Roll of the agency of any State and the
several questions being propounded agreeable to the 
directions prescribed by the secretary of War.
first this applicant states that from the best inform=
=mation he can get he was born in the
county of Frederick & State of Virginia on
the first day of Septem 1762 of which he
once had a record, but it was burnd with (?)
in 1789 so he beleves
that he first entered the service in York districe
in South Carolina.- the second in Surry 
County N Carolina. the third in Lincoln
County N Carolina. 4th at Genl Sumpters
encampment, and all the other services in
Surry County N Carolina _ and served in
the capacity as stated in the foregoing de=
=claration.  the officers is already named 
that he knew = he only recd two writen discharges
as above mentioned one of which is lost_
7th & lastly he states that he is well acquainted with a
great number of Respectable Citizens in Stokes County who
Page 28

who can testafy as to his character for veracity & belief
of his performing Services as a soldier of the Revolution
and for that purpose introducs William St(?) a clergy
man Charles Banner Esq
Sworn and subscribed in open court the day and
year first above mentioned 
We William Steele & (?) Clergiman residing in the county
of Stokes N Carolina & Charles Banner residing in
the same county in N Carolina do hereby certify that
we are well acquainted with John Venables Esquire
who has subscribed and sworn to the above declaration
that we believe him to be seventy one years of age that
he is reputed and believed in the neighborhood where
he lives to have been a soldier in the Revolution
and that we concur that open (?) sworn
and subscribed in open Court the day and
year first above writen	S W Steele
Jno Hill		L Banner
And the said court do hereby declare their opinion
that after the investigation of the matter and after putting
the Interogatories prescribed by the War department
that the above named applicant John Venables Esquire
was a Revolutionary soldier and served as he states
and the court further certifys that it appears to them
that William Steele who signed the preceeding
certificate is a Clergiman resident in Stokes
County & that Charles Banner who has also
signed the same is a resident of the same county
in North Carolina and is credible persons and
that their statement is entitled to credit
d-also (illegible) to the court that John Forrester
Christopher Eaton Abraham (?) who (illegible)
(illegible words) are credible witnesses a
that there statements are entitled to belief
				R Folger JP
				(?) Banner JP
				Wm C Cole JP