The Virginia gazette (Williamsburg [Va.]), 1775-05-27 00:00:00

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From the PUBLIC LEDGER.
Governor JOHNSTONE'S SPEECH on the question for re-committing the Address, declaring the colony of Massachusetts Bay in rebellion.
MR. SPEAKER,
BEFORE you pronounce this dreadful sentence upon a meritorious, sober, and industrious people, I hope the House will indulge me with a few words in discharge of the duty I owe myself, and likewise with a view of transmitting my character fair to posterity, when those black scenes shall be examined without prejudice.
The real question before us is, upon the proper measures to be pursued respecting our fellow subjects in America. In order to judge of this we must consider the real cause of dispute: I say the substantial difference turns on the right of taxation. Most of the advocates on the other side have endeavoured to slur this point, and alledge, "that the claims of the Americans extend far beyond this article, and that the act of navigation itself is in danger." But it is impossible for a judicious mind to read the material papers, and not to see that this is illusory. The Congress has expressly told us, "they are willing to acquiesce in those laws which secure to us the monopoly of their trade, as necessary in the mutual connexion;" and the instructions from Philadelphia, on which the proceedings of the Congress are chiefly formed, avow these doctrines in more full and explicit terms. This method of condemning men by inference and conjecture, contrary to their repeated declarations, I cannot approve; I therefore bend the whole force of my argument to the original cause of quarrel—taxation.
The great and only secret yet found out for preserving the liberties of mankind from the encroachments of that power which is necessary for the executive in large kingdoms, is the power of the purse. This was the subject of contention in the civil wars of Charles I. It is this privilege alone which makes the House of Commons respectable: This was the point which Hampden obtained for us! And I leave every one acquainted with the history of those memorable times, to determine, in his own mind, "whether he would ever have enjoyed this blessing, if he had tamely paid the tax, and had not resisted?" From this power we derive the certainty of assembling the representatives of the people; by this redress of grievances may precede supplies; and the security that the exercise will not be abused is derived from hence, that the House cannot impose on others what they are not to feel themselves. By the principles of the constitution, every man should be represented; but the deviation from a rule, too nice for practice, is safely borne, because the interest of every particular member remains as a pledge, that no individual can be overburthened. When this security is removed, there is no longer any safety for those to whom the fact does not apply. What is the case respecting the Americans? Does any member feel himself affected by the impositions he shall lay on them? Nay, does not the contrary principle prevail? The more he shall burthen America, the more he will relieve himself. Judge Hobart says, "If an act of Parliament was made, constituting a man a judge in his own cause, it would be void by the law of nature." Yet such is the precise situation in which we contend we ought to be placed respecting the Americans, and for the denial of which we are ready to condemn our fellow subjects to all the tortures enacted by the laws of treason.
Let us look round, and view the fate of different states that have yielded or preserved the privileges for which the Americans contend. So soon as the Cortes lost their power, their slavery was complete. Portugal has now no vestige of this palladium.—Here is tyranny supreme! In France, where the traces are left (as in the Pays d'état) their happiness is distinguishable from the misery of other parts. In Britain we are yet free, because we retain it. In Holland, Switzerland, and the other states of Europe, they are more or less so as they preserve it.
What are the circumstances that distinguish and protect the British colonies from those of other nations? The representatives of the people met in General Assembly, and the trial by jury. If the system of taxation by the Parliament of Great Britain takes place, what being can be so credulous as to expect the Assemblies of the people will ever meet? And it is confessed, that Admiralty Courts, disclaiming trials by jury, are necessary to enforce this species of taxation. Here then are all the essential privileges of an Englishman dependent on this question, and the real interest of the state is no way concerned in the contrary scale, since the prosperity of the colonies must ever prove the riches and glory of England. Nothing but the absurd pride, or narrow ignorance of the present Administration, can be thrown into it. When once this system takes place, we shall then feel the tyranny and oppression of Governors, with all their train of dependents, as in the provinces of Rome, which are now quoted as an example.
Thus much, supposing the Americans right in the dispute, as I believe they are; but supposing them wrong, I shall now state their excuse, and see what heart can condemn them, and retain any claims to humanity.
The question concerning the right to tax the colonies, though clear to those who are accustomed to think deeply on the principles of free governments, is difficult to common apprehensions. Montesquieu has observed, "that in despotism every thing ought to depend on two or three ideas." As for instance, is there any thing so fit to solve this dispute as the unity of the British empire, the supremacy of the legislative authority of Great Britain, the omnipotence of Parliament? Is there any man so ignorant, after having heard those sounding words, as not clearly to comprehend the whole of the controversy? Plodding, thinking creatures, who are accustomed to consider the complicated privileges in a free
government, from whence the harmony of the whole springs, may be puzzled; but men who have never disturbed their repose with such dry considerations can have no doubt on the matter. Be that as it may, certain it is, that the discussion of this most important question was debated in this Assembly by the greatest abilities, after the fullest information, that ever accompanied any political question. The decision was in favour of the Americans; the stamp act was repealed.
I admit that "principles of expediency" are alledged as the reason, in the preamble of the bill; but the men who boldly denied, during this discussion, the power of taxing the colonies, as constitutionally existing in the Commons of Great Britain, namely, Lord Chatham and Lord Camden (men of extraordinary talents as ever adorned society) the one was made Prime Minister; the other was created a Peer, and Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, the keeper of the King's conscience! What American could have retained any doubt of his cause in the mind of his Majesty, or the nation, after such a decision? The compromising act soon followed (for the sake of gratifying a party) violating all the principles of commerce and policy in the lump-giving drawbacks here, exacting duties there, committing the power and authority of the nation on subjects which never could produce any effectual revenue, and this in a manner that all men of sense must ever condemn.
When the Americans saw, by this act of Parliament, that the question was likely again to return upon them, in the progress of time, through the great ignorance or caprice of statesmen, they met the position in its sly, circuitous, questionable shape; they recurred to their old principles; they revolted against the preamble; they transmitted petitions; and all failing, they entered into non-importation agreements. This produced Lord Hillsborough's circular letter, which I will repeat again and again, till a contrary conduct is pursued; for no satisfactory answer can be given about it, while the present doctrines are avowed. The Americans thus fortified in their opinions concerning the point of taxation, are unanimously against our power, from Nova Scotia to Georgia. If there be any doubt on this fact, why not call Governor Eden? We are told he lately arrived; it would have been becoming to have produced him. But I call on his relations, friends, or any man, to contradict me in this assertion, "that the Americans are unanimously against this power of taxation, as lodged in the British Parliament." They are resolved to resist; and since you have placed them in a situation, where they must either be rebels or slaves, the blame must lie with those who have drove them to this dilemma.
In discussing the question of resistance, the Gentlemen of the other side have great advantages: We stand on difficult ground, since, from its nature, it never can be defined, or admitted as lawful. The first officer of the Crown has fairly expressed my ideas on this subject. The principle should never be extinguished in any government, much less in a free country; the occasion must ever be referred to the general feelings of mankind. Now, if depriving a trading town of its commerce, if cutting off whole societies from the benefit of the elements which God has given them, if proceeding to deprive them of the fishery, their subsistence, if altering their charter, and annihilating all their rights, without hearing them in defence, if establishing in their stead a new form of government, which leaves all things in confusion, if erecting a system of tyranny in their neighbourhood, and establishing (not tolerating) all the absurdities of the Roman Catholic religion, trial by jury dismissed, habeas corpus denied, the representatives of the people determined useless, inferior duties levied by act of Parliament; in short, precedents for the violation of every thing we hold most sacred in this country: I say if acts like these can vindicate resistance, the Americans can quote them, and God and the world must judge between us. For my part I consider, with Lord Somers, that treason against the constitution is the first species of that crime. Acts of Parliament are sacred things, and yet they may be made so, grinding the face of mankind, that human nature will revolt at their severity. Dudley and Empson were hanged for acting according to act of Parliament.
I have now stated the arguments which should induce you to pause at least before you take this irrevocable step. I shall examine next the consequences.
Suppose we should succeed in subduing the Americans, is it not clear from henceforward that we must govern them by military force? Must not our army be increased in proportion? While his Majesty retains the power of moving his troops from one part of his dominions to another, can there be any safety for the liberties of this country? If the mortification begins at the extremities, will it not soon communicate to the centre? Every man acquainted with the history of nations must foresee the consequences. If we fail in the attempt, which is the happiest event that can occur, what difficulties may not disgust, irritations, and all the horrors of civil war, engender; while the justice and moderation of this country are blotted from the face of the earth, and the accumulated expence, when the springs of riches are cut off, must shake public credit to the very centre?
The noble Lord has hinted, "if repealing the tea tax would do, he would yield that;" and he speaks even faintly on the power of taxation. If there are his principles we are yet more inexcusable. We are going to punish men for maintaining what we are ready to yield, and to engage the nation in endless expence for the sake of a quiddity; since, whether renounced on the principles of expediency or right, the satisfaction must be equally complete to the Americans.
But the noble Lord alledges, that yielding the point of taxation would not now do. This is conjecture on his part: But at least it would produce this good effect, we should divide the Americans: We should unite men in this country, and go to the contest in better hopes of success. The proofs the noble Lord gives for his opinion are several indiscreet acts of different meetings since
the late confusion in America. Such detail never affects me. I think no conclusions can be drawn from them. In all civil wars, when the people are let loose to reason on Government, a thousand absurd doctrines are broached. Let us apply this to our own country, let us remember all the ridiculous circumstances which Hudibras has painted better than I can. But should the great cause of liberty, in which our ancestors were engaged, suffer from such circumstances? To their feelings we may trust, on reasoning of the multitude there is little dependence; for my own part I think, with Cardinal De Retz, "that any number above one hundred is at best but mere mob." [Here the House felt the expressions as too strong.] It never could be my intention to apply the rule to this House, long trained in form and discipline, though sometimes there are doctrines and proceedings even here that would surprise a stranger into this belief.
But the noble Lord says, "why not petition first and acknowledge the right, and then we will grant relief." Have they not petitioned? Is there a means of supplication and prostration they have not tried? I am then convinced they went to the Crown merely as a mode of introducing their petition here. Now you deny hearing their agents. An honourable Gentleman in administration says, "he wished we had heard their petitions." Do not condemn them for not petitioning, till you have declared your resolution to hear them. Can it be expected the Americans will act on the innuendos of a Minister? If you mean fair, why not declare our intentions by some binding act? After the East India company, who will trust you? You invited them to petition under hopes and declarations, and afterwards made use of this very petition, to deprive them both of their money and their privileges. In the ceded islands you invited men to settle under the royal proclamation, and then levied 4 1/2 per cent. on their produce, which procedure has lately been condemned in the courts of law. In Canada you have been guilty of a greater violation, as liberty is dearer than property. Here you have despised the royal proclamation, and forfeited your engagements to mankind. I repeat it again, what man or society of men can trust you?
The next objection to the Americans is the Congress. This is now termed an "illegal meeting." Government here lay by with great expectation, waiting their resolves. If they had been favourable to their views, or had any untoward circumstances broke their union, we should have had much eulogium on the Congress. Now they have come to resolves favourable to the liberties of mankind, all is abuse. I do not know by what law (except that of common sense) mankind can be regulated on these occasions. What kind of meeting can that be called which was held in this place at the revolution; Aldermen and old members of Parliament mixing in consultation? The necessity on these occasions gives rise to the case. You wished to know the sense of the people of America: Was ever the judgment of a people so fairly taken? First the occasion is promulgated. The people choose representatives. These choose deputies. The deputies in Congress publish their proceedings, each member returns to his respective colony, where his conduct is again approved! No place, no pension, no bribe, to influence his election, or bias his vote. But even as to the legality. The manner of meeting is not new. Government itself called a Congress in the last war, to appportion the quotas of men and troops.
One Gentleman has said, "that our situation is quite new, and there is no example in history to direct our steps." I say there is a case directly similar, but we are too conceited to profit from such experience. Philip the second, and his seventeen provinces, are the counterpart of what we are acting. The debates in his Council on sending the Duke of Alva into the Netherlands are applicable in every part. He was advised by two sensible men to repair thither himself, and hear the complaints of his people before he came to such rash resolves. But the majority said; as in this case, that his glory was compromised. It was not religion only, but taxing without consent of their states, that brought matters to the last extremity: The Duke of Alva, it is true, was victorious every where at first, but his cruelties were but lowering the serpents teeth. The Gues, the beggars of the Briel, esteemed at that time infinitely more despicable than the New Englandmen are represented, gave the first shock to the power of Spain. In comparing the probability of events, can any man say Great Britain has such a prospect of victory in the contest as Spain might then have expected? Yet we know the event, and how that mighty empire was rent in pieces. The present resolution hurries us into that situation from which there is no retreating. It obliges the Americans immediately to act. By declaring them in rebellion, they must have recourse to arms; all negotiation is cut off. I think the word rebellion both impolitic and unjustifiable. I beg to know what paper on your table can vindicate that term? The first law officer of the Crown said, "a number of men committing treason was rebellion." I differ from him in the definition: According to my conception of the phrase, they must be in military array, to effect some military purpose. One hundred men coining money are not in rebellion though committing treason. Insurrections to pull down inclosures is not rebellion, though deemed a constructive levying war. In the case of purchase and demerit for pulling down the meeting houses, they were convicted of treason, but no one ever thought of saying the confederates or associates were in rebellion. I think we should be very cautious how we criminate bodies of men on such intelligence. I dare say the noble Lord has been deceived himself. But this I affirm, he has hitherto constantly deceived this House. It appears to me that no intelligence from General Gage can be depended on. I beg the House will attend particularly to what I now say, before they engage their lives and fortunes. It appears General Gage has regularly deceived Administration. No event has turned out as he foretold, or gave reason to hope; the next letter constantly contradicts the expectations raised by the former. He seems never to have known what they were about, no doubt grossly imposed on himself, but the facts are undeniable. When

he first arrived, he writes, "the malcontents were abashed, and the friends of Government would soon appear." Next "his expectations from the Assembly were disappointed," and he dissolves them in surprise: "Then 'there would be no Congress';" Next, "though there would be no Congress they would differ and disagree," in short, led on and leading others by vain expectations, till, the very last letters which announce a total disaffection, and which I believe to be the true state of the provinces.
Singling out the province of Massachusetts Bay, can answer no purpose, but to expose our partiality. It is the cause of all, and the other colonies can never be so mean as first to encourage and then to desert them before the general right is settled.
The noble Lord talks next of stopping their fisheries; but he says, "the act is only to be temporary." Does the noble Lord think he can turn the channels of trade as easily as he can turn the majorities of this House? To explain the idea, supposing the New England fisheries stopped, their utensils must waste and destroy. But will the English merchant madly increase his stock, and fit out new ships, if the act is merely temporary? If it is perpetual the people in America are ruined. The consequence is, that the French must in the end reap the benefit of all this strange policy.
We are constantly stating the great obligation we have conferred on the colonies by our former behaviour towards them; if it was ever so good, we can claim no merit from hence in private or public concerns, to do injury in future; they do not complain of your former behaviour, but they say, you have altered this very system from whence you would now derive their submission.
There are two arguments of the noble Lord which I must remark upon before I sit down; the first is, "the comparative view of taxation between this country and the colonies, according to the number of inhabitants." His Lordship says, "we pay about twenty five shillings a head, and they pay about six pence." Who is there so unacquainted with political arithmetic as not to know that the small sum people pay in taxation is often a proof of their poverty, and the large sum a proof of their prosperity, by demonstrating the riches from the greatness of the consumption? Let this kind of reasoning be applied to Ireland or Scotland, where we know the multitude to be poor in comparison to the inhabitants in London, whom we know to be rich; besides, if the colonist does not play in palpable cash from his own hand, does not he pay all the taxes on the four millions of manufactures he receives, and part of those taxes on the raw materials he lends hither?
The other argument is still more extraordinary. The noble Lord says, "if we fail in our attempt of forcing America, we shall still be in the same situation we are in at present." What! after our armies have been disgraced, our fellow subjects destroyed, all the irritation of a civil war, public confidence, and fair opinion lost! Does the noble Lord think he will be in the same situation himself? I really speak it with regret, for personally I have much regard for the noble Lord, and particularly because I perceive, from his faint manner of stating his propositions, that they are not the dictates of his own mind, and that they are forced on him.
I cannot see my memorandums, and therefore I shall conclude by heartily concurring with the noble Lord who moved for the re-commitment of this address.
PETERSBURG, Feb. 28.
IN the sentence of Pugatcheff, and his accomplices, is contained an enumeration of his assassinations, burnings, pillages, &c. among the former of which are Major General Kindrowzow, Col. Codianow, Major Chwolow, and 29 principal inhabitants of Cazan, and 285, mostly Gentlemen, their spouses and children, in that neighbourhood; at Alatoft, Prince Boris Diwajew, Prince Artamon Tichegodow, and his Princess Natalie Iwanowna, and several officers of distinction.
HAGUE, March 21. It is reported that four Spanish frigates having met seven xebecs of the Emperor of Morocco in the Mediterranean, a warm engagement ensued, in which the latter were much worsted, three of them being sunk, and the other four carried into Cadiz. If this is confirmed, the Emperor of Morocco will have fresh cause to repent his declaring war against his Catholic Majesty.
MALAGA, Feb. 19. The Moors have laid siege to Penon de Velez. They opened their trenches on the 12th of this month, and from that time to the 17th threw into the place 232 bombs, which had killed one galley slave, and wounded two others.
LONDON, March 25.
THE public was near being entertained with a singular duel between Doctors Johnson and Franklin, on account of the former insinuating, in plain terms, in taxation no tyranny , that the latter was an electrical master of mischief. We suppose Dr. Johnson's weapon would be a folio dictionary of political language, and Dr. Franklin's an electrical apparatus. The first is experienced in knocking down bookellers, and the latter would oppose him with fire from Heaven.
It is obvious, to all men of sense, that there is nothing so futile and contemptible as the conduct of Administration; nothing so tyrannic as their behaviour to their own countrymen; so pusillanimous as their demeanour abroad; so full of contradiction as every step they take to the foregoing: What ridiculous parade did they make a few weeks ago, of the prohibition they had humbly begged at Versailles to their merchants, 'not to supply our colonies with stores? They have since piteously lamented, that the ships were sailing from Port l'Orient and Rochford for America! Who doubts it? Who thinks the French were wheedled out of their policy, and blinded to their interest by the Ambassador incog. (Dr. Murray,---so he called himself), or terrified by the man whom shadows terrify? They were ridiculed for venturing to pretend that they would seize French ships going to our colonies: They dare not; the French know they dare not; every body knows they dare not. France, Spain, Holland, Sweden, will supply our colonies, and our Ministers dare not resent it. Spain, who desires no better than to insult us, will, no doubt, supply the colonies even with artillery: It is the cheapest way of being revenged on us.
March 27. It is said that the future establishment for America is to consist of 10,000 foot, two regiments of light horse, two battalions of artillery, and a complete hospital staff.
Doctor FRANKLIN, previous to his departure, caused his intentions of being present at the ensuing Philadelphia Congress to be announced to the Ministry, that they might make, if they thought fit, any objections to his conduct, whilst he was present to justify himself.
Friday a party of Montrosses were embarked on board a transport at Woolwich for Newfoundland, and this day another party is to embark for Boston.
On Saturday last his Grace the Duke of Athol was installed Grand Master of the Most Ancient and Honourable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons (according to the old institution) at the Half Moon tavern, Cheapside, in the presence of his Grace the Duke of Leinster, late Grand Master of Ireland, his Excellency Sir James Adolphus Oughton, late Grand Master of Scotland, the Hon. Colonel Murray, the Hon. Captain Murray, Sir Robert Stewart, and a very respectable appearance of the Fraternity.
General Burgoyne, and the other nominated officers, will embark this week for America.
March 28. It is strongly reported in the city, that the Ministry have received within these two days some very alarming intelligence from our Ambassador at Berlin, relating to the great preparations which are making there by the King of Prussia to begin
a campaign early in the spring; and that he has 80,000 men well trained to arms ready to take the field at a few hours notice; it is also said that he has an eye upon Hanover till he is paid the three millions of subsidy due to him ever since Lord Chatham went out of Administration, and which Lord Bute, who succeeded Lord Chatham, peremptorily refused to pay.
On Sunday night Dr. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, agent for Philadelphia, set out from his house in Craven Street, in order to embark for North America. Two days before he had received the melancholy account of the death of his wife, which is supposed to have hastened his departure. Other advices say, that the Ministry had at last applied to him, soliciting his good offices at the ensuing Congress, in order to heal the present unhappy divisions, and bring about a reconciliation between the colonies and the mother country. Certainly no man living is more able to effect this than the great American philosopher, who has been unjustly persecuted by some persons in power, and deprived of his office merely because he was an American, and because he openly and uniformly asserted the rights and liberties of America.
March 29. Yesterday his Majesty had a levee at St. James's, at which were present the Lords North, Denbigh, Dartmouth, Bruce, and the two Secretaries of State. After the levee Lord North had a long conference with his Majesty.
Yesterday a ship was taken up in the river on contract with the Government, to be employed in carrying over draughtsmen and engineers for taking proper surveys of all his Majesty's forts, islands, and settlements on the coast of Africa.
We hear from Rome, that Cardinal Bernis has demanded, in the name of his Most Christian Majesty, the suppression of the religious order of St. Anthony. It is said that the congregation established for the Jesuits affairs will be suppressed, and will be replaced by the Cardinals de Bernis, de Solis, Migazzi, and des Lances.
Private letters from Dublin say, that the sailing of the troops from thence for America is countermanded, till fresh orders from England. The same letters add, that it is thought Government is afraid to send the troops away, on account of the reports that are spread about, of the intention of France to send a sufficient force there to take possession of that island, as there is such a number of Roman Catholics who will declare in their favour.
By a ship lately arrived from Jamaica, there is advice that the English have cut a greater quantity of logwood at Honduras, within the space of eight months, than the Spaniards have done in three years, occasioned by the assistance of the Musquito Indians, with whom they are in the strictest friendship.
March 30. Some private letters which were received on Monday, from Salem, were the occasion of lowering the stocks one per cent.
The late Earl of Bristol died immensely rich. He has left his brother (the present Earl) an estate worth almost 20,000. per annum, besides large legacies to many of his nearest relations.
Lord Bristol, by his will, has left his collection of medals to his Majesty, valued at 5000.
On Monday night, about 8 o'clock, a fire broke out at a rope warehouse in Narrow Street, Limehouse, which in five hours destroyed 37 houses, and two deal yards, together with the furniture, and every thing else on the premises. The flames were so very rapid from the quantity of pitch, tar, rosin, old junk, &c. consumed, that the firemen could not venture near enough to give any effectual help; besides which, there was a great want of water for above an hour after the fire broke out, nobody being knowing where the plugs lay, and the tide at that time being out. The chasm occasioned by the slip which goes down to the horse ferry happily prevented the flames from spreading, so that with the assistance of 17 engines, the fire was got under by 3 in the morning. The same premises were burnt down about eleven years ago, when more than 40 houses were destroyed.
They write from Poland, that the garrison at Choczim has been lately reinforced by several Russian battalions, at the request of the Porte, which has desired them to keep possession, till circumstances will permit his taking possession of it. In the mean time the Austrians have surrendered it, and established themselves near Kamienieck.
They give us a report from Hamburg, that a treaty of alliance and commerce is on the point of being entered into between the Courts of London, Petersburg, and Berlin.
The last letters from Spain advise, that they have learnt that the General of the Emperor of Morocco's forces had abandoned the project of making a general assault on Melilla, to the great regret of his soldiers; but they are in fear for Penon de Velez, which is exposed to their bombs, and cannot be relieved.
It is said, that notwithstanding the late distresses of the East India company, which obliged them to borrow a large sum of money from Government, that there was then, and is now due to them, 160,000. from the French Court, and 139,000. from ours.
On Monday last General Burgoyne took leave of his Majesty, and yesterday he set out to join his regiment now going to America.
The transports getting ready for Boston are ordered not to be crowded full of men, as they usually have been, that there may be sufficient room for the officers to take as much baggage as they think proper.
Advice is received of a smart shock of an earthquake at Martinico, which has ruined the fortifications in that island, and done other considerable damage.
HOUSE OF COMMONS. A correct account of what passed at the House on Monday last, relative to the motion made by Mr. Hartley:
As soon as the honourable member had finished his speech he made the following motion:
"That an humble address be presented to his Majesty, that he will be graciously pleased to give orders that letters of requisition be written to the several provinces of his Majesty's colonies and plantations in America, to make provision for the purpose of defending, protecting, and securing the said colonies and plantations; and that his Majesty will be pleased to order all such addresses as he shall receive in answer to the aforesaid requisitions to be laid before this House."
After debating the matter about two hours and a half, the question was put, and it passed in the negative, without troubling the House with a division.
Mr. Hartley being determined not to be outdone by his friend Burke, gave the House to understand he had a string of motions to follow the one already moved, which are briefly as follows:
Motion 2d. "That leave be given to bring in a bill to suspend for three years the Boston port act." The question was put, and it passed in the negative.
Motion 3d. "That leave be given to bring in a bill to suspend, for two years, the act for the better administration of justice in America." This passed likewise in the negative.
Motion 4th, and last. "That leave be given to bring in a bill to suspend the Massachusetts charter act for three years." The question was put, and it shared the same fate with the rest.
Deferred the bill to restrain the trade and commerce of the colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina.
This day his Majesty went to the House of Peers, and gave the royal assent to the following bills, viz.
The bill to restrain the trade, commerce, and fisheries of the New England provinces, for a limited time.
The bill to amend an act for completing and improving the navigation of the rivers Thames and Isis from London to Cricklade, in Wilts. Also to such other bills as were ready.
March 31. Yesterday his Majesty was accompanied to the House of Peers by his Grace the Duke of Ancaster and the Earl of Oxford.
The House of Commons received the report from the committee on the new bill for restraining the trade, &c. of the southern
provinces of North America therein specified, which was ordered to be read a third time on Monday next, when a strong opposition will probably be made to it.
We hear that the reason why our Ambassador at the Court of France was not permitted to second the claims of the East India Company for a debt of 160,000. due to them ever since the last war, was for fear of giving the least rule to that Court during the present crisis with America---Government, in this respect, acting like a modern husband (unfashionable to his wife) but politely civil to all the world beside.
Yesterday died the Right Hon. William Lord Boston, Baron of Boston, in the county of Lincoln. His Lordship was born in 1707, created a Peer by his present Majesty in 1761, and also appointed Lord Chamberlain to the Princess Dowager of Wales, having been her Royal Highness's Chamberlain from the time of her marriage. His Lordship married Albina, daughter of Henry Selwyn, Esq.; by whom he had issue Frederick, now Lord Boston, William Henry, and Augusta Georgina Elizabeth, married to Thomas de Grey, Esq.; son of the Right Hon. Lord Chief Justice de Grey.
The request to the Lord Mayor from the Livery, who assembled on Tuesday last at the Half Moon, is in the following words:--- "We, the under-written Liverymen of London, do hereby request your Lordship to call a Common Hall, as early as possible, "to consider of a petition to the Throne against the measures adopted with respect to America, agreeable to the determination of a meeting of the Livery convened here by public advertisement this day." Signed William Saxby, &c. Half Moon tavern. A Common Hall is summoned for Wednesday next.
EDINBURGH, March 25. The two divisions of the 30th regiment, which arrived a fortnight ago, for Ireland, remain at Ayr and Irvine till further orders. The remainder of the regiment continues at Glasgow.
Notwithstanding all the rumours of disturbances in America, the spirit of emigration still unhappily prevails: This week a considerable number of labourers, and useful mechanics, from Monteith, Kippen, &c. some of them members of the Perth and Stirling Company, are gone down to Greenock, in order to embark for North America.
The following is an authentic copy of the Petition of the NORTH AMERICAN MERCHANTS, presented to his Majesty on Thursday the 23d of March, by Messrs. Lane, Molleson, and Bridgen.
To the KING'S Most Excellent Majesty.
The humble ADDRESS and PETITION of the merchants, traders, and others of the city of LONDON, concerned in the commerce of NORTH AMERICA.
WE your Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects, the merchants, traders, and others, concerned in the commerce of North America, beg leave to approach and humbly to lay before your Majesty those grievances, from the weight of which we are obliged to seek refuge in your royal wisdom and justice. An application of this extraordinary nature, we hope will not be attributed to any design on our part to disturb your Majesty's government, but to our present uncommon sufferings, the severity of which is aggravated by the prospect of future calamities.
We are constrained, with very deep concern, to observe, that the Ministers of your Majesty have, for some years past, adopted a new mode of government with regard to the colonies; a mode which has created great disquietude in the minds of your Majesty's American subjects, and has been productive of repeated interruptions of the valuable commerce carried on between this country and America. An evil of such magnitude awakes us from that silence which we have hitherto observed, in confidence that your Majesty's Ministers, perceiving the effects of this fatal innovation, would revert at length to those wise regulations by which the government of the colonies had been successfully administered. In the measures of late pursued, we have the unhappiness to find that experience has been disregarded; and that the mischiefs resulting from this error, which by the application of reasonable and moderate remedies might have been prevented, have been suffered to grow to a degree of alarming inveteracy. The interruption of commerce, the distress of manufacturers, the diminution of your Majesty's revenues, are mischiefs which are lost in the contemplation of more disastrous consequences---the alienated affections of your Majesty's subjects in America, and the horrors of a civil war.
If the subjects of your Majesty in North America have been led into any acts of extravagance, we confide in your Majesty's justice to explain their present proceedings by that loyalty which has distinguished them upon former occasions. Your Majesty will estimate their conduct by the integrity of their intentions; and if they have been betrayed by repeated provocation, or excessive punishment, into any measures which may not be approved, your Majesty will impute them to their true cause, and will make a just distinction between the turbulence of a faction, and the eager contentions of a free people.
To enforce this system of severity towards the colonies, an act has been passed by both Houses of Parliament, and is now awaiting your Majesty's royal assent, "to restrain the trade and commerce of the province of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, and the colonies of Connecticut and Rhode Island, and Providence plantations in North America, to Great Britain, Ireland, and the British islands in the West Indies; and to prohibit such provinces and colonies from carrying on any fishery on the banks of Newfoundland, &c."
By the operation of this act, many thousands of your Majesty's subjects in those provinces, bereft of their occupation, and in vain desirous of exerting their usual industry, will either remain a burthen on the community, or suffer themselves to be hurried away by a spirit of enterprising despair. The loss they will sustain by the interruption of so valuable a branch of their commerce, will be aggravated by the want of provisions which they derive from that source. Their minds already too much irritated, will be still more inflamed; and to their other causes of discontent will be added the strong and irresistible impulse of famine. So forcible an incentive, it is scarcely to be supposed, that human nature can withstand. The most moderate will at length give way to the impatience of complaint; the most loyal will forget their duty in the severe conflict of obedience and necessity.
We are sensible indeed, from the imperfect institution of human judicatures, that it is not possible in all cases to discriminate the innocent from the guilty. But no arguments, in our apprehension, can justify a mode of punishment that involves thousands, who confessedly are not guilty of the offence for which it is inflicted; a punishment that is not to be averted by the future comportment of the unfortunate persons who are the innocent victims of it, but which may be entailed upon them for ever by the perverving resistance of their neighbours.
The impolicy of this act, we apprehend, will afford an argument no less weighty to induce your Majesty to withhold your assent from it. It must be admitted, if the European market could be supplied by the merchants of Great Britain or Ireland, that it cannot be supplied upon the same terms, and consequently that it will create an opening for the French to interfere and rival us in that beneficial commerce. Nor can it be urged that they are prevented from so doing by the limits to which their fishery is confined; for it is not improbable but that they may take a sufficient quantity of fish within their own limits to supply the European market; and even if that were not the case, they would undoubtedly effect it by other means. Whatever reliance may be placed in theory upon the invisible lines drawn by treaty, as the boundaries of their right of fishery, we are well acquainted by experience, how easily those limits are eluded or transgressed. But if this profitable branch of trade should be once interrupted, it will be as a river diverted from its course; and will either lose itself entirely, or wander into new channels, from whence no human effort can call it.

We therefore most humbly pray your Majesty to withhold your royal assent from an act, which is no less repugnant to good policy than justice. We acknowledge the many blessings which we and our ancestors have enjoyed under the Princes of your Majesty's illustrious House; and feeling an unfeigned satisfaction in the paternal regard, which your Majesty has repeatedly expressed for the welfare and happiness of all your subjects, with the greater confidence we entreat the exertion of that just and necessary prerogative, which the constitution has wisely placed in your Majesty's hands. Permit us at the same time to express our wishes, that your Majesty may temper with clemency those rigorous measures with which your American subjects are threatened. The benevolence of your Majesty will inspire you upon this occasion, with a recollection of the high deserts of the ancestors of this unfortunate people; who flying from the house of bondage, and guided by the spirit of freedom and their own enlightened conscience, traversed the vast ocean, and encountered all the perils of a dreary wilderness.
Your Majesty will contemplate likewise the extensive benefits gradually derived from their patient industry, and perseverance; and weighing the great commercial advantages that for many years have accrued to these kingdoms from the American colonies, and the dreadful consequences of the disorders which now distract them, will pursue such lenient measures as can alone restore true harmony, and promote the happiness and prosperity of the British empire.
QUEBEC, April 27.
ON Monday morning last the troops in garrison here were under arms on the parade at 10 o'clock, and about 11 the King's letters patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, constituting and appointing his Excellency Guy Carleton Captain General and Governor in Chief of the province of Quebec (extended as described by an act of Parliament, entitled, An act for making more effectual provision for the government of the province of Quebec, in North America ) and Keeper of the Great Seal thereof, together with a commission appointing him Vice Admiral of the same, were published in the castle of St. Lewis, by Jenkin Williams, Esq; in presence of a numerous concourse of people; after which a royal salute was fired from the cannon on the ramparts, and three volleys from the troops, and his Excellency immediately afterwards took the oaths in Council.
NEW YORK, May 8.
THURSDAY last the Harriet packet, Capt. Lee, failed with the mail for Falmouth, in which went passengers the Hon. John Watts and Roger Morris, Esquires, members of his Majesty's Council for this province; Isaac Wilkins, Esq; member for the borough of Westchester; Col. Maunzell, and the Hon. Stephen Payne Gally, Esq; one of his Majesty's Council for the island of Antigua, and Lady.
By the Hartford post, we hear the General Assembly of Connecticut have passed an act for the immediate raising and paying 6 regiments of soldiers, under the command of the following officers, viz. Major General, Col. David Wooster; Brigadier Generals, Col. Putnam, Col. Jared Spencer; Colonels, Hinman, Parsons, and Waterbury. We have not heard the names of the other officers.
May 15. We hear the important passes of Crown Point and Ticonderoga are taken possession of by a number of provincials from Connecticut, in order to prevent the Canadians and Indians from making incursions into the New England provinces; but by a letter from Hartford of the 7th instant, we hear Governor Carleton had despatched a number of regulars from Canada, and reinforced those garrisons. However, Col. Arnold, who commanded the provincial party, was determined to proceed at all events, as he expected a reinforcement on his march.
The martial spirit diffused through this province at this juncture is almost beyond conception; many new companies have been already raised in this city, and several more are in contemplation; most of them are in very neat uniforms, much of their time is spent in perfecting themselves in the manual exercise, and several of them are already so complete as to vie with the best veterans.
Dr. Johnston, and Oliver Wolcot, Esq; who were sent on an embassy from Connecticut to General Gage, by order of their Assembly, are returned, and we hear met a very polite and kind reception. The particulars were to be laid before their Assembly, now sitting at Hartford.
A sub-committee from this city waited on his Honour the Lieutenant Governor last Saturday, at Jamaica, with an address, requesting his interposition with his Majesty and General Gage, in behalf of America: His Honour, in giving his answer, was so affected that he shed many tears.
Extract of a letter from QUEBEC, April 27.
The Governor's commission from the King was read here on Monday the 24th instant; he has very ample powers; he chooses all the members of the Council himself, and can discharge them at pleasure; can oblige what number of his Majesty's subjects in Canada he pleases to march against any enemy or supposed enemy when he shall think fit; can build forts or do any thing else with the people's money, and demolish them at pleasure. In short, he is possessed of absolute and despotic power, only with this difference (if it is any) that the majority of the Council (who hold their seats as before-mentioned) must approve of his measures. The Council consist of 23 persons, 7 of them Roman Catholics.
The following, published at Boston, is a list of the names of the provincials who were killed and wounded in the late engagement with his Majesty's troops at Concord, &c.
KILLED. Of Lexington: Messrs. Robert Munroe, Jonas Parker, Samuel Hattley, Jonathan Harrington, Caleb Harrington, Isaac Muzzy, John Brown, John Raymond, Nathaniel Wyman, and Jedediah Monroe. Of Menotomy: Messrs. Jason Russell, Jabez Wyman, and Jason Winship. Of Sudbury: Messrs. Deacon Haynes and ---- Reed. Of Concord: Capt. James Miles. Of Bedford: Capt. Jonathan Willson. Of Acton: Capt. Davis, Messrs. ---- Holmer, and James Howard. Of Woburn: Messrs. Azrael Porter and Daniel Thompson. Of Charlestown: Mr. James Miller, and Capt. William Barber's son. Of Brookline: Isaac Gardner, Esquire. Of Cambridge: Messrs. John Hicks, Moses Richards and William Massey. Of Medford: Mr. Henry Putnam. Of Lynn: Messrs. Abednego Ramsdell, Daniel Townsend, William Flint, and Thomas Hadley. Of Danvers: Messrs. Henry Jacobs, Samuel Cook, Ebenezer Goldthwait, George Southwick, Benjamin Daland, jun. Jonathan Webb, and Perley Putnam. Of Salem: Mr. Benjamin Peirce.
WOUNDED. Of Lexington: Messrs. John Robbins, John Tidd, Solomon Peirce, Thomas Winship, Nathaniel Farmer, Joseph Comee, Ebenezer Munroe, Francis Brown, and Prince Esterbrook, a Negro man. Of Farmingham: Mr. ---- Hemenway. Of Bedford: Mr. John Lane. Of Woburn: Messrs. George Reed and Jacob Bacon. Of Medford: Mr. William Polly. Of Lynn: Messrs. Joshua Felt and Timothy Munroe. Of Danvers: Messrs. Nathan Putnam and Mr. Dennis Wallis. Of Beverly: Mr. Nathaniel Cleaves.
MISSING. Of Menotomy: Messrs. Samuel Frost and Seth Russell.
Yesterday morning Capt. Thompson arrived here from Cadiz, by whom we have the following extracts, viz.
CADIZ, March 25. "Our sales for American produce has been at a stand for some time past, as the King has taken up all the shipping for a secret expedition he has on foot, supposed against the coast of Barbary."
Another letter of the same date says, "Shipping here are in great demand, and great preparations for war are making; and an embargo is laid on all Spanish vessels, which the King is taking into his service."
The following is a copy of a circular letter from our General Committee of Association, to the other colonies.
NEW YORK, May 5, 1775.
Gentlemen, AT a time when the most vigorous exertions are absolutely necessary for the defence of American liberty, against the depredations of ministerial power; and the blood of our brethren in the Massachusetts has been actually shed, for daring to maintain the rights of Englishmen; the inhabitants of this city and county have, in the most explicit manner, as you may perceive by the inclosed association, resolved to stand and fall with the freedom of the continent.
We are confident that our constituents are sincere in the strong assurances that they have given us, that while we continue in office they will be guided by our advice and direction. We have thought it necessary to advise the withholding supplies from the British fisheries on the American coasts, and to cease all exports to those colonies which at this alarming juncture refuse to unite in the common cause. The expediency of this measure is too evident to need elucidation, and will doubtless procure us many hearty advocates in Britain for the redress of our grievances. Besides which, we have resolved to withhold all provisions and necessaries from the army and navy at Boston.
Our late committee of observation thought proper to recommend the appointment of a Provincial Congress; in consequence of which our constituents have chosen 22 deputies to meet at this city, on the 22d instant, those who may be appointed for that purpose in the other counties of this colony. For your further satisfaction on these matters, we beg leave to refer you to the inclosed papers, to require you to communicate the substance of this information to your next neighbours, and to assure you that in our department we shall watch incessantly for the public safety.
By order of the Committee.
I am, Gentlemen, your most obedient
And humble servant, HENRY REMSEN, D. Chairman.
To the P U B L I C.
AS many publications have appeared from my press, which have given great offence to the colonies, and particularly to many of my fellow citizens, I am therefore led, by a most sincere regard for their favourable opinion, to declare to the public, that nothing which I have ever done has proceeded from any sentiments in the least unfriendly to the liberties of this continent, but altogether from the ideas I entertained of the liberty of the press, and of my duty as a printer. I am led to make this free and public declaration to my fellow citizens, which I hope they will consider as a sufficient pledge of my resolution, for the future, to conduct my press upon such principles as shall not give offence to the inhabitants of the colonies in general, and of this city in particular, to which I am connected by the tenderest of all human ties, and in the welfare of which I shall consider my own as inseparably involved.
JAMES RIVINGTON.
PHILADELPHIA, May 11.
Monday last the General Assembly of this province met here, pursuant to adjournment.
A MESSAGE from the GOVERNOR to the ASSEMBLY.
Gentlemen,
I HAVE ordered the Secretary to lay before you a resolution entered into by the British House of Commons, the twentieth of February last, * relative to the unhappy differences subsisting between our mother country and her American colonies. You will perceive, by this resolve, not only a strong disposition manifested by that august body, to remove the causes which have given rise to the discontents and complaints of his Majesty's subjects in the colonies, and the dreadful impending evils likely to ensue from them, but that they have pointed out the terms, on which they think it just and reasonable a final accommodation should be grounded.
Let me earnestly entreat you, Gentlemen, to weigh and consider this plan of reconciliation, held forth and offered by the parent to her children, with that temper, calmness, and deliberation, that the importance of the subject, and the present critical situation of affairs, demand. Give me leave to observe, that the colonies, amidst all those complaints which a jealousy of their liberties has occasioned, have never denied the justice or equity of their contributing towards the burthens of the mother country, to whose protection and care they owe not only their present opulence, but even their very existence. On the contrary, every state and representation of their supposed grievances, that I have seen, avows the propriety of such a measure, and their willingness to comply with it.
The dispute then appears to me to be brought to this point: Whether the redress of any grievances the colonists have reason to complain of, shall precede, or be postponed to, the settlement of that just proportion which America should bear towards the common support and defence of the whole British empire.
You have, in the resolution of the House of Commons, which I have authority to tell you is entirely approved by his Majesty, a solemn declaration that an exemption from any duty, tax, or assessment, present or future, except such duties as may be expedient for the regulation of commerce, shall be the immediate consequence of proposals on the part of any of the colony legislatures, accepted by his Majesty and the two Houses of Parliament, to make provision according to their respective circumstances, for contributing their proportion to the common defence, and the support of the civil government of each colony.
I will not do you so much injustice, Gentlemen, as to suppose you can desire a better security for the inviolable performance of this engagement, than the resolve itself, and his Majesty's approbation of it, gives you.
As you are the first Assembly on the continent to whom this resolution has been communicated, much depends on the moderation and wisdom of your councils, and you will be deservedly revered to the latest posterity, if, by any possible means, you can be instrumental in restoring the public tranquillity, and rescuing both countries from the dreadful calamities of a civil war.
MAY 2, 1775.
JOHN PENN.
* The RESOLUTION of the HOUSE OF COMMONS.
LUNÆ, 20 die Feb. 1775.
The House in a committee on the American papers. Motion made, and question proposed,
That it is the opinion of this committee, that when the Council and General Assembly, or General Court of any of his Majesty's provinces or colonies in America, shall propose to make provision, according to the condition, circumstance, or situation of such province or colony, for contributing their proportion to the common defence (such proportion to be raised under the authority of the General Court, or General Assembly of such province or colony, and disposable by Parliament) and shall engage to make provision also for the support of the civil government, and the administration of justice, in such province or colony, it will be proper, if such proposal shall be approved by his Majesty and the two Houses of Parliament, and for so long as such provision shall be made accordingly, to forbear, in respect of such province or colony, to lay any duty, tax, or assessment, or to impose any farther duty, tax, or assessment, except only such duties as it may be expedient to continue to levy or impose for the regulation of commerce, the nett produce of the duties last mentioned to be carried to the account of such province or colony respectively.
A MESSAGE to the GOVERNOR from the ASSEMBLY.
May it please your Honour,
WE have taken into our serious consideration your message of the 2d instant, and the "resolution of the British House of Commons therein referred to."
Having "weighed and considered this plan with the temper, calmness, and deliberation, that the importance of the subject and the present critical situation of affairs demand;" we are fin-
cerely sorry, that we cannot "think the terms pointed out" afford "a just and reasonable ground for a final accommodation" between Great Britain and the colonies.
Your Honour observes, "that the colonies, amidst all those complaints which a jealousy of their liberties has occasioned, have never denied the justice or equity of their contributing towards the burthens of the mother country;" but your Honour must know, that they have ever unanimously asserted it as their indisputable right, that all aids from them should be their own free and voluntary gifts, not taken by force, nor extorted by fear.
Under which of these descriptions the "plan held forth and offered by the parent to her children" at this time, with its attendant circumstances, deserves to be classed, we choose rather to submit to the determination of your Honour's good sense, than to attempt proving by the enumeration of notorious facts, or the repetition of obvious reasons.
If no other objection to the "plan" proposed, occurred to us, we should esteem it a dishonourable desertion of our sister colonies, connected by an union founded on just motives and mutual faith, and conducted by general councils, for a single colony to adopt a measure, so extensive in its consequence, without the advice and consent of those colonies engaged with us by solemn ties in the same common cause.
For we with your Honour to be assured, that we can form no prospect appearing reasonable to us, of any lasting advantages for Pennsylvania, however agreeable they may be at the beginning, but what must arise from a communication of rights and prosperity with the other colonies; and that if such a prospect should be opened to us, we have too sincere an affection for our brethren, and too strict a regard "for the inviolable performance of" our "engagements," to receive any pleasure from benefits equally due to them, yet confined to ourselves, and which, by generously rejecting them at present, may at length be secured to all.
Your Honour is pleased to observe, that as we are "the first Assembly on the continent, to whom this resolution has been communicated, much depends on the moderation and wisdom of our Councils, and we shall be deservedly revered to the latest posterity, if by any possible means" we "can be instrumental in restoring the public tranquillity, and rescuing both countries from the dreadful calamities of a civil war."
Your Honour, from your long residence and conversation among us, must be persuaded, that the people we represent are as peaceable and obedient to Government, as true and faithful to their Sovereign, and as affectionate and obedient to their superior state, as any in the world; and though we are not inattentive to the approbation of "posterity," as it might reflect honour upon our country; yet higher motives have taught us upon all occasions to demonstrate by every testimony, our devotion to our King and parent state.
Still animated by the same principles, and most earnestly desirous of enjoying our former undisturbed condition of dependence and subordination, productive of so many blessings to "both countries," we cannot express the satisfaction we should receive, "if by any possible means" we could "be instrumental in restoring the public tranquillity;" should such an opportunity offer, we shall endeavour with the utmost diligence and zeal to improve it, and to convince his Majesty and our mother country, that we shall ever be ready and willing with our lives and fortunes, to support the interests of his Majesty and that country, by every effort that can be reasonably expected from the most loyal subjects and the most dutiful colonists.
Until Divine Providence shall cause, in the course of his dispensations, such a happy period to arrive, we can only deprecate, and if it be possible, strive by prudence to avoid "the calamities of a civil war;" a "dreadful misfortune" indeed! and not to be exceeded but by an utter subversion of the liberties of America.
Signed by order of the House,
JOHN MORTON, Speaker,
MAY 4, 1775.
We are well informed that the above message passed without one dissenting voice.
This day the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS elected the Honourable PEYTON RANDOLPH, Esq; President, and CHARLES THOMPSON, Esq; Secretary.
The Hon. House of Assembly of this province, now sitting, have added Dr. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THOMAS WILLING, and JAMES WILSON, Esquires, to their appointment of Delegates to attend the Congress. These Gentlemen, by their strenuous conduct and able writings, have very eminently distinguished themselves in the cause of American freedom.
May 13. On Wednesday last the EASTERN DELEGATES arrived in this city. They were met about six miles from the town by the officers of all the companies in the city, and by many other Gentlemen on horse-back, in all amounting to 500. When they came within two miles of the city, they were met by the company of riflemen, and a company of infantry, with a band of music, who conducted them through the most public streets of the city to their lodgings, amidst the acclamations of near 15,000 spectators.
A list of the killed and wounded of the army at Boston, taken from a Major brigade's account of the return.
One officer killed, 16 wounded, and 2 of those taken prisoners; 61 privates killed, 153 do. 3 serjeants, and 1 drummer, wounded; 23 privates missing. Twenty five of the slain were marines, as are also 36 of the wounded, and 5 of those that are missing.
By the last ships from London, we have an account that on the 21st of March last, died the Honourable THOMAS PENN, Esq; one of the Proprietaries of this province, and last survivor of all the children of its illustrious founder WILLIAM PENN, whose virtues as well as abilities he inherited in an eminent degree.
We hear from Charlestown, South Carolina, that on the 21st of March, at night, about eight hundred stand of arms, two hundred cutlasses, and all the cartouch boxes, fit for service, with several bundles of match and some flints, were taken out of the public armoury in the State House; and on the same night the public powder magazine, built about four miles from the town, was broke open, and all the powder carried off, being about five hundred weight. The Governor has offered a reward of one hundred pounds sterling for apprehending the offenders.
By Capt. Montgomery, from Newry (in Ireland) which he left the 27th of March, we learn, that the troops had not failed from Cork, but that the last division were to march from Newry to Cork, for embarkation, the day he failed.
WILLIAMSBURG, May 27.
THE Bland, Danby, and Mars, Mitchinson, are arrived in James river, and the London, Robinson, in Rappahannock, from London.
Monday last, in the afternoon, came on a heavy shower of rain from the N. W. accompanied with hail of a prodigious size, some weighing upwards of half an ounce, others an ounce. Great damage is done to the windows by the violence of the hail-stones, and particularly to those of the Palace and College, the former (it is said) including the out buildings, having lost upwards of 300 panes of glass.
WILLIAMSBURG, May 27, 1775.
THE VISITORS and GOVERNORS of William & Mary College are desired to meet on Thursday the 8th of June.
By Order of the Rector.
MATTHEW DAVENPORT. C. V.
WILLIAM & MARY COLLEGE, May 27, 1775.
I intend for ENGLAND soon.
JAMES MADISON.

POETS CORNER.
To the FRIEND of his COUNTRY, and of MANKIND, Doctor BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, On his arrival from ENGLAND, May 6th, 1775.
WELCOME! once more, To these fair western plains—thy native shore; Here live belov'd, and leave the tools at home To run their length, and finish out their doom; Here lend thine aid to quench their brutal fires, Or fan the flame which LIBERTY inspires, Or fix the grand Conductors, that shall guide The tempest back, and 'letrify' their pride: Rewarding Heaven will bless thy cares at last, And future glories glorify the past. Why itaid-apostate Wedderburn behind, The scum, the scorn, the scoundrel of mankind? Whose heart at large to ev'ry vice is known, And ev'ry devil claims him for his own. Why came he not to take the large amount Of all we owe him, due on thine account? Philadelphia, May 8, 1775.
LET Britons, now sunk into tyrants and slaves! Submit to be govern'd by fools and by knaves; Not so will their kindred on this side the sea: American Britons will ever be FREE.
JUST PUBLISHED, A second Edition of the Manual Exercise Recommended by the late Convention at Richmond. PRICE 7d.
TO BE SOLD For ready Money, to the highest Bidder, on MONDAY the 29th Instant (MAY) at Mr. JAMES DAVIS's Shipyard, in KINGSTON Parish, GLOUCESTER County, THE HULL of a small VESSEL of about 23 Tons, and now ready for launching. WILLIAM BUCKNER.
MANCHESTER, May 17, 1775. I intend for SCOTLAND very soon. THOMAS CONNELL.
MANCHESTER, May 17, 1775. The Subscriber will leave the Colony immediately. (11) JOHN M C CULLOCH.
RUN away from the Subscriber, in Nansemond, some Time in May 1774, a Virginia born Negro Fellow named WILL, about 35 Years old, about 5 Feet 10 Inches high, very black, stout, and well made, has several Scars, one across each Ear, and one on his Chin. He has been seen in King William County, with a Negro Woman of Mr. William Alley's. I will give FIVE POUNDS to any Person who delivers the said Fellow to me in Nansemond, or TEN DOLLARS to have him secured in any of his Majesty's Gaols, so that I may get him again. He is outlawed; and as he is very artful, it is apprehended he may make his Escape from those who take him, if they are not particularly careful. HENRY GODWIN.
RUN away from the Subscriber, in Gloucester County, on the 14th Instant (May) a Negro Man Slave named NED, about 19 or 20 Years of Age, 5 Feet 2 or 3 Inches high, rather of a tawny Complexion, has some Ringworms in his face, and some white Hairs on his Head; his Clothing was an old brown Coat, and a yellow striped Cotton Waistcoat. I bought him for Mann Page, Jun. Esq; in March last, at the Sale of Mr. John Shermer's Estate, in James City County; he was brought from one of his Quarters in King William, and I have reason to believe he will go to those Parts, or to his Mother, who lives with Mr. Thomas Booth, in Richmond Town. Whoever secures the said Slave to me that I get him again shall have 40s. Reward, to be paid by Mann Page, Jun. Esq; to whom he belongs. JAMES JONES.
STRAYED, or STOLEN, from Frederickburg, on Saturday Evening the 30th of April last, a small BRIGHT BAY MARE about 13 1/2 Hands high, 6 Years old, trots and paces, has a Switch Tail, is a little marked on the Breast with a Collar, but not branded. She was bred near King William Courthouse, and very probably may be gone that Way. Whoever delivers the said Mare to me, in Danfries, shall have FOUR DOLLARS Reward. ADAM JORDAN.
TO BE SOLD, A PLANTATION lying on both Sides of Staunton River, in Halifax and Charlotte Counties, about three Miles below Booker's Ferry, and in good Order for Cropping, at present in the Possession of William Black, who will show the Land; it contains 310 Acres, 70 of which are very fine low Grounds, and may be entered on at Christmas next. For Terms apply to the Subscriber. And at Prince Edward Court, on the third Monday in July next, will be sold, by Virtue of a Deed of Trust from James M c Machan, a PLANTATION in Prince Edward County, about 6 Miles from the Courthouse, on the Branches of Spring Creek, containing 400 Acres; it is in good Order for Cropping, and in Possession of James M c Machan, who will show the Land. Also, at Charlotte Courthouse, on the first Monday in August next, will be sold, by Virtue of a Deed of Trust, a PLANTATION containing 232 Acres, lying on Cubb Creek, in the said County of Charlotte. The Terms of Payment for the above Tracts of Land will be made known at the Time of Sale, by THOMAS YUILLE.
TAKEN up, in Amherst, a SMALL BLACK MARE about 4 Years old, 4 Feet 2 Inches high, has a small Star in her Forehead, neither docked nor branded. Pasted, and appraised to THREE POUNDS TEN SHILLINGS. JOSEPH EDWARDS.
TAKEN up, in James City, a BLACK HORSE about 4 Feet 6 Inches high, with a hanging Mane and Switch Tail. Pasted, and appraised to 15l. HANNAH ROGERS.
TAKEN up, in King William, a GRAY HORSE, somewhat scabitten about the Head and Neck, about 4 Feet 8 Inches high, with a hanging Mane and Switch Tail, paces slow, and appears to have been used to working with a Collar. He has no Brand perceivable, is thought to be 10 or 11 Years old, and came to my Plantation last November. JOHN WARREN.
FOR SALE, A NEW BRIGANTINE, now rigging, and may be soon got ready for Sea, Burthen 122 Tons. She is a handsome well calculated Vessel, built of excellent Materials, ornamented with a Figure Head and other carved Work. Credit will be allowed for one Half of the Money on giving proper Security. If not sold shortly, would accept of a Freight. Apply to Capt. Willis Crupper, Merchant, who will be at the Merchants Meeting, or to me in Suffolk. SAMUEL COHOON.
WANTED, A PERSON who understands building a FULLING-MILL and FRIEZE-MILL. Any such Person coming well recommended will meet with good Encouragement by applying to the Subscriber, in Nansemond, near Chuckatuck. SAMUEL BRADLEY.
By his Excellency the Right Hon. JOHN Earl of DUNMORE, his Majesty's Lieutenant and Governor General of the Colony and Dominion of VIRGINIA, and Vice Admiral of the same: A PROCLAMATION. VIRGINIA, to wit, WHEREAS the General Assembly stands prorogued to the first Thursday in September next, but it is judged expedient and necessary that they should be sooner convened: I have therefore thought proper, by this Proclamation, in his Majesty's Name, to appoint the first Thursday in the next Month for that Purpose; at which Time their Attendance is accordingly required at the Capitol, in the City of Williamsburg, for the Despatch of public Business. GIVEN under my Hand, and the Seal of the Colony, at Williamsburg aforesaid, this 12th Day of May, in the 15th Year of his Majesty's Reign. DUNMORE. GOD SAVE THE KING.
FOR SALE, A NEAT LONDON MADE PHÆTON, that has been but little used, with Harness for a Pair of Horses. For Terms inquire of the Printers.
MAY 14, 1775. I intend to Great Britain immediately. R. CORBIN, Junior.
MAY 15, 1775. STRAYED from Mr. Henry Lee's, in York County, a BRIGHT BAY HORSE about 14 Hands high, 5 years old, his Brand I do not know. Any Person that will deliver him to the said Lee, or to me in Warwick County, shall receive TEN SHILLINGS Reward. WILLIAM HARWOOD.
For CHARTER to any Part of BRITAIN, AN EXCEEDING GOOD
VESEL, Burthen about 500 Hogheads. FOR TERMS APPLY TO Greenwood, Ritson, & Marsh. NORFOLK, May 3, 1775. (1f)
COMMITTED to the County Gaol of Norfolk, on the 8th Day of March last, a Negro Man named DAVID, about 5 Feet 7 or 8 Inches high: He says he was born a Frenchman, and that he belongs to one William Smith, on the Eastern Shore, in Maryland. His Master, or Owner, is desired to take him away, and pay Charges. SAMUEL PORTLOCK, Gaoler.
TO BE SOLD To the highest Bidder (or otherwise) on the Premises, on SATURDAY the 17th of JUNE next,
A VALUABLE Tract of LAND on James River, in the lower End of Amherst County, containing upwards of 1000 Acres of high and low Grounds, with a Shad Fishery; also a Quarry of Limestone and various coloured Marble, and Land cleared, with Houses, sufficient for 10 or 12 Hands to work thereon. Also for Sale, on the Premises, on the Tuesday following, being the 20th of June, if fair (otherwise next fair Day) a well known valuable Tract of LAND in Goochland County, on James River, adjacent to the lower End of Elk Island, and adjoining the Land at Carter's Ferry (now Woodson's) about 45 Miles above Richmond Town and Shocke, with good Improvements, and Ground cleared sufficient to work about 10 Hands. The said Tract contains, of high and low Grounds, upwards of 700 Acres. Upon both these Tracts are beautiful Situations to live on, with good Water, Meadow Ground, &c. and are capable of great Improvements. It is thought no Person will venture to purchase either of the above Tracts without first viewing them; therefore it is needless to say any thing further in Recommendation of them. The Payments to be agreed on at the Days of Sale, and Bond, with good Security, will be required by the Trustees of JOHN HOWARD. A few undoubted Rights to Officers or Soldiers Land would do, at a moderate Price, in Part of Payment; and the Lands may be entered on by Christmas next. 5
TAKEN up, in Amelia, a gray MARE about 4 Feet 2 Inches high, 5 or 6 Years old, with a hanging Mane and Switch Tail, and branded on the near Buttock. Pasted, and appraised to 50s. AGNESS JONES.
RUN away from the Subscriber, in New Kent, the 27th of April last, a Negro Fellow named MICHAEL, about 25 Years old, 5 Feet 7 Inches high, had on a Cotton Waistcoat, an Onanabrug Shirt, Leather Breeches, and a Pair of black Stockings. He walks remarkably straight, and has been in Williamsburg offering to hire himself. Whoever brings him to me shall have 40s. Reward, or 20s. if secured in any Gaol. SAMUEL APPERSON.
I intend to leave the Colony immediately. JOHN MAXWELL.
RUN away from the Subscriber, a Negro Fellow named JAMES, about 30 Years of Age, Virginia born, about 5 Feet 8 Inches high, had on a Virginia Cloth Waistcoat and Breeches, has remarkable thick Lips, and is bow legged; his Hair was very thin, owing to having a Scald-Head when young. Whoever brings the said Slave to me, at Cunger's Neck, in Chesterfield, or secures him in any of his Majesty's Gaols, so that I may get him again, shall have 30s. Reward, besides what the Law allows. (11) MARK EDWARDS.
TO BE SOLD, On three Years Credit, to the highest Bidder, on MONDAY the 5th of JUNE, at one o'Clock, in the Road, on the Premises, TWELVE Hundred Acres of LAND, more or less, on the north Side of Piscataway Creek, in Essex County, nearly opposite to the old Warehouses. The Land was lately recovered by a Judgment of our Honourable General Court. An incontestable Right will be made the Purchaser, on giving Bond (with good Security) to carry Interest from the Date if not punctually paid. Mr. Francis Vaughan will show the land. EDWARD THWEATT.
STRAYED from the Subscriber, in Blandford, on the 4th of March last, a dark bay Mare, 7 or 8 Years old, about 14 Hands high, with a hanging Mane and Switch Tail, cat-hamm'd, paces naturally, has some Saddle Spots on the near Side, and branded WK, or WR, on the near Shoulder and Buttock. Also a small sorrel FILLY went away with her, two Years old this Spring, had a Snip on the right Nostril, but neither docked nor branded. They were seen on Rowanty, and are imagined to have gone towards Walker's Mill, on Nottoway, or Hick's Ford, on Meherrin. Whoever will bring the said Mares to me shall be handsomely rewarded for their Trouble. (tf) DAVID BLACK.
To be sold by Auction, At the Meeting of the Merchants in May next, for Cash or short Credit, about 600l. Sterling Worth of
EUROPEAN GOODS. TO BE RENTED, A large Dwelling-House In RICHMOND TOWN, 40 Feet by 20, with two rooms below and two above, a Garden newly pailed in, a Kitchen, and all other Outhouses necessary for a Family. The Situation is as pleasant as any in Town. The Terms may be known by applying to the Printers hereof, or to the Subscriber, in said Town. (tf) GABRIEL GALT.
TO BE SOLD, THREE Thousand Acres of well timbered LAND, near Newmarket, in Caroline County, whereon are two Plantations in good Repair, with proper and convenient Edifices for farming or making of Tobacco. For Terms apply to the Subscriber. (tf) JOHN BAYLOR.
TO BE SOLD, A TRACT of LAND in Caroline County, contiguous to Mattaponi, containing about 2000 Acres of well timbered Land, the Property of Mr. Robert Baylor. The Terms may be known by applying to Mr. Nathaniel Burwell of King William, Mr. John Armistead of Caroline, and Mr. John Baylor, Executors. (tf)
For SALE, and very CHEAP, THE Tract of LAND whereon I now live, in the lower End of Caroline County, that contains 470 Acres, and is known to be very good. The Improvements are, a new Dwelling-House 32 by 28 Feet, with three Dormants on a Side, two Fireplaces below, and one above, a good Cellar, the Kitchen 24 by 16 Feet, with all other Outhouses quite new, and the Plantation in fine Order for Cropping. Its Situation is equal to any Forest Place whatever. I will give Credit till next Christmas, when Possession may be had. (tf) LE ROY HIPKINS.
TO BE SOLD, or RENTED, (Preference will be given to the first) A PLANTATION on Allen's Creek in Mecklenburg, within a Mile of Roanoke, consisting of about 120 Acres of Land, the Property of Messrs. Alexander Donald and Co. and whereon the Subscriber now lives. The Land of itself is valuable, exclusive of the Improvements, which are a good Dwelling-House, with other necessary Outhouses, and a large and convenient Storehouse, 32 by 44 Feet. There are about 20 Acres of the low Ground well set in Timothy and Clover, and notwithstanding this dry Summer, 15 Acres of it have yielded above 30,000 Weight of Hay, which, with about 300 Bushels of Oats in the Straw, some Indian Corn, 40 Head of Cattle, 50 Head of Sheep, and some Hogs, will be sold on reasonable Terms. The Purchaser may have Possession of the Premises as soon as he pleases, and long Credit (if required) will be allowed for the Land, on his giving Bond and Security. It is expected the Store will be continued, and of Course the Purchaser will have the Benefit of the Board of the Storekeepers, and besides the Situation of the Place (being on Taylor's Ferry Road) makes it well calculated for a Tavern. (tf) EBENEZER MACHARG.
PRINCE GEORGE, November 10, 1774. RUN away from the Subscriber, a Mulatto Boy named SAM, about 16 or 17 Years old, of a very light Complexion, and will endeavour to pass for a free Boy, has gray Eyes, brown Hair, a smooth artful Tongue, is a great Villain, but a very good Barber. In the Month of June last he was put in York Jail, on Suspicion of having stolen some Money in Williamsburg. He made his Escape from thence and got to Norfolk, where he was put in Jail and sent to me by Water. The next Day (September 20th) he made his Escape from my Overseer, and has not since been heard of. He was born in Frederick Town, Maryland, has lived in Frederickburg, Norfolk, and York Town, and is well acquainted with most Parts of Virginia. He was very meanly clad, having been so long in Jail, but it is probable will procure Clothes. I will give 40s. Reward to have him committed to any of his Majesty's Jails, if taken in the Colony of Virginia, and if out of the Colony 5l. All Captains of Ships, or Masters of Vessels, are hereby forewarned from carrying him out of the Country, or employing him. (tf) JOHN BLAND.