Lynchburg star (Lynchburg [Va.]), 1807-02-12 00:00:00

LYNCHBURG STAR.
Virginia.)
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YEAR 2.
Thursday, February 12, 1807.
No. 16.
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Domestic.
Message
OF THE PRESIDENT.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.
By the letters of captain Bissell, who commands at fort Mifflin, and of Mr. Murrell, to general Jackson of Tennessee, copies of which are now communicated to congress, it will be seen that Aaron Burr passed fort Mifflin on the 31st of December, with about ten boats navigated by about six hands each, without any military appearance; and that three boats with ammunition were said to have been arrested by the militia at Louisville.
As the guards of militia posted on various points of the Ohio, will be able to prevent any further aids passing through that channel, should any be attempted, we may now estimate with tolerable certainty the means derived from the Ohio and its waters, towards the accomplishment of the purposes of Mr. Burr.
TH: JEFFERSON.
January 28, 1807.
Nashville, Jan. 8, 1807.
Gen. ANDREW JACKSON.
SIR,
I received your instructions dated the 2d instant, and agreeably thereto I delivered your letter addressed to general Thomas Johnson, to colonel Cheatham and it was forwarded to him immediately. I arrived at Centerville on the 4th instant, heard a report there that colonel Burr had gone down the river with one thousand armed men; arrived at the mouth of Cumberland river that evening, and made enquiry concerning colonel Burr, and was informed that he left that place on the 18th of December, 1806, with ten boats of different descriptions, had forty men on board but no appearance of arms. I left there on the 5th instant, and arrived at fort Mifflin that evening, delivered your letter to captain Bissell, and received his answer; made some enquiries of him, and was informed that colonel Burr had left that place on the 30th of December, 1806, with ten boats. He likewise informed me that he had been on board the boats and seen no appearance of arms or ammunition. On my return to the mouth of Cumberland river, I was informed that three boats had been stopped at Louisville; with a quantity of ammunition. There are about fifty men stationed at the mouth of Cumberland, under command of colonel Ramsey.
I remain with the highest esteem, Your's,
(Signed)
JOHN MURRELL.
Fort Massac, Jan. 5, 1807.
SIR,
THIS day per express, I had the honor to receive your very interesting letter of the 2d instant, and shall pay due respect to its contents. As yet I have not received the President's proclamation alluded to, nor have I received any orders from the department of war, relative to the subject matter of your letter.
There has not to my knowledge been any assemblage of men, or boats, at this or any other place, unauthorized by law or presidency; but should any thing of the kind make its appearance, which carries with it the least mark of suspicion, as having illegal entry or projects in view hostile to the peace and good order of government, I shall, with as much ardor and energy as the case will admit,
endeavor to bring to justice all such offenders.
For more than two weeks last past, I have made it a point to make myself acquainted with the loading and situation of all boats descending the river. As yet there has been nothing the least alarming appeared. On or about the 31st ultimo, colonel Burr, late vice president of the United States, passed this with about ten boats of different descriptions, navigated with about six men each, having nothing on board that would even suffer a conjecture more than a man bound to market. He has descended the river towards Orleans. Should any thing, to my knowledge, transpire, interesting to government, I will give the most early notice in my power.
I have the honor to be, Respectfully,
Sir,
Your obedient servant,
(Signed)
DAN. BISSELL.
Commanding captain.
Gen. ANDREW JACKSON.
Washington City, Jan. 28.
Our dates by the last Western mail are to the 30th of December, from Natchez, and to the 8th of January from Nashville. From the latter place letters are received, which state that Burr had passed fort Mifflin on the Ohio, with ten boats, on board each of which there were six men. It is said there was no appearance of military stores or apparatus. Gen. Jackson, who had for some time held a body of militia in readiness, had, in consequence of this information, discharged them.
On Friday the following bill was passed in the SENATE, with closed doors, and as we understand, without division.
AN ACT
To suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, for a limited time in certain cases.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any person or persons charged on oath with treason, misprision of treason, or other high crime, or misdemeanor, endangering the peace, the safety or neutrality of the United States, have been, or shall be arrested and imprisoned by virtue of any warrant or authority from the President of the United States, or from the chief executive magistrate of any state, or territorial government, or from any person acting under the direction or authority of the President of the United States, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall be, and the same hereby is suspended for and during the term of three months from and after the passage of this act and no longer.
January 23, 1807. Read three times and passed the Senate.
Attest, SAM. A. OTIS. Sec'ty.
On Monday it was communicated in confidence to the house of representatives.
When read, it was immediately determined by a great majority to open the doors.
The bill having been read a first time—
Mr. Burwell moved to reject it.
On this motion a debate ensued, which occupied the day.
Messrs. Burwell, Elliot, Eppes, R. Nelson, Sloan, J. Randolph, Smilie and Dana supported; and Messrs. Varnum and Bidwell opposed the motion. The former gentlemen all on the ground of hostility to the bill; — of the two latter, Mr. Varnum declared himself in favor of the bill, and Mr. Bidwell in favor of permitting it to go through the usual forms of discussion, instead of deciding upon it on a first reading.
When a vote was taken by yeas and nays on the question—shall the bill be rejected?—Which was carried in the affirmative—Yeas 13—19.
We have been obliged to defer to our next paper much interesting matter, to give room for the important message of the president containing a further development of the conspiracy, and the depositions of Gen. Eaton, Mr. Donaldson, Lieut. Wilton and Ensign Mead, in the circuit court of the District of Columbia, on the motion of the attorney for the district, to commit Messrs. Bollman and Swartwout into the custody of the marshal on a charge of treason. The same circumstance precludes the insertion of a detailed statement of the proceedings of the court in this case, and an highly interesting debate in the house of representatives, on the bill received from the senate, to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, for a limited certain cases.
The outlines of the proceedings in the court follow: — the attorney
On Monday, Mr. Lee depositions of of the district, produced Mr. Donaldson, as Wm. Eaton and Mr. Day.
given in our of the hour of one, Mr.
On the and for an attachment against Caldwell, Wharton and Ensign Mead, Lieut. empt of court, in the making a for the writ of habeas corpus.
This motion was supported by Messrs. Caldwell, Dorsey and F. S. Key, on the usual legal grounds; and opposed by Mr. Jones on the ground, that there was yet no disobedience to the orders of the court — that three days at least were allowed to make a return, which would be made in due time.
The court, after advisement, delivered the following opinion:
THE COURT — The Act — The practice at common law, before the statute of 31st Charles II. was that an alias and pluries should issue, before the party to whom a habeas corpus was directed should be attached; yet that the practice since that statute has been to issue an attachment without an alias, and pluries in cases not within the statute. That the practice has been founded upon the statute, the judges supposing it furnished a good rule of proceeding in cases out of the statute, and that in adopting the statute as a guide in one respect, viz. in doing away the necessity of an alias, and a pluries, they also adopted it as a rule as to the time of the return, viz. in allowing three days to make it, and that therefore an attachment ought not to issue until the expiration of the three days from the service of the writ of habeas corpus.
On Tuesday, the depositions of Lieut. Wilton and Ensign Mead were advanced by the attorney of the district.
About two o'clock the opinion of the court was delivered on the motion of the attorney of the district.
Chief Justice Cranch stated that the members of the court differed in opinion. He said that his opinion was, that so far as regarded Erick Bollman and Samuel Swartwout, there was no testimony given on oath, that induced him to think there was no probable cause that they had levied war against the United States.
Justices Duckett and Fitzgerald concurred in opinion, that there was probable cause to believe that the accused had committed treasonable acts.
On which it was ordered that a bench warrant issue for the arrest of Samuel Swartwout and Erick Bollman, on the charge of treason, which warrant issued accordingly, returnable immediately.
Whereupon the said Erick Bollman and Samuel Swartwout, having been arrested and brought into court, was upon their motion ordered, that they be heard by their counsel to-morrow at 10 o'clock A. M. to their cause; they shall not be committed for trial on the charge aforesaid; and in the mean time that they stand committed; and that their counsel shall have free access to them.
Return was then made to the writ of Habeas Corpus.
The court enquired whether the counsel had any motion to make.
Mr. Key replied that they had none, that they considered any further proceedings under the writ of Habeas Corpus as entirely impeded by the allowance of the motion to arrest.
The following are the depositions made in open court, and alluded to in the foregoing statement.
THE DEPOSITION
OF
WILLIAM EATON, Esq.
Early last winter, col. Aaron Burr, late vice-president of the United States, signified to me, at this place, that under the authority of the general government, he was organizing a secret expedition against the Spanish provinces on our south-western borders; which expedition he was ready, and in which he was authorized to take the command of a division. I had never before been made personally acquainted with col. Burr; and, living for many years been employed in foreign service, I knew but little about reformation this gentleman now held in the opinion of his countrymen and his government: the rank and confidence by which he had so lately been distinguished me no right to suspect his patriotism. I knew him a soldier, in which capacity with the Spanish may be considered. The tenor of the President's message to the Houses of Congress seemed probable, I should have felt it my duty to obey so honorable a call on my country; and under that impression I did engage to embark in the expedition. I had frequent interview with col. Burr in this city — and to a considerable time, his object and to be to instruct me by mass, and for information, the feasibility of penetrating to Mexico — always carrying forward the idea that the measure was authorized by government. At length, some time in February, he began by degrees to unveil himself — He reproached the government with want of character, want of gratitude, and want of justice. He seemed desirous of irritating resentment in my breast by dilating on certain injuries he felt I had suffered from reformation made on the floor of the House of Representatives concerning my operations in Barbary, and from the delays of government in adjusting my claims for disbursements on that coast during my consular agency at Tunis; and he said he would point me to an honorable mode of indemnity. I now began to entertain a suspicion that Mr.
Burr was projecting an unauthorized military expedition, which, to me, was enveloped in mystery; and, desirous to draw an explanation from him, I suffered him to suppose me resigned to his counsel. He now laid open his project of revolutionizing the western country, separating it from the union, establishing a monarchy there, of which he was to be sovereign, New Orleans to be his capital; organizing a force on the waters of the Mississippi, and extending conquest to Mexico. I suggested a number of impediments to his scheme — such as the republican habits of the citizens of that country, and their affection towards our present administration of government; the want of funds; the resistance he would meet from the regular army of the U. S. on those frontiers; and the opposition of Miranda in case he should succeed to republish the Mexicans.
Mr. Burr found no difficulty in removing these obstacles — he laid he had, the preceding season, made a tour through that country, and had secured the attachment of the principle citizens of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Louisiana, to his person and to his measures — declared he had inexhaustible resources to funds; assured me the regular army would act with him and would be reinforced by ten or twelve thousand men from the above mentioned states and territory and from other parts of the union; said he had powerful agents in the Spanish territory — and as for Miranda, said Mr. Burr, we must hang Miranda. He now proposed to give me the second command in his army. I asked him who should have the chief command? He said, General Wilkinson! — I observed it was singular that he should count on Gen. Wilkinson; the elevated rank he now held as commander in chief of our army, and governor of a province, he would hardly put at hazard for any precarious prospects of aggrandizement. Mr. Burr laid Gen. Wilkinson balanced in the confidence of government, was desirous of obtaining that consideration he now enjoyed, and was consequently prepared to secure to himself a permanency. I asked Mr. Burr if he knew General Wilkinson? He answered yes, and echoed the question, I said, I knew him well. "What do you know of him, said Mr. Burr." "I know, I replied, that general Wilkinson, will act as Lieutenant to no man in existence. "You are in error said Mr. Burr. "Wilkinson will act as Lieutenant to me." From the tenor of repeated conversations with Mr. Burr, I was induced to believe the plan of separating the union which he had contemplated had been communicated to approved by Gen. Wilkinson (though I now suspect it an artful argument of seduction) and he often expressed a full confidence that the general's influence; the offer of double pay and double rations; the prospect of plunder; and the ambition of achievement would draw the army into his measures. Mr. Burr talked of the establishment of an independent government west of the Allegheny as a matter of inherent constitutional right of the people; a change which would eventually take place, and in the operation of which the present crisis is peculiarly favorable. There was, said he, no energy in the government to be dreaded, and the divisions of political opinions throughout the union was a circumstance of which we should profit. There were very many enterprising men among us who aspired to something beyond the dull pursuits of civil life, and who would volunteer in the enterprise, and the vast territory belonging to the United States, which offered to adventurers, and the mines of Mexico would bring strength to his standard from all quarters. I listened to the exposition of col. Burr's views with seeming acquiescence. Every interview convinced me more and more that he had organized a deep laid plot of treason in the west, in the accomplishment of which he felt fully confident. Till at length, I discovered that his ambition was not bounded by the waters of the Mississippi and Mexico, but that he meditated overthrowing the present government of our country. He said, if he could gain over the marine corps; and secure the naval commanders, Truxton, Preble, Decatur and others, he would turn Congress neck and heels out of doors; assassinate the President; seize on the treasury and the navy and declare himself the protector of an energetic government. The honorable trust of corrupting the marine corps, and of founding Commodore Preble, and captain Decatur, col. Burr proposed confiding to me. Shocked at this proposition, I dropped the mask, and exclaimed against his views. He talked of the degraded situation of our country, and the necessity of a blow by which its energy and its dignity should be restored — said if that blow should be struck here at this time, he was confident of the support of the best blood in America. I told col. Burr he deceived himself in presuming, that he or any other man could excite a party in this country who would countenance him in such a plan of desperation, murder & treason. He replied, that he perhaps, knew better the dispositions of the influential citizens of this country than I did. I told him one solitary word would destroy him. He asked, what word? I
answered Upper! He smiled at my hesitation, and quoted some great examples in his favour. I observed to him that I had lately travelled from extreme of the union to the other; and though I found a diversity of political opinion among the people, they appeared united at the most distant aspect of national danger. That, for the section of the union to which I belong, I would vouch, should he succeed in the 4th instance here, he within six weeks have his throat cut by Yankee militia.
Though wild and extravagant Mr. Burr's last project, and though fraught with premeditated slaughter, I felt very easy on the subject, because its defeat he had deposited in my own hands. I did not feel secure concerning that of disjoining the union. But the very interesting and embarrassing situation in which his communication placed me, left me, I confess, at a stand to know how to conduct myself with propriety. He had committed no overt act of aggression against law. I could draw nothing from him in writing; nor could I learn that he had exposed his plans to any person near me by whom my testimony could be supported. He had mentioned to me no persons who were principally and decidedly engaged with him, except gen. Wilkinson — a Mr. Allison, who I found was his son-in-law — and a Mr. Ephraim Kirby, late a captain in gen. Wayne's army. — Satisfied that Mr. Burr was resolute in pushing his project of rebellion in the west of the Allegheny, and apprehensive that it was too extensively and too well organized to be suppressed; though I dreaded the weight of his character when laid in the balance against my solitary assertion, I brought myself in the resolution to endeavour to defeat it by getting him removed from among us, or to expose myself to all the consequences by a disclosure of his intentions. Accordingly I waited on the President of the U. S. and after some delatory conversation, in which I aimed to draw his view to the westward, I used the freedom to say to the president, I thought Mr. Burr should be sent out of the country — and gave for reason, that I believed him dangerous in it. The President asked, where he should be sent? I mentioned London and Cadix. The President thought the truth too important, and seemed to entertain a doubt of Mr. Burr's integrity. I intimated that no one, perhaps, had stronger grounds to mistrust Mr. Burr's moral integrity than myself; yet, believed, ambition so much predominated over him that when placed on an eminence, and put upon his honor, respect to himself would insure his fidelity; his talents were unquestionable. I perceived the subject was disagreeable to the president; and to give it the shortest course to the point declared my concern that if Mr. Burr were not in some way disposed of, we should, in eighteen months, have an insurrection, if not a revolution, on the waters of the Mississippi. The President answered, that he had too much confidence in the information, the integrity, and the attachment to the union of the citizens of that country, to admit an apprehension of the kind. I am happy that events prove this confidence well placed. As no interrogatories followed my expression of alarm, I thought silence on the subject at that place and time became me. But I detailed, about the same time, the whole proceedings of Mr. Burr to certain members of Congress. They believed col. Burr capable of any thing — and agreed that the fellow ought to be hanged; but thought his projects too chimerical, and his circumstances too desperate to give the subject the merit of serious consideration. The total security of feeling in those to whom I had rung the tocsin, induced me to suspect my own apprehensions unfounded, or at least too deeply admitted, and of course I grew indifferent about the subject.
Mr. Burr's visits to me became less frequent, and his conversation less familiar. He appeared to have abandoned the idea of a general revolution, but was determined on that of the Mississippi and

to the President of the U. S. a statement in substance of what is here above detailed concerning the Mississippi conspiracy of the said col. Aaron Burr—which is said to be the first formal intelligence received by the executive on the subject of the conspirator being in motion.
I know not whether my country will allow me the merit of correctness of conduct in this affair. The novelty of the duty might, perhaps, have embarrassed stronger minds than mine. The uprightness of my intentions I hope will not be questioned.
The interviews between col. Burr and myself, from which the foregoing statement has resulted, were chiefly in this city, in the months of February and March, last year.
Wm. EATON.
Washington city, Jan. 26, 1807 Sworn to in open court, this 26th day of Jan. 1807.
Wm. BRENT, Clk.
Deposition of James L. Donaldson.
In open court personally appears James Lowry Donaldson, who being duly sworn, deposeth and saith, that he was in the city of New-Orleans, in the Orleans territory, and the environs of said city, from the 15th of October to the 10th day of December, 1806—that during the latter part of this time he was frequently in the company of Gen. James Wilkinson, and visited the general the day after his arrival at New-Orleans. On this occasion this deponent received in confidence from Gen. Wilkinson information to the following purport—That the general had undoubted and indisputable evidence of a treasonable design, formed by Aaron Burr and others to dismember the union, by a separation of western states and territories from the Atlantic states—that New-Orleans was in immediate danger, and that he had concluded a hasty compromise with the Spaniards, so as to be able to withdraw his troops to this the immediate object of attack and great vulnerable point—That he had received a letter from Burr holding forth great inducements to him to become a party of which he showed me the original in cypher, and another written paper purporting to be a deciphered copy of the letter. He expressed great indignation at the plot, and surprise that one so well acquainted with him as Burr, should dare to make to him so degrading a proposal, and declared his determination of defeating the enterprise or perishing in the attempt. He observed in addition that there were many agents of Burr then in town, who had already been assiduous in their visits, and towards whom he was determined to act with cautious ambiguity, so as at the same time to become possessed of the whole extent of the plan, the persons engaged, & the time of its execution, and also to prevent any attempt on his person of which he declared he had serious apprehensions—Of the number of these agents he was not aware, but mentioned the name of two of whom he was certain, Messrs. Bollman and Alexander. From time to time, as this deponent had interviews with Gen. Wilkinson he informed him of the progress of the conspiracy, and the additional information he had received concerning the movements and designs of Burr by means of the agents of whom he considered Bollman as the principal. In the course of these interviews, the deponent also informed Gen. Wilkinson of the general's lodgings, and that he had been remarked upon by some of the agents of Burr.
ly risen from his seat, and accompanied this person in a number of turns up and down a balcony in the front of the house; apparently engaged in deep conversation.—Upon the latter of these occasions the general on his return to the chamber said to this deponent, "that is Dr. Bollman; his infatuation is truly extraordinary; he persists in his belief that I am with Burr, and has this moment shown me a letter from the latter, in which he says that he is to be at Natches on the 20th December with 2000 men, that four thousand will follow in the course of a few days, & that he could, with the same ease have procured double that number." Gen. Wilkinson then observed that he had obtained all the information he wanted, and that the affair would not be kept much longer a secret from the public.
When this deponent left the city of N. Orleans, the inhabitants of that city were in a state of great alarm, and apprehended a serious attack from Mr. Burr, and his confederates, this deponent understood that mercantile business was much embarrassed, and great fears were entertained of considerable commercial failures in consequence of the embargo which had been imposed—That general Wilkinson was taking strong measures of defence, and that 400 persons were then actually engaged in the fortifications of the city.
And further this deponent saith not.
James L. Donaldson. Sworn to in open court. William Brent, Clk. Jan. 26, 1807.
THE DEPOSITION OF
LIEUT. W. WILSON.
I left N. Orleans on my way to this city on the 15th of December last; at that time, and for some time preceding, the strongest apprehensions and belief universally prevailed among the inhabitants of that city, that Aaron Burr and his confederates had prepared an armed force, & were advancing to attack and plunder the city; in consequence of which the greatest alarms prevailed, a general stagnation of business ensued, and the danger was credited as a matter of public notoriety;—That brigadier general Wilkinson with the army of the U. S. was at N. Orleans, occupied in the most active military preparations for the defence of the place—repairing the forts, mounting cannon, collecting ammunition, &c. All under a firm belief that such an attack was meditated, & about very speedily to take place by the said Burr and his confederates; this deponent knows, that the general was decidedly of opinion, from the most satisfactory information, that the said Burr and his confederates were advancing with an armed force against the place—and further this deponent saith not.
Signed Wm. Wilson. Sworn to in open court this 27th Jan. 1807. Wm. Brent, clk.
The deposition of Ensign W. C. Mead is precisely similar to that of Lieut. Wilson, except that the former states that he left N. Orleans on the 19th of December.
The following Message containing a further development of the Conspiracy, was communicated to both houses of congress on Monday.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the U. States.
I received from Gen. Wilkinson, of the 23d inst. his affidavit charging Samuel Swartwout, Peter V. Ogden, and James Alexander, with the crimes described in the affidavit, a copy of which is now communicated to both houses of Congress.
It was announced to me at the same time, that Swartwout and Bollman, two of the persons apprehended by him, were arrived in this city in the custody each of a military officer. I immediately delivered to the attorney of the
U. States in this district, the evidence received against them, with instructions to lay the same before the judges, and apply for their process to bring the accused to justice; and I put into his hands orders to the officers having them in custody, to deliver them to the marshal on his application.
Th: Jefferson. Jan. 26, 1807.
I, James Wilkinson, brigadier general, and commander in chief of the army of the United States, to warrant the arrest of Samuel Swartwout, James Alexander, & Peter V. Ogden, on a charge of treason, misprison of treason, or such other offence against the government and laws of the U. S. as the following facts may legally charge them with, on my honor as a soldier, and on the holy evangelists of Almighty God, do declare and swear, that in the beginning of the month of Oct. when in command at Natchitoches, a stranger was introduced to me by col. Cushing, by the name of Swartwout, who a few minutes after the col. retired from the room slipped into my hand a letter of formal introduction from col. Burr of which the following is a correct copy.
Philadelphia, July 25, 1806.
Dear Sir—Mr. Swartwout, the brother of col. S. of New-York, being on his way down the Mississippi, and presuming that he may pass you a some point on the river, has requested of me a letter of introduction which I give with pleasure, as he is a most amiable young man, and highly respectable from his character and connections. I pray you to afford him any friendly offices which his situation may require, and beg you to pardon the trouble which this may give you.
With entire respect, Your friend & ob't servant, A. Burr. His Excellency Gen. Wilkinson.
Together with a packet which he informed me he was charged by the same person to deliver me in private. This packet contained a letter in cypher from col. Aaron Burr, of which the following is substantially as far an interpretation as I have heretofore been able to make the original of which I hold in my possession: "I (Aaron Burr) have obtained funds and actually commenced the enterprise. Detachments from different points, and under different pretences will rendezvous on the Ohio, 1st November. Every thing internal & external favours views; protection of England is secured—T—is gone to Jamaica to arrange with the admiral on that station, and w meet at the Mississippi—England—navy of the U. S. are ready to join, and final orders are given to my friends and followers it will be an hour of choice spirits Wilkinson shall be second Burr only; Wilkinson shall attain the rank and promotion of his officers. Burr will proceed westward 1st August never to return; with him go his daughter; the husband will follow in October with a corps of worth; send forthwith an intelligent and confidential friend, with whom Burr may confer; he shall run immediately with further interesting details; This is essential to concert an harmony of movement; and a list of all persons known to Wilkinson west of the mountains, who could be useful, with a note eliminating their characters."
By your messenger see me four or five of the commissioners of your officers, which you borrow under any pretence you please; they shall be returned faithfully: already are orders to the contractor given to forward six months provisions to points Wilkinson may name: This shall not be used until the last moment, and then under proper injunctions: the project is brought to the point so long desired: Burr guarantees the result with his life & honor, the lives the honor and the fortune of hundreds, the best blood of our country; Burr's plan of operations is to move down rapidly from the falls on the
fifteenth of November, with the first 500 or 1000 men, in light boats now constructing for that purpose; to be at Natches between the fifth and fifteenth of December, then to meet Wilkinson; then to determine whether it will be expedient in the first instance to seize on or pass by Baton Rouge on receipt of this send Burr an answer: draw on Burr for all expenses, &c. The people of the country to which we are going are prepared to receive us: their agents now with Burr say, that if we will protect their religion, and will not subject them to a foreign power, that in three weeks all will be settled.—The Gods invite to glory and to fortune: it remains to be seen whether we deserve the boon: the bearer of this goes express to you: he will hand a formed letter of introduction to you, from Burr, a copy of which is hereunto subjoined; he is a man of inviolable honor and perfect discretion: formed to execute rather than to project; capable of relating facts with fidelity, and incapable of relating them otherwise: he is thoroughly informed of the plans and intentions of
and will disclose to you, as far as you require, and no farther: he has imbibed a reverence for your character, and may be embarrassed in your presence; put him at ease and he will satisfy you.—29th July.
I instantly resolved to avail myself of the reference made to the bearer, and in the course of some days drew from him (the said Swartwout) the following disclosure:—That he had been despatched by col. Burr from Philadelphia, had passed through the states of Ohio and Kentucky, & proceeded from Louisville for St. Louis, where he expected to find me, but discovering at Kaskaskia as that I had descended the river, he procured a skiff, hired hands, and followed me down the Mississippi to Fort Adams, and from thence set out for Natchitoches, in company with captains Sparks and Hooke, under the pretence of a disposition to take part in the campaign against the Spaniards then depending. That Col. Burr, with the support of a powerful association extending from New-York to New-Orleans, was levying an armed body of 7000 men from the state of New-York and the western states, and territories, with a view to carry an expedition against the Mexican provinces and that 500 men under Col. Swartwout, and a Col. or Major Tyler were to descend the Allegany, for whose accommodation light boats had been built, and were ready. I enquired what would be their course. He said "This territory would be revolutionized, where the people were ready to join them, and that there would be some seizing he supposed at New-Orleans—that they expected to be ready to embark about the first of February and intended to land at Vera Cruz, and to march from thence to Mexico." I observed that there were several millions of dollars in the bank of this place, to which he replied, "We know it full well," and on my remarking that they certainly did not mean to violate private property, he said "they merely meant to borrow and would return it—that they must equip themselves in New-Orleans, that they expected naval protection from Great Britain—That the captain—and the officers of our navy were so disgusted with the government that they were ready to join—that similar disgust prevailed throughout the western country where the people were zealous in favour of the enterprise, and that pilot-boat built schooners were contracted along our southern coast for service—that he had been aided from the falls of the thence Kaskaskias, and from Ogden, Fort Adams by a Mr. to New Orleans proceeded on Col. Burr to with letters from Swartwout ascertains there." had heard from Doc whether I and on my answer in Bollman, he expressed great surprise and observed "that the Doctor and a Mr. Alexander had left Phil-
adelphia before him with dispatches for me, and that they were to proceed by sea to New-Orleans where he said they must have arrived."
Though determined to deceive him if possible, I could not refrain telling Mr. Swartwout, it was impossible that I could ever dishonor my commission; and I believe I duped him by my admiration of the plan, and by observing—"That although I could not join in the expedition—the engagements which the Spaniards had prepared for me in my front, might prevent my opposing it." Yet I did, the moment I had deciphered the letter, put it into the hands of col. Cushing, my adjutant and inspector, making the declaration that I should oppose the lawless enterprise with my utmost force. Mr. Swartwout informed me he was under engagements to meet col. Burr at Nashville the 20th of November, and requested of me to write him, which I declined, and on his leaving Natchitoches about the 18th of October, I immediately employed lieut. T. A. Smith to convey the information in substance to the President, without the commitment of names, for from the extraordinary nature of the project, and the more extraordinary appeal to me, I could not doubt its reality, notwithstanding the testimony before me, and I did not attach solid belief to Mr. Swartwout's report respecting their intentions on this territory and city, until I received information advice from St. Louis.
After my return from the Sabine, I crossed the country to Natchez and on my descent of the Mississippi from that place I found Swartwout and Peter V. Ogden at Fort Adams; with the latter I held no communication, but was informed by Swartwout, that he (Ogden) had returned so far from New-Orleans on his route to Tennessee, but had been so much alarmed by certain reports in circulation that he was afraid to proceed. I enquired whether he bore letters with him from New-Orleans, and was informed by Swartwout that he did not, but that a Mr. Spence had been sent from New-Orleans through the country to Nashville with letters for col. Burr.
I reached this city the 25th ultimo, and on the next morning James Alexander, Esq. visited me—he enquired of me aside, whether I had seen Doctor Bollman, and on my answering in the negative, he asked me whether I would suffer him to conduct Bollman to me, which I refused. He appeared desirous to communicate something, but I felt no inclination to inculpate this young man and he left me. A few days after he paid me a second visit and seemed desirous to communicate, which I avoided until he had risen to take leave, I then raised my finger, and observed, "take care, you are playing a dangerous game."—he answered—"it will succeed"—I again observed, "take care"—and he replied with a strong affirmation—"Burr will be here by the beginning of next month"—In addition to these corroborating circumstances against Alexander, I beg leave to refer to the accompanying documents—A. and B.—from all which I feel no hesitation in declaring under the solemn obligation of an oath, that I do believe the said Swartwout, Alexander and Ogden, have been parties to and have been concerned in the insurrection formed or forming in the states and territories on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, against the laws and constitution of the United States.
Signed, JAMES WILKINSON.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th day of December, in the year of our Lord, 1806.
Signed, GEORGE POLLOCK,
Justice of the peace for the county of Orleans.
Foreign News—Latest.
The Prussian Jews are said to have refused to send any rabbis to the Grand Sanhedrim at Paris

—alleging that they have no predilection for residing in the Holy Land; and have invited the king of Prussia, to receive their homage and oath of fealty at the Great Synagogue at Potsdam.—The king has promised to attend there, on his return from the army! The Jews are represented to have subscribed money liberally to assist in defraying the expenses of the war. They are wise in refusing to go to Palestine; but it is likely that Bonaparte may persuade them to change their notions of swearing fealty to any other liege lord than himself.
The British Journals say that the French corps have been left nearly naked of troops, who have been marched to the seat of war. Hence they conclude that Bonaparte intends to strike a blow that will not require to be repeated.—They deem, however, that the final ruin of the Prussians may be averted by experience and dexterity :—Of the first they think the Prussian armies have had enough—and so will every body else think so; and for the dexterity , they rely only on a lord Hutchinson who is on his way to the allied camp—probably the same Hutchinson who commanded in Egypt after the death of Abercrombie. Much, too, they say, will depend on the part Austria! she cannot save herself: and therefore need not be calculated upon. At any rate Prussia has no reason to expect that Austria should risk any thing to save her.
The Spaniards, it seems, are making requisitions of men to recruit their armies. Different opinions exist as to the cause. The most prominent one is, that Portugal is to be invaded; in which case the old supposition is made, that the court of Lisbon would remove to Brazil. A removal that would not be lamented, it is presumed, by the invaders.
Vera Cruz and Lima are said to be the objects of the expedition that lately sailed from England under the command of gen. Crawford. It will, in all likelihood, be a second edition of the Buenos Ayres affair. When Crawford arrives, the British say they will have 10,000 men in South America. Quere. —Are not these enterprizes the natural consequence of Bonaparte's policy of shutting the ports of the continent against the English? And is it to be presumed that the British merchants will sit tamely down under the exclusion, without endeavoring to find other markets for their manufactures?
The Sierra Leone Company, have made an offer of their colony and charter to the British government. It is doubted whether it will be accepted.
As Massena advanced in force towards the heel and toe of Italy the British forces have been withdrawn; and thus will end, in all probability, the plan of driving the French out of Naples.
The Prussian troops at Magdeburg, are to be sent to France as prisoners of war. It is said there was treasure found in that place to the amount of 7,000,000 sterling. Louis Bonaparte occupies Hanover. Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, with their respective corps, have marched to Berlin. Russia has ordered a levy of 4 recruits for every 500 souls—to commence the first of December, and be completed the 1st ult.
Several paragraphs represent the probability that Austria may be drawn into war. Bonaparte, it seems, required that the Austrians should cause a corps of 80,000 men to evacuate Bohemia, and that Prince Charles should not head them. After this, it is said, the Austrians were advancing to the borders of Silesia and East Gallicia.
Bonaparte seems determined, if the Poles are restored, they shall fight for their restoration. The following is the conclusion of the proclamation addressed to them.
“Bring him (Bonaparte) your hearts, your arms. Prove to him that you are ready to shed your blood to re-acquire your country. He knows that you are disarmed, he will supply you with arms.
“And, you, Poles, who have been compelled by your oppressors to fight against your own interests—Come, assemble under the banners of your country.
“Soon, called by Napoleon the Great, shall Kosciuszko speak to you by his command. In the mean time, receive this token of his high protection. Recollect, that the call he gave you to assemble in his high legion in Italy has not deceived you. Those legions it was, deserving the approbation of the invincible heroes of Europe, who gave him the first conception of the Polish character.
“At the Imperial Head-quarters, Berlin, Nov. 3, 1806.
“Dombrowski, “Wybricks.”
General Savary has taken prisoner the brother of the queen of Prussia, who was in the Prussian service.
The Bavarian and Wirtemberg troops were drawing towards the Oder, and were to form a corps for Prince Jerome.
Bonaparte has seized upon the principalities of Eichfeld and Erfurt, the country of Hohenstein, and all the Prussian territories in Saxony, between the Rhine and the Elbe. The Prussian Eagles are everywhere taken down, and the revenues will be received on account of the French Emperor.
An arrival at Charleston brings London dates to November 17. They confirm the intelligence by way of New-York; and state that Marshal Soult has been made Duke of Brunswick. The arrival is at Glasgow, and represents the cotton market as very unfavorable. Short staple was selling at 16 and 17d but the demand was small; long staple at 22d to 2s.
The following was the position of the French army on the right bank of the Oder, about the middle of November.
The left wing was extended towards Thorn, on the Vistula.
The centre at Posen.
The right was established on the borders of Silesia.
The left is directed against the Russians on the Vistula.
The centre against Poland.
The rear to watch the Austrians.
An arrival at Boston brings London dates as late as those received at New-York, and the information is the same. Bonaparte had levied on the conquered Prussian territories 28,000,000 of dollars!
A Philadelphia paper says, the Marquis Yrujo has instituted a prosecution against the editor of the Aurora, for slander and calumny.
The Star. Apneburg.
Thursday, February 12.
The Baltimore American informs that “there is no credit due to the rumored rupture of the negotiation between Great Britain and America.
Burr's exchequer bills (says the Aurora) amount 80 thousand dollars have been protested in Philadelphia.
Cesar A. Rodney is appointed Attorney General of the United States.
An action (trespass on the case) was lately instituted in the Federal Court, by Danl. Clarke, the Orleans representative in Congress, against the Editor of the Aurora.
During the last two weeks Tobacco sold from $4 50 to $6—price for quality.—On credit the price is proportioned to time and quality.
Planters should be careful in putting up their crops to exclude all trash, and to handle neatly. Thus will the expense, disap-
pointment and mortification of refusal be avoided.
Even in the culture of this article the Dutch maintain their national character for industry, method, and perseverance.—They have obtained the highest prices, in this market, this season.
The invective against the Postmaster General of the United States signed “No Contractor” is inadmissible: nor has the author of that bitter philippic a right to charge the editor of this paper, either with “partiality,” or with “abridging the freedom of the Press,” because publicity is refused to an anonymous production, with the truth or falsehood of which he is utterly unacquainted. What an easy matter would it be at any time, for envy or malignity to disturb the repose even of the righteous, and of the most meritorious citizen in the community, were licentiousness to bear rule, and an indiscriminate passage given to the foulest slanders, and the basest falsehoods and calumnies, that malignant, irritated, genius might engender—This paper shall never be prostituted to such base purposes.
The “Dusky trade so forcibly pushed,” by a Campbell Magistrate, in a Lynchburg warehouse lately, is not a suitable subject for a public newspaper. We cannot but acknowledge that the dialogue is laughably sustained, and perfectly characteristic.—The freaks, however, of youth, and follies of dotage, should sometimes claim our commiseration, rather than extort rigid censure.—At any rate, to the laughter loving author, as reclamation appears to be his profest object, we suggest the propriety of inclosing to His Worship a copy of “The Dialogue in the Dark.”
A London paper states that a Jewish newspaper in the Hebrew tongue is to be established at Basle, principally to detail the deliberations, that now occupy the assembly at Paris.
Governor M'Kean's attack upon the freedom of the Press has had a quite different effect from what he either intended or expected. The unconstitutional encroachment meditated by this gentleman has called forth the extraordinary exertion of talents, particularly in Pennsylvania.
In the Aurora of the 17th of last month, we observe the report of a committee on the subject of libels , fraught with reason, principle, patriotism, and an ardent attachment to the constitution, and the pure principles of '76.—The report was made by Dr. Leib, a member of the House of Representatives of that state. Its length and our narrow limits prevent the insertion.
The report was followed by a resolution that no person shall be held to answer for a libel, upon the public character, or public conduct of any citizen, excepting the author and the printer thereof.
Burr's perfidy will be the ruin of thousands. Men misled by his machinations will not be easily brought back to habits of industry and the ordinary pursuits of civil life; and although it even should be the case, that they could without interruption, resume their former pursuits, when once suspected of being capable of so flagrant a crime against their country, and the community at large, they will, for ever after, be watched with a jealous eye.—Young men are generally ardent, adventurous, confident and brave; fond of enterprize, and when not inured to the strictest habits of morality and industry, prone to dissipation and expense. Such, commonly, we are told, was the description of persons Burr made choice of as the tools of his treason, and the instruments whereby he hoped to place himself on the throne of Montezuma.
A Mathematical Society is just established in Philadelphia. ROBERT PATTERSON— President , SAMUEL B. WYLIE— Secretary , JOSEPH CLAY— Treasurer
Two prize questions are proposed by resolution, and premiums offered.
1. A premium of $50, to the author of the best approved comprehensive system of mathematical surveying.
2. A premium of $30, to the author of the best approved piece upon the theory of arches to support weight or pressure.
Extract of a letter from a member of Congress to the Editor.
“On Saturday last the Senate closed their doors and passed a Bill suspending the writ of Habeas Corpus, for the term of three months, requiring that every arrest should be made upon oath or affirmation. On Monday the Bill was confidentially communicated to the House of Representatives, by Samuel Smith of Maryland; immediately after the bill had been read, a motion was made to open the doors and remove the injunction of secrecy. It was stated that, upon a subject of this kind, nothing would justify its decision in conclave—that, the reasons and conduct of every member should be known, and the public enabled duly to appreciate the urgency of the crisis which requires the establishment of a temporary dictatorship; it was declared that in England, that question was never debated with closed doors, &c.
This motion prevailed, and the subsequent proceedings which terminated in the rejection of the bill are now before the public.
I am sorry the Senate passed the bill, and object particularly to the manner in which it was done: The situation of this country is now tranquil and cannot demand the exercise of such violent executive authority to ensure its safety.—And if the Legislature of the United States shall determine to shut their doors, and legislate on subjects of such importance without suffering the smallest ray of light to reach the people, all responsibility is at an end, and the political integrity of public men is no longer assured to their constituents.
Doctor Bollman and Samuel Swartwout, who were arrested by Wilkinson, at New-Orleans and sent to this place, were surrendered to the Marshall of this district, in obedience to a Bench warrant of Monday last; since that time they have been deliberating whether there is probable ground of guilt, supported by oath or affirmation, [see the constitution of the U. S.] to justify their commitment for farther trial, upon the charge of Treason: I have heard the arguments of counsel for the prisoners, and the attorney for the U. States, and now predict they will be committed; this anticipation is founded on the opinion given by the court when the bench warrant was granted, and the evidence before the court, which certainly amounts to probable cause of suspicion, supported by oath or affirmation. You have ere this seen Wilkinson's affidavit, and examined the contents, the counsel for the prisoners endeavoured to set this paper aside, upon the ground that there was no certificate proving the person before whom the oath was made, to be actually a Justice of Peace, according to the act of Congress directing the mode of taking evidence and attesting judicial proceedings in the courts of the U. States. In reply, it was said, the act of Congress related only to the proceedings in the state courts, and the mode by which they should be authenticated in the courts of the U. States, and not to judicial acts of persons acting under the laws of the general Government; [see the constitution and the law, vol. 7] and forming a part of the same system of jurisdiction. The second ground taken was, admitting the evidence of Wilkinson, it did not prove that Treason had been committed. In reply, it was urged, at this stage of the prosecution the constitution required only probable cause of suspicion, supported by oath or affirmation, and that the establishment of Treason was superfluous.—Upon the first point, the attorney of the U. States produced a certificate from the Secretary of State, of George
Pollock and Cornick being justices of the peace—that point was therefore conceded, and the judges decided, the prisoners should be committed to close custody, and undergo a farther trial at the next court.
I have only to add that general indignation is felt towards Burr, whose designs surpass common comprehension in villainy, and whose means have been no less variable than detestable, he has even meditated the assassination of the President and violence to Congress; to aggrandize himself and gratify his disappointment he has involved in ruin and disgrace, every man who has yielded to his artifices or listened to his promises. Their issue presents an awful lesson to those who mistake the mildness of government for imbecility, and the absence of military establishments for want of energy.
The latest accounts from the westward induce us to believe nothing farther is to be apprehended, and that the peace of the union is no longer threatened.”
Taxes Due.
WHEREAS the Corporation Tax due for the year 1806, became defraivable on the first of December last, and have not yet been collected—if not paid to me before the 27th of this month, I shall distrain and sell for the same.
JOHN DAVIS, Jr. S. C. L.
9th Feb. 1807. 2w.
Friend Thomas Barnett.
AS thy residence is in the State of North-Carolina, & have no known agent in this State, be pleased to take notice that I shall at the times and places hereinafter mentioned, take the depositions of the following persons, to be read in evidence in the suit thou hast depending against me as surviving Obligor of Samuel and William Davis in the District Court held at Franklin Court House, to wit:—The deposition of Elijah Johnson, at his own house in the county of Louisa, on the 13th day of the 3d month (March), and in case it should not be taken on that day, will be taken on the next—The deposition of Abraham ... at his own house in the county of Louisa, on the 16th day of the 3d month (March), and in case it should not be taken on that day, will be taken on the next—The deposition of By ... house of Walter G ... ty, on the 24th day of ... and in case it should not be taken on that day, will be taken on the next—The deposition of Micajah Goodwin at his own house in the county of Amherst, on the 27th day of the same month, and in case it should not be taken on that day, will be taken on the next—The deposition of John Byers at his own house in the county of Washington, on the 6th day of the 4th month (April) and in case it should not be taken on that day, will be taken on the next—at which times and places thou mayst attend if thou pleases.
Wm. DAVIS.
2nd Month, 9th. 1807. 4w.
Mrs. ELIZABETH POPE—You will please to take notice, that on Saturday, the 7th of March next, I will proceed to take the affidavit of Geo. C. Bell, at the counting house of Higginbotham, Brown, & Co. in Lynchburg, between the rising and setting of the sun, and to continue there from day to day, until the same be finished.

Miscellaneous.
This Work, in fact, overturns all the Theories of all preceding writers on Grammar and etymology; it marks an epocha in English Literature, and by reducing language to the standard of common sense—divests grammar of the jargonical phraseology, in which it has been veiled by pedantry or artificial or arbitrary laws, it renders the knowledge of our particular language accessible with ease, and comprehensible without laborious abstraction.
Every man who wishes to understand the English language and the true foundation of grammar should possess the DISSERTATIONS OF PURIEY.
The work is formed on the simplest principles of composition, that of colloquy or conversation. Three persons are a country village called Puriey; instead of playing cards, getting drunk, or scandalizing their neighbours; discourse upon the principles of grammar and language. The author, by his simple machinery, starts difficulties, and removes them; sets up received opinions and examines them; unfolds the causes of errors, and explains the real principles which were concealed by error, or not comprehended thro' the adoption of long received mistakes. We shall give an extract or two from this admirable work, and shall recommend the republication thereof to the friends of literature—who in this field can only be of one party.
The Diversities of Puriey.
Rights of Man.
F. But your dialogue, and politics, and your bitter note—
H. Cantantes, my dear! Burdens minus via facti.
F. Cantantes, if you please; but hawling out the rights of man they say, is not singing.
H. To the ears of man, what music sweeter than the rights of man?
F. Yes: such music as the whistling of the wind before the tempest. You very well know what these gentlemen think of it: you cannot have forgotten. Sir, whenever I hear of the word rights , I have learned to consider it as preparatory to some defoliated doctrine. It seems to me to be productive of some wide spreading ruin, of some wasting desolation.
And do you not remember the enthusiasm with which these sentiments were applauded by the house, and the splendid reward which immediately followed this declaration? For no other earthly merit in the speaker that Oedipus himself could have discovered.
H. It is never to be forgotten. Pity their ignorance.
F. Punish their wickedness.
H. We shall never, I believe, differ much in our actions, wishes, or opinions. I too, say with you, Punish the wickedness of those mercenaries who utter such atrocities; and do you with me pity the ignorance of those regular governments who reward them, and who do not see that a claim of rights by their people, so far from treason or sedition, is the strongest avowal they can make of their submission; and that nothing can more evidently show the natural disposition of mankind to rational obedience, than their invariable use of this word rights , and their perpetual application of it to all they desire, and to every thing they deem excellent.
F. I see the wickedness more plainly than the folly; the consequence staring one in the face: for certainly, if men can claim no rights , they cannot justly complain of any wrongs .
H. Most assuredly: but your last is almost an identical proposition; and you are not accustomed to make such. What do you mean by the words right and wrong ?
F. What do I mean by those words? What every other person means by them.
H. And what is that?
F. Nay, you know as well as I do.
H. Yes: but not better, and therefore not at all.
F. Must we always be looking after the meaning of words?
H. Of importance we must, if we wish to avoid important error. The meaning of these words especially is of the greatest consequence to mankind; and seems to have been strangely neglected by those who have made the most use of them.
F. The meaning of the word right ? Why—it is used so variously, as substantive...
concerning ghosts and witches , all the mysteries of divinity, and the sacred, indefeasible, inherent, hereditary rights of monarchy. Let us see how he explains them.
Right—
Right—
N: he gives no explanation except of right hand.
H. How does he explain that?
F. He says right hand means—"not the left."
H. You must look then for left hand. What says he there?
F. He says— left —"sinistrous, not right."
H. Aye! So he tells us again that right is not wrong ; and wrong is not right .
But look no farther for intelligence in that quarter; where nothing but fraud, and cant, and folly is to be found—misleading, mischievous folly; because this a sham appearance of labour, learning and piety.
Right is no other than RECT-um ( rectum ) the past participle of the Latin verb regero . Wagner in Italian you have rit ; and from dirigere , diritto , dritto , whence the French have their ancient droit , and their modern droit —the Italian diritto and the French droit , being no other than the past participle directum .
In the same manner, our English word just , is the past participle of the verb jubere .
Decree, edict, statute, institute, mandate, precept , are all past participles.
F. What then is law ?
H. In our ancient books it was written laugh, lough, legge, ley ; as inkough, wulage, hundredlough , &c.
It is merely the past tense and past participle of a Gothic and Anglo-Saxon verb; and it means (something or any thing, chose, cosa, aliquid ) laid down —as a rule of conduct.
Thus, when a man demands his right ; he asks only that which is ordered he shall have.
A right conduct is, that which is ordered .
A right reckoning is, that which is ordered .
A right line is, that which is ordered or directed —(not a random extension, but the shortest between two points).
The right road is, that ordered or directed to be pursued (for the object you have in v. v.).
To do right is, to do that which is ordered to be done.
To be in the right is, to be in such circumstances as are ordered .
To have right or law on one's side is, to have in one's favour that which is ordered or laid down .
A right and just action is, such a one as is ordered and commanded .
A just man is, such as he is commanded to be—qui leges jurisque servat—who observes and obeys the things laid down and commanded .
The right hand is, that which custom and those who have brought us up have ordered or directed us to use in preference, when one hand only is employed; and the left hand is, that which is learned , learn'd , left ; or, which we are taught to learn out of use on such an occasion. So that ley , you see is a past participle.
F. But if the laws or education or custom of any country should order or direct its inhabitants to use the left hand in preference; how would your explanation of right hand apply to them? And I've been to have read in a voyage of De Gama's to Calecut, (the first made by the Portuguese round Africa) that the people of Melinda a pious and flourishing people, are all left handed .
H. With reference to the European custom, the author describes them truly. But the people of Melinda are as right-handed as the Portuguese; for they use that hand in preference which is ordered by their custom, and leave out of employment the other: which is therefore their left hand.
F. Surely the word right is sometimes used in some other sense. And see, in this newspaper before us, M. Portalis, contending for the concordat , says—"The multitude are much more impressed with what they are commanded to obey, than what is proved to them to be right and just ." This will be complete nonsense, if right and just mean ordered and commanded .
H. I will not undertake to make sense of the arguments of M. Portalis. The whole of his speech is a piece of wretched mummery, employed to bring back again to France a more wretched mummery. Writers on such subjects are not very anxious about the meaning of their words. Ambiguity and equivocation are their strong holds. Explanations would undo them.
F. Well; but Mr. Locke uses the word in a manner hardly to be reconciled with your account of it. He says—"Good has a right to do it, we are his creatures."
H. It appears to me highly improper to say, that God has a right , as it is also to say, that God is just . For nothing is ordered , directed , or commanded concerning God. The expressions are inapplicable to the deity; though they are common, and those who use them have the best intentions—they are applicable only to men; to whom alone language belongs, and whose sensations, only words are the representatives; to men, who are by nature the subjects of orders and commands , and whose chief merit is obedience.
F. Every thing then that is ordered and commanded is right and just !
H. Surely; for that is only affirming that what is ordered and commanded , is ordered and commanded .
F. Now what becomes of your vaunted rights of man? According to you, the chief merit of men is obedience; and whatever is ordered and commanded is right and just ! This is pretty well for a democrat !—And these have always been your sentiments?
H. Always; and these sentiments confirm my democracy .
F. These sentiments do not appear to have made you very conspicuous for obedience. There are not a few passages, I believe, in your life, where you have opposed what was ordered and commanded . Upon your own principles, was that right ?
H. Perfectly.
F. How now! Was it ordered and commanded that you should oppose what was ordered and commanded ? Can the same thing be at the same time both right and wrong ?
H. Travel back to Melinda, and you will find the difficulty most easily solved. A thing may be at the same time both right and wrong , as well as right and left . I may be commanded to be done, and commanded not to be done. The law , i. e. that which is laid down , may be different by different authorities.
I have always been most obedient when most taxed with disobedience. But my right hand is not the right hand of Melinda. The right I revere is not the right adored by hypocrites; the jus vagum , the capricious command of princes or ministers. I follow the Law of God (what is laid down by him for the rule of my conduct) when I follow the laws of human nature; which, without any human testimony, we know must proceed from God; and upon which are founded the rights of man, or what is ordered for man. I revere the constitution and constitutional laws of England; because they are in conformity with the laws of God and nature; and upon these are founded the rational rights of Englishmen. If princes or ministers of the corrupted sham representations of a people, order , command , or lay down any thing contrary to that which is ordered , commanded , or laid down by God, human nature, or the constitution of this government; I will still hold fast by the higher authorities. If the inferior authorities are offended, they can only destroy the body of the individual; but never can effect the right , or what is ordered by their superiors.
Subscribers.
There is in the world such a thing as
A DEAD LIFT.
The Editor of this paper will, in a month, have to encounter something of this nature.—About that time he has engaged to pay a considerable sum of money.
To men of honor and punctuality, (in arrear ) the bare hint will suffice. On the other assortment, men destitute of moral feeling, and self-respect, (if such there be) not a volume as big as the Bible, can be hoped to have any beneficial influence.—The result of this application will furnish a criterion.
N. B. To those otherwise indebted to the Editor, the suggestion is no less applicable.—Such persons as may yet be of opinion, that neither length of time, nor injudicious indulgence, has expunged the sense and justice of claims, originating in services of the most essential nature, are respectfully invited to mark the period specified above.
5th Feb. 1807.
Notice.
ALL persons indebted to the Estate of WILSON DAVENPORT, late of Lynchburg, are requested to make immediate payment to the subscriber, as the situation of the estate will not admit of indulgence.—And those to whom the estate is indebted are requested to bring in their accounts properly authenticated, that provision may be made to discharge the same.
WM. PRESLEY CLAIBORNE, Ex'r. 10th Feb. 1807.
Virginia.
At a Court of Quarterly session, continued and held for Campbell County, on Tuesday the 11th day of November, 1806.
John Lynch, sen. Com't. } In Chancery AGAINST Gerlach Clemens Eze Kiel Clemens & Christo pher Fletcher, Def'ts }
THE defendants not appearing, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the Court that they are not inhabitants of this country—it is ordered and decreed that they do appear here on the second Monday in February next, and answer the complainant's bill, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some one of the Virginia gazettes for 2 months successively, and posted up at the front door of the said Court-house for two several court days.
A Copy—Teste.
JOHN ALEXANDER, D. C. C. C.
Journymen Shoe-makers.
Generous wages (punctually paid) and constant employment will be given by the Subscribers at their Manufactory in Abingdon, to half a dozen—
STEADY, CAPITAL JOURNEYMEN SHOE-MAKERS.
At the same place by the subscribers also, will be received the same number of smart, active, industrious lads of good morals, between the years of ten and fifteen, as apprentices to the Tanning and Saddling Business.—By the concerned in, or about Lynchburg, further particulars may be known on application at the Star-Office.
Conally Findlay & Co. Abingdon, (Va.) 8th Jan. 1807.
Advertisement.
TO be sold to the highest bidder for ready money, at John Hook's Store, near Hall's Ford, in Franklin County, on Thursday the fifth day of March next, four Negroes, viz:—
Ben, York, Silvia, and Jacob,
the same being made over in trust to the subscribers, to secure and satisfy a debt due from James Wright to John Hook, amounting to two hundred and twenty-eight pounds, together with the accruing interest, and charges incidental on the Trust Deed and the sale—so fanny of said Negroes as will be sufficient to discharge the debt aforesaid.
Bowker Preston. } Trustees. Benjamin Booth. } Hillsford, Jan. 24, 1807. id.
Virginia.
Bedford August Court, 1806.
James Keenam Compt.
vs William Mason, Reuben Mason, John Mason, Lewis Mason, William Rozwell and Jenny his wife, late Jenny Mason, Charles Ready and Sarah his wife, late Sarah Mason, William Frith and Rhoda his wife, late Rhoda Mason, Children and Representatives of Gilbert Mason, dec'd. Defts.
IN CHANCERY.
ON the motion of the complainant, and for reasons appearing to the court, the accounts between the parties in this cause, are referred to the master commissioner, to examine, state and return the same, with his report thereon to court.
A Copy—Teste. J. STEPHOE, C. B. C. 8w.
Notice.
IN consequence of the above order of Bedford Court, (unforeseen accidents excepted) I shall attend at Bedford Court house, on Thursday the 19th day of March next, being the Thursday before Bedford Court, for the purpose of examining &c. the accounts of the abovenamed parties, they are therefore required to attend at the abovenamed time and place prepared to go into a settlement of the business.
Thomas Lumpkin, Comr. Jan. 19, 1807. 8w.
FOR SALE
Sketches
OF THE
History of France.
HYMNS.
GAMUTS.
THE
Planter's and Farmer's
ALMANACK
For the year
1807,
Star-Office.
Advertisement.
Paphian Recruits or Veterans in distress WHO have had the misfortune to get their arms indirectly damaged by foul management, or other accident, may still have an opportunity, on the shortest notice, of having them repaired, in the neatest manner now in fashion, and put in complete condition for immediate service, on application next door (South) to the Star-Office—Lynchburg. Feb. 1807. 3w.
NOTICE.
TO be sold to the highest bidder, at public auction, for ready money, on the 26th day of February next at the dwelling house of Mrs. Harris in the county of Bedford, TWO
Tracts of Land,
lying in the said county.—One containing two hundred and twenty acres on the East side of Elk Creek: the whole of this tract is good, and a great part of it first rate Tobacco land, with a small portion fresh cleared—The other tract lies on the west side of said creek, and containing two hundred and twenty-five acres: this land is also of good quality—At the same time and place, and on the same terms, will be sold ELEVEN likely Virginia born
Slaves,
consisting of men, women, and children. The foregoing property is sold under the Deeds of Trust made by Wm. Harris, dec'd. in his life time, to secure the payment of the several debts therein expressed, and are regularly recorded in Bedford court, and the expenses incidental to the executing the trust. The Trustees will personally warrant the property, but there is no doubt the title is good.
Wm. Callaway. } Trustees. Christopher Clark. John Dabney. } Jan. 23, 1807.
Messrs. Taliaferro and Patterson.
Gentlemen,
TAKE notice, that on the 25th of February next, at my house in Amherst County, I shall commence taking the depositions of Daniel Cheatwood, William Cheatwood, James Dillard, Drury Bell, William Lee, & James Christian, to be read as evidence in a suit in the High Court of Chancery at Richmond, wherein Taliaferro & Patterson are Plaintiffs, and Jesse Spinnner, Defendant, at which time and place you may attend or not, —the taking the above depositions will continue from day to day until finished.
JESSE SPINNER. Amherst, Jan. 7, 1807. 4w.
NOTICE.
THE subscriber respectfully informs the citizens of Lynchburg and its vicinity, that he has just commenced the BAKING BUSINESS in the above place, and proposes to furnish all those who may choose to patronize him, with 196lbs of Bread to a barrel of flour.
He will bake pilot-bread, ship-bread, crackers, butter-biscuit, rusk, pike cake, &c. &c.
JAMES ALBERT. Lynchburg, 27th Nov. 1806. if
Notice.
I HAVE for sale a HOUSE and LOT in the Town of Lynchburg. It is the House and Lot that Stephen Farmer formerly lived in. The terms will be one half cash or Merchant's acceptances—the other half payable the 25th day of December next. For further particulars apply to the subscriber.
JOHN HUBBARD. 24th Jan. 1807. 3w.
Runaway in Jail.
WAS committed to the Jail in this place, as a Runaway, on Thursday the 16th October, 1806, a negro man who calls his name
NATT,
and says he belongs to a certain Richard and Herd, in the State of Georgia, Albert or Eibert county—he is between 30 and 40 years of age, a very black skin, lost some of his upper fore teeth, has remarkable small hands and feet, was but badly clothed when taken, he had on an old green planes round jacket, an oznaburgs shirt, an old pair of home spun yarn breeches striped with yellow, and an old felt Hat, is mild spoken and appears humble when spoken to—He says he was endeavouring to make his way to Maryland where he was entitled to his freedom by devise—The owner of said negro is requested to come forward immediately, prove property, pay charges, and take him away, or he will be dealt with as the law directs.
John Davis, Jr. J. C. C.