The Virginia gazette (Williamsburg, Va.), 1773-02-11 00:00:00

VIRGINIA
GAZETTE.
Open to ALL PARTIES,
but influenced by NONE.
TO THE ORTHODOX LAYMAN.
SIR,
PERCEIVE your zeal for a deep rooted opinion hath almost eaten up your politeness. Your conduct reminds me of a passage in the learned and elegant history of the Emperor Charles V. relative to MARTIN LUTHER. That great and successful reformer was summoned to appear at Rome , within a limited time, to answer for his heretical opinions, before Judges appointed for that purpose by the Roman Pontiff; but the Judges before whom Luther was required to appear were so eager to display their zeal against his errors, that, without waiting the expiration of the time allowed him in the citation, they condemned him as an heretic. You, Sir, as far as you are able, have acted the same part towards me: Like Luther's righteous Judges, you have condemned me not only as an unfair writer , with very little knowledge of the scriptures , but also as a propagator of a dangerous and ensnaring doctrine of pernicious tendency ; and this severe sentence you have passed upon me without waiting to hear my defence of the doctrine I embrace, wherein I intend to shew the practical uses that result from it, and that it tends to reform the moral conduct of mankind more than the contrary doctrine. Happily! you are not armed with the thunder of the Vatican, so that I am in no danger of being fulminated into Perdition by anathemas and excommunications.
Being secure, then, from ecclesiastical and civil tyranny, I shall proceed to examine your two letters with the attention and freedom they merit, without disgracing my pen with personal invective, and illiberal abuse, leaving such weapons to be exercised by magisterial disputants, who cannot defend their dogmas by reason and fair argument.
In your first letter you tell me you have been waiting with impatience to see my criticism upon the words aion and aionios , and the texts that contain them.
I do not remember I promised you my criticism upon those words. I never intended to rely upon the vague and ambiguous meaning of a particular word, which, like a nose of wax, may be transformed into this or the other shape to prove the truth of the proposition I defend. I know that the most learned and just remarks upon a scripture passage may be controverted by men who learn christianity from their lexicons, and limit the efficacy of the incomparable blood of the blessed JESUS to a few of his creatures, because they find the duration of the rewards and punishments in CHRIST's mediatorial kingdom described by a word their lexicons tell them, though perhaps falsely, signifies, in its original root, ever being .
I know it is a considerable question among the learned etymologists whether the word upon which you found this article of your faith is derived from a Greek or Hebrew root, from whence many other Greek words are derived; and whether, when applied to time (its only use that at present concerns us) it does not always import limited or finite duration.
I know that words very frequently acquire by use an acceptation different from their roots, and that the derivation of a word is no sure evidence of its import; so that though the words aion and aionios could even be proved to be derived from a Greek and not from an Hebrew root, yet its force may, notwithstanding, be qualified by custom, and intended, by the inspired penmen, to signify finite duration, as it is certain the septuagint uses it in this sense, and the best Greek writers apply it frequently, if not always, to periods of time.
And permit me to tell you, Sir, I know the absurdity of endeavouring to establish a doctrine by arguments founded upon false or at least controvertible principles, from whence no just conclusion can be inferred. I have therefore avoided copying your way of reasoning, and have endeavoured to establish my doctrine upon unchangeable truths, upon the divine perfections, the basis of all religion, and upon the grand principles of christianity, which uniformly declare, in the plainest and most decisive terms, without ambiguity or obscurity, that God wills ALL men should be restored and come to the acknowledgment of the truth: that JESUS CHRIST tasted death for ALL men: that he was manifested to take away sin; that he will draw ALL men to him; that in the dispensation of the fulness of time God will gather together all things in CHRIST, both which are in Heaven, and which are on earth, even in him; for it pleased the Father that in him should all fulness dwell, that having made peace by the blood of his cross, in him he might re-
concile ALL things to himself, whether they be things on earth, or things in Heaven.
It is from these great and fundamental principles of natural and revealed religion that I deduce my arguments; principles which you have not attempted to controvert, and which I dare affirm cannot be controverted without overthrowing the divine perfections, and denying truths founded in the nature of God, and engraved on the very substance of our being.
The learned Doctor Ibbot, in his true notion of the exercise of private judgment, or free thinking , lays it down as a rule, that "in our enquiries after truth "we should proceed upon principles of reason, that "we should coolly and fairly debate the matter, give "every proof all the weight it is capable of, and deal "with every objection in the same manner, that we "may know whether we love the truth by our entertaining or not entertaining any proposition with "greater or less assurance than the proofs it is built "upon will warrant; and that the strength of the "proofs of any proposition is always to be the measure of our assent to it; and, therefore, if we either "refuse to give that credit to some things which the "proofs they are built upon will warrant, or give it "to others which have less evidence, we have not a "love of truth."
How, Sir, will the case stand between us if tried by this rule? Are the proofs of infinite punishments, founded only upon the disputable and ambiguous meaning of a particular Greek word, stronger than the proofs of finite punishments, founded upon unchangeable truths, upon fixed and immutable principles? If they are not, ought not WORDS to give place to THINGS? And if THINGS will not comply with our OPINIONS, ought not our opinions to comply with them? For my part, I never can be persuaded that a word which may be made to signify, nay, which in our English bible is made to signify sometimes one thing, and sometimes another, can, without impiety, receive a construction that will overthrow immutable and eternal truths, founded upon the strongest evidence of natural reason, upon the divine perfections, and upon the essential principles of the christian religion.
But, Sir, was I put to the necessity of proving the doctrine of finite punishments by so poor an argument as a critique upon a particular word, I could offer stronger reasons for fixing the meaning of the Greek terms aion  aionios to finite duration than you have or I believe can offer for fixing their meaning to infinite duration, in that variety of places where they are used in the holy scriptures.
You, indeed, assert pretty superciliously that these Greek words, in their true and genuine meaning, signify infinite and endless duration ; and you refer to lexicons for a proof of your assertion.
Your quotations from lexicons, Plato, and the other profane writers, you mention in maintenance of your opinion, I intend to consider in a distinct letter, as they afford sufficient matter for one: At present, I will confine myself to the use of these eminent words in the sacred text.
Now if these words, in the scripture acceptation of them, signify ETERNITY, or ENDLESS duration, many scripture passages will be not only repugnant to each other, but will be arrant nonsense. I will take the liberty to translate a few of them, according to the construction you contend for (2 Cor. 4, 4.) In whom the God (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity has blinded the minds of them that believe not, &c. Now if the word aionos , in this text, means eternity , and not aion , or age, as I contend it does, St. Paul calls Satan the God of eternity , which is blasphemy; but if he intended to exhibit Satan , to those to whom he addressed this epistle, in the grand and horrible description of him, as the God of this aion , or age, that is, the age in which the Apostle lived, the expression is not only apt and proper, but is agreeable to other parts of scripture. Besides, it is absurd to stile him the God of this eternity ; for the word this , so used, must imply more eternities besides the present, and two eternities are an inconsistency in terms.
Again (Ephesians, 6, 12) We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers of the darkness (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity . So (1 Cor. 1, 20) Where is the wise, where is the scribe, where is the disputer (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity ? 1 Timothy, 6, 17, Charge them that are (en to nun aioni) in the now eternity that they be not high minded, &c. So (Titus, 2, 12) That, denying ungodliness and
worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly (en to nun aioni) in the now eternity . So again (Matthew, 13, 22) the seed among the thorns is, he that heareth the word and the cares (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity; and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful, &c. Now what common sense can endure that the word aion , in these several texts, should be rendered by the word eternity ? But render it by the word aion , as I have explained the meaning of it in my third letter, or by the word age , and it will be good sense, and convey the true meaning of the sacred text.
I know the translators of our New Testament, sensible of this absurdity, have rendered the word aion , in these places (as a substitute of the word kosmos ) by the word world ; to wit, the rulers of this (aion) world , the disputers of this (aion) world , the rich in this present (aion) world , &c. but without reaching the intention of the scripture, for it is the AGE, and not the WORLD, which the scripture every where complains of. The worldly inhabitants of this age (that is, the age in which the Apostle lived) were wicked, but the worldly inhabitants of a future age will be righteous. The ruler of darkness in (that is, the dark ruler of) this age is Satan , the ruler of a succeeding age, even upon this world of ours, will be JESUS CHRIST.
So that the cares of this aion are the cares of the people of this age , and a conformity to this aion is a conformity to the people of this age , &c. And so eis ton aiona , though it may be rendered, phraseologically, as long as the world stands, yet, in its true force, it means as long as the age (that is, the great age of wickedness, which comprehends many other lesser ages of the same kind) endures. This world will weather out many ages, and that not only ages of rebellion, but also ages of godliness and peace. To suppose, therefore, the word aion to be equivocal with the word kosmos , is, without farther proof, unreasonable.
But, besides this, this way of translating the word will make many scripture passages perfectly absurd, as a few examples will demonstrate.
The term aion , then, being translated world , the following texts must be translated thus: Matthew, 6, 13, Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory (eis tous aionas) to the worlds . John, 6, 58, He that eateth of this bread shall live (eis ton aiona) to the world . Revelations, 14, 11, The smoke of their torment ascendeth up (eis aionas aionon) to a world of worlds . John, 12, 25, He that hateth his life (en to kosmo touto) in this world shall keep it (eis zoen aionon) to worldly life . I could mention very many other texts, which would be equally absurd and non-sensical, if the word aion was to be translated by the word world ; but these are sufficient to shew the impertinence of the above translations of the terms aion  aionios , and that the vulgar renderings in our English bible ought to be renounced.
But to return from this digression: If the word aion signifies eternity , then there was a time before eternity began; nay, before the eternities plural were. For example (Acts, 15, 18) Known unto God are all his works (ap aionos) since the eternity began . Acts, 3, 21, Spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets (ap aionos) since the eternity began . John 9, 32 ( ek tou aionos ) since the eternity began was it not heard, &c. And in the same absurd sense must those texts be rendered where the word aion is used in the plural number, as (1 Cor. 2, 7) The hidden mystery of God preordained unto his glory (pro ton aionon) before the eternities began, which none of the Princes (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity knew . Ephesians, 3, 9, The mystery which has been hidden in God (apo ton aionon) from the beginning of the eternities .
But again, if the word aion signifies eternity , there are more eternities than one; whereas eternity , everlastingness, and forever, must be an individual, as implying an unity of consistence and simple continuance. Luke, 20, 34, And Jesus said unto them, the children (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity marry, and are given in marriage; but they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain (tou aionos ekeinou) that other eternity, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage .
Here we find this and that , and consequently two eternities, if the word aion is to be rendered as you contend. So (1 Cor. 2, 6) Yet not the wisdom (tou aionos toutou) of the eternity which comes to nought . Romans, 12, 2, Be not confirmed (to aioni touto) to this eternity .

Again, if the word aion means eternity, there are not only more eternities than one, but these eternities succeed each other, as the links of a chain, the one beginning where the other ends. Mat. 12, 32, But whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven, neither (en touto to aioni) in this eternity (oute en to mellonti) nor in that to come. Ephesians, 1, 21, And set him at his own right hand in heavenly places, far above all principality and power, and might and dominion, and every name that is named, not only (en to aioni touto) in this eternity, but also in that which is to come. Gal. 1, 4, Who gave himself for our sins that he might seize us (ek tou enes-totos aionos ponereu) out of this present wicked eternity. Ephesians, 2, 7, That (en tois aioni tois eperchomenois) in the eternities to come he might shew the riches of his grace.
But, lastly, if the word aion means eternity, it must, notwithstanding, end and be no more, of which we have an assurance (Mat. 28, 20) And so I am with you (pantas tas emerás) all the days, even to the end (tou aionos) of the eternity. Matthew, 23, 39, The harvest is the end (tou aionos) of the eternity. Verse 40, So shall it be in the end (tou aionos toutou) of this eternity. And not only eternity singly and indefinitely, but (oi aiones) eternities plural, shall also have an end. Heb. 9, 26, But now once, about the conclusion of the eternities (epi sunteleia ton aionon) he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. 1 Cor. 10, 11, And they were written for our admonition, upon whom the ends (ton aionon) of the eternities are met.
Thus, Sir, I think it evident, beyond controversy, that this Greek word aion cannot, in the scripture sense of it, signify eternity, or never ceasing duration, but must be limited to finite duration, or indefinite periods of time, the sense I explained it in in my third letter.
And now give me leave to observe, with a very learned writer, that though this word to a cursory reader may seem only a trite familiar term, of no other import than vulgar use has given it, yet if we critically observe its variety, use, and acceptation, in the holy scriptures, we may easily discover that very mysterious truths are couched in the diversity of its forms, and peculiarity of its applications. At least the aions , intelligently observed, must appear to be periods or portions of time, working together by a divine mechanism, the will of God. For it is clear they have their beginning and end in what we call time, and are circumscribed by it in the same manner as the several spherical systems that seem to mete out the universe, are altogether comprehended in space, are wholly circumscribed by it. And as the many systems of worlds promote and act their several appointed tasks in the boundless tracts and vast embrace of space, thus the aions , operating in the capacity of time, have their several changes and revolutions to disclose, their several courses of mercies and judgments to exhibit, their several degrees of revelations and disciplines to unfold, with variety of strange and unsearchable parts and expedients and issues to produce, towards the successive reconciling, digesting, and ripening the many creatures subsisting in them, to the various purposes of God, and to their glorious ends and uses in eternity, or when time shall be no more.
I would now proceed to examine the several texts referred to by you, in opposition to this construction; but the limits the printers have confined me to oblige me to make them the subject of a fifth letter. I am, Sir, your humble servant,
A CHRISTIAN LAYMAN.
WILLIAMSBURG, February 11.
Doctor GRAHAM, so well known for his peculiar abilities in curing the diseases of the EYES and EARS, is, we hear, expected in this city about the middle of April next.
DEATHS.
Miss NELLY BLAIR, second daughter to the Auditor, in this city.
Disease, slow wasting, has to death betray'd, E'en in the morn of life, this tender maid; Nipt, like a frost, the blossoms that presage A plenteous harvest in maturer age: Yet not in vain she form'd her infant mind To virtues which in youth we rarely find; Call'd before noon, and ere her work was done, She'll equal those who wrought to setting sun. Hence may the young be taught not to delay Life's instant business to the close of day.
Mr. BENJAMIN SEAWELL, after a long series of illness, much regretted by those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance.
TO the Masters of William and Mary College, Gentlemen Collegians, Inhabitants of the City of Williamsburg, Merchants, and others, who were so kind as to pay their last Respects to my deceased Son MAXIMILIAN CALVERT on Wednesday the 27th of January, 1773: I take this public Method of returning my sincere Thanks for the extraordinary Favour thereby conferred upon,
GENTLEMEN,
Your most humble Servant, MAXIMILIAN CALVERT.
On Saturday last was married Mr. JOHN DIXON, junior, to Miss ELIZABETH PEYTON, second daughter of Sir JOHN PEYTON, Baronet, in the county of Gloucester.
By his EXCELLENCY the Right Honourable JOHN Earl of DUNMORE, his Majesty's Lieutenant and Governor General of the colony and dominion of Virginia, and Vice Admiral of the same:
A PROCLAMATION.
VIRGINIA, to wit.
WHEREAS the GENERAL ASSEMBLY stands prorogued to the first Thursday in May next, but it is judged expedient that the said Assembly should meet sooner, in order to deliberate on a matter I have to lay before them of great moment to the welfare of this colony; I have therefore thought fit, by and with the consent and advice of his Majesty's Council, by this proclamation, in his Majesty's name, to appoint Thursday the fourth day of March next for that purpose; at which time the attendance of the General Assembly is accordingly required at the capitol in the city of Williamsburg.
Given under my hand and the seal of the colony, at Williamsburg aforesaid, this 6th day of February, 1773, and in the thirteenth year of his Majesty's reign.
DUNMORE.
GOD SAVE THE KING.
TREASURY OFFICE, February 8, 1773.
WITHIN these few days I have seen a FIVE POUND BILL dated in 1771, the only one that has fallen into my hands, in which the bars or white lines enclosing the letter T are exactly at the same distance from each other as in the true bill of the same date; but the lines which form the other two columns on each side of the T are much nearer each other in the forged than in the good bills. The T in this bill does not stand square, but inclines pretty much to the left hand. I have also seen several bills of 1771 which seem to be impressed on the same sort of paper as was used for the forged bills dated in 1769; the bars or white lines running from the tops to the bottoms of these bills are nearly at the same distance from each other as in the counterfeits of 1769, all much wider than those of the true bills. As these appear fresh from the press, it is hoped many of them have not yet been thrown into circulation; but I think it necessary to give the public the earliest caution.
RO. C. NICHOLAS, Treasurer.
THURSDAY, December 4, 1766.
On a motion made,
ORDERED, That the clerks of the several county courts in this colony do transmit to the clerk of this House, in the first part of every meeting of the General Assembly, a list of the titheables in their counties, containing the names of such titheables; and that they transmit also, at the same time, a list of the public charges of their respective counties.
Ordered, That the clerk of this House do cause the same to be published in the Virginia Gazette.
By the House of Burgess.
G. WYTHE, Cl. H. B.
PURSUANT to an order of the Honourable the General Court, we shall attend at the house of Captain George Weedon in Fredericksburg, on Monday the 15th of March next, to state and report any demand that shall be laid before us against John Campbell, Esquire, of Newport, of which all his creditors are to take notice, and attend with proper proofs to ascertain their demands.
FIELDING LEWIS, CHARLES DICK, JOSEPH JONES, JOHN LEWIS.
To be LET, to the lowest bidder, on the first Monday in March next, at Mr. Abraham Cowley's, in Richmond town, Henrico county,
THE building of an addition to the CHURCH in the said town, forty by twenty four feet, with galleries on both sides and one end; a plan of which will be that day produced, and the time of payment made known to the undertaker, who must give bond and security for the performance of the said work.
THE CHURCHWARDENS.
RICHMOND town, February 9, 1773.
WILLIAM HENDERSON, in his advertisement of the 1st instant, informs the public that the noted William Cuninghame and company, of Glasgow, will not look on any transactions of mine on their account, since the 1st day of November last, as binding on them: In justice to myself, I think it necessary to acquaint the public that, on giving up the charge of the store kept by me at this place on said Cuninghame and company's account to him, it was agreed between Mr. James Robison, of Falmouth, and me, in Henderson's presence, that my intention should not be made public till it was convenient for him to leave Cabin Point; and from the 1st of November last I have carried on the business according to his directions, and made no contracts with any person on account of said Cuninghame and company but what he is in the knowledge of. I can account for this conduct of Mr. Henderson's in no other way than as a pretence for not paying off some of my engagements, prior to the 1st of November, at the last meeting of the merchants. If in consequence of any instructions he may have received from his employers he has inserted this advertisement, I presume he has taken this uncommon method to ingratiate himself with these worthy Gentlemen, and may, on that account, be excusable. If not, he has betrayed a degree of malice equal to his ignorance.
ANDREW CHALMER.
RUN away from the subscriber, in Lancaster county, on Tuesday the 2d of this instant (February) an English servant named THOMAS TAYLOR, about 5 feet 8 or 9 inches high, well made, has dark brown hair, stoops much in his walk, when he laughs or talks shews his teeth very much, which are remarkably white. He was born in the county of Somerset, which causes his dialect to be different from those in or about London. Had on, when he went away, a coat, waistcoat, and breeches, of blue frieze, country knit stockings, and a pair of country made shoes. I believe he carried away some other clothes, but of what kind I cannot tell. Whoever secures the said servant, so that I get him again, shall have TWENTY SHILLINGS if taken within ten miles from home, and if farther FORTY SHILLINGS.
JOHN WORMELEY.
TAKEN up, on John's creek, in Botetourt, a roan mare about 13 hands 3 inches high, 11 years old, has a small star in her forehead, a natural pacer, and branded on the near shoulder IC. Posted, and appraised to gl. EDWARD CARVIN.
I WILL sell twelve or fifteen hundred acres of rich LAND on each side of Fifth Pond creek, in the lower end of Buckingham, whereon are all necessary houses for cropping; also the CORN, FODDER, and STOCK on the said land, and six valuable Virginia born SLAVES. If my debtors had not unjustly kept me out of considerable sums of money for a long time I should have had no occasion to have sold land or Negroes to have paid my debts. Land that I sold eleven years ago I am not yet paid for, and a cargo of goods I entrusted a notorious villain with several years ago, I have not received forty pounds from him, and he refuses to let me see the books to copy them, or to settle with me.
ANTHONY WINSTON.
*** The land shall be laid off in parcels if not sold soon.
CABIN POINT, February 1, 1773
AS the store formerly kept at Richmond town by Mr. Andrew Chalmer, for Messieurs William Cuninghame, and company, of Glasgow, has been under my management since the 1st of November last, I think it necessary to give this public information that the said concern will not think themselves obliged, from that time, to answer any contract or engagement entered into by Mr. Chalmer, as manager for the company at that place.
WILLIAM HENDERSON.
WHEREAS I intend shortly to remove from the place where I now live to Fincastle county, on the Western waters, it is expected that all those Gentlemen who have business to do with me will attend at the Raleigh tavern in Williamsburg, where I shall be from the 15th of April next to the 25th of said month, in order to have all those accounts which are now unsettled properly adjusted.
ISRAEL CHRISTIAN.
Imported in the THOMAS, Capt. ROBINSON, from Glasgow, in spring 1771,
A SMALL BOX containing WEARING APPAREL, BOOKS, &c. which are not yet come to hand. I will be much obliged to any person, who knows where the said box has been landed, to inform Mr. Andrew Johnston, junior, merchant, in Petersburg, of the same, to whose care it was directed.
ROBERT SPENCER.
DELAWARE LOTTERY,
FOR THE SALE OF LANDS
BELONGING TO THE EARL of STIRLING. THE public may be assured that this LOTTERY will be drawn by the 20th of May next; and till then no money will be required for TICKETS, which may be had of the subscriber, in Williamsburg.
JAMES COCKE.

THE sale of the brig DUBLIN, and her MATERIALS, is put off until Saturday the 20th instant (February) at which time she will be sold, together with sundry GOODS, saved out of the said vessel, for the benefit of the insurers, before Mr. Archer's store in York town.
WILLIAMSBURG, February 4, 1773.
MR. RIND,
SIR,
I was with much pleasure I observed, after the forgeries of our paper currency were happily detected, the exceeding great pains taken by most Gentlemen, assembled from the different corners of the country, to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the principal, leading marks, which materially distinguish the counterfeited from the true bills. They are fully guarded against impositions upon themselves, and I am persuaded have carried home with them every good disposition to assist the people in all parts with their best opinions and advice. What measures may be taken, to work a radical cure of the evil complained of, I presume not to determine; but in the mean time, till some better expedient can be adopted, I take the liberty of recommending it to all such as cannot safely rely upon their own judgments, to make all their money contracts payable either at the house of some judicious Gentleman in their neighbourhood, or at the principal towns where the merchants chiefly reside, or in this city. I advise this from a persuasion that any of these Gentlemen will readily give their opinions of such money as may be tendered in payment. For my own part, I will most cheerfully examine any notes that my opinion may be desired of. I will do more: Such persons as cannot conveniently come hither to receive their money, may send their orders to me, and I will receive it for them, payable to their order in writing, drawn for the whole amount at once. The money shall be sealed up in separate parcels, with the owners names endorsed, and deposited in the country's iron chest. By pursuing some or all of these measures, I flatter myself that the credit of our paper money may still be supported, whilst it is suffered to continue in circulation. Let not the poor industrious planter be tempted by the chinking of a little gold or silver in his ears to part with the fruits of his labour at an under rate, but rather let him be persuaded that by pursuing one of these methods, which will cost him but a little more trouble than he has been used to, he may receive the full worth of his commodities in other money, equal in value, and perhaps more convenient to him. I by no means propose myself as a general receiver; the services I offer are solely intended for such as doubt their own judgments; neither do I, as I am far from thinking myself infallible, intend to warrant the money I may receive, either as to its goodness, nor against any unavoidable accidents. All I engage for is to use the same care and attention as I would do were it my own. The only recompence I desire, or will receive, shall arise solely from the satisfaction and pleasure I shall take in contributing every thing in my power towards relieving those who may be distressed from the perplexities and uneasinesses they may be involved in. I am, Sir, your most obedient servant,
RO. C. NICHOLAS.
FROM New England and New York were shipped, last year, to Great Britain and Ireland, POT and PEARL ASH to the value of near two hundred thousand pounds sterling; three fourths of which we must give the economical wives credit for, owing to their household ashes, which they save, and sell to the pot and pearl ash makers. It is now become a manufactory of so much notice that it is carried on in every town through New England provinces. In Russia, Hungary, and Switzerland, almost every family manufacture their own household ashes to pot ash, and carry it to market in small quantities, and there sell it to the merchant. And although the staple commodity of remittance in this colony, in tobacco and wheat, are equal, if not superior, to any other, yet if we can add one more to it, it must be to our credit, and an advantage to the community, as well as to the manufacturer. The landed Gentlemen here would reap great advantages by manufacturing their own ashes; for, on taking the method practised in other parts, of clearing their land, on one hundred acres, that are well timbered, they would have nine hundred bushels of ashes. These ashes will make 15 tons of pot ash, which would be worth here 600l. and where the labour is done by the family servants, the whole expence attending it will not amount to 300l. The apparatus for this purpose will not cost more than 20l.—The subscriber now acquaints the public that they may have of him, at the house of Mr. Freer Armistone, in Norfolk, for a reasonable premium, the process of making POT and PEARL ASH, warranted to answer the design, with a method of clearing land of the wood, so that the ashes, when burnt, and made into pot ash, will answer the above calculation. Numbers of Gentlemen in Maryland, and other northern provinces, have bought the process, and are now taking the method prescribed for clearing their lands, and making pot ash.
BENJAMIN LEIGH.
TREASURY OFFICE, January 29, 1773.
IT is with infinite concern that I find there is immediate occasion to caution the public against several very ingenious and therefore the more dangerous forgeries of many of the FIVE POUND BILLS, emitted in November 1769, and July 1771.
From the peculiar sort of paper on which these notes were impressed, the many different devices and checks with which they were guarded, it was hoped that they would have baffled the attempts of the most crafty and designing to counterfeit them. Suspicions, it seems, have been for some time entertained in the upper parts of the country; but it is only within these few days that the forgeries of the emission of 1771, and not till this morning those of 1769, have been detected and fixed upon with certainty. Let it be remarked, that in the genuine good bills of both emissions the ornaments, by some called the entablatures, by others the feathers, which are raised, and partly turned over, the mens heads in the coats of arms, are different, as the original devices are; the one is much broader than the other; the point of the halbert, or spear, held by each of the men, in his left hand, runs up so as to touch the broad entablature, but in the arms with the narrow entablature, the point of the halbert falls considerably below it; so that this difference alone does not prove any of the bills to be forged, as it is common to both sorts. The five pound bills of both emissions, hitherto discovered to have been counterfeited, have all the coats of arms with the broad entablature, or feather, which, with all the other devices and types, very nearly resemble those of the genuine bills. Some of the most apparent striking differences, in those dated 1771, are these: In the good bills the T W in the white water letters, under the figures names, appear plainly, when held up to the light, to be wrought in the texture of the paper itself; these letters appear to sink equally both on the faces and backs of the bills, and are equally transparent, whereas in the forged bills they appear to sink into the paper only on the face of them, as if done with a stamp after the paper was made, and appear a little raised on the backs of the bills. In the good bills the first double stroke of the W, wrought in the paper to the left hand, is wider where it joins the middle stroke than it is at the top; but in the counterfeits these double strokes are at equal distances, and nearer each other. The tops and bottoms of the T and W stand exactly square, and even with each other, in the good bills; but in the forged the right hand corner of the top of the T is generally raised above the top of the W, and sinks a little to the left hand. The bars, or white water strokes, observable in all writing paper, which runs down from the tops to the bottoms of these bills, are a little more than the tenth part of an inch wider from each other in the good than they are in the forged bills. The counterfeits of 1769 appear to have been made on a different paper; they all have the broad entablature, or feather; the bars, or white water strokes, above described, in these are near a quarter of an inch wider than in the true bills; nearly the same remarks may be made on these, in respect to the T W, as on the same letters on the other emission, both as to the double strokes of the W, and the situation of both letters, in relation to each other; but it is very observable that the left corner of the W comes very near to the bar, or white stroke, running down the bill in the counterfeits; but in the genuine bills the same corner is at a greater distance from the bar, or water stroke.
There are several other remarkable differences in both emissions, which cannot be so well described in writing, but which many Gentlemen, in different parts of the country, are made well acquainted with.
I cannot too earnestly again recommend it to all holders of the paper money not to suffer any thing to be pasted on the backs of the bills; such as are pasted will not be received at the Treasury.
RO. C. NICHOLAS, Treasurer.
To be SOLD, in the town of Newcastle, on Tuesday the 16th of this instant (February) to the highest bidder,
THE remainder of Mr. Joseph Thropp's store, consisting of European GOODS to the amount of five hundred and eleven pounds eleven shillings and seven pence, at first cost; also sundry currency GOODS and STORE FURNITURE, too tedious to mention. The time of payment to be agreed on at the sale.
JOHN SYME, JAMES OVERTON, junior.
To be LET, to the lowest undertaker, at Prince Edward courthouse, on the 15th of this instant (February)
THE building of a WOODEN COURTHOUSE, 46 by 24, and 12 feet pitch. Particulars will be laid before the undertaker on the day appointed. One hundred pounds will be advanced in October next, and one hundred pounds more, if that be the balance, in October 1774, the undertaker giving proper security. Attendance will be given by
PETER LE GRAND, JOHN MORTON.
I INTEND to sell the following tracts of LAND, in Cumberland county, to wit, the land whereon I now live, which contains about 1500 acres, on which is a good dwellinghouse, and all convenient outhouses, in good repair; also a peach orchard which contains about 8000 fine young trees of the best fruit, an apple orchard which contains about 250 fine young trees, and almost every other kind of fruit trees in a flourishing state. On the said plantation is sowed about 60 acres of land in timothy; there is likewise a well accustomed grist mill on a constant stream. Also a tract about three miles below the former, which lies near the courthouse, and contains about 900 acres, on which is an apple orchard, convenient houses for cropping, and about 100 acres of as good meadow land as any in the colony; which may be overflowed in a few hours by a stream that runs through it; about six acres of said land is sowed in timothy. Likewise about 600 acres, lying on both sides of Willis's, of which there are about 200 acres of low grounds, a good apple orchard, and all convenient houses for cropping. Also 200 acres on Nuddy creek, with a plantation thereon. The above lands, except the last mentioned, lie as well, and is as suitable for the culture of corn, tobacco, and wheat, as any in this part of the country. I have also for sale, on Dan river, near Dix's ferry, about 1500 acres. For terms apply to
JOHN MAYO.
To be SOLD, at public auction, on the premises, on Thursday the 25th of February,
A TRACT of LAND, pleasantly situated on Mattaponi river, in King & Queen county, containing about 650 acres, whereon is a genteel two story brick house, and convenient outhouses, all of brick, and in good repair; also a large warehouse, 60 by 24, with a brick cellar the length of the house, and within 30 yards of a wharf, where vessels of a hundred tons may load. One half the purchase money to be paid on the 25th of October next, and the other half on the 25th of April, 1774, the purchasers giving bond, with approved security, to
JOHN MEREDITH.
*** There are, belonging to the above mentioned tract of land, 100 acres of marsh, on the other side the river, which will be sold with the land. Likewise, at the same time and place, will be sold, on twelve months credit, all my stock of horses, cattle, hogs, &c. with a considerable quantity of household and kitchen furniture.
J. M.
NORTH CAROLINA, January 1, 1773. THE subscriber will be in the neighbourhood of Salisbury during the months of March, April, and May next, in order to treat with such Gentlemen as may be inclined to purchase any of his lands in this province. What are now in his hands are the choice of several large surveys, run as far back as the year 1739, and are laid off in several hundred tracts, from 200 to 1000 acres. The soil is remarkably suited to the culture of wheat and tobacco, and is generally allowed to be equal in goodness to any on the continent. Time of payment will be allowed as may be agreed upon; and the lands may be viewed, and further particulars known, by applying either to Benjamin McCulloch, Esquire, of Halifax county, William Johnson and Michael Holt, Esquires, of Orange county, John Kimborough, Esquire, of Guilford county, Thomas Frohock, Esquire, of Rowan county, Thomas Polk, Esquire, of Mecklenburg county, and Felix Kenan, Esquire, of Duplin county.
JOHN E. MCCULLOCH.
JUST PUBLISHED, And to be SOLD, wholesale and retail, By WILLIAM RIND,
HYMNS AND SPIRITUAL SONGS, Collected from the WORKS of several Authors.
IN THREE BOOKS.
I. ON BAPTISM. II. ON THE LORD'S SUPPER. III. ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS.
Large allowance will be made to those who purchase to retail.
JUST PUBLISHED, And to be SOLD, by EDWARD CUMINS, At the NEW PRINTING OFFICE In WILLIAMSBURG,
THE
STORER, OR THE AMERICAN SYREN: BEING A COLLECTION OF THE NEWEST AND MOST APPROVED SONGS.
Price one PISTEREEN.

NANSEMOND, February 2, 1773. WANTED IMMEDIATELY, UPON CHARTER, FOR PORT GLASGOW, A VESSEL of about 400 hogheads. For terms apply to JOHN HAMILTON, and company.
TAKEN up, in Prince George, a large black horse, appears to be very old, has been much worked, paces slow, branded I on the near buttock, has a short sprig tail and a divided mane. Posted, and appraised to 3l. 5s. WILLIAM ANDERSON.
TAKEN up, in Augusta, a bright bay mare, about 5 years old, 13 hands high, has a blaze in her forehead, paces and trots, but neither docked nor branded. Posted, and appraised to 4l. 5s. JAMES TRIMBLE.
TO BE SOLD, BETWEEN 4 and 500 acres of valuable LAND, on Cedar Run , in Fauquier county; the land is of the pignut soil, whereon is a well improved plantation, a dwellinghouse with two brick chimnies, three fireplaces, and four rooms on a floor, with convenient outhouses, a very good apple orchard, between eight and twelve acres of improved meadow ground on the low grounds of Cedar Run , inferior in soil to none below the Ridge , with a great quantity of land, proper for meadow, unimproved; the land is well timbered, in a healthy part of the country convenient to church, court, presbyterian, and other dissenting meetinghouses, several fine boulting mills, particularly Churchill's famous mill, which, when converted to a merchant mill, will make the land of great value, as the soil is proper for any kind of grain, as well as Tobacco. For terms apply to Mr. John Chilton , near the premises, or the subscriber. WILLIAM RANSDELL.
THOMAS GLASS, GOLDSMITH AND JEWELLER, BEGS leave to inform his friends in particular, and the public in general, that he carries on his business as usual, at his shop in Hanover town; but having experienced the inconvenience of giving credit, is determined for the future to deal for ready money only. He returns thanks to his friends for past favours, and assures them that they may depend on having their orders executed, and at the lowest prices.
CAPTAIN John Johnstoun, of the Lord Camden , who was lost in his passage to London in 1770, with all his books and papers, by which accident his executors know not of whom to demand payment of his debts, all Gentlemen indebted to him will be pleased to make it known to Mr. Joseph Lane , of Westmoreland county, or to the subscriber, who is empowered to receive his debts. W. CARR.
R U N A W A Y From Captain M c KEITH's BRIG, Lately stranded on E G G I S L A N D, A B O U T F I F T Y IRISH CONVICTS,
Many of which are said to have landed in Gloucester county. Whoever apprehends the said servants, and will bring them to me, in York town, or secure them in any gaol, shall have TWENTY SHILLINGS reward for each, and be allowed all reasonable expenses. THOMAS LILLY.
On the first day of April next will be exposed to sale, for ready money, THE well-known TAVERN sometimes called Baylis's , sometimes Farrow's , at present Reno's ordinary, situate in the center of Prince William , eight miles from Dumfries , where all back roads terminate, and I believe more tobacco passeth by this door in one year than is made in the whole county in the same time, which renders it an excellent place either for tavern keeping, or a back store, with all convenient houses for either of those purposes, a well of good water, and about 400 acres of land. Also another tract of land, adjoining the aforesaid, containing about 250 acres, with a large dwellinghouse thereon in good repair, orchards, gardens, &c. and is in tolerable good order either for farming or crop-ping, the whole surrounded perhaps with as good a range for cattle of all kinds as is on this side the Blue Ridge . The whole will be sold together, or in parts, as may best suit the purchasers; and by application to the subscriber, four miles from the premises, any person may be shewn the land, and plats thereof, according to an accurate survey. CORNELIUS KINCHELOE.
C A N D L E S Of all sorts MADE and SOLD by the subscriber, in Norfolk , for CASH, SHORT CREDIT, or COUNTRY PRODUCE. CHRISTOPHER CALVERT.
STRAYED, or stolen, out of my pasture, the 11th of January , a sorrel mare near 14 hands high, with a blaze face, some saddle spots, her hind legs white up to her knees, and a white spot on each flank, paces slow, has a half roached mane, and switch tail, trots hard, is long bodied, and branded Z, but scarcely perceivable. Whoever brings the said mare to me shall receive TWENTY SHILLINGS , besides a reasonable allowance if taken up above 50 miles from my house, near Littlepage's bridge, Caroline county; or if stolen, I will give FIVE POUNDS on conviction of the thief. DUNCAN GRAHAM.
STRAYED, or stolen, from the upper part of King George , a large black mare, with some of her feet white, a sprig tail, a star in her forehead, and a fore back when she went away, but no brand that I remember. Whoever takes up the said mare, and will contrive her to the subscriber, living near Boyd's Hole , in Stafford county, shall have TWENTY SHILLINGS reward. LAWRENCE WASHINGTON.
PETERSBURG, December 28, 1772. SOME time ago Mr. John Alston advertised some Negroes for sale, as part of the estate of Mr. John Monro , deceased, since which I am informed a considerable number of them belong to the estate of Col. Andrew Monro , deceased, this is to give notice to all persons that the whole estate of the said Andrew Monro , consisting of several tracts of land, forty Negroes, and their increase, flocks of cattle, &c. is all mortgaged to Sir Lyonel Lyde , Baronet, of London , for a very considerable sum, which is recorded in the General Court , and as any purchaser can have no right to any part of the mortgaged effects till this debt is discharged, I have taken this method to inform the public, that no person may be deceived in making a purchase of any part of the mortgaged effects. RICHARD HANSON, Attorney for Sir LYONEL LYDE , Baronet.
** All persons indebted to Sir LYONEL LYDE , Baronet, and company, are desired to make immediate payment; and as great indulgence has been given, suits will be brought against all those who do not discharge their accounts at the next April General Court .
TAKEN up, in Cumberland, 5 hogs, about 2 years old, most of them white, marked with a crop in the right ear, and a swallowfork and under-keel in the left. Posted, and appraised to 5l. LITTLEBURY MOSBY.
TAKEN up, in Mecklenburg, a bay mare, about 3 years old, 4 feet 3 or 4 inches high, has some saddle spots, a star in her forehead, and docked, but not branded. Posted, and appraised to 8l. WILLIAM ALLEN.
TAKEN up, near Staunton, in Augusta, a bay horse, about 14 hands high, 9 or 10 years old, with a blaze and snip, a long scar on his back, his hind feet white, trots and paces, and has no perceivable brand. Posted, and appraised to 8l. JOHN BINGHAM.
To be LET, to the lowest bidder, on the second Monday in March next, if fair, if not, the next fair day, on the land of Joshua Evans, in Cameron parish, Loudoun county,
THE building of a BRICK CHURCH 53 by 40, two feet in the clear, and the walls to be 28 feet high from the surface. One hundred and fifty pounds will be paid the undertaker the day the work is let, he giving bond, and approved security. Three hundred and fifty pounds more will be paid in June next; and the other payments to be agreed on the day the work is let. Any person inclined to engage in the said building is desired to attend at the time and place appointed. JOHN MOSS, JEREMIAH HUTCHISON, } Churchwardens.
HANOVER town, January 1, 1773. I HEREBY give notice that against the 1st of March next the business now under my management will be put into the hands of Mr. John Davis , who has full power to settle and collect the debts due to Messrs. Murdoch, Donalds, and company . contracted at the stores kept at Boswell's by Mr. William Donald , and at this place by me. As many people have hitherto put off the settlement of their accounts, they cannot expect longer indulgence, unless their debts are ascertained; for which purpose I will give constant attendance here till the 1st of March , except the time of the merchants meeting in Williamsburg , and some of the adjoining county court days, which can be no inconvenience to those who come to settle, as Mr. Davis , who is thoroughly acquainted with the business, will then attend. The debts due to Messrs. Andrew Cochran, Robert Donald, and company , will be collected by Mr. Richard Morris , as formerly. JOHN JOHNSON.
NORFOLK, January 5, 1773. WHEREAS the partnership of Bolden, Lawrence, and company , expired on the 1st of this instant, this is therefore to request all persons indebted to them to pay off their accounts immediately, or settle their balances by bond, and those to whom they are indebted are desired to apply, and receive payment. The business of the house will be continued, and carried on to its usual extent, by JOHN LAWRENCE, and company.
TEN DOLLARS REWARD. RUN away from the subscriber, living in Westmoreland , the 12th of August , an Irish convict servant man named MATTHEW THARP , by trade a gardener, about 5 feet 5 inches high, well made, much pitted with the smallpox, has short dark hair, but generally wears a dark wig over it clubbed; had on, and took with him, a pair of leather breeches, light coloured cloth coat, old striped jacket, several white and osnabrig shirts, one check ditto, an old brown holland coat, striped holland trowsers much stained, shoes and stockings of many sorts, a hat almost new, with a band and buckle. This fellow was convicted last June Oyer Court was a twelvemonth for horsestealing. Any person that will secure him in any of his Majesty's gaols, so that I get him, shall receive the above reward. JOSEPH PEIRCE.
N. B. I have reason to believe he has taken a half blooded bay mare, as I cannot find her; she is about 14 hands high, and without a brand.
NORFOLK, January 25, 1773. THE subscriber intends for the West Indies soon, and returns in a few months. ROBERT TAYLOR.
A SCHOOLMASTER, capable of teaching READING, WRITING, and common ARITHMETIC, will meet with very good encouragement by applying to the subscriber in Mecklenburg . PEYTON SKIPWITH.
COMMITTED to the gaol of Accomack a runaway slave, about 21 years of age, 5 feet 4 inches high, very likely, and has a scar over his left eye, at his first commitment said he belonged to Mr. Otto Ball on James river, but now says he belongs to Mr. Morgan Sabb in Charlestown, South Carolina , and formerly was the property of Mr. Cornelius Divvick of Maryland , and was sold by Capt. Benjamin Hammond to the said Sabb , and that his own name is ABNER ; had with him, when taken up, two osnabrig shirts, and one pair of trowsers. He says he has been from his master two or three years, and has followed the water ever since. The owner, on proving his property, and paying charges, may have him of ISAAC DUNTON, Sheriff.
RUN away from the subscriber, at Petersburg , about the middle of September last, a very likely Negro man named PHIL , about 20 years of age, of a yellowish complexion, about 5 feet 9 inches high, and proportionably made; he is a native of Africa , but speaks broken English , having been some years in the West Indies , and has lost two joints off two of his fingers on his right hand; had on an osnabrig shirt, an old Virginia cloth waistcoat, with a new Negro cotton jacket over it, and a pair of old check trowsers. As he has been used to the sea, he will probably endeavour to get on board some ship, and make his escape out of the colony; all masters of vessels are therefore forewarned from harbouring or carrying him off, at their peril. I will give THREE POUNDS reward to any person who will deliver said slave to me, or to Mr. Hugh M c Mekin at Portsmouth , and FORTY SHILLINGS to secure him in any gaol, and give notice thereof. THOMAS GORDON,
WE the subscribers take this method of informing the public that a stage is now carried on between Philadelphia and Baltimore , by the way of Wilmington and Charles Town : The advantages that will attend this stage, we hope, will induce every person that wants a quick dispatch to Baltimore to favour us with their custom. As Wilmington is situated on Christiana , two miles from Delaware river, and Charles Town , on North East river, eight from the mouth of Elk river, we shall never be detained by contrary winds, which is frequently the case with other stages. Foudrey and Bush's stage leaves the Crooked Billet wharf, in Philadelphia , every Wednesday, and returns every Friday: Patrick Hamilton's stage waggon leaves Charles Town every Thursday, and returns every Friday from Wilmington ; and his packet leaves Charles Town every Saturday, and returns every Wednesday. Passengers pay from Philadelphia to Wilmington two shillings; from Wilmington to Charles Town five shillings; from Charles Town to Baltimore four shillings. Goods are received in Philadelphia by Messieurs Edwards and Marris , Chestnut street wharf . PATRICK HAMILTON, FOUDREY AND BUSH.
WILLIAMSBURG: Printed by WILLIAM RIND , at the NEW PRINTING OFFICE , on the Main Street. All Persons may be supplied with this GAZETTE at 12/6 per Year. ADVERTISEMENTS of a moderate Length are inserted for 3/ the first Week, and 2/ each Time after; and long ones in Proportion.