The Patowmac guardian, and Berkeley advertiser (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]), 1790-11-29 00:00:00

The PATOWMAC GUARDIAN, and BERKELEY ADVERTISER.
[PRICE TWO DOLLARS PER ANN.]
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 1790.
[NUMBER 3 OF VOL. I.]
WHERE LIBERTY DWELLS, THERE IS MY COUNTRY.
Franklin.
To the PUBLIC.
THE acknowledged utility of disseminating information and useful intelligence, periodically, renders it unnecessary to urge many arguments in defence of establishing a WEEKLY VEHICLE in this growing country, to convey such occurrences as have a tendency to improve, inform, or entertain. It has been a popular belief among the enlightened, that a PRESS conducted with a spirited prudence, has a manifest disposition to preserve the rights of free-men—to guard the glorious acquisitions of liberty—and to awaken despotic growth before it becomes too formidable to be subdued. The serenity of the political horizon, since the creation of our Federal Constitution, is an additional motive to animate those who love their country, to give news paper emigrants a hospitable and welcome reception. For when the printed column breathes nought but harmony, delicate minds have a great increase of delight in perusing the page. Besides the obvious certainty of the great FEDERAL CITY being established in the vicinity of this fertile retreat, contributes greatly to add dignity to a free and independent press.
Powerfully actuated with these salutary truths, I propose to establish a WEEKLY NEWS PAPER in this town, under the title of the PATOWMAC GUARDIAN, and BERKELEY ADVERTISER. And from the kind and disinterested patronage of its encouragers, I trust disappointment will not counteract my endeavours. The Press shall be ever open to genius, science, or men of a literary turn, yet it never shall contain a line that will “Give virtue scandal, innocence a fear, Or from the soft-eyed virgin steal a tear.”
With regard to domestic politics—pains will be taken to give the Public an accurate and early account of the proceedings and debates of those bodies in whose hands their dearest interests are intrusted.
Foreign politics will be collected from the most authentic prints, received with regularity.
Agriculture, being, with justice considered as the main support of a young country, particular attention will be paid to its interests and concerns.
Commerce, from the assistance which it affords to Agriculture, by furnishing an outlet for the productions of the earth, and from the tendency which it has to extend human knowledge, and to promote liberality of sentiment and universal philanthropy, by the intercourse which it occasions between the most remote nations, deserves and will hold a place in this paper.
Manufactures and useful Arts. Much valuable information will be given under this important head. —The Public will be furnished with accounts of the progress and improvements in AMERICAN MANUFACTURES. This will tend to make our ingenious countrymen exert their talents in this way, by exhibiting what may be done and exciting a laudable spirit of emulation.
Essays and extracts, which may tend to promote the cause of religion and virtue, will be particularly noticed.
Works of wit, humour, and of fancy, provided they be the offspring of genuine good humour, free from abuse and indelicacies, will find a place. Interesting occurrences, an account of which may have a tendency to improve, to entertain, or to add any thing to the stock of useful knowledge, shall be faithfully recited.
Instructive and entertaining Anecdotes, deserve and will be noticed.
No pains will be spared to improve this Paper. Advice will thankfully be received and attended to;—yet, no consideration whatever shall induce me blindly to submit to the influence of any man or set of men.
But as pompous promises wear the appearance of empty ostentation, I will not further weary the Public attention, but trust to the liberal and men of taste for support—whose confidence and approbation I trust my exertions shall always merit.
I am, with every sentiment of respect and esteem, The Public's most obedient, humble servant, N. WILLIS.
SHEPHERD'S-TOWN, November 15, 1790.
Subscriptions for the GUARDIAN are received at Martinsburg by Messrs. M C KNIGHT, M C KEWAN, ROGERS, and HARDEEY.—In Middletown, by Capt. WILLIAM WILLISON.—At Hoyalwell, by Mr. GUISSEPIN MINGHIN.—In Charlestown, by Capt. CHERRY:—by such other gentlemen as subscription papers are lodged with—and at the Printing-Office hereof.
Advertisements of a moderate length, are inserted in this paper three weeks, for One Dollar.
GEORGIA, Sept. 21.
The following resolutions were passed at the town of Washington, on the 21st instant, by the Representatives from the respective bodies of the Combined Society.
Resolved.
THAT all that tract of country, situate, lying and being south of the river Oconee, and bounding by a line running from the Appalachee river (or south fork of Oconee) to the head or source of Flint river, thence down Flint river, to its confluence with the Chattahoochee, thence in a direct line to the head or source of the river St. Mary's, thence to the confluence of the Oconee and Oakmulgee, thence up the river Oconee, to the place of beginning, estimated to include about 8000000 of acres, which is intended to be made a purchase of from the state of Georgia by the combined Society, shall be nominated and known by the name of the Oakmulgee Company Purchase: and, that the whole of the Combined Friends, or members of the Combined Society, shall be co-equal, as tenants in common, in the said Oakmulgee Company Purchase; except the claims heretofore provided for by the said Society.
And be it further resolved,
That the said Society will not make any provision for, or establish any surveys heretofore made within the aforesaid boundary.
Resolved,
That a committee be appointed to draw up a publication in support of the state rights to the lands about to be applied for and purchased by the Society from the state of Georgia.
AMERICANS, FRIENDS, and GEORGIANS,
IT is time we should be roused from this political stupor which has characterised us for some little time past; and state to the world plain facts, what are and ever have been considered to be our territorial rights since the first settlement of this country. Let us consider the man who dares to declare himself an advocate for measures lately adopted in the commissioner's closet, as one who would stab our original chartered rights, break down the most sacred articles of our supreme and federal constitution, and in short do any thing that might abridge the rights and liberties of every citizen of this state.—Who are the citizens of the state of Georgia? Are they so abandoned, so profligate, such violent opposers to all good order and government, that the executive arm of the grand political body is to be stretched forth to curb their turbulent and licentious proceedings? Or are they men who have, thro' their late struggles, had their wives and children butchered in their view, and lost blood and treasure in giving their aid to establish our glorious independence? If they come within the latter description, they are treated with the most savage-like cruelty; my countrymen, do we deserve this treatment? If we do, where is the liberty for which we have so cheerfully bled? Where is that security of person and property, and those innumerable blessings that we had reason to expect from that well framed fabric, the federal constitution? Ill-fated Georgians! instead of those blessings, we are left to deplore our injured rights shamefully violated.
It is not the constitution we complain of, but the stretch and attempt to violate it; and we trust and hope the American people still retain too high a sense of their rights, slumberingly or servilely to suffer them to be bounded over, or turned to base purposes: in forming this basis and magna charta of American liberty, Georgia, among the other states, had her voice, and when formed, she with avidity grasped and adopted it as her salvation and corner-stone: thus supported, we dare assert our rights, let the infringement of them be ever so trivial. The violent infraction, of which we now complain, ought to awake the feelings of every free born American.
An act of Congress, and the definitive treaty with the Creeks, most evidently designs to deprive this state of at least four-fifths of her territory, to prove which, let us recur to the definitive treaty between Great-Britain and the United States; I call upon the candid reader to take a view of the second article of that treaty, which declares that, “from the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, (after describing a number of lines to the north westward) to the north western point of the Lake of the Woods;—thence a due west course to the river Mississippi; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river, until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of the north latitude—south by a line to be drawn due east from the determination of the last line mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Chalahouchee; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with Flint river; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's river; thence down along the mid-
dle of St. Mary's river to the Atlantic ocean;—thence (by various lines) to the place of beginning.” All the lands between the north line of the state of New-Hampshire and the southern boundary of South-Carolina, extending to the Mississippi, compose twelve of these states; all the territory of the United States south of that boundary, must therefore be the thirteenth, Georgia. Can there be any land included within the aforesaid boundary which doth not belong to some one individual state, except such land has been specially ceded to the general government by such state? Every compact which hath been entered into between the States, certainly proves the contrary. If Congress had a right to the territory of any state, why did they recommend that the southern states should make liberal cessions, and actually accept from some of them? From Georgia, it is well known, she proposed to purchase—how then, my friends, is it possible, that the right of soil, within the limits of the state of Georgia, can belong to any power or set of men on earth but the citizens thereof? It cannot be: the contrary opinion, whatever may be advanced, proves that he is both ignorant of, and inimical to, the rights of a free and independent people. The second article of the confederation between the states, is in point, and in the words following: “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not expressly by this confederation, delegated to the United States in Congress assembled.” And there is not an article or word, in any part of the confederation, which relinquishes an atom of our territorial rights. In this state of sovereignty and independence, Georgia leagued with the other states: all the proceedings and acts of the state, therefore, during the existence of the confederation, are and must be deemed in their nature sovereign and independent; and of this description are the treaties heretofore made between the state of Georgia, and the Creek Indians.
The great question now is, how far those sovereign and independent rights are abridged by the federal compact. The scope and intention of that constitution was, “To form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity.” Let common sense but be consulted and she will pronounce that it bespeaks nothing more clearly than a union of the states and support of the territories of each as they then were. The eighth section of the first article among others defining the powers of Congress, is thus: “to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of the particular States and the acceptance of Congress become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places, purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, &c. &c. &c.” This most pointedly recognizes the right of the legislature of each state to dispose of her territory. The second clause of the sixth article is well known to be the only shadow of right on which are to be found the negotiations with General M c Gillivray. “This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made and which shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land.” Yet we know that the world will never excuse such forced and strained constructions as to carry it to negotiations with tribes of Indians within the boundaries of a state, for the purpose of abridging her territorial rights, while the following words continue to be part of the same constitution, to wit: “The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States: and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state.” Sect. 5. art. 4.
Now, my fellow-citizens, if you have aught of that patriotic spirit which you one day displayed in a manner that doth honor to yourselves, and will to your posterity so long as there shall be an inclination in mankind to be informed of past transactions, you will unanimously recommend to the Representatives of Georgia, to remonstrate, in a most solemn and decisive manner, against the treaty lately entered into between the United States and Gen. M c Gillivray; and shew that august body, that we cannot tamely submit to have taken from us what we consider to be the birth-right of every Georgian; and particularly when they have (in our opinion) shattered the sacred rights of that glorious system, the Federal Constitution.
Wanted immediately,
A lower Room, or Chamber. One in the Front Street will be preferred. Apply to the Printer.

Foreign Advices,
Received by late arrivals.
R O M E, August 1.
THE conduct of the people of Avignon to obtain their liberty, very seriously affects our Court. Disgusted with the inutility of negotiation to bring back the people to obedience, it has at length determined to solicit the intervention of different powers. The brief which his Holiness has dispatched to his Nuncio at Paris:
"The maxims of independence, and an unrestrained liberty, propagated by the enemies of religion, sovereignty, and public tranquility, have induced the inhabitants of Avignon to commit the most enormous outrages, and to debase themselves by the most execrable perfidy. This people, which has lived so many ages under the mild and happy dominion of the Holy See, has been led away by the bold and artful practices of some delinquent persons, who, amidst tumults and anarchy, have at length produced an open rebellion."
"To prevent all cause of complaint, the Holy See has in vain displayed its benevolence towards those subjects, of whose disaffection it complains, by occasionally furnishing them from its own sources, with plenty of grain, by lightening their expenses, by facilitating the administration of Justice, and by inviting them paternally to make known the defects and abuses which might have crept into their Legislation, in order to their being reformed."
"All these cases, all these effects of condescension of a generous Pontiff, far from exciting any gratitude, have only served to render these unhappy men more rebellious and more insolent. Every day has produced new crimes and new excesses."
"After having overturned from the foundation, the ancient system of the municipality and the tribunals, seduced the militia, usurped the rights of the throne and the altar, insulted the Holy Father and the ministers, published writings injurious to the supreme power, and violated even with contempt every thing sacred and profane, they have at length attained the end of their infamous designs, by imbruing their hands on the 12th and 13th of June last in the blood of their fellow-citizens, by forcing M. Gassani, Vice-Legate, to leave the city and territory of Avignon, by pulling down the arms of the reigning Pontiff, their only Sovereign, and tumultuously substituting for them those of his most Christian Majesty, whose known equity, religion, and respect for the Holy See, fully convinces that Court, that, far from favouring so criminal a procedure, he would not suffer them to pass with impunity."
"Such, in a few words, is the account of the insurrection of the revolted of Avignon, of which the Cardinal Secretary of State, by order of the Holy Father, has the honour to inform you, to the end, that you would be pleased to communicate the same to the Court where you reside; and it is in the full persuasion that it will take a part suitable to the importance of an event, which is the common cause of all sovereigns, and to the particular friendship which it has ever professed towards the sacred person of his Holiness."
L O N D O N, September 3.
The following history occupies the public attention at Berlin very much:—The Female Orphan House in that city had several tutors (clergymen) three of whom have debauched twelve girls, from twelve to fourteen years old; one of them had always to stand by the bed side, when he was in bed with the third; this man had been in orders for six months.
They are all three imprisoned, and will be tried for the offences, and reap the reward due to such horrid practices, more severely so, as they were clergymen.
In the year 1768, nearly a similar circumstance happened at the same place, and the offenders were Dissenters; the present culprits are of the same persuasion.
Extract of a letter from Paris, August 22.
"The populace, whose intentions of hanging have been so often defeated by the interference of the National Guards, made a fresh attempt of the same kind on Wednesday last, in the Faubourg St. Antoine, and proceeded to more than usual acts of violence. They had taken up a robber whose offence was attended with some aggravating circumstances, and were going to do justice in their usual manner, when their prey was taken from them by a detachment of the guard on foot. Knowing, however, that the soldiers are forbid to fire, and are only allowed to make use of their bayonets, they attacked them with stones, wounded some of them dangerously, and beating them off, got the delinquent again into their hands. As the fatal lantern is always ready, the poor devil would have been suspended in a few minutes, if the horse had not joined the foot, and rescued him a second time. As there is a particular animosity between the inhabitants of that quarter and the national guards, the people were much enraged, and equally disappointed at being interrupted in their favourite pastime. The government taking this into consideration, and seeing plainly that somebody must be hung, thought it would be better that the lot should fall upon a man legally convicted, and ordered a criminal to be executed for robbing a church, at the same time to satisfy the people, and as an example to all whom it may concern."
The ceremony was accordingly performed, the day before yesterday, in the presence of an immense concourse of applauding spectators on the Place de Greve, and it is now hoped that the Parisians will be quiet, at least for some time."
All the country jails in this kingdom are at this moment so crowded with sentenced convicts that they must inevitable disgorge in a short time. Administration is for sending them to Botany Bay.—Many however, think it would be better to send them at once via the gallows to that other world from whose bourne no weary traveller returns , than to transport them to the inhospitable wastes of Botany Bay, where the savages are unfriendly and ferocious, and the country itself most miserably unproductive. The minister, it is certain is puzzled how to dispose of them, as he must get them off his hands some how or other. Botany Bay is selected, as the most remote and inhospitable settlement on the habitable globe, where those depraved wretches linger out their existence, or put an end to it in despair, without the rest of mankind being witness to the disgusting scene.
September 11. The letters received yesterday from persons of the best information and authority in Paris, give us the strongest reason to believe that a civil insurrection is at no great distance. The executive government has lost its energy; the legislative power is ineffectual, from the party disputes that prevail among the members of it; and the rabble seem only to watch a favourable moment, to attempt the lives of several of the most distinguished public characters.
Some letters, indeed, were received yesterday, dated after the dispatch of the mail, which assert that a riot had began, and that the national guards had been repulsed, but we have not learnt the particulars of the affair in such a manner as to be able to report them correctly. But the fermentation was general.
The cry of the mob is, " Cut off the Heads of the Ministers in general! " It is expected that they will all resign.
The public mind is much divided on the grand plan of paying off the debt with paper money. This floating stock amounts to two milliards, or eighty millions sterling.
The press still continues with unabated activity. Two additional tenders have been employed in that service on the river Thames, since Tuesday last.
September 14. A placart, or royal proclamation has been issued by the Minister of the home-department in Spain, bearing date at Buen Reriro, Monday the 6th of August, which forbids, under pain of forfeiting double the value, the exportation of wheat, barley, flour of wheat, barley flour, or meal of barley, before the first day of December next, when his Majesty and Council will be ready to prescribe the terms on which any exports of those articles will be permitted for the remainder of the year.
The Lieutenant Sandel, who commanded the Swedish fire-ship, which occasioned the loss in the Swedish fleet, in the action of the 3d of July, has been tried by a council of war, and condemned to die.
We are taught to believe, that the next messenger from the Court of Madrid will determine the important question of peace or war: and on that depends, in a great measure, the precise time of assembling the new parliament.
A morning paper of yesterday says, that in consequence of dispatches received by Government on Tuesday last, the orders of the Admiralty for the speedy equipment of the fleet in the Downs, were suddenly countermanded late on Wednesday evening, and the whole of it, consisting of ten sail of the line, were ordered back to Spithead, where they are probably arrived ere this. At the same time orders were sent to Portsmouth to stop the sailing of all the ships destined to the Downs.
The streets of Paris are nightly disturbed by some riotous proceeding or other, and the fatal moment of a general tumult is anxiously and hourly apprehended. Fayette is hissed almost wherever he goes. No one has yet been appointed to succeed Mr. Neckar, nor is it expected that any successor to him will be named for the present. It is intended to do the business of the finance department by a committee of the National Assembly, and M. de Lambert is to be their principal secretary. The resignations of Messrs Tour du Pitt, de la Luzerne, de St. Priest, and the other members of the administration, were every moment expected.
A late letter from Paris mentions, that M. de Orleans, if he was ever attached to any party, has lately quitted it, and is now a warm advocate for the King; and that all his efforts will, in future, be directed to remove M. de la Fayette from the command of the National Militia.
It is extremely probable that M. Neckar is no longer Minister of Finances in France. In their deranged state, it will be an arduous task to reduce them to order. We doubt not there will be many candidates for the office, but to find men of experience and abilities fit to succeed M. Neckar, is, perhaps, beyond the reach of the anticipating wisdom of the National Assembly.
The affair of Nancy is now known to have proceeded from the many seditious writings and other means set on foot by the malcontents of the revolution. More than 400 lives were lost in it.
Plymouth, Sept. 12. On Monday evening last, arrived at Plymouth Sound, L'Experience, French King's brig of 12 guns, Capt. Vannau, from Cherbourg, on a cruise of eleven days, having on board a very large party of young French Noblemen, on a nautical tour, who was not permitted to anchor, but ordered to sea again.
UNITED STATES.
PORTSMOUTH, October 30.
By letters from London, of September 19, received in this town, we are informed, that the British FLEET had arrived into port; but the impressing of seamen still continued, and every warlike preparation was going on with unabated activity at that time.
BOSTON, October 31.
Yesterday Edward Vail Brown, and John Bailey, a black man, who had been severally convicted of burglary, were brought to the bar, when his honor Chief Justice Sergeant, after a few preliminary observations, which did great honor to his head and heart, pronounced sentence of death on both of them.
The court-house, on this occasion, was crowded with citizens—attracted by the uncommon sight of a fellow citizen as Brown once was, the head of a family, who until late years, supported an unblemished character for probity and industry, and who once bid fair to be a man of affluence—arraigned at the bar of public justice, to receive sentence of death for an atrocious crime. While commiseration cast a gloom on every countenance, a solemn silence indicated the impression which each one received from the scene.
Brown appeared in much distress, and whilst the sentence was delivering, sunk down on the floor.
NEW-YORK, November 9.
A letter from Hispaniola mentions, there are arrived here, from the Ohio Country, by way of Mississippi, near one thousand barrels of flour, made in that country. What avenues of commerce will you Americans not explore?"
Nov. 12. By the brig Caroline, Capt. Mead, who arrived here on Wednesday last, in 40 days from the Isle of Rhea, we learn, that on the 21st of September, the British fleet, under Lord Howe were still cruising at sea, and not returned to the English channel, as stated in some other accounts.
By the ship Charlotte, which is arrived at Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, in 33 days from Biddeford, in England, we learn, that the English fleet had returned into port before he sailed. And by the brig Pallas, Captain Towne, who has arrived at Boston, we learn, that the Spanish fleet had also returned into port, about the 6th of September. "The mountain has laboured, but not even a mouse is brought forth."
PHILADELPHIA, November 9.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in New-Orleans, to his friend in this city, dated June 27.
"There is a report prevailing here, that a company of Americans, under the sanction of a grant from North-Carolina, is about making a settlement at the Yazous, a part of the territory claimed by the Spaniards; and that Mr. Hastings, from India, has empowered an agent to purchase 100,000 acres of land. Government appear to have noticed it."
Sir JOHN TEMPLE, his Britannic Majesty's Consul-General for the United States, has received his King's permission and passport to return to Great-Britain.
In the late procession on the great Federation-Day, at Paris, one of the most striking ensigns was that on which was written, in letters of gold—THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS. It was carried before every thing, and proves the French have perfectly ascertained to what they were indebted for the freedom which they now enjoy.
DR. FRANKLIN.
IT will be a monument of the victory of philosophy over prejudice, that Benjamin Franklin, who 50 years ago was a Compositor in London, for 12s. a week, should have lived to be the author of a Revolution, that emancipated a Continent; and that a solemn public mourning should be decreed to his memory by the greatest nation in Europe.
NATURAL HISTORY.
Few people have any idea of the surprising longevity of the Land-Tortoise (commonly called the Land-Turtle.) The following instance, however, which is well authenticated, will put this matter beyond a doubt. In the year 1746, one of these creatures was caught by a person in Massachusetts, who engraved on the under shell the figures 1746, together with the initials of his name. Fourteen years afterwards it was found by a gentleman about a mile from the spot where it was first taken, and marked W. S. 1760. About three weeks ago it was found a third time in the same vicinity, and being brought to the gentleman last mentioned, he has renewed his mark, adding "September 1790." This venerable animal is again at his liberty and on another tour. It is observable that he appears of the same size as when first taken, 44 years ago, and as long life is generally preceded by slow growth both in the animal and vegetable world, it is concluded he has been an inhabitant of the state more than sixty years, having been both royalist and republican, and in the worst of times adhered to his country, when some others, with more brains but less constancy, turned their backs upon her. The life of this animal may probably in time be published unless he should out-live all his contemporaries.

ries—in which case he will have to trust for immortality to the industrious researches of the nineteenth century.
Nov. 18. According to the latest advices from England, all is going wrong in France: this may be the case; but we have so often been amused by fictitious accounts from the English papers, that prudence will certainly suspend a full credence to the present.
BALTIMORE, November 16—23.
During the late election at Liverpool, in England, the friends of BAMBER GASCOIGNE , Esq. put up a board, recommending the favourite by these emphatical expressions: " Defender of the African Slave Trade!!! "
On Monday the 8th instant, the Legislature, now sitting at Annapolis, unanimously re-elected his Excellency JOHN EAGOR HOWARD , Esquire, Governor of this State.
The House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia, (now sitting at Richmond) have passed the following Resolution, viz. "Resolved, That so much of the act, entitled an act, making provision for the debt of the United States, as limits the right of the United States in their redemption of the public debt, is dangerous to the rights, and subversive of the interest of the people, and demands the marked disapprobation of the General Assembly."
The Hon. John Brown, Esq. is re-elected a representative in the Congress of the United States, for the district of Kentucky, in Virginia.
English news-papers, received by the latest arrivals, further advise, That party prevails so much in France, that it has become nearly impossible to distinguish on which side Truth and Justice lie. That a counter revolution was daily looked for by the Aristocratic party, who now begin to demonstrate their confidence, by levelling the most marked contempt and derision against the National Assembly. That recent advices from France further add, that the Prince de Conde has not less than 20,000 men in daily pay, whom he can muster in the course of Twelve hours. That a revolution in France seems almost inevitable. That the minds of the people were again in a state of fermentation, and ripe for any desperate enterprise. That things will revert into the old channel, is impossible; that they should remain as they are, is also impossible; that it is to be hoped that, from these convulsions, a Form of Government may arise, MILD, FIRM, EFFECTIVE, AND PERMANENT.
WINCHESTER, November 24.
On Tuesday, the 9th instant, the General Assembly of this Commonwealth proceeded to elect a Senator of the United States in the room of the Honorable William Grayson, Esq. deceased, and a majority of votes was found in favour of James Munroe, Esquire.
Extract of a letter from a person who accompanied the French Emigrants to the Western Country, to his friend in this town.
"We have proceeded as far as the Blue Licks, from which place I write you, without any interruption from the savages. It is now only three hundred miles to the place of our destination."
SHEPHERD'S-TOWN, November 29.
Advices from Constantinople, of the 13th August last, by a letter recently delivered to his correspondent in London, said—'That information had arrived there, and was communicated by the Reis Effendi , the Governor of that City, that the Asiatick Forces, to the number of one hundred and twenty thousand, well equipped, were expected to be in readiness by the first of September—they were to rendezvous at Adrionople by the 29th of this month: part of this grand reinforcement, together with what are gathering from the European Provinces, will form an army sufficient to prevent the approach of the Russians on the side of Bulgaria; and from the peace concluded by the King of Hungary, the Turks availing themselves of that, will inevitably put a stop to the carrier of the Russians, and from the assistance of Sweden, who will be certainly protected by the King of Prussia, the Porte will have great reason to expect that her Imperial Majesty, or Aucratrix of all the Russias, will be obliged to evacuate all her conquests, and submit to the conditions of the former treaty of peace. In case of refusal, we are assured here, that a British fleet will act in conjunction to compel her to a pacific disposition. But whether the Ottomans will allow the Russians to keep the Crimea in possession, is a matter to my knowledge not yet thoroughly investigated, nor her having the freedom of navigation through the Black Sea and from thence through the Mannora and the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean, though this passage was guaranteed to Russia by her last treaty with the Turks. I hope, however, that the mediating powers will soon so humble the stretches of her Imperial Highness, that the powers concerned will soon bring about a peace, as the balance of power both in Europe and Asia is immediately interested. This is the wish of all what I consider judicious people in this place, and from the present state of the principal powers on the globe, we have every reason to hope that a general peace is not far off.'
In a letter from the celebrated Monsieur Voltaire to the late Earl of Chesterfield, upon the rise, fall, and improvements as to population and cultivation of countries, he makes this remarkable observation:—'I see the Ball of Empire rolling Westward, and, my dear Lord, if you and I were to live one hundred years longer than we expect to do, we should then see AMERICA, which at present I may say is little better than a wilderness, become the seat of every art, of every science, and will at length arrive to be superior to any government in the most enlightened ages.'
Friday last was executed at Winchester, James Medlicott , for the murder of William Heffron .—Report says—some very extraordinary circumstances took place relative to this execution; but the particulars, for want of authentic information, we shall postpone until our next.— Medlicott, though banged (it is said) is still LIVING!!!
The Honorable Samuel Sterett, William Pinkney, Joshua Seney, William Vans Murray, Philip Key, and Upton Sheredine, Esquires, are elected Representatives for the State of Maryland, in the Congress of the United States.
The General Assembly of the State of Maryland has passed an act, granting 27,000 towards erecting the Federal Buildings.—The sum granted by this State is said to be 70,000 dollars.
No authentic accounts of the late expedition against the Indians in Kentucky, have been received since our last.
Extract of a letter from Jamaica, to a gentleman in this town, dated September 20, 1790.
'We have had here another storm, which has done considerable damage to the canes, and all the plantation walks are thrown down:—this will cause a want of provisions, and of course raise the price of flour.'
Died last week, Mr. HENRY FISHER , Æt. 58.—an industrious, honest German.
Died at Bolton the 6th inst. the Hon. JAMES BOWDOIN , Esq. formerly Governor of the State of Massachusetts.
At Frederick-Town, in the 79th year of his age, Mr. Thomas Schley , one of the first settlers in that town.
CHARACTER of the ENGLISH.—From a Swedish author.
England, without dispute, is the Queen of Isles—the empire and arsenal of Neptune. She is, at the same time, the Peru of Europe, the kingdom of Bacchus, the school of Epicurus, the academy of Venus, the country of Mars, the abode of Minerva, the support of Holland, the scourge of France, the purgatory of partizans of opposition, and the paradise of those of liberty.
The women are handsome, but their beauty is attended with something very insipid. Bravery there, is, as it were, natural to men, but carried to an excess that approaches to savageness. Wit and judgment reign there, and perhaps more than in any other country whatever: but they produce a certain air of pride, which considerably diminishes their merit. It is there, one may say, that fortune distributes her favours abundantly: but these islanders are ignorant of the use they ought to make of them to strangers, as their courtiers, and their state, are the only objects of their liberality.
Their language is an odd mixture of almost all the tongues of Europe, but with this advantage, that it expresses itself the best of all of them. In short, it is a nation where nothing is wanting to its happiness, but to know how to enjoy it. Her natural restlessness, and extreme jealousy for liberty and property, have very often plunged her into civil wars, which have laid her destruction.
The three journeys I made there have led me into their manners. I venture to assert that it is the most delightful country in the world for young gentlemen to be amused in, provided they are masters of the language, and able to support the expence: and, if the high road to hell be sown with delights and pleasures, you must necessarily pass through England to it.
Spain and its Treasures.
There is hardly a nation in Europe who has not a larger property in the plazas and galleons of Spain than herself. All the treasure, it is true, is brought home in Spanish names ; but Spain is no more than a canal , through which these treasures are conveyed all over the rest of Europe.
The preservation, therefore, of the Spanish monarchy in America, undismembered and entire, has, for ages, been the general inclination of all the other European powers: for were the riches that flow into Spain, from her American possessions, to fall into the hands of any other nation, particularly England, all Europe would be soon drained of the greatest part of its treasure.
Should England consequently possess itself of the Western territories of Spain, she would excite such a powerful opposition, even from France herself, as would greatly overbalance the wealth she would acquire.
As Holland is the chief carrier of European commerce, so is Spain only the chief carrier of the medium of commerce, money; and tho' the former is losing by the general extension of Navigation, a great part of her business to the welfare of the other maritime states; the rest of Europe would never tamely allow England to conquer Spanish America, as they are of opinion, that if the mart for bullion were transferred from Madrid to London, they would be deprived of the vital principle which sets trade in motion; and undoubtedly, speaking as a citizen of Europe, with whom could the mart be so safely lodged as the Indians?
EXTRACTS.
DEATH is only terrible to us, as a charge of state. Let us then live so as to make it only a continuation of it, by the uniform practice of charity, benevolence, and religion, which are to be the exercises of the next life—unless we are to be as idle and worthless as the Gods of Lucretius.
He who desires more than will supply the competencies of life, except for the sole purpose of charity, respects others more than himself.—For he pays an expensive compliment to the world—as all beyond the first requisites is expended merely to attract the admiration or provoke the envy of his neighbours.
The English Constitution of State is composed out of all the ancient politicks, monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, and oligarchy—the king, nobles, commons, and privy council. These several bodies temper and correct each other, like the four ingredients of punch, where, according to the good old Catch, 'the sharp melts the sweet, the mild sooths the strong'—the first is the sugar, the second the water, the third the spirit, and the fourth the acid.
FOR SALE, A Valuable Plantation,
Situated in BERKELEY COUNTY , About 8 miles from SHEPHERD'S-TOWN , and one mile from HALL'S MILL , containing about 363 acres, 100 of which is now under improvement, has a good ORCHARD , with 120 bearing APPLE-TREES , a two-story stone DWELLING-HOUSE , with a KITCHEN, BARN , convenient OUT-HOUSES, LOOM-HOUSE, DISTIL HOUSE , &c. &c. There are on the above Land 20 Acres of excellent MEADOW , and a number more might easily be made. A stream of good water runs through the whole Meadow. The Plantation is under good improvement. Whoever may incline to purchase the above Land, are requested to apply to the Subscriber, living on the premises.
THOMAS CROW.
November 23, 1790.
Richard M c Sherry,
At his NEW STORE in Martinsburg , (Lately Mr. M c KEWAN's Tavern) Is now opening and has ready for SALE , on the lowest terms, by wholesale and retail.
BEST old Jamaica and Antigua Spirits,
West-India and New-England Rum, London Madeira, Lisbon, Teneriff and Claret Wines, Loaf, Lump and Brown Sugar, Molasses, Coffee, Chocolate and Cotton, Hyson, Green and Bohea Tea, Ginger, Pepper, Allspice and Mustard, Gun-Powder, Shot, Flints, and Bar Lead, Indigo, Copperas and Madder, Crawly and blistered Steel, Cotton and Wool Cards, Iron and Salt, Queen's and Glass Ware.
Cash, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Bees-Wax, Indian Corn, and Public Securities, will be received in Payment.
Fort-Cumberland Nail-Manufactory.
At this place I make all sorts of Nails, Brads, Spikes, and SPRIGS ,
Which I will sell low for cash, or country produce. I also want a Number of NAILORS , that are good workmen, and I will give good wages.
JOHN PEIRCE.
November 22, 1790. N. B. At this place we work all Stone Coals.
Notice!
WHEREAS my Wife Catharine Lindsey , for a long time past, has behaved herself in an unbecoming manner, which I have suffered with every fortitude I was master of, but, on my late return from Winchester, I not only discovered her criminally connected with another man, but that she had run me in debt at several places in this town—I therefore am, in justice to myself, obliged to forbid all persons trusting her in future on my account, as I will pay no debt of her contracting, after this date.
DAVID LINDSEY.
Shepherd's-Town, November 23, 1790.
ENGLISH and German Almanacks for 1791

SEAT OF THE MUSES.
THE FUNERAL.
SEE the pall-supporting bearers All in undertaking shew; See the train of sable wearers Acting every mode of woe!
Silent crowds the spot surrounding, Call'd the grand-receiver's dome; Dismal-telling tenor sounding, Fellow-mortals! follow home!
Lift! oh, lift! ye state declaimers, On whose words the many dwell; Place-bestowing, patriot tamers, Hark! oh, hark! 'tis grandeur's knell.
Heralds loud proclaim the honors Of this once-puissant past; Tell his titles!—count his manors!— Lord of only this! at last.
View the tomb with sculpture splendid, View the sod with briars bound! Here the face of finery's ended! All are equal under ground.
Fashions here, there envies vanish'd! Beauties here can't plead their forms: Here precedencies are vanish'd; Offals, all to odious worms.
Wise folks, weak ones—poor and wealthy, Tenant, unremitting, graves; Haughty, humble, sick, and healthy— Briton's sons and Asia's slaves.
Gloom no more the brow with sorrow; Meet the moment, come what may: If we're all to die to-morrow, Let us live, my lads, to-day.
We'll not lavish life's expences, Nor be niggard while we pay: Let us please, not pall, our senses: This is reason's holiday.
Here, to dunces bid defiance— Affectations disapprove: Here's my toast—the grand alliance— Friendship, freedom, wit, and love.
A N E C D O T E S.
A Clergyman took for his text the following words—"Now, and pay unto the Lord thy vows." An Indian heard him very attentively, and stepping up to the parson, thus accosted him, "I vow I'll go home with you, Mr. Minister."—"You must go then," replied the parson. The Indian afterwards vowed to have supper; and then to stay all night. "You may," replied the clergyman, "but I vow you shall go in the morning."
THE Rev. Mr. N——, of New-Haven, was appointed to preach before the Association. Some circumstances prevented his attendance. He therefore thought it expedient to write and apologize. While he was thus engaged, a messenger arrived and informed him that his bull had grown very surly. Mr. N—— immediately wrote a few lines to the man who had his bull in pasturing, and by accident directed the letter to the Association. It was opened by the moderator, when, to his utter astonishment, he read as follows: You may tie up the old bull for the present, and when I can attend to it, I will come and take care of him." The reverend members were totally non-plussed; but at length an idea was started, and adopted as an explanation: it was this—that by the old bull they must understand the devil, whom they were to secure till Mr. N—— could come and take care of him.
ON CONVERSATION.
CONVERSATION is the key of the soul, by which we obtain her richest treasures. How unhappy would be man without an interchange of thought. The mind would be as riches offered, their shining beauties entirely buried, and prevented from their beneficially circulating among society. Our lives, without speech, would be a living death, wandering among silent tombs. The expression of our features, like the tomb inscription, might indicate the degree of worth of the inhabitants; notwithstanding, we should be debarred from their use and enjoyment. Conversation is the com-
forter of affliction, and the creator of pleasure. How are our griefs soothed by the voice of compassion! and how are we enkindled by rapture, by the breath of love!
Nature never hath a charm for me, unless I can participate it with a companion; then I can view streams stealing along the enraptured mead, to their parent seas, as emblems of filial respect. So do I behold aspiring mountains as emblems of ambition, valleys as humility, hanging woods as envy, where, if I hear the resounding axe of the woodman, I desire my companion would observe the folly of envy. Hark! Death is levelling the envious and the envied: see, they both fall in one undistinguished heap. It is not only the beauties of nature, but of play, opera, or ball: the most animated scene is lifeless: lively wit is stupidity, harmony is discord, and the regular though varied movements of the dance is confusion. Then what can make the solitary hermit forfeit the social pleasures of conversation? Is he afraid his rigid virtue should be contaminated by men? Let me dare to tell him his virtue is baseless, unless he mix with society. Then, if he have any virtuous principles, he will be exerted. Hath he humanity, he will succour, with all his ability, the distressed. If he be chaste, he will not be entangled in the toils of wantonness. If honest, as far as in his power, he will pay his due. And if temperate, the contagion of luxury will not affect him. Thus in the society of his fellow creatures, he may be useful, and actually virtuous, without losing the delights of social converse: but in the desert he can only be negatively good, as temptation cannot reach him: nor can he exert any one of his virtues for the want of his proper objects.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Sept. 20, 1790.
IT is hereby made known, that the following arrangement has been adopted towards carrying into execution the Act, making provision for the debt of the United States, viz.
Loan-Office Certificates, and those issued by the Commissioners for the adjustment of accounts in the several States, will be receivable only at the Treasury and by the respective Commissioners of Loans within the States in which they were respectively issued. The Certificates issued by the Register of the Treasury, by the Pay Master General and Commissioner of Army Accounts, by the Commissioners for the adjustment of the Accounts of the Quarter Master's, Commissary's, Hospital, Cloathing, & Marine Departments, Indents of Interest, and Bills of Old Omission, will be receivable indiscriminately at the Treasury and by the Commissioners of all the States. The situation of the Checks has dictated this arrangement for the greater security of the public against impositions by forged or counterfeit paper, and the details which have been adopted from the same consideration for the execution of the business are such, as will give facility and dispatch, if application from the Holders of Certificates of the Register of the Treasury and of the Paymaster General, and commissioner of Army Accounts, and of the Commissioners of the five Departments above mentioned are made in the first instance at the Treasury; and if applications from the Holders of Loan Office Certificates, and Certificates issued by the Commissioners for the adjustment of Accounts in the respective States, are made in like manner to the Commissioners of Loans within the States in which they were issued. Transfers can afterwards be made to any Office that the Proprietors of these Certificates may desire.
The Printers in the several States are requested to insert this.
PREPARING FOR THE PRESS.
And soon will be published,
THE MIRROR, A POEM:
Containing IMPARTIAL LIKENESSES of the characters in Winchester; drawn carefully, with an uncommon share of accuracy.
NUMEROUS men, in num'rous shapes we'll view, Through this clear MIRROR, impartial and true; Some with sad horror, here will see their face, And find each feature, mark'd with vile disgrace: Others with conscious courage in their breast, May see DAME VIRTUE in their looks exprest: These are the contrasts, held to public view, To aid faint worth—and dullness to subdue.
BERKELEY COUNTY, THIS is to give notice to all persons, that I have given my promissary notes, bearing date the 31st day of August, 1789, to the amount of forty pounds, payable at different times, two for fifteen pounds, and one for ten pounds, Pennsylvania money, unto a certain PHILIP MILLER, for a tract of land, which notes I forewarn any person or persons to take an assignment of, as I will not pay them until he makes me a title according to bargain. MATHIAS RISER.
JUST PUBLISHED AT BALTIMORE, And to be SOLD, by W. GODDARD and J. ANGELL, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, With large allowance to those who purchase great quantities. THE Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia ALMANACK, AND EPHEMERIS, For the YEAR of our LORD, 1791;
CONTAINING, The Motions of the Sun and Moon, the true Places and Aspects of the Planets, the Rising and Setting of the Sun, and the Southing, Rising, Setting, Place, and Age of the Moon, &c.—The Lunations, Conjunctions, Eclipses, Judgment of the Weather, Festivals and other remarkable Days; Days for holding Courts in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia—Observations on the peculiar Delightfulness of Astronomy—A pleasing and affecting story of the great Montesquieu—Nine Extracts from the Commonplace-Book of the Kentucky Philosopher, an American Sage, viz.—On Anger—Piety the Foundation of Morals—On Sincerity—Appearances often deceitful—The Consolation; a Maxim—Sayings and Sentiments of Wise Men on Temperance and Intemperance, &c. &c.—The Wile Man; or the Mute—Thoughts on Happiness—Mosaic Account of the Creation proved to be agreeable to the Newtonian Philosophy—Several valuable Agricultural Receipts, viz.—To multiply the Increase of Corn of any Kind—To prevent the Smut in Wheat—To prepare Seed to be sown on poor sandy Land; Six different highly approved Receipts—A Method of having large Crops of Wheat and other Grain—Various useful Receipts and Directions—1. Against the infectious Distemper among the horned Cattle—2. Dr. Malone's famous Recipe for a Cold—3. Cure for Deafness, or a dry Ear—4. The famous American Receipt for the Rheumatism—5. Receipt for the Cure of the Stone and Gravel—6. To make white Diachylon Plaster—7. Diachylon with the Gums—8. An excellent Strengthening-Plaster—9. Turner's Cerate, for Burns and Scalds—10. To make an excellent Drink which has been found, on repeated Trials, to be of singular Use in Summer Months, especially while the weather is very warm—11. To make Methelgin—12. To make and preserve Cider in the most easy Manner—13. To make Molasses of Apples—14. An approved Method to preserve the fine Flavour of Butter—15. To prevent Slugs getting into Fruit Trees.—POETRY—an elegant and interesting Hymn of Thanks for the Fruits, &c. of the Earth—On the Bills of Mortality—The Man of Business—Humorous Report of an adjudged Case, between Nose and Eyes—An instructive Epitaph—Epigram; on the Phrase "Killing Time"—An expeditious Method of finding the interest of any Sum of Money for any Number of Days, at the Rate of Six per Cent.—Reduction of the Currencies of the United States in Pounds, Shillings, Pence, &c. into milled Dollars—Reduction of Spanish milled Dollars, &c.—Table of the Weight and Value of Coins—Table shewing the Value of any Number of Dollars, from 1 to 1000, in the Currencies of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland—Scale of Depreciation, formed from the Observation of accurate Gentlemen in Baltimore-Town, for the Years 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, and 1781—Scale of Depreciation, fixed by the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, for adjusting and settling the Payment of Debts and Contracts entered into and made between the first Day of January, 1777, and the first Day of March, 1781—Side-Table for Chesapeake-Bay—Friends' Yearly and General Meetings—Roads, &c. &c.—The whole comprising a greater, more pleasing, and useful Variety, than any Work of the Kind and Price in NORTH-AMERICA, "The Heavens and Earth God's handy Works proclaim, While Saints and Angels join to praise his NAME."
Wanted immediately, by the Printer hereof,
A N active, sober Man, who will undertake the business of Post-Riding. The tour for which he is wanted may be accomplished in two days in each week. Good encouragement will be given.
A L S O, A strong active Lad, who has received a tolerable education, would be taken as an Apprentice to the Printing-Business.
May be had at the Printing-Office hereof,
Blank Deeds of bargain and sale—Common Bonds, &c. &c.