The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1804-09-29 00:00:00

THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, (Virginia) PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE...AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM...payable in advance.
NUMBER 42.]
SATURDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 29, 1804.
[VOLUME 1.]
CONDITIONS.
 I. THE ENQUIRER will appear twice a week...During the session of Congress and the Virginia Legislature, either a third paper or a supplementary half-sheet, during the week.  II. Terms of payment. FIVE DOLLARS per annum, in advance.  III. ADVERTISEMENTS, from those who do not subscribe to the paper, should not exceed a square in length, shall be inserted for seventy-five cents the first time, fifty cents for each time during three weeks, and for every additional insertion thirty-three cents; long ones in the same proportion.  IV. SUBSCRIBERS shall have their advertisements inserted for fifty cents the first time, and thirty-three cents for every additional insertion. 
OLD MADEIRA, DRY LISON, & PORT WINE.
ROBERT GORDON & Co.
HAVE received by the Juliana from Madeira, 50 pipes selected old WINE, which they assure their friends proves to be excellent. They have also a few pipes, hogsheads and quarter-casks DRY LISON and PORT WINE, imported by themselves direct from Lisbon and Oporto.
FALL GOODS.
They have received by the Charles and Edward from London, part of their FALL GOODS, and daily expect from Liverpool and Glasgow an extensive assortment of nearly every article usually imported. September 22. ep3w58st
EDUCATION.
THE Trustees of Winchester Academy acquaint the public, that the Latin, Greek and French Languages, together with Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, the use of the Globes, Euclid, and the practical branches of the Mathematics, are taught in the Academy, by the principal master and his assistants.
The school is provided with Globes and Maps, for the use of the lower classes; with Telescopes and an Electrical Machine; with an Air-pump, Electro-meters, and other parts of a Chemical and Philosophical apparatus, for making the usual experiments on Air, and exhibiting the properties of the different elastic fluids.
In their examinations of the school, the Trustees have been highly pleased with the plan of teaching and the proficiency of the Pupils; and are extremely happy in adding, what they believe will greatly increase the utility of the institution, that Judge White will, in future, deliver in the Academy, a course of Lectures on the Laws and Constitutions of this state, and the United States.
These Lectures will commence annually on the first Monday in December, and continue until the last of the succeeding March, and it is confidently believed, that every exertion in his power, will be made by that gentleman, to render his Lectures beneficial to his Pupils, and worthy of public patronage.
JOHN SMITH, President of the Trustees. September 22. (ep-5w.)
WASHINGTON TAVERN.
THE subscriber has taken a lease of this tenement for a number of years, and has put it in a state of repair which renders it not inferior to any in this City. Besides the Tavern he has detached buildings, well calculated to accommodate those who are anxious of greater privacy than a tavern usually affords. These tenements adjoin the public square, and are within two hundred yards of the Capitol. They have an advantageous view over any other house in this City, with respect to pure air and excellent water. He has good stables and a constant supply of the best forage. He renders his services to his friends and the public, and offers them, that no unlawful gaming, nor any other practice which might, in any degree, have a tendency to disturb the peace of his house, will ever be permitted. EDWARD HALLAM. Richmond, September 26.
N.B. About THIRTY MEMBERS of the next Assembly may be well accommodated, of whom eighteen have already engaged. E. H.
ALL persons having claims on the estate of Col. Philip Pendleton dec. whether founded on private contracts, or his responsibility as Sheriff of King & Queen county; are requested to bring the evidences of their respective claims, before Thomas Claiborne Hoome, residing at King & Queen court-house, (to whose management the aforesaid estate has been confided) in order that provision, commensurate with the demand may be immediately made by EDWARD HILL adm'r, with the will annexed. (eS3w.) Sept. 15.
FOR RENT.
FOR A TERM OF YEARS, THE Farm whereon James Harris, decd. lived about 18 years ago in the county of Caroline. It is beautifully situated on Pamunkey River, commands a handsome prospect, and is extremely healthy. The dwelling house is very convenient with six rooms in the cellar, and very dry. A person may stand in the dwelling house and see the mill, which is about a mile distant. The mill, which has a great deal of corn when going, wants a little repair; the timber for which purpose is already on the spot. There are three springs on the place, the streams of which making into each other, form a rivulet which runs through the plantation. There are several flourishing orchards of choicest fruit, such as Peaches, Apples, Pears, Damsons, Cherries of different kinds, &c. As I presume no one will rent without viewing the premises, I think it useful to give a farther description. The terms will be made more particularly known to those that wish to rent, by applying to George Winifin, at Caroline Court-house. MARY HARRIS, jr. Sept. 1. epf.
WANTED ON HIRE;
A WOMAN without a Child, who is a good Cook, Washer, and Ironer. Liberal wages are offered for one who can come well recommended. Also a GIRL, from 12 to 16, who has been accustomed to wait in a house. Apply at the Enquirer Office. Sept. 8.
LIFE OF WASHINGTON.
THE FIRST VOLUME is ready for Subscribers at the Book Store of Wm. PRICHARD. Richmond, August 16, 1804. epf.
"HIGHLY IMPORTANT."
THE republican printers throughout this state are requested to state in their papers, that the election for Electors of President and Vice-President of the United States, will be held on the first Monday of November next, at the Court-house of each county and corporation in this Commonwealth; and that the persons chosen as Electors, are to meet at the Capitol in the city of Richmond, on the first Wednesday in December next, to vote for a President and Vice-President. September 15. [epin.]
At a board of Directors, of the Bank of Virginia, on Thursday the 13th September, 1804;
RESOLVED, that the operations of the Bank, commence on Monday the 8th of October. RESOLVED, that any person producing and depositing any number of shares regularly endorsed or assigned, shall be entitled to receive one in his, her, or their own name or names, in a form similar to that used by the Commissioners at Richmond, stating therein the whole number of shares to which he, she, or they may be entitled, and the sum paid thereon. JOHN BROCKENBROUGH, Cashier. September, 19. [ep8w6d.]
FAIRFIELD RACES.
ON Monday the 1st of October next, will be run for over the FAIRFIELD COURSE, a Sweepstakes for Colts three years old, two mile heats. Seven Colts are entered at two hundred dollars each, and the subscription closed. Weights, agreeably to the rules of the Jockey Club. On Tuesday, the 2nd day of October, the JOCKEY CLUB PURSE of 400 Dollars, will be run for, four Mile Heats.
The following day, the Purse of the proprietor of the Course, three Mile Heats. WEIGHTS AS FOLLOWS.
  Aged Horses 138 lbs.   6 years old 128   5 years old 118   4 years old 106   3 years old 90.   Mares and Geldings allowed three pounds. Richmond, August 18, 1804. 
NOTICE.
THE office of Supervisor of the Revenue for the District of Virginia being discontinued, and the unfinished business of the said Office transferred to me; the Collectors of the Direct Tax and Internal Revenue, whose accounts have not been finally adjusted and paid, are hereby informed, that they are now requested to call at my office, in the city of Richmond, without delay, and pay the balances due to the United States. And those whole lands have been held in the District of Virginia by authority of an act of Congress of the United States for non-payment of the Direct Tax, may redeem such lands, by paying to me within the time limited, the principal costs and fees as the law directs. As most of the abovenamed lands were sold in Dec. 1802, the privilege of redemption will continue until December next. The money received by me for the redemption of the said lands, will be returned to the purchaser, with interest at the rate of 25 per cent per annum on the purchase money, to the day on which it may be paid to me. JOSEPH SCOTT. Marshal V.D. ep-4f. July 7.
Mediterranean Passports.
NOTICE is hereby given, that it has been deemed expedient to change the form of the Mediterranean passport issued to vessels of the United States; that from the 8th day of July next, those of the new form will be issued at the custom houses to every vessel, for which application may be made on a compliance with the terms prescribed by law and surrendering the former passport of which she may be possessed, if any, in which latter case no fees will be required for the exchange; and that by an arrangement agreed upon by the Barbary powers with whom we are at peace, either the old or the new form of passport will be sufficient to protect the vessels of the United States, from capture until the 1st of July 1805, after which the old form of passport will be unavailable and the new one alone in use. Department of State, 2nd of May, 1804. The printers of the laws of the United States are requested to insert the above in their Gazettes twice a week for the space of six months, and the Collectors of the customs to keep copies of it posted up in their offices. June, 2.
NEAL NELSON, BOOT & SHOE MANUFACTURER,
MAIN-STREET, RICHMOND, MAKES Boots & Shoes to any pattern or fashion, equal in point of MATERIALS and WORKMANSHIP to any in general use. Imported Boots and Shoes, of the first quality and newest fashion, for sale. Gentlemen at a distance, who are disposed to forward me their measure, by paying attention to the annexed cut, can be fitted with Boots or Shoes as well as if they were on the spot. A—the length of the Boot—C—round the Calf—B—the pitch of ditto—D—round the heel and instep—E—round the instep—G—across the ball of the foot. Fix the heel against a perpendicular, and stick a knife at the end of the great toe—set down in figures the number of inches and quarters, in the different measures. June 30. epim.
A PETITION will be presented to the next General Assembly, to establish a FERRY from the lands of PETER RUST, in Richmond County, to the said Rust's lands in Essex County. September 15. [5mep.]
DATES'S ALMANAC FOR 1805—Published by Messrs. Davis & Courtenay, may be had at the Office of the Enquirer. September 19. epf.
A WET NURSE. WANTED to hire or purchase, a Wet Nurse without a child of her own. Enquire of the Printers. August 8. epf.
JUST PUBLISHED, And For Sale at Wm. Prichard's Book-Store: VOLNEY'S VIEW OF THE CLIMATE AND SOIL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA—with MAPS and PLATES. Sept. 8. epf.
FALL GOODS.
WILLIAM TEMPLE has received by the ship Edward and Charles, from London, AN EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF GOODS, suitable to the approaching season. He expects an ADDITIONAL SUPPLY, to complete his assortment, by the ship Sally from London, and Latona from Liverpool; which he will dispose of on his usual low terms. Sept. 8. epf.
SHERRY WINE, of an excellent quality, in pipes and half pipes—for sale by SAMUEL MYERS. Sept. 8. St
We have received a small additional supply of MADEIRA WINE, OF a superior quality, which we offer for sale by the hoghead and quarter-cask. GIBSON & JEFFERSON. July 18. epf.
FOR RENT.
THE Tenement in which the Office of the Examiner was formerly kept, situated on Rocke Hill immediately below the Swan Tavern. The House and lot has lately undergone a thorough repair. The stand is supposed to be an excellent one for a Grocery and Dry Good Store; for which purpose the front Room is neatly fitted up. The above tenement may be rented with or without a Kitchen. Application to be made at the Office of the Enquirer. Sept. 5.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.
London dates to Aug. 11, received by the Sally, from Liverpool, and the Galen, from London—arrived at Boston.
LONDON, Aug. 6.
THE Batavian Journals, received to the 3d inst. communicate a statement generally accredited at Paris, that a Note, by way of ultimatum, has been delivered by the Russian Chargé d'Affaires, to the minister for foreign affairs, demanding the evacuation of Hanover; and acquainting the French Government that in case of a refusal, he had been directed by his sovereign immediately to leave Paris. We are not much inclined to give credit to this statement, but it had the effect of depreciating the funds, which are said to have fallen one per cent. in consequence of it. On the 30th ult. the French minister at the Hague presented his new credentials, and a procession, suitable to the parade and ostentation of the Corsican's new title, took place on the occasion. A letter from the Hague of the 28th ult. says, that most of the troops in the Texel are disembarked, and the provisions, collected there for their use, are disposed of by public auction. From these occurrences it is concluded, that no expedition of any consequence will fail from that part of the Batavian Republic, at least until a landing in England is made good by the troops on board the flotillas at Flushing, Ostend, and Boulogne. The whole number of French troops at present in Holland do not, according to this letter, amount to 25,000 men, of whom 15,000 are encamped near Utrecht, and the remainder in garrisons at the Helder, in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hague, Breda, and Bergen-op-Zoom.
A letter from Berlin, of the 28th ult. says, that "with two Russian armies on his eastern and northern frontiers, and three French armies on his western and southern, the King of Prussia has declared to the Courts of St. Petersburg and St. Cloud, that his majesty intends to preserve the strictest neutrality, and therefore will not permit the passage of any troops, artillery or ammunition through his dominions; but regard as an enemy, any power attempting to force such passage." It is confidentially asserted, that a treaty has been concluded between this country and Russia, and that it was signed by Lord Harrowby and Count Woronzow, on Tuesday last, previous to his majesty's going down to the house of Lords. We are inclined to think that the article signed was rather a project of treaty than a treaty itself. A Russian galley from Marmorings, in the Crimea, for Peterburgh, passed the Sound on the 13th of July. She came from Barcelona, & her crew were dressed after the Turkish fashion. This is the first vessel from the Black Sea which has ever passed the Sound. General M'reau was ill at Barcelona in the middle of July, where he had been joined by his Lady.
THE BREST FLEET.
The dispatches received yesterday at the Admiralty from Sir Charles Cotton, state, that Gantheame's squadron was discovered on the 3d inst. at anchor in Camaret Bay, where we understand the French ships are protected by such formidable batteries, that any attack on them in their actual position would be unavailing. Were it not for the vigilant look out which the Fox cutter kept, and the continued firing of signals, Gantheame would probably have effected his escape. His squadron is now found to consist of nine sail of the line and three frigates. Every ship which can be spared will be sent off with all possible dispatch to reinforce the Grand Fleet, as the late fortie must necessarily divide the attention of our vessels, and call for increased strength and exertion.
Notwithstanding we are assured that the substance of the dispatches received from Sir Charles Cotton is such as we have stated, our Plymouth letter of this morning says, that a cutter arrived at that port on Sunday, has brought intelligence of Gantheame's return, the preceding day, to his old station, in the outer road of Brest.
Although the name of Gantheame is more known than that of any French Admiral of the present day, he has never distinguished himself but by his escape. On the very day when he passed the Gut of Gibraltar, the 8th of Feb. 1801, in effecting his escape from Brest, Sir Robert Calder failed in pursuit of him from Torbay.
Admiral Cornwallis failed from Spithead yesterday morning in the Glory, of 98 guns, to resume his command on the Brest station. Dispatches, received from the Admiralty, at Portsmouth, in the course of the morning, were immediately sent after him in the Rose cutter, which overtook the Glory at St. Catherine's Point, as she was standing down Channel.
BOMBARDMENT OF HAVRE.
Dispatches from capt. OLIVER commanding our blockade squadron off Havre, were last night received at the Admiralty. They contain intelligence of the renewal of the bombardment of that town and port last Friday. The houses and shipping are stated to have been considerably damaged. During the bombardment, in the course of which a great number of shells were thrown, a division of the enemy's gun boats ventured out, for the purpose of annoying our squadron; but they were very nearly cut off by the skillful manoeuvres of our vessels, and regained, with much difficulty the harbour. The particulars of the attack will, it is expected, appear in the Gazette of this evening.
ARRIVAL OF THE CHINA FLEET.
Notice was received at Lloyd's yesterday, of the safe arrival of the Leeward Island fleet, as well as of the Lisbon fleet, and thus in a very great degree, were the fears of the merchants dissipated for the safety of the homeward bound trade. At no period in the history of Great Britain, were so many, so valuable, and so ill protected fleets, expected to arrive at one time, as during the present week. The China fleet, the Newfoundland fleet, the Leeward-Island fleet, the Jamaica fleet, the Lisbon fleet, and the Baltic fleet, were all hourly expected: while an alarm was given of a French squadron having eluded the vigilance of our blockade at Brest. The lowest estimate of the value of the homeward bound trade was between 16 and 17 millions: the bare duties to Government were above four millions. It was of course to the merchants and underwriters a most critical moment; and no language can express the satisfaction which was felt in consequence of this intelligence, not only of the safe arrival of the China and Leeward-Island trade, but also of the French squadron being safely cooped up in Camaret Bay. It spread universal joy through the city. No apprehension is now entertained for the Jamaica fleet, as by the very favourable wind which has blown for some days, they may be expected in the course of a day or two.
We yesterday had the satisfaction of announcing the long expected arrival of the China fleet. They failed from Canton on the 29th of February, without convoy, and on the 15th fell in with Admiral Linois, off Poulou Auro, who engaged them for half an hour and then veered off.
BRITISH SKILL AND BRAVERY.
AUG. 9. An official account of the engagement, between Admiral LINNOY's squadron and the China fleet of merchantmen, is this morning published from the East-India House. It is contained in a letter from the commander of the Company's ship Earl Camden, of which the following is an extract. "On the 14th Feb. at day break, we saw Pulo Auro bearing W. S. W. and at 8 A. M. a signal was made from one of the fleet, for seeing four orange sail in the S. W. Four vessels were immediately sent to examine, and very soon reported by signal, that they were an enemy's squadron, consisting of a line of battle ship, three frigates, and one brig. At four P. M. the look out ships were recalled, and a line of battle formed in close order. As soon as the enemy could fetch in our wake, they put about; we kept on our course under an easy sail; at near sun-set they were close up with our rear, and I was in momentary expectation of an attack there, and prepared to support them; but at the close of day we perceived them haul to windward. We lay to in line of battle all night, our men at their quarters; at day-break on the 12th, we saw the enemy about three miles to windward, lying-to. We hoisted our colours, offering him battle if he chose to come down. The enemy's four ships hoisted French colours, the line of battle ship carrying a Rear Admiral's flag; the brig was under Batavian colours. At 9 A. M. finding they would not come down, we formed the order of sailing, and steered our course under an easy sail, the enemy then filled their sails, and edged towards us. At 1 P. M. finding they proposed to attack and endeavour to cut off our rear, I made the signal to tack and bear down upon him, and engage in succession; the Royal George being the leading ship, the Ganges next, and then the Earl Camden. This manoeuvre was correctly performed, and we flood towards him under a press sail; the enemy then formed in a very close line, and opened their fire on the headmost ship, which was not returned by us till we approached him nearer. The Royal George bore the brunt of the action, and got as near the enemy as he would permit him; the Ganges and Earl Camden opened their fire as soon as their guns could have effect; but before any other ships could get into action, the enemy hauled their wind and flood away to the eastward under all the sail they could set. At 2 P. M. I made the signal for a general chase, and we pursued them till 4 P. M. when fearing a longer pursuit would carry us too far from the mouth of the Straits and considering the immense property at stake, I made the signal to tack and at 8 P. M. we anchored in a situation to proceed for the entrance of the Straits in the morning. As long as we could distinguish the enemy, we perceived him steering to the eastward, under a press of sail. The Royal George had one man killed and another wounded; many shot in her hull, and more in her sails; but few that touched either the Camden or the Ganges; & the fire of the enemy seemed to be ill directed, but shot either falling short or passing over us."
By the Pegou, and other late arrivals, anterior to the above. LONDON, July 25.
INFATSION, &c.
By a private letter from Paris, of the 7th inst. we learn, that several violent discussions have taken place between Bonaparte and his Ministers and Counsellors of the marine department, relative to the armament against this country. Gun-boats and other armed vessels, according to this letter, are already built more than sufficient to carry over to England 110,000 men; but the harbours of Boulogne, Ambleteuse, and Calais, are not sufficiently large or commodious enough to contain such a number of vessels, and the situation of the other harbours, on account of their distance, is not convenient enough to execute a landing with small craft, on such an extensive scale as Bonaparte had determined. Some damages have been already suffered at Boulogne and Ambleteuse, from these harbours being over-crowded with vessels, though several hundred more boats and ships were ordered there before the expedition was to be undertaken. DECRET, the minister of the marine, has been strongly rebuked for his want of foresight, and has narrowly escaped the Temple.
Notwithstanding that the plan of invasion has been changed, the common opinion, in all well-informed circles at Paris, is, that it will be soon attempted. It is reported, that the scheme of last year, to make Guernsey and Jersey a bridge over to England, is now revived, and a camp of 25,000 men is ordered to be formed between St. Malo and Granville, and a division of the Boulogne flotilla is ordered for these ports, together with 200 gun-boats, constructed to the westward of them and just finished. It is believed, however, that 60,000 men of the army near Boulogne, will at the same time, make a push to put to sea. It has been calculated, that 40,000 men may easily sail from Boulogne, and be joined by 20,000 men from Ambleteuse, at the same time.
The "State of England," as represented in the Journal des Defenses, would at any other time, only provoke a smile of contempt.—At present, as it holds forth an allurement to the mercenaries of the foe of England—of man, it wears a different and more serious complexion. STATE OF ENGLAND.
The following accurate statement has actually been published in one of the Paris Papers:—Every where upon the Continent the harvest promises to be very abundant, and the prices of all the productions of the earth are falling; whilst letters from England talk of the scarcity as well as of the rise in the prices of all necessaries of life. A pound of bread costs in London, nine-pence, or eighteen sous, a pound of meat two shillings, and half a crown, or forty-eight sous, or three livres; and the worst wine sells as high as fifteen shillings, or eighteen livres a bottle. Their fleets and high roads are thronged with most numerous, ragged, and starved beggars and robbers of the world; so much so, that the King has not dared to hang a highwayman, or the Magistrates to shut up a beggar, for these last twelve months. A countryman of ours, upon whose veracity we can depend, and who has lately travelled in England and Ireland with a Prussian pass, has given us these particulars, and assures us that in many parts illuminations took place, when it was known BONAPARTE was proclaimed an Emperor. In every house in
Among the improbable rumours of the day, is that of Lucien Bonaparte being sent to Constantinople to negotiate an affair of consequence. This is as absurd as another rumour, that he is to be proclaimed a King of the Romans, or an Emperor of the East.
The army which the Turkish government means to send against the rebels in Roumelia, will amount to 100,000 men; most of these troops were from Asia, and have already passed thro' Constantinople.
The commerce of Spain with the Black Sea increases in a surprising manner, and is very advantageous to the Spanish merchants, whose profits on this trade amount to no less than 200 per cent. This will be the case with our merchants at Marseilles, and in other sea ports of the Mediterranean, when once peace permits them to employ their industry and capitals in what speculations they think proper.
The Princesse Gallizin and Tarente, and the Count Golorokin have passed through Mentz, on their way from Paris for St. Petersburg. The number of Russian subjects who have left France within the last four months, amounts, according to the registers of the police, to 5245, of both sexes, servants included.
The siege of Belgrade, by the insurgent Servians goes on but slowly, for want of engineers and artillery. In the different forties, the Turks have always been repulsed; but, as they have plenty of provisions it is supposed this place may hold out for twelve months. It is said that General Brune's offer of mediation, at Constantinople, has been refused, in consequence of the intrigues of Russia and England.
The Emperor of Russia has in the fleet at Cronstadt, and reviewed the sea Battalions, crews, and marines. But it is not true that this fleet has yet failed; many even believe that the report of 60,000 men being encamped on different parts of the coast of the Baltic, and destined for some maritime expedition, is without foundation, or at least exaggerated.
The Senators Viry and d'Harville are appointed Masters of the Horte to the empress, who has accepted Madame La Valette, the wife of the Counsellor of State, for one of her Majesty's ladies in waiting. Field Marshal Berthier, Generals Durock & Caulincourt, occupy the three first places at the court of the Emperor.
Since 1790, the tranquility of La Vendee, & of the Western departments, has never been greater than at this moment. The hotels of the department have been crowded with citizens of every age, who desire to give their votes in favour of the hereditary imperial dignity in the Bonaparte family. In six of the ci-devant insurgent departments, only two persons have voted against a rank and dynasty necessary for the repose of the world, and to which the universe is indebted for the preservation of morality, civilization, and religion. Addresses are pouring in from every village, nav. from every cottage of La Vendee, all expressing the same sentiments of fidelity and gratitude; and should the Emperor, as the rumour is, visit that part of the Empire, his Majesty's whole journey will be a continual triumph, where nothing will be heard but the praises and blessings of a happy people. Journal de Paris.
By the Pegou, and other late arrivals, anterior to the above. LONDON, July 25.
INFATSION, &c.
By a private letter from Paris, of the 7th inst. we learn, that several violent discussions have taken place between Bonaparte and his Ministers and Counsellors of the marine department, relative to the armament against this country. Gun-boats and other armed vessels, according to this letter, are already built more than sufficient to carry over to England 110,000 men; but the harbours of Boulogne, Ambleteuse, and Calais, are not sufficiently large or commodious enough to contain such a number of vessels, and the situation of the other harbours, on account of their distance, is not convenient enough to execute a landing with small craft, on such an extensive scale as Bonaparte had determined. Some damages have been already suffered at Boulogne and Ambleteuse, from these harbours being over-crowded with vessels, though several hundred more boats and ships were ordered there before the expedition was to be undertaken. DECRET, the minister of the marine, has been strongly rebuked for his want of foresight, and has narrowly escaped the Temple.
Notwithstanding that the plan of invasion has been changed, the common opinion, in all well-informed circles at Paris, is, that it will be soon attempted. It is reported, that the scheme of last year, to make Guernsey and Jersey a bridge over to England, is now revived, and a camp of 25,000 men is ordered to be formed between St. Malo and Granville, and a division of the Boulogne flotilla is ordered for these ports, together with 200 gun-boats, constructed to the westward of them and just finished. It is believed, however, that 60,000 men of the army near Boulogne, will at the same time, make a push to put to sea. It has been calculated, that 40,000 men may easily sail from Boulogne, and be joined by 20,000 men from Ambleteuse, at the same time.
The "State of England," as represented in the Journal des Defenses, would at any other time, only provoke a smile of contempt.—At present, as it holds forth an allurement to the mercenaries of the foe of England—of man, it wears a different and more serious complexion. STATE OF ENGLAND.
The following accurate statement has actually been published in one of the Paris Papers:—Every where upon the Continent the harvest promises to be very abundant, and the prices of all the productions of the earth are falling; whilst letters from England talk of the scarcity as well as of the rise in the prices of all necessaries of life. A pound of bread costs in London, nine-pence, or eighteen sous, a pound of meat two shillings, and half a crown, or forty-eight sous, or three livres; and the worst wine sells as high as fifteen shillings, or eighteen livres a bottle. Their fleets and high roads are thronged with most numerous, ragged, and starved beggars and robbers of the world; so much so, that the King has not dared to hang a highwayman, or the Magistrates to shut up a beggar, for these last twelve months. A countryman of ours, upon whose veracity we can depend, and who has lately travelled in England and Ireland with a Prussian pass, has given us these particulars, and assures us that in many parts illuminations took place, when it was known BONAPARTE was proclaimed an Emperor. In every house in

England his portrait is found, and in Ireland the peasants and mechanics have mounted national cockades, in expectation of their delivery. Both in the streets of Dublin and London, ballads are sung in his honor; and the people call for him as for a saviour, and say, that if he landed alone, and it was known, in a week he would have an army of a million of Britons, ready to destroy their political, banking, and mercantile aristocrats and bloodsuckers. In Ireland, for one guinea, in gold two guineas are paid in paper money; and in England, notwithstanding the severity of Pitt and his police spies, for a one pound note in paper money only half a crown in cash is obtained. Such is the beggarly situation of the Bank of England, that when lately an English frigate captured one of our coasting ships, which had on board 20,000 dollars, a Bank Director went express to Portsmouth, to borrow that money from the captors, at the immense interest of 54 per cent. in the month. When this financial transaction was known, all the people rose in a mass in Southamptonshire, through which province it was to pass to London; and, to prevent its being plundered by the starving inhabitants, 5000 dragoons were necessary to escort it to the capital, which they effected, though not without cutting down several hundred of their countrymen, who attempted to seize this enormous treasure. If these are not signs of the dissolution of a Government, and of the destruction of an empire, we are very badly acquainted with historical events. We recommend the reading of this article to our brave army on the coast, and to its valorous leaders, whose known humanity and generosity will regard it as a duty to soon bestow on an unfortunate and oppressed nation those blessings which France enjoys under her present illustrious Chief. ( Journal des Défenseurs. )
LONDON, August 2.
Tuesday His Majesty went in the usual state to the House of Peers, and put an end to the present Session of Parliament by the following Most Gracious Speech from the Throne.
My Lords and Gentlemen,
Before I put an end to the present Session of Parliament, I am desirous of expressing my entire approbation of the zeal and assiduity with which you have applied yourselves to the great objects of public concern which have come under your consideration.
You have wifely continued to direct your attention to the encouragement and improvement of that respectable and powerful volunteer force which the ardour and spirit of my subjects has enabled me to establish to an extent hitherto unexampled: You have at the same time endeavoured to combine an additional establishment for our domestic defence, with the means of augmenting our regular army, and of maintaining it on such a scale as may be proportioned to the circumstances of the times, and to the rank which this country ought ever to hold among the powers of Europe.
Gentlemen of the House of Commons,
You are entitled to my warmest acknowledgements for the fresh proof which you have given me of your constant and affectionate attachment to my person and family, and your regard to the honour and dignity of my crown, by the liberal provision which you have made for the payment of the debt on my civil list revenues, and for furnishing me with the additional means of defraying the increase which has unavoidably taken place in different branches of my expenditure. I must also return you my warmest thanks for the extensive provision which you have made for the exigencies of the public service; especially for the just and prudent attention which you have shown to true economy, and to the permanent credit and welfare of the country, by the great exertions you have made for preventing as far as possible, the accumulation of debt, and for raising so large a proportion of the expenses of the war within a year.
My Lords and Gentlemen,
I have now only to recommend to you to carry into your respective counties the same zeal for the public interest which has guided all your proceedings. It will be your particular duty to inculcate on the minds of all classes of my subjects, that the preservation of all that is most dear to them requires the continuance of their unremitted exertions for the national defence.
The preparations which the enemy has long been forming for the declared purpose of invading this Kingdom, are daily augmented, and the attempt appears to have been delayed only with the view of procuring additional means for carrying it into execution.
Relying on the skill, valour, and discipline of my naval and military force, aided by the voluntary zeal and native courage of my people, I look with confidence to the issue of this great conflict; and I doubt not that it will terminate, under the blessing of Providence, not only in repelling the danger of the moment, but in establishing, in the eyes of foreign nations, the security of this country on a basis never to be shaken.
In addition to this list and great object, I entertain the animating hope that the benefit to be derived from our successful exertions, will not be confined within ourselves; but that by their example, and their consequences, they may lead to the establishment of such a system in Europe as may rescue it from the precarious state to which it is reduced, and may finally raise an effectual barrier against the unbounded schemes of aggrandizement and ambition which threaten every Independent Nation that yet remains on the Continent.
Then the Lord Chancellor, by his Majesty's command, said:
My Lords and Gentlemen,
"It is his Majesty's Royal Will and Pleasure, That this Parliament be prorogued to Tuesday, the 4th day of September next, to be then here held; and this Parliament is accordingly prorogued to Tuesday, the 4th day of September next."
August 10.
A Russian fleet has sailed from Revel. One division is to cruise off Bornholm to protect Livland from the designs of the French: the other is supposed to have sailed for the North Sea.
Ratisbon, July 13.
This day in the Diet, the Imperial Royal comital envoys made the following declaration; on which no observations were made by the directory of the empire.
Verbal declaration of the imperial and royal legation at the Diet in Ratisbon:
"The Imperial and Royal Legation has it in commission to signify, that his Imperial majesty participates at all times, in the confidence which his electoral highness of Baden entertains in the friendly sentiments of France towards the German empire; and on this confidence was founded the hopes of his majesty, that as the incidents at Ettenheim and Offenburg were of that nature, as being the most friendly and greatest powers have never omitted to enter into satisfactory explanation, the French Court would receive, in an amicable manner, and be desirous to comply
with the request of the empire for a friendly explanation. "As his majesty, therefore, in this natural view of the subject, cannot apprehend that the measure proposed, instead of procuring the satisfaction desired, should produce any new disagreeable consequences, he cannot but be of opinion, that the deliberation of the Diet should be proceeded to. The Legation, therefore, has it in commission, if the other comital Legations shall receive instructions, to proceed to the opening of this deliberation, and to give their votes suitable to their declarations of the 14th May."
New Credentials of the Ambassadors to the French Court.
All the credentials are of one accord on this point, that their Governments express in them the most lively satisfaction, in seeing the deficiences of the Great French Nation for ever united to that of the Emperor of the French. One of these Sovereigns has expressed the general opinion of the whole, when he says:
"If, during all the administration of your Imperial Majesty, the object of my most lively solicitude has constantly been to cement, more and more, the ties of friendship and good neighbourhood which attach me to the French Empire. This desire must be the more dear to my heart, from the happy moment in which the Imperial dignity has been declared hereditary in your august family, and in which I see consolidated and guaranteed, those salutary institutions so intimately connected with the well being and safety of my own territories."
MOREAU.
IF, however, Moreau still exist, he may come to this country. By the publication of the following memoir, we wish to show his innocence to those amongst whom he is to live. If he is no more, when we reflect on the injustice of his persecution, we may find ourselves still more intimately acquainted with the character of that man who is now the bugbear of the world; and to gratify those criminal ambition even Moreau must perish.
The work we publish is signed by the three advocates of Moreau, when before the tribunal. Its circulation was so rapid and so extensive that it was found necessary by the government to arrest it. This was not done however before 30,000 copies of it had gone abroad. One of them has reached us; and we perform a portion of our duty by giving it to the public. ( Public Ledger. )
MEMOIR, IN JUSTIFICATION OF GENERAL MOREAU.
Translated from the French, by G. L. Gray. On the first knowledge of the arrest of General Moreau, and of the motives of that arrest, every mind was struck with profound consternation.
They had cause for being so. He was either guilty, or he was innocent.
Was he guilty? What! Moreau! the modest soldier, who never aspired but at the head of armies, never seemed forward but in the field of battle; in all other circumstances distinguished from his fellow citizens only by the simplicity of his manners! Moreau! who had never been thought to possess a wish for personal elevation! who never even desired to imagine that his successes could open for him a road to power; not even at those epochs when France, harassed by the oscillations of weak governments, would have regarded the ambition of Moreau as its greatest blessing! This man, who, in the midst of his victories, was heard only to utter one wish, that by speedily securing the independence of his country, he might be restored to that privacy, whose delights, with those of glory, divided his heart, and were his only passions! What! could that man so remarked for his moderation, who was a hero even amongst heroes, could he descend to become a traitor to that cause, and a conspirator against that government, which he had so long supported, so often defended? The most brilliant and best established virtue is then become no more than a long and dastardly hypocrisy, if Moreau can be perfidious.
Was he innocent? What then must we think of that government, till then so worthy of our confidence and love, which, departing at once from the respect which it professed for individual liberty, threw ignominious chains upon one of its greatest warriors; recompensed by criminal accusations, a general, rendered sacred by the many eminent services which he has performed, by the many victories which he has gained, by the many civic crowns due to him for the preservation of entire armies, and for the vast territories which he has annexed to the French empire. What guarantee will vulgar citizens have against oppression, if one of the most illustrious . . . . . but we stop. — Such an idea would be too alarming. — We must endeavour to repel it — but, with it, let us also banish the afflicting idea, that General Moreau could ever stain his laurels! Moreau has not betrayed his glory — He is innocent.
Nor has the government belied its justice — there was cause of alarm. Moreau, in his prison, was the same as in the midst of armies, the true friend of his country; seeing only her, and always incapable of sacrificing his respect for the public order, to any regard for his personal safety. Just towards himself, he has not neglected his own defence. Just towards the government that professed him, he has openly acknowledged, that the measures of which he had become the object, were occasioned by suspicions which it was necessary should be destroyed.
They either are, or ought to be, already dissipated. The circumstances connected with his case, are now to be given, with simplicity, to the public. We demand no indulgence for him; we ask for ourselves, only that attention which we can lay claim to by so many titles.
For four months General Moreau has been denounced, by the public reports of the Grand Judge, by placards printed and affixed to public places, by the orders of generals to their armies, and by addresses from all the public authorities, and from a great number of military corps.
Doubtless all these productions of zeal, though perhaps a little irregular, attest a great and laudable attachment to the government. But they do not prove, and cannot be admitted to prove any thing more. Above all they prove nothing against the accused. A person accused is not to be judged by generals; their condition itself declares against the idea that they are to direct criminal proceedings. He is not to be judged by the ministers, nor by the placards, of the government; there would then no longer be an independent judiciary. Nor is he to be judged by addresses; vain echoes of parole charges of guilt, and whose fingers, by their distance from the scene, and by their absolute defect of the quality of judging, are incapable of investigating the circumstances or of examining the evidences, of the fact: these addresses evince the natural horror which their authors, in common with all others, have conceived for all crimes similar to that alleged; but they do not announce, on the individual
facts, a conviction, to form which all the necessary elements are wanting.
Nevertheless, these orders, these placards, these reports, these addresses, all exist. They are in every journal, on every wall, in every hand. During four months France has resounded with them. During four months every voice that has been heard, was heard against Moreau; not one has been heard in his favour, except a solitary cry from that of his generous brother. But he, all this time in prison, held in the most rigorous seclusion, denied all communication with others, even refused the presence of his own family, and without one defender, was compelled to be silent, while universally accused. He was not permitted to diffuse prejudices in their birth, and before they should take root in the public mind. He was not allowed to trace the charges against him singly, step by step, and before they had assembled into a mass. He was not at liberty to contradict the falsehoods rumoured against him, before they could establish themselves in some credulous imagination; to correct malignant and erroneous interpretations of his actions, which it is always more easy to publish than to retract; to remove wrong impressions for which self-love often secretly contends against conviction; in short, to explain those parts of his conduct which might have given some value to those rash judgments, which are with difficulty banished from the mind when once entertained by it. In a word, all have had the power of accusing Moreau; none, until this day, has had the means of defending him. Such we know is the consequence of all criminal proceedings; but that does not make the evil, as applicable to him, any thing less. For who can be ignorant of the ravages which this concert of censuring voices may make in any reputation; particularly in these times of political tempests, when so many have deserted their professions and their duties that all virtues have, naturally, become objects of suspicion.
It is, then, no more than justice to hear, with a peculiar attention, the defence of general Moreau. He asks to be heard, not only in the name of his services, but in the name of his innocence. He asks it under the influence of a consideration of importance to society, no less than the interests of each of its members. The example of General Moreau proves, but too well, one great truth: that amongst those whom Providence has condemned to live in an heroic, a brilliant, but a terrible age, when the human species, as if fatigued by repose, delivers itself at once to universal disorders; when the face of the earth is totally changed; when society is suddenly reversed; when empires are in a manner confounded; when new thrones are erected as easily as old ones are overthrown; when those who were yesterday surrounded by splendour, to-day languish in obscurity and wretchedness; when, by the caprices of fortune, the most brilliant destinies, the glance of an eye, become so forlorn and miserable as to be objects of compassion even to the most mortal enemy; that in such times, there is no man can one day assure himself that on the next he may not appear on the list of accused, and be arraigned as a traitor.
Let each, then, turn his contemplations upon himself; let him banish, by a just exertion of egotism, every prejudice which might have arisen in his mind during the forced silence of the accused; let him forget every thing which has deviated from the true path of justice; or rather let him remember all, that he may be provided with strength to combat the impressions which might have been created by such irregular means. Let him come to the defence unprejudiced, by the accusation; and let him consider it with that respect for presumptive innocence, with that holy impartiality, which, one day or other, after having performed it as a duty to his fellow-citizens, he may be happy to find extended to himself. ( To be Continued )
LATEST FROM FRANCE.
Philadelphia, Sept. 20.
Arrived this morning at the Lazaretto, from Philadelphia, capt. Kennedy, in 40 days from Bordeaux. Sailed from thence the 5th of August, to which date papers are received. — Translations shall be given hereafter.
The verbal news by this arrival consists merely of the hackneyed story of the forwardness of the preparations for invading England. Indeed they now assure us, that every thing was in complete readiness; waiting only for a suitable season, and the orders of the Emperor. Bonaparte, accompanied by the Minister of Marine, and several officers of the Empire, had left Paris for Boulogne, where it was said, he would remain until the expedition failed. This circumstance, which can be relied on, evinces pretty clearly, that this long threatened and long-wished event is not very remote. ( Phil. Gaz. )
DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE.
Extract of a letter from a respectable character at Natchez, dated 24th Aug.
"There has been a Banditti in the neighborhood of Bayou Sarah, on the south of the line, the object of whom was to plunder under pretence of giving freedom to West Florida. "They made an attempt to surprise the fort of Baton Rouge, but being now driven by the militia, into the Mississippi territory they feel themselves at home and perfectly at ease, as the magistrates do not give them the least trouble, although many of them went in arms from hence to attack the Spanish government." ( Phil. True Amer. )
FROM GIBRALTAR, JULY 22.
EXTRACT OF A LETTER.
"We have sold our Flour at 18 dollars per barrel. The general failure of the crops in Spain has caused this sudden rise in the price; and the Barbary powers have prohibited the exportation of this article. — Flin are at 5 to 6 dollars, and dull; Rice, 7 to 8 dollars; Pipe Staves 160 dollars pr. M.; Indian Corn, none at market." ( Phil. Gaz. )
It may be judged of what consequence the capture of Surinam is to the English, when letters from Paramaribo, to a respectable banking-house at Amsterdam, say, that at the arrival of the English in that colony, it contained coffee enough to load 800, and sugar enough to fill 4000 large West Indiamen, not including other productions, as cotton, rum, &c. — ( Ibid. )
The following Circular Letter may be useful information to the Mercantile world:
Emden, July 6, 1804.
"SIR, "We have the honor to confirm our circular letter of the 1st of March; and can to-day state with certainty that the French Consul, commissioned to act at Meppen, has been recalled by his government, and set out on his departure on Sunday last, after having taken a polite and friendly leave of the magistracy here. "The following advice from Meppen, dated the 2d inst. has also been received here by an express:
"The French commandant has received orders to leave this town, and the whole territory of Aronberg, the day after to-morrow. All goods may now pass free, except warlike stores, the conveyance of which continues forbidden by the government here.
"This intelligence has caused the most pleasing sensation here: and we can further add, that no other French consul will come hither; but that the conveyance by Meppen will in future be as unmolested as it was before the occupying of that place by the French troops.
"This favourable change induces us to hope that your consignments to Germany will greatly increase; and we will avail ourselves of this opportunity again to offer you our services, assuring you that we shall always feel the greatest pleasure in being able to give you proof of our sincere desire to serve you.
We remain with the greatest esteem, VAN SPANKEREN & Co.
HALIFAX, N. S. Sept. 8.
We have been favoured with the perusal of two French official letters, dated Paris, 30th Germinal, (April 20.) — One of them is signed "Decree," and addressed to Jerome Bonaparte, now in America. — The writer informs Jerome that, by order of the First Consul, his allowances are stopped and intimates Napoleon's highest displeasure, at his having remained so long in America, and having married without his consent. He (Decree) says, that the young woman with whom Jerome has connected himself, will not be permitted to enter the French territories; and should she even arrive at any port in France, she will instantly be reshipped for the American States. He is reminded that the First Consul is not operated upon by the blind affection of a parent; that he will only acknowledge those relations who press around him, and assist in executing his vast plans. The brothers Joseph, Louis, Lucien, are spoken of with high terms of commendation; but the latter, though eminently useful, and possessed of an independent fortune, yet having contracted a marriage contrary to the will of the First Consul, has been banished to Rome. — "But you," says the writer, "are pointed out as a man without spirit yielding to the tender passions; not having added a single leaf to the laurels which crown 'him, his name, and our colours.' He is repeatedly pressed to return to France in the first frigate that may offer; but as often cautioned against bringing the young woman with him: — "It would be degrading," says Decree, "your personal dignity to introduce into this country, a woman who ought to be in humiliation, and who will not be received here."
The other letter is from Citizen "Denes," directed to Citizen Pichon; and is to the same effect, the whole of both letters (which are very lengthy) is such as to impress the reader, with an idea of the supreme insolence and contempt with which the Usurper looks down on those engaged in the humble walks of life. — They were intercepted on board a vessel bound from Bordeaux to New-York; and we have not the smallest doubt of their authenticity.
GUN BOATS.
We are assured from good authority, that 12 new Gun-Boats are ordered to be built for the service of the United States, upon the model of those in Mehina , which are supposed to be the best now in use. And had the appropriations been larger, it is probable, the number would have been increased. These boats possess superior advantages to frigates, or larger vessels.
1st. A Gun boat that will carry cannon as heavy as a "two and thirty pounder," with several smaller pieces will not cost over 3 or 4,000 dollars.
2d. As they are calculated to draw only 4 or 5 feet of water, and sail remarkably fast, they can easily pursue their enemy into shallows, and in rivers, and will serve to protect harbours, which may be attacked by a fleet of ships.
3d. Fifty Gun Boats are a better defence than five or six Frigates for particular stations, and they can be maintained at one third or a quarter of the expense.
They may be so constructed as to keep the open sea, and even go upon a cruise into the West-Indies, if necessary. Indeed it has been supposed we might build them in this Country and send them across the Atlantic, to the attack of Tripoli , in Barbary , without any risk of losing them on the passage, provided the voyage was undertaken in the summer season. Old seamen say that a vessel of 60 or 70 tons burthen, (our fishing vessels are of that tonnage) is as safe a sea boat as a man of war, and there is no doubt of the fact. These gun-boats will measure 60 or 70 tons, have decks, and are in every respect complete vessels. Why then are they not capable of keeping the sea in the worst weather? A frigate, when fitted for sea will cost 150,000 dollars, at least. This money will build 40 or 50 large gun-boats. They may be stationed at our capital sea ports; 3 or 400 would guard the American Coast from Georgia to Maine. They are "the cheap defence of nations," and France finds it so at this moment, for with 3 or 4000 gun-boats she is able to frighten, and alarm Great Britain more than she could with 100 sail of men of war, and in consequence it is presumed John Bull would now willingly make a peace, if Bonaparte would only promise as good terms as he gave them at the Treaty of Amiens — In America we have not well examined the advantage resulting from employing gun-boats in protecting our extensive sea coast. It is certain that for defence merely they are superior to larger vessels, and will not cost comparatively speaking one tenth of the expense. It is sincerely wished we may be provided with two or three hundred at least, if it was only to convince the European nations that we are not that tame pusillanimous nation we have been represented to be. — ( Sal. Reg. )
We are sorry to learn that the yellow fever prevails to a considerable degree in the city of New-Orleans. Two of the crew of the Polly , arrived at Philadelphia on Monday morning at the Lazaretto, have fallen victims to it on the passage. — ( N. Y. Mer. Adv. )
A late London paper in speaking of the late unhappy duel between Gen. Hamilton and Col. Burr, observes — "The mind is shocked at the circumstance of the second Magistrate of a country having been guilty of such a violation of the law, and of his having been countenanced and assisted by a judge, whose duty it is to cause the laws to be obeyed, and to punish those who disobey them."
A tolerable idea may be formed of the nature and extent of the insurrection, as it is termed, in West Florida, from the following facts. Mr. Kemper, the leader of the association, was for some time in the service of Mr. Smith, of Tennessee, to whom he became indebted to a considerable amount. Being procured, he fled to Florida, where at the head of thirty men, he raised the standard of revolt. These are the circumstances attending an occurrence which it is attempted to magnify into vast importance. ( Nat. Int. )
Some idea may be formed of the force and violence of the late storm from the traces it has left at Cockspur. On that island only a vestige of the former buildings is remaining, and the surface is much below its former height. A cannon which weighed 4800lbs. was carried thirty or forty feet from its position. A bar of lead,
weighing 300lbs. was carried a hundred feet; and a bar of Canister shot were carried from a 100 to 200 feet and mallets are scattered all over the island. ( Geo. Repub. )
FROM THE AURORA.
SPANISH AGGRESSIONS — No. IV.
The second proposition of the letter from Madrid, that Spain conquered the country east of the Mississippi in 1780 and was confirmed in the possession by the peace of 1783, may be admitted in its fullest latitude; but what does this prove; does this conquest from the British (by the bye with the aid of the Americans) show that the French did not previously possess that country? does it prove what were or what were not the boundaries of Louisiana, under the French? in a word does it prove any one fact upon which the question of the limits of Louisiana at all depends?
The simple amount of this proposition is, that all those countries before 1712, were all called Louisiana . That Crozat gave the name of Louisiana to part of the country, the limits of which never have been accurately defined to this hour. That France possessed the countries of Louisiana and Florida until the secret convention of Pardo , of November, 1762, when she conveyed to Spain a part of those countries, at both sides of the Mississippi, & that the remainder was, by the 7th article of the treaty of 1763, ceded to Great Britain; and that a Spanish force combined with an American force, expelled the British in 1780.
This is the whole value of the proposition, it neither settles limits nor defines the extent of one or another territory; if it could amount to any thing, it would amount to more than is pretended to be said, for while the British possessed the Floridas during our revolution, they did not confine themselves to the provincial boundaries, which they had originally fixed in 1763, but extended their rule over the country as far as Natchez , and called that West Florida , which had before been known by the name of Florida , in common with Louisiana , and by the name of Louisiana , after it had been granted to Crozat and settled by him.
The question then wholly depends upon a correct examination of the import and value of the third proposition of the Madrid letter — which is to be found more fully expressed in this paragraph.
In 1780, we (Spain) conquered from Great Britain all the country east of the Mississippi, then divided into East and West Florida , which conquests were confirmed to us by the definitive treaty of peace of 1783. It is here to be observed that West Florida , has ever since retained that name, and formed no part of Louisiana , as originally ceded by France to Spain, but having been conquered by the latter it remained a separate government as when under the dominion of England, and independent of Louisiana in possession of a governor appointed by the crown, who was in a certain degree as well as the governor of Louisiana dependant on the government of Havana .
This article merits discussion. And the first question to be examined is — whether the incidents of war, the capture of a country, a temporary retention, and a subsequent expulsion, of any power can give validity to the acts of the invader after his expulsion? The import of the third proposition depends upon the affirmative. But what are the real merits? Britain had taken possession of the country of Florida , with a view to the annoyance of Spain, newly embarked in the war of our revolution, and to create such a diversion of our forces on the south as would weaken our resistance towards the centre of the union. Spain had with us then a common interest; she had Cuba and her part of St. Domingo to protect against the cruelties of the British which hovered in the bays of Apalachicola & Mobile ; she had to protect her frontier of Mexico from British ambition; and we had to co-operate in self defence with an ally become of some importance to us from the hostility which she had experienced from our common enemy. By common efforts we succeeded, and it is no longer because a consideration whether the convenience which had dictated the peace of 1763, and the secret cession of 1762, still prevailed or not; it was not for the name of the country but its possession the ousting of the British was made; and that the country should during the remainder of the war do no more than adopt the system of government practised by their predecessors was in the ordinary nature of things so unseated.
That the peace of 1763 transferred the Floridas to Spain, we apprehend does not alter the nature of the case, which does not at all depend even upon the peace of 1763, nor upon any measure or event subsequent thereto. The convenience of the belligerent powers might adopt new limits or below new names at discretion on territories uninhabited by civilized man, but these new and temporary regulations, always subject to the mutation of fortune cannot be urged against a definite principle established upon a pre-existing state of those countries; and which those subsequent changes, never constant nor consistent in themselves could neither alter nor abrogate.
Spain, by the joint operation of her own force and ours, came into possession of the whole of Florida and Louisiana according to its ancient limits. As parties in the war, France and the United States consented to her possession of those territories; but that consent neither altered the pre-existing facts, with relation to the original possession by France; nor did it prevent Spain from re-consolidating Florida with Louisiana , had Spain chosen so to have done.
These considerations then lead back to the true ground, or that upon which the cession of Louisiana was made by Spain to France, the terms of which are — "the colony or province of Louisiana , with the same extent that it actually has in the hands of Spain, that it had when France possessed it." These words, it should be particularly remembered, are the words of the treaty of St. Ildefonso of 1st October, 1800, concluded between Spain and France, which was confirmed and enforced by another treaty of the 21st March, 1801; and under the operation of these treaties, it was that France transferred the sovereignty of Louisiana to us, and in the express words, "Louisiana with the same extent as it had when France possessed it," it is our right to claim, and to maintain it — which by the help of God, we trust our government are determined to do.
The question then would seem to be, what was the extent of Louisiana when France possessed it?
A slight knowledge only of the enemies and jealousies which prevailed for 30 years before our revolution, between the rival powers of France and England, is required to be able to arrive at a correct opinion on this subject. The French had formed a very splendid project of empire which was to embrace the whole range of our western lakes from Canada to the Mississippi . The British perpetually cavilled at the French intrusions on their territory; and their disputes and frictions to circumvent each other were incessant until the conquest of Canada by the British annihilated the hopes of France in that quarter; only to leave their successors in pursuit of the Illions which France had raised to captivate their ambition.
The French defended their boundary of Canada , by a line drawn along the western waters through the fourth wall angle of Lake Huron , thence into Michigan , and thence down the Illinois to the Mississippi — comprehending all to the westward in Canada !
The negotiations of Mt. Baffey and Mt. Pitt on this subject in 1761, exhibit a disgusting picture of political wickedness, and considering what has since happened, the folly of both negotiators — and nations!
However these documents and the papers of Mt. Vandreuil and governor Pownall , place the question concerning "the extent of Louisiana when France possessed it" out of all question.
The French minister in his first general memoir, proposed, that all which did not belong to Canada should appertain to Louisiana , and that Louisiana should be considered as extending to the frontier of Virginia .
The British minister on the other hand, declares he cannot submit to this, that not only what lies west of the Illinois , but what lies west of the Ohio , shall be Canada ! may more than some other countries (not described but by the word intermediate ) shall form a neutral barrier, "even admitting them to have been previously included in Louisiana ."

SPANISH AGGRESSIONS.
We continue in this day's paper the publication of the numbers which appeared in the Aurora, relative to the eastern boundary of Louisiana.
But his exertions in the cause of his court were not intended to terminate here. An extract from the Philadelphia Register, which appears in this day's paper, is sufficient to demonstrate, that this European diplomatist was unwilling to abide by the customary method of a fair & argumentative publication.
That this gentleman should have rejected the inuendoes of the Spanish minister with contempt, is certainly auspicious to his own honour. That he should not have submitted his own judgment to the intriguing spirit of this European negotiator is equally fortunate for him in another point of view.
* In most of the maps and among others in Bradley's map of the U.S. this river is laid down under the name of the Lost River.
MOREAU.—The report which we gave in the last Enquirer, of this general having been carried into the midst of the Pyrenees, where he was to fill the victim of a villainous scheme of assassination, appears not to be sufficiently authenticated.
The reader can scarcely have forgotten the speech of Gen. Moreau himself, which he is said to have delivered on his trial. There is probably no man of generous feelings who did not admire it; and yet this speech is said to have been a very mutilated representation of the one, which he actually delivered.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Norfolk to a friend in Staunton, dated 6th of August, 1804.
"You have questioned me relative to the William and Mary Lottery.—The postponement of the drawing was dictated by the wife and most virtuous intention: for the tickets had not been widely distributed, and the returns had not been received from many of the agents; therefore, (in that state of uncertainty) if the drawing had commenced, it must have been at the risk of either confusion or duplicity.
"In countries where public force, silence and courage are the common qualifications of the wife; where cunning aids the dastard in arms; and where power legitimizes rapacity, a conduct so magnanimous and positively just, would not have differed the records of financial ruin. But my dear friend, we are the inhabitants of a country where the reign of liberty has an unexampled close communion, the whole family of life is morality."
"The names of the Commissioners have been published, and yet we know that the letters which compose them, form the most ample panegyric."
"As to what you have said relative to the uncertainty of the time when the drawing will commence, I can answer that there is the fairest prospect of its taking place between the middle and the end of next October; and as that is the only bar to your becoming an adventurer, let it vanish."
THE following Verles are from the pen of an accomplished woman. They are adapted to a theme peculiarly touching. We all recollect the elevated tone of our feelings when we awoke from a dream, in which our imagination has carried us through some scene peculiarly calculated to call forth some powerful passion.
IMPROMPTU ON A DREAM. STRANGE pow'r of fancy, o'er the human heart, To rouse up feelings which so long have slept; And e'en in sleep's dull reign—true bliss impart, Or wake those sorrows, former days have wept.
Again the voice of love my soul impet, Its soothing accents ev'ry care begu'd; Again the "pining tenant" of his breath, Responsive beat to mine—with transport wild!
NOTICE.
THE subscriber having formed a connection with JOHN L. LESUEUR, which will commence on the 5th day of October next, in order to close his present business, he will on Thursday the fourth day of October next, at 10 o'clock, at his Store, offer at Public Sale, the whole of his present STOCK OF GOODS;
Consisting of—OLD MADERIA AND PORT WINE, RUM, BRANDY, AND GIN, LOAF AND BROWN SUGAR, LONDON BROWN STOUT, IMPERIAL AND YOUNG HYSON TEA, And almost every article in the Grocery line. JAMES FISHER.
Terms of the above sale—All sums under 50 dollars, cash—above and not exceeding 150 dollars, 60 days—and for all sums above 150 dollars, 120 days—for Notes with approved security. PROSSER & MONCURE, V. S's.
ADVERTISEMENT.
TWO BOND, executed to me by Capt. John Hurst, bearing date, September 9th, 1802, for £5. 77 each, one payable the 5th September, 1803, the other the 5th September, 1804, were lost, mislaid, or taken out of my possession some time in the fall of the year 1803. The public are cautioned against taking assignments of said bond; and the said Hurst, against paying them to any person but myself, or my authorized agent. WINIFRED WEBB. Northumberland county, Sept. 29.
NEGROES—FOR SALE.
A LIKELY NEGRO WOMAN, about 35 years old, with three children: two Girls 13 and 8 years old, and a Boy 5 or 6. They are now living with Mrs. Brewer in Raleigh county, and will be sold low for cash. Apply to the Editor of THE ENQUIRER, or the subscriber. LAURENCE MUSE. Tappahannock, Sept. 29.
The French minister gave in his ultimatum on the 17th August followed by a note on the 18th. In which he agreed to the proposition concerning a neutral intermediate territory "between Canada and Louisiana, as also between Virginia and Louisiana" and fixes the boundary of Louisiana at the river Perdido.
The British minister however, rejects this proposition, and upon this extraordinary ground, that the countries as far as the Perdido, were "already ceded under the description of Canada!"
It is very certain that there was in these negotiations a want of information or something else, which was not to be removed from the existence and celebrity of the two statesmen.
It was clear the British minister did not want peace at that moment, and the negotiations were broken off—but we have abundant materials in Pownall's papers to shew what had been the real state of things, and that Daffy in fact claimed no more than had been already occupied.
In Pownall's papers on the administration of the colonies published in 2 vols. 8vo. by Walter at London in 1774—a memorial drawn up in 1756, corresponding with preceding official memorials of 1754 & 1755 concerning the policy of Britain with regard to France. The work exhibits the mind of a profound and sagacious statesman, he surveys the country with the eye of a soldier and a political economist; points out the weak points of the French system and the commercial advantages to be derived from totally excluding them!
After describing the whole of the Canada frontier, and the force in each of the French forts, he proceeds to Louisiana—thus
"The establishments, posts, and settlements of Louisiana, are as follows:
"1. The Garrison of N. Orleans:
"French, 900
"Swiss, 75
"Out of which are garrisoned the out posts of the Balise, and other small posts
"2. Detour Anglais—1 company, &c. which have their tour of duty with the Mobile and Illinois, &c.
"3. Mobile—eight French companies and one Swiss—175.
He then goes through the other military posts, it is to be presumed, that the possessions of Mobile, and Tombecbee and the Alabama, are here sufficiently shown upon the authority of governor Pownall, to be within the colony of Louisiana, in the year 1756; three years before the seizure upon Canada, and six years before the secret convention of Pardo in 1762 which appears to have been a measure taken in consequence of the in-actual negotiations of Bury in 1761.
It seems that during these rivalries, the British are contrived constantly to possess themselves (as la mode de Lisbon et Drake) of the dispatches of the governor of Louisiana, M. Vandreuil; and governor Pownall makes ample use of them, they are under dates from the year 1743 to 1759, in which the countries in the neighbourhood of the Mobile, Alabama, &c. are treated as part of Louisiana. The various tribes of Indians are named, and their attachments, French, English, or neutral marked.
In a corresponding memorial of 1751, Mr. Pownall proposes the plan for overturning the French power; among which are the following.
I. To disjoin and keep separate Louisiana and Canada.
II. To throw off the yoke of forts which the French are laying on our necks.
And he proceeds to shew the effect on Louisiana in these words.
"I should have extended my idea to an attempt on Mobile by a West India squadron with troops raised in the islands; for nothing would more embarrass the enemy's Indian affairs in Louisiana than the taking this place."
The famous able writer published a memorial of date the 23d October, 1759, which appears to have been the result of the British negotiations in 1761 and 1763. The words of the memorial merit quotation:
"If the English policy does not extend to the obtaining and preserving the entire possession of Canada and Louisiana, 'twill confide by what line it shall circumvent those parts." And he proposes that the line be drawn down the Mississippi—and directly to the north west corner of the Spanish rights at Puntahola. A point of termination that exactly corresponds with the account of Louisiana by governor Pownall and M. Vandreuil.
We have not regarded method nor style in throwing together these facts;—we conceive, however, that they plainly shew, that what is called West Florida, was "part of Louisiana in the time extent that France possessed it" before the cession to Spain. And that the use of these words "originally cited" as it relates to the peace of 1763, is in every sense fallacious and inapplicable to the merits of our title to the countries as far as the Perdido.
1. Because it is not true that the cession was originally made by the peace of 1763—it having been made by France to Spain in the preceding year, after the failure of negotiation with England.
2. Because when France ceded the part of Louisiana she actually held the whole of Louisiana and the country on the Mobile was therein comprehended, as appears by the foregoing evidence.
3. That Spain having ceded the country of Louisiana with the same extent as France had held it—and as she did not hold it between the years 1762 and 1763—the date of the treaty of St. Ildefonso—it is dishonorable and faithless on the part of Spain to attempt a violation of the treaty which the solemnly established and reinforced by the treaty of Madrid in March 1801.
(To be continued.)
FROM THE POLITICAL REGISTER.
In the discharge of an important, and to myself an indispensable duty, the following statement was communicated, in the first instance to the government—in a respectful solicitude, for the rights and interest of our country the deposition and letters are now made public. W. JACKSON.
Sept. 29th. On Thursday, September 26th, 1804, about noon, a note of which the following is a transcript, left at my office, as my clerk informed me, by a person who lives with Mr. Francis Breuil, merchant in Philadelphia:
"The Marquis de Cato Yrujo presents his compliments to Major Jackson and would be very happy to know from him when and where he could have the pleasure to see him in the course of this day." Thursday 26th.
Never having before received any communication from Mr. Yrujo—never having even exchanged one word of conversation with him in my life—I was not a little surprised at receiving this message, which I answered by a note to the following purport:
"Major Jackson presents his compliments to the Marquis de Cato Yrujo—in reply to his note of this morning, just now received. Major Jackson will be at his office next to Gen. Dickinson, until 4 o'clock—at either of which places he will see the Marquis de Cato Yrujo—or, if more convenient, he will wait on him." Thursday Sept. 26.
This note was sent by Mr. Johnson, my clerk, and left at Gov. McKean's. Mr. Breuil called on me soon after, and said, that the Marquis de Cato Yrujo would be glad to see me at the Marquis' house at 5 o'clock.
I asked Mr. Breuil if he knew on what business Mr. Yrujo wanted to see me—he said he did not know.
I went at 5 o'clock to Mr. Yrujo's house, and on entering the room, was accosted by him in nearly the following words:
"You will be surprised Major Jackson, at the liberty I have taken in sending to you, but I trust an explanation of the motive will excuse me. I consider you, Sir, as a gentleman, a man of letters, and a man of honor."
"By a political intolerance you have been forced to adopt a profession different from what you have heretofore pursued—but it is one in which you are qualified to be very useful. I observe by certain opinions expressed in your paper that you consider the present administration (for I will not call them government) as inclined to go to war with Spain, however you are mistaken; the reverse is the fact—and they only with the federal papers to utter those opinions that they may have an argument of that sort for indulging their will to go to war with our country, which would certainly be very injurious to you's; for if the king my master, was to order three ships of the line & six frigates to the Mississippi—three ships of the line and six frigates to the Chesapeake—and three ships of the line and six frigates to Sandy Hook—what would you do? But you have it in your power, to do much good, by exposing the part of peace, which is so necessary to both nations; and if you will consent to take elucidations on the subject from me, I will furnish them; and I will furnish them; and I will make you any acknowledgment." Perceiving, at this moment, his infamous purpose, I with difficulty stifled the emotions which it excited, and restrained my indignation. He went on to examine in detail the several points in dispute between Spain and the United States—and, as I wished to learn his opinions respecting them, I suffered him to proceed. Among other things he said, that if Mr. Pownall had acted by instructions from the administration, or if his conduct should be approved by them, war was inevitable. But he had no doubt war was the wish of our administration; for he had received a letter from New Orleans dated on the 25th April last, which stated that there was a letter at that place in Mr. Jefferson's hand writing, dated in March last, which declared that if the settlers between the Mississippi and the Rio Perdido, would raise the American colors, they should be supported. He continued his observations, and pressed me to give him an answer—suffering me that this was no diplomatic management, but an appointment (unbonoing) of himself to me as a man of honor and he trusted I would so consider it. I then quitted the room; he went with me to the street door, and again asked me when I would give him an answer. With difficulty I suppressed the indignation of my feelings and left the house. W. JACKSON. Sworn the 7th Sept. 1804. That the contents of the within statement are just and true. EDWD. SHIPPEN, chief Justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Sept. 7, 1804. SIR, Considerations paramount to all others, the love of my country, and a sense of personal honor, which no change of fortune or circumstance can ever efface or diminish, have decided me, on the present occasion to address you. The accompanying document refers to the most interesting objects that can engage my attention, and for the moment, those objects banish every other remembrance. Mr. Yrujo's official character, precludes the only reparation I would consent to receive for this attempt against my honor. It is for you Sir, to determine what satisfaction is due to our country and its government. I shall wait the time necessary to learn your decision before I give further publicity to the transaction. I am Sir, Your most obedient servant, W. JACKSON. Thomas Jefferson, Esq. president of the United States. Monticello, Sept. 15, 1804. SIR, I have received your letters of the 7th and 9th inst and shall use their contents in due time and place for the benefit of our country, as you seem sufficiently apprised that the person of the marquis Yrujo is under the safe guard of the nation, and secured by its honor against all violation. I need add nothing on that head. On another however I may be permitted to add that if the information respecting a letter said to have been written by me was meant as a sample of the communications proposed to be given to you, their loss will not be great. No such letter was ever written by me, by my authority, or with my privy, with my acknowledgements for the communication I tender you my apologies. TH. JEFFERSON. Major WILLIAM JACKSON. Duplicate. [A series of papers are making their appearance in the National Intelligencer, signed by CURTIUS, and entitled "A Defence" of the present Administration. The writer's plan is excellent, and the execution is in many of its parts extremely appropriate. He commences the investigation by explaining all the constitutional duties of the President; and he proposes to examine how far those duties have been observed or violated by the different acts of the present administration. These duties he describes to be 1st. To give to Congress, from time to time, information of the state of the Union, and to recommend to their consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. 2d. To pass a qualified veto upon the laws. 3d. To command in chief the army and navy; and the militia, when in actual service. 4th. To appoint all executive and judicial officers, except of a subordinate nature. 5th. To make Treaties. 6th. To take care that the laws be faithfully executed. Whether Mr. Jefferson has been attentive to these duties of his office, becomes the object of this writer's researches. This investigation is introduced by the portraits of the men on whom he is obliged to devolve some of his executive duties. We have here the characters of the heads of department, Messrs. Madison, Gallatin, Dearborn & Smith; and of the Attorney General, Levi Lincoln. In these delineations, there is little that is new or peculiarly striking. The character of Mr. Gallatin is most strikingly and elegantly drawn; and we have therefore selected it for the entertainment of our readers. Should any original or unobtrusive thoughts occur in the investigation of subjects, which have been to frequently and so acutely analysed by the two parties in this country, we shall take the earliest opportunity of extending their circulation.] Albert Gallatin was named Secretary of the Treasury. The duties of this station are in some respects scarcely secondary, while in others they are superior to those attached to the Department of State. By the laws establishing the office, the Secretary is required, not only to superintend the collection and disbursement of the revenue, but likewise to present such new, or alterations in existing plans, as the public good requires. It will be perceived that this requires a comprehensive knowledge of the resources of the country, united with habits of close application; and in addition to this rare union of qualities a stern integrity. In a government where chief resource depends upon trade, which itself depends upon our relative situation with the European world; it is essential that the Secretary should superadd to these attainments, a sufficient knowledge of foreign powers, to anticipate the arrangements likely to be adopted by them and their effects upon the United States. For the discharge of these high and complicated duties the President named Albert Gallatin. This gentleman, it is well known, was born in a foreign land; but it is likewise known that the air he there inhaled was that of liberty. The republic, in whose bosom he was educated, had, for ages, been no less distinguished by the justice of its laws, than the equality of its citizens. Uncontaminated by the avaricious passions of trade, the powers of the human mind fought the proud distinctions of science and religion.

No single faculty of the mind affords materials for such various and curious disquisition as the fancy, or imagination. The metaphysician views it as the mimic of the senses, whose functions it sometimes so aptly performs, as to impose on the mind fiction for truth. In thus substituting the pictures or images of its own creation, for those of nature, he perceives that it only separates or combines those ideas which were imparted by the senses and republished in the memory. That it can generate no simple ideas, but is merely the intellectual artificer who makes a fabric of the materials with which it is furnished by the senses. In the course of his enquiry into the principles of its operation, he is astonished to find that even this power of separating or combining has its limits; and that, with all the seeming irregular and discursive movements of the fancy, there are two or three natural relations, which as pones relans enable it to pass from one region of thought to another; and that the mind can never shift itself from idea to idea, unless there be proximity of time or place, resemblance or contrast between them. Thus this lively faculty, whose anomalies seemed at first view to defy the powers of human investigation, is found to act upon principles at once regular, simple, and few. Different persons possess in different degrees the power of perceiving what is contiguous in time or place, and what is like or unlike; according to which degrees they are said "to have an active, or a dull, imagination," and sometimes, "to possess, or to want, fancy."
Since eloquence and poetry owe their highest ornaments to the imagination, it naturally becomes one of the principal topics of literary criticism. As it is the object of the orator to persuade, and of the poet to please, the critic considers the fancy merely as an instrument for these purposes, and derives a set of rules from the laws of our nature, by which he ascertains the fitness of the means to the ends. He points out where a loose should be given to the native impetuosity of the imagination, and where its unlicensed sallies should be curbed: shews what passages possess the awful grandeur of the sublime and what the attractive loveliness of beauty which are distinguished from those which are hit off in the spirit of her finest models. In a word, guided at one and the same time by the most liberal feelings of the heart and the nicest dictates of reason, he praises or blames the works of imagination according to the judgment of taste.
Nor is this busy faculty unworthy the consideration of the moralist. Our desires and aversions either derive new vigor from the imagination or owe their existence to it all together. It is sometimes their parent and always their nurse. By its extensive influence over our pleasures and our pains it goes far towards regulating our moral conduct, and according to the direction it may take, gives birth to the sublimest heroism or the most unnamable depravity. To shew the full extent of its influence on human happiness would lead me into too wide a field of moral and metaphysical speculation; but as a branch of the subject, I purpose to shew how much it tends to substitute falsehood for truth, by enumerating some of the most ordinary illusions of fancy; in which enumeration, the examples are either the result of my own observations, or are believed to be in strict analogy with the acknowledged principles of human nature.
Sometimes the suggestions of the imagination are mistaken for those of the memory. This propensity is almost always to be perceived in children of very tender years. They prattle of visits they never made; repeat conversations they never heard, and describe objects they never saw—all this too, without the smallest consciousness of falsehood. The same predominance of fancy over memory is occasionally seen in grown persons who deal much in narrative. The foible of these people never fails to incur the contempt of the world, and is generally imputed to vanity; but where it is united to a character otherwise irreproachable, as I have sometimes seen it, it is fair to presume that it proceeds from an imbecility of the mind rather than obliquity of the heart. E man who watches the operations of his intellect, must have discovered that he occasionally had formed a new association of ideas at the very time he thinks he is merely retracing an association previously formed.
Women have always been observed to have livelier imaginations than men. A natural consequence of this superior facility of associating ideas, is, they are less accurate in reciting matters of fact. Not only the merits of a favorite, the splendor of an exhibition, or the horrors of a calamity, are exaggerated by the force of their imaginations, but what consists in mere number and quantity is apt to be increased or diminished by the same cause. One lady, boasting of the beaux who have led her daughter out to dance, will convert twelve into twenty; while an envious neighbour by an opposite deception, will diminish the number to five or six: and yet both of these ladies may be innocent of voluntary falsehood. The fact is that each listened to that suggestion of fancy which was most agreeable to her feelings.
I once knew two ladies dispute, and at length bet, on the height of their respective gallants, who were very well known to both. The gentlemen turned out to be of equal height, but each lady had been confident that her own favorite was at least two inches taller than the other.
Very ardent lovers have observed that when they first meet after a long separation, they feel disappointed in each other's appearance. It is because the picture of the beloved object was not in the mind merely as memory had drawn it—imagination had superadded the colors of her own bright pencil.
Sometimes we see the imagination so lively, so completely master of the mind, that it prevails over the plain and direct communications of the senses.
On occasion of a riot, Gov. C— of New-York, put himself at the head of a chosen party to quell the tumult. The sword he carried was by some accident broken off near the hilt. With this fragment in his hand he pushed on, and endeavored to force his way through the crowd. One man, feeling the pressure of the mutilated weapon, looked back, and fixing his eyes on the spot, exclaimed "a dead man," and fell senseless on the ground, under a temporary conviction that he was run through the body.
Major H. whose life was spent in mischievous warfare, having given a frolicking fiddle some liquor, pressed him to repeat his draught with great earnestness. By winks and nods to the bystanders, suspicions were artfully excited in the poor fiddler—at length he was told with a face of gravity and consternation that he had taken an emetic which would be good for his health. Warm water was accordingly prepared, and the credulous son of Orpheus was made to vomit as freely by the energy of his own imagination as he could have been by the most powerful drugs of pharmacy.
A clergyman and his daughter were once viewing the face of the full moon. The young woman was clear she saw in it the figure of a young man; but the father rebuking the daughter for not seeing a church, says, "why child, don't you see the sleeper?"
To ordinary palates good wine at the table of a poor man will seem bad, and ordinary wine at the house of a reputed epicure, has a most exquisite flavour.
Bishop, by way of characterising the blind partiality of a mother, makes the owl, in describing her young to the eagle, dwell with great emphasis on their pretty faces.
Persons who feel a dread of apparitions need but meet with a white cow or linen garment, and their fancy supplies whatever is wanting to complete a picture of horror—gives it form, colour, motion, nay even a distinct and articulate voice. Ghosts were never yet seen by those who did not previously have a dread or belief of them.
When Wilkes was in the zenith of his popularity, one of his most enthusiastic female admirers would not admit that he quitted. Yielding to the effect of a nearer inspection, she replied to her triumphant admirers, "Well, I am sure if it is so, he quints no more than a gentleman ought to do."
The wretch who has been for years the helpless victim of disease, has imagined himself cured by the touch of an iron bodkin: and on one occasion I knew a rheumatic patient to be scratched with a quill (imposed on him for one of Perkins's points) till he was able "to take up his bed and walk."
It is a similar illusion of fancy which procures the ready sale of the nostrums of empirics, and vouches with such grateful zeal for the cures they have wrought.
Jugglers and ventriloquists owe their success chiefly to the deluded imaginations of their beholders.
Hypochondria, delirium, and madness, though remotely caused by corporeal disease, are the immediate effects of an imagination stimulated to preternatural vigour.
The false promises of hope are nothing but the judgment led astray by the imagination.—Ambition derives its strength from one species of mental illusion, and avarice from another. Jealousy, envy, revenge, make the imagination convert beauty into deformity and virtue into vice, while love, pity and admiration, cause an opposite metamorphosis. When party spirit runs high, the same essay, the same speech is thought to have or to want merit, according to the sentiments they express. This prejudice, as it is commonly called, or this illusion of fancy, is often extended most ludicrously to the cut of a coat, the air of a popular song, or even to a color that happens to be the badge of a party. A few years since a black cape probably often excited more horror in Paris than a street murder; and I verily believe some zealous partisans among ourselves have thought the very Rainbow hideous from its resemblance to the tricolor of France.
If imagination is capable not only of substituting its own copies of the perceptions of sense for those of memory, but even of cheating us out of those perceptions themselves, how much and how often must it pervert the judgment! How liable is every chain of reasoning to be turned this or that way from the right line of truth, when every link is so likely to be distorted! Few are the opinions we can form which are not connected with some sentiment of pleasure or pain, and these sentiments are always nourished more or less by fancy.
Let these considerations teach charity and moderation to zealots of every description, and let them recollect that the opinions of whole truth they have the deepest conviction, if they were formed when the mind was much excited by feeling, are less likely to be the demonstrations of reason than the illusions of fancy. X.
ABSTRACT OF THE AMERICAN TRAVELS OF BARON HUMBOLDT.
CONCLUDED FROM OUR LAST.
From the village of Carthago, in the valley of Cauca, they followed the course of the Choco, the country of Platina, which was there found in round pieces of bauxite and green rock (green skin of Werner) and fossil wood. They pass by Buga to Popayan a bishop's see, and situated near the volcanoes of Sotara and Purace, a most picturesque situation, and enjoying the most delicious climate in the world, the thermometer of Reaumur keeping constantly at 16 to 18 (68 to 72 Fahr.). They ascended to the crater of the volcano of Purace, which mouth, in the middle of snow, throws out vapours of sulphureous hydrogene, with continued and frightful rumbling.
From Popayan they passed by the dangerous defiles of Almaguer, avoiding the infected & contagious valley of Patia, to Pasto, and from this town, even now situated at the foot of a burning volcano, by Tugueras and the provinces of Pasto, a flat portion of country, fertile in European grain, but elevated more than 1500 to 1600 toises above the towns of Ibarra & Quito. They arrived, in January, 1802, at this beautiful capital, celebrated by the labours of the illustrious Condamine, of Bouguer, Godin, Don George Juan, and Ulloa, and still more celebrated by the great amiability of its inhabitants, & their happy turn for the arts.
They remained nearly a year in the kingdom of Quito: the height of its snow-capt mountains, its terrible earthquakes (that of February 7, 1797, swallowed up 42,000 inhabitants, in a few seconds) its fertility, and the manner of its inhabitants, combined to render it the most interesting spot in the universe. After three vain attempts, they twice succeeded in ascending to the crater of the volcano of Pichincha, taking with them electrometers, barometers, and hydrometers. Condamine could only stop here a few minutes, and that without instruments. In his time, this immense crater was cold and filled with snow. Our travellers found it inflamed; distressing information for the town of Quito, which is distant from it only 5000 to 6000 toises.
They made separate visits to the snowy and porphyritic mountains of Antisana, Cotopaxi, Tungarague, and Chimborazo, the last the highest point of our globe. They studied the geological part of the Cordillera of the Andes, on which subject nothing has been published in Europe, menageries (if the expression may be used) having been created, as it were, since the time of Condamine. The geodetical measurements proved that some mountains, particularly the volcano of Tungarague, has considerably lowered since 1750, which result agrees with the observations made to them by the inhabitants.
During the whole of this part of the journey, they were accompanied by Mr. Charles Montufar, son of the Marquis of Selva-allegre, of Quito, a person zealous for the progress of Science, and who is, at his own expence, rebuilding the pyramids of Saraguro, the extremity of the celebrated basis of the triangles of the Spanish & French academicians. This interesting young man having followed Mr. Humboldt in the remainder of his journey through Peru and the kingdom of New Spain, is now on his passage with him to Europe.
Circumstances were so favorable to the efforts of the three travellers, that at Antisana they ascended 2200 French feet, and at Chimborazo, on June 22, 1802, nearly 3200 feet higher than Condamine was able to carry his instruments. They ascended to 3036 toises elevation above the level of the sea, the blood starting from their eyes, lips and gums. An opening, of 80 toises deep, and very wide, prevented them from reaching the top, from which they were only distant 134 toises.
It was at Quito that Mr. Humboldt received a letter from the national institute of France, informing him that captain Baudin had proceeded by the Cape of Good Hope, and that there was no longer any hope of joining him.
After having examined the country overturned by the earthquake of Riobamba, in 1797, they passed by the Andes of Affay to Cuenza. The desire of comparing the Cinchonas discovered by Mr. Mutis, at Santa Fe de Bogota, and with those of Popayan, and the cupa and cupa of New Andalusia, and of the river Caroni (named falsely Cortex Angustura) with the Cinchonas of Loxa and Peru, they preferred deviating from the beaten track from Cuenza to Lima; but they passed with immense difficulties in the carriage of their instruments and collections, by the forest (Paramo) of Saraguro to Loxa, and from thence to the province of San de Bracamoros. They had to cross thirty five times, two days, the river Guancabamba, so dangerous for its sudden freshes. They saw the ruins of the superb Ynga road comparable to the finest roads in France, and which went upon the ridge of the Andes from Cusco to the Affay, accommodated with fountains and taverns.
They descended the river Chamaya, which led them into that of the Amazons, and they navigated this last river down to the cataracts of Tomepamba, one of the most fertile, but one of the hottest climates of the habitable globe. From the Amazon river they returned to the fourth east by the Cordillera of the Andes to Montar, where they found they had passed the magnetic equator, the inclination being 0, although at seven degrees of south latitude. They visited the mines of Hualgayoc, where native silver is found at the height of 2000 toises. Some of the veins of these mines contain petrified shells, and which, with those of Pasco and Huanta-yo, are actually the richest of Peru. From Camaraca they descended to Truxillo, in the neighbourhood of which are found the ruins of the immense Peruvian city, Maniche.
It was on this western descent of the Andes that the three voyagers, for the first time, had the pleasure of seeing the Pacific Ocean. They followed its barren sides, formerly watered by the canals of the Yngas at Santa Guerra, and Lima. They remained some months in this interesting capital of Peru, of which the inhabitants are distinguished by the vivacity of their genius, and the liberality of their ideas.
Mr. Humboldt had the good fortune to observe the end of the passage of Mercury over the sun's disk, in the port of Callao. He was astonished to find, at such a distance from Europe the most recent productions in chemistry, mathematics, and medicine; and he found great activity of mind in the inhabitants, who, in a climate where it never either rains or thunders, have been falsely accused of indolence.
From Lima our travellers passed by sea to Guayaquil, situated on the brink of a river, where the growth of a palm tree is beautiful beyond description. They every moment heard the rumbling of the volcano of Cotopaxi, which made an alarming explosion on the 6th January 1802. They immediately set off to visit it a second time, when the unexpected intelligence of the speedy departure of the frigate Atalante, determined them to return, after being seven days exposed to the dreadful attacks of the mufquitoes of Babaoyra and Ujibar.
They had a fortunate passage, by the Pacific Ocean, to Acapulco, the western port of the kingdom of New Spain, famous for the beauty of its harbor, which appears to have been formed by earthquakes, for the misery of its inhabitants and for its climate, which is equally hot and unhealthy.
Mr. Humboldt had originally the intention to remain only a few months in Mexico, and to hasten his return to Europe; his voyage had already been too much protracted, his instruments, particularly the chronometers, began to be out of order, and every effort that he made to have new ones sent to him proved of no avail; add to this consideration, that the progress of science is so rapid in Europe, that, in a journey that lasts four or five years great risk is run of contemplating the different phenomena under aspects, which are no longer interesting at the moment of publishing the result of your labors. Mr. Humboldt hoped to be in France in August or September, 1803, but the attractions of a country, so beautiful and so varied, as is that of the kingdom of New Spain, the great hospitality of its inhabitants, and the fear of the yellow fever* so fatal, from June to November, for those who come from the mountainous part of the country, led him to stay a year in this kingdom.
Our travellers ascended from Acapulco to Talco, celebrated for its mines, as interesting as they are ancient. They rise, by small degrees, from the ardent valley of Mecala and Papagayo, where the thermometer of Reaumur stands, in the shade, constantly from 28 to 31 (95 to 101 Fahr.) in a region 6 or 700 toises above the level of the sea, where you find the oaks, the pines, and the fougere (fern) as large as trees, and where the European grains are cultivated. They passed by Talco, by Cuerna Vaca, to the capital of Mexico.—This city of 150,000 inhabitants, is placed upon the ancient site of Texcotalitlan, between the lakes of Tezcuco and Xochimilco, lakes which have left some traces since the Spaniards have opened the canal of Huehuetenoc, in light of two snow topped mountains, of which one, Popocatepec, is even now an active volcano, surrounded by a great number of walks, shaded with trees, and Indian villages.
This capital of Mexico, situated 1160 toises above the sea, in a mild and temperate climate, may doubtless be compared to some of the finest towns in Europe. Great scientific establishments, such as the academy of painting, sculpture and engraving, the college of mines, (owing to the liberality of the company of miners of Mexico,) and the Botanic garden, are institutions which do honor to the government which has created them.
After remaining some months in the valley of Mexico, and after fixing the longitude of the capital, which has been laid down with an error of nearly two degrees, our travellers visited the mines of Moran and Real del Monte, and the Cerro of Oyamel, where the ancient Mexicans had the manufactory of knives made of the Obsidian stone. They soon after passed by Queretaro and Saramanca to Guanaxato, a town of fifty thousand inhabitants, and celebrated for its mines, more rich than those of Potosi have ever been. The mine of the count of Valenciana which is 1840 French feet perpendicular depth, is the deepest and richest mine of the universe. This mine alone gives to its proprietor nearly six hundred thousand dollars annual and constant profit.
From Guanaxato they returned by the valley of St. Jago to Valladolid, in the ancient
kingdom of Michuacan, one of the most fertile and charming provinces of the kingdom. They descended from Pafcuaro towards the coast of the Pacific Ocean to the plains of Scruilo, where in 1759, in a night, a volcano arose from the level, surrounded by two thousand small mouths, from whence smoke still continues to issue. They arrived almost to the bottom of the crater of the great volcano of Scruilo, of which they analyzed the air, and found it strongly impregnated with carbonic acid. They returned to Mexico by the valley of Toluca, and visited the volcano, to the highest point of which they ascended 14,400 French feet above the level of the sea.
In the months of January and February, 1804, they pursued their researches on the eastern descent of the Cordilleras, they measured the mountains Novados de la Puebla, Popocatepec, Izzahualte, the great peak of Orizaba, and the Cofre de Perote; upon the top of this last Mr. Humboldt observed the meridian height of the sun. In fine, after some residence at Xulappa, they embarked at Verra Cruze, for the Havanna. They resumed the collections they had left there in 1801, and by the way of Philadelphia, embarked for France, in July, 1804, after six years of absence and labours. A collection of 6000 different species of plants (of which a great part are new) and numerous mineralogical, astronomical, chemical, and moral observations, have been the result of this expedition. Mr. Humboldt gives the highest praises to the liberal protection granted to his researches by the Spanish government.
Baron Humboldt was born in Prussia, on the 14th of September, 1769.
* Vomito prieto.
MISCELLANEOUS.
ENGLISH LITERATURE.
A laborious Work is expected, in the course of the ensuing winter, from the pen of Mr. JOHN BELL, on the Physiological Foundations of the Science of Elocution. The Work is to be divided into three parts, each of which will be embellished with elegant engravings, illustrative of the descriptions and doctrines of the text.—Part I. Will treat of the Structure and Offices of the Vocal Organs, and the Theory of Vocal Sounds;—Part II. Of the Structure and Offices of the Enunciative Organs, and the Anatomy of the elementary Sounds of Speech;—and Part III. Of natural Defects a habitual Impediments; their causes phenomena, cure, the structure and Application of Artificial Organs. The above subjects constitute the more philosophical portions of Mr. Thelwall's Lectures; but will be treated in a more copious way than the nature of a popular course of discussion can be expected to admit.
The Conservatorium of Music at Paris has laid before the Emperor Napoleon a plan for instituting an Hotel des Invalides for decayed old Musicians, actors, dancers, singers, actresses, &c. It has been referred to the members of the Council of State. According to this plan the Emperor is to advance 500,000, and with one, two, or three per cent. in the year, taken from the salaries of persons of that description in good health, an hotel is to be built and provided with all necessaries sufficient to contain 2400 persons of both sexes, who have figured on the stage, at concerts, or in the orchestra, but who, from age, disease, wounds, or accidents, in amusing the public or performing their duty, are now wanting succours, or languishing in want, both at Paris and in the departments.
Among the bankruptcies occasioned by the extreme stagnation of trade at Hamburg, we notice two of considerable importance, the one for 1,274,000 marks and the other for half a million. Notwithstanding every possible exertion which the States of Hanover have made at Bremen, to raise by way of loan the sum of 500,000 rix dollars, their negotiation has completely failed. As the town of Meppen has been evacuated by the French troops, the passage of English goods and manufactures to Frankfort is no longer obstructed.
London pap. Music.—Pulleian, an instrument maker at Moscow has invented a curious musical instrument, called Orchestrino, which has been heard in the different theatres in Russia, with great applause. It has the same effect upon the audience as a well composed orchestra of 100 select musicians. He has obtained from the Emperor of Russia an exclusive privilege for ten years, and intends to travel with it, and visit the principal towns and cities in Europe.
VACCINATION.—The Secretary of the Vaccine Pock Institution, Broad-street, Golden-square, has addressed the following letter to the editor of the London Monthly Magazine.—"The public mind being of late much disturbed, in consequence of successive reports during the whole of the last year, and especially of late, by publications of cases esteemed to be instances of the small-pox two or three years subsequent to the cow-pock; the medical establishment of this institution have thought it their duty, whatever may be their own opinions, not to be inactive and silent. Accordingly I am directed to state, that in the last fortnight a number of subjects who had undergone vaccination in the year 1800 (the first year of the new practice at any professed institution) have been submitted to the tell or counter-proof variation, in circumstances the most favorable for exciting the small-pox. Besides these trials, additional ones have been instituted on subjects who were vaccinated in Dr. Pearson's and Mr. Keate's early practice in 1799. Further: reports have been already received at the institution from several provincial correspondents, who were witnesses to whole parishes of subjects vaccinated under Dr. Pearson's inspection, or with matter furnished by himself early in the year 1799. A very brief, but it is presumed conclusive, statement of evidence collected from these sources on the question with which some persons have agitated the minds of so many families is intended to be laid before the public in a week or ten days. This statement, it is apprehended, will be the most proper return to the respectable author, who has lately addressed his pamphlet 'To the Directors of the Vaccine Institution,' very justly conceiving that the point of issue is within the institution, if they give directions for a number of persons to be inoculated with small-pox matter, or exposed strongly to infection, who were vaccinated early in the practice." As no other professed vaccine institution but this has been established long enough to answer the demand, it has been determined to comply.
A valuable Lead Mine has been lately discovered on Perkiomen creek, near the Schuylkill. The richness of it has been ascertained by chemical process to be 70 or 80 per cent. The lead produced has proved to contain much silver. The bank of ore is said to be extensive, and advantageously situated to carry working of it with economy.
Phil. Gaz. PITTSBURGH, September 7. M. Chateau, with the Osage Indians, who have been on a visit to the President of the United States, arrived here on Sunday last, on their return home. They are much pleased with the attention paid them.
WANTS EMPLOYMENT,
A YOUNG MAN who writes an excellent hand, and has been accustomed to BOOK-KEEPING for the last nine years. He can come well recommended for his sobriety and attention to business. A letter directed to A. B. and left with the Painter here of will be duly attended to. August 29. [W. A.]
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY COURT
BALL vs. JETT'S heirs & representatives. In Chancery. BY virtue of a Decree of the Court in this suit, WILL BE SOLD, on the 1st of October next, if fair, if not, the next fair day, at the late dwelling house of Mrs. Elizabeth Jett, dec. to the highest bidder, for ready money, the three following TRACTS or PARCELS OF LAND, (or so much thereof as may be sufficient to raise the sum of two thousand dollars with interest and costs of suit)—to wit, a tract devised to Capt. William Ball by his father, containing by estimation 576 acres, be the same more or less; out of this tract will be excepted an old Mill, with the land thereto adjacent and appertaining. The tract on which the said Jett resided at the time of her death, containing 40 acres, more or less. And one other tract formerly part of the estate of Max'n Haynie, dec. containing 20 acres, more or less.
These tracts lie contiguous to each other, and have been used as one farm; they are situated near the Potomac, about two miles below the courthouse on the main road leading to Fairfields Church, and about the same distance from Coan Warehouses.
The quality of this land is not inferior to any in its neighbourhood, and nearly two-thirds of it is well timbered. Its situation affords an abundance of excellent fish, oysters, &c. The dwelling and out houses are suitable for the accommodation of a small family. Mr. Samuel Harding, living near the premises, will show them to any person wishing to purchase.
THOMAS D. DOWNING, RICHARD EDWARDS, HIEROME L. OPIE, PETER C. RICE. Comrs. July 28, cp-5w.
VIRGINIA:
AT A HIGH COURT OF CHANCERY, HOLDEN AT THE CAPITOL, IN THE CITY OF RICHMOND, 5th March, 1796.
BETWEEN Mary Ruffin, executrix, and Herbert Claiborne, James Ruffin and William Ruffin, executors of Robert Ruffin, and James Ruffin, William Ruffin and Sterling Ruffin, prosecuting in their own behalf. Prefs.
AND William Machin, Isaac Hicks and Nancy his Wife, William Gee and John Gee, Defs. HIS cause, which abated as to the plaintiff Mary Ruffin, by her death, came on the 5th day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-six, to be heard on the bills, answers, exhibits and examinations of witnesses, and was argued by counsel: on consideration whereof, the court doth di. one of its Commissioners to state an account of the payments made, if any payments were made, towards discharging the debt, interest and charges intended to be secured by the indenture in the bill recited, and also to examine the bills of credit alleged to have been tendered by John Jones, on behalf of the defendant William Machin, on the ninth day of December, in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty one, in order to discover whether such bills of credit could be legally tendered at that time, and the Commissioner is empowered to examine the Plaintiffs in solemn manner, and require their acknowledgement or denial of such payments, and tender and to report the matters, as they shall appear to him, to the court, stating specially such as to him shall seem pertinent, and the parties shall be deemed to be so stated; and the bill is dismissed, as to the defendant John Gee, who bids by his answer disclaimed any title to the land conveyed by the indenture aforesaid.
A Copy, Teste, PETER TINSLEY, C. C.
COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE,
RICHMOND, May 23d, 1804.
The parties concerned are desired to take notice, that I have appointed Friday the twenty-third day of November next, for carrying into effect the within Decree, upon which day their attendance is required at my office, with their papers and accounts ready for examination. (cS-8w) WM. HAY, M. C. September 8. ep3w.
(BY AUTHORITY.)
SCHEME OF A LOTTERY...CLASS No. I.
TO BUILD AN ACADEMY IN THE CITY OF RICHMOND.
Table with 3 columns: Tickets, Prizes, Amount. Includes entries like 3750 Tickets at 10 dolls. each, 1 Prize of dolls. 5000 dolls. 5000.
1542 Prizes. 2208 Blanks. 3750 Tickets at 10 dolls. each
Table with 3 columns: Tickets, Prizes, Amount. Includes entries like 1st drawn Ticket having a blank to its number after 2000 tickets are drawn, dolls. 1,000.
This Lottery has been authorized by the Legislature of Virginia, for the laudable purpose of erecting a Seminary of Learning in or near the Metropolis of this State. With this view, it is contemplated to raise 20,000 dollars, and 2,500 dollars in addition, for defraying the expenses of drawing, &c. The Trustees to insure success, have divided the Lottery into four distinct classes, so as to raise the sum contemplated by an annual Lottery, for four years, to raise every year 5,000 dollars, that the work may progress; it is expected that the present Lottery may be drawn by the first day of January next.
It is hoped that the gentlemen who have purchased Tickets in the Richmond Academy will still hold them, as the division of the former Lottery into four classes was deemed necessary by the Trustees, to insure success to so useful an institution. The town of Boston (to the honor of its citizens) has public schools in which are about sixteen hundred pupils. The flourishing and increasing city of Richmond cannot boast of one public school. The Trustees of the Richmond Academy, have about thirteen acres of ground, nearly one half is accepted as a donation, and the remainder they have contracted for, on which they intend to erect the Academy. The site is elevated, healthy and beautiful. If any gentleman who has purchased Tickets is dissatisfied with dividing the Lottery into four classes, if he returns the tickets the money will be repaid, provided they are returned in ten weeks from this day—Doct. William Foubes, William Du Val, William Price (Registrar) and George Tucker, are appointed by the Trustees to sell and dispose of the Tickets, who are authorized to appoint agents for the above purpose.
Tickets may be had of the said committee, at the Office of the Enquirer, at A. Davis's Office, of Messrs. Gallego, Richard & Co. Messrs. Burton & Brown, Messrs. Thomas Taylor & Co. of Wm. Prentis of Petersburg, of Dr. John Bruckenburgh, jr. Samuel Pleasants, jr. and William Pritchard.