The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1804-10-03 00:00:00

THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, (Virginia) PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE...AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM...payable in advance.
NUMBER 43.]
WEDNESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 3, 1804.
[VOLUME 1.]
CONDITIONS.
 I. The ENQUIRER will appear twice a week...During the session of Congress and the Virginia Legislature, either a third paper or a supplementary half-sheet, during the week.  II. Terms of payment. FIVE DOLLARS per annum, in advance.  III. ADVERTISEMENTS, from those who do not subscribe to the paper, should they not exceed a square in length, shall be inserted for seventy-five cents the first time, fifty cents for each time during three weeks, and for every additional insertion thirty-three cents; long ones in the same proportion.  IV. SUBSCRIBERS shall have their advertisements inserted for fifty cents the first time, and thirty-three cents for every additional insertion. 
NOTICE.
THE subscriber having formed a connection with JOHN L. LESUEUR, which will commence on the 8th day of October next, in order to close his present business, he will on Thursday the fourth day of October next, at 10 o'clock, at his Store, offer at Public Sale, the whole of his present STOCK OF GOODS;
Consisting of—OLD MADEIRA AND PORT WINE, RUM, BRANDY, AND GIN, LOAF AND BROWN SUGAR, LONDON BROWN STOUT, IMPERIAL AND YOUNG HYSON TEA, And almost every article in the Grocery line. JAMES FISHER.
Terms of the above sale—All sums under 50 dollars, cash—above and not exceeding 150 dollars, 60 days—and for all sums above 150 dollars, 120 days—for Notes with approved security. PROSSER & MONGURE, v. m's. Sept. 29. [24.
ADVERTISEMENT.
TWO Bonds, executed to me by Capt. John Hurst, bearing date, September 9th, 1802, for £. 77 each, are payable the 9th September, 1803, the other the 9th September, 1804, were lost, mislaid, or taken out of my possession from the fall of the year 1803. The public are cautioned against taking assignments of said bond; and the said Hurst, against paying them to any person but myself, or my authorized agent. WINIFRED WEBB. Northumberland county, Sept. 29. [24.
NEGROES—FOR SALE.
A LIKELY NEGRO WOMAN, about 36 years old, with three children; two Girls 13 and 8 years old, and a Boy 5 or 6. They are now living with Mrs. Brewer in Bedford county, and will be sold low for cash. Apply to the Editor of THE ENQUIRER, or the subscriber. LAURENCE MUSE. Tappahannock, Sept. 29. [24.
OLD MADEIRA, DRY LISBON, & PORT WINE.
ROBERT GORDON & CO. HAVE received by the Juliana from Madeira, 50 pipes selected old WINE, which they assure their friends proves to be excellent. They have also a few pipes, hogsheads and quarter-casks DRY LISBON and PORT WINE, imported by themselves direct from Lisbon and Oporto.
FALL GOODS.
They have received by the Charles and Edward from London, part of their FALL GOODS, and daily expect from Liverpool and Glasgow an extensive assortment of nearly every article usually imported. September 22. [24.
WASHINGTON TAVERN.
THE subscriber has taken a lease of this tenement for a number of years, and has put it in a state of repair which renders it not inferior to any in this City. Besides the Tavern he has detached buildings, well calculated to accommodate those who are anxious of greater privacy than a tavern usually affords. These tenements adjoin the public square, and are within two hundred yards of the Capitol. They have been decidedly advantageous over any other house in this City, with respect to pure air and excellent water. He has good stables and a constant supply of the best provender. He offers his services to his friends and the public, and assures them, that no unlawful gaming, nor any other practice which might, in any degree, have a tendency to disturb the peace of his house, will ever be permitted. EDWARD HALLAM. Richmond, September 26.
N. B. About thirty members of the next Assembly may be well accommodated, of whom eighteen have already engaged. E. H.
FALL GOODS.
WILLIAM TEMPLE has received by the ship Edward and Charles, from London, an extensive assortment of GOODS, suitable to the approaching season. He expects an additional supply, to complete his assortment, by the ship Sally from London, and Lattona from Liverpool; which he will dispose of on his usual low terms. Sept. 8. [24.
A PETITION will be presented to the next General Assembly, to establish a FERRY on the Rappahannock, between the lands of Peter Rost, in Richmond County, to the said Rost's lands in Essex County. September 15. [24.
DATES'S ALMANAC—FOR 1805—Published by Messrs. Davis & Courtney, may be had at the Office of the Enquirer. September 19. [24.
A WET NURSE.
WANTED to hire or purchase, a Wet Nurse without a child of her own. Enquire of the Printers. August 8. [24.
JUST PUBLISHED.
And For Sale at Wm. Prichard's Book-Store: VOLNEY'S VIEW OF THE CLIMATE AND SOIL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA—with MAPS and PLATES. Sept. 8. [24.
CHERRY WINE, of an excellent quality, in pipes and half pipes—for sale by SAMUEL MYERS. Sept. 3. [24.
"HIGHLY IMPORTANT."
THE republican printers throughout this state are requested to state in their papers, that the election for Electors of a President and Vice-President of the United States, will be held on the first Monday of November next, at the Court-house of each county and corporation in this commonwealth; and that the persons chosen as Electors, are to meet at the Capitol in the city of Richmond, on the first Wednesday in December next, to vote for a President and Vice-President. September 15. [24.
At a board of Directors, of the Bank of Virginia, on Thursday the 13th September, 1804;
RESOLVED, that the operations of the Bank, commence on Monday the 8th of October. RESOLVED, that any person producing and depositing at the Bank, Scrip or Commissioners receipts, for any number of shares regularly endorsed or assigned, shall be entitled to receive one in his, her, or their own name or names, in a form similar to that used by the Commissioners at Richmond, bearing therein the whole number of shares to which he, she or they may be entitled, and the sum paid thereon. JOHN BROCKENBROUGH, Cashier. September, 19. [24.
MADEIRA WINE.
OF a superior quality, which we offer for sale by the hogshead and quarter-cask. GIBSON & JEFFERSON. July 18. [24.
FOR RENT.
THE Tenement in which the Office of the Examiner was formerly kept, situated on Rocke Hill immediately below the Swan Tavern. The House and lot has lately undergone a thorough repair. The stand is supposed to be an excellent one for a Grocery and Dry Good Store; for which purpose the front Room is neatly fitted up. The above tenement may be rented with or without a Kitchen. Application to be made at the Office of the ENQUIRER. Sept. 5. [24.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.
MEMOIR, IN JUSTIFICATION OF GENERAL MOREAU.
[CONTINUED.]
Time is not afforded to the advocates of Gen. Moreau, to retrace in this justificatory memoir, all the circumstances of his public life. They are known to all France and to Europe. They must content themselves with merely recalling to view, such particulars as may affect the accusation of which he is the object.
Arrived, by regular advances, to the rank of General of Brigade, Moreau served in that capacity in the army of the north. He had under him a division of twenty-five thousand men, when, in the second year, Pichegru took the chief command. This was the first of their personal intercourse. He was not, therefore, as has been asserted in several pamphlets, a pupil of that General. But it is true that he had conceived for the talents of Pichegru, then one of the best generals in Europe, as much respect, as in his subsequent relations with him, he entertained attachment for his person. Their connection, however, was not of long continuance. Pichegru had only commanded eight months, when, in the third year, he passed to the army of the Rhine, and Moreau succeeded him in that of the north.
Peace with Prussia gave him a few months repose in Holland. In the fourth year, Pichegru was recalled by the Directory; and Moreau became general of the army of the Rhine. He took the command on the first of Messidor; on the 6th he passed the Rhine. No one in France can forget, that, under the conduct of this new general, the march of this army was from victory to victory. The world will long remember the battles of RENCHEN and FRIEDBERG, which made Moreau master of Suabia, Bavaria, and the circles of Upper Rhine; and the defeat of the army of the Sambre and Meuse, which left him one hundred leagues from the frontiers of France, in the centre of Germany, and surrounded by two armies of his enemies—only to increase his glory. All Europe looked upon him as lost; and France already deplored the destruction of an army so distinguished for bravery, and of an officer whom this campaign had placed among the greatest of the Frenchmen. He accomplished that skillful retreat, which procured him more grateful rewards than fame could confer, as from it he derived the happiness of having preserved so many soldiers, heroes, Frenchmen. After having defeated in many battles, but particularly in the memorable battle of Biberach, the armies which pursued him, he repassed the Rhine at Huningen and Brisach, during the first days of the fifth year, over the bodies of those who had vainly imagined that they could forever prevent his return to France; bringing with him 7,000 prisoners, several standards, and upwards of forty pieces of the enemy's artillery; and bringing with him, what was infinitely more precious, that army, undiminished, whose return from Germany none had been so sanguine as even to hope for.
The campaign of the year 5, was not less brilliant. It opened by a second passage of the Rhine, effected by the French army at Diersheim, on the first of Floreal, with equal valor and success. The defeat of the enemy was complete. Four thousand men and one general made prisoners, several standards, twenty pieces of cannon, the military chest, the bureau of the staff-major, and the fortress of Kehl, taken the next day after a fight of forty hours, were the fruits of this memorable passage.
There now remained no obstacle to the complete possession of Germany. But, in the mean time, the conqueror of Arcola and of Rivoli was better employed than in gaining victories. He made use of the terror which his name and his arms had inspired to prepare peace for his country. The preliminaries of Leoben were signed; and the army of the Rhine and Moselle was arrested in its career of conquest.
Sometime after the passage of the Rhine the cabinet of general Kinglin fell into the hands of the French. It contained a great number of papers, and, amongst others, a voluminous correspondence in characters; which was immediately carried to Moreau. Defaix was then indisposed. To him was committed the task of deciphering this correspondence. It was long
and enigmatical; much time was, consequently, necessary to comprehend it. From it, however, was learnt, that Moreau and their employed to explain it, that Pichegru had, in the fourth year, maintained certain improper relations with the French princes.
It was not possible to apprehend any thing from any project that might have occasioned this correspondence, as it referred entirely to the state in which the army of the Rhine was at the time it was projected, and to the movements which it might make under general Pichegru. For upwards of a year that general had no longer commanded this army, nor indeed any other. It is true he had become a member of the council of five hundred; but in that capacity he no longer disposed of any of those means upon which the design disclosed in the correspondence with Kinglin seemed to depend. Besides Moreau had so effectually suppressed every spirit of disaffection; had, by his loyalty, so overborne and disconcerted every plan which might have been laid; re-sed every spirit to the army; and infused such a terror into the minds of the Germans, by the first passage of the Rhine, the battles of RENCHEN and FRIEDBERG, the invasion of Bavaria one hundred leagues from the French frontier, the miraculous retreat in presence of the two armies of his enemy, and the battle of Biberach which was as a leave-taking of the Austrians in the fourth year; that a peace must necessarily have ensued the second passage of the Rhine in the year 5, even had not the good genius of Bonaparte already commanded it in Italy.
Such was the conduct of Moreau and his army. That army upon which, one year before, some pragmatic politicians had built delusive expectations, the folly of which must now be sufficiently demonstrated. Perhaps a general who had, by such glorious acts, destroyed those expectations, might be permitted to despise the projects upon which they were founded; to revenge, by victories, the suspicions which they dared to entertain of the loyalty of his army; and to contest him with having done so, without, uselessly as affected the fate, denouncing a comrade and friend, who perhaps had erred, but whose error was no longer to be feared, as he had been effectually deprived of all the means from which any injury could have proceeded.
Moreau then did not first write to the Directory concerning Pichegru. And will even acknowledge that he never would have done so, had circumstances left him master of his own conduct. But towards the end of the fifth year, the secret of the correspondence with Kinglin began to be spoken of.
At the time when it was deciphered, it passed through several hands. General Moreau knew that it was publicly discussed. Two of his officers told him that he must resolve, either to give an account of it to the Directory, or be comprised in the denunciation which others were determined to present both against Pichegru and him, if he any longer persisted in his silence.
Forced by necessity, he determined, on the 17th Fructidor, to write to the Director Barthélemy, and to reveal to him the secret of which the whole army was now in possession, and which must in a few days be known to every one. He asked the advice of this director how he should act; nor did he dissimulate the repugnance inspired by the part he was compelled to perform: "You know me sufficiently," said he to M. Barthélemy, "to believe that this confidence costs me very dear."
The act of accusation dates this letter the 19th Fructidor. An imperfect formation of the figure may have occasioned this error. The truth is that it is dated the seventeenth; but at any rate very little importance can be attached to the date.
The act of accusation further says, that he did not write to Barthélemy until he was informed by the telegraphe, on the morning of the 18th, of the measures adopted by the Directory. This also is incorrect. But it is not the only error which that act exhibits. When an accusation is made against any one, it is the duty of the accuser, with religious accuracy to ascertain, in the first place, the truth of the charges. The truth in this instance is, that, in the fifth year, there had not been a telegraphic establishment on the Strasbourg line. It was first erected in Brumaire, year 6, and a further proof that Moreau knew nothing of the events of the 18th Fructidor, at the time he wrote, is, that he wrote to Barthélemy one of the proscribed.
The letter was delivered to the Executive Directory. It plainly saw that this tardy disclosure was not spontaneous on the part of Moreau; his commission was immediately revoked, and he returned to his private station.
Such is the history of this denunciation, which has been so much insisted on, as constituting a justifiable source of inextinguishable hatred between Moreau and Pichegru. On the contrary, the smallest spark of justice on the part of the latter, must have convinced him of what he owed to the friendship that had so long delayed a measure into which Moreau was in the end forced, by an irrepressible necessity.
Pichegru was sentenced to deportation. Escaped from the horrors of Cayenne, he returned to Europe. Moreau maintained no relation with him; nor even heard him spoken of until the year 10.
The conduct of Moreau in this interval has been in open light of all France. We have seen him, in the year 7, at the instance of the Directory which had recovered from the erroneous impressions of the year 5, accept an Infantry rank in the army of Italy. We have seen that under Sherer without even venturing the flight of an objection. We have seen him, after the misfortunes of that general, assume, for a moment, the command of the army; preserve it from total ruin; collect its scattered fragments; make head with twenty-five thousand against one hundred thousand men; retake, step by step, and without check, by the Milane and Piedmont; throw garrisons into all the strong places; engage the Russians near Valentin; render useless, by skillful dispositions, the immense superiority of his enemy; and, in fine, concentrate his forces in the Genoese territory, there to wait the arrival of General Macdonald. We have seen him a short time after, united with that General, by a victory over Bellegarde, inaugurate the plains of Marengo in those prodigies of valour and genius, with which another hero soon after astonished them and the world. We have seen him, after so many wonders performed by him, in the month of Thermidor, year 7, resign, without a murmur, the command of an army he had saved to General Joubert, who, affected even to tears, by the good order established by
Moreau, and by the noble simplicity with which this unassuming soldier relinquished the chief rank, could not refrain from giving him the most public marks of veneration and gratitude. We have seen him, at the request of his successor, without any command, but, as he himself said in a laughing manner to say, as an amateur, assist at the too celebrated and too unfortunate battle of Novi, where the brave but ill-fated Joubert was killed in the first charge. There we have seen him, fighting in the ranks as a private soldier, while three horses were killed under him; retarding by the effects of his valour, a defeat which he had foretold; in the moment of rout and disorder, accepting the perilous honour of commanding a beaten army, allured to him by the universal acclamation of generals, officers, and soldiers; restoring it to order, and preventing it with such a terrible aspect to its enemies that they durst not venture to pursue, as he re-conducted it in safety to its strong positions in the territory of Genoa; thus holding the key of Italy, and preparing victory for the general who was to succeed him. And we have seen him, finally, deliver this army, at the order of the Directory, to General Championnet. Thus have we beheld him, with the docility of an infant, assume and lay down, re-assume and again resign, as necessity, or the caprice of those whom he always acknowledged as his magistrates, might dictate, the command of an army wholly devoted to him; and which he might easily have retained by the double power derived from his talents, and the filial love of a grateful soldiery, who acknowledged him as their favourite and their father.
Such was Moreau until the month of Vendemaire, year 8. That fame Moreau whom this act of accusation compels to vindicate himself against a charge of conspiracy. Let us see how he has betrayed the interests of his country.
Early in the eighth year he returned to Paris. There he found one of the Directory despairing of the government on account of its weaknesses; a weakness dependent on the vices of its nature, as to battle the most distinguished talents of any executive. This director seemed convinced that every thing in France was lost if a more energetic government were not devised; whose administration being less divided, should be better calculated for the affairs of a great and extensive empire.
He expressed his sentiments to Moreau, and Moreau was convinced of their justice. But where was the man who at such a juncture could grasp, with a hand sufficiently firm, the helm of affairs, and recover for France that ascendancy over Europe which she had lately possessed? The visionary policy of the Directory had deprived France of her surest support, then, in a manner, banished to Egypt, whence it was scarcely possible the fleets of England would permit him to return. Moreau had only to speak one word, and his was the supreme power. He is not afraid to confess, that, had he believed himself capable of securing the public good, he would not have hesitated to accept it. But on examining himself, he did not perceive any indication that he was the person designated by heaven to fix the destinies of France.
Far from his mind, even at this moment of unmerited humiliation, be every idea of false distinction. Moreau is not guilty, in this acknowledgment, of injustice towards himself; at the same time that he does not wish to be unjust to any other. He knows, and he may be permitted to avow it, wherein his own worth consists; he knows what station nature designed him in the political order; his place will be found in the hour of danger and in the field of battle, whenever and wherever the chief of the nation shall deign to assign it to him. Every other situation appalled his courage. The weight of political affairs he never could endure. That total renunciation of domestic endeavours; that unrelenting subjection of the mind to public concerns, which is the first and rigorous duty of those on whom devolve the chief magistracy; that fatiguing attention to the cares of government, pressing from morning 'till night and from night 'till morning, which cannot be evaded by those who accept the place to which they are attached; that extent of judgement which must be possessed in order to regulate the concerns of a great nation; that decision of character which is necessary, after the storms of a long revolution, to subjugate the various passions of various parties; that rare discernment which is requisite in order to steer clear of those quicksands that are ready to engulf an unskillful pilot, and to know exactly how far to indulge, or where to oppose, popular opinion, to manage the passions so as to render male-content or even enemies useful; that genius, in one word, which comprehends every thing, regulates every thing, and foresees every thing; which conceives the whole and distribute the details; which at the same time is occupied with external dangers, and internal regulations, with men and with things, with the prosperity of the governed and the safety of the government; the assemblage of all these qualities, so requisite but which we had so long despaired of finding united, Moreau without blushing acknowledged could not be found in him. Led by an irresistible propensity to the happy walks of domestic life, he thought that, after having paid to his country the debt which, as a citizen, he owed her, he might be allowed to indulge his private taste; that he might at least return to the plough-share, after having so long managed the plough-share. Such enjoyments he looked to as the end and consummation of his labours. Judge then how far he was disposed to profit by the overtures of the director.
The constant subjects of their private discensions were, the necessity of such a government, and the impossibility of then finding, in France, that person in whose hands it could be safely deposited, when they learnt that, by a miracle as incomprehensible as fortunate, Bonaparte had disembarked at Frejus. Moreau immediately hailed the omen; let every thing be postponed, he cried, until Bonaparte arrives—Behold in him the man who must save France. The rest is known. Bonaparte arrives. The director discloses the project to him. Moreau is confounded. The eighteenth of Brumaire bursts upon us with all its splendour. Moreau disobeys the Directory. Bonaparte is proclaimed consul.
Moreau, by the appointment of the consul, took command of the army of the Rhine. He organized it; and on the 5th Floreal year 8, he crossed that river a third time at its head. On the 13th and 14th he defeated Kray at Engen, took from him fifteen thousand men, twenty pieces of cannon, and a large portion of his military stores. The 18th he gained the battle of Meßkirch. On the 19th he conquered a second
time at Biberach, on the same field which first felt his victories three years before. He detached twenty-two thousand men to the army of Italy, to assist under the auspices of the greatest of the French generals, in deciding the fate of France and of Europe. He did not the less eagerly pursue the path of victory. He passed the Danube; subdued Augsburg; expelled the fugitive which French valour had formerly received in the plains of Hochstet; by a victory which gave him five thousand prisoners, five thousand colours, twenty pieces of cannon, and immense stores. He continued his triumphant progress. Neuburg, Landshut, bellowed new laurels on his soldiers. Munich opened her gates. The Grisons submitted. Croia was taken; and the army of the Rhine thus in a manner witnessed that almost supernatural victory, by which the brave army of Italy, under that illustrious chief who has always sported with difficulties, re-established for ever the supremacy of France, and gave peace to Europe. A truce was granted by this army, at the same time that Moreau, by an armistice, permitted the German empire to respire for a moment. That moment was soon at an end. Moreau was ordered to recommence hostilities. He marched. The battle of Hohenlinden announced that his genius presided: the battle of Hohenlinden, which, next to the miracles of Italy, and the immortal day of Marengo, will be forever hailed as the most brilliant example of French bravery; the battle of Hohenlinden which put into the hands of Moreau ten thousand prisoners, three captive generals, eighty pieces of cannon, and two hundred covered waggons.
The frontiers of Austria are passed. Salzburg receives a garrison. Vienna trembles in the vicinity of a republican army. An armistice is solicited. The conqueror dictates the terms. Peace is signed. And the destinies of France are finally determined.
Moreau was once more restored to his family. The enemies of the public happiness, whatever they may have been their design, laboured to give the chief magistrate the most false impressions of a man who most sincerely desired his prosperity. Their good understanding was interrupted. Moreau made some strong efforts to restore it. These failing, he retired to domestic obscurity. He broke off all those connections which had a tendency to disturb the tranquillity of the life he had adopted; maintained no further relation with men in power; & even avoided the society of many of his old companions in arms. He in some manner became estranged to all former habits and affections, certainly not because he was insensible of their charms, but because he did not wish to furnish any weapon for calumny. A few friends, mostly men out of place and of retired dispositions, formed his circle. The amusements of a rural life, the chase, and social intercourse within his own family, occupied all his time. While devoted to them, he patiently waited the arrival of a time when the present clouds should disappear; when some happy occasion should enable him to convince the first consul, by his services should they be required, or by his devotedness were it necessary to give a new proof of it, that he never had ceased to honour his talents, and rejoice in his glory and success.
This tranquil life was all at once disturbed, by an incident which awakened remembrances almost effaced from the mind.
* Alluding to the victory gained by the Duke of Marlborough, in 1704, commonly called the battle of Blenheim, a village which lies i. w. three miles. TRANSLATOR.
(To be continued.)
BRITISH FUNDED DEBT.
[The following Statement was laid before the British House of Commons by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the 24th July last.]
 That the total amount of the Public Funded Debt of Great Britain, was, on the 1st of February, 1803, 567,803,978l. of which 67,255,915l. has been purchased by the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt, and 19,180,587l. has been transferred to them on account of Land Tax redeemable; leaving a Funded Debt unredeemed of 480,367,476l. 4s. 7d.—and that the amount of Annuities charged on Great Britain (after deducting those which have fallen in) was on the 1st of February, in Short Annuities, and for Lives, 639,970l. and in Long Annuities 1015, 440l.  That the total amount of Public Debt, created in Great Britain for account of Ireland, was on the 1st of February, 1803, 22,348,000l. of which there had been purchased by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt, 1,123,415l. leaving a Funded Debt unredeemed of 21,224,585l. together with Long Annuities to the amount of 970l.  That the total amount of the Public Funded Debt, created in Great Britain for account of the Emperor of Germany, was, on the 1st of February, 1803, 7,502,638l. of which 975,137l. had been purchased by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt; leaving a Funded Debt unredeemed of 6,527,501l. together with Annuities to the amount of 230,000l. which will expire in 1819.  That the amount of the Outstanding Demands, unprovided for on 5th of January, 1803, exclusively of Unfunded Debt, and of the anticipation of certain duties annually voted, was 292,630l. That the Deficiency of Ways and Means for the year 1803, was 171,451l. making the amount of demands unprovided on the 5th January, 1803, 764,091l.  That the Unfunded Debt, exclusive of the anticipation in the usual form of certain Duties annually voted, and of those provided for by the acts of 1802, exclusive also of 3,003,000l. advanced by the Bank, without interest, for the Renewal of their Charter, to be repaid in 1809.  That the total amount of the Public Funded Debt of Great Britain, was on the 1st of February, 1803, 583,008,978l. of which 77,893,477l. had been purchased by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt; and 21,147,888l. has been transferred to them on account of Land Tax redeemed; leaving a Funded Debt unredeemed of 483,667,613l. and that the amount of Annuities charged on Great Britain (after deducting those which have fallen in) was on the 1st of February, in Short Annuities, and for Lives, 516,230l. and in Long Annuities 1,047,494l. and that a further Debt, amounting to 19,200,000l. Capital Stock, has been created by the sums borrowed in the present Session of Parliament.  That the total amount of the Public Funded Debt, created in Great Britain, for account of Ireland, was, on the 1st of February, 1804, 27,540,000l. of which there had been purchased by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt, Long Annuities to the amount of 16,308l. and that a further Debt amounting to 8,100,000l. Capital Stock has been created by sums borrowed in the present Session, in Great Britain, on account of Ireland. 

SPANISH AGGRESSIONS—No. V.
What we have already urged on the question—what was Louisiana in the same extent as it was held by France? we apprehend, satisfactorily proves that the country surrounding the bay of Mobile, and as far as the Perdido, was comprehended within Louisiana.
In a work published under the name of "Memoire of John Ker, of Kerland, in North Britain, Esq. containing secret negotiations," &c. and dedicated, with permission, to Sir Robert Walpole, we have much light thrown upon the history of Louisiana.
"During the cessation of arms in 1712, the (French) King granted by letters patent, to his secretary, M. Crozat (the fittest person in France to support and execute so great an undertaking) the sole power to trade and settle colonies on the Mississippi, New Mexico on the west, which he called Louisiana signed about two years ago (his written in 1721) in favor of the (French) West India company, p. 32.
"But this is only a part of Louisiana, which the King of France (by a reservation expressed in the patent) may enlarge when he thinks fit the whole extent of that immense country, reaching the fourth sea, Japan, and the Frozen ocean. Ib.
"It may be useful then to refer to the several treaties which relate to the American possessions of Spain, France and England, in order that we may, if practicable, discover what may relate to this subject therein.
The treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is the first that relates to American territory between Spain and Great Britain; and it is barely provided by the 8th article that Spain should not alienate to France any of its American territories.
The treaty of Paris of 1763, between England, France and Spain (arts. VII.) "to remove disputes with regard to the limits of the British and French territories, on the continent of America; it is agreed, that for the future, the confines between his Britannic majesty and those of France in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably, by a line drawn along the middle of the Mississippi from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the (French) king cedes in full right to the (British) king the river and port of Mobile and every thing which he possesses on the left side [east] of Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans, and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France." &c.
Art. XX. "In consequence of the restitution [Havannah] stipulated in the preceding article the (Spanish) king cedes and guarantees, in full right, to his Britannic majesty, Florida, with fort St. Augustine, and the Bay of Pensacola, as well as all that Spain possesses on the continent of North America to the east, or to the fourth east of the river Mississippi, and in general every thing that depends on the said countries and lands." &c. &c.
Art. XXIV. "Great Britain shall at the end of three months after the exchange of ratifications, enter into possession of the river and port of Mobile, and of all that is to form the limits of the territory of Great Britain on the [East] side of the Mississippi, as they are specified in the Vth article." &c.
The convention at Pardo, of date the 14th June, 1739, noticed in a former paper. Art. I. provides for the appointment of commissioners "to regulate the pretensions of the two crowns, as well in relation to trade and navigation in America and Europe, as to the limits of Florida and Carolina." &c.
Art. II. "During the time of discussion, the limits of Florida and Carolina shall remain as they are at present, without increasing fortifications, or taking new posts." &c.
The preliminary articles of peace, of date at Fontainebleau, 3d November, 1762; and the definitive treaty of 10th February, 1763, are expressed in the same terms, as to the boundary fixed for the British & French limits in Louisiana.
The next official notice of Florida, is the proclamation of the British king, of October 1763, establishing Florida for the first time into two provinces, East and West.
The treaty of Versailles of the 3d Sept. 1783, says art. V. "His Britannic majesty likewise cedes and guarantees in full right to his Catholic majesty East Florida, as also West Florida."
From all these facts—from Ker's statements, as well as from those of gov. Pownall and governor Vandeuil, it appears that Louisiana did extend even beyond the Perdido; and that the French negotiator Buffy in offering to limit the boundary to the Perdido, did in fact abandon a considerable portion of territory including the bay of Pensacola, and thence to the Apalachicola, and that in fact Louisiana, in 1721, was the next country to Carolina, with the definitive name of Louisiana.
That it appears from the preliminary articles of 1762 and the definitive treaty of 1763, the country east of the Mississippi (excepting N. Orleans) was not abandoned to England, because it was Louisiana, but as is stated in the XXth article, in return for the restitution of the Havannah and other parts of Cuba which the British returned to Spain.
And it is further to be remarked, that the phraseology of the treaty corroborates the general principle; in fixing the new boundary these particulars are prominent, and would not have been necessary had there existed before any province under the denomination of West Florida.
1. Boundaries are fixed, where they had not been previously known. 2. In addition to Florida, Mobile and the country east of the Mississippi are stated particularly to be ceded with. 3. The exception of N. Orleans—which tho' at the same side of the Mississippi with Florida is titled Louisiana!
The Secretary to the Mayoralty of Rouen has just addressed a letter to the editor of the Chronique de l'Europe, published in that city, from which it appears that on dissecting the body of a youth of 14 years of age, a human fetus was found in his stomach, of a very irregular form.
On the 30th of last month, at five in the evening, the Sun appeared of a phosphorescent purple colour. The atmosphere was exceedingly overcast, although not very cloudy. The Barometre a crenette, well cleared of air, was at 28 inches and a half; Reaumur's Mercurial Thermometer was 15 degrees and a half.
DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE.
Captain Wilson, of the ship Bellona, informs us, that General Moreau and his lady were at Barcelona on the 27th July, and applied to him for a passage; but he was under the necessity of declining their offer, the cabin of the vessel not being sufficiently convenient for their accommodation.
Captain Dockendorff, of the brig Thetis, informs us that an embargo had been laid on all merchant vessels in the harbour of Bordeaux, to facilitate the departure of a number of gun boats for Boulogne.
The brig Nonpareil, Sydeman, which arrived at New-London a few days ago from St. Pierre's Martinique, via Antigua, had been sent in by a British cruiser, and detained 21 days; during which time the captors applied to commodore Hood, to know whether or not he considered Martinique in a state of blockade?
The following is a list of ports, at which a malignant or yellow fever prevails, and, from which, vessels arriving are subjected to quarantine, by our board of health.
1. The city of St. Domingo, 2. Port de Paix, 3. Point Petre, Guadalupe, 4. New Providence, 5. Kingston, Jamaica, 6. New-Orleans, 7. Charleston S. Carolina, 8. Darien, Georgia, 9. Demerara, 10. Tobago.
The two latter islands have been but lately reported and their condition is not yet unequivocally ascertained.—[Aurora.]
The election for Middlesex county has at length terminated in the election of Mr. Mansel, by a majority of five votes. No electioneering contest, since the existence of the British constitution, has been conducted with more tumult, or has excited so much of the public attention and interest.
Lord Duncan expired suddenly on Saturday last, in his 73d year.
Accounts from Vermont state there is but little doubt of the re-election of James Elliot, as a member of the House of Representatives of the United States.
A Paris paper of July 14, says, that Gen. TURBEAU, Ambassador to the United States of America, has been appointed a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.
We learn (says the N. E. Palladium) that Col. BURE has arrived at East Florida.
We have seen a letter from Cadiz, dated July 30, to a respectable commercial house, which says:
"FLOUR, which was up to a very high price, has fallen within these ten days from 20 dollars a barrel to 16 1/2." [Nor. Her.]
PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 24.
The following Extracts of Letters from one of our unfortunate countrymen in Tripoli, are very distressing, and earnestly demand the attention of the government.—[Phil. Gaz.]
"Tripoli, May 21. "Since my last, nothing worthy of recital has occurred, except the death of one of our crew. I fear this will be the purport of all future letters; as the summer is fast approaching, and the heat will naturally have a fatal effect upon your unfortunate countrymen, who are daily yoked to a large waggon, which they are obliged to drag into the country, where it is loaded with heavy timber for their return."
"April 7. "A few days ago a small craft, under English colours was captured by the Syren, on this station; in consequence of which the Bashaw sent for the British Consul to know whether a United States vessel dare take any articles out of a vessel under the protection of his Majesty's colours?"
"Five months have already expired of our captivity, and yet no hopes of our country's redeeming us! However, I trust, they will recollect in whose hands and at whose mercy we are. Adieu."
arguments of the noble Earl, and the indications which he thought proper to introduce, not being altogether relevant to the subject, we deem it improper in us to enter into. His Lordship concluded by moving, that instead of the words "a second time," the word "repeated" be inserted.
The Duke of Montrose could not conceive how refutations similar to those proposed by the noble Earl could be brought forward at this period of the Session.
The Duke of Clarence also supported the Bill which, in his opinion, so far from warranting the character given to it by the noble Earl, of increasing the price of bread, went only to preserve it at a proper medium;
The question was then put, when the Bill was read a second time, and ordered to be read a third time to-morrow.
The Earl of Stanhope then again moved his resolution, which he proposed should be discussed this day fortnight. A strange Manifesto appears in the Moniteur, which we have omitted to give, as it is merely meant to display the mercy of France in her treatment of the Powers within her reach, and to challenge her title to the respect and admiration of the world.
From the New-York Gazette, Sept. 17.
IMPORTANT.
Our last accounts from Europe, by the way of London, gave us information of the extreme probability of a Continental War, at least, that the emperor of Russia and king of Sweden, had shown a disposition indicative of an intention of shortly commencing hostilities against France.
In confirmation of this news, we have received the following important particulars of the hostile movements in Russia, from capt. Hiller, of the Centurion, who arrived here last evening, in a short passage from Cronstadt:
On the 14th of July, the day on which capt. H. failed, the Russian fleet consisting of 11 sail of the line and 4 frigates, were ready for sea; and he was informed that day, by an officer of one of the ships of the line, (whom he supposed to be an Englishman, and whom he saw on shore) that general orders had just been read in the fleet; that they were to sail with all possible expedition to join the British.
The emperor of Russia, in a peculiar degree, was personally attentive to Americans.—It was no uncommon thing for him to seek opportunities to speak to the commanders of American vessels; and that he paid the utmost attention to Mr. Harris, the American consul at that place, who was highly gratified at the signal honour conferred on his nation.
Capt. Hiller is the bearer of dispatches from Mr. Harris to our government.
INTELLIGENCE FROM PARIS.
FROM THE 19th to the 27th JULY, 1804. The house of her Majesty the Empress, it is said, is almost completed. Madame de la Rochefoucauld is appointed her Lady of Honour; Madame Lavalette, her Dressing Lady; and Mesdames les Marchalanes, Lafanes, and Ney, and Mesdames de Vande, d'Arberg, Saviny, and Duchedel, were appointed her ladies of the Palace.
The Emperor has appointed Vice-Admiral Latouche, Colonel-General Inspector of the coasts of the Mediterranean.
Cardinal Fesch is appointed Grand Almoner to the Emperor, his nephew.
Each of their Imperial Highnesses, the Princesses, sisters to the Emperor, is to have her private establishment and household, consisting of one Court-Martial, one Master of the Horse, one prefect of the palace, one Master of the Ceremonies, two Chamberlains, two Ladies in Waiting, four Maids of Honor, six Ecuyeres, eight Pages, four Chamber Maids, six Valets de Chambre, six Coachmen, & ten Grooms & Poffillions, not including Valets, Butchers, Stewards, Jockies, Cup-Bearers, Cooks, &c.
The dress of the emperor at his coronation, is to be white, covered with a richly embroidered purple mantle. His golden crown will be surrounded with laurels, olive and oak branches, emblematical of victory, peace, and civic virtues.
The Freemason's Lodges have by an Imperial decree, been opened every where, under the superintendence of the police agents.
"A few days ago a small craft, under English colours was captured by the Syren, on this station; in consequence of which the Bashaw sent for the British Consul to know whether a United States vessel dare take any articles out of a vessel under the protection of his Majesty's colours?"
"Five months have already expired of our captivity, and yet no hopes of our country's redeeming us! However, I trust, they will recollect in whose hands and at whose mercy we are. Adieu."
Table with 2 columns: Description of charges, Amount in pounds. Rows include: Proportion to be defrayed by Great Britain of the civil list and other charges on the consolidated fund of Great Britain (1,187,690), Supplies voted in 1804, for G. Britain exclusively (2,292,578), Supplies voted in 1804 for G. Britain and Ireland, proportion to be defrayed by Great Britain (35,744,735), Advance to Ireland (4,500,000), Interest for loans to the Emperor of Germany (497,528), Making in the whole (71,498,481).
LONDON, July 26.
Letters of the 12th from Paris mention as one of the causes of the postponement of the Coronation of Bonaparte to the 9th of next November; that the usurper has announced at the late diplomatic audience of the 5th instant, his confident expectation, that before that period, he shall have negotiated or conquered a peace.
IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT.
HOUSE OF LORDS, JULY 27.
The Order of the Day being moved for the second reading of the Corn Bill. The Earl of Stanhope rose, and repeated the arguments which we have so often detailed against the principle of the Bill, which he described as having no other tendency than to produce scarcity and a proportional increase in the price of bread and the other necessaries of life.
Resolved, first, That it is the opinion of this House that Public Granaries should be established, to receive, in years of plenty, Corn and Grain in this country, in order to keep down the price thereof in years of scarcity, and effectually to ensure to this nation, in all seasons, a sufficient supply; and likewise, in order to provide for the Farmers, at all times a certain market for their Corn or Grain, and to diminish fluctuation in the price of those necessaries of life.
Resolved, secondly, That it is the opinion of this House, that all impediments, created by any Law or Laws, to the free warehousing of Corn and Grain, ought to be removed, abolished, and repealed.
Resolved, thirdly, That, in order to encourage the growth of Corn and Grain in Great Britain and Ireland, and at the same time to decrease the price thereof, for the benefit of the people at large, and for the increase of our Manufactures and Commerce, it is the opinion of this House that the Farmers should be for ever discharged from the payment of direct taxes, parish and country rates, cesses, dues, tithes, and any parliamentary impositions whatsoever; save only and except these rates, of the nature of a penalty, which may be raised upon any H. adred as such.
Table with 2 columns: Description of financial items, Amount in pounds. Rows include: 8. That the total amount of Public Funded Debt, created in Great Britain, for account of the Emperor of Germany, was on the 1st of February, 1804, 7,502,831. 9. That the amount of the Outstanding Demands, unprovided for on the 5th of January, 1804, exclusive of Unfunded Debt, and of the anticipation of certain duties annually voted, was 2,024,085. 10. That the Unfunded Debt, exclusive of the anticipation in the usual form of certain duties annually voted, and of Exchequer Bills provided for by aids 1803, amounted, on the 5th of January, 1804, to 16,305,671. 11. That the Annual Charge on account of the Public Debt of Great Britain, after deducting the charges of management on Loans redeemed by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt, and the interest on the stock transferred for the redemption of the Land Tax, was, on the 1st of February, 1804, 24,110,475. 12. That the sum annually applicable to the reduction of the National Debt of Great Britain, in pursuance of the several Acts relating thereto, was, for the year 1803, 6,311,691. 13. That the net produce of the Permanent Taxes existing previous to the 5th January, 1793, was in the year ended on 5th January 1793 £. 14,284,000. 14. That the total net produce of the permanent Taxes, in the year ended 5th January, 1803, amounted to 28,246,631. 15. That the official value of all imports into Great Britain in the year ending the 5th of January 1803, was 31,442,318. 16. That the official value of the British Manufactures exported from Great Britain, in the year ending the 5th of January 1803, was 26,993,129. 17. That the official value of foreign merchandise exported from Great Britain in the year ending the 5th January 1803, was 19,127,831. 18. That in the year ending 5th January 1803, the number of British vessels entered inwards to Great Britain, was 10,347. 19. That in the year ending the 5th of January 1804, the number of British ships entered inwards in Great Britain, was 11,396. 20. That the number of Registered Vessels belonging to the British dominions, employed in trade in the year 1802, was 20,563. 21. That the total sum to be raised in Great Britain, in the year 1804, may be estimated as follows: Interest, charges of management, &c. to be paid between the 5th of February 1804, and the 5th of January 1805, on stock created by loans of the present session to the amount of 18,200,000. 487,000. Civil government of Scotland, pensions of revenue, militia and defectors war-rans, bounties for promoting fisheries, &c. estimated to be the same as in the year ending January 5, 1804. Charges of collecting and management of the revenue, estimated to be the same as in the year ending the 5th January, 1804. P.055, 568

4. In the 20th article the words are "cedes Florida with fort St. Augustine and the bay of Pensacola;" a mode of expression which would not have been proper had Pensacola been previously part of Florida.
5. The 24th article provides for the period of entry upon the possession of Mobile, and all that is to form the limits of Great Britain, separately from the entrance upon Florida.
It therefore appears that the pretences which the Madrid letter alleges for refusing to ratify our convention with Spain for indemnifications and injuries done us; are not alone injudicious but infatuated, absurd and fallacious.
It is in vain that the Madrid letter (which we consider as decidedly issuing from an official source) says, that she does not dispute our title—when in fact she not only does dispute it, but denies us a common right of remuneration for wrongs; and erects her pretences for refusal upon the very dispute.
The Madrid letter is written in the spirit of an artful sophistry; it assumes a principle the truth of which you cannot deny, but the terms in which it is expressed carry an assumption of fact that is totally false.
Thus for example, the letter says—"In regard to East and West Florida, they were originally ceded by France to England by the peace of 1763."
Here is a truth expressed in terms not consistent with truth; but calculated to bear up the false pretensions of Spain. There can be no doubt, that the country afterwards called East and West Florida, was ceded; but it is not true that any such distinction into East and West, at that time prevailed; nor that the country was originally ceded under the names of East and West Florida.
That the countries retained the names given them by the British proclamation of October 1763, is beyond doubt; but it is also true, that after the expulsion of the British from Florida in 1780, the whole country of Florida (East and West) together with the whole of Louisiana, fell into the hands of Spain; and enabled Spain to negotiate her treaty of St. Ildefonso, of October 1st, 1800, and her treaty of Madrid, of 21st March, 1801, by which she could re-cede & did re-cede to France the colony or province of Louisiana, with the same extent that it actually has in the hands of Spain, and that it had when France possessed it.
It is calculating very humbly indeed upon the American discernment, in the writer of the letter from Madrid, to presume that it would pass for granted that because France ceded only a part of Louisiana to Spain, by the secret convention of 1762, she must be considered as having held no more; while the treaties exit by which the ceded what was not therein reserved. And it is equally infatuated to suppose that the same arguments which are used in the Spanish letter against American rights, are not to be used in their support.
For example the writer alleges, that because the words West Florida are not employed in the treaty of cession to us, that therefore West Florida is not comprehended. With more propriety he might have referred to the total omission of West Florida in the convention of '62 & the treaty of '63. The object contemplated by our government in the negotiation, was in fact rather the whole of Florida than the whole of Louisiana; and our negotiators would have flout short had not the ancient limits been expressed in the Spanish treaty of 1800, "in the same extent that it had when France possessed it." Now when did France possess it? Surely not after the cession of a part of it to Spain! Of consequence it must be before that cession, when France held the whole of Louisiana—and what the whole of Louisiana was in the extent held by France, we apprehend, upon the authority of the ablest statesmen, British as well as French, there can be no question that it extended to the boundary of the Perdido.
The concluding paragraph of the Spanish letter, though it might form a handsome termination of a school boys declaration; is of too futile a cast to merit serious examination.—If the pretensions of the American Government are unjust, then the treaty of St. Ildefonso must be a nonentity, and France was guilty of an imposture, an accusation which it is presumed no loyal Spaniard would deem it decorous to assert at least publicly. On the other hand if the country bordering on the Mobile is that " barren and unimportant tract " which the Spanish writer describes, must not the flagant folly or injustice of the Spanish government be more odious and offensive, in denying us restitution of our plundered property—in denying us satisfaction for the insolence of her officers in America—when the pretence for these denials of justice, is no more than " a barren and unimportant tract of country ."
SPANISH WRONGS.
A meeting was held at the city coffee house on Thursday agreeable to public advertisement, on the subject of Spanish wrongs; upon the extent and measure of the wrongs there was but one opinion, and a draft of a memorial to government on the subject was offered to the meeting by one of the sufferers, of which we have obtained a copy. The original was referred to a committee of three gentlemen; who it is presumed will report to another meeting. [Aurora.]
That your memorialists, with a considerable number of their fellow citizens, by various modes of aggression and depredation by Spanish subjects under the sanction, comivance or authority of the government, and by the government and subordinate governments of his catholic majesty, have been deprived of their property, suffered insult, injury, waste and cruelty; feelingly alive to those privations, and those wrongs, representations, were made by some to the government of the United States, while others vented their sufferings in the public prints, the records of which bear ample testimony to the numerous and severe afflictions of the citizens of the United States from those sources:
That during the continuance of these hostilities in which Spain was a party, her own maritime commerce annihilated, her policy dictated and her colonial governments adopted a system different from the usual routine of Spanish traffic. The vessels of the United States were invited and permitted, our merchants were invited and engaged to convey the perishing produce of those colonies to the mother country and elsewhere. Many of our most valuable vessels were engaged for that purpose; they arrived in their colonies and were admitted; but no sooner was peace known to have occurred, than the former rigid system of Spain was renewed, their own licences abrogated, and those vessels, their officers and seamen subjected to all the vexatious proceedings of power, faithlessness and cruelty, by which many of your memorialists are reduced from affluence to want, and rendered unable to pay their just debts.
Informed of these violences, your memorialists confided in the wisdom and energy of their government to obtain their redress and compensation, considering themselves entitled to protection while engaged in fair and honest commerce under the flag of the United States, which your memorialists respectfully declare they have not transgressed.
With entire satisfaction, therefore, your memorialists learned that the government of the United States were engaged in negotiations for that purpose; but they conceive themselves called upon to express their corresponding disappointment on the publication of the treaty of Madrid, of the 11th August, 1802, which referred so much to interpretations, so much to chance! The adjustment of claims by commissioners, your memorialists cannot but approve, but the duties of commissioners, it is conceived, should be chiefly confined to the decision of items and amount of demands, the justice of claims as to principles, being first expressly recognized by treaty. With respectful
submission, your memorialists beg leave to suggest, on this occasion, that, as the United States render justice to all other nations and people, equity requires, and the relations existing with the citizens, call upon the government to demand for them a compensation for captures made by privateers, whether under French or Spanish colors, if fitted out or condemned in any Spanish port, in like manner as the United States have done in a similar case, for all American property seized in any Spanish colony which had been permitted to be imported therein by the government of the colony for all detentions of American vessels in Spanish ports or colonies, and freights and demurrages lost by any interference or prohibition of the colonial or local government, for all impressments of American citizens under any unjust pretence whatever:
That your memorialists, in common with their government and fellow citizens feel the force, and confess the fact and sincerity of the declaration, that "no nation can too highly prize the value and preservation of peace, but that one object should be still dearer to us—our national independence;" that heavily as your memorialists have felt the hand which has invaded it, they rely on the wisdom and firmness of the government of the United States to obtain their adequate redress, so long and so cruelly delayed, pledging themselves that if negotiations fail for that purpose, they will with their lives and fortunes, support whatever measures the government of the U. States may adopt, to maintain its honor, independence and future security, and to obtain satisfaction and suitable redress for those aggravated wrongs.
ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND: WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1804.
LOUISIANA REMONSTRANCE.
The inhabitants of Louisiana have made a solemn appeal to the wisdom of Congress. They have demanded the establishment of a free and independent sovereignty. They have founded their claims upon the imperceptible rights of man, as well as upon the faith of an inviolable treaty. These men have a right to be heard. We owe it to them, to ourselves, and to the great cause of republican government, to listen to their complaints, and cheerfully admit or dispassionately refute their aspiring pretensions. It would be an injury forever to be lamented, if the same men who had so ably vindicated their own just privileges, and had encountered so many hazards in their defence, should throw the least unnecessary restraint upon the liberty of others.
The complaints of the inhabitants of Louisiana are certainly unfounded. They wish to possess a free and sovereign government, when they are not qualified for its enjoyment. This truth may be demonstrated by innumerable facts in the history of man, as well as by the political destiny of so many nations.—It seems to be one of the general laws of our nature, that we cannot suddenly pass from one extreme to the other, without disturbing the necessary harmony and tone of our feelings. The wretch that is nearly frozen to death, must be gradually accustomed to the genial influence of heat. The man who is almost perishing from the want of food, must not be too suddenly fed with nourishment. Few men, who have felt "the stings and arrows of an adverse fortune" have been able to preserve their usual virtue, unentaminated by an unexpected prosperity; & the slave whose manacles are too suddenly knocked off, will soon carry his liberty to licentiousness, and prove himself worthy of new chains. The same principle equally applies to political societies. It has long been a maxim among us, that the inhabitants of Turkey would be unable to recover at once from the oppressions of their despotism, and acquire the necessary habits of a republic. The melancholy destiny of the French, who had no sooner destroyed the trappings of their monarchy, than they plunged into all the excesses of anarchy, has already furnished the world with a memorable lesson.
The application of this principle is sufficiently obvious. The inhabitants of Louisiana have never been familiarized to the forms of a free constitution. All the colonies of France and Spain have exhibited the principles of a despotic government. They have been governed by officers in whose election they had no influence; and by laws, over which they have scarcely exercised any controul. Louisiana, and particularly New-Orleans, have displayed the same monotonous character. The representative principle had never been introduced among them. The whole machine of government was in the hands of the ministers of a foreign monarch. Their power extended to almost every action of the individual, and under the sanction of a monopoly the very shambles of the town were laid under contribution. Meanwhile the people had none of those instruments among them, which constitute the true balance of a despotic power. The press had not yet dispersed among them the discussions and the lessons of reason. Institutions for the instruction of their youth, had never flourished. They had no public colleges, only one public school, which was at N. Orleans, and a few private schools for children. "Not more than half of the inhabitants," says our official documents, "are supposed to be able to read and write, of whom not more than 200 perhaps are able to do it well."
Is it on such a society as this; whose channels of depravity would soon be increased by the rapid emigration of needy speculators or licentious politicians; is it on such a society as this, that an enlightened philosophy would confer the undiminished boon of a free government?
Such was not the situation of the American colonies when they became sovereign and independent states. Most of them had been the scenes of a free country. On the face of their charters was expressed the right of a representative legislation. This principle was practiced, and it was familiar to them. When our dependence upon the British throne was removed, many of the most important features of our constitution remained. The representative system was not materially altered. With a few modifications in the executive branch, the form of the constitution was the same, tho' the spirit of our laws was widely different. The transition was therefore easy, from the colonial to the independent government. We passed smoothly and easily from the one to the other, without the necessity of relinquishing many old habits or of contracting many new ones.
Not only were we qualified for the enjoyment of freedom by a familiarity with its forms, but by an ardent attachment to its principles. We had inherited a portion of it from our forefathers & we had been accustomed to venerate its maxims. During the period of the revolution, new events had occurred which gave a new energy to the national feeling. The heroes who fell on the field of battle, had consecrated its principles. The generous sympathies, which the hazards of the war produced between us; the detestati-
on for our oppressors which was increased by the evils which they inflicted, and the sacrifice which they exacted: inspired us with more ardent attachment to the cause in which we were struggling. Before the revolution it was more the result of reason, than the suggestion of sentiment. Since the revolution, our convictions have been confirmed and animated by the national sentiment. Neither of these sources of attachment have been opened upon the inhabitants of Louisiana. They had no inheritance to guard, no habitual conviction to obey nor have they a remembrance of any glorious sacrifices which they have made, in the vindication of their rights. They have no venerable catalogue of heroes to recount: their fields have not been strewed with the honoured dead, nor planted with the banners of victory. No, their independence is destined to be the gift of another nation; not recommended by the convictions of an early education nor by the recollection of triumphant struggles.—This subject would present other views. It might be shown, that the relation in which they are to stand to the United States, requires the temporary existence of a dependent government. To introduce the same language and the same laws it might be shown how necessary it is that the United States should exercise a controul over the details of legislation and instruction.
It might be shown that the country is too large to constitute one state, either as to its present or future convenience. The distant parts would be too far removed to profit by its administration: and as no new state can be constitutionally formed within the bosom of an old one, without its own consent, it might be shown how extremely difficult it would be to divide this extensive country into small sovereignties, although the legislation of Louisiana itself might be subject to innumerable objections.
It might be shown how easy and gradual will be the transitions of this country from its present form of government to that of a free and independent state. It might be shown how admirably they will be adapted to a territorial government, when their population has increased, and their political habits amended. It might be shown, how easy it will be to transmute this territory of Orleans into a more independent power; and to elevate it from the administration of its internal concerns, to a share in the federal legislation.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENQUIRER.
CLEANING THE FIRST.
"Had Editors more diligence or greater talents," says the author of the Retrospect of the last Century , "they might render their Gazettes interesting, by filling them with materials of a more instructive and dignified kind; but wanting these qualifications, they must give such materials, accompanied with such a feasting as circumstances furnish. Of what kind these are no one is ignorant." Few of us, indeed, Mr. Editor, are ignorant of the kind of materials and feastings, which you literary purveyors are accustomed to lay before the public; and there are few of us who do not agree with Mr. Miller, that this entertainment is not always of the most instructive or dignified kind. The principal error into which you, printers, are very prone to fall, is one indeed, which is almost common to every man; thinking too much of yourself and too little of other people. An important mass of foreign intelligence arrives perhaps today, which their readers are anxious to peruse. An interesting question comes before the public, on which the peace of the country may ultimately depend. The thoughtful Editor, however, requires that the curiosity of his readers should wait upon his private affairs. Perhaps some favorite opinion of his and his only, which he delivered a month ago in his paper, has been attacked by some other editor. A single mistake in a word, perhaps, is eagerly caught at by his editorial opponent. His own readers have never heard of it; and if they had, they would probably never have recollected it afterwards. Still the editor to preserve an apparent consistency, conceives it necessary to enter into a most elaborate vindication of his own conduct. Column after column, and week after week are consumed on this all-important topic. I have always believed, Mr. Editor, that the press was a sincere friend of liberty; and now I am more than ever convinced of it, when I discover that even the errors of an editor are favorable to the maxims of a free government. The lesson which this mistaken conduct of the printer teaches us, is not to be neglected. "Never give a man too much power over you, for fear he should abuse it" appears to be the proper inference from every line, which the printer writes on himself. Indeed, Mr. Editor, it is an ungenerous advantage which your fraternity are accustomed to take of their readers. You know that their curiosity into the great events of the day, or into useful discussions, will prompt them to peruse your papers: and you seem to profit by this circumstance to introduce your own name, your own opinions, and your own prospects to the public attention. Yours is the little bark, which "pursues the triumph and partakes the gale."
You will be curious to know, Mr. Editor, where is the connection between these critical remarks, and the occasional sketches which I have engaged to furnish you on political subjects. A single idea will be sufficient to explain it. In looking over the public papers for the purpose of understanding the political discussions of the present period, and of preparing myself for the office which I had assumed, I was astonished to find so great a part of almost every paper occupied by the private controversies of the Editor. The original part did not always supply an animated discussion into the merits of some great question: It was taken up in proving, that the printer either had or had not advanced such an opinion, made use of such an expression or performed such an action. I could scarcely collect any appropriate matter for my first sketch; and it is really with great diffidence that I lay the following gleanings before your candid readers.
NATIONAL AFFAIRS.—"On Saturday, Sept. 5th. (says a New-York paper) the British ship Leander of 50 guns, and the frigate Cambrian , came to anchor within Sandy-Hook, where they will probably remain until after the equinoctial storm." This event will explain the reason why so few robberies on the coast of New-York have been recently committed, and why the public prints have observed so great a silence about British aggressions. During this suspicious calm, which the fear of the equinoctial storms, has fortunately introduced, our minds prudently revert to the causes of these aggressions and their remedy. Some have contended, that the British have only repeated the same scenes, which they once acted before the formation of Jay's treaty. The depredations on our commerce at that period led to this famous treaty; and the British with once more to become the debtors of our merchants, that our government in order to recover this money may consent to renew those articles of the last treaty, which have expired. Other politicians again have attributed the arrival of these vessels on the coast of New-York, to the invitation of a Mr. Neilson, the president of the Marine Insurance Company. This gentleman, apprehending the capture of some of the Bri-
tish merchant vessels by the French Frigates at that time in New-York, requested the British consul that a force might be stationed on our coast for the protection of the British commerce. In consequence of this request, the Leander , Cambrian , &c. were detached from Admiral Mitchell's squadron, on the Halifax station.
This question is curious but by no means so important as the one, which proposes to discover the most effectual method of preventing these aggressions for the future. War without previous negotiation has been suggested by some. Non-importation of British manufactures has been recommended by others. Another class of politicians have admitted the necessity of a naval force to protect our commerce, and the only enquiry with them has been, how great, and of what kind ought this force to be. Few of them have ever extended their approbation to a plan of offence; and on the principle that a system of defence only was proper, they have proceeded to enquire, whether our naval force should consist of larger armed vessels, as frigates and ships of the line, or whether it should be confined to gun-boats. This latter plan of defence seems to be the one which is adopted by our government. We must refer the decision of this important question to the result of experience.
One of the principal sources of dissatisfaction against the present administration, and the prevailing system of politics, is to be found in their connection with the political influence of Virginia. "Negro Representation" and "Virginia Influence," will continue to be re-echoed by the northern federalists. A pamphlet has been lately published in Boston, which professes to vindicate the conduct of the Massachusetts Legislature, in adopting Mr. Ely's amendment to the Federal Constitution. Few extracts have appeared in the public papers: but they breathe a strong spirit of discontent against the supposed or real influence of Virginia. This subject is destined to receive a discussion during the next session of Congress.
I cannot conceal my astonishment, that the Louisiana Remonstrance has hitherto excited so little discussion in the public prints. The only Effay, which deserves any notice on this subject, has the signature of "Common Sense," & I think evidently bears the impressions of Thomas Paine's usual sagacity. The fate of that new country, Mr. Editor, is a more difficult problem to my mind, than the quadrature of the circle, or the nature of the substance of the sun. I cannot suppress my apprehension that for some time to come, the Island of New-Orleans will be very similar to ancient Rome in its earliest stage; the asylum of thieves and vagabonds. There the voracious speculator, the cunning gambler, perhaps even the Catalinian conspirator may resort in quest of their appropriate game. The comparison may also hold good in another point of view. Like Rome it may become the capital of the most considerable part of North America. I will venture to say, that it will not become remarkable for its power, if it will at least be distinguished for its superior wealth. The town of New-Orleans combines the two singular advantages of a sea-port town, and of a town situated at the head of the tide water of a river. This last advantage will arise from the extraordinary current down the Mississippi. Hence New-Orleans will possess the profits of an emporium of imported commodities as well as exported productions. These singular advantages will be eternally possessed (I cannot call them enjoyed) unless some more favorable site for a town is discovered near the mouth of the river, or unless some simple and cheap mode is suggested for stemming its current.
STATE AFFAIRS. The principal subject of discussion in the different states relates to the qualification of the candidates for their own legislatures and for congress. Connecticut alone is engaged on a question of much greater importance; the propriety of forming a constitution. Two questions have been agitated. Whether they have any constitution at all? And if they have any whether it is compatible with the principles of a republican government. On the first point it is stated, that Connecticut Rhode Island are the only states, which did not change their form of government after the downfall of the British power. The only constitution on which Connecticut can be supposed to possess, is the charter of Charles II: but according to the republican definition, this is no constitution at all; as it was not formed or ratified by the people, or their specially delegated agents. According to this principle, Mr. Editor, we ourselves have no constitution; as the instrument, which has received this appellation, was adopted by an ordinary legislature, endowed with no special powers. This is a question, fir, on which the people of Virginia cannot ponder too frequently or too deeply.
INDEX.
COMMUNICATION.
To avoid the rock, which some other banks have split upon, it is observed in the Enquirer of the 23d. ult. that the Directors have no other recourse than the one, which the bank of England resorted to, viz. "a refusal to issue any gold and silver until the exigency of the moment shall have expired." By this I suppose it is to be understood, that the bank notes to be issued are not to be made payable on demand, but on a distant day beyond that assigned for the payment of the second instalment. A paragraph in Smith's Wealth of Nations is quoted to prove, how hazardous it will be for the first sixty days to be very extensive in discounts.
The whole of this appears to me fallacious. No such consequences will result from the premises, neither will the proceedings of the bank of Ayr apply to the practice, which the Directors of the bank of Virginia are bound to pursue. They will have no favorites to be indulged with cash accounts, unlimited as to time of payment or amount. It is presumed that no man let his character or pretensions be what they may, will have the influence to draw from the bank a single dollar without first depositing a sufficient pledge to ensure payment at the end of sixty days at farthest. Can the bank be the poorer for giving one thing for another of more than equal value? Will it not always receive one hundred dollars for every ninety-nine they part with? If this proves to be a fact, and it cannot be denied, can the capital be diminished by extensive discounts? For on every hundred dollars discounted the bank gains one in specie; therefore, the more extensive the discounts are, the more will the accumulation of specie in the bank be, until a dividend takes place: for it is to be understood that all the expenses of the bank, as well as the dividends may be paid in specie without touching a cent of the capital stock. It is no business of the Directors of the bank to find money or even bank notes to pay the discounts with. This will be found on experience to be the duty of the debtor, who gets his note discounted, and at the end of 60 days, when he comes to take up his note, he must of necessity bring with him one dollar in every hundred in specie, in addition to the ninety-nine he carried away, to enable him to lift his note. From this view of the case it is not evident that it will require every dollar issued in bank notes, together with one dollar in specie, for every ninety-nine in notes, to en-
able the debtor (who had his note discounted) to comply with this contract? How then is it possible for the shareholder to draw from the bank that money which they will have to pay in as their second instalment, in virtue of a tender of bank notes; when it evidently appears that the dealers in the bank will require every note in circulation to take up their own paper with? Yet there is no doubt but in the course of trade, many of those bank notes will fall into the hands of the shareholders, and may in a small degree facilitate the payment of their second instalment. But it is to be remembered that for every dollar in bank notes brought to the bank by shareholders as payment, so many more dollars in specie must of necessity be also brought in by the other debtors of the bank in lieu thereof, to enable them to lift their own discounted notes. Therefore, if the shareholders by the circulation of bank notes are enabled to draw money from the bank to pay up their subscriptions with, they need not be envied either by the directors of the bank or other individuals, in as much as the whole of the money that it will be possible for them to obtain in this way, will be immediately replaced by the merchants in taking up their notes: unless it should be the pleasure of the directors to accept a renewal of such notes, which I suppose will be the fact, until they get into circulation the full amount of their paper allowed by law.
NOTICE.
JOHN DUNSMURE begs leave to inform his friends and the public, that the GROCERY BUSINESS, hitherto carried on by him, will in future be conducted under the firm of
DUNSMURE & TURNER;
Who have on hand—A General Assortment of Articles in that Line, which they offer For Sale on reasonable terms.
All those indebted to John Dunsmure, are requested to come forward and settle their accounts. October 3. 4f
SALES AT AUCTION.
WITHOUT RESERVE, FOR APPROVED NOTES AT 3 AND 6 MONTHS.
THE Subscribers will begin to sell, on TUESDAY, the 16th day of October next, a very large and valuable Assortment of
DRY GOODS:—AMONG WHICH ARE:
Superfine, fine and coarse Cloths and Cambrics, Chintzes, Callicoes and India Cottons, Men and women's silk, thread, cotton & worsted Hosi, Marstilles, Dimities and Trains, Bombazetts, Durants and Willabares, Men's, Ladies and Children's Hats, Ladies extra long and short silk and kid Gloves, Bandannas, cotton and silk Hdkfs. and Shawls, A most complete assortment of Cutlery, Hardware, and Plated Goods, &c. &c. &c. The sale will be continued from day to day, until the whole are sold.
THOMAS TAYLOR & CO. V. M rs . October 3. 4d
THE SUBSCRIBER—HAS FOR SALE,
HOLLAND GIN, in pipes; Malaga Wine, in gr. casks; Cotton and Wool Cards, in boxes; Chocolate, per box; White Lead, Spanish Broom, and Yellow Ochre ground in oil; Nutmegs; Patent Shot; Bar and Sheet Lead; Mould Candles; Writing and Wrapping Paper; Country and Swedish Iron; Sheet and Hoop Iron; Linen Oil; Copperas; Alum; Florent Indigo; Refined Salt Petre; Ground Ginger; Pepper; 20d, 12d, 10d, and 8d, Nails and Brads; German and Blister'd Steel; Cast Boxes; Straws of Tumblers; Assortment of Stoves; Bld. and Bld. Ganging Rods; Hamilton's Snuff; Nail Rods; Shot Pipes; Scis, Shisving and Harnes Leather; Northern Chees, &c. HENRY HOVEY. October 3. 3f
70 LIKELY NEGROES.
ANY person wishing to purchase about 70 Likely Negroes, may hear where he can be accommodated by applying at the Office of the Enquirer. October 3. 4f
BROKER'S OFFICE.
THE Subscriber has opened a Broker's Office in one of the apartments above Mr. Barr's Store. All business confided to him, will be transacted with great fidelity. THOMAS NORFELL. October 3. 4f
FOR SALE,
SIX COLTS from the noted mare Kitty Medley & Minerva . ALSO FOR SALE—Either of those MARES, in foal by Diomed , for cash or on credit. Their pedigrees and performances may be seen by any one who wishes to become a purchaser. JOHN HOSKINS. Oct. 3. 2f King & Queen.
NOTICE.
ALL persons having claims against the estate of Capt. Thomas Nelson, late of King William County, are desired to bring them in, properly attested, to the subscriber, who has qualified as executor of his father's will; and he takes this occasion to assure the creditors, that as soon as their accounts are liquidated and the balance ascertained, he will make ample provision to meet every just demand, as speedily as possible. THOMAS CARY NELSON. King Wm. Oct. 3. 1m
FOR SALE,
At Louisa Courthouse, on the first Wednesday in December next,
182 VALUABLE SLAVES,
CONSISTING of Men, Women, Boys and Girls, belonging to the estate of Christopher Smith, dec. Among them is a valuable TANNER, regularly bred to the business. The Subscriber has refused to sell any of them privately, and they will certainly be offered at public sale at the time above mentioned. A credit till the 10th of February, 1806, will be given, on the purchasers giving bonds with approved security, to carry interest from the date; but if the principal is punctually paid, the interest will be remitted. CHARLES SMITH, Acting Executor of Christopher Smith, dec. October 3. (cpds)
AN ELEGANT COUNTRY SEAT
FOR SALE—IN ALBEMARLE.
THE Subscriber offers for sale, that valuable and highly improved Farm, on which he at present resides. There are 245 acres of land, which adjoin the town of Charlottesville, in its whole extent. The improvements are various and considerable, and calculated for a large and genteel family, the dwelling house being 72 by 22 feet. This seat has uniformly been considered one of the most desirable in the Upper country.
A well-mill, advantageously situated, has lately been erected on the premises, the dam of which is built of stone. Contiguous to the mill and adjoining this tract of land, a large distillery has also been established; the house 36 by 33 feet, is built of stone, and the winter, which is remarkably cool, is brought in pipes under ground, but a small distance, to the house. The distillery, together with the land annexed, which is of the best quality, may be had with the first mentioned tract.
Propositions by letter or otherwise, will be duly attended to, and on receiving part of the price in Negroes, Cash, Bank-stock, Public Securities, or good Bonds, and the residue in notes will be made to the purchaser, and great accommodation given for the balance, by having it secured on the land. Wm. W. HENING. Charlottesville, Oct. 3. 4f

AGRICULTURE is without doubt the most important occupation in Virginia. As there is much more land in proportion to the number of inhabitants, than there is in any of the civilized countries of Europe, the number of our agriculturists in proportion to the whole number of our people must also be much greater. Most of our labour and capital will be employed in cultivating the productions of the earth; while most of our manufactured work will be obtained from other countries. So long, therefore, as this relative combination of causes shall exist; so long as there is more labour and capital in other countries in proportion to the extent of their soil, than what exists in our own; so long shall we have fewer manufacturers, fewer agents of a flow and distant commerce, and a greater number of agriculturists, than what these nations will contain. Even in some parts of our own country, the numerical ratio between these different classes of capital and laborers has considerably varied. The number of inhabitants in Massachusetts and Connecticut have been estimated at about 55 to every square mile, in the year '98. The number of the people of Virginia does not probably exceed 8 or 10 to every square mile. Hence we may discover the reason why a greater number of the manufactures have been established in the northern states, and why more of the branches of commerce have attracted their attention, however flow in their returns, or however distant the ports to which they have been carried.
We may then pronounce the agricultural interest to be the leading interest of Virginia. We may also perceive what a considerable period must elapse, before it ceases to preserve this distinguished character. We shall see most of our great forests levelled to the earth, many of our marshes drained, most of our cultivated soil still more peaceably settled by the industrious cultivators, before the annual produce of our mercantile & manufacturing labour shall bear any considerable proportion to the produce of our land.
All the improvements of farming must consequently be regarded as new benefits conferred upon our state. Hence whatever tends to introduce those improvements, must peculiarly contribute to our national wealth. But our own improvements in this fundamental art have not as yet been extensive and brilliant. We have not as yet adopted, or zealously prosecuted any expedients by which new researches may be made, or old discoveries may be incorporated with the general mind. In England for instance, they have societies instituted for the diffusion or discovery of agricultural knowledge. The most enlightened minds combine together: they write memoirs on particular subjects, or receive them from others: and at regular periods, these experiments and researches are given to the public. When the society has once acquired such distinguished honor, as to confer some respect or attention upon any memoir, which appears in their works, many will frequently be tempted to institute experiments, for the purpose of acquiring this honor. At other times, they direct the researches of the cultivator to particular subjects, by conferring a medal or a pecuniary compensation upon the author of the best treatise on these questions. But such associations have seldom been instituted in our own state. Here no such combination of intelligence has ever received a proper degree of maturity. All the improvements which are made by individuals in the practice of farming, are received from the solitary labours of some other experimentalist, or from the annals, memoirs and treatises of some more active or intelligent countries.
Two methods therefore occur, by which the agricultural knowledge of our own state may be extended: circulating the discoveries made in other parts of the world, and assisting the solitary labours of the Virginia farmer. It is in the power of the Editor of a newspaper to contribute his humble labours to the attainment of each of these objects. It is in his power to make extracts from foreign works, and present them to the consideration of his readers. The second object may be obtained by the execution of the following plan: A farmer has made some new discovery, or he will make a certain fact to be investigated, which may improve some branch of agriculture. It is in his power to communicate the first through the medium of a newspaper, and thus make it common to many other farmers. A public paper also presents him with an easy method of publishing the second in the form of a problem, with an appropriate statement of his doubts, and thus exciting the curiosity and attention of other enquirers into nature.
The Editor of the Enquirer, while he respectfully presents this plan to the consideration of his countrymen, is desirous of proving to them that he is not inactive in his own share of the duty. Though he is completely unacquainted with the practical branches of farming, and therefore incompetent to make very appropriate selections, he intends to make occasional extracts from the most celebrated works on this subject. It is almost superfluous for him to add, that he shall deem few communications more valuable than those which are addressed to him by intelligent farmers, explaining any new discovery which they may have made, or proposing any new problem, which they will to be investigated.
The following extract is from the Physiology of Dr. Darwin. A few definitions are subjoined by the Editor.
APPLICATION OF MANURES.
At what era or stage of this decomposition of vegetable and animal substances can they be most advantageously applied to the purposes of agriculture? and secondly, at what time of the year?
1. In respect to the era of the progress of the decomposition in manure-heaps, in which they may be most advantageously applied in agriculture, the particular purpose of that application must be attended to. Where they are designed to be spread on the surface of grass lands, as a top-dressing, the accumulations of vegetable and animal substances should be permitted to go through the various spontaneous processes of decomposition, which begin with the Saccharine and mucilaginous state, and end with the production of carbonic (1) earth, with many kinds of intermediate fermentations, if they may be so called, which accompany or succeed each other, and which I believe to be more in number than have had names applied to them.
But that loss of the fertilizing materials, whether of soluble solids, or of fluids, or of gases, (2) may be lost in these series of fermentations; it is a very advantageous management to cover them with soil, when the first fermentation is advanced, as is known by the production of considerable heat; or when the putrefactive one has commenced, which is known by the smell of volatile alkali, (3) or of hydrogen. (4) By this method the too great rapidity of these fermentations is checked, and the fluid part of the manure is retained by the addition of the soil below, and the gaseous part by that above; and if to this be afterwards added a proportion of lime, which by mixing with the nitrous (5) acid may retain it from evaporation or from volatilization, every thing is preserved that can accomplish.
When manure-heaps are to be ploughed into clayey soil, which are liable to become too
solid and impenetrable to the root-fibres of feeds, as of wheat; or where knobby or bulbous roots are to be inserted to produce other knobs or bulbs beneath the soil, as potatoes; it is probably more advantageous to bury the manure in a less decomposed state, while some of the straw retains its form; as such parts by their slower decomposition will longer prevent the superincumbent soil from becoming too solid; and though they will in this situation require some time before they will be perfectly decomposed, and reduced to the black carbonic earth; yet they will in the end totally decay, and give the same quantity of nutriment to the roots, though it may be more gradually applied.
2. In respect to the time of year those manures, which are to be ploughed or dug into the ground, should be used immediately before sowing the seeds or setting the roots, which they are designed to nurture; because the atmospheric air, which is buried along with the manure in the interstices of the earth, and which for many weeks, or even months, renders the soil loose, and easily impressed by the foot on walking on it, gradually evolves by its union with carbon a genial heat very friendly to vegetation in this climate, as well as the immediate production of much fluid carbonic acid, (6) & probably of a fluid mixture of nitrogen (7) with hydrogen, which are believed to supply much nutriment to plants.
But those manures, which are designed to be spread on the surface of grass-lands, which is called the top-dressing, are best applied, I suspect in the early spring; and should be dispersed over the soil almost in a state of powder, or in lumps of very loose cohesion; as at this time the vernal showers wash them into the soil; and they are applied to the roots of the grass, before their essential parts are diminished by winter rains or by summer exhalation. There are some in Derbyshire, who spread manure even on the meadows, which are annually overflowed by the Trent or Derwent, at the end of summer, or as soon as the grass is mowed and removed; which appears to be an improvident management, since the aftermath, or autumnal grass, is thus rendered unpalatable to the cattle; and the winter rains, or the vernal floods, which generally occur with the return of the south-west winds, after the season of frost ceases, must wash away a great part of it.
In respect to the most economical manner of using manures in agriculture Mr. Parkinson observes, that one great advantage of the drill husbandry consists in putting the manure into drills, which he directs to be made at two feet distance from each other. He sows wheat, beans, peas, cabbages, on this manure, and asserts, that four loads of manure on an acre in this kind of husbandry is equal to sixteen loads in the usual way of spreading it over the whole of the field. Experienced Farmer, Vol. I. p. 32.
3. A third question here presents itself, if the remnants of vegetable & animal bodies buried a few inches beneath the soil undergo the same decomposition, as when laid on heaps in farm-yards. And though this is accomplished more slowly, yet it is attended with less loss of carbonic acid, and of volatile alkali, and of hydrogen, and of the fluid matter of heat; all which are emitted in great quantity during the rapid fermentations of large heaps of manure, and are wasted in the atmosphere, or on unprofitable ground; would it not in general be more economical to bury such vegetable and animal matters beneath the soil without a previous fermentation and putrefaction?
In answer to this it must be observed, that in some cases the use of recent vegetables ploughed into the earth is found of advantage, as in sandy soils buck-wheat, or vetches, are sown, and the crop ploughed in, before it ripens its seeds. In this circumstance the recent crop is buried in its saccharine and mucilaginous state, which must undergo indeed a slower fermentation, without being mixed with animal substances, nor no part of the organic matter, nor of the fluid heat, is lost to the purposes of new organization.
So in the cultivation of clayey lands, whose tenacity is too great; or where knobby roots, as potatoes, are to be inserted for the production of other knobby roots beneath the soil; long muck, as it is called, or such which is only so far decomposed as to dissolve the mucilage or more tender vessels or membranes, but in which the form of the fibrous or ligneous parts of the straw remains, is recommended above; and may in these situations perhaps be ploughed into the ground even in their most early state, when rejected from the stable or cowhouse, before the commencement of their spontaneous disolution.
So also in gardens, which are already fertile, and do not want the immediate assistance of manure, it may be more economical to bury the weeds, as the ground is dug, than to convey them to a manure-heap, and replace them after a twelve-month's decomposition.
But where a luxuriant crop is immediately wanted, a manure-heap towards the end of the putrefactive process by being recently interred in the soil, which is immediately to be sown or planted, has this great advantage; that the carbonic acid is presently formed by the mixture of atmospheric air with the carbon of the manure; which exists therefore in its fluid, not its gaseous state, and is thence more readily absorbed. Secondly, ammoniaic (8) is produced, & nitre, and hydrogen probably is mixed with nitrogen; and these also, I suppose, exist at first in their fluid, not in their gaseous state. And thirdly, from these combinations a genial degree of heat is evolved, which so much assists the vernal growth of vegetation.
And where manure is to be used as a top-dressing, it is necessary, that it should be in a state of powder, or in small lumps of loose cohesion, as mentioned above; that it may be easily washed by rains into the roots of the grass, or that the young stems of grains may readily shoot themselves through it; whence mature heaps of manure are for this purpose necessary; and on this account any adhesive manure, as cow-dung itself, should be weekly gathered from grass-ground, where cattle are nourished, and laid on heaps with straw, or straw, or weeds, to ferment or putrefy; till it becomes less tenacious, and can be profitably replaced in the ensuing spring.
Finally, I suspect the most economical method of disposing of the straw and dung from the farm-yard would be, as soon as a dark coloured water drains from the heap, by which much loss is sustained, to carry the refuse of the stable and cow-house, as frequently as convenient, to the ground, where it is designed to be employed; and there to mix it with earth in heaps of proper size, and to cover them likewise with soil; and by these means I suppose the whole process of decomposition may be carried on with very little loss; and by the addition of a greater or less quantity of soil that the era of complete or most profitable decomposition of the compost may be managed, so as to coincide nearly with the time it may be wanted.
4. Fourthly, it may be asked, what kinds of manure contribute most to the luxuriant growth of vegetables? In answer to this it may be said, that as plants are inferior animals, & are formed with absorbent vessels in their roots correspondent to the lacteals (9) in the stomach; that the same organic matters, which by their quick solution in the stomach supply the nutritive chyle (10) to animals, will by their slow solution in or near the surface of the earth supply the nutritive sap-juice to vegetables. Hence all kinds of animal
and vegetable substances, which will undergo a digestive process, or spontaneous solution, as the flesh, fat, skin, and bones, of animals; with their secretions of bile, saliva, mucus; and their excretions of urine, and ordure; and also the fruit, meal, oil, leaves, wood, of vegetables, when properly decomposed on or beneath the soil, supply the most nutritive food to plants.
Secondly, the chyle of all animals is similar to the sap-juice of all vegetables in this circumstance, that they both contain mucilage and sugar, and seem only to differ in this respect, that the chyle of animals also contains oil, which being mixed with the mucilage gives it its white colour like milk. Hence those matters must supply nutriment most expeditiously to vegetables which contain mucilage and sugar, or produce them with the least decomposition, as the jellies from the shavings of horns, from hair, woolen rags, and the saccharine matter of sweet fruits, roots, kernels, feeds; and in the same manner these things with the addition of oil are most expeditiously nutritive to animals.
Thirdly, such materials as contain in solution those simple substances which constitute a great part of vegetable bodies as carbon, which is found in most earths; & oxygen, (11) hydrogen, and nitrogen, which are found in water and in air; and from hence we may conclude, that whatever material has constituted a part of living organic bodies, may again constitute a part of them; and that with more expedition, if they can be used without being decomposed into their primary elements.
Mr. Bewley, the Norfolk philosopher, said to a friend, who was riding by his side, that when he wanted a whip, he habitually looked for a dead stick in the hedge, unwilling to pluck off a leafy branch, and destroy so many living buds. He might have added, that to burn a hair or a straw unnecessarily diminishes the sum of matter fit for quick nutrition by decomposing it nearly into its elements, and should therefore give some compensation to a mind of universal sympathy.
It would seem therefore, that long roots fixed into the earth, and leaves innumerable waving in the air, were necessary for the decomposition & new combinations of water and air, and the conversion of them into saccharine and mucilaginous matter; which would have been not only cumbrous but totally incompatible with the locomotions of animal bodies; for how could a man or quadruped have carried on his head or back a forest of leaves, or have trailed after him long branch lacteals terminating on the surface of the earth? Animals therefore subsist on vegetables; that is, they take the matter so far prepared, and possess organs to prepare it further for the purposes of greater sensibility, and higher animation.
1. Earth which contains carbon. Carbon is the pure part of the charcoal, free from salts, water or air. Carbonic earth is the black soil, which covers the surface of the ground. 2. Air.—This is one of the technical terms of the New Chemical Nomenclature. 3. The gas, or aeriform fluid, which rises from the spirits of hartshorn, or volatile salts, producing a very pungent smell. 4. The base of inflammable air. This air may be easily made by putting pieces of zinc or the filings of iron, into oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid, diluted with 5 or 6 times its quantity of water. An effervescence takes place, and the inflammable air may be set on fire as it passes out of the vial. 5. The new name for the aqua fortis of the apothecaries shops. 6. The new name for fixed air: so called from its specific gravity. It is found in old cellars, and at the bottom of old wells, where it is so destructive to animal life. It may be easily obtained by pouring diluted sulphuric acid upon chalk. 7. The noxious part of atmospheric air. 8. The new name for Volatile Alkali. 9 & 10. When the food gets into the stomach and intestines it is dissolved by its juices, and becomes a whitish fluid, not very dissimilar to milk. In this state it is called chyle. The chyle is conveyed by small tubes or vessels, called the lacteals, into the Receptaculum Chyli, from thence thro' the Thoracic duct into the mass of blood. 11. The pure part of atmospheric air. It may be obtained by pouring the sulphuric acid upon red lead. See Chaptal's Chemistry.
FOR THE ENQUIRER.
CHARACTER OF CURRAN.
If it were worth while to combat the notion that descent, that nobility, should alone be a passport to honor and virtue, the history of this man would furnish the refutation. From no worm-eaten statues; from no musty records of nobility, does he derive his title to honor or his claim to reputation. He searched no herald's office for the purpose of ascertaining the age of his tribe; he bribed no court favorite to revive some title, which was extinct, in his favor. The star and garter, with all those other gewgaws, which amuse so many children in the shape of men, held out no temptation to him. Overlooking all such puerile and ancle distinctions, he threw himself on the resources of his mind, resting his claim on the judgment of his contemporaries and posterity.
To the unaccommodating spirit of the Spartan is joined, in him, the polish, the delicacy of Athenian manners. Now, he reaches the point in debate by a few bold and nervous sentences, expressed with laconic vigor and epigrammatic spirit: Now, his words appear to move only to the melodious and measured cadences of Attic harmony. The Spartan economy is forgotten, and an imagination, luxuriant beyond all account, is permitted to range as it were in despatch of control and in derision of method, in all the sportiveness of mirth, and all the poignancy of satire.
The voice of this man happily corresponds with his genius; easily, by its compass and flexibility, accommodating itself to the several passions he wishes to convey. It is a clear medium by which he is enabled to transmute his spirit into his hearers, and kindle in their hearts an enthusiasm in defence of liberty; which, like the Greek fire, is not afterwards to be extinguished.
When his soul is enflamed with the frantic excesses of tyranny, the darkness on his brow gives notice of the tempest that is gathering; while the lightning in his eye, an unerring precursor, announces the thunder that is to follow. His invective is keen, is terrible, is desolating. The great lords of the court tremble on their benches, surrounded by guards and clad in purple and ermine; whilst, like a minister of divine wrath, he denounces against them the vengeance of heaven, and the curses of posterity. The spies of the government have been known to faint under his examination, alleging that they were unable to bear the fire of his eloquence & the torture of his interrogatories.
He is small of stature, and of a visage sallow and wan: but when he opens his lips, his personal defects vanish; his stature reaches the clouds, and he appears to be alone, graceful & lovely in the creation. You are under a species of enchantment similar to what Horace alludes to in his Art of Poetry, when the skilful drama-
tist transports you sometimes to Thebes and sometimes to Athens. Curran is indeed a magician, who enchants the imaginations of his hearers, and the spell is of such potency, that neither wisdom nor ignorance have any charm to resist it.
When he harangues in defence of the rights of mankind, the most bigotted are in love with liberty and virtue: whilst, with a master hand, he portrays the miseries of Ireland, not a dry eye is to be seen; the court is drowned in tears. Corrupt juries, packed and empanelled for the special purpose of condemnation, softened and touched by his eloquence, resign to him their victim; the prison doors fly open at his approach; the chains fall from the hands of the victims. He is the angel of mercy, whose lips, touched with fire by the Almighty, whisper hope in the dungeon of despair, and speak deliverance to the captive.
But to form a correct estimate of this wonderful man, you must consider him, not merely as an orator, as a man distinguished only in a single walk or department of literature. Men in general have their fort or wrong ground in which lies their peculiar excellence and strength. But this is not the case with him; in every thing he is great; in every thing equal. He is, as it were, a centre in the circle of the sciences: an attractive & luminous focus, on which rays are incessantly falling from all parts of the orb: a profound mathematician: a logician, acute, subtle and persuasive: a philosopher, elegantly speculative and profoundly crude: a wit, sometimes lashing vice with the wrath and indignation of Juvenal, sometimes titillating at folly, with the elegant and courtly irony of Flaccus: a politician, clear-sighted, steady and incorruptible: an orator realizing and transcending the definition of Cicero.
CETERA DESUNT.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, THAT a Petition will be presented to the General Assembly, at their next Session, for the sale of the Glebe in St. Mary's Parish in Caroline; and the investiture of the interest of the Money, thereby raised, in the present Incumbent, so long as he may continue to act as such in the said Parish. CAROLINE, August 18, 1804. [ew3m.]
CONFECTIONARY.
ALEXANDER PLAINVILLE respectfully acquaints the public in general, and the citizens of Richmond and its neighborhood in particular, that he has commenced the CONFECTIONARY and CORDIAL DISTILLING BUSINESS in the brick house next door below Mr. Samuel Poffatt's book store, lately occupied by Mr. Jacob Wheaton, where he will constantly keep for sale every article in his line of business—particularly CORDIALS and PRESERVES, CAKES, &c. Orders from the country will be carefully and promptly executed. September 26. [ew3t.]
D. 25,000.....D. 10,000.....D. 5,000
PRIZES in the LOTTERY for the encouragement of LITERATURE, established by an act of the Legislature of the state of New-York. Tickets in Class No. 3, B. H. YUDAH. September 26. [ew4t.]
A GREAT BARGAIN.
The subscribers are authorized to sell by private sale, on liberal terms, and if not disposed of by the second Monday in December ensuing, will on that day, at the Eagle Tavern, in the City of Richmond, be sold at public auction, without reserve, for cash, the moiety of a valuable TRACT OF LAND, containing 1080 acres, in Spotsylvania county, within twenty miles of Fredericksburg. The tract is commonly known by the name of Garnett's, and adjoins the lands of John Kenney, John Mitchell, Thomas Johnson, and others. The moiety is that part nearest the town of Fredericksburg. PROSSER & MONCURE, v. ms. [2am tds.]
LOW FOR READY MONEY.
FOR sale, an able NEGRO MAN, who has been accustomed to the use of the spade and scythe, and who will make a valuable labourer to a master residing in the country. Apply at the office of the Enquirer. August 5. [ew4w]
LOW FOR CASH, OR ON SHORT CREDIT, Direct from Penington's Manufactory, Philadelphia; LOAF SUGAR, Of an excellent quality, either by the hogshead, barrel, or single loaf. The supply will be regular and large. ALSO—BAR IRON, by the ton or single bar: IRON CASTINGS of various kinds, by the ton or single piece, among which are a few tons of 50 and 60 lbs. weights. MICAJAH DAVIS. 24th of 7th mo. 1804. [ew6m.]
DOCTOR WILSON,
Has taken (as a temporary residence) the house lately occupied by Doctor Adams, opposite the Bell Tavern, and intends to combine the APOTHECARIES BUSINESS with the PRACTICE OF PHYSIC. He is now opening a part, and expects to receive by the next arrivals from Philadelphia, the balance of a fresh and very general supply of MEDICINES, and other articles in the Apothecaries Line, which will be sold on the lowest terms. Orders from the country, Recipes, &c. will be carefully attended to. June 27. [ew6m.]
BALTIMORE FRENCH COLLEGE.
NOTICE TO PARENTS.
THE numerous inconveniences arising from the successive entry of pupils, through the course of the year, have brought on a resolution of fixing on the month of September as the only period of admission for new boarders: that being the time of recommencement of the school, after the great vacation. Persons desirous of securing places for their young friends, should be early in their applications, as, from the present number, it is apprehended the College will soon be full. Baltimore, 18th August 1804. N. B. The Editors of new-papers throughout the United States, are requested to give the above advertisement as many insertions in the course of the month, as may be convenient. A prospectus of this institution may be seen at the office of the Enquirer. [ew 4t.]
TUNSTALL'S PATENT THRESHING MACHINE.
THE advantages to be gained by farmers, by applying some effectual parts to Threshing Machines, which have greater velocity, adequate strength, and greater cheapness than hitherto, and applicable to any machinery, are universally allowed to be very great. WILLIAM TUNSTALL has obtained a Patent for such improvements; and wishes to benefit the public on the most reasonable terms. Districts and individuals may be now accommodated with Machines and patent rights, by applying in person or by letter (post paid) to the patentee, William Tunstall, at the Swan Tavern, Richmond. N. B. A Mill Wright and iron Worker for the respective parts, are wanted—apply as above. These Machines will hull Clover and thresh Rice, Buck Wheat &c. preserved from grit—Converses will be dealt with as the love directs. July 18. [ew 4t.]
VIRGINIA, TO WIT: At a GRANT DISTRICT COURT HELD AT THE FORMER CAPITOL, IN THE CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG, the 12th day of July, 1804. GAVIN LUGDON, Joseph Delaney and Sally his wife, and Zachariah Delaney.....Plaintiffs. against
ELIZA GORRY and Elizabeth her wife, late Elizabeth Lunsford, relict of Lewis Lunsford deceased, Horatio Lunsford, Hiram Lunsford, Maria Lunsford and Darius W. Lunsford, children and co-heirs of the said Lunsford.....Defendants.
IT appearing to the satisfaction of the Court, that since the entering of the order in this cause, on the first day of July one thousand eight hundred and three, in the words following: "The defendants upon whom an attachment for their contempt is not enforcing the bill of the plaintiffs, both as to the return executed, still failing to answer the same, as the Court, on the motion of the plaintiffs by their counsel, have taken their bill for confessed, and will proceed at a future day, to decree the matter thereof, unless the said defendants or one of them, on or before the tenth day of the term next after they shall have been served with a copy of this order, show cause to the contrary," the defendants have removed themselves out of this Commonwealth, so that they cannot be served with a copy of the said order, on motion of the plaintiffs by their counsel, it is ordered, that the said defendants do appear here on the first day of the next term, and answer the bill of the plaintiffs, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper of the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the former Capitol in this City. A Copy. W2m27 ANTHONY ROBINSON, C. C.
WANTS EMPLOYMENT,
A YOUNG MAN who writes an excellent hand, and has been accustomed to BOOK-KEEPING for the last nine years. He can come well recommended for his sobriety and attention to business. A letter directed to A. B. and left with the Printer hereof shall be duly attended to. [ew 4f.]
WANTED ON HIRE;
A WOMAN without a Child, who is a good Cook, Washer, and Ironer. Liberal wages are offered for one who can come well recommended. Also A GIRL, from 12 to 16, who has been accustomed to wait in a house. Apply at the Enquirer Office. Sept. 8.
LIFE OF WASHINGTON.
THE FIRST VOLUME is ready for Subscriber at the Book Store of Wm. RICHARD. Richmond, August 18, 1804. epf.
Mediterranean Passports.
NOTICE is hereby given, that it has been deemed expedient to change the form of the Mediterranean passport issued to vessels of the United States: that from the 8th day of July next, those of the new form will be issued at the custom houses to every vessel, for which application may be made on a compliance with the terms prescribed by law and surrendering the former passport of which she may be possessed, if any, in which latter case no fees will be required for the exchange: and that by an arrangement agreed upon by the Barbary powers with whom we are at peace, either the old or the new form of passport will be sufficient to protect the vessels of the United States, from capture until the 1st of July 1805, after which the old form of passport will be unavailable and the new one alone in use. Department of State, 23d of May, 1804. The printers of the laws of the United States are requested to insert the above in their Gazettes twice a week for the space of five months, and the Collectors of the customs to keep copies of it posted up in their offices. June, 2.
NOTICE.
THE office of Supervisor of the Revenue for the District of Virginia being discontinued, and the unfinished business of the said Office transferred to me, the Collectors of the Direct Tax and Internal Revenue, whose accounts have not been finally adjusted and paid, are hereby informed, that they are now requested to call at my office, in the city of Richmond, without delay, and pay the balances due to the United States. And those whose lands have been sold in the District of Virginia by authority of an act of Congress of the United States for non-payment of the Direct Tax, may redeem such lands, by paying to me within the time limited, the principal costs and fees as the law directs. As most of the abovenamed lands were sold in Dec. 1802, the privilege of redemption will continue until December next. The money received by me for the redemption of the said lands, will be returned to the purchaser, with interest at the rate of 25 per cent per annum on the purchase money, to the day on which it may be paid to me. JOSEPH SCOTT. Marshall V. D July 7. ep-4f.
NEAL NELSON,
BOOT & SHOE MANUFACTURER, MAIN-STREET, RICHMOND, MAKES Boots & Shoes to any pattern or fashion, equal in point of MATERIALS and WORKMANSHIP to any in general use. Imported Boots and Shoes, of the first quality and newest fashion, for sale. Gentlemen at a distance, who are disposed to forward me their measure, by paying attention to the annexed cut, can be fitted with Boots or Shoes as well as they were on the spot. A—the length of the Boot—C—round the Calf—B—the pitch of ditto—D—round the heel and instep—E—round the instep—G—across the ball of the foot. Fix the heel against a perpendicular, and stick a knife at the end of the great toe—set down in figures the number of inches and quarters, in the different measures. June 30. ep6m.
EDUCATION.
THE Trustees of Winchester Academy acquaint the public, that the Latin, Greek and French languages, together with Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, the use of the Globes, Euclid, and the practical branches of the Mathematics, are taught in the Academy, by the principal master and his assistants.
The school is provided with Globes and Maps, for the use of the lower classes; with Telesopes and an Electrical Machine; with an Air-pump, Endometers, and other parts of a Chemical and Philosophical apparatus, for making the usual experiments on Air, and exhibiting the properties of the different elastic fluids.
In their examinations of the school, the Trustees have been highly pleased with the plan of teaching and the proficiency of the Pupils; and are extremely happy in adding, what they believe will greatly increase the utility of the institution, that Judge White will, in future, deliver in the Academy, a Course of Lectures on the Laws and Constitutions of this state, and the United States.
These Lectures will commence annually on the first Monday in December, and continue until the last of the preceding March, and it is confidently believed, that every exertion in his power, will be made by that gentleman, to render his Lectures beneficial to his Pupils, and worthy of public patronage. JOHN SMITH, President of the Trustees. September 24th (9am-twd.)