The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1808-08-16 00:00:00

Dr. Taliaspurs
The Enquirer.
VOL. 5.]
RICHMOND, TUESDAY, AUGUST 16, 1808.
[No. 31.]
PUBLISHED BY THOMAS RITCHIE, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE, AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
NOTICE, that on Thursday the 24th inst. will be sold, at auction, to the highest bidder, at the late residence of Samuel Pointer, all his remaining stock of GROCERIES, amongst which are the following: Old Apple and Cognac Brandy of superior quality, Imperial and Young Hyson Teas of excellent quality, Brown Stout and Coffee by the barrel, one hogshead of Molasses and three of New England Rum, one cask of old Sherry wine, and a variety of other articles too tedious to mention.
Also, one likely Riding Horse, about six years old, two valuable Milking Cows, and one yearling raised in town—One Negro Woman, one likely man, who is a good cook, gardener and ostler, and also, one likely Mulatto Boy, about 14 or 15 years old.
At the same time will be hired out for one year, a likely Female Servant with three children, and who is a good house servant: Also, one Girl of sufficient size to wait and attend in a house.
Also, will be sold, all the Household and Kitchen FURNITURE, amongst which are four good Beds and Furniture, and the usual Mahogany and other articles customarily used in a plain genteel family.
At the same time, will likewise be rented for one year, the Store-House, Lumber-House and Yard, lately occupied by said Pointer as a Grocery, and which is believed to be equal to any upon Shocks for business. Also, will be rented the adjoining Garden, now in a high state of cultivation, and which upon inspection, will sufficiently recommend itself. Also, the House and Lot opposite the Garden, and now occupied by Mrs. Pointer—Possession of those may be immediately had.
For the Groceries ninety days credit will be allowed, for all sums of or above $50, upon giving notes negotiable at the Bank of Virginia, with approved endorsers, and for all sums under $50, with like notes and endorsers, and for all sums under, cash will be required.
All persons having claims against the said estate are particularly requested to bring them forward without delay, authenticated as the law requires; and those who are indebted, are likewise earnestly requested to come forward and discharge the same, as the situation of the affairs of the estate will not admit of further indulgence. All qualified just claims against the estate of the said Pointer, will be received for the cash or other payments, by
BENJ. WOLFE, Executor. Richmond, August 12. (1d)
FIVE DOLLARS REWARD.—Strayed or stolen from Caleb Baisar's residence in the County of Caroline, about four or five miles below the Bowling-Green and near the stage road, a blood bay GELDING, about four feet ten inches or five feet high, nine or ten years old, shod all round, his tail which had been bobbed has been long and his mane hangs on the right side; if it were any white about him, it is not recollected, though there may be a little on one or both of his hind feet; there are knots on one or both shoulders caused by being pulled with the collar, his withers are high and have been caused by the saddle; he has been used as a plough horse for the last three years, on a plantation on James river in the lower end of the County of Powhatan and may endeavor to get there again—Any person who will deliver the said horse to Mr. John Guy at the Eagle-Tavern in the City of Richmond, shall receive the above reward. August 12. (1d)
SUGARS of first quality, Molasses, Old Madeira Wine, Denijohns and Bolting Clothes, FOR SALE BY M. M. MYERS.
TO RENT—The STORE AND COUNTING ROOM on the Main Street, late occupied by Mr. Richard Brooke. July 29. (Law6w)
NOTICE.—Whereas Mr. James Fisher, by a deed executed on the first day of July, 1808, and recorded in the county court of Henrico, has assigned to the subscriber as trustee, for certain of his creditors therein named, the whole of his estate of every description, (except his household furniture, and some few debts transferred by him as trustee, subsequent to the execution of said trust, as will more fully appear by a reference to the schedule annexed to said deed,) consisting of some Lots in the city of Richmond, together with all his bonds, notes and accounts—This is therefore to give notice to the debtors of the said James Fisher, that all judgments obtained where the money has not been paid, all suits now depending in the courts of this commonwealth or elsewhere, all monies in the hands of attorneys, sheriffs, or others, which may have been collected by virtue of any suit, debt or demand of the said James Fisher; that he is the only person authorized to receive such debts and demands and grant such acquittances and make such compromises as he may deem most advisable for the interest of said creditors.
A hope is therefore cherished, that every effort on the part of said debtors, will be made, in order to a settlement of their balances, and every indulgence will be given by him to those who manifest such a disposition.
And whereas it is stipulated by the contracting parties to said deed, that certain creditors of said James Fisher, who from absence or other causes, could not signify their wish of becoming parties thereto, now, being understood, that if they do within sixty days, from the said first day of July, 1808, sign the said deed, that in that case, they are to be considered entitled to their ratable proportion of such money as shall be collected from the sale of property and collection of debts; otherwise, if they do not, within the time specified, make known their determination by subscribing to the terms agreed upon in the said trust, that he, the said trustee shall pay over such sums as they would have been entitled to if they had acceded to the same James Fisher. EDWARD W. TRENT. (H) August 5, 1808.
CASH given for WHITE, by WHITE & SHELTON. July 22. (1d)
TEN DOLLARS REWARD.—Run-away from the subscriber living in Powhatan County on the 22nd day of June last, a negro man named DANIEL, of a yellowish complexion, about 45 years of age, five feet nine or ten inches high—I do suppose he is in the neighborhood of Manchester, having formerly had a wife at Capt. Francis Smith's. I will give the above reward if delivered to me near Cane Bridge in the above named County, or five dollars if secured in any jail so that I get him again—I do forewarn all masters of vessels or others from employing him or carrying him out of the state, as they will be dealt with as the law directs. EDWARD MOSLEY (Law4w) August 5.
VIRGINIA, TO WIT: At a court of Appeals held at the Capitol, in Richmond, the third day of June, 1808.
GENERAL RULE.—After the end of this present term, all causes depending in this court shall be called in the order in which they stand upon the docket, and such as may be ready for hearing pursuant to the former rules of this court, shall, unless good cause be shown to the contrary, be heard in the same order in which they stand upon the docket, until the whole shall be gone through; and the causes which shall be passed over, shall, unless for some very special reason appearing to the court, be put at the end of the docket of each term.
Ordered, That the above rule be published in at least three of the newspapers printed in Richmond, once a week until the first day of October next.
A Copy. Teste, J. BROWN, c.c. June 14. (1110)
CHARLES MUNNS (late assistant teacher at Mr. Oswald's) will open SCHOOL at the dwelling of Mr. Shields adjoining the Bank, THIS DAY, for the education of youth of both sexes.
Terms of Tuition.—Instruction in the French Language, Geography, English Grammar, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, 10 dollars a quarter, the one half payable in advance.
If any scholar does not learn French, he pays only 8 dollars per quarter; if any, also, will not learn English Grammar and Geography, 6 dollars payable as before.
No charge on the scholars entering: no charge for fuel, and separate rooms for the pupils of both sexes. An Evening School for the Tuition of French will be kept from 5 to 7 for the accommodation of young gentlemen who may find it more convenient to attend at those hours.—Terms 8 dollars per quarter. August 9. (Law1m)
DOMESTIC.
FROM THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER. TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.
N.O. III.
The principle of retaliation, as a ground of belligerent pretension and deportment, is one which it is our duty firmly to examine and deliberately to consider. Its great delicacy & vast importance may forbid a private well-intended individual to pronounce on the nature and extent of the rights, which an injured, endangered or provoked belligerent may practically enjoy or contumaciously claim, on this serious and inconvenient principle: but on some objections do not occur against argument or demonstration, calculated to quash all pretensions to retaliate on the part of any government from which we suffer. Hence it has been that fair and weighty considerations, applying negatively to the British claims on the ground of retaliation , have been explicitly introduced into these papers.
After an honest and candid recollection of the rise and progress of neutral spoliations, we are unable to call to mind a singular proclamation, order of council, or other act of the British government, from 1791 to 1806, in which they for a moment secured in successive or in words, the slightest pretension to retaliate on France or the neutral states, for any alleged original abuses or perversions of neutral trade, navigation or seamen, until the attempt of the court of London to procure an admission of that nature in their own addition to a treaty, otherwise mutual, in December 1806. This fact is the more strong, because gen. Hamilton, in his publication of the functions of a president over a federal administration in 1793, and col. Pickering, then secretary of state, in a public official report, advanced the unfounded ideas that England had followed France in all her violations of neutral commerce, whereby those eminent citizens put into the mouth of Britain all the pretensions of a power entitled to retaliate which she had never theretofore claimed .—And here, Britain , we will ingeniously confess in your favor, that these and other children of America, adopted and native, while honored by our high trusts and fed by our treasures, have done much indeed (and often have done so much) to mislead you into the unquantifiable, irregular and pernicious acts and to confirm you in a course which has threatened ruin to us, and now suspends fearful dangers over your beautiful & noble country. But we return to our point: England, sharp & ingenious, and thus graded by Americans as she has been, nevertheless mentioned the doctrine of retaliations, till the last of Dec. 1806, in the proposed rider to the treaty of Monroe and Pinkney, Auckland & Holland.
Let us now examine the opposite side.—What has been the conduct of France? She always, even in 1792, took the ground of a power aggrieved on, offended much and much civilized by those at war with her. She avowed, before the war, what she avowed, her right and duty to retaliate on the French Towns, the perversions of her resources, which neutral Britain committed in January, 1793.—She took measures of regular indemnity from England on the first of February, 1793, by an open declaration of war. In May, 1793, France issued her first general order, touching neutral trade, and though it was to save her bread , she avowed the right, duty and necessity of retaliation, or of using the resources of neutrals to save her country, to prevent England from using those neutral resources, to ruin her country. Yet France did not add, the penalty of confiscation of neutral property, as England does; but, agreed to pay for the neutral property taken in retaliation of English abuses. In the same spirit, grounded upon the same defensive grounds, avowing the same principles, it will be found that the legislative proceedings, executive acts, official communications, & sound publications of France, from '92 inclusive, to the memorable decrees of Berlin, Milan and Bayonne, all avow the right, duty and necessity of retaliation. The government of France, incommoded, injured, justly provoked and deeply endangered by illegitimate British perversions of the vast supplies, purchases, ships and men of neutrals to her own gain and power, and to the destruction of the French—France, we say, under these circumstances, cont'd, for the right, duty and necessity to retaliate; and unhappily for the neutrals, she at length adds that ruinous
confiscation, in these neutral cases, which Britain had long before adopted & enforced in her first aggressions. Thus does a fair and calm review of the history of neutral spoliations prove to us, that England from 1792 till the last week of 1806, never even pretended that France had so abused & perverted neutral trade, as to give her a color of pretension "to retaliate" while France from '92, till to-day, always maintained the charge of aggression against England in all her acts, and in the most steady, explicit & open manner. The principle of retaliation has never carried France to the lengths of England.—She is not like England in the invariable and odious practice of taking either American, or French, or any other foreign seamen by impressment, or rather capture out of our vessels. She has never extended her claims to persons sailing in our vessels, or passengers. Her Milan decree, with the exception of the wrecked vessel, is not executed by final and effectual confiscation, as are all the orders of council of Great-Britain. Various differences in the conduct of England and France exist.—It is true, we believe, that as Britain assured our ministers in December, 1806, that she would act towards us as we should permit France, so France in 1806 has said she will follow that example of England, and confiscate under the Milan decree, if we do not resist similar English anterior aggressions, affording, by a new and solemn fact, another serious evidence, that original aggression of pernicious example is the real characteristic of the English conduct—and an imitative retaliation the characteristic conduct of France. England, by claiming and insisting on a right of retaliation against reason, justice and public law, gives the most unfortunate sanction to the conduct of France, so far as she has that law on her side.
There is a fact in our own conduct, which is conclusive upon the subject of first aggression & retaliation. In 1794, president Washington, to avoid our retaining on England by a sequestration of property to pay for her illegitimate seizures, sent a special mission to England to obtain redress, and even general Hamilton did not then suggest, nor did general Washington propose to send such a minister for such a purpose to France. It would have appeared very extraordinary indeed, thus formally to demand redress of England, if she were correctly retaliating the anterior aggressions of the French, and to be totally inattentive to prevention and redress in the case of the French. In Mr. Jay's negotiations and treaty, no trace is to be found of a single idea relative to retaliations by the English for any suggested French original aggressions. Mr. Pickering was then and afterwards as enthusiastic a friend of France as any person in America. He did not then pretend she had given cause for retaliations in 1793. It is also true, and is well known to Mr. Monroe, Mr. Jay, and others of both parties, at this time alive, that gen. Hamilton was extremely anxious to go to England in order to be the instrument of our demand of a discontinuance of original British aggressions, reparation for the past, and security for the future.
The acquisition of the two crowned heads in the competition for power, in the judgement of the French Emperor, may lead us to believe, that opposition to his will would have been ineffectual.—Alarms may have spread, and some measures of precaution may have been adopted in different parts of the kingdom, but we must have better authority than vague reports to induce a belief that the French Emperor would have adopted such measures as brought the Royal family into his power, with us the best knowledge of the extent of his influence in the kingdom.—At least we are justified in the expectation that Spain will completely be in the power of France before any powerful measures can be adopted to prevent this very important event.
The event in Europe will not be so interesting to us, as it will be decisive of an entirely new policy in South America. Since the discovery of America, the management of American affairs has never exhibited sound policy, or extensive views. This may be true of all American settlements, but particularly of South America. But all the settlements have approached more nearly to the state of Europe than those of the Continental Spanish possessions. Opinion has always been busy with the probable means of a change in the government and condition of South America. The French revolution gave a serious alarm, from the first progress of the doctrine against the slave-trade, and from the consent which the Spaniards appeared to give to some measures which the French were pleased to adopt, and which issued in the surrender of St. Domingo to the French. The counter measures of the French upon the claims of independence in St. Domingo, relieved the public mind from the first alarm, but the late expeditions against the southern continent of America by the English gave new apprehensions. The secret expedition intended to produce a revolution in the Spanish colonies, and which report even fastened upon persons existing in our own states, discovered at least what an opinion was entertained of the condition of the Spanish colonies, and the consequent expedition of the English to the flourishing Spanish settlements upon the Platte, proves that the English had serious hopes of entering by force, upon the richest settlements the Spaniards had in America. The failure of these expeditions did not prevent all attempts that great revolutions would be accomplished. What at first appeared probable from moral and political causes, and afterwards from the naval force of England, has now become more probable from the actual possession which France appears to hold of the country to which these colonies owe their allegiance, and upon which they profess dependence. And we find instantly that no establishments exist to prevent or embarrass a change of condition from any commercial relations which Spain has instituted with this country.—Enriched as Spain has been by the commerce of America, it evidently appears uncertain about the measures it ought to adopt to secure its advantages to the nation. Mr. Bourgoingne has proved the weakness and impolicy of the act which established the exclusive trade in 1720, and the commercial inconsistency discovered in 1778,
when Mexico had not a share of the benefits from the changes favorable to the freedom of commerce. And the new Philippine company only threatened to be a new channel to divert the riches of South America from Spain. The present state of Europe has succeeded to all the uncertain policy, and induces a belief that the extraordinary events of Spain are only notices of the extraordinary occurrences we may expect in South America.
An entire revolution in South America will be important to the world, but deeply interesting to all settlements in America. The event has been predicted, but the consequences are unknown. We have no necessity of such gloomy apprehensions as filled Europe upon our own revolution. We have as good reasons to hope to share in the general prosperity, as we have to fear any eventual evils from the extended power of flourishing and free nations. We certainly have nothing to get by painful anticipation.
JURISCOLA.
The interesting revolution in Spain has been followed by many inconsistent reports, which are not deserving public notice. The internal state of Spain has been unknown since the French entered. The acquisition of the two crowned heads in the competition for power, in the judgement of the French Emperor, may lead us to believe, that opposition to his will would have been ineffectual.—Alarms may have spread, and some measures of precaution may have been adopted in different parts of the kingdom, but we must have better authority than vague reports to induce a belief that the French Emperor would have adopted such measures as brought the Royal family into his power, with us the best knowledge of the extent of his influence in the kingdom.—At least we are justified in the expectation that Spain will completely be in the power of France before any powerful measures can be adopted to prevent this very important event.
WASHINGTON, August 9.
The French corvette the Surveillante, will drop down from this city to Norfolk, this day or to-morrow.
The following is an extract of a letter from Surinam, dated July 2, 1808:
"On the arrival of three vessels in ballast under special permission, it was considered as a manoeuvre which ought to be counteracted by the government here. The masters were accordingly told that they could not take away the proceeds of old cargoes, nor any debts whatever, and only to the amount of the cargo that should be entered.—Thinking, however, that this decision on being maturely considered would not be adhered to, a petition was presented, stating that the sole object of the voyage was to collect debts; at the same time communicating generally, that some shocks, hoops, and boards were on board. An answer was after two or three days received that the proclamation would be adhered to, which gives permission only to take away to the amount of the cargo brought. By this cautious wording of the answer, debts though not positively forbidden to be taken away in merchandise are virtually so. Thus the parties were obliged from pure necessity, to resort to deception to get permission to fill their vessels by entering at the custom-house, and paying heavy duties on all articles to the amount of 4000 dollars, none of which were on board. This fiction has succeeded. But were all differences settled, the governor's proclamation, would prohibit any vessel from taking away property that did not proceed from the cargo she brought.
"Flour is at 60 dollars—and none good. At Barbadoes it is at 40 dollars, which is more than here, considering the difference of exchange." Amer. Nat. Int.
NEW-YORK, August 8.
Capt. Aydelette, from P. P. Guadalupe, who arrived here yesterday, informs, that 5 days previous to his sailing, a vessel arrived there, in 32 days from Bayonne, dismasted by the emperor Bonaparte, with orders to his officers at Guadalupe, to take possession of South America, and to hoist the French flag in the name of the emperor of France, King of France, King of Italy, protector of the Rhenish Confederation, King of Spain, Portugal and the Indies.
The above vessel took out 34 barrels of flour, which was sold at 45 dollars per barrel.
A letter by the Enterprise, dated Guadalupe, the 14th of July, states, that a few days since, the British made an attack on the island of St. Martin's, with 120 men, and after possession of the island for two hours, they were repulsed, with the loss of all their party killed, excepting 13 men. Mer. Adv.
The British P. S. vessel the Fox, sailed from this port yesterday morning, for Halifax and Falmouth. Id.
Yesterday the G. G. Gavia, Archer, arrived at this port, from Santa Cruz, P. P. Riofice, which place she left the 27th June; the captain confirms the recent news from Spain, and adds, that it was reported 30,000 Frenchmen had been killed by the Spaniards. Id.
The English who captured the little island of Marie-Galante, near Guadalupe, were two hundred in number. The island surrendered at discretion, March 2, 1808, and the commander and national forces were made prisoners of war. It was found in a high state of cultivation, and a large quantity of colonial produce in the stores. The captors did not suffer any loss in taking it.—Cannon were found in the town of Great Borg, the new and old Forts, St. Lewis, Le Marobell, Le Bar, and Cape Esterie amounting to 13—of which five were 24 pounders, four eighteens, two twelves and two sixes. Three hundred stands of arms, and one hundred barrels of powder were also found. Id.
The king of England has appointed Brigadier general James Montague, Esq. to be governor and Commander in Chief in and over the island of Dominica, in America. Alex. Adv.

5. Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, born Oct. 14, 1782, married August 26, 1802, with Maria-Anthonetta-Theresa-Amelia, princess of Sicily, born Dec. 14, 1784. [Ferdinand is now declared king. His wife died a short time since; to her influence, however, king Charles ascribes the hatred of Ferdinand to the French.]
4. Caroline-Isabella-Isidor, born March 29, 1788.
5. Maria-Isabella, born July 6, 1789, married July 6, 1802, to Francis-Januar Joseph, heir to the kingdom of Sicily and the Infantado of Spain.
6. Francis-de-Paula-Antoine-Maria, born March 10, March 10, 1794.
House of Sicily, who have pretensions to the Spanish Throne.
King of Sicily, Ferdinand IV. l'Infantado of Spain, son of king Charles III. married to Maria-Caroline-Ludowig Joseph, daughter of the Roman Emperor, born Aug. 13, 1752, wedded May 12, 1768.
Their Issue.
1. Maria Theresa Caroline, born June 6, 1772, married Sept. 19, 1790, to Francis II. Emperor of the Romans and King of Hungary.
2. Francis Januar Joseph, born August 19, 1777, married to Maria Isabella, 5th child of Charles IV.—[This person is denominated l'Infantado of Spain.]
3. Maria-Christiana-Theresa, born Jan. 17, 1779.
4. Maria-Amelia, born April 26, 1782.
5. Maria Antonetta-Theresa Amelia, married to the prince of Asturias.
6. Leopold-Johan-Joseph Michael, born July 2, 1790, Grand Prior of Messina.
The foregoing is the genealogy of the houses of Spain and Sicily. Most of the Spanish family Napoleon has in his power. How the duke de l'Infantado, a son of the king of Sicily, at war with France, came to allow himself to be entrapped, it is difficult to conjecture, except that he went under the fancied protection of the Spanish king. The Sicilian family, and Portuguese family, are heirs to the Spanish throne.
THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, AUGUST 16, 1808.
COMMUNICATION.
The influence which foreigners have undoubtedly obtained in the commercial concerns of our citizens, and the ascendancy they in consequence aim at in our political affairs, are circumstances which demand the attention, and call aloud for the interference of the Legislature, and the notice of every true friend to the liberties and growing interests of his country—This influence is peculiarly fostered by too many of our banking establishments, from whose boards of direction the republican is, in most cases, excluded. Look at the names of the directors of the United States' Bank, and of the Branch and New-York Banks in this city—Its true, the latter permits a republican member of our Senate the honor of a seat at their board, and in return, he urges a renewal of their charter—The reason is equally obvious—why the collector of our customs makes one of the Branch Directors—It is time, Mr. Editor, the public should be acquainted with plain truths respecting their monied institutions, and although there are few republican traders or mechanics who have not suffered by their tyranny, yet few have dared to utter the whisper of murmur, and the spies, the informers, the Jackalls of the directors are so numerous, that even a murmur is oftentimes ruinous. The eve of an election is the moment for artifice, and the completion the signal for reward or punishment. How long will the sleeping spirit of our country submit to such indignity! How long suffer such despotism to operate on our dearest rights!
I shall not at present enlarge, but reserve my further observations until applications are made for the renewal of their charters, and unless some more able pen takes up the subject, you may then expect to be troubled with further communications from
To the Editor of the (Richmond) Enquirer.
Sir, I have lately perused the above piece published in the Aurora and dated New-York, 25th February, 1808, which, as the subject, I conceive, very essentially involves the interests of our country, I would wish to see re-published in your paper. Your enlightened readers will, I trust, be on their guard against the arts, which will be put in practice to induce them to countenance the renewal of the charter of the United States' Bank in its present form. The avowed hostility of the Directors of this Bank and its variety of branches, to almost every act of our government, their known foreign predilections and attachments are sufficiently notorious, and such their extensive influence, such is the weight and consequence acquired by those monied men and this monied institution, that it is to be feared, some otherwise sound politicians among ourselves, may be found hardly enough on the floor of Congress to advocate their claims, without sufficiently guarding the public weal from the effects of their hatred against it. At the next session, I trust, no member from the state of Virginia will be found so ignorant of the real welfare of the country as to support this claim—let them look at the influence which spreads discontent at this time, (when all our relations call for unanimity) among many of our citizens—let them trace the source of opposition to our constitution and to our administration, and they will almost in every instance find it originating in United States' Bank Directors, their relatives, dependants or underlings—The trader too often crouches for accommodation—his customer in the most remote parts of the union too habitually adopts his opinions, and this corruption creeps and spreads apace, whilst the honest and independent yeomanry are ignorant of the machine that sets the work of disaffection in motion. I may possibly address you hereafter on this subject, and remain, Sir, your obedient servant. B.
REMARKS.
Our correspondent has not observed that a considerable proportion of the stock of the United States Bank belongs to the people of Europe. As one instance of this fact: the House of Baring in London purchased of Mr. Gallatin, the shares which still belonged to the U. States—Independently of the benefits which that transaction produced at the time, this benefit will now strike every observer; that, the government having parted with all the shares which they possessed in the bank of the United States, they have now none of the temptations of interest to swerve them from the right line of policy. The question, whether it be proper to renew the Charter, will now consequently rest upon its own grounds only.
There is one ground of objection to this renewal, which our correspondent has omitted. This is a fundamental objection springing from the constitution itself; and was urged, at the time of debating this measure, with all the energy which springs from superior wisdom.
The bank of the United States was incorporated on the 25th February, 1791. Its capital stock was to consist of 10 millions of dollars. Two millions of this capital were subscribed by the President, on behalf of the
United States—The charter is to expire on the 4th of March, 1811.
It was certainly brought forth under very inauspicious circumstances. It was immediately recommended after the adoption of the celebrated funding system, which fed the cupidity of the avaricious speculators with the hand-earned wages of the old soldiers—It had the same auspices. Their common author was Alexander Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury. For the first official information, that we possess of the national Bank, occurs in an official report of Mr. Hamilton of Dec. 13th, 1790.—This Report winds up with the following paragraph:—
"To these more direct expedients for the support of the public credit, the institution of a national Bank presents itself as a necessary auxiliary. This the secretary regards as an indispensable engine in the administration of our finances. To present this important object in a more distinct and more comprehensive light, he has concluded to make it the subject of a separate report, which he begs leave herewith to submit—No. 2.
In this document No. 2, the secretary of the Treasury enters into a long and able vindication of this measure.—His reasons however, are far from being conclusive. Among other benefits, which he enumerates, he assigns
"The augmentation of the active or productive capital of the country."—But this capital is immensely augmented by the multiplication of state banks. The capital stock of these now exceeds 40 millions.
"The greater facility to the government in obtaining pecuniary aids, especially in sudden emergencies." The facility of loans is sometimes the most pernicious instrument of extravagance and corruption in the hands of any government. Private capitals too, are the chief resources for loans to the British government. This reply was first used by Mr. Madison in opposition to the Bank; but with how much greater force does it apply at this moment, when private capitals have been so much more accumulated? In any sudden emergency too, there would certainly be no more difficulty in obtaining a loan from a state than a national bank.
"The facilitating of the payment of taxes"—in two ways—"those who are in a situation to have access to the bank, can have the assistance of loans to answer with punctuality the public calls on them." 2ly "the increasing of the quantity of circulating medium, and the quickening of circulation"—These expedients are certainly supplied by the establishment of state banks.—
The great argument in favour of this bank, is, the facility which it affords to the operations of government. It is a great instrument of finance. It enables the officers dispersed throughout the United States to deposit their money in places of security, and it enables the treasury to remit resources to different places, without the risk, expense and trouble of remitting money. This is certainly an immense convenience; and perhaps no system could be contrived so convenient as a national bank, whose head regulates all the operations of its branches, dispersed through so many parts of the United States.—But though no system perhaps is so convenient, yet the great number of banks established in the different states, will admit of a convenient substitute. These institutions pervade every state in the union, except Tennessee, Ohio, and Kentucky. The latter state has an Insurance Company which circulates transferable paper. Each of these institutions will certainly be willing to transact the business of the United States. But if it is not so disposed, the U. States may make it an object by giving the preference in all its pecuniary concerns to the paper of other banks. Cannot the treasury of the U. States make an arrangement with some bank at the seat of Government, which may represent a species of head or mother bank? By making an arrangement with the other state banks through the Union, deposits of money and remittances of resources may certainly be made.—A little more risk would surely be incurred by this system; but what is risk or even pecuniary loss to a palpable violation of the federal constitution?
It was on this last point, that Mr. Madison displayed the mastery of a great mind. In the speech which he made in opposition to this measure, he reviews every article of the constitution, which may be supposed to justify this measure; particularly those, which give congress,
"The power to lay and collect taxes, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare;"
"The power to borrow money on the credit of the United States;" And
"The power to pass all laws necessary & proper to carry into execution these powers"
Having run through these details, Mr. Madison concluded with the following summary of reasons:
"It appeared on the whole, that the power exercised by the bill was condemned by the silence of the constitution; was condemned by the rule of interpretation arising out of the constitution; was condemned by its tendency to destroy the main characteristic of the constitution, whilst depending before the public; was condemned by the apparent intention of the parties which ratified the constitution; was condemned by the explanatory amendments proposed by congress themselves to the constitution;" and he hoped it would receive its final condemnation, by the vote of this house."
The constitution of the United States not having undergone any change in this respect, it is hoped that the congress of 1809 and '10, will give the proper weight to these objections. They are unanswerable. And though it is to be seriously regretted that any individual should sustain any loss by a refusal to renew the charter, yet these individuals have certainly bought upon this contingency, and they have certainly received sufficient warnings to sell out.
COMMUNICATION.
THERE is no man of common honesty, that is not astonished, when he reads of the immense quantities of produce that is shipped from the United States in violation of the embargo laws.
How is this done? do the collectors discharge their duty? or is the dexterity of the merchants such, as to evade all restraints? There is certainly something wrong somewhere. The merchants are either not honest, or the collectors are shamefully negligent in the execution of their duty.
It is a well known fact, that there is a number of the collectors who are opposed to the administration, opposed to the embargo, and who would do all that lay in their power to render the measures of the government unpopular. It is also well known, that the popularity of the embargo laws depends in
a great measure upon their success; which again depends entirely upon their faithful execution. It cannot be expected, that men who hate the administration, and who hate the law, should be very vigilant in seeing it faithfully executed; as they are well aware that the popularity of the administration rests so materially upon the success of the measure. It certainly does then behove the administration to look to this business before it is too late. It does not appear to me that the President ought to wait for repeated proofs of neglect fixed upon any one of the collectors. He knows, as well as we do, the characters, who wish to damn him and his measures; and it cannot be expected, that individuals will willingly incur the displeasure of their neighbors, the collectors, by officiously prying into their business and reporting the same to the President.
It may however be true, that the collectors faithfully perform their duty. Then the question is; are the merchants honest? Do they have a proper regard for their reputation and characters as men? It is to be hoped, that there are some who do; but I fear, by far the greater part do not. To gratify their avaricious appetites for money and their hatred to the government, they will go all lengths. They have (as their champion Cullen says) in the first place "perjured themselves to obtain the privileges of an American citizen for mercantile purposes." I speak of foreigners, who have come to this country for the whole and sole purpose of making money—They commence their career with perjury and continue it with the same vice; to which they add bribery and corruption.
This will not be doubted, when it is known, that British agents, have undertaken to indemnify our merchants against all damages, which they may sustain, for any violation of the embargo laws which they may commit. It is known, that such assurances have been offered to our merchants in order to induce them to violate the embargo laws. The merchants, it is understood, were to use all their dexterity to evade the penalties of the law altogether, such as suborning their captains, supercargoes, &c. to swear through thick and thin, if it should be necessary, and if all would not suffice, they were to be reimbursed all costs and damages, which might accrue in consequence of their villainy. I cannot call it by a softer name.
I call upon every honest man in the United States to take a view of these transactions. There are a set of men in our country, combining with our enemies, to violate our laws, to the injury of the whole country, and more particularly to the injury of the farmer and the planter. What, fellow-citizens, have you obtained for your flour since the embargo? I will answer that 3 to 4 $ is the very extent. What has the merchant, the smuggler obtained for the same article shipped under the protection of British indemnity? 30 to 40 $, at least, with security that he shall lose nothing for violating our laws.
I hope that no honest federalist will take any part of these remarks to himself or his party. They are not intended for either. It is a well known fact, that we have in our country two distinct characters of federalists. One is to be found in the country almost exclusively, who are truly American in all their views, interests and feelings; men, whose integrity, patriotism and love of country, would do honor to any party of country under the sun.
The other description of federalists, in our country, is to be found principally in our commercial towns, whether inland or seaport, and with a very few exceptions, are all foreigners by birth, education, principle, and feelings; men, who have almost invariably renounced upon their solemn oaths their allegiance to George the 3d. in order "to obtain the privileges of an American citizen for commercial purposes." You have seen the use they have made of a privilege thus obtained. They have in fact, no title or pretensions whatever to the name of federalist. They are mere Tories, such as infested our country during the "times which tried men's souls."
* We have every reason to believe, that such propositions have actually been made. ENQUIRER.
To the Citizens of the United States. At this mighty crisis of our affairs, it behoves you to look to yourselves & to the means which may best promote the prosperity of your country.
You have nothing to expect from Europe. The two great powers, which rule that afflicted continent, are actuated by the most mischievous and malignant motives. To destroy each other, or to aggrandize themselves, are the only considerations which move their councils. For this, they trample on all the established laws of nations. For this, they rob, cheat and murder every unoffending nation. For this, the rights of neutrality are trodden down—the weak become a prey to their rapacity—the vilest means are employed for the accomplishment of their purposes—perfidy is substituted for friendship—perjury is consecrated—and all that was once held among the high and heroic sentiments of human nature, is despised and ridiculed as "an empty name."
From such sovereigns, what have you to expect? Is there any thing among ourselves that is to civilize the spirit of these despotic barbarians? Is there any peculiar charm in the name of American, that is to cause the British ministry to treat us better than the Danes, or the French emperor better than the Spaniards? Is it our liberty that these sovereigns will fall down to worship? Is it the simple unambitious spirit of our government, that they will strive to imitate?
What can you expect from England? This nation yet hates us, for having once been her colonies. Her blood-stained policy extends from the green fields of Ireland to the banks of the Ganges. In the midst of peace, she stole the fleet of Denmark. Without the slightest provocation, she robs our vessels on the ocean, and is once more attempting to tax us without our own consent, by compelling even our native productions to pass thro' her ports and her custom houses.
You can expect nothing from France. The sly perfidy of her monarch towards Spain, his infamous attacks upon her independence, his profligate ambition, are written on an imperishable record. "Let no such man be trusted." Let no such despot presume to rail against the partition of Poland, the murders of Ishmael, and of Prague, or the robbery of the Danish fleet. The world will no longer hear of such hypocritical clamours from the lips of this man.—However, we may honestly differ about the prospects of the revolution of Spain, yet in one sentiment every impartial man must agree.—Yes, gallant Spaniards, though your efforts may be in vain, it is impossible not to admire the spirit, which some of you have displayed; it is impossible not to lavish curses upon your oppressor.
Under such circumstances, every honest American has but one course to pursue.—Let him support the government in the honorable & judicious measures which have preserved us from a war with these European madmen. Let him discard the mischievous feelings of French partisans or English Tories, if he unfortunately has any. Let him cultivate the discipline of arms, wisdom in councils, and harmony in virtue. Let him discard every feeling, but the feeling of the firm, good old American party. "Let there be no other wish, amongst the real citizens of this country, than to preserve our freedom, and no other rivalry, than who shall best deserve it."
Some doubts have been entertained of the loyalty of General Linnier, who fled the English at Buenos Ayres, & now commands in that country. He is said to be a Frenchman by birth, and a member of the Legion of Honor by adoption. But he is indebted to Spain for higher benefits. He owes to her the high honors which now surround him. It is not believed, that a gallant soldier, in the colonies of South America, will tarnish the laurels which he has acquired, by a base submission to the ambition of a perfidious tyrant.
It is said that Bonaparte has made certain requests of the Pope, which his Holiness's conscience has refused. What can they be? We presume not to intrude into the sacred conclave. But may we not venture to guess, that Bonaparte has been employing his temporal powers to preclude his Holiness from employing his spiritual powers in his behalf? A species of papal bull, or spiritual proclamation, exhorting his votaries in "Spain, Portugal and the Indies" to aid in Bonaparte's usurpation, would be a very useful auxiliary to him at this time.—It is hoped however that the Key of St. Peter will be reserved for rather more pious and honorable purposes.
Judge Workman of N. O. has advertised proposals for publishing "A digest of Laws of Castile and the Spanish Indies, with a general view of the Roman code, on which those codes are founded."—How long will this barbarous code continue? How long will the people of Louisiana retain a system of laws, which rejects the benefits of the trial by jury in all civil cases?—It is thus the world wags. While the inhabitants of Dublin are raising a monument to Alfred the Great, for having invented the jury system, the citizens of Orleans are called upon to erect a literary monument to the Code and Pandects of Justinian.
The Directors of the James River Canal Company have reduced the tolls one half under present circumstances.
SEVEN DAYS LATER !!! The ship Alligator, Jenkins, arrived at New-York on the 10th inst. from Liverpool on the 21st of June. She brings London papers to the 18th of that month. They contain very little interesting intelligence.
The late naval expedition of the English to the Baltic has failed in its object. The fleet and army are ordered home.
The Monitor contains a pompous report of the presentation of the constituted authorities of Spain to Murat, also of the Russian, French, Dutch, American, Austrian and Saxon ministers. Military stores are leaving England for Spain. The riots at Manchester have ceased.
The Emperor of Germany is placing his army on the war establishment. He is said to have an army of 200,000 men in good condition, and to have refused Bonaparte a passage through that country, for an army destined for an attack on the Turkish dominions; in consequence of which a general levy is said to have been directed in Hungary, from which the nobility are not exempt.
LONDON, June 13. The following proclamation is said to have been written by the Prince of Asturias since he fell into the fangs of Bonaparte, and has been since published in England:
"Noble Asturians, "I am surrounded on all sides—I am the victim of perfidy. You once saved Spain under worse circumstances. I am now a prisoner, and do not ask of you the crown of Spain, but that you will arrange and organize a plan with the provinces which are immediately near you, by which you may vindicate your liberty, and not admit a foreign yoke. You must subdue a perfidious enemy, who despoils of his right your unfortunate Prince. FERNANDO."
Bayonne, May 8, 1808. This is supposed to be a fiction!!
June 18. The deputies who have been requested to attend Bonaparte's pleasure at Bayonne, have been conducted thither in something like the way in which the French conscripts are sent to the armies.—They were not indeed chained or hand cuffed, but when they were to leave Madrid, Murat sent to each individual house an escort of horse, under the pretext of doing him honour, and of conducting him safe to Bayonne.
June 17. The following is the letter which we have received from our Portsmouth correspondents:
"Portsmouth, three quarters past seven. "The dispatches have this moment landed from Admiral Purvis; and I understand that the expedition of gen. Spencer had not succeeded, when the Minorca sailed, and that the Spaniards would not accede to our terms." The Minorca left Admiral Purvis on the 30th ult."
Ad. P. is said to have demanded the surrender of the French fleet to the British.
WANTED, as apprentices at the Office of the ENQUIRER, TWO BOYS, from 12 to 16, of reputable connections.
LUNATIC HOSPITAL, WILLIAMSBURG, July 30, 1808. NOTICE—The Cells appropriated for Male Patients are now full—As soon as any of them are vacant, the public will be notified.
By order of the Court of Directors, WILLIAM RUSSELL, C. C. August 16. (2)
FOR SALE—A valuable Tract of LAND lying in the north corner of Halifax county, on Staunton river, joining the Long Island and about 30 miles from Lynchburg, containing 376 acres. The Land produces good tobacco, corn and wheat, it lies well, and about 130 acres cleared land, the greater part fresh, under good fencing, with a dwelling and kitchen, and other necessary houses to accommodate a family, good Orchards of all kinds, and of the best fruits, a good Fishery by trapping when kept in order. The greater part of the purchase money I will take in Negroes—the terms known and Land showed to any person, by William Mackelster, who lives on the place. August 16. [14]
FOR RENT—The HOUSE at present occupied by John Page, Esq. being pleasantly situated and suitable for a genteel family. Possession given 1st October next—For terms, enquire at W. Southgate's store. August 16. [14w4w]
CASH SALES—By virtue of a deed of trust executed to us on the thirteenth day of July, 1806, by David Ross, Esq. for the purpose of securing to Benj. Mosby, the sum of fourteen thousand dollars, with interest on seven thousand dollars, a part thereof, from the said thirteenth day of July, 1806, till paid, and all other charges attending the execution of the said trust deed, (which was recorded in the district court of Richmond, Virginia, at the September term, 1806, and in the court of appeals of the state of Kentucky, at Frankfort, on the 11th day of April, 1807.) We will sell at the highest bidder, for ready money at the front door of the Eagle Tavern, in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on Saturday the first day of October next, all that ES-STATE in the county of
in the state of Kentucky, called and well known by the name of the BIG BONE LICK, containing about two thousand acres on the Big Bone Creek, and four thousand acres on the Ohio—the whole located and surveyed under old military warrants, embracing the whole of the said David's estate in that part of Kentucky, and containing in the whole six thousand acres, be the same more or less.
E. W. ROOTES, } Trustees. WILSON ALLEN, } Richmond, Va. August 16, 1808. [tds]
By virtue of a Deed of Trust, executed to the subscriber, by Richard Johnson of Albemarle County, and recorded in the County Court of Albemarle, for the purpose of securing the payment, of a debt due by said Johnson to William Brown & Company—I shall proceed to sell on the 15th day of September next, at Triplett T. Estes's Tavern in the Town of Charlottesville, to the highest bidder, for ready money, one hundred acres of LAND, lying on Buck Island Creek, being part of a tract of land, the said Johnson purchased of Henry Wood.—Being only interested as a Trustee, I will convey such title only, as is vested in me as such.
RICHARD ANDERSON. Milton, August 16. (3w)
MR. MANFREDI respectfully informs the LADIES and GENTLEMEN of Richmond, Manchester and its vicinity, that he intends to give his fifth Exhibition on this evening, the sixteenth inst. at the Freemason's-Hall, of Rope dancing with and without the Balance Pole, of Tumbling and feats of activity, the Pyramids, dancing on the slack wire, &c. &c. &c. And hopes by his exertions to merit the public patronage.—To commence half past seven o'clock precisely, and price half a dollar per ticket. Richmond, August 16. (1)
BOARDING, LODGING, AND ENTERTAINMENT.—The subscriber will commence keeping a boarding house on the 1st day of September next, in the commodious and conveniently situated house at present occupied by Major James Gibson, on the main-street opposite to Harris's brick building, where she will accommodate Ladies and Gentlemen by the day, week, month, quarter, or year, with genteel board, lodging and entertainment.—No exertions shall be wanting on her part to give satisfaction to those who will favour her with their company. ANNA BYRD. Richmond, August 16th. (invit)
WILLIAM & MARY COLLEGE, August 15th, 1808.—The President and Professors hereby give Notice, That a certificate of ability to execute the office of a surveyor of a county will not be granted to any applicant, unless he shall be sufficiently acquainted with the following requisites, viz—With
The Extraction of the Square Root and Decimal Fractions, such a portion of Geometry as is required in the mensuration of 3d. plane figures, and the solution of the ordinary cases in plain Trigonometry; some one, at least, of the methods for determining the area of a survey numerically; by means of tables of latitude and departure independently of the map; the most ready and accurate methods of obtaining the area of a plot, of enlarging and diminishing the same, and of reducing several plots laid down by different scales into one map; the manner of laying off a given quantity of land, and of dividing land by lines running from fixed points, or in certain directions; the method of testing the accuracy of a survey, and the numerical calculation; some of the best methods of finding the variation of the compass. Every applicant shall also furnish a specimen of a survey map, and calculated in his best manner; and the result of an attempt to find the variation in his respective county. (Signed) JAMES MADISON, President. August 16. [3]
WILL be sold to the highest bidder, on Saturday 20th inst. precisely at 12 o'clock upon the premises: the LOT & HOUSES on which the subscriber now resides, adjoining the new buildings of Michael W. Hancock, Esq. and opposite Mrs. Saggleton's.
This property is so eligibly situated as not to require any puffing to induce purchasers to attend the sale.
The terms of sale will be one fourth of the purchase money in hand, one fourth in six months, one fourth in twelve months, and the residue within eighteen months. The last instalments to bear interest from the date if not punctually paid. A Deed of Trust upon the property itself or approved personal security, will be required of the purchaser for the three last payments. TORIAS JACKSON. Richmond, 16th August, 1808. [2]
AT a Meeting of the Trustees of the Richmond Academy at the Capitol, August 9, 1808.
Ordered, That the following resolution be published for the information of those concerned: "From the difficulty which it is expected will be experienced in the further sale of tickets in the 3d Class of the Richmond Academy Lottery, owing to the present situation of the country, it is Resolved, That notice be given to the holders of tickets in the said 3d Class, that they return the said tickets to those of whom they were purchased for the purpose of having the purchase money returned.
Extract from the proceedings, Attest, SAMUEL COLEMAN, Sec'y. August 16. [tf]
CASH SALE—By virtue of a deed of trust executed to the subscriber by Archibald C. Randolph, for the Benefit of William Bolling, which bears date the 15th day of December 1805, and is of record in the Office of Goochland County Court; will be exposed to sale to the highest bidder for ready money, at Goochland Court-House, on the third Monday in September next, it being Goochland Court day, the following slaves, or as many of them as will be sufficient to answer the purposes of the said trust, to wit: Seneca, Biley, Pompey, Davy, Maria and a child of Maria's. J. B. FERGUSON, GEO: S. SMITH. Goochland, August 16. (1w5w)
RUMFORD ACADEMY—Is wanted at this Seminary, a gentleman well qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French—For particulars apply to King William County, August 16. CHILDS TERRELL. [3w]

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, ON THE SUBJECT OF PUBLIC ROADS & CANALS, Made in pursuance of a resolution of SENATE OF MARCH 2. [CONTINUED.]
An annual appropriation of two millions of dollars, would accomplish all these great objects in ten years, and may without inconvenience, be supplied in time of peace, by the existing revenues and resources of the United States. This may be exemplified in several ways.
The annual appropriation on account of the principal and interest of the public debt, has, during the last six years, amounted to eight millions of dollars. After the present year, or at farthest, after the ensuing year, the sum which, on account of the irredeemable nature of the remaining debt, may be applied to that object, cannot in any one year exceed 4,600,000 dollars, leaving therefrom that source alone, an annual surplus of 3,400,000 dollars, applicable to any other object.
From the 1st January, 1801, to the 1st January, 1809, a period of eight years, the United States shall have discharged about 54 millions of the principal of the old debt, or deducting the Louisiana debt, incurred during the same period, and not yet discharged, about 28 millions of dollars. They may with equal facility, apply in a period of ten years, a sum of 20 millions of dollars, to internal improvements.
The annual permanent revenue of the United States calculated on a state of general peace, and on the most moderate estimate, was in a report made to Congress on the 6th day of December, 1806, computed for the years 1809-1815, at 14 millions of dollars. The annual expenses on the peace establishment, and including the 4,600,000 dollars on account of the debt, and 400,000 dollars for contingencies, do not exceed eight millions and a half of dollars. To provide for the protection and defence of the country, is undoubtedly the object to which the resources of the United States must, in the first instance, be applied, and to the exclusion of all others, if the times shall require it. But it is believed, that in times of peace, (and to such period only are these remarks applicable) the surplus will be amply sufficient to defray the expenses of all the preparatory measures of a permanent nature, which prudent management, and to pay the sum destined for internal improvements. Three millions annually applied during the same period of ten years, would arm every man in the U. States, fill the public arsenals and magazines, erect every battery and fortification which could be manned, and even, if thought eligible, build a navy. That the whole surplus would be inadequate to the support of any considerable increase of the land or naval force kept in actual service in time of peace, will be readily admitted. But such a system is not contemplated: if ever adopted, the objects of this report must probably be abandoned. For it has not heretofore been found an easy task for any government to indulge in that species of expenses; which leaving no trace behind it, adds nothing to the real strength of the country, and at the same time to provide for either its permanent defence or improvement.
It must not be omitted that the facility of communications, constitutes, particularly in the United States, an important branch of national defence. Their extensive territory opposes a powerful obstacle to the progress of an enemy. But on the other hand, the number of regular forces, which may be raised, necessarily limited by the population, will for many years be inconsiderable when compared with that extent of territory. That defect cannot otherwise be supplied than by those great national improvements, which will afford the means of a rapid concentration of that regular force, and of a formidable body of militia, on any given point.
Amongst the resources of the union, there is one which, from its nature, seems more particularly applicable to internal improvements. Exclusively of Louisiana, the general government possesses, in trust for the people of the United States, about one hundred millions of acres fit for cultivation, north of the river Ohio, and nearly fifty millions south of the state of Tennessee. For the disposition of those lands, a plan has been adopted, calculated to enable every industrious citizen to become a freeholder, to secure indisputable titles to the purchasers, to obtain a national revenue, and above all to suppress monopoly. Its success has surpassed that of every other attempt and exceeded the expectations of its authors. But a higher price than had usually been paid for waste lands by the first inhabitants of the frontier became an unavoidable ingredient of a system intended for general benefit, and was necessary in order to prevent the public lands from being engaged by individuals possessing greater wealth, activity or local advantages. It is believed that nothing could be more gratifying to the purchasers, and to the inhabitants of the western states generally, or better calculated to remove popular objections, and to defeat insidious efforts, than the application of the proceeds of the sales to improvements conferring advantages on the nation, and an immediate benefit on the purchasers and inhabitants themselves. It may be added, that the U. S. considered merely as owners of the soil, are also deeply interested in the opening of these communications, which must necessarily enhance the value of their property. Thus the opening of an inland navigation from tide water to the great lakes, would immediately give to the great body of lands bordering on those lakes, as great value as if they were situated at the distance of one hundred miles by land from the sea coast. And if the proceeds of the first ten millions of acres which may be sold, were applied to such improvements, the United States would be amply repaid in the sale of the other ninety millions.
The annual appropriation of two millions of dollars, drawn from the general revenues of the union, which has been suggested, could operate to its full extent only in times of peace and under prosperous circumstances. The application of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, might perhaps be made permanent, until it had amounted to a certain sum, and until the most important improvements had been effected. The fund created by those improvements, the expense of which had been estimated at twenty millions of dollars, would afterwards become itself a perpetual resource for further improvements. Although some of those first communications should not become immediately productive, and although the same liberal policy, which dictated the measure, would consider them as objects to government, than of increased wealth and general convenience to the nation, yet they would all sooner or later acquire, as productive property, their par value. Whenever that had taken place in relation to any of them, the stock might be sold to individuals or companies, and the proceeds applied to a new improvement. And by persevering in that plan, a succession of improvements would be effected, until every portion of the United States should enjoy all the advantages of inland navigation and improved roads, of which it was susceptible. To effect that great object, a disbursement of twenty millions of dollars, applied with more or less rapidity according to the circumstances of the United States, would be amply sufficient.
The manner in which the public monies may be applied to such objects, remains to be considered.
It is evident that the United States cannot, under the constitution open any road or canal, without the consent of the state through which such road or canal must pass. In order, therefore, to remove every impediment to a national plan of internal improvement, an amendment to the constitution was suggested by the executive, when the subject was recommended to the consideration of Congress. Until this be obtained, the assent of the states being necessary for each improvement, the modifications under which that assent may be given, will necessarily control the manner of applying the money. It may be, however, observed, that in relation to the specific improvements which have been suggested, there is hardly any which is not either already authorised by the states respectively, or so immediately beneficial to them, as to render it highly probable that no material difficulty will be experienced in that respect.
The monies may be applied in two different manners: the United States may, with the assent of the states, undertake some of the works at their sole expense, or they may subscribe a certain number of shares of the stock of companies incorporated for the purpose. Loans might also, in some instances, be made to such companies. The first mode would, perhaps, be effectually controlling local interests, give the most proper general direction to the work. Its details would probably be executed on a more economical plan by private companies. Both modes may perhaps be blended together, so as to obtain the advantages pertaining to each. But the modifications of which the plan is susceptible, must vary according to the nature of the work, and of the characters, and seem to belong to that class of details which are not the immediate subject of consideration.
At present the only work undertaken by the United States, at their sole expense, and to which the assent of the states has been obtained, is the road from Cumberland to Brownsville. An appropriation may for that purpose be made at any time. In relation to all other works, the United States have nothing at this time in their power but to assist those already authorised; either by loans or by becoming stockholders; and the last mode appears the most eligible. The only companies incorporated for effecting some of the internal improvements considered in this report as of national and first rate importance, have applied for such assistance, are the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, the Susquehanna canal, and the Dismal Swamp companies; and authority might be given to subscribe a certain number of shares to each, on condition that the plan of the work to be executed, should be approved by the general government. A subscription to the Ohio canal, to the Pittsburgh road, and perhaps to some other objects not fully ascertained, is also practicable at this time.
As an important basis of the general system, an immediate authority might also be given to take the surveys and levels of the routes of the most important roads and canals which are contemplated: a work always useful, and by which the practicability and expense of the undertaking would be ascertained with much more correctness than in this report. A moderate appropriation would be sufficient for those several objects. In the selection of the objects submitted in obedience to the order of the senate, as claiming in the first instance, the aid of the general government, general principles have been adhered to, as best calculated to suppress every bias of partiality to particular objects. Yet some such bias, of which no individual is perfectly free, may, without being felt, have operated on this report. The national legislature alone, embracing every local interest, and superior to every local consideration, is competent to the selection of such national objects. The materials contained in the paper herewith transmitted, and the information to be derived from surveys taken under the authority of the general government, will furnish the facts necessary for a correct decision. Two communications, by Mr. B. H. Latrobe, and by Mr. Robert Fulton, marked E. and F. are in the mean while respectfully referred to, as containing much interesting practical information, connected with observations of a general nature, on the subject.
All which is respectfully submitted. ALBERT GALLATIN, Secretary of the Treasury. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, 4th April, 1808.
tion was suggested by the executive, when the subject was recommended to the consideration of Congress. Until this be obtained, the assent of the states being necessary for each improvement, the modifications under which that assent may be given, will necessarily control the manner of applying the money. It may be, however, observed, that in relation to the specific improvements which have been suggested, there is hardly any which is not either already authorised by the states respectively, or so immediately beneficial to them, as to render it highly probable that no material difficulty will be experienced in that respect.
The monies may be applied in two different manners: the United States may, with the assent of the states, undertake some of the works at their sole expense, or they may subscribe a certain number of shares of the stock of companies incorporated for the purpose. Loans might also, in some instances, be made to such companies. The first mode would, perhaps, be effectually controlling local interests, give the most proper general direction to the work. Its details would probably be executed on a more economical plan by private companies. Both modes may perhaps be blended together, so as to obtain the advantages pertaining to each. But the modifications of which the plan is susceptible, must vary according to the nature of the work, and of the characters, and seem to belong to that class of details which are not the immediate subject of consideration.
At present the only work undertaken by the United States, at their sole expense, and to which the assent of the states has been obtained, is the road from Cumberland to Brownsville. An appropriation may for that purpose be made at any time. In relation to all other works, the United States have nothing at this time in their power but to assist those already authorised; either by loans or by becoming stockholders; and the last mode appears the most eligible. The only companies incorporated for effecting some of the internal improvements considered in this report as of national and first rate importance, have applied for such assistance, are the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, the Susquehanna canal, and the Dismal Swamp companies; and authority might be given to subscribe a certain number of shares to each, on condition that the plan of the work to be executed, should be approved by the general government. A subscription to the Ohio canal, to the Pittsburgh road, and perhaps to some other objects not fully ascertained, is also practicable at this time.
As an important basis of the general system, an immediate authority might also be given to take the surveys and levels of the routes of the most important roads and canals which are contemplated: a work always useful, and by which the practicability and expense of the undertaking would be ascertained with much more correctness than in this report. A moderate appropriation would be sufficient for those several objects. In the selection of the objects submitted in obedience to the order of the senate, as claiming in the first instance, the aid of the general government, general principles have been adhered to, as best calculated to suppress every bias of partiality to particular objects. Yet some such bias, of which no individual is perfectly free, may, without being felt, have operated on this report. The national legislature alone, embracing every local interest, and superior to every local consideration, is competent to the selection of such national objects. The materials contained in the paper herewith transmitted, and the information to be derived from surveys taken under the authority of the general government, will furnish the facts necessary for a correct decision. Two communications, by Mr. B. H. Latrobe, and by Mr. Robert Fulton, marked E. and F. are in the mean while respectfully referred to, as containing much interesting practical information, connected with observations of a general nature, on the subject.
All which is respectfully submitted. ALBERT GALLATIN, Secretary of the Treasury. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, 4th April, 1808.
MISCELLANY. From the Ohio FREDONIAN.
Mr. Richardson, The signs of antiquity in this country have long been objects of curiosity; nor can any certain idea be formed concerning the ancient settlers, who appear to have been the founders of these curiosities. Such facts as have fallen under my observation, I transmit to you, and should you think them worthy of a place in your useful paper, they are at your service.
About three miles above Chillicothe, on the river side, there are signs of an ancient fortification, so decayed that it is scarcely to be distinguished from the adjacent ground. It forms a circle of about one mile in circumference, and near the extremities of this circle are deep sinks, from which it may be supposed the earth was taken to form the bulwark, which is at present from one to three feet high. On the inside, there are twelve or fifteen mounds, supposed to have been the repositories of the dead. Around this fort are several others of a very small size, not more than twenty yards in circumference. In various parts of this country, there are various kinds of mounds, which differ materially in their shape. Some have tops peaked off in the form of a pyramid, and others are entirely flat on the top. I am told that bones are seldom found in those with peaked tops, and that those that are found, appear almost mouldered into dust. In those mounds, which are flat upon the top, the case is otherwise, and the reason appears to be obvious. We may reasonably suppose, that the dead bodies were deposited at different periods, and that as they continued the laying on bodies and earth, the mounds grew to a point. These we suppose to have been finished before the sacking of the country; a strong probability is, that those with flat tops were not finished at that period. The contents, therefore, of the latter, must have been deposited at a subsequent date, which may be the case of bones in these being less decayed, than those in the former.
I had waited a long time for some one more adequate to the task than I can pretend to, to give a description of these curiosities, which appear to be worthy the attention of the greatest antiquarian. But since I find this not likely to be done, I have commenced it myself, which may probably pave the way for others much more capable of performing the task. Curiosity induced me to open one of the mounds, to satisfy myself as to their being burying places. I commenced one with a flat top, which did not lay in the neighborhood of the ancient fort just described. The mound was about twenty yards in circumference, and about six or seven feet high. The earth in this appeared to have been taken from the surface of one adjacent to it, as it was a black mould. In descending about two feet deep, I came to a layer of earth which was mixed with charcoal; in this mound there were signs of bones, though scarce to be distinguished. In digging a little deeper, I found a number of human bones, though the skeletons were not whole. They appeared to lie due east and west; the heads were towards the western part of the mound. As soon as these bones
were brought to the air, they mouldered, and became dust. It appears that no correct idea can be formed as to the length of time which bones will remain in the dry earth without decaying; could this be ascertained we might form a conjecture as to the time of the country being settled by a civilised people; for it could not have been the Indians, as they never buried their dead in this manner; and besides it required tools to raise the works, which they were not possessed of. Coals being found in these graves, render it probable that the bodies were buried on the funeral pile.
HERMES. June 17th, 1808.
A mode by which a deaf man learnt to understand different sounds and words.
This man is 71 years of age, and had lost his hearing for 20 years, to such a degree that he could not hear a single word, unless they were delivered in a very loud tone of voice. He was particularly grieved that he could not hear the sound of a harpsichord upon which his daughter played. The music teacher told him that he might enjoy that pleasure by applying one end of a thin stick on a pipe stem to the bottom of the harpsichord, and holding the other end against his teeth. By this means he heard the sounds in the most distinct manner. He presumed, from this experiment that he might contrive a mode of also distinguishing words and sentences. He had a speaking trumpet made, the small end of which he held to his upper teeth, while persons spoke at the wide part. This, however, had no effect. He then applied the other end to his upper teeth, and he perfectly understood words spoken even in a low tone. He then tried with a thin stick and a pipe stem, and met with the same success. Finally, he took sticks or laths of different lengths, of about an inch in breadth, and as thick as the back of a knife, and joined them to each other by tying them strongly to each other, and he could distinctly hear words which were spoken at the extremity of them. On the foregoing the following observations were made:
He could not hear words which were spoken close to his mouth, or with any thing placed in it, unless it touched the teeth, neither when the lips touched the stick, or when it was grasped in the hand. The words could not be heard unless when the lips were open and the stick supported upon a small number of points upon some hard body. When the stick was held fast between the teeth, the sounds were indistinctly heard. If it was applied to the lower teeth, he could not hear at all. If applied to the teeth when closed, the sound was very feeble. When the tongue was in contact with the gums or teeth, he heard the words distinctly and was the same case when the mouth was filled with water. A silver wire produced no effect whatever. On the contrary, by applying the bottom of a cylindrical glass to his upper teeth, he could distinctly hear words spoken even in a low tone, without the person touching the glass, but only speaking in the cavity. The same effect was produced, when he held his mouth closed, and his teeth apart; the glass being pressed strongly under his nose, and the person who spoke holding his teeth close to the glass. This phenomenon can be explained by the connexion of the teeth and the upper jaw bone with the interior of the ear, and the effect is more powerful upon those who have become deaf by accident, than upon those who are born in that situation. This experiment applies only to those who have still the auditory nerve sound. To distinguish whether the deafness arises from the destruction of the nerve or from external obstruction, put a watch into the mouth. If you hear ticking, the nerve is still good.
Made of ascertaining the exact moment of the Equinox.
All the secret consists in having ashes of vine branches and a chrysal glass with a foot to it. The ashes must be pure and sifted; the glass should be clean and placed in a room upon a solid table, or some other fixture which will not be liable to be moved. The door and windows must be closely shut, lest the wind should interrupt the operation. These preparatory dispositions being made, fill the glass with clean water, and throw in two spoonfuls of ashes. The ashes quickly settle at the bottom, and the water becomes transparent as before. You must then wait for the moment of the Equinox. At the very instant when the sun passes over or under our horizon, the ashes rise from the bottom of the glass and trouble the water as if an invisible hand were disturbing it.
This curious experiment presents ample scope for disquisition among philosophers, and those who will convince themselves of the truth of the above, may, by investigating the cause of this remarkable phenomenon, be enabled to make some new and interesting discoveries. The Equinox is the time, when the day & night becomes equal; that is on the 22nd of March and 22nd September.
(BY AUTHORITY.)
LAW OF THE UNITED STATES. AN ACT
Authorizing a detachment from the militia of the United States.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be, and is hereby authorised, at such times as he shall deem necessary, to require of the executives of the several states and territories to take effectual measures to organize, arm and equip, according to law, and hold in readiness to march at a moment's warning, their respective proportions of one hundred thousand militia, officers included, to be appointed by the President of the United States from the latest militia returns in the department of war, and in cases where such returns have not been made, by such other data as he shall deem equitable.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the executives of the several states and territories may accept, as part of the said detachment, any corps of volunteers who shall engage to continue in service six months after they arrive at the place of rendezvous.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the detachment of militia and volunteers aforesaid, shall be officered out of the present militia officers, or others, at the option and direction of the constitutional authority in the respective states and territories, the President appointing the general officers among the respective states and territories as he may deem proper.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the said detachments shall not be compelled to serve a longer time than six months after they arrive at the place of rendezvous, and that during the time of their service, they shall be entitled to the same pay, rations and allowance for clothing as are established by law for the army of the United States.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States be, and is hereby authorised to call into actual service any part, or the whole of said detachment, when he shall judge that the exigencies of the United States require it; and, if a part only of the said detachment shall be called into actual service, they shall be taken from such part thereof as the President of the United States shall deem proper.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That a sum not exceeding one million of dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated out of any monies in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the pay, subsistence and support of such part of said detachment as may be called into actual service.
Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue and be in force for the term of two years from the passing thereof and no longer. J. B. VARNUM, Speaker of the House of Representatives. GEO. CLINTON, Vice-President of the United States and President of the Senate. MARCH 30, 1808. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
VIRGINIA.—At a superior court of Chancery held at the Capitol, in the city of Richmond, the 22d day of June, 1808.
John Barrett, and James Miller, Plaintiffs.—Against James Jones, executor of John Jones, Ann Johnson, widow of William Johnson, John Wiley and Jane his wife, Nicholas Johnson, Meriwether Johnson, John Johnson, Mary Johnson, Richard Handley, Nelson Foster, John Foster, John Hunter, Michael Perkins and deceased, infant children of Francis Graves, deceased, by John McKim, specially assigned their guardian, John Poindexter, Henry Giles and Henry Garrett, Cornelius Harris, William Patman and Zachariah Foster, Defendants.
The defendants Michael Perkins, Cornelius Harris, William Patman and Zachariah Foster, not having entered their appearance and given security according to the act of Assembly and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that they are not inhabitants of this country, on motion of the plaintiffs by counsel, It is ordered, that the said defendants do appear here on the first day of the next term, and answer the bill of the plaintiffs, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper published in the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the Capitol in the said city. A Copy. Teste, PETER TINSLEY, c. c. [kw3w]
THE Co-partnership of THOMAS RUTHERFORD & Co. is this day dissolved by mutual consent. All persons indebted to the said firm are requested most earnestly to come forward and pay their respective balances to Thomas Rutherford; and all those who have claims against said firm, to produce them to said T. R. for settlement. THOMAS RUTHERFORD. FREDERICK ARGYLE. Richmond, July 1, 1808.
THE SUBSCRIBER respectfully informs his friends and the public, that he will continue to carry on business in this place, in the same line as the late firm have heretofore done. THOMAS RUTHERFORD. July 8. (F6w)
CASH SALE.—To be sold for ready money at the front door of the Eagle-Tavern in the City of Richmond, on Thursday the fifteenth day of September next (1808) in pursuance of a deed of trust from David Ross, Esq. bearing date on the 26th day of May, 1807, and recorded in the General Court, all that Estate and tract of Land in the county of Fluvanna at the confluence of the South and North rivers, containing by estimation five thousand seven hundred and nine acres, be the same more or less, and bounded by the ancient meets and boundaries thereof, being the same Land, and the whole thereof formerly the property of Walter King, granted to the said David Ross by letters patent, signed and sealed by the Governor of Virginia, as will more fully and satisfactorily appear by referring to the records of the Land Office, or so much thereof as will pay the following sums of money, with the expenses attending the execution of said trust, viz:
  To Mrs. Frances Tabb payable on the 26th of May 1808, with interest on £ 790 : 5 : 4, a part thereof from the 26th May 1807, till paid, $16076 : 39   To the same payable on the 26th of May 1808, 1432 : 04   To the same as guardian to her infant daughter Seigniora Tabb, payable on the same day, with interest on £ 659 : 10 : 9 a part thereof from the 26th of May 1807, till paid, 2653 : 33   To the same as guardian to her infant daughter Marianna Tabb, payable on the same day, with interest on £ 506, a part thereof from the 26th May, 1807, 2335 : 90   To Hardolph Harrison, payable on the same day, 12,800 : —   To J. & E. Cunningham, payable on the same day, 8069 : —   ABRM B. VENABLE, BENJN HATCHER, JOHN G. SMITH, Trustees. (ept158) 
ALLEGEO, RICHARD & Co.—Having no longer any concern in the COLUMBIAN MILLS (COMMONLY CALLED ROSS'S MILLS), inform their friends and the public in general that any WHEAT sent to them by water from the upper Country, will be received at THEIR MILLS ON THE CANAL, and any Wheat sent to them by LAND will be received at a convenient Lumber-House contiguous to their counting-room. Richmond, July 12. (ep2m)
WILL BE SOLD for Cash, on the premises, on the twenty-seventh day of August next, by virtue of a deed of trust, executed by Archibald Baird, for the purposes in said deed mentioned, a TRACT OF LAND, containing by estimation four hundred and forty-four acres and adjoining the lands of Powhatan Bolling, deceased, Amos Lepford, George Hooper, Elizabeth Childress, and William Mulloy.
Also a Negro Woman named Dey, and her increase, to use the expression of said deed, which which will be found on record in the county of Buckingham. WILLIAM M. ALLEN, SAMUEL ALLEN, Trustees. Cairo, July 15. (July 22.) 4w
BOARDING HOUSE.—Mrs. JUDITH NELSON, having taken the Tenement belonging to Mr. William Price, lately occupied by Mr. McCraw, on the street leading from the Capitol, has opened a BOARDING HOUSE, where she will take gentlemen, ladies, and children to board by the day, week, month or year; she has excellent servants, and assumes those who may become her boarders, that no exertions shall be wanting to give satisfaction. Richmond, July 22. (H)
TWENTY DOLLARS REWARD.—Ran away from the subscriber some time in April last, a negro woman named MARY, about twenty-two years of age, a dark complexion, modest countenance, and speaks very low when spoken to. I have been informed that she has been seen about some of the Coal Pits, on the river above Richmond. Whoever will deliver the said negro woman to me, living on the Richmond Turnpike, about four miles above town, shall receive the above reward. BENJ. SHEPPARD. July 29. (ep4w)
TO RENT.—The upper APARTMENTS in the House occupied by Messrs. Kirby, Drake & Taylor, possessing convenient accommodations for a family. Possession will be given immediately—apply to Kirby, Drake & Taylor, or to THOMAS NORVELL. June 13. (H)
VINEGAR.—A few casks of good Pickling and Table Vinegar, FOR SALE BY D. J. BURR. July 5. (Jan)
CASE FOR CASH.—By virtue of a deed of trust executed to the subscriber by Goodman Markham, to secure the payment of a debt due to Brown, Rives and Co. will be sold for ready money, in the town of Milton, in the county of Albemarle, at the front door of John L. Moore's Tavern, on the sixteenth day of September next, one certain Tract or Parcel of LAND, lying and being in the county aforesaid, on both sides of Mechanic's river, adjoining Henry Carr, Isaac Harding, Douglas Markham, Achilles Markham, Jonathan Markham and Jane Alexander, containing three hundred acres, be the same more or less. Acting as trustee for the benefit of others, will convey the title vested in me as such. MARTIN DAWSON, Trustee. July 29. [Gw]
NOTICE.—All persons indebted to the Estate of Marcus Elean, deceased, are requested to make immediate payment, and creditors to present their claims without delay. C. J. MACMURDO, Esq. JOE. MARX, Exors. Richmond, May 17, 1808. (H)
TAVERN LEASE FOR SALE.—The subscriber being about to remove to the Indian Queen Tavern in Baltimore, offers for sale, on advantageous terms, the lease of the house he now occupies, having eight years, from the first of December next, to run; which for convenience, it is believed, is excelled by none in the United States, and from the proximity to the seat of government, and the direct communication which will be opened between the city and Alexandria by the bridge across the Potomac and the Turnpike road, bids fair to become one of the best stands for business in the country, as the distance to the Capitol over the bridge will be only about seven miles. With the Lease will be sold, if wanted, the whole of the FURNITURE as it now stands, together with a large stock of Wines & Liquors. There is a vacant Lot on the corner of Cameron and Pitt-streets, adjoining the stables, attached to the house, (which renders it particularly commodious, as by that means the property fronts on three streets) which will be sold in fee simple, or leased for the remainder of the time.
A handsome LOT OF GROUND, in the centre of the square between King and Cameron streets, and fronting on Washington and Columbus streets, 107 feet, with a public alley on one side, and an open space that cannot be built on the other. For a public situation it is unequalled by any property in Alexandria.
Also, A LOT OF GROUND on the west end, about half a mile from town and fronting on the Little River Turnpike Road, 35 feet, running back 250 feet, more or less. There are improvements on the property adjoining it on each side.
A handsome LOT OF GROUND on the George Town Road, about half a mile from town, is a very beautiful situation, containing two acres.
A handsome SQUARE OF GROUND, on W. Washington and Columbus streets, within one quarter of a mile of town, well enclosed with a post and rail fence, containing something less than two acres.
A half acre LOT on the commons, about the same distance as the last mentioned.
Also, My interest in the lease of a FARM, containing between one and two hundred acres, adjoining the town of Alexandria, in which state of cultivation, and enclosed with a new post and rail fence, (in one of the enclosures is the Alexandria Jockey Club Race Course) with a large crop of OATS & HAY, which will be sold in the stack or otherwise; two Wagons, four Carts, eight Ploughs, two Double Harrows, a large and elegant Roller, all of the best construction, six good farm Horses, and every other article that can be wanted for a well managed farm; together with 12 choice milch Cows, a fine buffalo Bull, forty head of Sheep, about fifty head of Hogs of the very best breed, that could be procured. Also, some very valuable SLAVES, if they should be wanted for the Farm.
Also, The two Lines of STAGES between George Town and Alexandria, with a light Hack and four Horses.
NOTICE. All persons having claims against me are requested to bring them forward for settlement; and all persons indebted are desired to make immediate payment, as no longer indulgence can be given, my intended removal rendering it necessary that a full adjustment of all accounts should take place. JOHN GADSBY. August 5. (G)
HAMPTON ACADEMY.—In consequence of a vacancy having occurred in this Seminary, a PROFESSOR of the Languages, Mathematics and the most important branches of polite literature is immediately required, to act as President of the institution. A gentleman thus qualified, of good moral character, in addition to the salary attached to the office, will be accommodated with a spacious two story brick house and every necessary out house for the convenience of a family, situated on an extensive well enclosed lot, in a healthy, pleasant and retired part of the town. The state of the Academy renders it necessary that this vacancy should be filled as soon as possible. By authority of the board of trustees, THOS: JONES, junr. ROBT: ARMISTEAD, CHAS: K. MALLORY. Hampton, August 5. (ep8w)
BANK NOTES, as below described, were put into the post office at this place on 27th May last, enclosed in a letter addressed to Messrs John Warder and Sons, Philadelphia, and which letter has never been received; it is therefore apprehended that the BANK NOTES may have fallen into improper hands; and should such appear in circulation, we earnestly request that they may be stopped. Any satisfactory information regarding them will be thankfully received, and if required, liberally rewarded. BUCHANAN & POLLOK. Petersburg, July 5. (H)
  Bank of Virginia payable at their Office of Discount and Deposit Petersburg, to Robert Birchall President thereof or Bearer,