Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.), 1804-10-13 00:00:00

THE VIRGINIA ARGUS.
[VOL. XII.]
A FREE PRESS MAINTAINS THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE.
[No. 1195.]
RICHMOND:—PRINTED (ON WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS) BY SAMUEL PLEASANTS, JUNIOR, PRINTER TO THE COMMONWEALTH.
[Four Dollars Per Annum...paid in advance.]
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1804.
[12 1-2 Cents Single.]
Advertisements, not exceeding a square in length, are inserted in this paper for seven-five cents the first time; three dollars for three weeks (6 times); and for every additional insertion thirty-three cents. Long ones in the same proportion—unless a special contract be made by the year.
Valuable Medicines.
PUBLIC confidence has never been more de- liberately and firmly reposed, and perhaps in no instance more justly, than it appears in the ef- ficacy of HAMILTON'S WORM LOZENGES, prepared and sold, wholesale and retail, by Rich- ard Lee, no. 55, Maiden-lane, New York. And in Richmond, (only) at S. Pleasants' Print- ing-office.
The proprietor has lately presented to the public the testimony of the Hon. A. C. Hanson, Chancellor of Maryland, the Rev. Mr. Melcher, and of other distinguished and respectable charac- ters. The following cases, of more recent occur- rence, are now respectfully submitted.
Copy of a letter from Mr. Henry Ackerman, Brick- layer, Magazine-street, near Broadway, Jan. 24, 1804.
SIR—It would be ungrateful were I to with- hold my testimony in favor of Hamilton's Worm Destroying Lozenges. I had been between five and six years past much indisposed, and latterly often tormented with severe griping and pains of the bowels, troubled with offensive breath, and with violent feverish fits, and other obvious symp- toms of worms; but frequently hearing your Worm Lozenges recommended in cases similar to mine, I determined on a trial of them, as my last resource. The first dose evacuated twelve or thirteen feet of a tape worm; two other doses were taken which brought away a quantity of matter like broken skins and pieces of worms. I suppose the tape worm, voided at different times must have exceeded forty feet. I have almost in- credible benefit I received from this medicine, induced me to give a dose to a child of mine who was pining and sickly: it produced the same good effect in this instance, expelling a worm of a dif- ferent kind, from nine to twelve inches long, and at the same time restoring a good state of health. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
HENRY ACKERMAN.
To Mr. Richard Lee.
FOR SALE AS ABOVE, Hamilton's Essence and Extract of Mustard,
A safe and effectual remedy for acute and chronic Rheumatism, Gout, Rheumatic Gout, Palsy, Lumbago, Numbness, White Swellings, Chilblains, Sprains, Bruises, Pain in the Face and Neck, &c.
"AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE." For the prevention and cure of Bilious and Ma- lignant Fevers is recommended Hahn's Anti-Bilious Pills.
The operation of these pills is perfectly mild, so as to be used with safety by persons in every situation, and of every age.
Hamilton's Elixir,
A sovereign remedy for Colds, Obsolete Coughs, Asthma, Sore Throats, and approach- ing Consumption. To Parents who may have children afflicted with The Hooping Cough.
This discovery is of the first magnitude, as it affords immediate relief, checks the progress, and in a short time entirely removes the most cruel disorder to which children are liable. The Elixir is so perfectly agreeable and the dose so small, that no difficulty arises in taking it. From LUTHER MARTIN, esq. attorney ge- neral of the State of Maryland.
GENTLEMEN—I comply with your request in stating my opinion of Hamilton's Elixir. It has been used in my family for two or three years past with uniform success, whenever coughs, coughs, or similar complaints have rendered medi- cine necessary. I have myself found it an excel- lent and agreeable remedy for a very painful and troublesome affection of the breast, accompanied with shortness, and with obstructed and difficult breathing.
On these accounts, I do not hesitate to recom- mend Hamilton's Elixir as a valuable medicine, and deserving public attention.
LUTHER MARTIN.
HAMILTON'S Grand Restorative,
Is recommended as an invaluable medicine for the speedy relief and permanent cure of the vari- ous complaints which result from dissipated plea- sures—juvenile indiscretions—residence in climates unfavourable to the constitution—the immod- erate use of tea—frequent intoxication, or any o- ther destructive intemperance—the unskillful or extensive use of mercury—the diseases peculiar to females at a certain period of life—bad lyings in, &c.
Hahn's true and genuine German Corn Plaister,
An infallible remedy for corns, speedily remov- ing them, root and branch without giving pain.
The Genuine Persian Lotion.
So celebrated among the fashionable through- out Europe, as an invaluable cosmetic, perfectly innocent and safe, free from corrosive and repel- lent minerals (the basis of other lotions) and of un- paralleled efficacy in preventing and removing blemishes in the face and skin, of every kind— particularly freckles, pimples, inflammatory red- ness, scurf, tetter, ring worms, sun burns, prickly heat, &c.—The Persian Lotion operates mild- ly, without impeding that natural, insensible perspiration, which is essential to health; yet its effects are speedy and permanent, rendering the skin delicately soft and clear, improving the com- plexion, and restoring the bloom of youth—&c.
ver failing to render an ordinary countenance beautiful, and a handsome one more so.
The Restorative Powder for the Teeth and Gums.
Hahn's GENUINE EYE WATER, A sovereign remedy for all diseases of the eyes whether the effect be natural weakness or of acci- dent, speedily removing inflammations, defluxi- ons of rheum, dullness, itching and films on the eyes; never failing to cure those maladies which frequently succeed the small-pox, measles and le- vers, and wonderfully strengthening to weak sight. Hundreds have experienced its excellent virtues when nearly deprived of sight.
Tooth-Ache Drops,
The only remedy yet discovered, which gives immediate and lasting relief in the most severe in- stances.
The Anodyne Elixir,
For the cure of every kind of head-ache.
The Damask Lip-Salve.
Infallible Ague and Fever Drops, For the cure of Agues, Remittant and Intermit- tant Fevers.
Thousands can testify their being cured by these drops after the bark and every other medi- cine has proved ineffectual: not one in a hundred has had occasion to take more than one, and num- bers not half a bottle.
The Sovereign Ointment for the Itch,
Which is warranted an infallible remedy at one application, and may be used with the most per- fect safety by pregnant women, or on an infant a week old, not contain a particle of mercury, or any dangerous ingredients whatever; and is not accompanied with that tormenting smart which attends the exhibition of other remedies.
For the cure of a certain deplorable Malady, The Indian Vegetable Specific.
The Medicines prepared by Richard Lee, have been in high estimation and general use throughout the United States, for upwards of six years; many of them are sold for less than the price at which they are compounded, could be purchased at a retail store.
It is no inconsiderable evidence of their utility, that during the above period, numerous imita- tions of every article (the production of ignorance and inexperience, urged by envy and penury) have intruded on the public, seen a day and then perished; others now succeeded them, which in like manner are fast descending "to the tomb of the Capulets," while our remedies become more generally used and acquire a daily accession of well earned celebrity.
To prevent the imposition of worthless or dan- gerous preparations, purchasers are requested to remember, that an engraved label, with the fig- ure of Richard Lee's (to counterfeit which is fe- lony) is affixed to each of his genuine medicines.
TO RENT,
And may be entered upon the first day of Decem- ber next,
A Tenement and Lot,
At Charlotte Courthouse, consisting of a good store house and counting room, a lumber-house, and a small two story dwelling-house, all nearly new; a stable with some necessary out-houses— The high commanding situation of this place gives it a salubrious air, which makes it healthy indeed; the prospect is handsome, and the water is infe- rior to none in this part of the country; an agree- able neighborhood, and the inhabitants wealthy; the site remarkable for the advantages of its lo- cal situation standing on one of the most public post roads, leading direct from the northern to the southern states, and to the market towns of Richmond and Petersburg, a considerable part of the country trade centering at this place. To any gentleman in the mercantile line wanting a pleasant and agreeable residence for his family, and an advantageous situation for active business, wishing to rent, may know the terms on applica- tion to the subscriber, living near Charlotte court- house.
THOMAS READ.
22d September, 1804. wtd
SAMUEL BAILEY,
Offers for Sale, as his Nursery in New-Kent county near the cross roads—Five Thousand
Grafted Apple Trees,
Of choice fruit, at 50 per tree. He believes they are not excelled if equalled by any in this state, either in thriftiness or quality, having at consi- derable trouble collected the most approved kinds, agreeable to the following list.
  Winesop. Golden Wilding,   Belflower. Royal's Jennett,   Summer Cheese, Lowry Apple,   Winter Cheese, Summer Pearmain,   Clopton's Hangfast, Winter do.   May Apple, Pyraman's do.   June do. Cannon do.   July do. Lightfoot's do.   Sheep Nose, Longacat,   Harvest Apple, Long Crab,   Sweet Russett, Red do.   Sept. 29th, 1804. Flat do. 
Having seen many orchards set out by Mr. Samuel Bailey, and particularly two set for us, we believe him to be better acquainted with that business than any other person that we know.
Wm. Chamberlayne—Thos. Frayear.
Sept. 29th, 1804.
Mr. Bailey has set out an orchard for me, which I think is done in a superior manner to any I ever saw. Wd* Ro. Christian.
LIME & PLANK.
A CARGO of Stone Lime, in excellent or- der, is now landing from the schooner Fair Tra- der; Also a quantity of Inch Plank—apply to S. PAINE.
October 3, 1804. St
By JAMES MADISON, Secretary of State of the United States.
PUBLIC NOTICE is hereby given, in pursuance of the Act of Congress passed on the 26th March last, entitled "An act supplementary to the act, entitled "An act relative to the election of a President and Vice-President of the United States, and declaring the officer who shall act as President, in case of vacancies in the of- fices both of President and Vice-President." That the amendment proposed, during the last session of Congress, to the Constitution of the United States, respecting the manner of voting for President and Vice-President of the United States, has been ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, to wit: by those of Vermont, Rhode-Island, New- York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and Georgia, and has thereby become valid as part of the Constitution of the United States.
Given under my hand at the City of Washington, this twenty fifth day of September, 1804. (Signed) JAMES MADISON.
The Printers of the laws of the United States are requested to publish the above no- tification and the annexed law, three times in their Gazettes.
AN ACT
Supplementary to the act, entitled "An act relative to the election of a President and Vice-President of the United States, and declaring the officer who shall act as President, in case of vacancies in the offices both of President and Vice-President."
Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That whenever the amend- ment proposed during the present session of Con- gress to the constitution of the United States, re- specting the manner of voting for President and Vice-President of the United States, shall have been ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, the secretary of state shall forthwith cause a notification thereof to be made to the executive of every state, and shall also cause the same to be published, in at least one of the newspapers printed in each state, in which the laws of the United States are annually pub- lished.—The executive authority of each state shall cause a transcript of the said notification to be delivered to the electors appointed for that purpose, who shall first thereafter meet in such state, for the election of a President and Vice-President of the United States: and whenever the said electors shall have received the said transcript of notification, or whenever they shall meet more than five days subsequent to the publication of the ratification of the above mentioned amend- ment, in one of the newspapers of the state, by the secretary of state, they shall vote for Presi- dent and Vice President of the United States, re- spectively, in the manner directed by the above mentioned amendment, and having made and signed three certificates of all the votes given by them, each of which certificates shall contain two distinct lists, one, of the votes given for President, and the other, of the votes given for Vice Presi- dent: they shall seal up the said certificates, cer- tifying on each, that lists of all the votes of such state given for President, and of all the votes given for Vice-President, is contained therein, and shall cause the said certificates to be transmitted and disposed of, in every other respect in conformity with the provisions of the act to which this is a supplement. And every other provi- sion of the act to which this is a supplement, and which is not virtually repealed by this act, shall extend and apply to every election of a President and Vice-President of the United States made in conformity to the above mentioned amendment to the constitution of the United States.
And whereas, the above mentioned amendment may be ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the states, and thereupon become immediately valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the constitution, on a day so near the day fixed by law for the meeting of the electors in the several states, that the electors shall not in every state be apprised of the said ratification, and may vote in a manner no longer conformable with the constitution, as amended, whereby several states might be deprived of their vote in the election of a President and Vice-President; for remedy whereof, Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the electors who shall be appointed in each state for the election of a President and Vice President of the United States, shall at every such election, unless they shall have received a transcript of the notification of the ratification of the above mentioned amendment to the constitution, or unless they shall meet more than five days subsequent to the publication of the said ratification by the Secretary of State, in one of the newspapers of the state, vote for President and Vice President of the United States, in the following manner, that is to say: they shall vote for two persons as President and Vice President, in conformity with the first section of the second article of the constitution. And in other respects act in conformity with the provisions of the act to which this act is a supplement; and they shall likewise vote for one person as President, and for one person as Vice President in conformity with the above mentioned amendment of the constitution; and in o- ther respects act in conformity with the provisions of the first section of this act. But those certifi- cates only, of votes given for President and Vice President of the United States shall be opened by the President of the Senate, for the purpose of be- ing counted which shall contain the list or lists of votes given in conformity with the constitution, as in force on the day fixed by law for the meet- ing of the electors, by whom the said votes shall have been given.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That where- ver, by the provisions of the second section of this act, it shall be the duty of the electors for any state, to vote in conformity, both with the constitution, and of the proposed amendment thereto, the ex-
ecutive authority of such state shall cause six lists of the names of the electors of the state to be made and certified, and to be delivered to the said electors on or before the day fixed by law for them to meet and vote for President and Vice President, and the said electors shall enclose one of the said lists in each of the certificates by them made and sealed in conformity to the provisions of this act, and of the act to which this is a supplement.
NATH. MACON. Speaker of the House of Representatives, JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro tempore. March 26, 1804—APPROVED. TH: JEFFERSON.
Lunenburg county, 13th July, 1804. TO BE SOLD, To the highest bidder, on Wednesday the 26th day of December next, at the late dwelling- house of Sharp Lamkin, dec. in this county, a very valuable
Tract of Land,
Containing by estimation 1142 3/4 acres more or less, lying on both sides of Reedy creek; there is on the said land a two story dwelling-house with a kitchen, smoke house, dairy, weaving house, overseer's house, and several valuable out houses, with three orchards: the plantation is in good order for a crop, and the land well adapted for tobacco, corn, wheat and oats—One half of the purchase money to be paid down, the remainder in twelve months. Bond with approved security to be given.—Also, at the same time and place, will be sold, on twelve months credit (for all sums over ten dollars) several valuable Horses, the stock of Cattle, a large quantity of Pork, Hogs, and Sheep, some Household and Kitchen Furni- ture, Plantation Utensils, the crop of Corn, Fod- der and Oats.
All persons having any claim or demand against the said estate, are requested to exhibit the same to me before the said sale, and those who are in- debted are desired to make immediate payment.
PETER LAMKIN, Esq. of Sharp Lamkin, dec.
P. S. Part of the cultivated land will be sowed in wheat this fall.
THE SUBSCRIBER HAS OPENED A
Grocery Store,
In the next house above the Eagle Tavern (the property of Mr. Temple) where he has for sale, SALT, COGNAC BRANDY, HOLLAND GIN, ANTIGUA SPIRITS, LOAF and BROWN SUGAR, COFFEE, IMPERIAL and YOUNG HYSON TEA, PEPPER, ALL- SPICE, GINGER, NUTMEGS and other SPICES; SOFT SHELLLED ALMONDS, QUEEN'S WARE, DEMIJOHNS, and sundry other articles, which he will sell very low at wholesale or retail, for cash or country produce. DANIEL TRIPLETT.
October 11, 1803 wtd Cash given for TOBACCO, FLOUR, or FLAX SEED.
Notice.
THE PARTNERSHIP OF FARRAR and LACKLAND, Is this day dissolved by mutual consent—All those indebted to the concern will please make immediate payment, and all those that have claims against the said concern, will please to exhibit them. The books and papers are put into the hands of John Lackland for adjustment; and he is duly authorised to settle all claims due to and from the concern.
THOMAS FARRAR. JOHN LACKLAND.
Gaira, 20th September, 1804. Jw*
The subscriber intends carrying on the business in the house lately occupied by Farrar and Lack- land, and takes this method of informing his friends and customers that he intends to keep a good
SUPPLY OF GOODS,
suitable to the season. JOHN LACKLAND.
The full blooded & complete English Station,
WRANGLER,
The property of Col. Miles Sel- den and others, will stand at my stable in the county of Prince Ed- ward, ten miles below the court- house, and two from Elisha Bets's tavern, the ensuing season. The terms, pedigree and per- formance will be made known before the season commences. THOS HASKINS. Oct. 1st, 1804. wtd
WILL BE SOLD,
At Charlotte November Court, on a credit of twelve months, that capital Station,
SANS-CUIOTTES
With several Brood Mares, Colts and Fillies of the best blood—several of the mares in foal to DRAGON. If not sold at the above time and place, they will be offered for sale at Halifax November Court, (the 4th Monday in the month.) Sept. 24, 1804. Im
At a meeting of the trus-
tees of the Up at Appomattox company at Prides- ville, on Friday, September 14th, 1804.
Ordered, That each share holder on the new subscription, pay twenty five dollars on each share, on the first day of October next, as a second re- quisition. Teste, T. PRIDE, Clerk.
The share holders are informed that the interest of the company require the most rigid punctuality. I shall attend at the different courts in October and November. Those who fail to make immediate payment will be dealt with as the law directs. T. PRIDE, receiver.
14th September, 1804.
Jonathan Dyke,
Organ Builder, from London, TUNES and REPAIRS all kinds of Musical In- struments—Also, Teaches the Piano.—He at present resides at the City Hotel. Richmond, October 3, 1804. 2*
FROM THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
To the Legislatures of the Respective States.
LETTER FIFTH.
The last object which requires your par- ticular attention, is the Punishment of Crimes.
It will not occasion much surprise to a mind well stored with the facts of history, that the criminal codes of Europe are un- just in principle, and imperfect in op- eration. Having originated in periods of but little knowledge, and in conditions of society not very dissimilar from the sa- vage state, they appear to have been ge- nerally the offspring of sentiments alto- gether repugnant to those which ought to characterise a well organised republican government. The leading motive of sa- vage life is revenge; and in proportion as societies approach this state they ap- pear to be actuated by a kindred pas- sion. From its nature it magnifies the turpitude of offences, it overlooks all discrimination arising from degrees of guilt, and hurried on by infuriated feeling, delights in sanguinary expiation.—Where the laws are ill defined, and legal restraints but im- perfect, the temptation to violate the rights of others, gathering strength from the hope of impunity, leaves, perhaps, no o- ther effectual remedy than the terrors of a sanguinary code.
It was under the influence of such cir- cumstances the English nation establish- ed her code of criminal laws. Soon pass- ing, however, from dark ages to great commercial importance, the system un- derwent a radical change with a change of circumstances. The passion for gain becoming ascendant over all others, and as it were absorbing the hearts of all class- es, property became more an object of cupidity, and efforts were multiplied to acquire it. Its vast accumulation in par- ticular hands at once impoverished a large class of the community, and offered them objects seductive of their integrity. The oppression of the great, powerfully aided by unjust monopolies established by go- vernment, by producing too general an impression that the rich had unfairly ac- quired their possessions, loosened the sanctions by which they were held; and he who violated them, became more care- ful to avoid exposure, than repugnant to the perpetration of crimes. In such a state of things, listening more to the sug- gestions of passion than reason, legal crimes were multiplied; invasions of pro- perty were punished with the same seve- rity with murder; and in the infliction of punishments the gradations of vice were lost sight of.
Such is the system which it fell to our lot to receive; and which, with too little variation, yet remains in many of the states.
Some of our best citizens have, from time to time, awakened the attention of legislators to this subject; but it must be acknowledged that it has not yet received that deliberate and enlarged consideration to which it is eminently entitled.
Let it not be said the subject is unim- portant. Superficial must be the under- standing that treats it as such.
The moral revolution, effected by the United States, is not to be considered as composed of shreds and patches, heteroge- neous as the materials of chaos. It rests on a few great principles which require u- niversal application. In vain are principles embraced in theory, without being carried into practice. We may in such a case possess the form, but the substance of happiness will be wanting.
One of these principles is to promote in the highest practical degree, the happi- ness of the whole community. This can only be effected by doing justice to all men. Any system of laws which deviates from this principle, will of necessity pro- duce two effects; injustice to particular individuals directly affected; and injury to the whole society, from the legal estab- lishment of incorrect principles. It has ever been a question which affects each other the most, government or morals; and the question remaining unsolved may be considered as tolerable proof of the equal influence of each. How important, then, does it become for governments in laying down rules for the repression of vice, to adhere themselves to principles founded in justice? Under the influence of unjust principles we have seen states of society in which murder and theft have been venal offences. If nothing is more true, as applicable to individuals, than that the least departure from rectitude of con- duct is apt to be followed by alterations still wider and wider; how much greater is the danger, that, under the fatal indu- cence of governments wielding the whole physical force of communities, a small departure from principle will be made the basis on which still greater departures will be justified and practised. Let it further be recollected that manners, once contami- nated, are often irretrievable. The his- tory of the world and particularly the

ancient records of the French revolution, prove the inactivity of habits practised for ages. Never did mankind behold a brighter era than shone at the commencement of that revolution. Liberty descended in the shape of an angel. But a few fleeting years have past, and the nation has relapsed into a slavery more gilded perhaps, but certainly not less abject than that of the darkest ages.
Let my country take warning from these instructive lessons. Let her learn that as the first step from virtue is to ruin female fame, so one false principle, adopted by a nation, ramified into all its evils which time uniformly develops, may subvert the fairest fabric of human wisdom.
On this subject, fortunately, for us, the opinions of the enlightened and liberal of all nations, coincide in the leading principles which ought to determine the conduct of the legislator. A few plain axioms, easy of apprehension, have been universally received. These are 1. That the prevention of crimes is the sole end of government; 2. That every punishment, which is not absolutely necessary for that purpose, is a cruel and tyrannical act; 3. That every penalty should be apportioned to the offence.
From the leading principles, the following inferences have been drawn; 1. That the punishment of crimes should be prompt and certain; 2. That pardons should be rarely, if ever, interposed; 3. That in order to insure a certainty of punishment and to avoid the necessity of pardons, punishments should rather be too light than too severe. Facts have shown that under a code of laws, founded on these principles, crimes have been few; while, under a sanguinary system, they have invariably become more numerous and atrocious. The English code is the most sanguinary of Europe, and in that kingdom by far more crimes are perpetrated than in any equal population in the world.
"Let us examine," says Mr. Bradford of Pennsylvania, in a very valuable tract written some years since. "The situation of England, where an opposite principle is adopted, and where the terror of death is on all occasions resorted to as the surest means of preventing crimes."
"Blackstone in his commentaries stated the number of capital crimes (that is, of felonies ousted of clergy) at 150. Since that time they seem to have increased; for, in 1786, Capel Loft enumerates and states them as follows:
  Felonies without clergy 176   Felonies within clergy 65. 
Jebb on Paris. 95. "Amidst this multitude of sanguinary laws, atrocious crimes are very infrequent; and the severity of the punishment, by being familiar, is no longer an object of terror, and by exciting hopes of impunity, has become the parent of crimes. 'I cannot tell,' says Dr. Goldsmith, 'whether it is from the number of our penal laws, or the licentiousness of our people, that this country should show more convicts in a year than half of the dominions of Europe united.' We elsewhere, an intelligent German who lately visited England, assures us that the punishment of death is more frequently inflicted in England, than in all Europe together, in the same space of time. Hence it is, that executions have all the terrors which attend them in other countries. 1. vol. p. 75. The author of Thoughts on Executive Justice thus decries the situation of England in 1785: 'No civilized nation that I know of, has to lament, as we have, the daily commission of the most dangerous and atrocious crimes, inasmuch that we cannot travel the road, or sleep in our houses, or turn our cattle into the fields without the most imminent danger of thieves and robbers. These are increased in such numbers, as well as audaciousness, that the day is now little less dangerous than the night.' P. 4. One of the English prints, 9th of Nov. 1784, says, 'If robbers continue to increase as they have done for some time past, the number of those who rob, will exceed that of the robbed.'
"These representations are confirmed by the declarations of the solicitor general and Mr. Townsend, in the house of commons in the same year. They affirm, that in the course of the winter, every day furnished some fresh account of daring robberies, or burglaries being committed; that few persons could walk the streets at night, without fear or be down in safety in their beds; or that gangs of six, eight, ten, or twelve persons together, made it a practice to knock at doors, and immediately to rush in and rob the house." 18 Parl. Reg. p. 83. 521. Compare this with the situation of Copenhagen, where night robberies are never heard of.
"The number of persons executed in England, may be seen in the tables already referred to. In the Lent Circuit only, no less than two hundred and eighty-six persons were capitally convicted in 1786 and the annual amount of those transported is from nine hundred and sixty to a thousand."
"It is needless to make observations on these striking facts, which prove conclusively, that the severity of the laws, instead of preventing, is frequently the cause of crimes. The humanity of mankind revolts at a strict execution of them; and the hopes of impunity become a source of temptation. To this, Mr. Howard, among others, traces the mischief: 'and yet,' he adds, 'many are brought by it to an untimely end, who might have been made useful to the state,' Laz. 221. No one will deny the justice of this last observation, when they learn from the solicitor general of England, 'That of those
who are executed, eighteen out of twenty do not exceed twenty years of age.' 18 Parl. Reg. 22.
"It is difficult to conceive how a free, humane, and generous people should have so long endured this weak and barbarous policy; or why America should be fond of retaining any part of a system, as inefficient as it is severe!"
Compare the codes of other nations with that of England.
In China, whose population exceeds one hundred millions, the only crimes punished with death are murder and treason, and we are informed that only ten persons are executed in a year.
In 1751, in Russia the punishment of death, except for treason, was abolished, and travellers in that country concur in the declaration that the people are as secure in their persons and property, as they were under the bloody code that formerly prevailed.
Speaking of the effect of the reformed code of Tuscany, Gen. Lee says: "When the present grand duke ascended the ducal throne, he found in Tuscany the most abandoned people of all Italy, filled with robbers and assassins. Every where, for a series of years previous to the government of this excellent prince, were seen gibbets, wheels, and tortures of every kind: and the robberies and murders were not at all less frequent. He had read and admired the marquis of Beccaria, and determined to try the effect of his plan. He put a stop to all capital punishments, even for the greatest crimes; and the consequences have convinced the world of its wholesomeness. The galleys and slavery for a certain term of years, or for life, in proportion to the crime, have accomplished, what an army of hangmen with their hooks, wheels, & gibbets, could not. In short, Tuscany, from being a theatre of the greatest crimes and villainies of every species, is become the safest and best ordered state of Europe."
In Sweden, it appears from Mr. Chateaubriant, that great reform in the penal code has been attended with the happiest effects.
In Denmark, the code is so mild that the punishment of death is rarely inflicted; and yet Mr. Howard informs us that "night robberies are never heard of in Copenhagen."
In the dominions of the Emperor of Germany, without any permanent change of the penal code, an imperial requisition to the judges, "to be mild in their sentences, and never to inflict capital punishments without necessity," has been followed by the best effects.
"The punishment of hard labour," says Mr. Bradford, "which is the correction inflicted (and inflicted with great mildness) upon all crimes in Holland, except those of a very high degree, is attended with the most beneficial effects. These result principally from the excellent management which prevails in the Rasp and Spin Houses. Mr. Howard paid particular attention to these wise and benevolent institutions, and he informs us, that many have been reformed and have come out of the Rasp houses sober and honest; and that some have even chosen to continue to work in them, after their discharge. The great object attended to in these bettering houses (as they are very properly called) is to reclaim and reform the criminal; and the consequence is, that by checking the young offender in his first attempts, gross crimes are prevented. Accordingly we find, that the executions are very rare, the annual average in all the United Provinces, being from four to six."
"In Amsterdam, which contains above 250,000 people, there were but six persons executed in the twelve years preceding 1787. I find that there were in the same time no less than five hundred and seventy two persons hanged or burnt in London and Middlesex; and of these at least three fourths were under twenty years of age. Even the smaller offences do not greatly abound in Holland: and the success of these mild institutions confirms the great principle which is the motto of this work!"
After weighing the force of these facts no correct or humane mind will hesitate to subscribe to the following remarks of the same writer.
"One would think, that in a nation jealous of its liberty, these important truths would never be overlooked; and, that the infliction of death, the highest act of power that man exercises over man, would seldom be prescribed, where its necessity was doubtful. But on no subject has government, in different parts of the world, discovered more indolence and inattention, than in the construction or reform of the penal code. Legislators feel themselves elevated above the commission of crimes which the laws proscribe; and they have too little personal interest in a system of punishments, to be critically exact in restraining its severity. The degraded class of men, who are victims of the laws are thrown at a distance which obscures their sufferings, and blunts the sensibility of the legislator. Hence sanguinary punishments, contrived in despotic and barbarous ages, have been continued; when the progress of freedom, science & morals, renders them unnecessary and mischievous; and laws the offspring of a corrupted monarchy, are fostered in the bosom of a youthful republic."
"But it is pleasing to perceive, that of late, this indolence has not been able to resist the energies of truth. The voice of reason and humanity has not been raised in vain. It has already "forced its way to the thrones of princes;" and the im-
pression it has made on the governments of Europe is visible in the progressive amelioration of their criminal codes. A spirit of reform has gone forth—the empire of prejudice and inhumanity is silently crumbling to pieces—and the progress of liberty, by unfastening the human mind, will hasten its destruction."
Notwithstanding the force of these eloquent remarks, and the acknowledged truths they enforce, it is still a reproach to many of the states that compose our union, that they have, from the indolence so constantly attendant on the discharge of public as well as private duty, failed to embrace the most auspicious period for the amelioration of their criminal codes. Without indulging an unavailing regret at the passage of opportunities unimproved, it becomes the duty of the patriotic citizen, in the best season which can ever now occur, to draw the public attention to measures which reason no less than experience enforce.
On this reform the morals of our citizens, and the purity of our national character greatly depend. Interest, humanity, and national glory unite in recommending it. Shall it be said that emperors and kings are more enlightened, liberal and humane than republics?—Shall it be said, that among a people, where the life of man is the most valuable, the laws are the least solicitous, to protect it? While the old world, amidst all its corruptions, is shaking off the chains of prejudice, shall a rising empire, in the vigor of virtue, fasten them on her citizens with stronger rivets? Shall it be the reproach of the freest communities on earth, that while slaves are held by cords of silk, their citizens require fetters of iron?
No! There is an elevation of soul in my countrymen, that once awakened, will disdain an acquiescence in the degraded state to which their criminal code has reduced them. At the call of their eminent men, whose virtues and talents have deservedly won them the confidence of their fellow citizens, they will follow the bright example so illustriously set by several of their sister states, and many of the powers of Europe.
FROM THE POLITICAL OBSERVATOR.
OF JOHN ADAMS.
This gentleman has certainly made many correct remarks upon mankind. Indeed his premis have never been disputed so much as the consequences he would deduce from them. It is a serious truth, that there is a "natural aristocracy" in society, proud, artful, hostile to popular rights, of immense influence, and seeking by every means to monopolize all power and every thing that is valuable to themselves. And it is equally true (to the disgrace of many of our citizens) that there are numbers among the common people entirely devoted to these aristocrats, ready to go wherever they lead, to applaud whatever they reprobate, and to support whatever they are bidden to support. If they have a "mind of their own" it is to act according to the minds of their leaders.
But because these things are facts, shall we yield the cause of popular freedom, fall into the current of submission and glide voluntarily into the "calm of despotism?" Thank Heaven, a majority of the people of this country are not yet thus minded: And we may hope there are circumstances attending this nation which will long preserve it from so disgraceful a course. Every people before us truly have run this miserable career—France is now, after a severe struggle for liberty, again to be added to the innumerable instances of unsuccessful resistance to despotism. Americans certainly are too enlightened and too well taught in the theory of their rights and the means of maintaining them, to follow such a degrading course and throw themselves into the arms of tyranny. Information is the only thing which distinguishes us from the nations which have gone before us, and it is the only thing which can save us. The experiment is now making, the great question is at this moment on trial, whether information can save a people from slavery; and whether ours is sufficient to save us. If it fail, then may the theory of Mr. Adams be justified & adopted, & he may be pronounced the greatest statesman who ever lived.
Are you ready, fellow citizens, to adopt that theory? This is a serious question. You will ponder it in your minds. It has been laid plainly before you in the quotations we have published from his political writings, and you see it in his celebrated letter contained on the first and second pages of this paper.—As you cannot understand it too thoroughly, we will here present two other quotations from his volumes on the "American constitutions," in which his theory appears to be summed up in as choice terms as perhaps can be found in any parts of his writings.
The first contains his description of the "natural aristocracy" existing in all communities. The second is his remedy for that evil.
I. HIS NATURAL ARISTOCRACY. [It is taken from his defence of Amer. Const. Vol. 3. page 457.]
"The people in all nations are naturally divided into two sorts, the GENTLEMEN and SIMPLEMEN, a word which is chosen to signify the common people. By gentlemen are not meant the rich, or the poor, the high born, or the low born, the industrious or the idle, but all those who have received a liberal education, an ornamental degree of erudition in the liberal arts and sciences, whether by birth they are descended from magistrates or officers of government, or from husband-
men, merchants, mechanics, or laborers, or whether they be rich or poor. We must nevertheless remember that generally, those who are rich and descended from families in public life will have the best education in arts and sciences, and therefore the gentlemen will ordinarily (notwithstanding some exceptions to the rule) be the richer and born of more noted families. By the common people, we mean laborers, husbandmen, mechanics and merchants in general, who pursue their occupations, and industry, without any knowledge in liberal arts and sciences, or in anything but their own trades and pursuits; though there may be exceptions to this rule, and individuals may be found in each of these classes who may really be GENTLEMEN. Now it seems to be clear that the gentlemen in every country are, and ever must be few in number in comparison with the simplemen. If you please then by the Democratical proportion of society we will understand the COMMON PEOPLE as before explained; by the aristocratical part of the community we will understand the GENTLEMEN; the distinctions that have been introduced among the Gentlemen into nobility greater or lesser; are perfectly immaterial to our present purpose; knights, barons, earls, viscounts, marquises, dukes and even princes and kings, are still but gentlemen, and the word noble signifies no more than knowable or conspicuous. But the Gentlemen are more intelligent and skillful, as well as generally richer, and better connected, and therefore have more influence and power than any equal number of the common people: there is a constant energy, and effort in the minds of the former, to encroach the advantages they possess over the latter, and to augment their wealth and influence, at their expense. This effort produces resentment and jealousies, contempt, hatred and fear between the one sort and the other. Individuals among the common people endeavor to make friends, patrons, and protectors among the gentlemen. This produces parties, divisions, tumults and war; but as the former have most address and capacity, they gain more and more continually, until they become exorbitantly rich, and the other miserably poor. In this progress the common people are continually looking up for a protector among the Gentlemen, and he who is most able and willing to protect them acquires their confidence. They unite together by their feelings more than by their reflections, in augmenting their power, because the more power he has, and the less the Gentlemen have, the safer they are.
"This is a short sketch of the history of that progress of passions and feelings which has produced every monarchy in the world; and if nature and its feelings have their course without reflection they will produce a simple monarchy forever."
2. HIS REMEDY. [See his defence. Vol. 1. pages 183 & 209.]
"The only remedy is to throw the rich and proud into one group, into a separate assembly, and then to leave them to their hands. If you give them scope among the people at large, or their representatives, they will destroy all equality, and liberty, with the consent and acclamation of the people themselves.—They will have much more power mixed with the representatives, than separated from them. In the first case they will unite, they will give the law and govern all; if they differ they will divide the State, and go to a division of force. But placing them alone by themselves, the society avails itself of all their abilities and virtues; they become a solid check to the representatives themselves, as well as to the Executive power, and you disarm them of the power to do mischief."
"Place two guardians of the laws to watch the aristocracy; one in the shape of a KING, on the one side of it, another in the shape of a DEMOCRATICAL ASSEMBLY, on the other side."
Must we in this country be reduced to this expedient? Is there no other remedy to be relied on for the evil of "natural aristocracy," to curb its gigantic strides upon popular rights, to frustrate its unjust and aspiring designs? Instead of preparing for them a "HOLE," instead of "throwing them into a group or a separate assembly, by themselves," thus creating a body of Lords and entailing the curse of a Nobility upon our descendants, may we not by an enlightened vigilance and a careful attention to our elections, forever disappoint their views, counteract their "fineness, tricks and stratagems," and preserve our precious liberties and those of our children? It is hoped we may. At any rate let us have a fair experiment, and if we fail, then let us adopt Mr. Adams's remedy, and with heart and hand prepare a "HOLE" for the nobles.
AUGUSTA. (Geo.) September 19.
At no former period, have the citizens of this place witnessed the afflicting visitation of divine Providence, in such sudden and repeated instances of mortality as they have experienced within the last 12 or 15 days—within that short space of time, the "King of Terrors" has selected numerous victims from our little circle, and since our last publication, several of our most valuable and respectable citizens have been numbered with the dead; most of them men in the meridian of life, in the sunshine of their days, in the full bloom of manhood, and in the midst of their activity and usefulness. These sudden and awful dispensations declare to us in affecting and impressive language, that in "the midst of life we are in death," they teach us, that neither strength of mind or vigor of body is any pledge for length of days, and call to us with the warning voice of an angel saying "be ye also ready."—Herald.
CHARLESTON, September 29.
COMMUNICATION. The following melancholy affair happened not long since in Laurens district, to some people of the name of Westen:—
One of them being engaged in the business of digging a well, which was sunk to the depth of 35 feet, on descending about half way down, complained that he felt very sick, took off his hat and fanned himself some time, and then attempted to return; but before he arrived at the top of the well, his strength failed, and he fell to the bottom. A younger brother, about 12 or 14 years of age, desired to be let down immediately in the bucket, to try to save his brother; which being in vainly granted, he remained at the bottom, helpless with the first. A third came, and went down with the same impetuosity; but making signs of distress, he was immediately hauled up. As he came to the top of the well, he would have shared the fate of his other two brothers had it not been for the bye standers, who caught him as he was falling out of the bucket. A fourth went down, but with some more caution, being tied in the bucket: when down, he placed the body of his younger brother so as to bring it up, altho' he appeared in the same state himself, and could not be bro't to for many hours. The third came to himself in about half an hour, and said his younger brother was alive when he went to the bottom of the well. The fifth now came, (a married man of about 30) who having tied a handkerchief over his mouth, and fastened himself in the bucket, descended and brought up the other bodies.
LEXINGTON, (Ken.) September 18.
CONVENTION OF BEES.
We are informed, that on Sunday the 2d inst. there was a collection of Bees, supposed to consist of about 100 swarms, at Irwin's Neck, in Madison county. They continued until the Tuesday following, and then dispersed. The above is considered the more extraordinary, (and by some as ominous) as the Presbyterians and Methodists had some time before, appointed a meeting to be held at that place next Friday, for the purpose of forming an union of those societies.
CHILLICOTHE, September 24.
LORENZO DOW, who travels over vast tracts of country, for the purpose of spreading the gospel and who, for his zeal and industry in inculcating the doctrines of morality and religion, has rarely been excelled; will deliver a sermon at the courthouse, on Tuesday the 25th inst. at 6 o'clock, P M
Land for Sale.
BY virtue of a deed of trust executed to the subscriber by John Burnley, to answer the purposes therein specified, will be sold, on the premises, to the highest bidder, for ready money on the 24th day of November next, three hundred and eighty-two and one half ACRES OF LAND, lying in the lower end of Louisiana, immediately on the Richmond road, leading from Louisiana courthouse, adjoining the lands of Jesse Hoggard, 5th Burnley, John Diggs, Mrs. Christmas, &c. On this land there is a small plantation, orchards, a tolerable good dwelling house, barn and out houses, immediately on the road. WILLIAM G. POINDEXTER, Trustee. October 6th, 1804
Richmond James River Company.
At a meeting of the President and Directors of the Richmond James River Company, on the 6th October, 1804.
Resolved, That a second requisition of five dollars on each share be made on the stockholders, and that the same be paid to the Treasurer on or before the 15th November next.
Extract from the Minutes, with N. ROBERT POLLARD, Clerk. The subscriber living in Caroline county, about six miles above Oxford, on the North river, hath about ten thousand
Grafted Apple Trees,
Of different sizes, for sale, to wit:—Winter and Summer Cheeses, Greenings, Crabs, Lumbars, Twigs, Queenings, Ca heads, and various other kinds, which he will dispose of at six pence, except the Crabs, which are at eight pence. MATTHEW TERRELL.
WILL BE SOLD.
At Public Auction, on Thursday the first day of November next, at the late dwelling-house of Jacob Wheaton dec
All the Stock on Hand,
Consisting of a variety of Tin and Copper Ware, Copper rivets and Tinman's Tools, Old Metal, one complete Twining Lathe, &c. &c.
And on the following day will be offered for sale at the dwelling house of Mrs. Wheaton, all the HOUSEHOLD & KITCHEN FURNITURE belonging to the deceased.
Six months credit with approved security will be allowed for all sums above ten dollars; and cash for all sums under
WILLIAM COOK, R.N. Richmond, 11th October, 1804 THREE DWELLING HOUSES TO BE RENTED.
ONE situate at the foot of Adams's hill, and but a small distance from the Mason's hall, lately occupied by Mr. Thomas Underwood. On this lot there is a very good and well enclosed garden, a well of excellent water & other conveniences. One other, situate in the Alley, between the street leading to Shockoe warehouse and that leading to Mayo's bridge, lately occupied by Mr. John Robins.
The other situate on the back street, rear Harris's Tobacco manufactory and the Rock landing, having a large garden well enclosed, at present occupied by Mr. Henry Tompkins.
Possession of the two first described may be had immediately, and of the other on the 1st of January next. Apply to JOSEPH GALLEGO, Who has for sale, a light COACHEE, nearly new, with plated mounted Harness complete for two horses. Oct. 12, 1804 FOR NEW YORK—THE SLOOP
MARY ANN CAROLINE,
Israel E. Vail, Master; will sail in ten days—For freight or passage, apply to the master on board, at Lester's lower wharf—Said Vail, has for sale on board,
10 thousand wt. of excellent Cheese; 300 bushels Potatoes; 20 barrel Apple Brandy; 4 casks Felt and Nap'd Hats; smdy half bbs. Mess Beef, and 8 bbs. prime Pork; 50 barrels Cyder; 1 tierce Hay Seed. N. B. Said sloop is sixty-six tons, and has elegant accommodations for passengers. Richmond, 11th Oct. 1804.
FALL GOODS.
WILLIAM GALT, has received by the ship Susan & Polly from London, and the ship Mary from Liverpool, an extensive assortment of Fall & Winter Goods, Suitable to the season, which he will dispose of on his usual low terms, for Cash or Country Produce. Richmond, Oct. 6, 1804.

At a meeting of the freeholders of the counties of Monongalia, Randolph, Harrison, Wood and Ohio, in Morgantown, on the 11th ult. for the purpose of taking into consideration the subject of the soil instituted by the Indian claimants in the Federal District Court of Virginia, it was "Resolved," that it be recommended to the people of the Monongalia senatorial district, to present a respectful memorial to the legislature of Virginia, praying their aid to defend the claims of the land-holders within the limits of the Indiana purchase; and that a committee be appointed to prepare and circulate petitions to obtain the signatures of the people."
Jos. H. Nicholson has been re-elected for the district composed of Talbot, Queen Anne and Caroline counties, Maryland.
Our election is over, and we are sorry to state, for the information of the friends of liberty, peace, economy and equal rights, that we have no hopes of a favorable issue. No official information has yet reached us. (Wil. Del. Mirror.)
RESULT OF THE N. HAMPSHIRE ELECTION.
From Exeter, (N. H.) Sept. 26. The votes returned for members of congress have been canvassed. The federal republicans have been completely successful. The following is the result:
Table with 2 columns: Name, Votes. Federal Ticket: Mr. S. Tenny 10983, D. Hough 10979, S. Batton 10977, C. Ellis 10972, J. W. Thompson 10977. Democratic Ticket: Mr. N. Parker 10209, E. Bartlett 10174, C. Storer 10171, T. Cogswell 10171, J. K. Smith 10151. Average federal majority—803.
SUMMARY.
The gleanings from the latest European papers give no precise ideas of European politics. The French interest had decidedly prevailed in Prussia, and in Austria the French influence continued. Spain has congratulated the Emperor of France upon his new dignity. In August, the French commercial agents remained at Petersburg, and the king of Sweden was busy in the affairs of Germany. Important changes in the present German constitution, which none fully approve, and all fear to change, are apprehended. The expected disposition of the imperial cities, and of the new departments of the Rhine, leads to many interesting political enquiries. From the new state of things in France, new measures are expected in Switzerland. The destiny of Italy is uncertain. The French are extending their influence in this country into its most southern territories. What objects are to be pursued by Russia, is not to be determined from the vague reports respecting the military and naval forces of this empire. The fleet and the troops intended for the Mediterranean can excite no terror. The fleet of the Baltic has not passed from that sea, and the forces at home are not provided for any extraordinary operations. From Sweden and Denmark, no hostilities will commence, and the relief of the north from the present positions of the French by land and of the English by sea, seems more seriously to be expected. From Embden, we hear that the French had left Meppen, which is at the influx of the Hase into the Ems. This will open a less interrupted intercourse with the interior, and though it has no necessary connection with the whole system of French policy, is reported with pleasure in the north of Europe. In Turkey, very serious purposes have been expressed of putting a speedy end to the insurrection of European Turkey. At the siege of Belgrade, nothing has yet been accomplished. The repeated attempts without success enfeeble the Empire and embolden the insurgents. The Porte professes to see the necessity of the most vigorous measures in reducing the provinces which have revolted.
Notice is taken of a late earthquake at Zante. It continued for many minutes with great alarm. This island has been long subject to such alarms. The buildings are accustomed to suffer little from the concussion. In 1675 it was observed that in the spring, in some years, they happened twice a week, so that all the walls were cracked by them. The neighboring continent of the Morea bears evident marks of their extensive effects. In the parts of South America, visited by the late traveller who has been in the United States, Humbolt, a severe earthquake was felt on February 7, 1797. And at Catopoxi on the 6th June, 1803, was a volcanic eruption. The frequency of these events in all countries is found to remove the distress which associates itself with the first alarm.
From the West Indies, we have assurances that at Guadaloupe they consider as free plunder all property on its passage to the markets of St. Domingo, at the ports in the power of the blacks. While the English have freely confessed that Martinico is not in a state of blockade, without any fleet the French of Guadaloupe, with the French in the Spanish part of St. Domingo, have pursued the most violent measures against all the trade with the blacks of St. Domingo. We hear of no
orders from France on this subject. On the 20th August, a hurricane was felt at Jamaica. Its extent and the damage done are not known.
In S. Carolina, particularly at Charleston, a most violent storm was felt upon the 7th September. From the general account it must have been very distressing. The wharves were much injured, and few vessels escaped without damage. Some vessels were sunk, and buildings blown down, and the damage is considered as very great. It is believed to be the heaviest storm since 1752. At its beginning it resembled a storm in October, 1733, but soon exceeded in fury. It began at 10 of Friday evening at N. E. and never entirely ceased till Sunday noon. The water rose several feet above its usual height, and had not fallen to its usual height at the time of low water. The greatest damage was at the wharves. Sixteen wharves are enumerated as injured or destroyed. Of the vessels some are injured, some driven on shore, some sunk and some destroyed. A new drain from Church street was destroyed, and New East Bay street, Water street and Meeting street were under water. The whole bulk of South Bay gone and the forts injured or destroyed. The particular losses are not ascertained. Five ships, 7 brigs and 4 schooners were greatly damaged if not entirely lost. As we are referred on this melancholy occasion to the storm of 1752, we take the liberty to transcribe the account which was printed at Boston, respecting that distressing event. "We have advice of a most terrible tempest, attended with a prodigious flood, which happened at Charleston, S. C. on the 15th of September last, whereby near 500 houses in that town were demolished, as was also the Curtain line, which was built of stone, 4 or 5 feet thick: the Station Ship and most of the vessels in the harbor were drove upon the shore; some of them at a great distance from high water mark, and one Brigantine into the midst of the town. One of his majesty's sloops of war was the only vessel that rode it out. A great number of persons lost their lives by this disaster, and soon after the tempest was over, above 90 dead bodies were taken up." This information was published at Boston, 16th October, 1752, and was received by a vessel from Winawaw. Much damage was done on the coast of New England that year by a storm of the 7th and 8th of October, but with no circumstances to render it memorable. The stormy weather was felt on all the coasts of North America, in that season.
The last accounts from the Natches are favorable to the return of order and peace. The extent of the evil has been ascertained, and it is believed that a sufficient power exists in that neighborhood to discourage or suppress it. Nothing new has transpired respecting Louisiana, but the public mind has been deeply interested in the discovery of an attempt by a foreign minister to agitate the public mind upon the subject. This discovery is seasonable as it must operate as a guard upon the public opinion, should any future attempt be made to prejudice the citizens upon the subject. The Louisiana memorial has brought out a very ingenious reply from a writer, who will oblige all who have been attentive to the memorial, to a second examination of that curious document. The reply is signed Common Sense and is written in a most interesting manner.
Appearances are in favor of the extinguishment of the Indian claims as far as the Oakmulgee in Georgia, and the lower line has been completely surveyed, and acknowledged.
Enterprise is accompanied with bold experiment. A Kentucky writer speaks already of a canal to a bend on the Ohio, to avoid obstructions in the river, and to increase the value of wheat, recommends to prepare flour mills which may be employed throughout the year. Nor are the inhabitants of these new states more deficient in accommodating the traveller than the merchant. In Lexington, Kentucky, Mr. Bradley informs the public, that he is about to furnish Traveller's Hall, so as to render it equal to any hotel in America. It is to display a front of 100 feet — A stage goes to the Olymian Springs in summer and to Frankfort during the session of the General Assembly.
In Pennsylvania more than at any former time, the inhabitants begin to perceive the importance of facilitating the inland communications. As their capital comprehends as it is stated a fourth part of their population, the greatest aids should be given to its commerce, which may easily be diverted by the industry of the neighboring states. A turnpike from Philadelphia to Susquehanna, and thence to York, and to Harrisburg has been already projected. So also from Easton, on the Delaware, to Wilkesbarre, on the Susquehanna. Another also between Lower Whoppehaukey and Nescopicker on the Susquehanna, to Nesquehanning Creek on the Lehigh. The subject is urged in favor of a continuance of the turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, on the Ohio. From Lancaster to Philadelphia it is found that the reduced price of carriage is already one half, and the same might be done to Pittsburg, if not to one third, for the whole distance. The committee that has reported on the turnpike from Sunbury to Reading, Penn. show the advantages to Northumberland and Lycoming counties, to the inhabitants of Danville and Catawissa, and to the adjacent country. It is found in fact upon the turnpike that at present 24 hundred may be conveyed by 4 horses in 2 days, more easily than formerly 18 by 5 horses in 3 days, and this road would be 10 miles shorter upon a turnpike. To prevent the encountering of the greatest
difficulties at first, it is proposed on the passes of the mountains to have places for waggons to stop should it be necessary to turn out. The situation of this country makes roads a just object of their first attention. They who have been in Pennsylvania can best judge of the causes which have so long obstructed such necessary designs, but in New England it is hard to reconcile our high ideas of the value of Pennsylvania lands with the long delay. Upon the maps, every thing seems to recommend a free passage to Presque Isle, which may enjoy a very rich navigation of the Lakes.
Many complaints are made that the same herrings prepared by Americans have not the sweetness and relish of those prepared by the Dutch. The following is the outline of a Dutch method of curing them. The herrings are opened immediately and cleansed and plunged into a strong brine, then taken out and dried, and packed closely in salt, and in tight casks until they are brought to port. Then after stirring them to free them from all filth, they are emptied out and drained. The liquor taken from them is preserved, boiled, separated from its scum, and cooled. This is mixed with the roes as perfectly as such a mixture can be made by bruising them, and when the casks are filled and pressed, then this cold liquor is poured in in the best manner to make the cask completely full. — I he more minute account is deserving of attention.
Thomas Vowel is president of the Potomac bank. Mr. Budget at Washington has written to convince the subscribers of the advantages which had been derived from such establishments in the northern states, but particularly in Massachusetts.
We have the Meteorological observations published at Norfolk for the first 15 days of September, by which it appears that their atmosphere had not been much troubled by the storm in Carolina. From Friday September 7, to Sunday September 9, the thermometer was from 75 to 89; and the barometer from 30, 29, to 30, 10. It is marked at sunrise and 3 o'clock. The mean was 78 and 85. Rain on the 4th at N. E. Prevailing winds easterly. At the time of the storm the same winds as in Carolina, cloudy. The accounts which have been received give reason to fear the storm was severe at sea, and probably more so than here. Accounts have come from the Bermuda and Bahamas. In Salem, the winds were southerly, and the weather changeable, from the appearance of the clouds without any remarkable effect upon the glasses.
We have no authority to represent any part of the United States uncommonly unhealthy. — A fever has been at Charleston, but chiefly among strangers. Several confined spots have been visited by temporary mortality, but the general account is very favorable. The bill of mortality for New York, from Sept. 14th to 21st, was of 51 — and of Philadelphia, for the same term, 33, 19 adults and 19 children. In Baltimore, the number reported for some time past, is still less. In Boston they are healthy.
In addition to our former list of Graduates, we name the forty who received their first degrees in the College at Williamsburg, at the late commencement. Few gazettes, at this season, are without some information respecting the flourishing state of the Schools and Academies, and respecting the exhibitions which have been attended with great pleasure. It is difficult to select or enumerate them. They satisfy us that we may make a most favorable comparison of our own times, with any former period of our history, on the subject of education, and from the continuance of its blessings we may hope for our highest national prosperity. (Salem Reg. Oct. 1.)
As a specimen of English news, it is said that Mr. Jefferson has had a letter from Bonaparte, complaining of him for letting Jerome marry below rank, and for suffering Americans to trade at St. Domingo, with the negroes. The same papers detail his dreadful quarrel with the Pope, &c. &c. &c. Is not this a proof that the English care nothing about him. If it is to be explained as some other paragraphs are, this may be said, it is very natural to say a great deal, when we care nothing. When the opposition party say very much about demos, it is because they care no thing. And they say most, when they care least. When the government is best supported, do the opposition say the least? Or are they most quarrelsome? (ib.)
Great joy upon account of the election in New Hampshire! The opposition have triumphed with a majority, perhaps, of 40! Twice that number is to be had in Massachusetts, and double of it in Connecticut! And how will the whole Union appear after this glorious victory! It is enough to open the eyes of the whole world! (ib.)
NOMINATION OF THE EMPEROR OF HAYTI, JOHN JACQUES DESSALINES.
We, Generals of the Army of Hayti, Anxious to consecrate, by an authentic act, the wishes of our hearts, and the dispositions so strongly expressed by the people of Hayti.
Persuaded that the supreme power needs no division, and that the interest of the country demands that the supreme power should be entrusted to his hands who has re-united the confidence, the affection, and love of his fellow citizens.
Well convinced, by cruel experience and the history of nations, that a nation
can only be suitably governed by an individual and that he merits that distinction who has to consolidate the edifice of our independence and liberty.
Considering their long series of misfortunes and vicissitudes, they have determined to assure the guarantee and safety of their citizens in a manner immutable and unchangeable; and that the surest means of attaining this object is to decree to that chief, who is alone capable of governing and representing with dignity, a nation, a title august and sacred, which concentrates in him the power of the state, and which reposes in him the pledges of internal and external tranquility.
Considering that the title of governor general hitherto conferred on citizen J. J. Dessalines, does not sufficiently fulfil the general wish; inasmuch as it supposes a secondary power, dependent on a foreign authority, to whose yoke we have always been subservient.
Without longer submitting to the frequent and obstinate refusal of citizen J. J. Dessalines, to accept a power which the people and the army have delegated to him from the first epoch of the proclamation of our independence, and since the refusal is contrary to the interest, the wishes and the prosperity of the country, we decree to the aforesaid citizen J. J. Dessalines, the title of Emperor of Hayti, and the right of choosing and appointing his successor. — Desirous that this free expression of our hearts already resolved on by the people, should be offered with as short delay as possible for his sanction.
Done at Port Au Prince, 25th January, 1804, and first year of the independence of Hayti.
(Signed) VERNET, Minister of France, CLERVAUX, Commanding the detachment, CHRISTOPHE, Do. Do. south. GOBARD, Do. Do. south. and GEFFARD, 15 Generals of Brigade and councillors of state — and 200 Generals of distinguished rank, &c.
February 15, first year of the independence of Hayti.
The governor general of Hayti, to the generals of the army and civil and military authorities:
Citizens, If by any consideration I can justify in my eyes, the august title which your confidence has conferred on me, it is only my unalterable zeal in watching over the safety of the Empire, and my wishes to consolidate our enterprize. Let us not efface from our minds those strong remembrances which our recent misfortunes have imprinted on our hearts. — They will be powerful preservatives against surprise of our enemy, and we will fortify ourselves against every idea of indulgence with regard to them. If the milder passions place men in mediocrity, half measures arrest the rapid march of revolutions.
Since then you have judged it the interest of the state, that I should accept the rank to which you would elevate me, by imposing on me a new burthen, I contract no new obligation towards my country. I have long since made all sacrifices; but I feel that a higher, more sacred duty unites me to her destiny. — I feel I say, that I ought rapidly to conduct our enterprize to its determined object, and by laws, wise and suited to our manners, suffer every citizen to enjoy individual liberty, without injury to the rights of others, or without offending that authority which watches over our general happiness.
In accepting this burthen, as weighty as honorable, I make myself accountable for all the evil or advantages which may result from my administration — but remember that it is during the most stormy season, you have given me the helm of the vessel of state — I am a soldier — war was always my profession, and whenever the barbarity or avarice of your enemies shall bring them on your shores, I will justify your choice, and fighting at your head, I will prove that the title of your general shall be always honorable to me.
The illustrious rank to which you have elevated me, teaches to me, that I am become the father of my fellow citizens, whose defender I have been hitherto, but the father of a family of warriors should never lay down his sword, if he wishes to transmit to posterity his and their combat.
It is to you generals and soldiers, who ascend after me to supreme power that I address myself; happy in being enabled to transmit my authority to those who have poured out their blood for their country. I renounce, yes, I formally renounce, the unjust custom of transmitting my power to my family.
I shall never respect ancestry, but when the talents requisite for a good governor are united in the subject. Frequently the head which is fired by the burning ardor of youth, contributes more effectually to the happiness of his country than the cool experience of age, which tempers at the moment when temerity alone should govern.
It is on these conditions that I am your emperor, and destruction to him, who elevated by the gratitude of a people, shall ascend the throne with other sentiments than those of the father of his family.
DESSALINES. By the governor general. Adjutant general BOISRON TONNERRE.
Messrs. Hazard and Thompson, who arrived at N. York on the 29th ult. in the brig Olive Branch
from St. John, have brought out the famous Arabian horse Araby. This beautiful animal is white and was a present from the G and Soultan to the King of England, who sent him out to his son Prince Edward, while at Halifax. On the prince's going home, he was purchased by Colin Campbell, Esq. who sold him to the above gentlemen for 3000 dollars.
THEATRE — A London paper speaks in the following terms of the juvenile actor, a performer, so often noticed: "A very extraordinary phenomenon has lately burst upon the theatrical world. A boy of the name of Beatie, not exceeding 12 years of age, reads and enacts the principal of all Shakespeare's characters, in a style of superiority that astonishes the most experienced actors. He has performed in Ireland, and is now exhibiting general astonishment at Edinburgh. Of the stage his manners are puerile, as he is often seen playing at marbles in a morning, and afterwards Richard the 3d in the evening. He is rather short of his age, slight made, but has great expression of countenance. The moment he begins to converse on stage business, he appears an injured being — He has a pleasant turn for repartee, which makes his company much sought for. The Edinburgh manager expressed his fears at the first rehearsal, that his voice would not fill the house — "Madam sir," replied the little hero of the burlesque, "I beg you would be under no apprehension upon that score, for my voice does not fill your house, probably my playing will."
DEATH — On Saturday last, the 6th inst. JAMES HAYES, Esq. in his 44th year. The virtues of hospitality and benevolence were conspicuous traits in this gentleman's character. He was ever just and correct in his various dealings with the world — a tender husband, an affectionate parent, a humane master, and a friendly neighbour.
On Sunday evening suddenly at New Castle, whither he had gone the day before on business, Mr. SMITH BLAKEY, of this city.
On Monday last, at an illness of some months, Mr. ELSTON TEMPLEY, of this city.
On Saturday the 22d ult. after a very short illness, PATRICK HENRY, of Annapolis county, in the 22d year of his age. He has left numerous relatives and friends to lament his irreparable loss, among whom is a most amiable wife.
He was a young man of exemplary virtues. Benevolence, humanity and the strictest integrity, were the characteristics of his mind, and had divine Providence permitted him to have remained on this transitory globe till he had attained the age of his much lamented father, he would no doubt, have shone a brilliant star in the firmament of science.
A awful is the lesson of such an exhibition; terrible awful is its suddenness. Let no one say that it is not more awful than the similar destiny of ordinary human beings. For the impression made by unexpected, immediate & everlasting absence, will be diffusive, will be strong, in proportion to the abilities and usefulness of those who vanish at once from society. We feel the solemn lesson sink deep into our hearts, when a mind so largely endowed and adorned, given in their fates, the truths uttered by that sublime Poet, who made the throes and promises of the Gospel, the theme of his midnight strains.
By nature's law, what must be, may be now; The e'en pre-grative in human lungs. In human hearts what but the heart can rise? What man's presumption on to morrow's dawn? Is sure to none's and yet on this, be he, To a per-venum, infamy for life; As on a rose of Adai-ute, cut; Tis every trial seems as we pass; Po-tenas as the written seal, that world's O'er midnight boars, the proud Assyrian pale. Dr. Young
Just received and for sale at S. Pleasants' Book-Store Richmond.
REPORTS OF CASES, Argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States, in August and December terms, 1801, and February term, 1803 — By WILLIAM CRANCH, assistant Judge of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. Also The LITTEART MAGAZINE, and American Register, for July, and August, 1804.
TIMOTHY R. RYAN, inclined to benefit himself, and also afford others an opportunity of employing the approaching Winter evenings to their advantage proposes to commence an EVENING SCHOOL, on Monday the 22d inst. in his present school room, where he will teach Reading, Writing, Arithmetic and English Grammar, Book-Keeping, Geography and the Use of the Globes, together with the practical branches of the Mathematics. Terms will be made upon application at his school room or Mr. WILLIAM DAVINSON'S St. Richmond. Oct. 1804.
NOTICE. Some months ago, I gave my bond with security, to Mr. Cornelius Buck, as agent for James Garnett only surviving assignee of John Ellis a Bankrupt, and administrator of the said John Ellis, and William Nichols surviving partner of a mercantile house, under the firm of Nichols and Wilson — for £628 18s. payable to the said Buck as agent, on the 18th day of November next, it being the consideration for two lots. Since that time an attachment has issued from the Court of Chancery for the Richmond District, prohibiting me from paying any money from receiving, any money on account of the said persons. This notice is therefore intended as a caution to people not to take an assignment of said bond. It may probably prevent a mistake on the part of Mr. Buck and others. JAS. ROWLAND. October 9th, 1804.
FAMILY BIBLE. Persons holding subscriptions to the 4th edition of CAREY'S FAMILY BIBLE, are informed that the books are ready for delivery at S. Pleasants' Book-store, Richmond. Unless applied for within two months, they will be returned to the publisher.
AT a meeting of the President and Directors of the Bank of Virginia, on Thursday October 4th, 1804
RESOLVED, that the Bank commence discounts on Tuesday next.
RESOLVED, that the President, Cashier and other officers of the Bank proceed to business on Monday next, in the Senate room of the Capitol.
RESOLVED, that it is expected, that any house or firm consisting of more than one person, shall make a declaration of the names and surnames of the persons who compose such a firm, and that each of the persons who reside in Richmond or Manchester, composing each firm, shall subscribe the firm book, and insert therein the names of the partner or partners.
J. BROCKENBROUGH, Cashier. N. B. Persons applying for discounts must lodge their notes at the Bank on the Monday and Thursday of every week. J. B.
WANTED TO HIRE OR PURCHASE, A WET NURSE, Without a child of her own. — Enquire of the Printer.