The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1805-04-16 00:00:00

THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, (Virginia) PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE...AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM...payable in advance.
NUMBER 107.
TUESDAY MORNING, APRIL 16, 1805.
[VOLUME 1.]
Auction Sales.
THOMAS TAYLOR & Co.
WILL in future sell at the place occupied by M. W. Hancock & Co. on Wednesdays in each week; and at their office, on Tuesdays and Fridays as usual. Dec. 1, 1804. eptf
A FRESH SUPPLY OF SPANISH HIDES.
FOR Sale, a large quantity of prime Spanish Hides, on moderate terms. Apply to the subscriber opposite the Post-Office, Richmond. MICAJAH DAVIS. 4th Mo: 4th. eptf
THE CELEBRATED WARM SPRINGS IN VIRGINIA.
THE subscribers have taken a lease of ten years, of the highly celebrated MEDICINAL SPRINGS in the county of Bath, called the Warm Springs, so justly famed for their great cures and general relief in many complaints.
THEY are now preparing every necessary comfort and accommodation to suit the convenience of those who have health, (and to promote the recovery of those who want it,) and it is deemed necessary to make those things widely known, because complaints have heretofore been made against the entertainment which has been offered.
Preparations are made for at least one hundred constant boarders, besides transient guests, for the accommodation of which, the subscribers will make all possible exertions; and they flatter themselves, that those who may place confidence in this advertisement, will not find the smallest cause for regret or complaint.
ROBERT & GEORGE TURNER. The Editors of the National Intelligencer and Baltimore Federal Gazette, are requested to insert the above four times in their respective papers. March 28.—(epgw.)
HATS AND SHOES.
AN ASSORTMENT JUST RECEIVED, AND FOR SALE BY JUDSON & BURR, Second door above the Eagle—ALSO, THREE Bales India Cottons, 1 Cafe 4-4 fine Irish Linens, 2 tons country refined Bar Iron. March 28.—(e p G.)
BROKER'S OFFICE.
THE Subscriber has opened a Broker's Office, opposite the Union Tavern, and over the Counting-house of Thomas and Amos Ladd. All business confided to him, will be transacted with strict fidelity.
THOMAS NORVELL. He has for sale—A FEW SHARES IN THE MANCHESTER TURNPIKE. Also—Old State Certificates, bearing six per cent interest. March 12. tf
The public are hereby notified, that on Thursday, the 2d day of May next, (if fair, if not, the next fair day) will be sold publicly, at this place:
ALL the moveable estate of John J. Grosjean, deceased, (the Negroes excepted) consisting of a well built flat sailing Schooner, of about 60 tons burthen—The stock of GOODS on hand, which were sufficient for a country store:—Also a CHARIOT and RIDING CHAIR; the stock of HORSES and CATTLE, and all the HOUSEHOLD and KITCHEN FURNITURE, and sundry other articles too tedious to mention. The terms of sale will be twelve months credit for all sums above ten dollars, the purchaser giving bond with approved security, to carry interest from the date; but if the principal is paid at the time, the interest will be remitted. At the same time and place will be hired for the balance of the year, four NEGRO MEN belonging to the said estate, three of whom are tailors.
MARY GROSJEAN, Adm'x. New-Castle, 2d April, 1805.—(tds.) N. B. All those having claims against the said estate, are requested to bring them in properly authenticated for settlement, and those indebted are requested to come forward and make payment to MARY GROSJEAN, Adm'x. Cumberland, 21 April, 1805. eptf
BY virtue of a deed of trust executed to the subscribers, by John B. Goodrich of Cumberland, for the purpose of securing two several debts due to James Anderson; one for eleven pounds four shillings, with interest from the 28th of December, 1803; the other for fifty-six pounds eighteen and five pence, with 6 per cent interest from first day of October, 1803, and the costs, and the expenses attending the execution of this trust—WILL CERTAINLY BE SOLD to the highest bidder, for ready money, on the 18th day of May next, on the premises, a certain TRACT OF LAND, containing twenty-five acres lying in the county of Cumberland aforesaid, and bounded by the lands of Josiah Cayce, Samuel Charlton and others. THOMAS JOHNS & Co. William Russell, Trustees. Cumberland, 21 April, 1805. eptf
BURR MILL STONES, OF ALL SIZES; and PLAISTER OF PARIS, of an excellent quality, FOR SALE, AS USUAL, BY WILLIAM DAVIDSON, near the Market. Dec. 4. [eptf.]
Text"> NOTICE. THAT Mr. Anthony Dibrell of Buckingham county, is hereby fully authorised to make sale of one TRACT OF LAND, in Patrick, containing 5000 acres, lying on Dan river—three ditto in Grayson county, lying on the waters of Little Reed Island creek—two of a thousand acres each, and one of 500 acres; the said Dibrell will attend at next April Grayson court for the sale of the said lands for and on behalf of NATHL ANDERSON. Albemarle county, March 19, 1805. tds.
CASH WILL be given for 12 or 15 BOYS, from 7 to 15 years old. Enquire of J. B. Printers. Dec. 16. [eptf.]
TO RENT, AND POSSESSION GIVEN IMMEDIATELY, A TENEMENT on Shockoe Hill, adjoining the house now occupied by Mr. John McCredie, lately occupied by the Subscriber. There is on it a convenient Wooden House with two rooms, a closet and a passage, on the first floor. Two rooms and a closet above, a kitchen and three cellars below with a Smoke House and Garden. W. M. LONG. January 17th 1805. eptf.
STORED AT THE SUBSCRIBER'S TWO Casks Market (C.) shipped at New-York, on board the Schooner Father and Son, Henry Aberdeen master. The owner is requested to call, pay charges, and take them away. SARAH LESTER. WHO HAS FOR SALE, Boards, Plank, Scantling, Cape of Shingles, Cedar Posts, Rose Wood and Philadelphia Lumber, and Nails, Black and Bright Paints, Tar, Wt. at Paint, Wool Wires, and Wire Sifters, &c. March 28.—(epgw.)
BROAD-ROCK RACES.
ON Tuesday the 30th instant, will be run for, the JOCKEY CLUB PURSE of Four Hundred Dollars, four mile heats.
The second day, the PROPRIETOR'S PURSE of Two Hundred Dollars, three mile heats.
The third day, a SWEEP STAKE for 4 year old Colts and Fillies, two mile heats; entrance 100 Dollars, half forfeit; subscription to be kept open until the evening of the first day's Race.
The money to be run for each day, will be placed in the hands of the Judges by the Proprietor of the Course. WILLIAM BALL, Proprietor of the Course. April 6th.—(eptf.oth.)
FAIRFIELD RACES.
ON Monday the 6th day of May, The FAIRFIELD JOCKEY CLUB CUP will be run for, five for all ages, the horse to be bona fide the property of members—distance, two mile heats.
The day following, the JOCKEY CLUB PURSE of four hundred dollars, four mile heats.
On the third day, the PURSE OF THE PROPRIETOR OF THE COURSE, of two hundred dollars, three mile heats.
On Thursday, a SWEEP STAKE for Colts of 3 years old, for a pipe of best Madeira Wine; distance, two mile heats. Four Colts are entered, and the subscription closed.
WEIGHTS AS FOLLOW:
Table with 2 columns: Age, Weight. 6 years old 138 lbs. 5 do. do. 118. 4 do. do. 106. 3 do. do. 90. Mares & Geldings allowed 3 lbs.
ESME SMOCK, who is now Proprietor of the Course, informs gentlemen of the Turf, that the money to be run for on each day, will be placed in the hands of the Judges. He is willing to rent the Dining House, and the Booths in the Field. Profits will be placed at the gate to receive Toll, as usual—He will also furnish stable and litter for race horses gratis; and board servants at 25c per day. March 28. (eptf.)
FOR RENT:
THE Large White House at Rockets, formerly occupied by Mr. William Fenwick, and afterwards by Mr. Braxton Craddock. For terms apply to GALLEGO, RICHARD & CO. January 11. (tf)
By virtue of a deed of trust executed by the late Richard Daugh, to secure a debt due to the late firm of Dunlop Pockock & Co.
Will be sold on twelve months credit, on Tuesday the 23d. instant, before the tavern of Mr. Brook, in the town of Manchester;
FIVE likely NEGROES, to wit: Frank, Adam, Joe and Joan and her child Charity. Bonds with approved security will be required, to carry interest from the date, if not punctually paid.
ALLAN POLLOCK, THOMAS TREDWAY, } Trustees. April 2. eptf
FOR SALE,
By the Subscribers, at their PAINT & OIL MANUFACTORY, Water-Street, Norfolk: WHITE LEAD, Yellow Ochre, Venetian Red, Spanish Brown, Black & Lead Colour for painting roofs.
Blue and Green in puts of 1, 2 & 3 lbs. each, Vermilion, Prussian Blue, Patent Yellow, Red Lead, Litharge, Sugar of Lead, White Vitriol, Ivory Black.
ALSO
1200 gallons Dutch Linseed Oil, Spirits of Turpentine, Copal and Turpentine, Varnish and Window Glass, of all sizes.
Orders for any of the above articles, left with Messrs. Proffer & Meneceur, Richmond, will be attended to immediately, by JOHN RORKE & CO. Norfolk, March 1, 1805. (eptf.)
FASHIONABLE LINEN, DRAPERY, HOSIERY, &c. JAMES BREAM, FROM LONDON, RESPECTFULLY informs the inhabitants of Richmond, Manchester, and their vicinity, that he intends opening a STORE on the Main-Street, (lately occupied by Mr. John Sandridge, and directly opposite the Vendue Store of Messrs. Thomas Taylor, & Co.) on Monday next, the 15th inst. with a new and elegant assortment of SPRING GOODS:
CONSISTING OF Printed Cottons and Cambricks, Copper, Plate, and China Furnitures, printed on Cottons and Cambricks. Black and Coloured Chambray Muslins. Warranted superior quality. London made Black Twill'd Cypris, do. do. Cambrick Mullin Shawls and Handkerchiefs; 7-8 and 4-4 Irish Linens, Belt Fabricks; French Cambricks, Long Lawns, and Irish Diapers; 5-4, 6-4, 7-4, 8-4, 8-10, and 10-12 Table Cloths; all prices; Real Yorkshire Hucabacks for Towels and Table Cloths, 3-4 and 6-4 wide, and 30 yards long; Furniture Dimities, all prices; Corded do. for Ladies, Dresses, curiously fine; 4-4, 9-8, and 6-4 Cambrick Mullins, very fine; 6-4 Super Super Laced do. do. 4-4 and 6-4 Tambourd, Book, Mull, Cobwebb and Jacquet Mullins; 6-4 Fancy Japan Mullins; 4-4 and 6-4 India, Mull, Jacquet and Terintiam Mullins; Book, Mull, and Jacquet Mullin Handkerchiefs; Lawn Bordered Pocket Handkis. Lace and Edgings; Cotton Counterpanes; Black and Coloured Silk Gloves and Hose; Plain and Ribb'd Cotton Hose. With a great variety of other articles too numerous to insert. N. B. The whole of these goods have been purchased by J. B. with immediate cash; and the purchaser of them, or the real manufacturers; and will be sold as cheap as in any city in the United States. The lowest price will be fixed on every article for ready money only, and no abatement made.
TO RENT,
THE House lately occupied by Mr. Francis Follett first door above Mr. Charles Spencer's. Apply as above. April 11.—(eptf.)
J. WARRELL
RESPECTFULLY acquaints his friends and patrons, that for their convenience he has removed his DANCING ACADEMY to the Bell-Tavern. The next Dance will commence on Thursday the 18th instant. April 9. (eptf.)
A FEW HUNDRED EXCELLENT
QUILLS IN ALL ITS VARIETY, EXECUTED AT THE OFFICE of the ENQUIRER. FOR SALE AT THE ENQUIRER OFFICE.
VALUABLE PROPERTY.
The subscriber desires to defer his business in this place as soon as possible, is induced to offer for sale, the following valuable property, viz:
A CONVENIENT two story dwelling house, 24 feet square, having one room and a passage on the lower floor, two rooms on the second floor, and two good rooms in the garet, a cellar with plank floor, and divided into three apartments, one used for cooking; the yard inclosed with a brick wall seven feet high, the whole in good repair. This tenement is situated near the Bell-Tavern, on the cross street leading to the Rock Landing, and is insured in the Mutual Insurance company, against fire in the state of Virginia, and the premiums paid.
Eleven unimproved half acre Lots, on Shockoe-Hill, 600 acres Military land in Kanawha county, on the waters of Oldtown creek, a branch of Ohio river, being a grant made to George Mufe, Adam Stevens, Andrew Lewis and others, in the year 1772.
25 tracts of Land in Montgomery county, containing 32,172 1/2 acres, the whole patented in my name viz:
4000 acres surveyed 24 April, 1786 in Montgomery county, on Cole river.
3080 acres surveyed 24th July, 1786 in same county, on 16 mile creek, adjoining the late General Washington's survey on Kanawha river.
3062 1/2 acres surveyed 23d July, 1786, in same county, on Loop waters, water of New river.
1000 acres surveyed 13th May, 1786 in same county, on the Ohio river.
3210 acres surveyed 5th April, 1786 in same county, south of a creek running into Cole river.
2138 acres surveyed 21st February, 1787 in same county, on Cole river.
320 acres surveyed 3d February, 1787 in same county, on the waters of Cooper's creek and Little Blue stone.
1300 acres surveyed 16th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the head waters of the fourth fork of Cole river, that heads against Guyandott.
95 acres surveyed 10th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the head waters of Glade creek.
78 acres surveyed 8th Feb. 1787 in same county, on a branch emptying into Glade creek on the fourth side of the fame, and about one mile above the ford of said creek.
500 acres surveyed 10th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the north fork of Mud river, that heads against Guyandott.
1500 acres surveyed 12th May, 1786 in same county, on Ohio river.
2000 acres surveyed 8th May, 1786 in same county, on the great Kanawha.
1000 acres surveyed 16th May, 1786 in same county and on ditto.
263 acres surveyed 8th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the head of Glade creek.
214 acres surveyed 7th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the waters of Glade creek, on the fourth side thereof.
155 acres surveyed 6th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the west end of Joe's Ridge, and on the waters of Glade creek.
154 acres surveyed 6th Feb. 1787 in same county on Joe's ridge.
228 acres surveyed 6th Feb. 1787 in same county, on Joe's ridge, and the waters of Glade and Cooper's creek.
414 acres surveyed 22d Feb. 1787 in same county, on the second fork of Mud river, that heads against Guyandott.
2000 acres surveyed 26th Feb. 1787 in same county, under the big pipe stem knob, and running down both sides of the creek.
416 acres surveyed 4th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the waters of Coopers creek, and Joe's ridge.
380 acres surveyed 3d Feb. 1787 in same county, on the head waters of Cooper's creek.
3338 acres surveyed 20th Feb. 1787 in same county, on the fourth fork of Cole river.
1345 acres surveyed 2d Feb. 1787 in same county, on the head waters of little blue stone, about half a mile north from the White Oak creek.
Three tracts of land in Monongalia county, patented in my name, viz:
350 acres by survey 1st June, 1796 in Monongalia county, adjoining Matthew Richey's land, and the Randolph county line, on waters of Cheat river.
400 acres surveyed 20th October, 1797 in same county, adjoining lands of Abner Harp, above the mouth of White Day creek.
400 Acres surveyed 15th Nov. 1797 in same county, adjoining Peter Drago, on Finchie's run, to include an improvement made in the year 1773.
1000 acres in same county, on the west of Cheat river, above the lands of Thos. Butler.
800 acres in same county, on Buffalo creek, on a preemption right of David Gray.
250 acres in Greenbrier county, on Little Deer creek, adjoining lands of Joseph McClung.
891 acres in Montgomery county, surveyed 1st August, 1787, on the waters of Piney river & Paint creek, waters of Kanawha river.
435 acres in Montgomery county, surveyed 30th June 1786, joining the lands of Joseph Eaton, Richard Mufe, and James McCrindle.
250 acres in Wythe county, surveyed 4th Nov. 1795, on the Led Mine Mill creek.
180 acres in Albemarle county, patent dated 5th July, 1787, on William Hill creek, waters of Buchland creek.
One undivided moiety of five lots, in the town of Winchester, No's. 89, 90, 100, 101, and 109. The above will be sold very low, and the terms made known on application to W. M. AUSTIN. Richmond, April 9.—(tf.)
CHOICE LANDS—FOR SALE.
A DIVISION of the famous Saura Town Lands having taken place between the heirs of James Park Farley, Esq. dec'd. and Col. John S. Farley and his sister Mrs. Elizabeth Morton, the subscribers, Robert Taylor of Norfolk, and Charles Duncan at Roan near Petersburg, are fully empowered by their said Col. Farley and Mrs. Morton, to dispose of their proportion, containing 12,832 acres, which are surveyed and laid off in eight lots, containing from 500 to 2800 acres, agreeable to plots in the possession of the said Duncan. The four largest lots are of excellent quality, each containing a considerable proportion of the richest low grounds, which produce tobacco of the very first quality, as has been experienced by one of the subscribers, who shipped it for a number of years.
Those lands lie on Dan and Smith's rivers, in Rockingham county, on the borders of North Carolina, about 170 miles from Petersburg and Richmond. As there are seldom such lands for sale, they must be an object to those who want to purchase such as will produce fine tobacco, hemp and small grain. One third of the price must be paid in ready money, one third in twelve months, and the other third in two years, the purchaser giving bond with unexceptionable security bearing interest from the date if not punctually paid. Those who wish to purchase will be shown the lands by Doctor John C. Cox, living at Leekville, near Rockingham Court-House, and the terms made known by ROBERT TAYLOR, or CHARLES DUNCAN.
TO BE SOLD—FOR READY MONEY.
IN pursuance of a decree of the Circuit Court of the United States, between Plinius Bond, attorney for the creditors of Ezekial Edwards, plaintiff, and David Ross, and others, defendants, in order to raise the sum of 7000 dols. 40 cents, with the expenses of sale, A NUMBER OF SLAVES and so much of that valuable Estate in the county of Campbell, known by the name of the OXFORD IRON WORKS, as shall appear sufficient to raise the said sum of money and the said expenses; the said land being now in the occupation of the said David Ross, and the slaves aforesaid, being on the land.
The sale will take place at the Oxford Iron Works, in the county of Campbell, on Thursday the 11th of April next.
The slaves are represented to be very valuable. The land is so well known, as to render a description unnecessary. BEN MOSEY, D. M. for Jos. Scott, M. V. D.
At the request of Mr. Ross, the sale of the property above mentioned, is postponed until Thursday the 9th day of next month. April 8. Im
TO BE SOLD.
PURSUANT to a Deed of Trust, executed to me by the late Henry Randolph, Esq. to secure the payment of certain sums of money in the said Deed, acknowledged to be due from him to Lyle and McCredie, merchants—a parcel of Land situated in the county of Chesterfield, within the distance of four miles from Manchester, and estimated to contain about three hundred and fifteen acres. This land, commonly known by the name of Scott's tract, or the Camp tract, will be set up for sale to the highest bidder, on Wednesday the first of May next, between the hours of eleven A. M. and two P. M. at Zachariah Brooks's Tavern in Manchester, on the following terms, viz:—One third of the purchase money to be paid down, one third in five months, and the remaining third in twelve months from the day of sale.
Bond and security will be required for the punctual payment of the credit installments, on which payment being made, a proper conveyance will be executed by JOHN HEVENINGHAM. Chesterfield, March 28.—(epgw.)
VALUABLE PROPERTY FOR SALE.
WILL BE SOLD, to the highest bidder, on the premises, on the third day of April next, at 12 o'clock, an undivided moiety in the two lots of ground, formerly the property of Andrew Ronald, dec'd. fronting the Basin of the James River Canal, near the center of the city of Richmond, with an undivided moiety of all the valuable buildings thereon, consisting of a large three story BRICK BUILDING, eighty feet in length, with four frontments, twenty feet wide and forty-five feet in length, with fire places on the first and second floors, roomy garrets in each, with large wheels fixed for hoisting and lowering packages, &c. with dispatch and ease, good dry cellars, with fire places in each. This house has been lately built and in good repair adjoining a well finished two story framed dwelling house, thirty eight feet square, with two good cellars, with fire places in each for cooking, in the first and second floors are eight rooms and six fire places—Also, a small two story Brick House with four rooms, with fire places in each, convenient for a fore or small family, likewise a small wooden building with a cellar, built for a kitchen, and recently used as a shop; also two stables and a carriage house. The buildings except the kitchen, stable and carriage house, are insured in the Mutual Insurance Company against fire in the state of Virginia, and the premiums paid. The lots front the basin on one side, and are bounded by Cary's street, and the street leading to Shockoe warehouse, on the two other sides of them, and are as convenient for commercial or other business as any in the city.
The terms of sale, will be seventeen thousand dollars in ready money, the residue payable the fifth day of August next, for which residue, bond with approved security will be required. It is deemed unnecessary to state the great value of the above property, to those who reside in this city, but for the information of strangers, the subscriber begs leave to state, that the aforesaid property is immediately opposite the lower part of the basin of the James river canal, where all the produce of the upper country is landed; and to any person desirous of carrying on the commission business extensively, perhaps is superior to any other in this city. WILLIAM AUSTIN. February 8.—(tf.)
* * * From circumstances not attended to when the above valuable property was advertised for sale, the subscriber has postponed the day of sale, till Wednesday the Eighth day of May next, at which time it will certainly take place at 12 o'clock on the premises; when one fourth of the purchase money only will be required in hand, and a credit of three, six and nine months given for the balance, the purchaser to give bonds and security to carry interest from the day of sale, and a deed of trust on the property to secure the payment. W. M. AUSTIN. March 12.
IMPEACHMENT OF JUDGE CHASE.
FRIDAY, Feb. 15. (Continued.)
EDMUND LEE, sworn.
Mr. Harper. Were you at the circuit court in the spring of 1800, held at Richmond, at which Judge Chase presided.
Mr. Lee. I was not in court when Callender was presented by the grand jury; but I was when application was made for a continuance, and I remember that Judge Chase, on an application made for a continuance, on account of the absence of some of the witnesses, informed the counsel, that he could not continue the cause, but if they would upon any determinate time, within which they could obtain their witnesses, without its going over to the next term, the court would postpone the trial. Judge Chase also added that he had no objection to postpone it for a fortnight or a month; I am not certain whether he did not say he would postpone it for a longer time. I do not, but he said for six weeks, but he said positively he would not postpone it to the next term. He added, if the counsel concurred they could obtain the evidence within the time they mentioned, they might have it.
Mr. Nicholson. At what stage of the business was this proposition made.
Mr. Lee. I think it was made after the affidavit was read.
Mr. Nicholson. On what day was it made?
Mr. Lee. I believe it was the first day. I do not recollect when the application for a continuance was first made, it possibly had been before, but I was not in court.
Mr. Nicholson. There was no subsequent application.
Mr. Lee. None, sir.
Mr. Nicholson. How long was it before the jury were sworn?
Mr. Lee. I do not recollect the day of the week on which the jury were sworn, but I remember the offer was made at the time the application for a continuance was made.
Mr. Nicholson. Do you recollect whether the court offered to postpone the trial and all the witnesses could be procured, or whether the offer related alone to those who resided in the state of Virginia?
Mr. Lee. I do not recollect whether the court said any thing on that point; but I recollect perfectly that they made the offer to postpone the trial for some length of time, such as I have just mentioned, a fortnight, month or more.
Mr. Nicholson. How far did you understand that more to extend?
Mr. Lee. Not beyond six weeks.
Mr. Campbell. Were the counsel for the traverser present, and did Judge Chase address himself to them?
Mr. Lee. The counsel were present, and I think the judge did address himself to them.
Mr. Campbell. What then was their reply?
Mr. Lee. I do not recollect, if they did say any thing, what they said.</

Mr. Gamble. I had heard that Mr. — had heard me use this expression, and that it was intended to bring him forward as a witness to prove the fact; this was on the morning of the day of the trial, and just before I was sworn. PHILIP GOOCH sworn. Mr. Harper. Please to inform this honorable court whether you were present at the trial of James Thompson Callender, at a circuit court held at Richmond, in the year 1800? Mr. Gooch. I was in court during a part of the time of that trial. I did not get in until the jury were called and just before they were sworn. I believe I was not present at the whole of the trial. Mr. Harper. What was the nature of that trial? Mr. Gooch. I understood it to be an indictment for a libel upon the President, under the sedition law, and I went on purpose from Amherst county, where I resided, to be present at it. Mr. Harper. What did you observe relative to the conduct of the court and counsel on that day, that what happened?
Mr. Gooch. When Mr. Basset suggested to the court his wish to be informed whether it was their opinion that he was a proper person to serve on the jury, because he had formed & expressed an opinion on the extracts which he had seen, and declared that if correctly copied from the work called the Prospect Before Us, the author was within the pale of the sedition law. On that suggestion I recollected, the court decided, and laid it down as law, that he must not only have formed an opinion but delivered it also, and the judge gave some reasons why he must not only have formed, but delivered an opinion. I think he said that if a notorious murder was committed in the body of a county, which every man believed ought to be punished with death, & had so formed his opinion, it would in that case be impossible to get a jury to try such an offender, if it were an objection, that a man had formed an opinion. I understood that he had consulted Judge Griffin on this point. The court was very crowded, but I had obtained a situation just behind the judges, and had an opportunity of hearing in some degree what passed between them, though not distinctly. Mr. Basset was eventually sworn upon the jury. The cause proceeded. Mr. Nelson (the district attorney) then opened the case. I am unable to detail all his observations, nor is it material that I should do so; however, he said that the intention of the traveler was to be understood from the matter which had been extracted from the Prospect Before Us, and laid in the indictment with inducements. He examined the witnesses on the part of the prosecution, but I do not recollect that any question was put on the part of the counsel for the traveler in objection to the testimony; but I remember that when col. Taylor was called to give testimony on the part of the traveler, that the court required his counsel to state what they intended to prove by him, and that Judge Chafe required the questions to be reduced to writing; after that was done, I remember that he determined that as his testimony did not go to prove the whole of a charge, it should not be received. He turned to Judge Griffin, and asked him if that also was his opinion; Judge Griffin said it was. Judge Chafe added afterwards, in a plaintive manner, to the counsel for the traveler, "you know yourselves to be clever young men, & I believe you know that testimony of this kind ought not to be adduced, but perhaps you do it to bind the people and to work up their minds to a state of opposition;" he then turned to the attorney for the district, and said he was pressed by the counsel to admit the testimony of col. Taylor, and that he wished him to give his consent that it should be received. The district attorney told him that he could not; Judge Chafe asked him a second time to accede to the reception of the testimony of col. Taylor; the district attorney replied he would not, it being inconsistent with his duty.
Mr. Wirt then opened the cause on the part of the traveler; he made some allusion to the court's prohibiting the mode of defence, which the counsel for the traveler had adopted, but he was interrupted by the court, & was told that the decision of the court must be binding for the present, that if they objected, they might file their bill of error, and it should be allowed. Mr. Wirt proceeded in the cause, and was endeavoring to shew that the sedition law was unconstitutional; the court interrupted him, and told him that what he had to say must be addressed to the court, but if he was going on that point, he must be informed that the court would not suffer it to be urged. Mr. Wirt appeared to be in some agitation, but continued his argument, and when he came up to that point a second time, he was again interrupted by the court. Mr. Wirt resumed his argument, and said he was going on. Judge Chafe again interrupted him and said "no, fir, you are not going on, I am going on; sit down." I recollected also after the judge had made some observations, Mr. Wirt again proceeded, & having observed that as the jury had a right to consider the law, and as the constitution was law, it followed syllogistically that the jury had a right to decide on the constitutionality of a law. Judge Chafe replied to him a non sequitur , fir, and at the same time made him a bow. Whether these circumstances took place exactly in the order in which I have mentioned them, I am not positive, but I believe they did. Mr. Wirt sat down, and the judge delivered a lengthy opinion. He stated that the counsel must argue the law before the court, and not before the jury, for it was not competent for the jury to decide that point; that the jury were competent to decide, whether the sedition law embraced this case or not, but that they were not competent to decide, whether the sedition law was constitutional or not, and that he would not suffer that point to be argued.
Mr. Harper. What was the effect produced by the reply of Judge Chafe to Mr. Wirt's syllogism— a non sequitur ? Mr. Gooch. It appeared to me as if it was intended to excite merriment, and if it was so intended, it certainly had that effect, & the same appeared to me to be the motive of the judge in adding the word punctuatum after the words, verbaliter et litteraliter . I thought these circumstances were calculated to display his wit. After this, Mr. Hay addressed the court on behalf of Callender, and I recollected, he met with some interruptions in the course of his argument, which ended in his folding up his papers and moving as if he was about to quit the bar. The judge perceiving it, said to him, fir, since you are so captious, you may go on and say what you please, you shall not be again interrupted.
Mr. Harper. When the judge told Mr. Wirt to sit down, did you conceive the conduct of the court to be rude and peremptory, or was there any thing like it in his application of the term "young gentlemen"? Mr. Gooch. I did not perceive any thing rude or intemperate, in his conduct, unless it can be inferred from the words themselves; when he said, you show yourselves clever young
gentlemen, but the law is nevertheless, not as you have stated it. Mr. Harper. Was this allusion made to a particular point of law, which had been agitated, or was it general? Mr. Gooch. I do not know, fir, to what point of law it applied. Mr. Harper. Did Judge Chafe consult his brother Judge (Griffin) on the several decisions which were made, and did Judge Griffin concur in them all? Mr. Gooch. I think he privately conversed with Judge Griffin on all the points which he decided; I do not mean that he consulted him at every time at which he stopped or interrupted the counsel. Mr. Harper. Pray, did Judge Chafe say to Mr. Wirt, sit down, or please to take your seat, fir? Mr. Gooch. I think it was, please to sit down, fir. I think on that occasion the judge was proceeding to deliver an opinion of the court, and that Mr. Wirt was standing at the time, and that the judge spoke with a view of letting him have an opportunity of being easy in his seat.
DAVID ROBERTSON, sworn. Mr. Harper. Did you attend the trial of James Thompson Callender, at the circuit court of the United States, held in Richmond, Virginia, in May or June, 1800? Mr. Robertson. I attended during a part of the trial, and I took down what occurred in short hand. I have my original notes with me, as well as a printed copy. I must however observe that the printed copy does not exactly correspond with my short hand notes. There are four instances of a variation, which I have discovered by comparing it recently with my notes. If I may be permitted to have recourse to those papers, I can give as faithful a narrative, perhaps a more correct one, than when depending altogether on my own recollection. The notes were taken at the time, for my own amusement, and without an idea of their being made public. However, at the request of some of my friends, they were published, I think in July following.
Mr. Randolph. We have no objection to take the printed statement as evidence on this occasion. Mr. Robertson then went on to read the printed statement. [As this statement was published soon after the trial, in the newspapers, and was republished by the committee of enquiry of the house of representatives, its insertion on this occasion has been deemed unnecessary. The variations in the printed statement from the original notes are entirely verbal.] Mr. Randolph. An observation has been made in your deposition, that Judge Chafe consulted with his brother Judge (Griffin) in the opinions which he gave as the opinions of the court; did you feel him in the act of consultation, or did you hear him?
Mr. Robertson. I was too busily engaged in writing to have leisure for observing the attitudes or motions of the judges on the bench, but I understood at the time, and my impression is, that they held those mutual consultations. Mr. Randolph. I observe in this printed deposition, that Judge Chafe always speaks in the first person singular, was that his manner of expressing himself? Mr. Robertson. He spoke in that manner on all those occasions on which I cited him. Mr. Randolph. How long, fir, have you been in the practice of the law in Virginia?
Mr. Robertson. I have been a practitioner of the law for 17 or 18 years in Virginia. I have been a practitioner on the part of the public for several years. I am now a practitioner in two districts, having criminal jurisdiction, as public prosecutor. I have been twelve years employed in the one, and ever since the year 1788 employed in the other. Mr. Randolph. What is the mode of proceeding in criminal cases less than capital; I mean less than felonies, such as misdemeanors, assaults and batteries, &c.?
Mr. Robertson. I will explain, fir. Misdemeanors, (short of felony) such as assaults and batteries, are the only offences in which it is the practice to issue a summons, and upon the return of the summons, if the party does not appear, a capias is directed to be issued for that court; but I never knew, in offences of that nature, that a capias was ever issued in the first instance. When I say, I do not recollect an action to have issued in the first instance, I mean to be understood as saying, that I never knew it to be issued, although there are two cases within my knowledge in which offenders, for crimes less than felony, were indicted and tried at the same term. The one was a conspiracy to poison, and the person was bound, under recognizance, to attend at the court which was then sitting. Bail was given in a considerable sum. The trial came on shortly after, and a sentence of fine and three years imprisonment pronounced. The other was a conspiracy to set fire to the town of Petersburg. It was examined in the county court, and sent to the court above, the district court. There they obtained a new indictment against the prisoner, and upon that indictment, which was tried at the same term, the person was found guilty, and sentenced also to fine and imprisonment. It was from the heinousness of these offences, I think that bail was required.
Mr. Randolph. Then in cases of misdemeanor, not so heinous as to poison a person, or to burn a town, I understand it is your practice, under the laws of Virginia, to issue a summons? Mr. Robertson. Yes Sir. Mr. Randolph. Well, Sir, at what time is your summons made returnable? Mr. Robertson. Always to the next term. Mr. Randolph. Does the trial take place at the next term, Sir?
Mr. Robertson. If the party appears he pleads, and the trial goes off until the next term; if he does not appear, a capias may be awarded, and he is brought in to answer at the next term. Mr. Randolph. Did you ever know a capias to issue in the first instance for a misdemeanor, and the party ruled to trial at the first court at which he was presented?
Mr. Robertson. No, fir, not in cases of that sort which I have described. Mr. Randolph. Did you ever ask a man to be ruled to trial for a misdemeanor at the first term? Mr. Robertson. I never did, fir, if I understood your question. Mr. Randolph. Did you ever hear of an offer made by the court to postpone the trial of Callender?
Mr. Robertson. I have heard of it out of doors, but I have stated that I was not present the first day, it was only the two last days that I was there. To an interrogatory, Mr. Robertson answered. In all those cases of misdemeanor to which I have alluded, the punishment is fine and not imprisonment. The President. When the party comes in on a summons, and the trial does not proceed, is bail required for his further appearance?
Mr. Robertson. I never knew an instance unless it was in a flagitious case. In one of those which I have mentioned, the party was imprisoned, and it was considered as a favor to him, to bring on the trial in order to avoid the imprisonment which must have taken place till the next term. It was however considered within the power of the court either to postpone
the cause or to bring it on, but I felt a duty on my part, as public prosecutor, to urge it forward; but I have always thought it in the power of the court, in cases of high misdemeanor or flagitious offences, that the party might not escape the punishment of the law upon conviction, to issue a capias and require bail. Mr. Randolph. The 83d chapter of the revised code of Virginia this clause respecting the mode of proceeding upon presentment. (Mr. R. here read the passage.) Mr. Robertson. That is one law on this point: but there is another respecting proceedings upon information, which I will turn to if indulged with the volume—the book being handed to him—after some time he discovered and read some passages from the 24th, 25th, 26th and 28th sections, page 303, directing the mode of proceeding on informations.
Mr. Campbell. In the two cases which you have mentioned in respect to arson and poisoning, was there an application made for the continuance of either of them? Mr. Robertson. I do not recollect that there was; I believe there was not. Mr. Nicholson. Were they proceeded against by indictment or information?
Mr. Robertson. One by information, the other upon indictment. In one case it was impossible to obtain an acquittal, because the facts and the law came up to a conviction, and that notoriously; but in both cases, if they had been continued, the imprisonment would have been for six months longer, the period of the court being half yearly. As the accused could not procure bail, they would have been confined for six months longer than the period for which they were condemned. Mr. Hopkins. Then if I understand you right, fir, you would have kept those persons in prison, till next term, if they could not furnish bail? Mr. Robertson. Yes, fir. (To be continued.)
Capt. Clarke arrived at Charleston left Bordeaux, February 14th—says, that a French fleet of 11 ships of the line, having on board 9000 troops, had effected their escape from the harbour of Toulon, about the 29th of January. It was conjectured that their destination was either the East-Indies or the Brazils. Ibid.
BALTIMORE, April 9.
A letter dated Marseilles, 19th January, to a mercantile house of this city, says—yesterday sailed from Toulon, a squadron composed of eleven sail of the line, and nine frigates. Its destination is unknown, but it is supposed they will pass the Straights. 8000 troops are embarked on board said squadron. American.
CHARLESTON, April 3.
Capt. Garman, from Malaga, off the Western Islands, was boarded by the British privateer ship Westmoreland , capt. Goodall, 5 days out. He informed capt. Garman that war had been declared between England and Portugal. He also informed, that he had a few days before towed into the Western Islands, the ship Rising States , having been out 150 days. Times.
West Indies.
NORFOLK, April 10.
THE BRITISH WEST-INDIA SQUADRON.
Although consisting of a great number of vessels, possessed but very little real strength, at the time of the arrival of Minissis; indeed scarcely more than sufficient to cope with him, if united in one fleet: as may be seen by the following detail.
ON THE LEEWARD ISLAND STATION Centaur Com: Sir S. 74 Serpis Sterling 44 Emerald O'Brien 36 Galatea Heathcoat 32 Alligator Butterfield 28 Barbadoes Nouffe 28 Le Heureux Youngusband 24 Cyane Cadogan 18 Hippomenes 18 Inogenes Vaughan 18 Oprey 18 Le Curieux Reynolds 16 Diamond Rock Maurice 16 Guachapin Henderson 16 St. Lucia 16 Nelly Auridge 14 Defeater Campbell L'Eclair Carr Provoy McLean Unique Brand
WEST-INDIES, GENERALLY.
Princess-Charlotte Gardner 40 Beaulieu Ekins 40 Amelia R. H. Lord Proby 38 Diana Maling 38 La Seine Atkins 36 Bacchante Dashwood 36 Kingfisher Cribb 20 Buoy Clinch 18 Helena Lofack 18 Penguin Morris 18 Pheasant Paul 18 L'Epervier Impey 16
JAMAICA STATION.
L'Hercule V. Ad. Sir I. T. Duckworth 74 Capt. Dunn Theseus R. Ad. J. K. Dacres 74 Capt. Bligh Vanguard Evans 74 La Pique Rofs 40 Blanche Mudge 40 La Franchise Murray 38 La Defie Whitby 36 La Furnee Vanfartart 36 Surveillante Holles 36 Sernuad Maxwell 32 Tarter 32 La Sageffe Pellet 20 Flyer Inglesfield 18 Hunter 18 La Mignonne Geyt 18 Stork 18 Port Mahon Chambers 18 Pelican Lamborne 18 Peterell 18 Racoon Gordon 18 Snake Bowen 18 Curf Trollope 16 Echo Boyer 16 Fairy Crayke 16 Hound Pakenham 16 La Papillon Smith 16 Shark Maxwell 16 La Vigilante Croft 16 Pickle Smith L'Oiseau Gibbs Sandwich Bernardiney Flying-Fish Price Gipsy Fitton Superieur Fromow
BAHAMAS.
Driver Lyall 16 When joined by the Fleet under Admiral Graves, CONSISTING OF Foudroyant R. Ad. Sir T. Graves 80 Capt. Puget Windfar Castle Gould 98 Hero Gardner 74 Mars Duff 74 Colossus Morris 74 Bellerophon Loring 74
The whole force on the different West-India stations, will consist of Ten ships of the line, Nineteen frigates, Twenty-one sloops of war, Thirteen armed brigs, and Eleven armed Schooners.
Should even the fleet said to have failed from Toulon, escape through the Straights of Gibraltar, arrive in the West-Indies, and there form a junction with Minissis, we are amongst the number who believe that Admiral Graves, Duckworth, and Dacres united, would be able to give a very good account of them; but it is more likely that the Frenchman will not suffer himself to come into contact with any thing like an equal force. The passage is clear for him; and it is not improbable that we may soon have the pleasure of reporting his safe arrival in the Chesapeake.
* Reported to have been lost. [Ledger.]
In our last we mentioned the capture of the ship Eliza of this port: Since then we have heard from further particulars, which excite very considerable alarm for the safety of our commerce passing near the island of Cuba.
NEW-YORK, April 8.
Captain Guyther, of the ship Samuel Jackson , informs us that at his departure from Cadiz the port was blockaded by three sail of the line, a frigate, a brig, and a cutter, which detained all vessels coming out with any other cargo than ballast, excepting such as were lying there previous to the blockade. Flour at Cadiz 24 dollars per barrel. Merc. Adv.
A gentleman, whose veracity may be depended on, handed us the following list of the Spanish Navy on the 25th of January. At Cadiz Ships of the line 22 Frigates 6 Perrol Ships of the line 16 Frigates 5 Cartagena Ships of the line 11 Frigates 7 America Ships of the line 4 Frigates 11 Total Ships of the line 53 Frigates 29
(Nonf. Herald.)
Capt. Clarke arrived at Charleston left Bordeaux, February 14th—says, that a French fleet of 11 ships of the line, having on board 9000 troops, had effected their escape from the harbour of Toulon, about the 29th of January. It was conjectured that their destination was either the East-Indies or the Brazils. Ibid.
BALTIMORE, April 9.
A letter dated Marseilles, 19th January, to a mercantile house of this city, says—yesterday sailed from Toulon, a squadron composed of eleven sail of the line, and nine frigates. Its destination is unknown, but it is supposed they will pass the Straights. 8000 troops are embarked on board said squadron. American.
CHARLESTON, April 3.
Capt. Garman, from Malaga, off the Western Islands, was boarded by the British privateer ship Westmoreland , capt. Goodall, 5 days out. He informed capt. Garman that war had been declared between England and Portugal. He also informed, that he had a few days before towed into the Western Islands, the ship Rising States , having been out 150 days. Times.
West Indies.
NORFOLK, April 10.
THE BRITISH WEST-INDIA SQUADRON.
Although consisting of a great number of vessels, possessed but very little real strength, at the time of the arrival of Minissis; indeed scarcely more than sufficient to cope with him, if united in one fleet: as may be seen by the following detail.
ON THE LEEWARD ISLAND STATION Centaur Com: Sir S. 74 Serpis Sterling 44 Emerald O'Brien 36 Galatea Heathcoat 32 Alligator Butterfield 28 Barbadoes Nouffe 28 Le Heureux Youngusband 24 Cyane Cadogan 18 Hippomenes 18 Inogenes Vaughan 18 Oprey 18 Le Curieux Reynolds 16 Diamond Rock Maurice 16 Guachapin Henderson 16 St. Lucia 16 Nelly Auridge 14 Defeater Campbell L'Eclair Carr Provoy McLean Unique Brand
WEST-INDIES, GENERALLY.
Princess-Charlotte Gardner 40 Beaulieu Ekins 40 Amelia R. H. Lord Proby 38 Diana Maling 38 La Seine Atkins 36 Bacchante Dashwood 36 Kingfisher Cribb 20 Buoy Clinch 18 Helena Lofack 18 Penguin Morris 18 Pheasant Paul 18 L'Epervier Impey 16
JAMAICA STATION.

ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, APRIL 16, 1805.
Arrived, brig Sally, Todd, 33 days from the City of St. Domingo. But one division of the Haytian army had made their appearance, it was expected that no attack would be made on the City until the remainder arrived. No apprehensions were entertained of the blacks taking the place, as they had plenty of ammunition and men, and every precaution was taken to put the place in the best state of defence possible. All the vessels were ordered out of the port, to leave no hopes for retreat. The women, children, and property, were to a large amount sent to Porto Rico, some of which were intercepted by the British and sent to Jamaica. Captain F. was boarded by the Stork sloop of war, coming out of St. Domingo, but finding no money on board, suffered him to proceed. There was no blockade when the Sally failed.
NEW-YORK, April 8.
By the brig Mountaineer we have received a St. Croix paper of the 21st March, containing a circumstantial account of the invasion of St. Kitts by the French fleet which is now on a visit to all the British West-India islands. The fleet arrived at Basseterre on the 5th of March, anchored abreast of the town, and fired a shot at Fort Smith, when the flag was immediately struck; the troops having retired to the garrison at Brimsfield-Hill, no effectual resistance could be opposed by the inhabitants to so formidable a force as a ship of 120 guns, four of 74, 3 of 44, and two of 16. A committee of the principal inhabitants waited on General Barbot, chief of the staff, who proposed to them, as the terms on which he would allow the Island of St. Kitts and its dependencies to capitulate, 1st. That the inhabitants should retain during the war all the existing laws relative to persons and property; 2d. That their persons and properties should be safe, and under the protection of the French government; 3d. The forts, arms &c. as well as all the merchant shipping in the road, to be surrendered to the French government; 4th. The occupation of two forts; and 5th. a contribution of one million livres tournois to be carried on board the Majeux by 9 o'clock the next morning. These terms were agreed to, and the inhabitants (to prevent the place being given up to military execution, which was threatened) contributed liberally in dollars, joes, doubloons and guineas, so that the coin is almost entirely carried out of the island, and measures are taking to encourage the importation of a fresh supply.
The frigate left Basseterre on the 7th for Nevis, where they obtained 4,200, currency, but landed no soldiers. They demanded at first 20,000 guineas. [Merc. Adv.]
We have advice from Cape Francois, which states that on the 26th of February General Christophe attacked St. Jago at the head of 6,000 men, and took it after a very severe contest of an hour and a half against 1,500 Spaniards. The Conquerors put the inhabitants indiscriminately to the sword. On the day following the ferocious army marched for the city of Saint Domingo. [Hib.]
A letter from Stonington mentions the arrival at that place on Friday afternoon of a ship from Martinique, in 15 days, which brings accounts of the capture of Antigua by the French Squadron. [Hib.]
Captain Hurl, of the schooner Chesapeake, who arrived at Baltimore on Wednesday in 26 days from Jacquesmel, informs, that the Haytian army had got within six leagues of the City of St. Domingo. On the 16th March was boarded by the British sloop of war Stork, in the Mona passage, who reported that the women and children had all left the city, and that the men were in readiness to depart. Capt. H. supposed that this ship was employed with several others to convey the French to Porto Rico, as there were several sail off St. Domingo when he passed. [Hib.]
Captain Masterton, of the brig Sally, informs us that on the 18th of February the French national ship L'Aurore, of 44 guns arrived at Malaga. She had, in company with another of the same force, fallen in with the English homeward-bound fleet from Malta, under convoy of the English frigate Arrow and a bomb-ketch of 30 guns. An action commenced, in which the Arrow and the ketch were captured and burnt. Capt. M. says the whole of the fleet escaped excepting one brig from Smyrna, which was captured and burnt at sea, with a valuable cargo. The crews were carried into Malaga, from whence the frigate failed on the 20th, her destination unknown. [Hib.]
We stop the press to announce the arrival of capt. Owens, in the ship Suckey, 26 days from Nevis, who confirms the accounts already published of the capture of Dominica by the French; they afterwards proceeded to Nevis and St. Christopher's, where they cut out such of the English shipping as were worth taking, the rest they set fire to and destroyed—at St. Christopher's they made a demand of 60,000 sterl. and at Nevis 20,000 guineas, but in this they were somewhat disappointed, as they could raise only 13,000 currency at the former place, 4,100 at the latter, which the merchants accepted and then fled off. Capt. Owens adds, that they behaved well to the Americans, their flag being a sufficient protection. It was the general opinion at Nevis that the French fleet purposed, after plundering as much as convenient, to tear with their booty for Guadalupe. Left at Nevis the ship Young Factor, capt. Gardner, from Amsterdam, carried in by the ship Gallentie for adjudication but cleared after a long detention on paying all costs; the capt. plundered of 25 guineas and most of his wearing apparel—At Antigua, ship Union, capt. Maryhew, from Bordeaux in distress, having lost five of her men, carried in for adjudication. [Norf. paper.]
Domestic Intelligence.
MASSACHUSETTS. Boston, April 2.
STATE ELECTION.
Yesterday, agreeably to the constitution, the citizens of this commonwealth assembled in their respective towns, and gave their votes for gentlemen to fill the offices of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Counsellors and Senators the ensuing year. In Boston, the meeting was opened with an appropriate prayer by the Rev. Dr. Elliot. The poll commenced at 9, and was closed at 3 o'clock, when the votes were declared to stand as follows: For Gov.—His Excellency C. Strong, 2487 Lt. Gov.—His Honor E. H. Robbins, 2320 Democratic Ticket. For Gov.—Hon. James Sullivan, 1252 Lt. Gov.—Hon. Wm. Heath, 1312 VOTERS FOR GOVERNOR. From 13 towns, 4961 3742 From 35 towns, Worcester co. 3455 2373 8416 6115 6115 Federal majority from the returns of 48 towns, 2301
NEW-YORK. ALBANY, March 29.
On Tuesday last the house of assembly of this state took into consideration the resolutions from the states of Massachusetts, North Carolina and Kentucky, proposing three several amendments to the constitution of the United States, and adopted the following resolutions. The resolutions, respecting the amendments proposed by the states of Massachusetts and North Carolina, passed the house unanimously. Resolved, That it is inexpedient for the Legislature of this state to agree to the amendment to the federal constitution proposed by the legislature of the state of Massachusetts, that the representatives be apportioned among the several states according to the number of their free inhabitants respectively. Resolved, That it is inexpedient for the legislature of this state to agree to any resolution similar to the resolutions adopted by the states of North Carolina and Massachusetts, having for their object the procuring an amendment to the federal constitution to prohibit the importation of slaves or people of colour, from the West India Islands, from the coast of Africa or elsewhere, in the United States, or any part thereof, prior to the year 1808.
Resolved, That the resolution from the commonwealth of Kentucky, having for its object an amendment of the constitution of the United States, so far as to confine the judiciary power of the courts of the United States to cases in law and equity, arising under the constitution and laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority, cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, controversies to which the United States shall be a party, and to controversies between two or more states, be postponed until the next meeting of the legislature.
IN SENATE.
Albany, Tuesday, April 2, 1805. Mr. Taylor made a motion that the Senate should agree to a resolution, with recitals, in the words following.
Whereas certain false, wicked, seditious libels have been published against the President of the United States, in a newspaper printed in the city of N. Y. called the N. Y. Evening Post, edited by Wm. Coleman, on the 20th, 21st & 22nd days of March, 1805, imputing to and charging the President of the United States with hypocrisy, debauchery, with living in shameless and open commission of sins, with defrauding his benefactor of his property, with violating the marriage bed of his most intimate friend, and with various other enormities, tending to bring into disgrace the said President of the United States, and to injure and to bring into contempt the dignity and character of the United States, and the citizens thereof;—and in order to bring the author and publisher of such violent, daring & insolent attacks on the said President of the United States, and the citizens thereof, to trial and punishment.
Resolved, (if the hon. the Assembly concurs) that the Attorney-General be and he is hereby directed to take all necessary and legal measures to bring the author or authors, and publisher of the said false, wicked, seditious and libitious libels to speedy and condign punishment.
Debates having been had on the said motion, Mr. Annin moved the following resolution, with its recitals, as a substitute: Whereas it is the sincere wish of this Senate, to discountenance the licentiousness of the press, by every constitutional means in its power: And whereas to accomplish that end, the Senate feels disposed to bear testimony against all unfounded attacks on the constituted authorities of the United States or of this state, within its proper sphere: And whereas a question is now pending before the Supreme Court of this state, the decision of which will determine whether the state courts have jurisdiction in cases of libels against the President of the United States: Therefore,
Resolved, That it is not expedient at present for this Senate to direct the Attorney General of this state, to prosecute at the expence of this state, any printer for libels against the President of the United States.
Mr. Van Vechten, moved to amend the said substitute by striking out, after the word resolved, the whole of the resolution, and inserting the following in its stead—
That it would be improper for this Senate to express any opinion at present on the question whether the case of a libel against the President of the United States is cognizable by the courts of this state.
The question being taken on the amendment, it passed in the negative 15 to 6; and on the substitute, & it likewise passed in the negative 13 to 8.
The question on the motion of Mr. Taylor, was then taken, and it also passed in the negative, in manner following, viz: nays 11—yeas 10.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Poulton's American Daily Advertiser states that the votes given at Lancaster by the members of the legislature for governor, were for Simon Snyder, 42 Thomas McKean, 7 Samuel Mackay, 1
The same paper contains a recommendation of thirty-four members of the legislature, under their signatures, to support Thomas McKean as governor, in consideration of his long, tried, firm and meritorious services.
PHILADELPHIA, April 6.
In the ship Martha, arrived this morning from Malaga, came out as commander, Richard O'Brien, Esq. late Consul General for the United States, at Algiers.—His lady and family accompanied him; and we are happy to add, all enjoy excellent health.
Sales at Auction.
To-morrow, the 17th inst. at the lumber house of the subscribers, will be sold for approved endorsed negotiable notes at 6 months, THIRTEEN Pipes Holland Gin of superior quality, 9 Hds. Prime Antigua Rum, 5 Pipes 4th Proof French Brandy, 4 Hds. Leaf Sugar. PROSSER & MONCURE, v. m's.
April 16.
FIFTY DOLLARS REWARD. STRAYED, or otherwise conveyed from the commons of Richmond, a very elegant well bred dark CHESNUT SORREL HORSE, full sixteen hands high, has a star on his forehead, a small quantity of white on both his hind feet, a small streak of white (scarcely discernible) down his neck, near his shoulder, occasioned by the collar some time ago, was in very excellent order, and shed all round, is about 6 or 7 years old. I have reason to suppose he is stolen, as he was turned out on Friday last, together with a large Grey, and a horse which is his match.
Those two horses were taken up on Saturday morning, in Mrs. Sufannah W. Prices inclosure, and I am sure he would not be separated from his match, but by the exertion of some person. I will give a liberal reward to any one that will deliver him to me in Richmond, or give information where he is, so that I get him again, and in case he is stolen, I will give fifty dollars on conviction of the thief. CHARLES SPENCER. N. B. Those horses had of Col. John Nicholas, of Charlottesville. April 16.—(tl.)
ENLOPED.
ON the 6th day of March last, a Negro Man named EMANUEL, twenty one or two years of age, about five feet three or four inches high, flour made to his height; he has a scar across one of his cheeks, and one on his head, on which the hair is cut short, rather of a yellowish complexion, has a smiling countenance when spoken to, a broad set of fore teeth; he is a very sensible fellow, waited as a servant upon Powhatan Bolling, Esq. dec'd. from whom I purchased him. I will give a generous reward besides what the law allows, to any person that will apprehend the said servant, and deliver him to me in Amherst county, about four miles from Lynchburg, or secure him in any jail so that I get him. I expect he will endeavour to pass as a freeman. I forewarn all persons from harbouring, or employing of him, all matters of vessels from taking him on board, and others from harbouring him, as I am determined to prosecute as the law directs. PHILIP JOHNSON
EUROPEAN AFFAIRS.—Lord Mulgrave's answer to Mons: Talleyrand, does not hold out the idea that England will enter into no negotiation with France for peace, but that she will decline such a negotiation until she has understood the sentiments of some of the continental powers, particularly of Russia. England professes to have other views in carrying on this war, than her own glory, security and power. The question is not whether she shall retain or surrender the island of Malta; whether the electoral dominion of Hanover is to be given back to her monarch, or transferred forever to France; but by what system the general affairs of the continent are to be so fixed and guaranteed, as to restore the former Balance of Power, and preserve its future tranquillity. What has been the result of this communication with Russia & her other continental allies, we have not yet heard, and it is a question perhaps, which has not yet been settled in the cabinets of Europe. But the probability is, that this negotiation about peace has already terminated with Lord Mulgrave's answer, and that some time must elapse, before Europe can be delivered from the miseries of war.
Does the English cabinet still maintain the idea, that the tranquillity of Europe depends upon a compliance with the conditions of Lord Whitworth's ultimatum, previous to the commencement of hostilities? In that case, France must withdraw her troops from Holland. She must make Italy and Holland independent of her power. She must consent to leave Malta in the hands of the English for a certain term of years, and suffer her to have permanent possession of the island of Lampedosa. But will the new Emperor of France, with a growing navy, an army the best disciplined in Europe, with finances, not excelled from his own people, but from the neighbouring states, and with a long lustre of military glory, submit to those conditions of pacification, which he formerly rejected, when he was a mere First Consul of France, invested with very limited powers?
But all conjectures on this subject are rendered unnecessary by the express declaration of the French government. The Exposé lately published, avows their determination to make the provisions of the treaty of Amiens the basis of a peace, while it at the same time declares their resolution to preferve their influence undiminished over their dependent allies. England would thus have to surrender the island of Malta without receiving any indemnity, whilst France might still continue to regulate the destinies of Batavia, Holland and the Italian republics. But England will scarcely submit to such terms, so long as she adheres to the different objects, which engaged her in the war.
Peace cannot then be the lot of Europe, until England shall either limit the terms of the peace to her own interest without extending her views to the general balance of power, or until circumstances may arise, which shall compel France to confine her ambition within the established limits of her empire. Besides can any one imagine, that Bonaparte was really desirous of concluding a peace, at the very moment when he was dispatching a fleet to the West-Indies? Bonaparte's letter to the king is dated on the 4th of January; Lord Mulgrave's answer on the 14th, and it was during this interval, on the 11th of the month, that the French fleet failed from Rochfort. Had the French Emperor been even less serious and honest in his wishes for peace, the probable issue of the negotiation, by exasperating his mind, and demonstrating the impossibility of obtaining it, will have no other effect than to remove this event to a greater distance. What Talleyrand has truly said of "the ordinary result of all complicated negotiations," is equally applicable to all fruitful overtures, that "they throw the states again into a war, become more violent by the disappointment of not having succeeded in bringing about a reconciliation."
Europe, therefore, presents at this time two important problems for consideration. Is a coalition to be formed by any of the continental powers and England to carry on the war? And what is to be the result of Bonaparte's gigantic projects?
The first will depend upon innumerable circumstances, which are continually changing. The last rests only upon one simple spring: the gigantic ambition of Bonaparte, aided and encouraged by a prosperous course of events.
In his Exposé , he disclaimed the idea of extending the dominions of France, whilst he at the same time declared, that he would never relinquish his influence over his dependent allies. How then can Bonaparte extend his influence over these countries, without formally annexing them to the throne of France? The plot is extremely obvious: and the last English papers assure us, that the representation of the drama has already commenced. They say that he is once more to cross the Alps, to place his brother Joseph on the throne of Lombardy (late the Cisalpine Republic). From thence he may gradually extend his sceptre over Etruria, perhaps over the states of the Church; perhaps to the extremity of Italy. Joseph, it will be recollected, is the brother, on whom, according to the Organic Senatus Consultum, the Imperial dignity is to devolve, "in default of a natural or legitimate heir, or adopted heir, of Napoleon Bonaparte." Whilst Napoleon lives, he, and not Joseph, will be the real sovereign of Lombardy; at his death, the thrones of Lombardy and France will be united under one head, and that head will be a branch of the Bonapartes.
What too can prevent Louis from appointing his imperial highness Louis Bonaparte the Stattholder of Holland? What can arrest his silent usurpations over the Swiss Cantons, already bound to him by a reluctant allegiance? How easy will it be to excite some little disturbance among their inhabitants; how easy will it be to fling the unfortunate Dutch whose condition has been so pathetically described in the late speech of the senator Van Habel, into some flight rebellion, and then adieu to the very name of the Batavian republic; adieu then to the spirit of Switzerland! Who will even say, that the Pyrenees are to furnish a more insurmountable obstacle to his ambition than the Alps? Or are we mistaken, when we already perceive in the meditated attack on Gibraltar, the means of subjugating Spain? That project is Bonaparte's; his is the planner of the attack: & the army assembling at St. Roche is to contain several detachments of French troops, to be commanded by French officers. It is calculating too deeply on Bonaparte's genius and on Bonaparte's ambition, to predict that the French army in that country is to be gradually increased; that some accidental occasion is to be eagerly employed or that some plausible pretext is to be cunningly created; and that the French emperor is then to turn his arms against his Spanish allies? In fact, when such a man as Bonaparte wields the resources of such a nation as France, who shall pretend to set limits to his ambitious designs, or to anticipate the catastrophe of Europe.
THE AURORA.—Time did not permit us to fulfil in the last paper, our promise upon the Aurora. We had originally designed to have given a general view of the merits of that paper; and the reasons which led to this determination have not as yet left any part of their force. The eulogiums in fact which we paid upon the Aurora, by a declaration that it was the best paper in the union have only served to furnish us with an additional conformation of our original design. Let us review then some of the merits of this celebrated journal.
We admire the Aurora, not because it gives us the earliest, the most complete, and the best authenticated account of foreign and domestic intelligence; but because it more accurately develops the causes and consequences of those events. Its comments upon East-Indian affairs are uncommonly minute, precise and comprehensive. It unveils the intrigues of the cabinets of Europe; it predicts the fate of negotiations, of battles, of commercial regulations, & of all political events with an astonishing quickness, sagacity & truth. Established in one of the most influential cities of the union, aided by the confidence and correspondence of the most distinguished republicans, conducted by an editor of indefatigable zeal, of an acute understanding, and of great experience, it is not surprising that its comments upon American affairs, should be generally correct, ready and extensive. With an astonishing facility, it penetrates the minutest movements of party, unveils the secret intrigues of the federalists, displays the remote tendency of measures, which are often seemingly useful, exposes their misstatements, refutes their sophistry, and animates the energy and the efforts of the republican party.—There are many newspapers in this country far superior to the Aurora as vehicles of intelligence; but there is no political journal , which can vie with it in the rapidity and correctness of its views.
But the Aurora has several prominent defects, which detract from these important advantages. The style of its controversial essays is often jejune, vulgar, and malevolent. Its views of foreign affairs are too frequently bleaker, confounded and interrupted by unnecessary critiques upon the federal party. Its views of their secret intrigues are not always supported by that verisimilitude and probability, which are so necessary to produce conviction on all subjects, where the truth is so important and so difficult to be ascertained. The most prominent defect of the Aurora however is to be found in that excessive spirit of suspicion, which extends to every man who differs from it in opinion, and in the immoderate reprobation which it extends to such opponents. I speak not of its censure upon the federal party. Their designs it is no longer in the power of charity itself to deny, or to extenuate. With respect to them experience has too fatally ripened suspicion into conviction, and there are no censures too harsh, no denunciations too violent, which the leading supporters of that party do not justly deserve. Yet even towards these men I would extend a respectful moderation. I would never forget their political errors; I would never forget that their actions have proved them unworthy of the confidence of their country; but I would never forget, that many of these men are equally entitled with myself to the liberty of thought and of speech; that many of them are conscientious in their mistakes, and that there are many, who would soon yield to the light of reason, if their feelings were not excited by the spirit of intolerance. To use the language of our sage and benevolent President, "let us cherish (these men) with patient affection. Let us do them justice, and more than justice, in all competitions of interest; and we need not doubt that truth, reason, and their own interests, will at length finally prevail; will gather them into the fold of their country, and will complete that entire union of opinion, which gives to a nation the blessings of harmony, and the benefit of all its strength."
I speak not however of the censures, which have been so profusely lavished upon the federalists. What principally excites my disapprobation are those indiscriminate and excessive recriminations which the conductor of the Aurora has bestowed upon men of his own party, who happen to differ from him on certain political questions. It would appear from many of the frictions of the Aurora, that a politician need only differ from it on certain points, to expose himself to an indiscriminate suspicion, and when once suspected, no coincidence of opinion, no co-operation of effort, no past services however inestimable, can screen him from anathemas continually and boldly repeated. Who was it, that denounced Mr. Barbour of the Virginia legislature, who had uniformly supported the principles of the present administration; who was it that made the federalists exclaim "Barbour is ripe for our purpose; we'll play upon his ambition and that love of fame which often makes Virginia young men regardless of the quality so that the quantity is great?" It was the conductor of the Aurora. Who was it that denounced almost without an exception, the adversaries of a convention in Pennsylvania? The Aurora. That charged the advocates of a Yazoo compromise with corruption or with federalism? It was the Aurora.
Has the Editor of that paper maturely considered the consequences of these proscriptions? Does he not know, that the divisions among the republican party are destined to arise as well from the jealous and persecuting temper of those who are too violent in their denunciations, as from the complaisant, lukewarm and third-party-spirit of those, who are too moderate in their principles? That even if this persecution has not the effect of curdling their attachment to the republican cause, it deprives them of the confidence of their party, and defeats all their efforts to promote the common interest? Does not the Editor of the Aurora know, that from these embryo divisions the federal party have extracted some consolation for their disappointments, & the only expedients to restore their fallen fortunes?
That the Editor of every public paper has the right and that it is his duty, to publish all his opinions on general questions, is almost a political axiom. That he has the same right to denounce every dishonest man, who is already in office, or who wishes to obtain one, is equally obvious. But do these privileges authorise him to hold up every man to public indignation, who differs from him on some subordinate questions? Public character is to some men dearer than life; the conductor of a public print, if he possesses the confidence of the nation, has a power of power over the character of public men, like that of life and death. What then must we think of a public printer, who instead of judging of men by the impartial dictates of reason & rule, assumes to himself the power of deciding upon characters by certain roistering, capricious & passionate maxims? The editor of a newspaper is not always a man of the most luminous understanding; he has not always the truest means of information; he is not always the most perfectly exempted from prejudice and passion. What then must we think of this man, converting his printing office into a kind of political mint: erecting himself into a coiner of public characters: making use of his own narrow views of things as the standards of his judgment; stamping on every man's front the im-
pression which he is hereafter to bear; and if failing the fiat of fate "be you a republican," "be you a federalist?"
The Editor having departed from his usual rule by making the preceding observations on one of his typographical brethren, thinks it necessary to inform his readers, that he will no more trouble them with similar remarks. Indeed the present would never have been offered, if he had not supposed them to contain some important principles.
The court of Appeals has lately decided, that no inhabitant of the British dominions, who was born before the American revolution, can inherit real property in this country, accruing since the revolution.
A minute report of this interesting decision, shall be prepared for the next paper.
A dialogue on the increase of banking capital in Virginia, is unavoidably postponed. It treats on three points. 1st. Is there any real necessity for increasing the banking capital in this state? 2d. What is the best way of increasing this banking capital? 3d. In what way ought the profits to be appropriated that may result from such an arrangement?
Having now completed our engagement with the public, we shall, as usual, publish only twice in the week—on Tuesdays and Fridays.
A PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM.
The barrels of the muskets, which are so elegantly finished at the Armoury in this city, are made to contain the same mass of iron; commonly 10lbs.—But the iron itself, out of which they are to be manufactured, is brought down the canal in bars, which always weigh more than 10lbs. and are not of an uniform thickness. Each of those bars must therefore be cut, to furnish the ten lbs. of iron. Hence there is a difficulty in ascertaining the precise part of the bar, where the section is to be made. You cannot determine this point by conjecture, because the piece which you cut off, will generally be more or less than the given quantity; if less, it will be of no use, and if more, the same difficulty recurs upon us. You cannot determine it by measurement, as the bars are of a very irregular figure and of a very different thickness, though they may possess the same specific gravity.—You cannot determine it by weighing the bar in a common pair of scales, because you cannot separate the weight of any part from the weight of the whole bar.—Hence arises this problem: To find out some simple contrivance, which may enable us, from any given mass of matter, to cut off a part, which shall contain a given weight.
DELEGATES
Closely in service to the next General Assembly of Virginia.
Prince-George—*Benjamin Harrison, *Carter Harrison. Mecklenburg—John B. Goode, *Charles G. Feild. Patrick—Wm. Burwell and Henry Callaway. Greenville—Jordan Richardson and *Francis Hill. King George—John G. Stuart and William Hooper. Stafford—*John T. Brooke, *John Moncure. Caroline—Daniel Coleman, John T. Woodford. Louisa—Henry Pendleton, Peter M. Daniel. Frederick—Hugh Holmes, James Singleton. Rockbridge—Andrew Alexander, *J. Griffith. Bath—John Brown, *Robert Given. * Those marked thus * are new members.
CONGRESS.
General Smith is elected for the Winchester district, without opposition. In the counties of Spottsylvania and Louisa, Mr. Dawson had a majority of 632. In Albemarle Thomas M. Randolph had votes Walter Leake 503 In Rockbridge, Alex r . Wilson had 140 Robert Bailly 273 80
AGREABLY to the power and authority vested in the Common Council of the city of Richmond, by an act of the General Assembly, passed January 8 1805:
NOTICE is hereby given, that on Saturday the 27th instant, the said Common-Council will proceed to nominate one fit and proper person to fill the office of Mathematical Surveyor of the said city of Richmond, at which time those who are desirous of receiving the said appointment, are required to make known their respective pretensions. by order of the hall, Teste, ANDREW STEVENSON, c. c. e. April 15.
TO BE RENTED.
THE large and commodious HOUSE, belonging to Major Duval, and occupied at this time by Mr. Ogilvie. This house is situated on the healthiest and most agreeable part of the city of Richmond, on Shockoe-Hill; contains five large rooms, amply sufficient for the accommodation of a genteel and numerous family; with a kitchen, garden, and all the necessary out-houses. Any person disposed to rent this house will apply to Mr. Ogilvie. April 16.
LAND FOR SALE.
A TRACT of about 850 acres, lying on James River, adjoining the town of Lynchburg; one hundred and forty of which is low ground, and said to be of the first quality; a considerable proportion of the high ground lies well, and well adapted to the culture of tobacco and grain. It has an excellent shed and rock-filler on it; a small apple orchard, a good dwelling house and convenient out-houses; a mill seat, supposed to be superior to any in that part of the country—the mill house would let within thirty-six poles of the river, on navigable water. Likely negroes would be received in part pay, and a generous price allowed for one or two blacksmiths that are under 36 years of age, and good workmen. For further particulars, apply to the subscriber on the premises, or Mr. William Brown, merchant, in Lynchburg. LEWELLEN JONES. March 1. (opt)
A TRACT OF LAND.
The subscriber offers for sale, a TRACT OF LAND, which he at present resides, situated in the county of Westmoreland, and bounded by the rivers Potomac and Rappahannock. This tract contains about seven hundred acres of strong loam ground, one half of which is thickly covered with very valuable pine and oak timber, and the soil well suited to the culture of corn and small grain; the situation a very healthy and handsome one, commanding an extensive view, and a beautiful view down the Potomac. The waters to which this land is immediately attached afford in abundance and with great ease convenience the finest asparagus and wild fowl in their season; and fish in great variety and of the finest kinds throughout the year. The purchaser may have the flock of cattle, sheep and hogs, together with the implements of husbandry on the plantation. One half the amount of purchase may be paid at the time of signing the contract, which may be held with the close of the present year with an interest-bearing title; for the remainder twelve months credit will be given on payment being satisfactory secured. ALEXANDER PARKER. Westmoreland, March 1. (opt)

Miscellaneous.
[When we put our hands near the fire, we experience the sensation of warmth: when we apply it to a piece of ice, we have the sensation of cold. If we apply moist bodies to the fire, it causes them to expand: while ice causes them to contract. What is the cause of these sensations in ourselves, & of this change in the dimensions of matter produced by the application of other bodies, which possess a different temperature? In fact what is heat? And what is cold?
Sir Isaac Newton imagined that heat was no more than a quality of matter; that it consisted in the internal motion of the small particles of bodies; that the heat for instance, which is produced by the friction of one piece of wood upon another is no more than a certain vibration of its particles; and that cold was only a smaller degree of this motion. Philosophers who succeeded him, adopted perhaps a more accurate theory. They taught that heat was something more than a quality; that it was a material substance; that this substance which Lavoisier and the other French chemists have distinguished by the name of Caloric or Caloric, was the only cause of the various phenomena, which relate to a change of temperature; and that cold was only a smaller quantity of this penetrating matter. When for instance, we apply a hot iron to the hand, the sensation which we experience is produced by the passage of some of its superabundant caloric into our hand: when we put our hand upon a cold iron, the hand which has more heat in proportion to its capacity for containing it than the iron, gives up a portion of it to that body, and thus experiences the sensation of cold.
From the following review, it appears, that Count Rumford has announced a new theory, for the explanation of these phenomena. This active experimentalist has multiplied the number of material substances, and has made cold a species of matter as well as caloric. The first are said to consist of friable rays; and the last of elastic rays. The theory is new, ingenious, and supported by numerous and specious experiments. May we take the liberty of recommending it to the notice of those curious enquirers, who sometimes extend their researches beyond political discussions, and the incidents of the day?
THEORY OF HEAT AND COLD.
THE most elaborate and perhaps, on the whole, the most useful paper laid before THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, during the last year, is "An enquiry concerning the nature of heat, and its mode of communication, by Benjamin Count Rumford." The principal object of this Essay is to obtain a more intimate knowledge of the nature of heat, and of its mode of action, by which the author thinks that we may be enabled to excite it with greater economy, confine it with greater facility, and direct its operations with more precision and effect.
The Count sets out with a description of the apparatus invented and made use of for performing the several experiments, an account of which was distinctly laid before the Society, but which cannot be successfully repeated here without the aid of plates. From the first series of these experiments he concludes, "that all the heat which a hot body loses, when it is exposed in the air to cool, is not given off to the air which comes into contact with it, but that a large proportion of it escapes in rays, which do not heat the transparent air through which they pass, but, like light, generate heat only when, and where, they are stopped and absorbed."
As the results of various other experiments made with a view to determine the relative quantities of rays emitted from the surfaces of different substances, from living animals, dead animal matter, &c. we are informed that those substances which part with heat with the greatest facility, are those which also acquire it most readily, or with the greatest celerity: and also that the greater the power is which an animal possesses of throwing off heat from the surface of his body, independently of that which the surrounding air takes off, the less will his temperature be affected by the occasional changes of temperature which take place in the air; and the less will he be oppressed by the intense heats of hot climates.
It is well known, says this philosopher, that negroes and people of colour, support the heats of tropical climates much better than white people. Is it not probable that their colour may enable them to throw off caloric rays with greater facility, and in greater abundance; and that it is to this circumstance they owe the advantage they possess over white people, in supporting heat? And should it be true, that bodies are cooled, not in consequence of the rays they emit, but by the actions of the frigorific rays they receive from colder bodies, yet, as it has been found by experiment, that those bodies which emit caloric rays in the greatest abundance, are also most affected by the frigorific rays of colder bodies, it is evident that in a very hot country, where the air and all other surrounding bodies are but very little colder than the surface of the skin, those who by their colour are prepared and disposed to be cooled with the greatest facility, will be least likely to be oppressed by the accumulation of the heat generated in them by respiration, or of that excited by the sun's rays.
From various experiments, related by the Count, we learn that caloric rays are thrown off in greater abundance from a black surface, than from one that was not blackened. Hence he thinks measures might be taken for the preservation of the health of Europeans who quit their native climate to inhabit hot countries; at least, under such circumstances, he says, nothing should prevent him blackening his skin, or, at least, wearing a black shirt in the shade, and especially at night; in order to find out, if, by those means, he could render himself more comfortable.
Several savage tribes which inhabit very cold countries, besmear their skins with oil, which gives them a shining appearance, and reflects the rays of light very copiously from their surface. "May not, therefore, the frigorific rays, which arrive at the surface of their skin, be also reflected by the highly polished surface of the oil with which it is covered?" In that case, instead of despising those poor creatures for their attachment to a useless and loathsome habit, we should be disposed to admire their ingenuity; or rather the goodness of their invisible guardian and instructor, who teaches them to like and to practise what he knows to be useful to them.
From other experiments Count Rumford is disposed to believe that the Hottentots derive advantages from besmearing themselves, exactly similar to those which negroes derive from their black colour: and he thinks that a knowledge of the physical advantages which those savages derive from such practices, may enable us to acquire the same advantages by employing more elegant means. "A knowledge of the manner in which heat and cold are excited, would enable us to take measures for these important purposes with perfect certainty: in the mean time, we may derive much useful information, by a careful examination of the phenomena which occasionally fall under our observation."
"If it be true that the black colour of a negro, by rendering him more sensible to the few frigorific rays which are to be found in a very hot country, enables him to support the great heats of tropical climates without inconvenience, it might be asked, how it happens that he
is able to support, naked, the direct rays of a burning sun?"
"Those who have seen negroes exposed naked to the sun's rays in hot countries, must have observed that their skins, in that situation, are always shining. An oil exudes from their skin, which gives it that shining appearance, and the polished surface of that oil reflects the sun's calorific rays. If the heat be very intense, sweat makes its appearance at the surface of the skin. This watery fluid not only reflects very powerfully the calorific rays of the sun, which fall on its polished surface, but also, by its evaporation, generates cold. When the sun is gone down, the sweat disappears; the oil at the surface of the skin retires inwards; and the skin is left in a state very favourable to the admission of those feeler frigorific rays which arrive from the neighbouring objects."
As resulting from other experiments the Count infers that the warmth of any kind of substance used as clothing, or its power of preventing our bodies from being cooled by the influence of surrounding colder bodies, depends much on the polish of its surface: for upon careful examination, it will be found that those substances which supply us with the warmest coverings, as furs, feathers, silk, &c. are not only smooth, but highly polished: it will also be found, other circumstances being equal, that those substances are the warmest which are the finest, or which are composed of the greatest number of fine polished detached threads or fibres. The fine white lining of a Russian hare is much warmer than coarse hair; and fine silk, as spun from the silkworm, is warmer than the same silk twisted together into coarse threads.
Formerly Count Rumford considered the warmth of natural and artificial clothing as depending principally on the obstacle it opposed to the motions of cold air by which the hot body is surrounded; but by a patient examination of the subject, he is now convinced, that the efficacy of radiation is much greater than he had supposed it to be. Only a very small part of the heat which a hot body appears to lose, when it is cooled in the air, is in fact communicated to that fluid; a much greater portion of it being communicated to other surrounding bodies at a distance.
If the hypothesis of the communication, or rather generation, of heat and cold by radiation, as explained by this philosopher, be true, it will, he conceives, enable him to illustrate in a satisfactory manner, what has been called the non-conducting power of transparent fluids, with respect to heat: for if heat be really communicated, or excited, in the manner thus described, it is evident that a perfectly transparent fluid can receive heat only at its surface, and consequently that heat cannot be propagated in such a fluid by communication from one particle of the fluid to another.
It cannot be ascertained whether any of the fluids with which we are acquainted are perfectly transparent; but pure water, and air, and most other fluids which are transparent to the light, possess, probably, a high degree of transparency in regard to caloric and frigorific rays; or give a free passage to them when they have once passed their surfaces. An even or polished surface has been found to facilitate very much the reflection of the rays of light; the Count therefore asks, "May it not also, in all cases, have an equal tendency to facilitate the reflection of caloric and frigorific rays?"
In some experiments with large cylindrical vessels, where they were exposed naked to cool in the air, their surfaces were polished, and they were a long time in cooling. But when the surface of the vessel was blackened, or covered with other substances, the vessel was found to cool more rapidly. A large proportion of the frigorific rays from the surrounding colder bodies were, in the former case, reflected at the polished surface of the metallic vessel; but, in the latter case more of them were absorbed.
When a large drop of water runs about, without being evaporated, upon the flat surface of a piece of red-hot iron, the surface of the drop is polished; and the caloric rays being mostly reflected, the water is heated very little. If the iron be left hot, the water penetrates the pores of the oxide which covers the metal—the drop ceases to have a polished surface—acquires heat very rapidly—and is soon evaporated.
If a drop of water be placed on a clean and polished surface of a metal not so easily oxidable as iron, it will retain its spherical form and polished surface, under a lower degree of temperature than on iron.
If a large drop of water be put carefully into a clean silver spoon, previously heated hot, the drop will support the heat a considerable time; but, after the spoon has been suffered to cool down nearly to the temperature of boiling water, a drop of water will be evaporated instantly. Hence it is inferred that under high temperatures, air is attracted by metal, so much more strongly than water, that even the weight of a drop of water is not sufficient to force away the stratum of air which covers, and adheres to, the surface of a metal on which the drop reposes; but, at lower temperatures, this does not seem to be the case. case.
We shall conclude this part of the Count's enquiries with an account of an experiment, easily repeated, and which he made with a view of investigating the cause of the slow evaporation of drops of water placed on hot metals.
Experiment—Taking a clean polished silver spoon, he blackened the inside of it with the flame of a wax candle; and then put a large drop of water into it which rolled about the spoon, without wetting its blackened surface. He then attempted to make the water boil over the flame of the candle, but found it impossible. If the bowl of the spoon were touched with the finger, a hissing noise announced that it was extremely hot, but the water remained quiet in the spoon, without being evaporated. Having in vain attempted to make this drop of water boil, he poured the drop into the palm of his hand, which was only warm though the handle of the spoon was too hot to be held even with several wrappings of linen about.
By holding the spoon, with a pair of tongs, over the flame of the candle for a longer time, the drop gradually changed its form, became less, and at length evaporated: from being spherical and lucid, it took an oblong form, and its surface became obscure; and when it was evaporated, it left a black behind it, which was composed of the particles of black matter, that had by degrees attached themselves to its surface, and which, probably, had contributed not a little, to its being at last heated and evaporated.
The change in the form of the drop of water, and the gradual loss of its lucid appearance, led the Count to suspect that it had turned round during the experiment. But if it really did so, its motion must either have been extremely rapid, or very slow; for though he examined it with the utmost attention, he could not perceive that it had any rotatory motion.
We shall give another experiment, equally easy of repetition.
Experiment—If a large drop of water be formed at the end of a small splinter of wood, deal, for instance, and this drop be thrust quickly into the centre of the flame of a newly snuffed candle, which burns bright and clear, the drop of water will remain, for a considerable time, in the centre of the flame, without being apparently affected by the heat; and if it be taken out of the flame, and put on the hand, it will not be found to be scalding hot. If it be held for some time in the flame, it will be gradually diminished, by evaporation; but there is reason to think, that the heat which it acquires is not communicated by the flame, but by the wood to which it adheres, which is soon heated by the flame, and even set on fire.
It will occur, throughout the paper, that Count Rumford supposes that cold, as well as heat, bodies emit rays, which he denominates frigorific and calorific; and that the intensity of the rays which hot and cold bodies emit, in a medium perfectly transparent, follows the same law. He also informs us, that there are so many striking analogies between the rays of light, and those invisible rays, which all bodies, at all temperatures, appear to emit, that there can hardly be a doubt of their motions being regulated by the same principles.
"Perhaps, (says he) there may be no other difference between them, than exists between those vibrations in the air, which are audible, and those which make no sensible impression on our organs of hearing. If the ear were so constructed that we could hear all the motions which take place in the air, we should be stunned with the noise: and if our eyes were so constructed as to see all the rays which are emitted continually, by day and by night, by the bodies which surrounded us, we should be dazzled and confounded by that insupportable flood of light poured in upon us on every side."
This indefatigable experimentalist, taking for granted that these invisible radiations exist, endeavours, by a train of reasoning, illustrated with undeniable facts, to discover the causes of appearances which have hitherto been enveloped in obscurity. It is not in our power to follow him here, it will be sufficient if we lay before the reader the several deductions which are calculated for general utility: some of these may be easily verified with no great expense of time or money.
In all cases where it is designed to preserve the heat of any substance which is confined in a metallic vessel, it will contribute to that end, if the external surface of the vessel be clean and bright. But if the object be to cool any thing quickly, in a metallic vessel, its external surface should be painted, or covered with substances which have been found to emit calorific rays in great abundance.
Polished tea urns may be kept boiling with a much less expense of spirit of wine than such as are varnished; and the cleaner & brighter the dishes, and covers for dishes, which are used for bringing victuals to table, and for keeping it hot, the more effectually will they answer that purpose.
Saucepans, and other kitchen utensils, which are very clean and bright on the outside, may be kept hot with a smaller fire, than such as are black and dirty; but the bottom of a saucepan or boiler should be blackened, in order that its contents may be made to boil quickly, and with a small expense of fuel.
When kitchen utensils are used over a fire of sea-coal, or of wood, there will be no necessity for blackening their bottoms, for they will soon be made black by the smoke; but, when they are used over a clear fire of charcoal, they should be blackened with the smoke of a lamp, or coal-fire.
It has been thought, brewers' flats would answer the purpose of cooling liquors better, if made of metal, than of wood: but a metallic surface is ill calculated for expediting the emission of calorific rays. The thickness of the timber of which these tubs are commonly made, is favourable to a speedy cooling of the wort; for when they are empty and cold, a great part of the heat of the liquor is absorbed by the wood.
Where metallic tubes filled with steam are used for warming rooms, the external surface of them should be painted, or covered with some substance which facilitates the emission of calorific rays. A covering of thin paper will answer the purpose very well, if it be black, and closely attached to the surface of the metal with glue.
Tubes designed for conveying hot steam from one place to another, should be covered up with a warm covering, or should be kept clean and bright. It might be worth while to gild them or to cover them with gilt paper, or tin foil, or some other metallic substance which does not easily tarnish with the air. The cylinders and principal steam-tubes of steam-engines might be covered, first with some warm clothing and then with sheet-brass, kept clean and bright. The expense of this covering would be repaid by a saving of fuel.
If garden walls, painted black, acquire heat faster, when exposed to the sun's direct rays, they will likewise cool faster during the night, and gardeners must best determine whether these changes of temperature are, or are not favourable to fruit trees.
Black clothes are known to be warm in the sun; but they are far from being so in the shade, especially in cold weather. No coloured clothing is so cool as black, when the temperature of the air is below that of the surface of the skin, and when the body is not exposed to the action of calorific rays from other substances.
The warmth of clothing depends much on the polish of the surface of the substance of which it is made; hence, in choosing winter garments, those dyes are to be avoided which tend most to destroy that polish: and as a white surface reflects more light than an equal surface, equally polished, of any other colour, there is reason to think that white garments are warmer than any other, in cold weather. They are universally considered as the coolest that can be worn in very hot weather, and especially when a person is exposed to the direct rays of the sun; and if they are well calculated to reflect calorific rays in summer, they must be equally well calculated to reflect those frigorific rays by which we are cooled and annoyed in winter.
Garments of fur are warmer, in cold weather, when worn with the hair outwards, than when it is turned inwards. Is not this a proof that we are kept warm by our clothing, not so much by confining our heat, as by keeping off those frigorific rays which tend to cool us? The fine fur of beavers, being a highly polished substance, is calculated to reflect those rays which fall on it; and if the body be kept warm, by the rays which proceed from it being reflected back upon it, a fur garment would be warmest when worn with the hair inwards; but if it be by reflecting and turning away the frigorific rays from external and colder bodies, that we are kept warm by our clothes, we might expect that a pelisse would be warmest when worn with the hair outwards, as the Count says, in fact, it is.
The fur of several delicate animals becomes white in winter, in cold countries; and that of bears which inhabit the polar regions, is white in all seasons. These last are exposed alternately, in the open air, to the most intense cold, and to the continual action of the sun's rays during several months. If it should be true that heat and cold are excited in the manner above described, and that white is the colour most favourable to the reflection of calorific and frigorific rays, it must be acknowledged that these animals have been exceedingly fortunate, in obtaining clothing so well adapted to their local circumstances.
The excessive cold which reigns on the tops of very high mountains, and in the higher regions of the atmosphere; and the frosts at night, which so frequently take place on the surface of the plains below, in very clear and still weather, seem to indicate that frigorific rays arrive continually at the surface of the earth from every part of the heavens. May it not be by the action of these rays that our planet is cooled continually, and enabled to preserve the same mean temperature for ages, notwithstanding the immense quantities of heat that are generated at its surface, by the continual action of the solar rays? If this conjecture should be well founded, we should be led to conclude that the inhabitants of certain hot countries, who sleep at night on the tops of their houses, in order to be more cool and comfortable, do wisely in choosing that situation to pass their hours of rest.
BENJAMIN STETSON, informs his friends and the public in general, that he has for sale, 400 gallons Holland's Linseed Oil, White Lead and Spanish Brown ground in Oil, Patent Green ground in ditto, Verdigris and Spanish Brown, dry 8 by 10 Window Glass, & Putty 2d, 3d, 4d, 6d, 8d, 10d, and 20d Nails, two Casks Spike Nails, Bar Iron, German and Blistered Steel; general assortment of Iron Hollow Ware; 10 Hds. Molasses, French Brandy, West-India and New-England Rum, Tea, Coffee, Loaf and Brown Sugar, Chocolate, Men, fine and coarse Shoes, Ladies Kid & Morocco and Leather Slippers; 8 Boxes Cotton and Wool Cards assorted; half pint and quart Tumblers, small invoice elegant cut glass, stone ware, German Ozenburgs, 50 lacs Salt, Novascotia Grind Stones, and many other articles in store, which he will sell cheap for cash or country produce.
Gale-miss. —Dr. Aldini, now in London, lately exhibited at the house of Mr. Hunter, some curious experiments on the body of a dog newly killed, by which the company then present were exceedingly astonished by the powers of Galvanism. The head of the animal was cut off. The head and body were put beside each other on a table previously rubbed with a solution of ammonia. Two wires, communicated with the Galvanic trough were then applied, the one in the ear, the other at the anus of the dead animal. No sooner had these applications been made, than both head and body were thrown into the most animated muscular motions. The body flung up with a movement by which it passed over the side of the table. The head equally moved; its lips and teeth grinding violently. A curiosity has been expressed to have these experiments tried on a criminal newly executed. Dr. Aldini has communicated his discoveries, in an ingenious paper, to the Royal Society.
By Authority.
LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.
AN ACT,
For the relief of Richard Taylor.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That Richard Taylor of Kentucky, who was employed in the service of the United States, as an escort, spy, and guide, at the daily pay of one dollar and twenty-five cents, during hostilities with certain Indians, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and was disabled by being wounded while in such service, shall be placed on the list of invalid pensioners of the United States, at the rate of twenty dollars per month, to commence on the last day of January in the present year, in lieu of the present rate of pension.
NATHL. MACON,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
JOS. ANDERSON,
President of the Senate pro tem.
March 3, 1805.
APPROVED,
TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT,
For the relief of Robert Patton, and others.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the collector for the district of Appomattox, be and he hereby is directed to repay to Robert Patton and company, and Samuel Pearson, the owners of the Schooner Isis, a vessel of the United States, the amount received from them for foreign tonnage on said Schooner, and he hereby is also directed to repay to Samuel Gordon and others, the owners of the cargo of the said Schooner, the amount of ten per cent, additional duties received from them upon the said cargo, at the entry hereof at Appomattox, in the year one thousand eight hundred and four.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the collector for the district of Newport, be and he is directed to pay to Edmund Briggs, jun. and others, the master & crew of the sch. Phebe, the amount of bounty or allowance arising on a fishing voyage which was made in the said vessel, in the year one thousand eight hundred and four, upon satisfactory proof being exhibited to him, that the said Schooner was employed during the four months of fishing season.
NATHL. MACON,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
JOS. ANDERSON,
President of the Senate pro tempore.
March 3, 1805.
APPROVED,
TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT,
To provide for the accommodation of the President of the United States.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorised to cause to be sold such part of the furniture and equipage belonging to his household, as may be decayed and out of repair; and that the sum of fourteen thousand dollars, together with the proceeds of such sales be appropriated for the accommodation of the household of the President of the United States, to be laid out at his discretion, and under his direction.
NATHL. MACON,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
JOS. ANDERSON,
President of the Senate pro tempore.
March 3, 1805.
APPROVED,
TH: JEFFERSON.
THE Subscriber intends to practise LAW in the County Courts of Mecklenburg, Halifax, Lunenburg and Brunswick; & in the District Courts of Brunswick and Prince Edward.
Any person willing to employ him in their business, may have ready communication with him at Lombardy Grove, Mecklenburg, where he will reside.
RICHARD APPERSON.
February 19. eTsw
VIRGINIA. At a Superior court of Chancery, holden in Richmond the 23d day of March, 1805.
Between James Anderson and Philip Thurman, merchants & partners under the firm of James Anderson and company. Plaintiffs.
And Bernard Markham, & Francis Osborne executor of George Markham deceased. Defendants.
THE defendant, Bernard Markham, not having entered his appearance, and given security according to the Act of Assembly, and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that he is not an inhabitant of this country, on the motion of the plaintiffs by their council, it is ordered that the said defendant do appear here on the 22d day of the next term, and answer the bill of the plaintiffs, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper published in the city of Richmond for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the Capitol in the said city.
A Copy, Teste,
P. TINSLEY, c. c.
March 26. (et u. 2 m.)
Painting Office.
COOK & GRANTLAND.
RESPECTFULLY acquaint the public, and particularly those who are fond of encouraging young beginners, that they have lately procured a parcel of new type, which will enable them to execute on the shortest notice, PAMPHLETS, HAND-BILLS, CARDS, &c. in the neatest style, at the usual prices.
JUST PUBLISHED,
BY COOK & GRANTLAND,
AND FOR SALE AT THE MINERVA OFFICE,
THE FARCE OF
RAISING THE WIND.
The following critical remarks on this production are copied from a London periodical work of high repute:
"November 5th, 1802 To-night a new Farce, entitled, Raising the Wind, was performed for the first time."—This farce is of the true English stamp, and the belt we have seen for a great length of time. The incidents follow each other with that rapidity that not a moment is left for languor; and possess such gaiety, that it is impossible not to be pleased. The humour is the most unconstrained that can be imagined."—This farce deferred and obtained the most complete success. The plaudits were almost unceasing. The piece was given out for repetition "with universal applause."—Lady's Monthly Museum, No. 11, Vol. ii. April 9. (St.)
IN CHANCERY.
At a court of quarterly session, held for Cumberland county, the 25th of February, 1805.
William M. Allen, and James Cody, merchants and partners acting under the firm of Allen and Cody, Plaintiffs.
Against Joseph Bradley, John Bradley, Martin S. Davenport, executor of David Deyon, deceased, Francis Deyon, & J. C. Dowdy, Defendants.
THIS day came the plaintiffs by their attorney, and the defendants Joseph Bradley, & John Bradley, not having entered their appearance, and given security according to the Act of Assembly, and rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that they are not inhabitants of this state; On the motion of the complainants by their council, it is ordered that the said defendants, Joseph Bradley and John Bradley do appear here on the first day of April court next, to answer the complainants' bill, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some one of the newspapers published in the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the Court-House of this county.
A Copy, Teste, SAMUEL HOBSON, D. C. C. C. March 26. (et u. 2 mp.)
FISHER & LESUEUR,
HAVE JUST RECEIVED, A LARGE SUPPLY OF GROCERIES, viz:
  Muscovado Sugar  Pepper, Pimento, Cloves    Beef Green Coffee  Nutmegs, Mace and    Double and single refined  Cassia    Loaf Sugar  Madder, Brimstone, Al-    Retail Molasses and Tre-  um and Copperas    cle  Spanish & Bengal Indigo    Old Antigua, Jamaica,  Spermazeti Oil    Santa Cruz, St. Kitts,  Coloring    and N. E. Rum  Pickled Salmon and Cod    Old Cognac Brandy  Fish    Holland Gin  New-York Candles and    Madeira, Port, Sherry,  Soap    Teneriffe and Malaga  Gun Powder    Wine  Patent Shot from 1 to