The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1804-09-12 00:00:00

THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, (Virginia) PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE...AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM...payable in advance.
NUMBER 37.]
WEDNESDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 12, 1804.
[VOLUME 1.
CONDITIONS.
I. The ENQUIRER will appear twice a week... II. Terms of payment FIVE DOLLARS per annum... III. ADVERTISEMENTS... IV. SUBSCRIBERS
LOW FOR CASH, OR ON SHORT CREDIT, Direct from Penington's Manufactory, Philadelphia;
LOAF SUGAR,
OF an excellent quality, either by the hoghead, barrel, or single loaf. The supply will be regular and large.
MICAIAH DAVIS.
4th of 7th mo. 1804.
DOCTOR WILSON,
HAS taken (as a temporary residence) the house lately occupied by Doctor Adams, opposite the Bell Tavern, and intends to combine the APOTHECARY'S BUSINESS with the PRACTICE OF PHYSIC.
WANTS EMPLOYMENT,
A YOUNG MAN who writes an excellent hand, and has been accustomed to BOOK-KEEPING for the last nine years.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN,
THAT a Petition will be presented to the General Assembly, at their next Session, for the sale of the Glebe in St. Mary's Parish in Caroline;
LOW FOR READY MONEY.
FOR sale, an able NEGRO MAN, who has been accustomed to the use of the spade and scythe, and who will make a valuable labourer to a master residing in the country.
BALTIMORE FRENCH COLLEGE.
THE numerous inconveniences arising from the successive entry of pupils through the course of the year, have brought on a resolution of fixing on the month of September as the ONLY period of admission for new boarders;
FOR RENT.
THE Tenement in which the Office of the Examiner was formerly kept, situated on Brooke Hill immediately below the Swan Tavern.
VIRGINIA:
AT A SUPERIOR COURT OF CHANCERY, HOLDEN IN RICHMOND, MARCH THE 26TH, 1804. Between JOHN SOMERVILL, Plaintiff, and LUCAS SULLIVAN and WILLIAM BASKERVILLE, Defendants.
CASH SALE OF LAND IN ALBEMARLE.
On September 15th, WILL BE SOLD, in Charlottesville, to the highest bidder, for CASH, THE TRACT OF LAND lying on the east side of Rivanna, over against Charlottesville, containing about 600 acres, with a new commodious DWELLING HOUSE.
THOMAS M. RANDOLPH.
FALL GOODS.
WILLIAM TEMPLE has received by the ship Edward and Charles, from London, AN EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF GOODS, suitable to the approaching season.
JUST PUBLISHED,
VOLNEY'S VIEW OF THE CLIMATE AND SOIL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA—with MAPS and PLATES.
WANTED ON HIRE;
A WOMAN without a Child, who is a good Cook, Washer, and Ironer. Liberal wages are offered for one who can come well recommended.
MADEIRA WINE,
OF a superior quality, which we offer for sale by the hoghead and quarter-cask.
FAIRFIELD RACES.
ON Monday the 1st of October next, will be run for over the FAIRFIELD COURSE, a Sweep-stake for Colts three years old, two mile heats.
SCOTTVILLE JOCKEY CLUB.
ON the second Thursday in September, will be run for, over the Scottville heats, the JOCKEY CLUB PURSE of £. 100—three mile heats.
NOTICE.
THE office of Supervisor of the Revenue for the District of Virginia being discontinued, and the unfinished business of the said Office transferred to me;
Mediterranean Passports.
NOTICE is hereby given, that it has been deemed expedient to change the form of the Mediterranean passport issued to vessels of the United States;
NEAL NELSON,
BOOT & SHOE MANUFACTURER, MAIN-STREET, RICHMOND,
MAKES Boots & Shoes to any pattern or fashion, equal in point of MATERIALS and WORKMANSHIP to any in general use.
June 30.
LIFE OF WASHINGTON.
THE FIRST VOLUME is ready for Subscribers at the Book Store of Wm. PRICHARD, Richmond, August 18, 1804.
PUBLIC NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN,
THAT the Common Hall of the City of Richmond, will at their next monthly meeting proceed to recommend to the Court of Hustings for the said City, one fit and proper person to be appointed a CONSTABLE of the said City, in the room of Leighton Woods, who has resigned.
A WET NURSE.
WANTED to hire or purchase, a Wet Nurse without a child of her own. Enquire of the Printers. August 8.—tf
FOR RENT,
FOR A TERM OF YEARS, THE Farm whereon James Harris, decd. lived about 18 years ago, in the county of Caroline. It is beautifully situated on Pamunkey River, commands a handsome prospect, and is extremely healthful.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.
FROM COBBETT'S REGISTER OF JUNE 30. FRANCE. A concise account of the trials which have lately taken place in France, will be published in a subsequent sheet of the Register.
FROM THE (LONDON) GLOBE.
Political and Historical Remarks on the Invasion of England. The subjection of the British Islands has been the favourite scheme of the French politicians ever since the Kings of England lost their territorial possessions in France.
As they now are for ten years without any material inconvenience; that is to say, if we pursue the system of Mr. Pitt. But can we go on thus for ten years?
LIST OF FRENCH SHIPS BUILDING.
A gentleman lately arrived from the continent, is said to have brought the following list of French ships of the line and frigates, building, or for which materials for building were collecting. In the different dock-yards of the Batavian republic, 11 ships of the line, from 60 to 80 guns; and 14 frigates from 24 to 44 guns, besides cutters, gun-boats, &c. were in the docks;
FROM THE SALEM REGISTER. PARTICULARS Of the capture and destruction of a Maley settlement on the coast of Sumatra.

be paid for the loss of a country ship near Makey, which the British alleged had been plundered by the Malays.
3. They demanded another hundred thousand for the expense of the second fleet, then before their port. These demands were addressed to the Chief, Dato' Sabillono, and 4 o'clock P. M. fixed for a definitive reply. The settlement was totally unprepared for defence. No cannon was mounted, and there were no troops to defend it. No answer being returned in the appointed time, the English commenced the attack, by firing on the town from all their vessels. Many natives were killed before a single shot was returned. In the night they hove up banks of sand, and planted a few cannon, and in the morning of 14th returned the fire. A warm engagement for about six hours ensued. The English lost about twenty men. The Captain of one of the Briggs was wounded. The first shot from the shore killed three men on board one of the ships. Finding little could be done by continuing in their vessels, the English landed the soldiers and attacked the intrenchments. Here there was a brave resistance, but finally the natives abandoned the ground, and fled in all directions into the country. Dato' Sabillono the Malay Rajah who bravely defended the place, was supposed to be mortally wounded. The English now entrenched themselves in turn, built a fort and took possession of the country, and fearing the natives might poison all the streams and wells in that neighbourhood, landed two hundred casks of water from the ships. They destroyed the town of Makey, burning all the houses to the ground, and plundered the natives of all the pepper which had been collected for the season. The quantity is stated to be equal to five ship loads. The American vessels in this port took no part on either side. A few shot from the English vessels passed over them, but did no damage. Not having completed their loading, application was made after the surrender to the place of the British resident for permission to purchase pepper, but the answer was that it was against his instructions, and no more pepper could be sold to foreigners.
It will be here necessary to make only a single observation to prove that this unprovoked attack, has fallen the Malays, chiefly an consequence of the Americans visiting their country and purchasing pepper. Last year it was publicly reported on that coast that so long as the Americans were suffered to trade among the natives, the English ships could get little or no pepper, and declarations were made that it would be necessary to take possession of the natives ports with a view of excluding all the foreigners from any participation in the trade.
It is therefore pretty evident that pepper must in future be either purchased through English hands at double price or not be had at all at Sumatra, while the English shall have possession. A spirit of universal commerce has seized this people. They will to a man the whole trade of the East and West-Indies, and to fix bounds to that of Europe and America. As a commercial people ourselves, willing to come in for a small share at least, of what may be called common property, we cannot and ought not to with them succeed in any scheme, which seems to aim at seizing the whole commerce of both hemispheres.
One of the English Briggs, on her return to Bencoolen, was fallen in with by a French privateer, captured, and sent to the Isle of France.
From a London Paper of July 7. It is reported in the foreign papers, that Russia is arming against France, and meditates an attack against her on the side of Italy, by means of an armament from the Black Sea, and the co-operation of the English fleet in the Mediterranean. It is also said that Russia has already a considerable number of troops in the islands of the Adriatic; and has issued a proclamation calculated to cultivate the esteem of the people in those parts where her troops may find so convenient a resting place previous to their landing in Italy.
By the Hamburg mails which arrived on Thursday, we received two letters from Berlin, one of which states, that the Cabinet of Peterburgh will certainly refuse to acknowledge the new Emperor of France. It is, however, added, that this refusal will have no effect upon the other Courts of Europe. The second letter informs us, that the Elector of Baden has entirely set to rest the discussion that was expected to take place in the Diet of Ratibon, on the subject of the violation of the territory of that Electorate by the French. Thus it appears, that Bonaparte has intently declined to furnish any explanation of his conduct in this affair.
NEW-YORK, Sept. 4. We are indebted to Mr. Thomas Walker, who came passenger in the ship John Adams, arrived at Boston from Liverpool, for a London paper of the 13th and another of the 14th July, (7 days later than our former accounts) from which we have made the subjoined extracts. When Mr. Walker left Boston, it was reported that the Packet, Trot, was below. If so, we may expect by the next eastern mail to receive European Intelligence to the 24th.
(Mer. Adv.) PARIS, JULY 1. (From the Moniteur.) The following are the expressions employed in the extraordinary Protest of the Count De Lille, against all that has been done, and is doing in France, since the re-union of the States General:
PROTEST OF THE COUNT DE LILLE. "Warfaw, June 6, 1804. "In assuming the title of Emperor, and attempting to render it hereditary in his family, Bonaparte has put the seal to his usurpation. This new act of revolution, where every thing from its origin has been null and void, cannot weaken my rights: but being accountable for my conduct to all Sovereigns, whose rights are not less injured than mine, and whose thrones are shaken by the dangerous principle which the Senate of Paris has dared to publish—accountable to France, to my family, and to my own honour, I should consider myself as betraying the common cause, were I to keep silence on this occasion. I declare then, after having renewed my protestations against all the illegal acts which, from the opening of the States General of France, have led to the alarming crisis in which France and Europe are now involved—I declare, in the presence of all the Sovereigns, that, far from acknowledging the Imperial title that Bonaparte has received from a Body which has not a legitimate existence, I protest as well against that title as all the subsequent acts to which it may give birth."
The battle of the 22d of June, between a division of the Batavian flotilla and the enemy's cruisers, has been regarded by all military men with great attention. The Batavian Division was composed only of 27 gun boats of the second class, each carrying a 24 pounder, and two pieces of small calibre. The 24's were for the first time en belle. The crews conducted themselves in the most perfect manner in this engagement. The order of battle of the division was firmly maintained; it kept up a very regular fire, and the enemy soon retreated. The wind, which blew from the north-east, caused a rolling sea, which proved very inconvenient to our vessels. An English brig lost its bowsprit; a frigate its main-yard; and a schooner brig its main-mast. The flotilla retired triumphantly into Orend, and several of the enemy's vessels returned to England to be repaired. We had only eight men killed, and one vessel slightly injured.
LONDON, JULY 13. Yesterday morning dispatches were received at the Admiralty from Admiral Thornborough, cruising off the Texel. They are dated the 6th instant at which time the ships in that harbour remained in the same state as formerly.
A letter from Paris, of the 24th, received in London, states, that an air of mystery seems to pervade every public undertaking in that city. General Moreau, it seems, embarked from Perpignan for America, and this only a few days after he had been permitted to furnish his apartments in the Temple according to his own taste. A number of persons arrested in February last, as a measure of public safety have only recovered their liberty upon condition of fixing their residence at certain places, under the inspection of the Police.
A French publication by Dr. De Carro states, that there is a village called Ayes Ago, near Constantinople, where the Cow-Pox is epidemic, and where, of course, all the inhabitants are naturally vaccinated. The consequence is, that none but infants are attacked by the small-pox, and amongst these villagers the plague is totally unknown.
The Senators La Fevre and St. Suzanne, who both have served under Moreau, negotiated between him and Bonaparte, and caused the former, who since his condemnation, has shown more character than he had done before, to accept of the offer to go to America, with the value of all his property, and an annuity of 100,000 livres. He declined the place of a Governor in the Isle of France, saying, he would never acknowledge Bonaparte as an Emperor, or serve under him as such. Madame Moreau, on account of the tender age of her child, was desired to remain in France twelve months longer, but she accompanied her husband, and many think she will embark with him. Her mother remains yet in Paris, employed in disposing of their property. It is said that Bonaparte intends to purchase Moreau's country seat, Grosbois, for his brother Louis. The Tribune Morbois and all the other members of Moreau's family, will settle in North America. It is even said that several Generals, as Souham, Macdonald, Lecourbe, and others, intend to join their friend Moreau, in the United States.
Letters from Leghorn of the 12th of June, inserted in the Moniteur of the 28th ult. mentioned that the Mamelukes, on the 23d last March, not only retrieved their former losses, but defeated the united Turks and Arnauts, killed 2000 of them, and forced the remainder to shut themselves up at Cairo, where they are now blockaded by 12,000 united Mamelukes, Bedouins, and Fellahs, who it is supposed will soon be masters of the capital of Egypt.
Accounts from Constantinople mention the death of Ghezzar Pacha, the Governor of St. Jean d'Acre, and Damascos; his age and infirmities had long rendered this event a matter of expectation. His Government, it is said, is given to Ibrahim Pacha of Aleppo, whose son succeeds him in that city. Houshed Pacha, the Provisional Governor of Egypt, is confirmed in that office.
Accounts have been received at Lloyd's, that a Dutch Admiral, with 3 sail of the line, was at the Cape of Good Hope on the 11th April. The ships were much in want of men, and otherwise in no condition to put to sea.
Price of Stocks this day at 12 o'clock:—3 per cent reduced 56 1-2. Omnium 5 1-2.
VIENNA, JUNE 20. By what we can learn, Count Cobenzel is re-appointed our Ambassador to the French Government. An Envoy Extraordinary will also set off very shortly, to congratulate Bonaparte on his assumption of the Imperial dignity; it is also said, that a particular Minister of the Emperor will be appointed to assist at the coronation at Paris.
HOLLAND. SCHIEDAM, June 26. A Commission, composed of two members of the Government State, G. Brantzen and A. F. R. van Haarfolte, and the secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, M. van der Goes, has been nominated by the Government, to repair to Paris and congratulate Bonaparte on his exaltation to the throne. The time of their departure is not yet fixed, and will not perhaps take place before the coronation.
SWITZERLAND. BERN, June 14. The Government of Zurich has concerted measures with the French Ambassador, for transporting out of Europe those insurgents who were lately sentenced to banishment, and for placing in French prisons those condemned to confinement.
From London Papers to the 14th July, received at Charlestown by the John and James, from Liverpool.
LONDON, JULY 13. While Bonaparte is visiting his palaces, and exhibiting to the world the new affections which his new pretensions render necessary; the lawful claimant of his throne, by a short protest addressed to the Sovereigns of Europe, gives him one of those remembrances which are well known to interrupt the peace of the Usurper in the midst of all his splendors. This incident is dated, Warfaw, June 6, 1804, and declares, that, far from acknowledging the imperial title that Bonaparte has received from a body, which has not a legitimate existence, he protests "as well against that title as all the subsequent acts to which it may give birth." It proves how well Bonaparte is aware of the impossibility of preventing the circulation of such papers in France, that he has printed it in his own Moniteur; a manoeuvre, which gives him an air of conscious security upon the old policy of making a virtue of necessity.
The further contents of the Moniteur, and smaller papers, which we have received to the 4th inst. relate almost entirely to the visits of Bonaparte either to public institutions, or to popular generals. At the military schools of Fontainebleau, he questioned the pupils as to their military knowledge, he then visited Marshall Angereau, his brother's hero, of the suherb Le Antoinette and the Marshall, in honour, of so august a guest, exhibited fire works, and had an illumination in his park.
The day of the Coronation is not yet fixed; but that ceremony will not be dispensed with. The thirty-six cities, whose mayors are to assist at it by their oaths, have been selected by the Emperor.
From the MONITEUR OF JULY 3. PETERSBURG, (RUSSIA) JUNE 13. General Hedouville having obtained leave of absence from his government, previous to his departure, accredited and presented to Prince Czartorinski, M. Rivals as charge d'affairs at our court.
HANOVER. THE MARSHALL OF THE EMPIRE, BERNADOTTE, TO THE ARMY. Head Quarters at Hanover, 28 Prairial, An. 12, 18 of the empire.
SOLDIERS. * His Imperial majesty, in conferring upon me the command of the army of Hanover, particularly charged me to attend to your wants. I shall fulfil, with pleasure, the duties imposed upon me, and do you, on your part, defer the constant solicitude of a wife and paternal government.
* Continue to be obedient to the commands of your chiefs; and never cease to be faithful to that honour which has always characterised the French arms. Cherish for ever, the persevering hand which has saved your country. She assures to your fathers the security of your property; to yourselves the recompence of your services, and to all a happy and tranquil old age. Repeat with your Generals, and all good Frenchmen—Long live the Emperor.
The Dublin papers for a fortnight past, have contained in the shape of an advertisement, a letter from the under secretary, of which the following is an extract:
"DUBLIN CASTLE, June 30, 1804. "SIR, "I am much concerned that the search made in the Queen's charge, for persons against whom there was a capital charge, has in its consequence, occasioned any inconvenience or unpleasant feeling to you. The information was such as made it indispensably necessary that the most diligent scrutiny should be used, and I have no hesitation in assuring you, that the intrusion into your house was not in the slightest degree from any suspicion of your loyalty or attachment to the government, but because necessary from the peculiar circumstances of the parties for whom search was made.
"I have, &c. A. MARSDEN. "George Harris, Esq. Huntingdon-lodge."
PARIS, June 27. Vice-Admiral Latouche Treville of the Legion of Honor, Commander in Chief of the Squadron in the Mediterranean, has written the following letter to his Excellency the Minister of Marine and for the colonies:
On board the Bucentaur, in the road of Toulon, 25th Prairial, year 12. "General—I have the honour to transmit you an account of the putting to sea the whole squadron under my command. In consequence of advice which I had received, that some English privateers infested the coast and the Hieres Isles, I gave orders three days ago to the frigates the Indomptable and Syrene, and the brig le Furet, to sail for those islands. The east winds being contrary, they anchored under the castle of Poigneroles. Yesterday morning the enemy obtained intelligence of their situation, and towards noon detached two frigates, and a vessel which entered by the Great Channel, with intention to attack them while at anchor. Admiral Nelson at the same time arrived with four ships at the narrow channel, with intent to cut off the retreat of our frigates. As soon as I perceived his manoeuvres I made a signal for the whole squadron to put to sea, which was executed. In 14 minutes all were under sail, and bore down towards the enemy, to cut them off from the entrance of the narrow channel, and with the intention of following him should he enter it. The English Admiral, however, immediately abandoned his design, recalled the two frigates, and made sail away. I pursued him till night; he bore away to the S.W. This morning at day light I could see nothing of him—I falter you with respect.
(Signed) "LATOUCHE TREVILLE." ENGLISH ACCOUNT. LONDON, July 11. A letter from Gibraltar, dated June 11, states as follows:—
"The Gibraltar, of 80 guns, commanded by Capt. Reeves, arrived this morning, from the fleet of Toulon, which he left on the 31st of May. By the Gibraltar, we learn, that the French fleet did come out as was reported, but did not dare to go beyond the protection of their own batteries; Lord Nelson however, immediately resolved to attack them close to the harbours mouth, and Admiral Campbell, with two ships of his division, got into action with them, when the whole French Squadron immediately retired into Toulon."
DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE.
[We this day offer to our readers the second manuscript account of Bacon's rebellion. On this antique tract we shall at present make no observation. There is nothing in the entire letter or in the extract from the other letter which we publish in this day's paper or in the remaining letters which treat of other very different topics; in fact there is nothing on the face of any part of the manuscript, which is sufficient to explain the character of its author. The Editor will even reserve the communication of the means by which he himself obtained this manuscript, until he has had an opportunity of subjoining all that he can gather of its history from the gentleman, who originally transmitted it to his friend in Richmond, and whom he expects to see in this city during the sitting of the Chancery Court.]
TO MR. C. H. AT YARDLY IN NORTHAMPTON-SHIRE.
Sir, I have seen yours directed to— and considering that you cannot have your desires satisfied that way, for the forementioned reasons, I have by his permission, ventured to send you this brief account, of those affairs, so far as I have bin informed.
The Sufolkmens and Marylanders of friendes being ingaged enimies (as hath by a former letter bin hinted to you) and that the Indians being reffaulted bent not to forsake these forte; it came to this point, yt the Marylanders were obliged (findeing themselves too weake to do the worke themselves) to supplicate (tooooke granted) aide of the Verginians, put under the conduct of one Collonell Washington (him whom you have sometimes scene at your Howle) who being joynd with the Marylanders, invets the Indians in there Fort, with a neglegent seige; upon which the enimie made severall sallies, with as many losses to the beleagers; and at last gave them the opportunity to diart the Fort, after that the English had (contrary to ye law of arms) beate out the Braines of 6 grate men sent out to treat a peace: an action of ill consequence, as it proved after. For the Indians haveing, in the darke, slip through the Leygue, and in there passage knock'd off of the beleagers on the head, which they found faind asleep, leaving the rest to protecte the Seige (as Scoping's Wife brooding the Eggs which the Fox had suck'd) they resolved to imploy there liberty in avenging there Commissiones blood, which they speedily effected in the death of sixty innocent foules, and then lend in there Remonstrance to the Governor, in justification of the fact, with this Expotulation annex: Demanding what it was moved him to take up arms against them, his professed friends, in the behalfe of the Marylanders there avowed enimies. Declaring therefor to see the Verginians, of friends to becom such violent enimies as to perfue the Chase in to another dominions. Complaine that these melfingers sent out for peace were not only knock'd on the head but the fact countenanced by the governor; for which (findeing no other way to be satisfied) they have revenged themselves, by killing ten for one of the English; such being the disposition between these men murthred, and those by them slane, there being persons of quality, the other of inferiour Ranke: Profesting that if they may have a valluable satisfaction, for the damage they had sustained by the English, and that the Verginians would withdraw there sides from the Marylanders quarrell; that then they would renew the league with Sr. W. B. others they would prosecute ye war to the last man; and the hardest send of.
This was faire play, from fowle gamsters. But the purposealls not to be allowed of as being contrary to the honour of the English, the Indians proceeded, & haveing drawne the neighbouring Indians into there side, in a short time, they commit abundance of unradged and unrevenged murthers; by which means grate many of the outward plantations were distrest; he doing whereof did not only terefy the whole colony, but subplanted those eftemes the people had formerly for Sr. W. B. whom they judged too remiss, in applying means to stop the fevrye of the Heathen; and to fetle these affections, and expectations, upon one Esqr. Bacon, newly come into the Countrey, one
of the Councill, & nearly related to your late wives father-in-law, whom they desired might be commission'd an (for some reasons best knowne unto himself) de-nying, the Gent. man (without any scruple) accepts of a commission from the peoples affections, signed by the emergences of affairs and the Countreys danger; and so forthwith advanced with a small party (composed of such that would own his Authority) against the Indians; oh whom, it is said he did signall execution: In his absence hee and those with him, were declared Rebels to the state May 29, and forces raised to reduce him to his obedience; at the head of which the Governor advanced, some 30 or 40 miles to find Bacon out, but not knowing which way he was gon, he diminish his army, retiring himself and counsell, to James Towne, there to be redy for the assembly, which was now upon the point of meeting: Whither Bacon, some few days after his return hom from his Indian march, repaired to render an account of his services; for which himself and most of those with him in the Expedition, were imprisoned; from whence they were freed by a judgment in court upon Bacon's tryall, himself readmitted into the Councill and promised a commission the Monday following (this was on the Saturday) against the Indians; with which deluded, he smiters his retinements, and begs leave to visit his Lady (now sick, as he pretended) which granted, he returns to Towne at the head of 4 or 5 hundred men, with Arm'd: resumes his demands for a commission. Which, after some howers strugling with the Governor, being obtained, according to his desire, he takes order for the countreys security, against the attempts of insulting Indians; fills up his numbers and provisions, according to the gage of his commission; and once more advanced against the Indians, who hearing of his approaches, calls in there Runers and fears, be taking themselves to there subterfuges and larkingsholes. The General (for so he was now denominated) had not reach'd the head of York River, but that a Pott overtake him, and informs, that Sr. W. B. was a raising the Traine-bands in Gloucester, with an intent, either to fall into his reare, or other ways to cut him off when he should return very and spent from his Indian servit. This strange news put him, and those with him, shrody to there Trumps, beleiving that a few such Deales, or shuffles (call them which you will) might quickly ring both cards and game out of his hands. He saw that there was an absolute necessity of destroying the Indians, and that there was forso care to be taken for his own and Armys safety, other-ways the worke might happen to be rechedly done, where the labourous were made cri-ples, and be compeld (instead of a fword) to make use of a cruch. It vex't him to the heart (as he said) to thinke, that while he was a hunting Wolves, tigers & bears, which daily destroyed our harmless and innocent Lambs, that hee, and those with him, should be perfewed in the reare with a full cry, as more savage beests. He perceived like the corne, he was light between those flones which might grind him to powder; if he did not looke the better about him. For the preventing of which, after a short consult with his officers, he countermarcheth his Army (about 500 in all) downe to the middle Plantation: of which the Governor being informed, ships himself and adherers, for Accomack (for the Gloster men refused to own their quarrell against the General) after he had caused Bacon, in these parts to be proclaimed a Rebel once more July 29.
Bacon being fated down with his Army at the middle Plantation, lends out an invitation unto all the prime Gent: men in these parts, to give him a meeting in his quarters, there to consult how the Indians were to be proceeded against, and himself and Army protected against the designs of Sr. W. B. against whole Papers, of the 29 of may, and his Proclamation since, he puts forth his Replication and those papers upon those Delamers. First, whether persons wholly devoted to the King and countrey, haters of sinne and by-respect, advertising there lives and fortunes, to kill and destroy all in Arms, against King and countrey; that never plotted, contrived, or indeavoured the destruction, detryment or wrong of any of his Majesties subjects, there lives, fortunes, or estates can deserve the names of Rebels and Traitors: secondly he cites his own and foldes peaceable behaviour, calling the whole countrey to witness against him if they can; hee upbraces som in authority with the meanness of there parts, others now rich with the meanness of these estates, when they came in to the countrey, and questions by what just ways they have obtained there wealth; whether they have not bin the spunges that bath suck'd up the publick treasury: Questions what arts, sciences, schools of Learning, or manufactories, have bin promoted in authority: Justifies his adveersion, in general against the Indians; upbrades the Governor for maneating there quarrell, though never so unjust, a ganst the Christians rights; his refusing to admit an English mans oath against an Indian, when that an Indians bare word should be accepted of against an Englishman: fath summing against ye Governor concerning the Beaver trade, as not in his power to dispose of to his own profit, it being a Monopoly of the crown; Questions whether the Traders at the heads of the Rivers being his Faders, do not buy and sell the blood of there brethren and country men, by furnishing the Indians with Powder, shot and Fire Arms, contrary to the Laws of the colony: He araignes one collonell Cowells assercion, for laying that the English are bound to protect the Indians to the huffard of there blood. And so concludes with an Appeal to King and Parliament, where he doubts not but that his and the Peoples cause will be impartially heard.
To comply with the Generalls Invatation, hinted in my former Letter, there was a grate convention of the people met him in his quarters; the result of whose meeting was an Ingement, for the people (of what quality soever, excepting servants) to subscribe to consisting of 3 heads. First to be aiding, with there lives and estates, the General, in the Indian war; secondly, to opole Sr. Williams designs, if hee had any, to hinder the fame; and lastly, to protect the General, Army and all that should subscribe this Ingement, against any power that should be sent out of England, till it should be granted that the countreys complaint might be heard against Sr. William before the King and Parliament. These 3 heads being methodized, and put in form, by the Clarke of ye Assembly, who happened to be at this meeting, and read unto the people, held a depute, from almost noone till midnight, pro and con, whether the fame might, in the last Article especially, be with out danger taken. The General, and som others, of the chiefe men was Refulate in the affirmative, asserting its innocency, & protesting, without it, he would surrender up his commission to the Assembly, and lett them finde other Servants, to do the countreys worke: this, and the newfe, that the Indians were fallen downe in to Gloucester county, and had kill'd 200 people, a bout Carters Creeke; made the people willing to take the Ingement. The chiefe men that subscribed it at this meeting, were Joes. Swan, coll. Beale, coll. Ballard, Esq. Bray (all four of the counsell) coll. Jordan, coll. Smith, of Purton, coll. Scarbrooke, coll. Miller, coll. Lawrence and mr. Drommond, late Governor of Carolina; all persons, with whom you have bin formerly acquainted.
This worke being over, and orders taken for an Assembly to sit downe the 4 of September (the writs being issued out in his majesties name, and signed by 4 of the Councill, before named) the General once more sets out to finde the Indians: of which Sr. William have gained intelligence, to prevent Bacon's designs by the Assembly, returns from Accomack, with a bout 1000 folders, and others, in 5 ships & 10 sloops to James towne; in which was som 900 Baconians (for soe now they began to be called, for a marke of distinction) under the command of coll. Hansford, who was commissionated by Bacon, to raise Forces (if need were) in his absence, for the safety of the countrey. Unto these Sr. William sends in a fummous for a Rendition of ye place, with a pardon to all that would decline Bacon's and entertaine his cause. What was returned to this fommous I know not; but in the night the Baconians forsake the Towne, by the advice of Drummond and Lawrance (who were both excepted, in the Governor's fommous, out of mercy) every one returning to there own abodes, excepting Drummond, Hansford, Lawrence and some few others, who goes to finde out the General, now returned to
the head of Yorke River, haveing spent his provisions in following the Indians on whom he did sum execution, and sent them packing a grate way from the borders.
Before that Drummond and those with him had reached the General, he had dimist his Army, to these respective habitations, to gather strength against the next intended expedition; excepting som few returned for his Gard, and persons living in these parts; whom, those that came with Hansford being joynd, made about 150 in all: With these Bacon, by a swift march, before any newes was heard of his return from the Indians, in these parts, comes to Towne, to ye confirmation of all in it, and there blocks the Governor up; which he easily effected by this unhandy of project. He was no sooner arrived at Towne, but by several small parties of Horse (2 or 3 in a party, for more he could not spare) he fetcheth into his little League, all the prime mens wives, whose husbands were with the Governor (as coll. Bacon's Ladies, Madam Bray, Madam Page, Madam Ballard and others) which the next morning he presents, to the view of there husbands and friends in to town, upon the top of the female worke hee had call up in the inuendo his defence against his enemies; that hee had fited the only place (as you do know well enough) for those in to town to make a sallay at. Which, when considered, and the Governor understanding that the Gentle women were withdrawn in to a place of safety, he sends out som 6 or 700 hundred of his soldiers, to beate Bacon out of the Towne: But it seems that those works, which were protected by such charms (when a rausing) that plug'd up the enimies shot in there guns, could not now be storm'd by a vertue less powerful (when finished) then the light of a few white Aprons; otherwise the servit has bin more honourable and the damage less, several of those who made the sallay being slane and wounded, without one drop of blood drawne from the enimy. With in too or three days after this disaster, the Governor resumes himself, folders and all the inhabitants of the town, and there goods: and so to Accomack a game; leaving Bacon to enter the place at his pleasure, which he did the next morning before day, and the night following burns it downe to the ground to prevent a futer seige, as hee said. Which flagrant, and flagitious, Act perform'd, he draws his men out of town, and marcheth over York River, at Tindells point, upon him, from Potomack, at the head of 1200 men (as he was informed) with a deligne to raise Bacon's seige, from before the town, or other ways, to fight him, as hee saw cause. But, Esqr. Bacon's soldiers no sooner heard that Bacon was got on the north-side Yorke River, with an intent to fight them, and that he had beat the Governor out of the town, and fearing, if hee met with them, that he might beat them out of there lives they baley forsake there colours, the greater part adhering to Bacon's cause; resolving with the Persians to go and worship the rising sun, now approaching here there Horizon: of which Bacon being informed, he stops his proceedings that way and begins to provide for a nother expedition a gainst the Indian, of whom he had heard no newes since his last March, a gainst them: which while he was a contriving Death fummous him to more urgent affairs in to whose hands (after a short seige) he surrenders his life, leaving his commission in the custody of his Left's General, one Ingram, newly come to the countrey.
Sr. William no sooner had news that Bacon was Dead but he sends over a party, in a sloope to Yorke who snap'd collonell Hansford, and others with him, that kept a negligent Gard at coll. Reades howle under his command: When Hansford came to Accomack, he had the honour to be the first Virginian born that ever was hang'd; the folders (about 20 in all) that were taken with him, were committed to Prison. Capt. Carver, Capt. Wilford, Capt. Farloe, with 5 or 6 others of less note, taken at other places, ending there days as Hansford did; Major Chesman being appointed (but it seems not dedicated to the like end, which he prevented by dying in prison through ill usage, as it is said.
This execution being over (which the Baconians termed crewlty in the abstraxt) Sr. William Ships himself and foulder for York River, casting Anchor at Tindells point; from whence he sends up a hundred and 20 men to surpise a Gard, of about 30 men and boys, kept at coll. Bacon's howle, under the command of Major Whaly; who being fore-warn'd by Hansford fate, prevented the designed conflict with the death of the commander in cheife, and the taking som prisoners: Major Lawrence Smith with 600 men, meeting with the like fate at coll. Pates Howle, in Gloster, a gainst Ingram, (the Baconian Generally oney Smith saved himself, by leaving his men in the lurch, being all made prisoners; whom Ingram dismissed to there own homes; Ingram himself, and all under his command, with in a few days after, being reduced to his duty, by the well contrivance of capt. Grantham, who was now lately arrived in York River; which put a period to the war, and brought the Governor a shoare at coll. Bacon's, where he was presented with Mr. Drummond; taken the day before in Cheekanonny swomp, half famished, as him self related to my Husband. From coll. Bacon's, the next day, he was conveyed, in Irons to Mr. Brays (whither the Governor was removed) from his Tryall, where he was condemn'd with in halfe an hour after his coming to Esqr. Brays, to be hang'd at the middle Plantation, with in 4 howers after condemnation; where he was accordingly, executed, with a pitiful French man. Which don, the Governor removes to his own howle, to settle his and the countreys repose, after his many troubles; which he effected by the advice of his counsell and an Assembly convened at the Greene Spring; where severall were condemned to be executed, prime actors in ye Rebellion; as Esqr. Bland, coll. Cruse and som other hang'd at Bacon's Trench; Capt. Yong, of Cheekanonny, Mr. Hall, Clarke of New-Kent court, James Wilton (once your servant) and one Leift. Collonell Page (one that my Husband bought of Mr. Lee, when he kept store at your howle) all four executed at coll. Regis, over against Tindells point; and Anthony Arnell (the same that did live at your howle) hang'd in chains at West point, beside severall others executed on the other side James River: enough (they say in all) to out number those slane in the whole war; on both sides: it being observable that the fword was more favourable then the Halter, as there was a grate liberty taken to run from the sharpnes of the grate, then would be allowed to shun the dull imbraces of the other: the Hangman being more dreadfull to the Baconians, then there General was to the Indians; as it is counted more honourable, and less terable, to dye like a foulder, then to be hang'd like a dogg.
Thus Sr. have I rendered you an account of our late troubles in Virginia, which I have performed too wordily; but I did not know how to help it; ignorance in some cases is a prevalent oratour in pleading for pardon, I hope mine may have the fortune to prove foe in the behalfe of Sr.
Yor. friend and servant An. Cotton. From Q. Creeke. * Sir William Berkley, the governor of Virginia.
To his Wife A. C. at Q. Creek. My deare Although those who have depicted that fickle Godes, Fortune, have represented her under various shapes, there by to denote her inconstancy; yet do I thinke there is not any thing fubianary, subjected to the vicissitudes of her tempore so much as is the condition and estate of man-kind: All things espartakes som thing of a steadfast and permanent decree excepting Man in the state of his affairs. The sun is constant in his Amull progress through the Zodiac, the Moone in her changes, the other Planis in their Aspects: The productions of the Earth have a fixed constant season for there growth and increase, when that man (in his creation little inferior to the Angles) cannot promise unto himself a fied condition, on this fide Heaven. How many hath thou and I read off, that the sun hath shined upon the East, with honours and Dignities, which his western beames hath seene clouded with poverty, reproaches and contumelies. The same moment that saw Ceasar chiefe Man in the fenate, be-

held him in a worst condition than the meanest slave in Rome; and in less than 6 hours Phœbus ey'd the Marquis of Ancy, in the midst of his Ruling train of servitors, not only streaming out his blood, but spurn'd and drag'd up and down the dirty streets of Paris, by the worst of mechanics. It is but the other day that I did see N. B. in the condition of a Traitor, to be tried for his life; who but a few days before was judged the most accomplished Gen: man, in Virginia to serve his King and country, at the council Table, or to put a stop to the insolencies of the Hea-then, and the next day rais'd to his dignities again. Thus doth Fortune sport her self with poor mortals, som times mount them up in to ye aire (as Byes do Tennis balls) that they may com with the greater violence downe, and then a gane strike them a gaint the earth that they may with ye greater speed mount up in to the Aire &c. &c.
From Towne, June 9, '76.
† Nathaniel Bacon.
BOSTON, August 29
Capt. Fuber, of the brig Indefatigable arrived here yesterday in 15 days from St. Johns, (N. F.) which place he left the 12th of August, informs that Admiral Gore, with a large squadron arrived there from England a few days previous to his departure.
NEW-HAMPSHIRE ELECTION.
We have the pleasure of communicating to our readers a statement of the votes given at Portsmouth for members of the ninth congress of the United States; by which, we believe the most sanguine expectations of the Republicans have been exceeded in the majority obtained over the Federal candidates—they stand thus:
REPUBLICAN.
 Clement Storer, 623  Thomas Cogswell, 624  Jedediah K. Smith, 624  Nahum Parker, 624  Ezra Bartlett, 624 
FEDERAL —Samuel Tenney, Silas Betton, T. W. Thompson, Caleb Ellis, and David Hough, had 251 each, and 6 scattering.
[Boston Democrat.]
NEW-YORK, Sept. 1.
The following communication is copied from the Albany Centinel of August 21.
On Sunday morning the afflicted Mrs. Hamilton attended divine service in the Presbyterian Church in this city, with her three little sons.
At the close of a prayer by the Rev. Mr. Nott, her eldest son dropped on his face in a fainting fit.
Two gentlemen immediately raised him, and while bearing him out of church, the afflicted mother, sprung forward, in the agonies of grief and despair, towards her apparently lifeless son. The heart rending scenes she had recently struggled with, called forth all the fine-spun sensibilities of her nature; and seemed to say that, nature must, and will be indulged in its keenest sorrows.—She was overpowered in the conflict, and likewise sunk—uttering such heart rending groans, and inward sighs, as would have melted into mingled sympathy even Burr himself.
Both of them soon revived, and while the little son was supported standing on the steps yet speechless, the most affecting scene presented itself—a scene, could it be placed on canvas, by the hand of a master, would be extremely interesting, and impressive. The mother in this tender situation, fastened herself upon the son, with her head reclining on his shoulder; the agonies so strongly painted on her countenance, her long flowing weeds, the majesty of her person, the position of both, and above all, the peculiarity of their trying situation in the recent loss of a husband and a father—who could refrain from invoking on the head of the guilty author of their miseries those curses he so richly merits?
The curse of living despised, and execrated by the voice of the whole nation—curse of being held up to the view of future ages—A MONSTER and an ASSASSIN.
September 4.
The British frigate Cambrian has captured off the Hook, a Spanish brig from Laguira, and sent her to Halifax for adjudication.
[N. Y. Mer. Adv.]
At half past one o'clock on Sunday afternoon the ship John, capt. Pateron, from Bordeaux, took a pilot on board; the British frigates Leader and Cambrian lying at the time, having in tow the Spanish brig mentioned in the preceding paragraph. In about a quarter of an hour afterwards they fired a gun at the John, and continued chasing and firing until three quarters past three, but the ship continued her course. When the frigate had run her into four fathoms water, and within about half a mile of the shore, they gave up the chase, after firing 106 shot, several rounds of which were grape shot, besides musketry, without doing any other damage than carrying away the larboard main-top-gallant-brace. Several of the grape shot are now on board the John. Capt. Pateron resolutely determined not to be brought to on the waters of the United States; and had the good fortune to reach port almost without injury.—[Ib.]
September 5.
General Armstrong, Mr. Livingston's successor at the Court of his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of the French, took his departure yesterday morning for Nantz in the ship Thomas. As the vessel passed Governor's Island, a salute was fired by the fort in compliment to the new Ambassador.—[N. Y. Mer. Adv.]
DIED —At his seat in the environs of New-York, Commodore James Nicholson, in the 69th year of his age. If candor, probity, sincerity, generosity and patriotism, are virtues worthy of our imitation, then has the deceased left us a noble example.
PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 9.
A letter from Capt. Stewart, of the brig Syren, dated April 23, to his friend in this city, announces the capture by him of the brig Transfer, a Grecian vessel, from the Archipelago, laden with valuable merchandise, and 19. Turkish Soldiers, bound to Tripoli. The commodore had valued, equipped, and taken her into the service of the U. States. The Syren was to proceed the following day to join the blockade of Tripoli.
The following letters gives an account of another capture by our vigilant and enterprising squadron:—
Extract of a letter from an officer on board the U. S. Schooner Nautilus.
We found you a brig we captured off Tripoli, standing in, under English colors, in violation of the declaration of the blockade of that port. Being advised by commodore Preble, that we sent her to America for adjudication. We had an engagement for an hour, with 11 gun-boats, off Tripoli, within half gun-shot of the batteries. We drove them into port, without any loss on our side.—[Phil. Gaz.]
Capt. Swaine, of the America, and Mr. James Baxter, who came passenger in her, have favored us with copious files of Bordeaux and Paris papers, to the 28th June. Their contents are unimportant.
MADRID, May 24. The American envoys are shortly expected here, who, it is supposed, are commissioned to settle with our Ministry on several collateral subjects. 1st. The discussions which took place last year, between the American government and the governor of New-Orleans; 2d.—Arrangements which concern Spain in the cession of Louisiana to the United States; 3d. Propositions made by this government, on the subject of the Floridas. It is supposed that these plenipotentiaries will bring with them the ratification of the convention, past in the month of August last, between their government and our minister resident in America; and that they will commence a negotiation with a commission appointed to settle with them several less important points hitherto undecided; such as the line of demarcation on the frontiers, &c.
PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 5.
Arrived at the Lazaretto, the Spanish national brig Poles, capt. Parolo Sabada, 60 days from Corunna, having Dispatches on board.
Extract of a letter from an officer of the U. S. Schooner Nautilus, dated "SYRACUSE, April 17, 1804."
"Every exertion is now making for the liberation of the prisoners in Tripoli. What the plan of operation for this summer is, I know not. It is said by some, that the commodore (who's activity and enterprise does him great honour) intends with the force he has collected, to bombard the town; others suppose a negotiation for peace is on foot. The destruction of the Philadelphia made some difference in the treatment of the prisoners—not so much however as was expected, they were only more closely confined for a short time, but experienced no personal severity. They were all well when we heard from them last, and in as good spirits as their situation could admit. The Tunisians had purchased the ship and were to have taken her to Tunis in a few days."
"We had a brush not long since with the Tripolitan gun boats, who very prudently kept under the guns of the batteries."
"I have much pleasure in informing you of several captures made by the different vessels of the squadron, the first of which I suppose you have before heard of, by the Enterprise, with the Tripolitan Ambassador on board, and presents to the Grand Signior.—An English brig by the Nautilus, and a ship by the Syren, the two last for a violation of the blockade. These captures have excited much surprise in this quarter; and it is said we have not a sufficient force to constitute a blockade, which is I assure you most rigidly enforced, and no vessel suffered to enter the port without a passport from the Commodore. The prize made by the Syren, is said to have a considerable quantity of specie on board."
P. S. Since writing the above, it has been determined to send the brig we captured off Tripoli to the United States for legal adjudication. Mr. Cox goes in her to Philadelphia, as prize master. One of the other prizes has been taken into service, under the command of Lieut. Dent—she is called the Scourge brig.—[Phil. Gaz.]
UNPLEASANT SYMPTOMS.
From the Mississippi Herald, August 10.
Extract of a letter, dated August 7.
"Returning this morning from the vicinity of Little Bayou-Sara, I met not far from the line, 21 armed men;—on passing a house with in my view, they sounded a French horn, and unfurl'd a flag composed of four white and three blue stripes, a yellow field and two red stars; they were mounted, arm'd with rifles and pistols and wore a deep blue and yellow cockade. Among the party, I recognized some of the planters of Feliciana, and one man whom I knew, on passing me, declared he would be in possession of Baton Rouge Fort in 24 hours: I have since learned that their plan is to take the different alcaldes or commandants as they go along; so that we may naturally suppose our neighbour O'Connor is in string ere this. As I get more of the particulars you shall have them."
"While writing, a party of men & women have passed in ribbons and plumage—amongst them are J. S.—and Mrs. A."
Extract of another letter, dated August 8th received at 5 o'clock, P. M. this day.
"The K.—, and their party amounting as I am informed to nearly three hundred men, set out yesterday to take Baton Rouge. It is supposed they will effect it, and perhaps seize the whole country as far as the Mobile river; I have learnt that there were a number of American citizens of the party, which I regret. Those insurgents have hoisted the American flag. I believe if there had been United States troops stationed at Fort Adams, the citizens here, nor any other in this neighborhood would have been suffered to collect in opposition to our government nor to invade the rights of a peaceable neighboring nation."—[Ib.]
WAR WITH SPAIN INEVITABLE.
The following Communication is received by a Merchant of this city, from a source upon which perfect reliance may be placed.
MADRID July 16, 1804.
"The application of the American Minister on the subject of the Convention, has at length drawn from this court, the following Propositions, upon the acceptance of which only, will that instrument be ratified."
1st. That time be allowed to give notice to their subjects of the Convention, which has not yet been done, as they considered the business totally abandoned by the American Government.
2. That the article relating to Prizes, carried into Spanish ports by French cruisers be totally expunged, and all claims upon the Spanish Government, on that account, be for ever relinquished.
3. That the act of the United States authorizing the President to establish one or more Ports on the river Mobile be immediately repealed.
After a proper remonstrance by the American Minister on the subject, he demanded his passports, and will actually depart from hence in the course of the ensuing week.
It is expected too that all the Americans will be obliged to leave this place in a few days.
Nothing of course but war is spoken of. Nevertheless Mr. Yrujo, is instructed with full powers, and it may happen that what could not be obtained here, will be granted at Washington.
The people of this country affect to treat with contempt any opposition on the part of the United States, as they have (from your side) such information as leads them to believe that America is only a great merchant who calculates upon the probable loss or gain by a war or peace, and will determine as the balance of interest may preponderate without regard to national honour.
Nevertheless if we except the French, there is no other nation that they so much apprehend mischief from. Your vicinity to their colonies, and mild principles of your republican government is a constant source of anxiety to them, and occasions both fear and hatred to you.
General Moreau, is now at Barcelona, on his way to America, where he means to pass the remainder of his life, by permission of the Emperor.
Even this circumstance has given some alarm here."—Phil. Gaz.
CADIZ. —By a respectable mercantile friend we have been favoured with the perusal of a letter from Cadiz, dated July 21. It states the great scarcity and high price of flour, which has been enhanced by a recent prohibition at Italy and Sicily of the exportation of flour from those places, the crops having generally failed. Cadiz was indebted to those places for its principal supply. The prices it was expected would be supported.
PRICES CURRENT—CADIZ, July 21.
 Rice 9 dols. per quintal.  Kidney beans, 3 dols. p. sack of 200 lbs.  Wheat per fanning (70 lbs.) 5 dols.  Flour per bbl. 20 dols.  Indian corn p. fanning, heaped measure, $ 1-2.  Beef, bbl. 12, pork 15. 
FROM CADIZ.—LATE.
By the brig Neutrality, Captain Wadsworth, arrived at this port yesterday, in 38 days from Cadiz, we understand, that the differences between the United States and the court of Spain (mentioned in our last Baltimore papers) and their consequent rumours, had existed in that place prior to his failing; but that it was not finally expected they would occasion a war between the two countries. Capt. W. further adds that the Spanish court, had refused to confer with Mr. Jefferson's ambassador on the subject of the convention, and that Mr. Pinckney, conceiving himself to be irreverently treated by this procedure, had demanded passports for his return home.
AUGUSTA, August 25.
By a gentleman who passed through this place a few days since, from Fort Wm. on the we- on, we were informed that the running of the line between the United States and Canada, was completed; and that the treaty between the Creek nation had terminated; and that the Indian claim as far as the Ocmulgee river—[Sparta pap.]
Another Newspaper, just appeared at N. Orleans, entitled the Louisiana Gazette. It is reputed to be of a Federal complexion."
Extract of a letter from Williamsport, Lycoming county, dated August 22d. 1804.
"It is probable you have heard that the Yankees at Tioga shot Edward Gobin; this has put a stop to all business in that country; they since say he was the wrong person, they meant to shoot the surveyor Henry Donnell. They are forty men in arms on the Tioga, from Sugar Creek and other parts.—Gillet, sometime after Gobin was shot came with upwards of thirty persons on to the tract in the name of Mark Wilcocks, and cut the bay. The person it is feared to fears they will take his life, and for sometime has kept to his house. I am informed that at Tioga Point, they have shot and burnt an effigy of Henry Donnell, and threaten that if he or any other officer should go into that country, they shall not leave it alive.—They have stopped travellers and made them give an account of themselves. One of the settlers is now in Williamsport, who had leafed a tract of land; he fled the country fearing his life would be taken, and numbers have under like apprehensions removed into the state of New-York."
ELECTION IN KENTUCKY.
 Governor of the State,—Christopher Greene.  Lieutenant Governor,—John Caldwell.  Caldwell | Bullock | Johnson.  12352 | 9833 | 3472 
Congress. Mathew Lyon, Mathew Walton, John Boyle, Thomas Sandford, John Fowler, George M. Bedinger.
Although no official return has yet been received from the First Congressional District, Colonel Mathew Lyon is certainly re-elected by a small majority.
ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND: • WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1804.
In publishing the third speech of Mr. John Randolph, delivered on the 7th of March in the case of the Yazoo Claimants, the Editor had pledged himself to give to the little circle of his subscribers, the most important part of that interesting debate. He had examined the detailed statement of that debate, which appeared in the National Intelligencer; and from the habitual energy and ability of the speakers, with the unusual interest which they seemed to have displayed in this discussion, he had flattered himself with the expectation, that the reported debate would have furnished him with much to admire and much to present to the attention of his readers. The maiden speech of Thomas M. Randolph had particularly excited his curiosity, and he had early anticipated the satisfaction of extending the circulation of a speech, which had reflected so much honour upon its author, and had cast so strong a gleam of hope upon his future exertions. In these expectations he has been disagreeably disappointed. The report which has appeared in the National Intelligencer, is entitled to no other character, than that of a miniature and very mutilated representation. Besides the lengthy speech of Mr. Rodney of Delaware, the uninteresting reply of Mr. Lyon of Kentucky, and the defulatory sketches of the Vermont representative, Mr. Elliott, the curious reader will find little else to gratify his curiosity. The report of this debate too has closed for ever in the Washington paper; but the speech of Mr. Randolph has not yet made its appearance.
Mr. Smith, the Editor of that paper, has already explained the reasons of this omission. With the justness of this apology every reader may be perfectly satisfied; and yet there are few who can suppress their disappointment that this interesting debate, which had called down all the indignant eloquence of Congress upon a fraudulent and infamous transaction, should thus be prematurely abridged. The Editor of this paper is happy, he will venture to say he is proud, that it is in his power to add one more luminous link to a chain of such important discussions. He congratulates himself with the having it in his power to give publicity, in the Saturday's paper, to the speech of Mr. T. M. Randolph. For the possession of the manuscript copy of this speech, he stands indebted to the exertions and friendship of a gentleman of Rich-
mond, by whose disinterested assistance and advice, he is proud to have profited on more than one occasion.
MOREAU.
then, is destined for once to grace our shores.—The illustrious hero of Hohenlinden, whose military prowess was only to be exerted against the enemies of his country; who, at the head of a triumphant army, under a weak and unpopular government, and solicited by the political chiefs of the nation to establish a new usurpation upon the ruins of liberty, thought only of disbanding the army and returning to the repose of a private citizen; the man who, haunted by the suspicions of an usurper, and dragged before a criminal court of justice, exhibited all the magnanimity of conscious innocence, and proved at the very moment when he was vindicating his name from the most atrocious charges, how infinitely superior he was to his proud accuser: this patriotic Frenchman is about to seek in our peaceful and republican country, an asylum from the ambition and injustice of his persecutors. Let our conduct prove to him that we are not unworthy of the honour which he is about to confer upon our country.
Accompanied by the veneration of all his illustrious "compatriots," let it be our duty also to convince him, that the "bloom of "strangers" is not intangible to his exalted merits. Let us prove to him that Americans are not indifferent to virtue, from whatever foul it may emanate; whether it receives its divine inspirations in this western hemisphere, or whether it arises, expands, and sheds its lustre upon some more distant region. It was an American maxim that "where liberty is, there is my country;" then let us in the full spirit of this precept receive at once with all the affections of fellow-countrymen an illustrious man who has fought so nobly and triumphed so greatly in the holy cause of freedom.
When he touches our shores, let us say to him, "True, this is not your native country. There exists not the American female who can pour her maternal benedictions upon your head, and thank her fortune for having given birth to your genius and patriotism." 'Tis true we can point out no spot among us, where your cradle has rock'd to the repose of infancy. Amongst us you will not find that soil where your youth wandered; where you have inhaled the breath of many enterprise and dignified freedom. Your name is not that of an American here; "exists not perhaps a single drop of blood in the veins" of one of our citizens at what of these artificial distinctions—berth a free constitution; and you yourself the favourite advocate of our country.
We admire genius and virtue; and to a distinguished life of services has given you a pre-eminent claim. And even if we could extend our regards to nothing but what contributed to our own immediate interests, even then your pretensions to our confidence & friendship would scarcely be susceptible of a doubt. When you were fighting for the freedom of France, even then you were contending in some degree for the republican system of our country. Such is the complicated tissue of the affairs of men, who are connected by civilization and affected by mutual example, that perhaps we might venture to say no triumphs accompanied your own progress, of which we also did not partake; every new lustre which you added to your own name, cast an additional beam upon our own republican institutions. That France is not free, cannot be attributed to your misconduct; that she has become the slave of any other hero than yourself constitutes your highest eulogium. Come then and let this be your country. Here you will enjoy that independence, which you have in vain attempted to confer on your native land. You must wait the customary period of naturalisation, before you can acquire all our political rights; but whatever of social sympathy it is in our power to bestow we shall not require a tardy experience to teach us that you ought to possess. If like Aristides you come among us an Exile from your native country; You shall find that like him, the fame of your virtues has transcended its artificial boundaries."
It was the observation of Mirabeau in his memorial to Frederic William II. King of Prussia, on the day of his accession to the throne, that "Princes cannot too often recollect that English America enjoins all governments to be just and sage, if governors do not choose to rule over deserts." The remark may not be altogether applicable to nations which have never felt what it is to be free; but it is certainly true of many a man who having enjoyed the independence of a freeman has relapsed into the condition of a subject. If it is not a picture of a Prussian, certainly it will apply with a few modifications to some of the modern Frenchmen.
When the edict of Nantz was revoked, in the year 1685, the protestants were induced to fly from France, and seek a religious asylum in England, Holland and different parts of Germany, where they established the silk manufactory. If religious enthusiasm will banish a man from his country, surely the ardour of political freedom will sometimes produce the same effect.
An inhabitant of France must either submit to the tyranny of the present regime; he must attempt its destruction; or he must desert his country. The man who is unable to endure or overturn its present usurpation, must seek some more fortunate asylum.
Moreau, it is said, has now shown them the way across the ocean. The example of this illustrious hero, whom so many will be anxious to imitate for various reasons, will invite every year, and perhaps every month or day, new colonists to our country.
Will this emigration tend to relax or tighten the chains of French despotism? This is one question in relation to them: There is another relative to our own country. We shall profit by the ingenuity, the capital, & it is to be hoped by the virtues of these emigrants; should this prospect induce us to abridge or extend the period of naturalization?
ERRATA in the Enquirer of September 8.
First column, 104th line, of the Rainbow, No. 4. for "immediate" read, irremediable . Second do. 68th line, for "who are immediately interested," read, who were immediately interested.
The author observes a few other typographical errors; such as "have a similar fate," instead of share a similar fate, in the 28th line of the 3d column; and the omission of the word delighted , in the 11th line of the 1st column; an alteration of the word accelerating for accumulating , has been suggested, and meets with his approbation; mistakes of his own, in the manuscript, and consequently not the fault of the typographer, have also been obligingly pointed out to him by his friends, which, however, do not affect the sense of the passages when they occur—such is, a change of tenses in the imaginary being "Death"—Milton created him a male; this has proceeded from haste and inadvertence."
FOR THE ENQUIRER.
During the last session of the Legislature of this state, a Lottery was granted in order to raise 20,000 dollars,
for the purpose of building an academy in the metropolis of Virginia, in which at this time there exists no permanent institution for the instruction of youth. In Richmond, there are taverns and stores in abundance, but there is no Academy. A Theatre is now nearly completed, a sum amply sufficient for this purpose, was readily collected by subscription; but there is no academy in Richmond. We have a penitentiary establishment for the reception and incarceration of criminals, but no institution which by promoting the diffusion of useful knowledge and training youth to virtuous habits, might prevent the penetration of crime. Here the Legislature annually assemble to revise the national code, and remove every unnecessary source of inequality, and retrain, but we have no institution for the instruction of youth, which may contribute to the formation of enlightened legislators. Here the supreme courts periodically sit to administer justice; but there is no institution for the purpose of impressing on the minds of the rising generation a knowledge of the principles and a veneration for the practice of justice. Here, the most learned, eloquent and distinguished practitioners of law reside; but there is no permanent academic institution in which youth may imbibe a taste for the beauties of literature and acquire a competent skill in the exercise of a masculine and persuasive eloquence.—No institution, which by enlightening and expanding the mind of youth, might contribute to correct the spread of wanton, imprudent and expensive litigation. To Richmond, for the purposes of legislative business, pleasure, or improvement, persons of every description resort from every part of the state; but the intelligent traveller and enlightened patriot will search in vain, in the metropolis of Virginia, for the grandest & most pleasing of all spectacles, a literary properly organized and furnished for the production of genius and the culture of intellect. In the metropolis of Virginia, which has been honorably called the Athens of the new world; in Richmond, which ought to imitate and emulate the literary and scientific refinement of Athens, there is not a single public establishment for the instruction of youth. Athens had her Perico, Lyceum and Academic grove. In Richmond, although built at an era when the arts and sciences have been carried to unrivalled perfection, and furnish the most admirable materials for the construction of a comprehensive course of juvenile education, and in a country rich beyond all example in every physical and political blessing; in Richmond, there is not a single philosophical school! A lottery, the last resource of the desperate projector, was resorted to and granted, but the tickets fell very slowly. The writer of these remarks, begs leave to invite the attention of young gentlemen in Richmond, to the following plan for accelerating and extending the sale of the tickets. No amusement is more rational and attractive than dramatic exhibitions. To a play with propriety and spirit requires a combination of accomplishments brilliant and rare. A sound judgment, refined taste, exquisite sensibility and graceful elocution, are obvious and indispensable constituents of dramatic skill. These are qualities which every young man of liberal mind is anxious to cultivate and proud to display. Can any amusement be more improving and attractive, or more perfectly disconnected from whatever has a tendency to degrade and deprave the mind? Under these impressions I invite a sufficient number of young gentlemen of this place to unite for the purpose of acting some popular and instructive tragedy. Pizarro, Cato, Guttavus Vasa, the Force of Calumny, &c.—Let the monies collected, after deducting the incidental expenses of the exhibition, be appropriated to purchase tickets in the lottery, for building an academy in Richmond, with the proviso, that any prizes, which such tickets may draw, shall be expended in the purchase of more tickets, should any remain to be sold, or appropriated to aid in purchasing a library and philosophical apparatus, if all the tickets should be previously disposed of.—It is believed that a considerable sum might be collected and an efficient impulse given to a very useful undertaking, at present in a very languishing and unprosperous state. Any communication on this subject to the Editor of the Enquirer, will be received with pleasure.
EUGENIUS.
COMMUNICATION.
Seldom has it been the lot of the writer of an obituary, to record a more sudden, unexpected and distressful stroke of death, than the following. On the 27th ultimo, the two infant daughters, and only children of Mrs. Jane S. Bolling, relict of Robert Bolling, esquire, of Goodland, lately deceased, were both taken at the same moment, with symptoms of alarming illness, and both expired in the evening of the following day; the eldest, and the youngest 2 years of age.
The following lines are addressed to the amiable and unhappy mother of these angelic babes; and a fervent hope entertained that the known energy and fortitude of her mind will bear up against this almost unexampled severity of the decrees of an all-wise and benevolent God.
Cease hapless mother, cease to grieve, Your darling infants gone; Your unavailing sorrow leave, Nor their blest state bemoan! Can all your forrows, all your tears, Redeem departed breath? Can all your prayers, all your woes, Soothe the cold ear of death? What then avails that sobbing breath, Or what those bursting tears? Your babes are cherubs in Heav'n blest, Exempt from pain or fears. Know—Heaven's decrees are just and wise, And we are born to bear

FRENCH REVOLUTION; AND EMPERORSHIP OF BONAPARTE. (Concluded.)
A party, in this country, who, under the appellation of a strong government, mean a limited monarchy, always connect their wishes upon this subject, with the forms and principles of the British constitution. From the many excellent opportunities which the French neglected of restoring despotism, as well as from the consequences which would have resulted had such been the national will, it may not then be absurd to conclude that the usurpation of Bonaparte does not proceed from an inclination to re-establish despotism. But it has been stated that one or the other of three causes, induces the French to submit to the power of Bonaparte. And I have endeavoured to show that it is neither the first, nor second. It follows then that it must be the third; a sense of the necessity of a temporary, strong, military government; from the enmity of surrounding states, and the as yet unsettled state of the interior revolutionary ferment; a national languor, a kind of tedium, a wish for repose after the gigantic struggles of the revolutionary contest. The nation sleeps soundly after its Herculean efforts; Bonaparte alone watches at his post. He has connected the greatness of France with his own usurpation; but it must be confessed that under his auspices, the nation has arrived to an unexampled pitch of power and prosperity. While secure in their mighty resources against all external attack, and by the strength and vigilance of the government, from prostration and bloodshed, the effects of internal commotions, the nation appears to have sunk into a lethargy, which does not mark, or is indifferent to the means by which their great chief has acquired these blessings for them. Provided the bloody rage of faction is chastised, and tranquillity restored, they seem to give themselves no trouble to enquire whether Bonaparte has modified the government, according to his own whim, or their permanent happiness. The consul, taking advantage of these circumstances, has endeavoured to render hereditary in his family, and permanent to the nation, that power, and those cautionary regulations which were intended to be temporary; and he has bribed or overawed the constituted authorities to legalize and sanction his usurpation. Too justly disgusted with revolutions, the French view their present state of things, although it has been unexampledly stolen upon them, as a smaller evil than a recurrence to and a renewal of those scenes of horror from which they have been so lately reprieved. Dazzled by the splendour of Bonaparte's almost unrivalled achievements, his government, perhaps, is viewed with complacency, if the forms by which he rules are not admitted. But heroes of Marengo and Aboukir, are not hereditary; and when Bonaparte shall have ended his mortal career by the hand of violence or of nature, his imperial institutions will crumble into insignificance, faster than his body into dust. The forms of the republic will be restored, and profiting by past experience, it will be "organized in tranquillity." This view, which I so languidly indulge, is infinitely comforting to the friend of humanity. It holds out the prospect of a bloodless change. Reforms are always desirable; revolutions ever to be dreaded. In such an event the passions of civilized society will not again be excited on the side of tyrants; the nation will be completely prepared for the peaceful triumph of principle; and the surrounding states of Europe, warned by woeful experience, will not feel inclined or interest in coalescing to restore an usurper, or a muffled legion of honor. The change from imperial to republican France, will not be sudden or bloody, but gradual and peaceable; not a mobbish revolution, but a philosophic reform; it will be slower but surer; and it will come when the circumstances of the times call for it, as they now in some measure, call for the government of Bonaparte or some such man. If the preceding remarks be correct, the French revolution is not at an end; but the most bloody part has passed away; several grand eras have succeeded each other; the last will be the final emancipation of the nation, some time during the nineteenth century. I cannot admit that I am here falling into the prophetic mania which I have just condemned. The revolutionary wheel has been in motion fifteen years; it has had several pauses, but rolled on again; I therefore think it precipitate and premature to conclude that it has now stopped forever.
But if this terrible convulsion; this political earthquake, which shook the civilized earth to its centre, while its extremities trembled, has finally rumbled into silence, by the weight and influence of one of its own stupendous productions; if the French revolution has actually ended in the despotism of Bonaparte—what will France, in particular, and the general cause of liberty and of mankind, lose, or gain by it? In order to ascertain this point, it will be necessary briefly to compare the state of France, under the last of the Capets, with its situation under the first of the Bonapartes. Jurists have long since made a comendious division of the natural, civil and political rights of man—life, liberty, and property. These rights are completely secured only in the United States; Great Britain ranks next in the scale of freedom. But the question before us, is not which government of the earth most effectually secures these rights, but whether they were best secured by the government to which Louis 16 was born, or, by those institutions which Napoleon I. has established. Among others, of inferior consequence, there seem to be six points of comparison, by which the two governments may be judged. 1. The origin of the two despotisms. 2. The nature of the nobility. 3. The hierarchy, or church-establishment. 4. The administration of justice. 5. The financial arrangements. 6. The feudal system. First, as to the origin of the two despotisms. And here I must premise that by the word origin I do not mean the actual, real origin of the two governments, but the ideas of the ruler, and the received popular notions, respecting his right to command, and their duty to obey. Under the old system, kings were the immediate vice-gerents of God. They considered and avowed, that they were accountable to him alone for their actions. Dieu et mon droit—God and my right, was their appeal. The people were lost in the dust while the monarch was elevated to the clouds. Louis was the Lord's anointed; the nobles and the priests were his slaves; and the peasantry again were beasts of burden for these. When the king and the people were brought into comparison, the latter were considered as dust in the balance. The case of one man was thought of more importance, than the happiness of twenty-five millions; and many a summer's day, and many a winter's night, wretches have been hung up, in long tortures, lest luxury should face a momentary pang."
That Napoleon is neither the vice-gerent of God nor the Lord's anointed; he is not the so-
vereign, but the chief magistrate of the people; for among the host of defects observable in the new order of things, we yet find some important principles recognized: the sovereignty of the people, with their right to alter and abolish their governments at pleasure; equality of all men in respect to their rights; religious toleration; taxes in proportion to property; these, with some other principles, declared and acknowledged in the better times of the republic, are still sacredly regarded as inherent in the nation. Louis was literally king of France; without any legal or literary fiction, upon certain contingencies, the whole territory of France might be forfeited to the monarch; he was the proprietor, and the nation, from the prince to the peasant, were his tenants. But Napoleon is Emperor of the French; the soil of France belongs to the people of France; and the last title which he has assumed, merely expresses the political relation in which the governor stands to the governed. This is one great point gained; not only to France, but to mankind in general. We hear no more of divine right, or any other right than that of the sovereign people; and though they may abuse it, as they have recently done, yet the bare acknowledgement that such a right exists, and its being recognized by the governing power, as the only legitimate origin and basis of his authority, is a material advance in practical politics. Second and third—the nature of the nobility, and hierarchy, or church establishment. I do not speak of the nobility and hierarchy, as it relates to their feudal privileges; these will be considered presently; but as hoary, civil and sacerdotal aristocracies, whose power and pretensions were viewed with awe and reverence, by an ignorant and superstitious peasantry. The lord, who occupied the manors & the mansions, which his ancestors had occupied in succession, for many centuries before him, was easily impressed with a belief, by the circumstances of his birth and education, that there was an immeasurable distance between the feelings and the rights (if such were allowed) of the polished baron and the rugged peasant. The peasant too, servant to the son of that father, who had been served by his father, before him, and whose ancestors had from time immemorial, been in the relative situation, with their barons, of master and slave, could not but believe that his Lord was a superior being, invested by nature with all the rights, while the services (miserable birthright!) alone belonged to him. These sentiments of domination on the one side, and debasement on the other, were greatly aggravated, whenever the peasant's lord happened to be an ecclesiastical. Family distinction was united with priestly hauteur; but the unbending austerity of sacerdotal pride is proverbial.
There is a wide difference between the preceding, and any order of nobility, hereditary distinction, or religious establishment, which is now to be found in France. Any nobility which Bonaparte can establish, if, which we must suppose, he chooses them from among his adherents, will be an upstart nobility. The people of France will witness their creation. They will see their old companions, brewers and bakers, hewers of wood and drawers of water, made members of the legion of honor, from their acquaintances as spies, or their perseverance as bloodhounds. And while it has a tendency to extinguish every spark of veneration and respect for nobles, it elevates them, in their own imaginations, by exhibiting so palpably that between the peasant and his lord there are only artificial distinctions. It therefore has a double effect, in raising the class to which the peasant belongs, in his own estimation, (which is important; for the moment a man believes that he moves in a lower circle than his merits entitle him to, he becomes restless and uneasy) while it deprives the order to which his comrade has been elevated. He very naturally and very justly imagines that he has the same rights as his quondam friend the brewer; nor will the pugnacity of power be able to beat this imagination from his brain. The present religious establishment in France, is widely dissimilar to the old hierarchy. The domains of the church have been sold, and the sale repeatedly legalized and sanctioned by successive factions, from Robespierre to Bonaparte. A new division of dioceses has been made by Bonaparte, in concert with the Pope; and a new division of parishes by the bishops; the government nominates the latter, who, in their turn, nominate to the parishes. All ministers of religion are paid from the public treasury. The superiority of the present establishment will be seen at a glance. Formerly immense landed estates were attached to each diocese, or bishop's see, connected with which were myriads of idle pretensions, oppressive privileges and cruel exactions. A French bishop of Bonaparte, compared with a French bishop of Louis 16, is as powerless and insignificant as a Virginia parson. In this point of view, therefore, in suppressing the ridiculous veneration for nobles, and the impious idolatry for priests, the French Revolution and Emperorship of Bonaparte, has been singularly happy, not only for France, but for the progress of liberal thinking.
Fourthly—The administration of justice, in the old and new governments. It is indeed a perversion of terms to call the judicial proceedings, under the old government, an administration of justice. The shocking degree of corruption and venality which pervaded these courts, cannot be paralleled in any other age or country. Instead of employing honest and able attorneys, fairly & ingeniously to state the matter in dispute, to an impartial jury and upright judge, they were notoriously and avowedly, a certain class of females, who, under the name of Les Solliciteuses, were bribed, by rival clients, to corrupt the court by the most infamous sacrifices. But there is another feature, in the ancient regime, which tends more pointedly to shew the dreadful insecurity of the lives and liberties of all classes of men. I allude to the lettres de cachet. These were a species of blank mittimus. The date of the warrant, the name of the victim, and the price of imprisonment, remained blank. This price may be supposed to have varied, according to the wealth, rank or power of the person to be immured. When this was ascertained and paid, the blank warrant was delivered to the purchaser, who inserted the name of his enemy, and delivered it, thus fraught with misery, to the officers of justice! It is difficult to imagine a more horrible instrument of despotism than the lettre de cachet. The unhappy victim, unconscious of his crime, and ignorant of his persecutors, seized at the silent hour of midnight, and spirited away, from human society, is forever immured in the dark and loathsome dungeons of a subterranean prison. This was a fate to which almost every man in the kingdom was subject. But the lives of the lower orders, were not secured even by the simony ceremony of a lettre de cachet. They were considered as of no greater value than beasts of the field. In the time of Louis XIV. the Count de Charolois sometimes amused himself by shooting his peasants. The only reparation which was offered by the tyrant king, who had before frequently pardoned the count, for his venial excesses, was, this royal witticism—"I again pardon you, but at the same time I promise the like favor, to him who shall kill you." As late as the year 1789, an ecclesiastical named de Bauffremont, is said to have been still fonder of this lively sport; and
to common was it in a particular district, that it obtained the name of la chasse aux vilains. The situation of France, with respect to the administration of justice, has been totally changed by the revolution. The civil and criminal code has been greatly reformed and ameliorated. In cases of meum and tuum the tribunals are no longer venal. It is believed that they are much inferior to those of England and America; but vastly superior to those of the old government. There is now but one man in France who has the power of committing murder with impunity; and this is Bonaparte; and in doing this, under the plea of public necessity, he is obliged to refer to the forms of law, which, although it is a bitter mockery to the perfidious individual, evinces that the emperor of the French, in the zenith of his power, is compelled to pay that outward respect to the laws of the country which his predecessors of the Bourbon race disdained. It is a great point gained to the nation, to possess a code of equitable laws, even if these laws are imperfect and occasionally abused. General regulations, in their nature, cannot descend to the detail of cruelty which the caprices of individuals are wont to exercise. The murder of the Duke d'Enghien, although no man is less disposed than myself to palliate such atrocious conduct, ought no more to be considered as a proof of the corrupt administration of justice in France, than that of Jonathan Robbins should decide upon the excellence of our criminal code. The illustrious victim makes the case more striking, as it respects him, but the life of the brave tar was a sacrifice equally great, in the eye of strict justice. Both cases onely prove that where governments interfere with the prescribed course of national jurisprudence, courts are too apt to be compliant. It is probable that where the government is not concerned in France than in any other country, England and the United States excepted. It is true that we hear of imprisonments and executions by the ministers of Bonaparte; but never at the instance of individuals; we never hear of the avowed sale of blank warrants of perpetual imprisonment, under the name of lettres de cachet. The Count de Charolois, and M. de Bauffremont, who were so fond of hunting peasants, have vanished, with the execrable institutions which authorized such horrors. It would seem therefore that in the administration of justice, the revolution has produced important and auspicious changes; immediately beneficial to the French nation, and remotely to mankind; since every improvement in the condition of a people, whose language and influence are so fashionable and extensive, may be considered as reaching every corner of the globe.
Fifthly—The system of finance under the old and the new government. Under the old government, three fourths of the territory of France independent of the feudal bondage, under which the whole of it was held, belonged either to the king, the nobility or the clergy. The royal domains, as well as the estates of the nobility and clergy, were exempt from taxes. The burden of these fell entirely upon the peasantry, who were least able to bear it. It follows, therefore, that all the taxes of the old government, were levied upon one quarter of the property of the nation; which property was parcelled out, in diminutive and scanty proportions among twenty millions of meagre, squalid bondsmen; that the remaining three fourths, in the hands of the king, the nobility and the clergy, contributed nothing to the revenue; while this very revenue, "wrung from the hard hands of peasants" by every species of indirect taxation, was squandered by those very privileged orders which had not paid a sous towards it.
Now the Emperor of the French has no domains; no hereditary nobility, or dignitaries of the church, are proprietors of the soil; for the royal domains, the estates of the emigrant nobles, and most of the lands of the church, were confiscated and sold during the revolution; and this sale is sanctioned, by the same instrument, which has made Bonaparte Emperor. There is now, therefore, in France, no part of the territory privileged from contributing its portion of the revenue. Taxes are levied in proportion to the ability of those who have to pay them. And although there is undeniably a very shameful misapplication of the immense sums which France pays to Bonaparte; yet the mode of levying the taxes, as well as the persons and property upon whom they fall, is infinitely more equitable than under the ancient regime. This may be considered as one of the most material benefits which the French people have derived from the revolution. The mild or oppressive mode of collecting the revenues of a country, distinctly marks the nature of the government. In Turkey, the taxes are levied with the scimetar and the mufket. Under the old government of France, they were farmed out; that is, the wants of the court being ascertained, in order to come at the amount by a more sumptuary process, than was requisite by the tedious forms of collecting it from so many individuals, the farmers general kindly kept in between the people and the king, and advanced the sum, to the latter; they were then invested with the power of indemnifying themselves among the peasantry, by every species of oppression and imposition which avarice and cupidity can invent. The ingenuity of man can scarcely devise a more odious and cruel method of collecting the revenues of a country, than that practiced in France, under the Bourbon race. It appears, therefore, that upon this very important point, (the mode in which public contributions are levied upon the people) the French have been relieved from innumerable inequalities and oppressions.
Sixthly, and lastly, the feudal system.—Ample, elegant and correct histories of the feudal system, may be found in Hume, Robertson and Gibbon; and a condensed account of its introduction into England, its abuses, and its abolition, during the reign of Charles II. by Blackstone, is familiar, I presume to every student of law. I shall not therefore attempt a lengthened detail of the servitude incident to this strange polity, but shall content myself with a brief abstract of its most prominent and debasing features. The barbarous jargon, of aids, reliefs, primer seisin, wardships, marriages, fines, and feoffs, incident to this system, will be, perhaps, unintelligible to many of my readers. A complete explanation of the degrading services and cruel exactions meant by these terms, would surpass the limits of this essay, already I fear extended to too great a length. But an adequate idea may be formed, of the consequences resulting from the feudal privileges, even among the gentry and lower nobility, by recurring to Blackstone; the most abridged, and at the same time, the most forcible description of tyranny that I have ever met with. He observes—"the families of all our nobility and gentry groaned under the intolerable burdens, which, (in consequence of the fiction adopted after the conquest) were introduced and laid upon them by the subtlety and finesse of the Norman Lawyers. Besides the encumbrances for which they were liable in defect of personal attendance, which, however, were assessed by themselves in parliament, they might be called upon by the king or lord paramount for aids, whenever his eldest son was to be knighted, or his eldest daughter married; not to forget the ransom of his own person. The peer, on the death of his ancestor,
if of full age, was plundered of the first emoluments arising from his inheritance, by way of relief and primer seisin; and, if under age, of the whole of his estate during infancy. And then, as Sir Thomas Smith very feelingly complains, "when he came to his own, after he was out of wardship, his woods decayed, houses fallen down, stock wasted and gone, lands let forth and ploughed to be barren," to reduce him still farther, he was yet to pay half a year's profit as a fine for taking out his livery; and also the price and value of his marriages, if he refused such wife as his lord and guardian had bartered for, and imposed upon him, or twice that value, if he married another woman. Add to this, the untimely and expensive honor of knighthood, to make his poverty more completely splendid. And when by these deductions, his fortune was so shattered and ruined, that perhaps he was obliged to sell his patrimony, he had not even that poor privilege allowed him, without paying an exorbitant fine for a license of alienation." This being the situation of the nobility and gentry of England, where the feudal system was mild, compared with its bloody ferocity, and stern rigour, on the continent of Europe, to what misery and degradation must the lower orders in society have been reduced! Accordingly, we shall find that the sufferings of the nobility and gentry were light indeed, compared to the brutal debasement to which the unhappy peasantry were reduced. There never has been imposed by the policy or barbarity of man, a slavery so complicated and degrading as that which arose out of the feudal system. The condition of our negroes is infinitely superior to the villain, or bondman of Europe. They were the property of their lords, and either attached to the soil of the barony, or the person of the baron; they were transferable in like manner as our slaves; if they ran away, or were stolen, they were recoverable in the same way; they were incapable of acquiring property; of giving testimony against a freeman; were obliged to slave their heads, as a mark of servitude; and although in England rape and murder were the only excesses to which the lord of the manor could carry his power, yet on the continent a baron might violate the person of his female slave, with impunity; it was indeed one of their privileges, (and this was also the case in Scotland) to have the first nights enjoyment whenever their bondwomen married.* But although the baron of England, had not the power of murdering his vassals, it was otherwise in many parts of the continent; and particularly in France. In some districts, they were used in carriages, instead of cattle; were compelled to pass whole nights in preventing the frogs from disturbing the sleep of their lords; were obliged to feed and maintain his dogs; and, in certain cantons, after the sports of the chase, the baron had the privilege of ripping open the bellies of his slaves, to bathe his feet in their reeking bowels! Such was the condition of the lower classes in France, previous to the Revolution. Incapable of acquiring or possessing property; deprived by the cruel destiny of their birth, of the blessings of liberty; the honor of their females, and the lives of all were equally at the disposal of the baron!
In conclusion, it will be sufficient to observe, that at one mighty sweep this old and terrible fabric of servitude, misery and death, was effaced from the civil institutions of France. Her territory is "liberated from feudal bondage" and her "agriculture is unfettered by ecclesiastical imposts." Every man in France is a free citizen; all the property is held in fee simple, as with us; bannalites, franc-fiefs, corvees, gruerie, and main mortes are abolished. Contributions are levied in an equitable proportion; the administration of justice is no longer venal; and, "notwithstanding some of the wanton and capricious freaks which ever follow in the train of absolute power, personal safety and private property are much more safe than before." Richmond, September 7, 1804.
"I cannot learn," says Blackstone, "that ever this custom prevailed in England, though it certainly did in Scotland, (under the name of mercheta or marcheta) till abolished by Malcolm III."
* Stephen's wars of the French Revolution.
(BY AUTHORITY.)
SCHEME OF A LOTTERY....CLASS No. I. TO BUILD AN ACADEMY IN THE CITY OF RICHMOND.
Table with 3 columns: Prize, Number, Amount. Includes prizes of 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1 dollars, and 1500 blanks.
3750 Tickets at 10 dolls. each... 1500 Do. 12... 18000--37,500... 1542 Prizes. 2208 Blanks. This Lottery has been authorized by the Legislature of Virginia, for the laudable purpose of erecting a Seminary of Learning in or near the Metropolis of this State. With this view, it is contemplated to raise 20,000 dollars, and 2,500 dollars in additions for defraying the expenses of drawing, &c. The Trustees to insure success, have divided the Lottery into four distinct classes, so as to raise the sum contemplated by an annual Lottery, for four years, to raise every year 5,000 dollars, that the work may progress; it is expected that the present Lottery may be drawn by the first day of January next.
It is hoped that the gentlemen who have purchased Tickets in the Richmond Academy will still hold them, as the division of the former Lottery into four classes was deemed necessary by the Trustees, to insure success to so useful an institution. The town of Boston (to the honor of its citizens) has public Schools in which are about sixteen hundred pupils. The flourishing and increasing city of Richmond cannot boast of one public school. The Trustees of the Richmond Academy, have about thirteen acres of ground, nearly one half is accepted as a donation, and the remainder they have contracted for, on which they intend to erect the Academy. The site is elevated, healthy and beautiful. If any gentleman who has purchased Tickets is dissatisfied with dividing the Lottery into four classes, if he returns the tickets the money will be repaid, provided they are returned in ten weeks from this day—Dott. William Foushee, William Du Val, William Price (Registrar) and George Tucker, are appointed by the Trustees to sell and dispose of the Tickets, who are authorized to appoint agents for the above purpose. Tickets may be had of the said committee, at the Office of the Enquirer, at A. Davis's Office, of Messrs. Gallego, Richard & Co. Messrs. Barton & Brown, Messrs. Thomas Taylor & Co. of Wm. Prentis of Petersburg, of Dr. John Brockenbrough, jr. Samuel Pleasants, jr. and William Prichard. September 8.
The following is a petition which will be presented to the next General Assembly.
TO THE HONORABLE THE SPEAKER AND MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES.
The petition of sundry inhabitants of the counties of
HAT the law incorporating a company for the purpose of clearing and improving the navigation of James River, to which your petitioners beg leave to refer, was founded upon principles advantageous to the individual shareholders, and beneficial to that part of the community affected by its operation, in the manner expressly declared by the 1st and 19th sections of the said law; but the method which has been pursued by the Directors of that Company, contrary to the original object of the law, tends to sacrifice the interest of the community, and to promote that only of the individual shareholders and the inhabitants of the city of Richmond. In bringing this subject before the Legislature, your petitioners declare, that they have not the most distant view or inclination to injure the James River Company or the City of Richmond; but believing that they were not exclusively the objects of public patronage, and that the great and primary object of the Legislature was to extend equal advantages to all, by facilitating the transportation of produce into tide-water from the upper parts of the country; they cannot be contented in seeing it stopped at Richmond, or turned into an object of speculation to the great oppression of a considerable part of the community. The first section of the law incorporating, contemplates the clearing and extending the navigation of James River from tide-water upwards, to the highest parts practicable, on the main branch thereof; and the nineteenth section expressly provides, that the navigation shall be opened from Wicwasic to tide-water before the Company should be entitled to demand the tolls; but the laudable exertions of the Directors of that Company, induced the Legislature to indulge them with an extension of the time in which, under their charter, they were bound to complete the navigation, and to permit them to receive full toll although they had not complied with the provisions in the act of incorporation. Your petitioners were not dissatisfied with this benevolent act of the Legislature, in giving the Company a respite from expenses and an opportunity to accumulate their funds, because they would be better enabled to prosecute the work to the full extent of the original object and express conditions of the act of incorporation; but your petitioners, and they believe the community generally, begin to view with some concern, and to entertain serious doubts as to the further prosecution of this important object, and are apprehensive that this indulgence will soon be construed into a matter of right.
It is to be presumed that there are some few, who preferring individual aggrandizement to the general good, are willing that the work should progress no further; but this is by no means the public opinion, and it is by no means to the public interest that it should be so; under this impression your petitioners beg leave to represent to your honorable body, some of the serious and oppressive consequences which result to the community, as well as to individuals, from the want of a communication of the canal with tide-water. It is manifest that almost every article of produce transported by the Canal, is subjected to an additional expense of storage and drayage, and it is undeniable that every expense attached to the produce is ultimately paid by the cultivator of the soil; consequently there is an actual loss upon the real value of produce obtained by the cultivator of the soil, equal to the sum necessary to carry it from the present place of deposit into tide-water; and to avoid the expense of storage, frequently compels the sale of produce upon terms advantageous only to the purchaser. The delay in completing the navigation, is not only injurious to the agricultural part of the community, but is equally so to the coal trade; for the postage of fuel, a low priced heavy article as mineral Coal, and the loss sustained by the necessity of a deposit upon the banks of the canal, added to the labour and inconvenience of removing it again to be shipped for transportation, when it might be accomplished by one operation, materially injures the commercial part of the community. Your petitioners must also with great deference represent to your Honorable Body, that stopping the navigation in Richmond, is giving to that City an undue monopoly of every species of property transported to market by the Canal; it operates extremely injuriously, and may be said to be an act of oppression to the Merchants and inhabitants of other towns, whose local situation entitles them to every advantage to be derived from the accomplishment of this desirable object. Your petitioners conceive that it is unnecessary to mention particularly every injury and oppression resulting from the want of a communication of the Canal with tide-water, or the advantages resulting to the community generally, from an early intercourse and mutual exchange of produce between the upper and lower country. Your petitioners pray that a law may pass, compelling the Directors of the James River Company within a given time, to communicate their Canal with tide-water in the manner expressly declared in the act of incorporation. August 29. [eW 3t]
TUNSTALL'S PATENT THRESHING MACHINE.
THE advantages to be gained by farmers, by applying some effectual parts to Threshing Machines, which have greater velocity, adequate strength, and greater cheapness than hitherto, and applicable to any machinery, are universally allowed to be very great. WILLIAM TUNSTALL has obtained a Patent for such improvements; and wishes to benefit the public on the most reasonable terms. Districts and individuals may be now accommodated with Machines and patent rights, by applying in person or by letter (post paid) to the patentee, William Tunstall, at the Swan Tavern, Richmond. N. B. A Mill Wright and Iron Worker for the respective parts, are wanted—apply as above. These Machines will hull Clover and thresh Rice, Buck Wheat &c. preferred free from grit—Counterfeits will be dealt with as the law directs. July 18. [eW-4f]
FOR SALE.
THAT beautiful and well improved TENEMENT on the Hill, now occupied by Mr. Benjamin Mosby. This property lies near the Capitol, in a healthy and agreeable neighbourhood. Terms of sale will be made known by applying to BARTLETT STILL. [eW-4f]
VIRGINIA, TO WIT:
At a CHANCERY DISTRICT COURT HELD AT THE FORMER CAPITOL, IN THE CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG, the 12th day of July, 1804. Gavin Lawson, Joseph Delaney and Sally his wife, and Zachariah Delaney.....Plaintiffs. AGAINST Eliza Carter and Elizabeth his wife, late Elizabeth Lunsford, widow of Lewis Lunsford deceased, Harriet Lunsford, Hiram Lunsford, Maria Lunsford and Darius W. Lunsford, children and co-heirs of the said Lunsford.....Defendants. IT appearing to the satisfaction of the Court, that justice entering of the order in this cause, on the fifth day of July one thousand eight hundred and three, in the records following: "The defendants upon whom an attachment for their contempt in not answering the bill of the plaintiffs, both in law and equity, have been returned executed, still failing to answer the same, the Court, on the motion of the plaintiffs, by their counsel, doth take their bill for confessed, and will proceed at a future day, to decree the matter thereof, unless the said defendants on or before the tenth day of the term next after they shall have been served with a copy of this order, show cause to the contrary." the defendants have removed themselves out of this Commonwealth, so that they cannot be served with a copy of the said order, on motion of the plaintiffs, by their counsel, it is ordered, that the said defendants do appear here on the first day of the next term, and answer the bill of the plaintiffs, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper of the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the former Capitol in this City. A Copy. ANTHONY ROBINSON, C. C.