The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1805-06-21 00:00:00

The Enquirer.
PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM. (PAYABLE IN ADVANCE)
NUMBER 13.]
RICHMOND, FRIDAY MORNING, JUNE 21, 1805.
[VOLUME 2.]
Sales at Auction.
Will be sold on the premises, on Wednesday the 3d day of July next:
A LOT on Shockoe-hill, No. 594, adjoining the lot whereon Mr. Samuel Greenhow lives.—The terms of sale will be, one hundred pounds cash, the remainder in twelve months; to secure which a deed of trust upon the lot will be expected.
THOMAS TAYLOR & Co. v. M. (tds)
June 14.
BENJAMIN STETSON,
INFORMS his friends and the public in general, he has for sale, 400 gallons Holland's Linseed Oil, White Lead and Spanish Brown ground in Oil, Patent Green ground in ditto, Verdigris and Spanish Brown, dry; 8 by 10 Window Glass, & Putty; 2d, 3d, 4d, 6d, 8d, 10d, and 20d Nails, two Casks Spike Nails, Bar Iron, German and Blistered Steel; general assortment of Iron Hollow Ware; 10 Hids Molasses, French Brandy, West-India and New-England Rum, Tea, Coffee, Leaf and Brown Sugar, Chocolate, Mens, fine and coarse Shoes, Ladies Kid & Morocco and Leather Slippers; 8 Boxes Cotton and Wool Cards assorted; half pint and quart Tumblers, small invoice elegant cut glass, stone ware, German Ozenburgs, 50acks Salt, Novascotia Grind Stones, and many other articles in store, which he will sell cheap for cash or country produce.
April 2.—(law12m.)
WILLIAM M. BILLINGTON,
NEXT DOOR ABOVE MR. C. SPENCER'S, Main-street, Richmond. HAVING lately received a large supply of Philadelphia PORTER, ALE and BEER of the best quality, which he offers for sale, either bottled or on draft, on the most reasonable terms for cash. His long experience in this line, induce him to hope for encouragement, and also enable him to give general satisfaction. He is in daily expectation of some of Hebbert's best London BROWN STOUT, of which he will always endeavour to keep a regular supply.
N. B. The highest price given for empty BOT-TLES. June 14.—(ef3t.)
BROKER'S OFFICE.
THE Subscriber has opened a Broker's Office, opposite the Union Tavern, and over the Counting-house of Thomas and Amos Ladd. All business confided to him, will be transacted with strict fidelity.
THOMAS NORVELL. He has for sale—A FEW SHARES IN THE MANCHESTER TURNPIKE. Also—Old State Certificates, bearing five per cent interest. March 12. (f)
ELLIS & ALLAN
Have received by the Bells from London, part of their SPRING GOODS , amongst which are the following articles:
 LONDON Superfine Cloths and Cashmeres,  Quiltings and Dimities,  Handsome fashionable worked & laced Muslins, 3-4, 5-4 and 10-4 Diapers,  8-4, 10-10 and 10-16 Damask Table Cloths,  Gentlemen's white and brown Cotton Stockings,  Ladies' elegant laced white do. do.  Tortoise-shell bent and braid Combs,  Chintzes, Calicoes and Furniture  Gentlemen's black fashionable Hats,  Do. drab beaver do.  Do. patent silk do.  Umbrellas,  Boys' Morocco Caps, plain and furr'd,  Beft Hemp Roles,  English White Lead, Spanish Brown, Yellow Ocre, ground Oil, and Verdigris,  Prussian and Pig Blue,  Beft Boiled Oil in jars,  Durham Mustard, &c. &c. 
Which, added to their present stock, and those expected (daily) from Liverpool, will render their assortment general. May 7. (eptf)
FOR CHERBOURG.
The copper-bottomed ship MARATHA , Capt. PETRIE, burthen about 650 bds. having two thirds her cargo now engaged, is expected to sail about the 15th July, and will take 100 or 150 bds. tobacco on a moderate freight. For terms apply to JOHN NEWELL, Jr. Norfolk, or BROWN, RIVES & Co. Richmond. (ep4w)
May 31.
BURR MILL STONES , of all sizes; and PLASTER OF PARIS , of an excellent quality, for sale, as usual. 51
WILLIAM DAVIDSON. near the Market. [eptf.]
Dec. 4.
MILITARY CERTIFICATES.
FOR SALE, Certificates of this state, bearing interest of 6 per cent, and receivable at the Treasury, for all arrears of taxes, prior to the year 1798. WILLIAM PRICE, Cashr. Genl. M. A. 3. May 10. (f)
IRISH LINENS, &c.
WE have received, by the late arrivals, an extensive assortment of— 7-8 and 4-4 IRISH LINEN, 5-4 IRISH SHEETING, 8-4 and 8-4 DIAPERS, and DIAPER TABLE CLOTHS; which, in addition to other goods, are offered for sale at our usual low prices. GILLIAT & KIRBY. June 14. (ep4w)
BY virtue of two deeds of trust executed to the subscribers by John Henderson, to secure the payment of a debt due to Thomas Garth, Jan. and William Galt— WILL BE SOLD , at public auction, on Saturday the 29th inst. at James Lewis's Tavern in the town of Charlottesville, for ready money: The interest of said John in and to the following SLAVES , to wit: Tiller, Milley, Biddy and Washington, or so many thereof as will be sufficient to satisfy the aforesaid debts, with interest and cost. JAMES LEWIS, THOS. GARLH, sen. DAVID ANDERSON, } Trustees. Charlottesville, June 14. '05. (ep3w)
TO BE SOLD,
To the highest bidder, on the premises, on the last Saturday in June next,
SO much of the LAND, whereon John Kello lives, in the county of Cumberland, late the property of Peter Francisco, as will pay the balance claimed of him, by Samuel G. Adams, of £. 160, with its interest, by virtue of a deed of trust executed to me, by the said Peter Francisco, for that purpose. CREED TAYLOR, Trustee. May 17. (cptds.)
BENJAMIN DU VAL,
AT THE SIGN OF THE GOLDEN MORTAR, RICHMOND.
HAS just received a very large and extensive assortment of fresh MEDICINES, SURGEON'S INSTRUMENTS, DRUGS and DYE-STUFFS, PAINTS of all kinds, OIL, VARNISHES, PUTTY, &c.
Also a complete assortment of HATTERS' MATERIALS,
 Hatters' Irons  Logwood  Coppers  Viridegrease  Fufick  Spanish Indigo  Oil of Vitriol  Aq. Fortis  Quickilver  Crude Tartar  Bafon Irons  Bow-Strings  Linings  Galoons  Taffet Bands  Rubbing Dishes  Stampers  Trenchers, &c. 
Which added to his former stock, completes an assortment that was never equalled in his line of business, in this city.
He thanks his customers for past favors, and hopes to merit a continuation of their custom. His former attention to the quality of his Medicines, importing them in their crude state, that he might be able to judge of their quality, and powdering and preparing them under his immediate inspection, have contributed to his present establishment; and opposition he presumes will not relax his exertions to give general satisfaction in future.
His experience for more than 12 years past, as Apothecary and Druggist in this city, added to a small flock of Medical Information acquired before, enables him, he thinks, to form a tolerably correct judgment as to the quality of Drugs and Medicines, although he cannot boast of honors conferred on him, greater than the confidence of numerous and respectable customers.
In regard to his wholesale prices, he promises to furnish each of his wholesale customers with a printed price current, as soon as possible, and feels himself confident in their approbation, knowing that no one in this state can afford to under-sell him. This he intends to do, not to get others' customers from them, but to secure his own.
Any articles that may be ordered, and not approved of as to quality, may be returned if in good order, and in a reasonable time. June 7. (3w&tf)
WANTED IMMEDIATELY,
A QUANTITY of SENIKA or Rattle-Snake Root , or the Virginia or Black-Snake Root ; for which liberal prices will be given. BENJAMIN DU-VAL. (ep 6t.)
June 7.
THE
Subscriber begs leave to inform his friends and the public at large, that he has obtained a commission for the exercise of the duties of a NOTARY PUBLIC , in and for this city; and that any business committed to him shall meet with prompt dispatch. SAMUEL M'CRAW. (tf)
May 21.
LAND FOR SALE.
THE subscribers living in this place, have for sale a tract of LAND lying in the county of Louisa, and adjoining Yanceyville, containing two hundred and fourteen, and one half acres more or less; the land is well timbered, and the same which was sold under a deed of trust from Francis Lockett, dec'd.
A credit of one year will be given the purchaser on securing the payment, bearing interest from the date, if not punctually paid. LYLE & M'CREDIE. (ep 3w.)
Manchester, June 7.
ALL
persons having claims against the estate of the late Rev. Robert Ware, dec'd. of Middlesex county, are desired to bring them forward, properly authenticated, on or before the first day of September next, otherwise this advertisement will be plead in bar against all claims exhibited, after that date; as the subscriber is desirous to close his administration account as soon as possible. EDWARD WARE, Admin'r with the will annexed. Essex, May 31. [ep1m]
Essex, May 31.
FOR SALE OR LEASE:
THAT large and convenient TAVERN , situated in the centre of the town of Lynchburg, at the corner of the street leading to the court-house and jail, and not more than thirty yards from both, opposite Lynche's-ware-house and the street leading from the ferry in the said town. The Tavern contains four rooms and a bar on the first floor, including two very large rooms suitable for a ball and dining room, with a dining partition to the ball room. The second floor contains six rooms, one the size of the ball room and the others suitable for lodging rooms, with an excellent garret. This Tavern has a large portion the full length of the house, also a good dry cellar, and a well opposite the door, together with a kitchen, smoke-house, dairy and a stable with twenty-two stalls therein, with a spacious garden and yard leading to the stable. Other improvements will be made to suit the purchaser or lessee. It is deemed unnecessary to state the great value of the above property, or say more as to the advantage arising from its central and eligible situation for a Tavern, as it is presumed no person would be inclined to purchase or lease the above property without viewing the premises, there being no doubt but they would be better satisfied after seeing the convenient situation, than any information they could get from this advertisement. A liberal credit will be given any person desirous of the purchase or an advantageous lease. For further particulars, apply to William Rose, jun. Richmond, or the subscriber, residing about three miles from Lynchburg. SAMUEL SCOTT. April 30
April 30
NEAL NELSON,
BOOT & SHOE MANUFACTURER,
MAIN-STREET, RICHMOND,
MAKES Boots & Shoes to any pattern or fashion, equal in point of MATERIALS and WORKMANSHIP to any in general use. Imported Boots and Shoes, of the first quality and newest fashion, for sale. Gentlemen at a distance, who are desirous to forward me their measure, by paying attention to the annexed cut, can be fitted with Boots or Shoes as well as if they were on the spot. A—the length of the Boot—C—round the Calf—B—the pitch of ditto—D—round the heel and instep—E—round the instep—G—across the ball of the foot. Fix the heel against a perpendicular, and stick a knife at the end of the great toe—set down in figures the number of inches and quarters, in the different measures. January 1. eptf
January 1. eptf
THE
Subscriber informs his friends, and the public in general, that he has leased of Capt. Samuel Ellis, for a term of years, his white house at Rockers, nearly opposite Mrs. Sarah Lester's lower Wharfs; where he purposes carrying on the COMMISSION BUSINESS in its various branches. Merchants of this place, who are in the habit of making shipments, may frequently be furnished with good & substantial vessels to transport their commodities, by application to him. Those who may be pleased to employ him in this line of business, may rest themselves assured that every exertion in his power will be made, to render general satisfaction. He expects to be in the habit of receiving a very considerable quantity of Lumber of all kinds, suitable to this market, particularly half and three quarters inch Shingles, one hundred thousand of the former he imagines will be up in the course of ten or fourteen days, which will be sold on terms, not displeasing to the purchasers. Bacon, &c. will also be received by him. EDWARD FAULCON. May 31. (ep1m.)
May 31. (ep1m.)
THE
Subscriber informs the Citizens of Richmond and the public in general, that he has taken the house, next door to Mr. William Austin's, lower end of the Basin, where he transacts the BROKERAGE and COMMISSION BUSINESS in all their various branches. From his general knowledge of business, aided by his attention and solicitude for the interest of those who may please to favor him with their commands, hopes to participate in the confidence of a generous public. He pledges himself that no exertion of his shall be wanting to give the utmost satisfaction. GEORGE WILY. (eptf)
June 18.
JUST RECEIVED,
AND FOR SALE BY THE SUBSCRIBER, Four hundred pieces Houle Paper, Philadelphia Beer by the barrel, a small quantity of first quality New-England Cheese; also 400 barrels Corn. EDWARD HALLAM. ALSO—5000 wt. Salt Peter & BACON; and a constant supply of FRESH CORN MEAL. June 18.—(lawtf.)
June 18.—(lawtf.)
BROKER'S OFFICE.
THE subscriber informs the Citizens of Richmond and the public in general, that he has taken the house, next door to Mr. William Austin's, lower end of the Basin, where he transacts the BROKERAGE and COMMISSION BUSINESS in all their various branches. From his general knowledge of business, aided by his attention and solicitude for the interest of those who may please to favor him with their commands, hopes to participate in the confidence of a generous public. He pledges himself that no exertion of his shall be wanting to give the utmost satisfaction. GEORGE WILY. (eptf)
June 18.
JUST RECEIVED,
AND FOR SALE BY THE SUBSCRIBER, Four hundred pieces Houle Paper, Philadelphia Beer by the barrel, a small quantity of first quality New-England Cheese; also 400 barrels Corn. EDWARD HALLAM. ALSO—5000 wt. Salt Peter & BACON; and a constant supply of FRESH CORN MEAL. June 18.—(lawtf.)
June 18.—(lawtf.)
LOST.
A BOND for the sum of Six Hundred and Eighty-three pounds, payable the 25th day of December, 1806, from Walker Hawes and Thomas C. Morton of King William, to the subscriber in Powhatan. This bond was dated on the twenty-seventh of last April, and attested by Robert Pollard. I hereby forward all persons from receiving or using this bond, and Walker Hawes and Thomas C. Morton from paying the same, as the proper means will be adopted to have the bond renewed. THOMAS MILLER. Powhatan, June 18. St.
St.
JUST PUBLISHED—AND FOR SALE
AT RITCHIE & WORSLEY'S BOOK-STORE:
THE DEBATES
AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS OF THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION.
The Publishers will thank those subscribers, who can make it convenient, to call or send for their books. [June 18.]
JUST PUBLISHED BY
JACOB JOHNSON,
And For Sale at his BOOK-STORE, a few doors below the Market-house—Richmond
A NEW SYSTEM OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY;
or a general Description of the most remarkable countries throughout the known world; their respective situations, extents, divisions, cities, rivers, mountains, soils and productions; their commerce, manners, customs and religions, together with their principal historical events and political importance in the great commonwealth of nations; compiled from the most modern systems of Geography, and the latest voyages and travels, and containing many important additions to the Geography of the United States that have never appeared in any other work of the kind, illustrated with eight maps, comprising the latest discoveries, and engraved by the first American artists, designed particularly for the use of Schools. BY BENJAMIN DAVIES. J. J. having an extensive book establishment in Philadelphia, will be enabled to sell on as low terms as any other house in the United States. He therefore very respectfully solicits the orders of country merchants and others. June 18. tf.
tf.
VIRGINIA.
In the Superior Court of Chancery held in Richmond, Between
Thomas Price and John Sandridge, Plaintiffs.
And
Alexander Outlaw, senior, and Alexander
Outlaw, junior, Defendants.
ON
Motion of the defendant, Alexander Outlaw,
junior, by counsel, this cause is ordered to be re-
deducted; thereupon the said defendant filed his an-
swer, to which the plaintiffs replied generally, and
commissions are awarded the plaintiffs and the said de-
fendant, to examine and take the depositions of their
witnesses; and on the further motion of the said de-
fendant, the court referred the accounts, between
him and the plaintiffs in this suit, to one of its com-
missioners, to be by him examined, stated, settled, and
to the court reported with any special matters thought
pertinent by himself, or required by the parties to be
specially stated. A Copy. Teste, PETER T. NESLEY, C. C.
PETER T. NESLEY, C. C.
COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE,
Richmond, 15th May, 1805.
THE parties will take Notice, that I have ap-
pointed the twenty-ninth day of July next, to com-
mence the account directed by the annexed decretal
Order of the Court—on which day they are requested
to attend at my office in this city, with the accounts &
vouchers prepared, and ready for examination and set-
tlement—and with copies of the court papers. SAMUEL GREENHOW, M. C. May 21. tf.
tf.
MOUNT SION FOR SALE.
THE subscriber offers for sale, his Plantation in Northumberland county, known by the name of MOUNT SION . The above tract contains about 500 acres, all of which is equal to any land in that part of the country for fertility of soil, and has every requisite to make it a desirable situation for a central family. There is on the land an excellent brick dwelling house, with every convenient out house; it is situated on the navigable waters of the Potomac, and commands an elegant view of the river; it is very convenient to oyster, oyster, &c. and is within one day's sail of Alexandria, Norfolk, and Baltimore. Terms of the sale will be made known by application to Mr. Henry Dull, who resides on the land, or to the subscriber. JESSE T. JONES. May 3. eptf.
JESSE T. JONES. May 3. eptf.
THE
Subscriber informs his friends, and the public
in general, that he has leased of Capt. Samuel
Ellis, for a term of years, his white house at Rock-
ers, nearly opposite Mrs. Sarah Lester's lower
Wharfs; where he purposes carrying on the COM-
MISSION BUSINESS in its various branches. Mer-
chants of this place, who are in the habit of making
shipments, may frequently be furnished with good &
substantial vessels to transport their commodities, by
application to him. Those who may be pleased to
employ him in this
line of business, may
rest themselves assured
that every exertion in
his power will be made,
to render general
satisfaction. He
CASH
WILL be given for 12 or 15 BOTS, from 7 to 15 years old. Enquire of the Printers. Dec. 15. [eptf.]
[eptf.]
FOR SALE.
A VALUABLE tract of Land containing about six hundred acres, lying within seven miles of the town of Staunton, in the county of Augusta. About an hundred and fifty acres are cleared, and in good condition for farming, which includes an excellent meadow of about twenty-four acres, and nearly, or quite as much more may be made.
The improvements are, two good log dwelling houses, with stone chimneys, near a large and never failing spring of excellent lime-stone water; a large and convenient barn; and a tolerable apple orchard, which seldom fails bearing.
This farm is conveniently situated, lies well for cultivation, well timbered, and in a good neighbourhood. It is generally supposed, by the best farmers, to be as valuable as any other of its size, within a considerable distance of Staunton, and reasonably worth eight thousand dollars, prompt payment. However, if an early application be made, it may be purchased for a less sum, and the purchaser accommodated as to the time which will be given for the payment of more than half the price. If the whole of the purchase money is tendered at the time of making the conveyance, or giving possession, it may be had for ten dollars per acre, which very little (if any) exceeds two thirds of its value. This property is certainly an object worthy the attention of any person who may be disposed to possess a productive farm in this part of the country. For further information apply to the subscriber residing in Staunton, who will knew the land. CHESLEY KINNEY. June 7. [ep3w.]
June 7. [ep3w.]
VALUABLE PROPERTY.
The subscriber desires to close his business in this place as soon as possible, is induced to offer for sale, the following valuable property, viz.
A
CONVENIENT two story dwelling house, 24
feet square, having one room and a passage on
the lower floor, two rooms on the second floor, and
two good rooms in the garret, a cellar with plank
floor, and divided into three apartments, one used for
cooking; the yard inclosed with a brick wall seven

hesitate to aver that the revenue laws have full as clear and proper an application to the case of John Fries as either of the statutes the counsel were so anxious to produce. But, Sir, although Judge Chase undoubtedly believed that these statutes of the United States had no sort of application to the case before him, and we contend that he would have been wholly justifiable in excluding them from the discussion, yet we deny most explicitly that he did so. The respondent never declared that these laws should not be read or referred to on that occasion. The proof of the fact rest entirely on the recollection of Mr. Lewis. Among the numerous spectators of this transaction not a man but Mr. Lewis has been produced to sustain this charge now deemed so important. Mr. Lewis has doubtless declared the fact as he believes it—but, Sir, when we recollect the agitation of this gentleman as described by himself—the strong state of feeling or passion into which he was excited, the length of time and the acknowledged frailty of his memory—and when to this we add that something was probably said about the irrelevancy of these statutes, we shall find sufficient reason to believe that Mr. Lewis has in this respect, fallen into a mistake—opposed to this imperfect recollection we have Messrs. Rawle, Tilghman, Meredith, Biddle and Ewing, all possessing an equal opportunity with Mr. Lewis to hear and to understand what passed from the court; and from their cool and disinterested situations less likely to receive unfounded or discoloured impressions. I cannot but think, Sir, that Mr. Tilghman and Mr. Rawle are witnesses summoned and examined on the part of the United States, and although the honorable managers have thought proper to claim only Mr. Lewis and Mr. Dallas, and to treat the other gentlemen as witnesses for the respondent, they are nevertheless entitled to the full regard and respect, whatever it may be, attached to the witnesses for the majesty of the people. The five gentlemen I have named, were all of them in court during the trial of John Fries, and at the time Mr. Lewis supposed this restriction to have been laid upon him, and yet not one has any recollection of any such prohibition—I believe they or some of them were in decided terms, that none such was made. If this comparison of the recollection of five witnesses against one, who himself testifies to the imperfection of his memory, leaves any doubt about the truth of the fact, I can refer this honorable court to a written document drawn up by Mr. Lewis, in conjunction with Mr. Dallas, which must put the question to rest. When there is such a contradiction in the testimony of such respectable witnesses, it is a great relief to my mind to have some permanent voucher to refer to, to decide the difference. I allude, Sir, to the letter addressed by Messrs. Lewis and Dallas to Mr. Lee, then attorney general of the United States. This letter was written in May, 1800, soon after the trial of Fries, and when every circumstance was fresh in the memory of Mr. Lewis. This letter was written in consequence of a communication from Mr. Lee, stating "that the case of Fries was before the President—that all the information was wished, which could assist in making a proper decision upon a claim for mercy and pardon; for which purpose Mr. Lee desired to know the grounds on which the counsel intended to have enforced the defence." In consequence of this solemn and important call from such high authority, and for such an interesting purpose, Mr. Lewis writes to Mr. Dallas—states that in justice to "poor Fries" as well as to themselves, they ought to make the desired communication—that they should state their intended arguments, &c. and that they should state "in decent and manly terms our reasons for declining any interference in the trial" "as every communication likely to render service to poor Fries." Turn then, Sir, to the letter addressed to Mr. Lee, with all these friendly dispositions on the part of Mr. Lewis; with all the anxious desire he had to serve poor Fries, and with all the aid of Mr. Dallas in making the statement, which was to contain all their information on the subject, and all their reasons for declining to interfere in the trial. We find, Sir, in this important letter, that they informed the President that the "cause was prejudged" by an opinion they were wholly unacquainted with—by a paper they had never read and knew not the contents of—and the jury were also prejudged by this opinion, although they knew not what it was. But, Sir, we do not find any complaint whatever—nay, not the slightest suggestion that the court prevented or forbade the reading of these statutes of the United States, or restricted the counsel from making any use of them they thought proper. With the manifest disposition of these gentlemen, in writing this letter, with the object before them for which it was required, and the uses they intended should be made of it, uses which they anticipated at the moment they abandoned the cause, is it probable so important a circumstance would have been omitted if it had really occurred. I refer you and this honorable court, Sir, to the following pages of the evidence printed at the last session of Congress for the use of the House of Representatives—pages 21, 24, 25, 26, to 32.
May I not now flatter myself, Sir, that all the criminality charged upon the respondent, in the second specification of the first article of impeachment is washed away from the minds of this honorable court. Under this hope and impression, I will proceed to consider as briefly as possible the third and last specification. In this the judge is charged with "depriving the prisoner from his constitutional privilege of addressing the jury (through his counsel) on the law as well as on the fact, which was to determine his guilt or innocence, and at the same time endeavouring to wrest from the jury their indisputable right to hear argument, and determine upon the question of law, as well as the question of fact, involved in the verdict which they were required to give." This charge is absolutely unfounded and untrue, and is, in all its parts, most completely disproved by the evidence. As to depriving counsel from being heard, I need only refer you, Sir, to the testimony of Messrs. Tilghman and Meredith, who expressly swear, that Judge Chase, when he threw down the paper containing the opinion the court had formed on the law, explicitly declared, that nevertheless counsel would be heard against that opinion. It is indeed true that Mr. Lewis seems throughout the business to have been under an impression that nothing would be heard in contradiction to that opinion; and that his professional rights were invaded. But this appears to be a hasty and incorrect inference or conclusion of his own from the conduct of the court. He wholly misapprehended the court, and charged his misapprehension to their account. This is the usual effect of such precipitate proceedings. The managers have greatly relied on this circumstance; they urge that Mr. Lewis, through the whole of the affair and in all he said concerning it, took for granted and stated that he was deprived from his constitutional privileges. He did so—but he did so under a mistake of his own, not proceeding from the court. It is not only that no other witness speaks of any such restriction, but expressly negative it and say, some of them at least, that none such was imposed; but Mr. Rawle has further informed you, that it appeared to him throughout the business that Mr. Lewis had wholly misunderstood the court and mistook their intention. But surely, Sir, we are not to be condemned because we have been misunderstood; especially as the mistake seems to have been peculiar to Mr. Lewis and no other witness fell into the same error. I rely most implicitly on Mr. Rawle's testimony, not only from the strength and correctness of his character, but from the unusual pains he took to be accurate in his knowledge of this transaction. His notes are copious, connected and satisfactory, and although he has no notes of the first day's proceedings, yet he seems to have given an uncommon and cautious attention to every circumstance to which he has testified. This gentleman negates every idea of any restriction upon the arguments of counsel, and is supported by every witness but Mr. Lewis. If any doubt can remain upon this subject, I am happy to have it in my power to refer to a written and unchanging document—which destroys the third specification, and demonstrates not only that the counsel were not prohibited from addressing the jury both on the law and the fact, but also that the right of the jury to decide both the law and the fact was most largely and explicitly avowed and declared to them. I beg to refer this honorable court to the second exhibit filed with the respondent's answer. It contains this very opinion formed by the counsel of Fries, and from the pollution of which they shrunk with horror. If they had read it before it was thus indignantly condemned—if it had been understood before it was consigned to contempt, and denounced as a violation of every valuable and sacred right, how much confusion, how much unnecessary discontent might have been saved and prevented. In this opinion then, will be found the sentiment, in these words: "It is the duty of the court in this and in all criminal cases, to state to the jury their opinion of the law arising on the facts; but the jury are to decide on the present, and on all criminal cases both the law and the facts, on their consideration of the whole case." Was there ever a more ample and explicit avowal of the rights of juries? Is there any friend to juries so extravagant as to contend or ask for more? The acknowledgment is as full as any man can require or the law would warrant. The judge, in thus admitting and confirming the right of the jury to decide both the law and the fact, admits by inevitable consequence that the jury have a right to hear counsel both upon the law and facts. That which they are to decide upon, they must have information upon; and the court which declares the jury to be the tribunal to determine the whole case, never could have said in the same breath, that they should hear no argument on the case they were thus to determine. This monstrous absurdity, of which the judge can hardly be suspected, brings it to a certain conclusion, that Mr. Lewis must have mistaken the court; and that no such restriction was laid upon him or the jury as he has apprehended.
European Intelligence.
Continuation of accounts by the John Morgan with London dates to May 8.
LONDON, April 25.
An incorrect copy of Mr. Pitt's letter prefacing an attendance of the members of the house of commons this evening, having been circulated, we subjoin a faithful copy of the note in question.
SIR, As business of the utmost importance will come under the consideration of parliament, immediately after the recess, I take the liberty of earnestly requesting your attendance on the 25th instant. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most faithful servant, W. PITT.
Downing-street, April 20, 1805. What the particular object of this important business may be, we are not accurately informed, but we have reason to presume that it is connected with a plan about to be submitted to the house by the chancellor of the exchequer, for the appointment of various commissions (upon the plan and model of Lord St. Vincent's, but with enlarged powers) extending through the army and ordnance, to the post-office, and all the principal departments of the civil administration.
The paymaster of the ordnance has already received orders to restore all balances in his possession; and we have been informed that irregularities in other offices have been lately checked and suspended. We have reason to believe that another expedition of considerable magnitude, is about to be fitted out, upon the object of which it would be idle at present to speculate. The following ships have been ordered to be got ready immediately for foreign service: Dreadnought, Foudroyant, Barfleur, Windsor Castle, Ramillies, Tonnant, Warrior, Mars, Monitor, Bellerophon, Illustrious, and Colossus.
Sir Charles Middleton, bart. has been appointed to succeed Lord Melville, as first lord of the admiralty. Sir Charles has an officer of first-rate talents, of great experience and distinguished gallantry, his appointment to such an elevated situation cannot fail of affording very great satisfaction. He will be called to the house of peers by the title of lord Barham, of Kent.
April 26. The debate in the house of commons yesterday, though not very spirited, as of considerable importance. Before it began, Mr. Pitt gave notice of his intention to move on Monday next for leave to bring in a bill for the continuance of the powers of the commissioners of naval enquiry. He should also move, "that a committee be appointed to enquire into the state of the expenditure in the military and other departments of the public service. The house would then have an opportunity of either being satisfied that no abuses did exist, or, if they saw the evidence of such an existence they would have it in their power to correct those abuses."
In the course of his speech Mr. Pitt made the following explicit declaration: "I heartily concur, Sir, in the appointment of a select committee, to consider rather the subject of the tenth report. I am particularly anxious for a most minute investigation into that part of it, in which, according to the statement of the honorable gentleman, I am myself implicated. On that subject I am eager that the honorable gentleman should bring forward every thing in his power. I hope that in the many years of my life which have been devoted to the public service, I may have been without flattery to myself, to think that I have so conducted myself, as to evince that I am beyond any corrupt or fordid motive. Part I am, however, from wishing to rely in any charge like the present on character. I have no desire whatever to screen myself from inquiry, but solicit it, as the great favor which can be bestowed on me."
Upon a division of Mr. Pitt's amendment, there were—For it 229—Against it 151—giving ministers a majority of 78—On a second division, whether the committee be appointed by ballot or not, the ministers being for the former mode, the numbers were for the ballot 251—Against it 120—a majority of 131 for ministers.
First Lords of the Admiralty. April 29. In the House of commons, the 29th ult. Mr. Creery rose for the purpose of putting a question to his majesty's ministers. Three weeks shall have elapsed to-morrow, since the resignation of Lord Melville, and yet no successor had been appointed. He wished to know who
was to succeed to that important office, as under all the circumstances of the country, and considering the forward state of the enemy's fleets, it was extremely desirable that a person should be appointed, adequate to the exigency of the times, and the arduous duties of that high office.
Mr. Pitt said, he had no difficulty in answering the hon. gentleman's question; the appointment had taken place and would be mentioned in the Gazette of to-morrow; and the successor to that noble Lord was one who fully answered the description of the hon. gentleman, and would be satisfactory to the wishes of the nation. [After leaning far down, the right honorable gentleman mentioned Sir Charles Middleton.]
The commons have directed a civil prosecution to be commenced against Lord Melville and Mr. Trotter, for the profits of public monies entrusted to them.
Sir Charles Middleton, just created Baron Barham, is to occupy the chief seat at the admiralty board, as successor to Lord Melville only (it is said) during the few weeks that Viscount Roxborough, grandson of the Earl of Harwick, wants of twenty one. Mr. Yorke then to vacate his seat for Cambridgeshire, for which Lord Roxborough will be a candidate. Mr. Yorke then to take the admiralty, and his seat in the House of Peers with the title of Lord Dover.
April 30.
On Saturday we announced the important intelligence of Holkar having been defeated—This victory was gained on the 18th Nov. last by Maj. Gen. Frazier, in the neighbourhood of Deeg, a strong place in the enemy's possession. The enemy were posted behind ranges of batteries in succession for above two miles, from all of which they were successively driven. Gen. Frazier was wounded in the leg, and was obliged to suffer amputation above the ankle. Happily he was in a very favourable way according to the last accounts.
On Gen. Frazier being wounded, Col. Monson took the command and finished the day.—The letter to the commander in Chief gives a flattering account of the result. The enemy had 24 battalions, a considerable body of horse, and 160 pieces of cannon, of which our troops captured 87.
An attack was likewise made on the enemy's cavalry by Gen. Lake, at nearly the same time. The dispatch of Gen. Lake with the particulars had not arrived, so we are without details. Gen. Lake, however, appears to have obtained a considerable victory over Holkar. The marches in pursuit of the foe had been very rapid, being generally 22 miles a day.
In our letters from Deal yesterday, we stated the arrival in the downs of the seven French gun-boats captured by our squadron off Boulogne, as mentioned in the star of Thursday. It gives us much pleasure to be able now to state, that though our vessels received some damage from the batteries on shore, we had no men killed in the action, which lasted three hours, and but one wounded.
By the subjoined letter received this morning we learn, that besides the seven prizes taken by the Leda and her squadron on Wednesday last, the Archer brig succeeded in capturing next morning, two more of the enemy's vessels one of them commanded by commodore Nooy, Chef de Division.
In the above prizes our brave tars have captured part of the 51st and 91st demi brigades, with two of the members of Bonaparte's legion of honour.
May 1.
A very warm debate last night took place in the house of commons, on the motion of Mr. Whitbread for expunging the names of some of the members of the select committee on the tenth report. He objected to Lord Callereagh, the master of the rolls, and Sir William Scott. The first, from his official situation, and from his known friendship for the minister, and the others on account of their public duties, which would render it impossible for them to attend the committee. His objections, however, were overruled by a large majority. Mr. Windham afterwards moved to expunge his own name from the committee; but his motion was negatived. The committee is now composed, as we before stated, of nine members who voted against Lord Melville, nine who voted for him, and three who did not vote at all.
On a meeting yesterday of the common council of the city of London it was resolved, by a large majority, to present a petition to parliament against the petition presented on behalf of the Roman Catholics of Ireland. The example thus set by the city of London, will we have no doubt, be followed by the rest of the kingdom. The discussion of the Catholic question, under the present circumstances, cannot tend to any good, but may be productive of the most serious consequences.
On the 26th ult the corporation of Dublin, on the motion of Mr. Giffard, entered into the following resolution, with only three different voices: "Resolved, that we have seen with astonishment and sorrow, a copy of a petition lately presented to parliament, in the name of the Roman Catholics of Ireland, and containing demands of a political nature, which if yielded, must be ruinous to our happy constitution in church and state."
DOVER, April 25.
"This day arrived his majesty's ship Leda, commanded by Robert Honeyman, esq. from off Boulogne, having on the 24th sustained some damage in her hull, sails, and rigging, in an action with a division of the enemy's flotilla, consisting of 23 sail, on their passage from Dunkirk and Ostend, which she (with her squadron) intercepted, under the strong batteries of Cape Grifnez, and after a close action of three hours succeeded in capturing seven of them, having part of the 51st and 61st demibrigades, having for commanders two of Bonaparte's legion of honour. We are happy to state that although the squadron experienced some damage in their hulls, &c. there were none killed, and but one slightly wounded during that long and arduous contest."
"It being judged expedient, from the situation of the remainder of the division, that a strict observation should be kept upon them during the ensuing night, two of our squadron were ordered to watch their motions, when at day light, it was discovered that two of the enemy were endeavouring (under the protection of their batteries) to escape to Calais; when Lieut. Price, of his majesty's brig Archer, with his usual vigilance, pursued and captured them, although aided by several pieces of flying artillery, as well as heavy ordnance, mounted on all parts of that shore. One of the last mentioned vessels was commanded by commodore Nooy, (a captain in the Dutch navy) chief de division."
"The archer brig has also arrived in the Downs, with her prizes."
MILAN, March 25.
A Courier Extraordinary, arrived this morning from Paris, brought the important news, that the Consulta di Stato, united in the Italian deputation in that capital, has proclaimed Napoleon Bonaparte King of Italy, and erected our country into an hereditary monarchy.
April 5.
Order of the 5th April.—His majesty the emperor, called to the throne of Italy by the wishes of the nation, will soon arrive amongst us. The presence of his Imperial and Royal majesty, amidst his army of Italy, and his accession to
the throne of Lombardy, are events which recall glorious remembrances, and which exalt the sentiments of the love, respect, and gratitude of all the soldiers of the army. Several of them have already manifested to the marshal commander in chief, the wish of celebrating this double event. All desire to give testimonies of their respectful devotion to the august foreigner, who forms the glory and happiness of the nation and of the army. The marshal the commander in chief, anxious to gratify the wish of the army, orders as follows:
Article 1. The arrival of his Imperial and Royal majesty, and his accession to the throne of Italy, shall be celebrated by the erection of a monument, which shall transmit to posterity the victories of Napoleon the Great, and the devotion of the army to his august person.
2. This monument shall be erected on the plain of Caligiulone, at the expence of the army of Italy.
3. The troops nearest to the place where the monument is to be erected, shall furnish the necessary workmen.
4. The first stone of the monument shall be laid by the marshal the commander in chief, in presence of the general and superior officers, who shall be assembled for that purpose. The chief of the general staff shall be charged with the execution of this order.
(Signed)
The marshal of the empire, JOURDAN, Commander in chief of the army of Italy.
MADRID, March 28.
Within the space of a month, a fleet of thirty ships of the line, will be ready to sail from our ports; should it form a junction with the French fleet from Toulon, great events may be expected; troops are assembling at Corunna for a secret expedition.
NOBLE LIBERALITY.—The following truly generous action is contained in a late London paper, and will be found peculiarly interesting to the friends in this city, of the young nobleman, who lead the way on the occasion. London papers.
The Pallas, Capt. Lord Cochrane, on his late cruise off the coast of Spain and Portugal, fell in with and took La Fortuna, a Spanish ship from Rio de la Plata, to Corunna, richly laden with specie, gold and silver, to the amount of 150,000, and about the same sum in valuable goods and merchandise, in all near 300,000 dollars value.—When the Spanish captain came on board with the supercargo, who was a merchant and passenger from the new world, they appeared much dejected, as their private property on board was lost, which amounted to 30,000 dollars each person, in specie and goods. The papers and manifest of the cargo of La Fortuna being examined, the Spaniards told Lord Cochrane that they had families in Old Spain, and had now lost all their property, the hard earning by commerce in the burning time of South America, the savings of nearly 30 years, and were returning to their native country to enjoy the fruits of their commercial speculations. The captain in particular stated he had lost, in the war of 1779, a similar fortune, by being taken in a British cruiser, and was forced to begin the world again. Both the Spaniards appeared to feel their forlorn situation so much, that Lord Cochrane felt for them, and with that generosity ever compatible to true bravery, confided his officers as to the propriety of returning each of these two gentlemen to the value of 5000 dollars of their property, in specie, which was immediately agreed to be done, according to their respective proportions. On this his lordship ordered the boatswain to pipe all hands on deck, and addressed the seamen and royal marines with much feeling, and in a plain seamanslike way stated the above facts.—On this the gallant fellows with one voice, sung out "aye, aye, my lord, with all our hearts," and gave three cheers. The Spaniards were overcome with this noble instance of the generosity of British seamen, and adieu'd with tears of joy, at the prospect of once more being placed in a state of independence; they of course returned their thanks to the captain, Lord Cochrane, his officers and ships company, for their unprecedented munificence on this occasion.
The Liverpool Chronicle of the 24th of April, contains a truly interesting account of the proceedings of the Livery of the city of London, in Common Hall assembled, to frame a petition to the house of commons, on the subject of Lord Melville's immense embezzlement of the public money of that unhappy nation. The subject was opened by Mr. Waithman, who, in an impressive speech, investigated the privileges of the British people, and their right to call down punishment upon every violator of the law, however high in station the delinquent might be placed. The petition comprehended the following material heads, viz.
First. That it appears, from the reports of the commissioners for naval inquiry, that Lord Melville, late treasurer of his majesty's navy, had been guilty of a gross violation of the law, and a high breach of duty, whereby immense sums of the public money have been put to hazard, by being employed in speculations for private emolument.
Second. That such gross and exaggerated breaches of fidelity in men, holding high offices of state, render it peculiarly necessary and important that every possible effect should be given to the inquiries before parliament respecting the same, so that condign punishment may follow convicted criminality.
Third. That it is highly essential, for the purpose of fully enquiring into the receipt, management and expenditure of the public money, and the conduct of the public offices; and for completely investigating all abuses, that the powers of the said commissioners should be prolonged and extended, and such other measures adopted as may appear necessary for the detection and punishment of all offenders; and for establishing such a system of vigilance and economy as may effectually guard against the recurrence of such flagrant abuses.
It was likewise resolved, that this petition be presented to the house of commons, by the four representatives of London, who were severally thanked for their virtuous conduct in parliament, on this serious occasion.
The resolutions passed unanimously, and, on the motion of Mr. Travers, the thanks of the Livery were voted to the gallant Lord St. Vincent, who had been eminently instrumental in bringing the nefarious transaction to light.
In the course of the proceeding, Mr. Waddington took occasion to quote a part of Mr. Jefferson's last inaugural Speech, and placed in contrast the unprecedented economy of our present wise and exemplary government, with the wide-spreading mischief and pecuniary calamities apparent in the management, or rather the mismanagement, of the progress of taxation in Britain.
Similar meetings are advertised by the sheriffs of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Hampshire, and will doubtless be general. So great a ferment has been excited by this novel discovery, that the foundation of Mr. Pitt's disastrous power seems to be tottering towards a fall; and the opinions of the first political circles, are directed to the successor of the prime minister of Great-Britain.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE BOSTON CENTINEL, FROM FRANCE.
"I have just arrived from Nantz, and embrace the first opportunity to forward you a file of Paris papers, and a few items of Paris news. Our passage has not been a short one; but, possibly, the accounts may be the latest direct from France."
"When I left France, the Toulon fleet had been out 21 days. Their destination a profound secret."
"The Paris papers, you will see, announce the sudden death of Admiral Bruix, Commander in Chief of the Imperial Flotilla at Boulogne. He had been sent for, to Paris, and a few
days before his death had an audience of his Majesty the Emperor, at the Thuilleries. The Emperor insisted upon the performance of some movement by the flotilla, which the Admiral told him was impracticable. At this the Emperor became enraged, and like the Macedonian madman, gave the Admiral a slap in the face. Four days after he was dead. People in Paris did not hesitate to say, he was poisoned; but it is more probable, he died of grief and chagrin.
Mr. Robert Patterson, brother to Mrs. Jerome Bonaparte, had been in Paris the last winter; and had dined with Prince Joseph (who, by the by, is the best of the family) but no notice was taken of him by any others of the Imperial Family. It was reported, that Lucien Bonaparte had been arrested in Italy; and was then confined in some castle in France.
"The French Emperor had declared himself against allowing American Consuls to reside in the French Colonies."
"Mr. Livingston, I am told, means to adduce the gold box, as evidence of the respect he enjoyed at the French Court.—Poor old gentleman! he little thinks it intended, merely as payment for the conspiracy letter—and his journey to England. The little Hottentot, who goes by the name of Europe, has too much contempt for every thing that smells of Republicanism, to reward, or compliment any man who ever breathed Republican air. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, and Indivisibility, once so popular in France, have become obsolete words; and no vestige of them is to be found on the Public Buildings they once were intended to consecrate, Sic transiit gloria mundi."
"The late heavy duties on colonial produce, together with the large quantities at market, had completely stagnated business at Nantz; Coffee was 48 to 49 sols, dull; and every description of West-India produce very heavy; Coffee now pays 50 francs per cwt. duties 10 per cent, war tax on that makes it 10 1-2 cents nearly per pound."
NEW-YORK, June 13.
By the brig Pallas, from Bordeaux, French papers to the 26th of April are received at the office of the MERCANTILE ADVERTISER, but they afford no news. We learn verbally that the destination of the Toulon fleet, which had on board 12,000 men, is to make an attempt on the island of Jamaica, and the Parisians spoke with confidence of its being compelled to surrender. The fleet was completely manned, and ready for sea. Mr. Monroe remained at Madrid, without any very sanguine prospects of bringing the dispute between that court and the United States to an amicable conclusion. Mr. Livingston was to sail from Nantes about the 20th of May, in the ship Mississippi for this port. The Pallas is the bearer of dispatches for government.
Mrs. Advs.
The claims settled by the American Commissioners at Paris, and liquidated by the French board established for that purpose, were not finally admitted by the French secretary. Many difficulties had arisen between the American Minister and the French Minister of Finance on this subject, and it is doubtful whether the bills to be drawn by the American minister for the final liquidation of those claims will be sent forward until after the return of the Emperor from Italy. Mr. Monroe, our minister Extraordinary at Madrid had not left that place the 20th April, Daily Adv.
CHARLESTON, June 8.
The ship Juno, Capt. Malcolm, 56 days from Liverpool for Savannah, passed the bar yesterday.
On the 1st June, Capt. Malcolm was boarded by an officer from the British frigate Mercury, last from Jamaica, who informed Capt. M. that he had been dispatched from the British squadron off Cadiz, with information of 17 sail of the line, and frigates having got out of Toulon, and affected a junction with the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. The Mercury after delivering her dispatches, was on her return to Europe. The Times.
West Indies.
It appears very probable that the Toulon and Cadiz fleets have actually reached the West Indies!—The advices have arrived from so many various sources that they render the fact next to certain.
What will be the effect upon the United States? This is an important question.
It merits the consideration of every man who is now concerned in trade to the W. Indies in the first instance.
It merits the attention of those who may be disposed to trade thither hereafter.
What probably may be the general political effect of this enterprise?
It is interesting to the United States to consider what the effect any desperate enterprise, and wants of Great Britain; and further the incidental but necessary consequences, a demand for our produce for the West Indies—and of our ships for maintaining commerce with Europe.
The West Indies, has been to Great Britain during the last century, the main resource of her commercial prosperity. Mr. Fox in a debate in the British parliament in the present year estimated the commerce of the West Indies with Great Britain, at fourteen millions of pounds sterling. This it is to be presumed must have comprehended both imports and exports, and excluded the colonies of other nations.
At the beginning of last century the imports into Great Britain were valued about 800,000 pounds. The war which commenced in 1702 immediately reduced them one half, and at the peace in ten years afterwards they had not recovered their first standard, they were at 600,000. During the five years of peace that followed, from 1713 to 1717, the imports rose to 1,200,000; the war of 1718, reduced them to 900,000 again, and they continued to depreciate to the peace in 1721; and from 1729 to 1738, an unexampled length of years, undisturbed by wars, they varied little from a million in amount.
During the fluctuations of war and peace from 1739 to 1763, there was a like variation, but on the peace of 1763, the amount of British imports from the West Indies doubled; and thenceforward gradually increased to three and a half millions in 1775, when another depression took place to the amount of one third of the whole. The peace of 1783 again revived the British commerce and raised it to four millions; from which it was depressed by the effects of war from 1793 to 1795—at the conclusion of the peace of 1801, it rose again to eleven millions.
These vicissitudes arising from war, are not so immediately applicable to the present subject, as to the general consideration of the effects of war upon commerce; and to discover what may be the consequences of a sudden interruption or a total destruction of the West India colonial commerce.
The exports in 1801 amounted to five millions, according to official authority; the round sum assumed by Mr. Fox must therefore have allowed a diminution for the renewed war. We must therefore take it at that round sum; and let us examine what proportion it bears to the aggregate commerce of Great Britain.

The gross value of the imports of Great Britain from all parts of the world in 1801, after deducting the amount of imports from the West Indies, was twenty two millions sterling—so that the imports of the W. Indies formed exactly one third of the whole of her maritime commerce.
This simple and indubitable fact, affords of itself, without a single commentary, sufficient matter for reflection. We only think it necessary to recur to the blind impolicy to the astonishing want of foresight and of every conservative quality so important in statesmen, as the course recommended by Lord Sheffield, and pursued by Mr. Pitt—in relation to the West Indies and the U. States.
The arrival of this second fleet in the West Indies, is one of those unlooked for events which have always characterised the policy and the stratagems of Bonaparte. It is such as none could expect, and preceded by circumstances equally unintelligible at the moment of their development.
It should seem that the movements of the Rochefort, Toulon and Cadiz squadrons, were only parts of some vast project; and momentous as the destruction of the British West India colonies would be, and productive of a revolution so stupendous as it would necessarily accomplish in the commercial affairs of Europe, it is not to be supposed that the project is limited even to such an end as the capture of Jamaica, Barbadoes, &c.
France released from a continental war in Europe—by the operation of her diplomacy or the experience of her military achievements, may be said to carry on a more effective land war by a parade than she has heretofore accomplished by her battles.
In the tranquillity of the camp leisure is found to digest and to effect projects in naval tactics profound and comprehensive as those which in 1794, 1795, and 1800 astonished and subdued Europe. The fame spirit which conceived the co-operation of three armies extending from the north to the shores of Calabria—may now menace, Sicily, Malta and Egypt, while it strikes at Jamaica, Barbadoes and Trinidad, secures Cuba, and reinforces St. Domingo. It may menace Gibraltar, and the coasts of Essex, and strike at Ireland; it may affect to aid the Mahrattas which can render no other aid than a diversion, and yet occupy Ceylon or the Cape of Good Hope.
These projects are not incompatible with the vast conceptions of modern enterprise.—But let us for a moment suppose it confined singly to the West Indies. Eleven millions sterling taken from the imports of Great Britain. The duties paid into the British custom houses on goods imported from the West Indies in 1801, exceeded some millions sterling—the net amount of the surplus added to the gross amount of the principal will not be too large an estimate for the value of the whole West India produce, as an object of circulating commerce;—the seizure of the British colonies therefore would operate on the commerce of Great Britain equal to a national loss of twenty four millions sterling extracted from its commerce; and a sum equal to 8 millions sterling loss in resources of revenue because the actual sum of 4 millions withdrawn, must be replaced by an equal sum and with reduced means.
Let us pursue the consequences farther—what will be the effect on the funds generally—what the effect on the great commercial body that forms the formidable West India interest in London? Any man conversant with the extravagant and improvident lives of West-Indians in England, may form some notion of the effects upon them, and the general influence of their miseries upon the great interests of trade and industry.
Let us not speculate too much—let us not anticipate scenes of horror, inferior only to the horrors of the field of battle.
Let us consider what will be the effect on our own commerce. On this point our merchants are sagacious and provident—but let us call to the public recollection the audacious clamor that was raised by men who disregarded all ties of law, national or moral, when the wisdom of Mr. Jefferson warned congress of the necessity of maintaining the laws of neutrality, and recommended measures to prevent their abuse—the audacious clamor is not forgotten—let us hear what they will now say—will those men who prefer self before the prosperity and honor of their country and the good of their posterity, will these men now maintain the right or perish in the inquiry of aiding the blacks of Jamaica with the means of murder?
The black emperor of St. Domingo, Dessalines, has literally flout payment, cargoed dispatches to him in defiance of policy and in the blindness of adventure—are unpaid for—he has in fact declared he will not pay for them!
What a commentary on the clamours of mercenary men! what a panegyric on those who are entrusted with national prosperity!
For the fair and liberal commerce in the necessities of life—in provisions—and all the articles of which our country produces abundance for the use, the comfort and the convenience of man—these transactions in the West Indies, will enlarge the market—and it must always be kept in mind that at British ports the American has not only the least profits but the worst treatment; in the ports of all other nations they obtain good prices, prompt payment, and no insult.
The event is not, however, unincumbered with danger and inconvenience—our trade will be harassed—British cruisers will swarm and our ships will be insulted and our seamen impressed; and should a British fleet follow the combined fleet, the spirit of insult will not abate.
Aurora.
PHILADELPHIA, June 13.
THE COMBINED FLEETS. Various accounts from different West-India Islands concur in announcing the arrival at Martinique of the French and Spanish Fleets. They do not however agree as to the precise number of ships of the line, frigates, troops, &c.—By two arrivals at our Lazaretto, yesterday afternoon, from St. Bartholomews, we are informed that the combined fleets amounted to TWENTY-ONE SHIP OF THE LINE.—It was understood they put in there for the purpose of ascertaining the operations of the Rochefort squadron, and to water; after which some momentous enterprise was to be attempted.
In addition to the above, we are just favored with the following extract of a letter from a gentleman on board one of the fregates at the Lazaretto, which is strongly corroborative of the numerous accounts which we have received.
"The account of the arrival of the French fleet at Martinique may be depended on: I had it from three different captains who arrived at Bartholomews, direct from there.—They amounted to 22 sail of the line, and 6 frigates, having on board 15,000 land forces."
A letter from St. Lucia reported two French frigates off that port.
We notice an arrival at Norfolk, from Antigua which left that island the 25th of May; but observes a total silence as to the fleet.
PHILADELPHIA, June 15. A gentleman passenger in the Schooner Louisa, arrived at the Lazaretto from St. Pierres, informs, that he left at Port Royal, a French and Spanish fleet, as follows:
12 French of the line, and 3 frigates; 6 Spanish of the line, and 1 frigate;
Under the command of admirals Villeneuve in the Bucentaur of 90 guns, and Gravina in the Argonaute of 120—they had 10,000 troops on board under general Lauriston; the destination was not known, but the officers stated that they expected further reinforcements—they had a passage of 34 days from Cadiz, where they had not been blockaded.
The news of the arrival of the combined fleets at Martinique, struck a great consternation at St. Kitts—What few ships were ready for sea bound to England, failed immediately under convoy of a frigate and sloop of war and the merchant ships which were not ready and some that were expected from the other islands, were ordered to take the best care they could of themselves, as the small number of British ships of war, in the windward islands, could afford them little or no protection.
Admiral Cochrane having failed from Jamaica with a convoy for England: parted with them to the windward of the islands, and then arrived at St. Kitts with his own ship only, the other ships of war having probably gone on with the convoy.
NEW-YORK, June 14. Capt. Hatch, who arrived yesterday at quarantine in 15 days from St. Bartholomews, confirms the intelligence of the combined French and Spanish fleets having arrived at Martinique. He adds, that a French frigate was taking soundings at St. Lucie, preparatory, as it was supposed, to an attack; and that a general embargo had been laid on all the shipping in the French West-India islands. Merc. Adv.
Extract of a letter received by the sloop Dove, from a merchant at St. Bartholomews, dated May 28.
"Guadaloupe has been embargoed these ten days, in consequence of the arrival of another French squadron, with a strong armed force. They have just commenced active operations, which appear, by a vessel arrived here from St. Lucie yesterday, first to be directed against that island. As there is at present no English force in these seas to cope with them, it is generally believed, that they will attempt the whole English Colonies. The embargo is at present general in all the islands, and under the circumstances mentioned, it may be expected to remain for some time." Ib.
NORFOLK, June 18.
Captain Kemp, from Martinique, enables us to state with certainty, the arrival at Port-Royal, of the United French and Spanish fleets from Toulon and Cadiz; consisting of seventeen sail of the line, six frigates, three corvettes and three brigs, with about eight thousand land forces on board. On their arrival, about the 15th of May, an embargo was laid on all shipping in the different ports, and continued for twelve days, during which time the fleet was taking in water. They were preparing to discharge the English from Diamond Rock: but their grand object was not known. It was reported that 2000 troops were to be embarked at Martinique in addition to those brought from France. We are not enabled to give the names of the commanders of the fleet. The troops are under general Lauriston. Ledger.
The sick were left on shore and 2,000 of the troops in the garrison taken on board. The commander in chief of the fleet had gone in a frigate to Guadaloupe, where he remained but a short time—and the general opinion at Martinique was, that they intended to attack Jamaica. It is somewhat extraordinary, that notwithstanding the arrival of these fleets, markets continued dull—the rise on provisions not worth mentioning—Flour 12 a 13 dollars a barrel. Herald.
Many reasons incline us to believe that the immediate object of the French fleet in the West-Indies is the conquest of Jamaica; and that the next will be the conquest of the Empire of Hayti. It can scarcely be supposed that there is, at present, any design of molesting the windward islands; else why not at once attack Barbadoes, in the ports of which not less than from 100 to 150 sail of valuable merchantmen must have been at anchor at the time the French passed it. Still we would in vain search for a cause which could induce so long a delay at Martinique; by which they not only ran the risk of the arrival of a British fleet; but gave time for the governors of the islands, Jamaica in particular, to be apprized of their approach, & to be prepared for their reception. If their attack be made on Jamaica, where, besides the regular force, there is a well organized militia of from 11,000 to 14,000 men, there is some reason to hope that they may be detained long enough to allow Nelson or some other British Hero to overtake them. Nothing can prevent this except the uncertainty of their destination which would not be removed by the distraction prevailing at the moment in the British ministry, and particularly affecting the Board of Admiralty. A few days will doubtless relieve us from uncertainty on this important point. But whatever may be the apparent view of Bonaparte in sending out this fleet, we have little doubt that it is intimately connected with the invasion of England, or Ireland, or both; and should he succeed in wresting from Great Britain her valuable West-India possessions, her commerce, & consequently her finance, would receive no severe a shock, that, if the consequence would not be inevitable, we think nothing but a miracle could save her;—without her commerce she cannot possibly exist. Ledger.
Domestic Intelligence.
NEW-YORK, June 13.
We are happy to announce the safe arrival of the very valuable ship America, at Salem, on Friday last, from Mocha, and owned by Messrs. Crowninshields. She is said to have for one article on board, 700,000 lbs. Coffee. Merc. Adv.
June 14.
The Attorney General of this state on Tuesday last laid before the grand jury, then sitting, in this city, a copy of the resolution of both houses of the legislature directing a prosecution to be commenced against Mr. James Cheetham, editor of the American Citizen, for a libel, together with the publication on which the resolution was founded. The jury, after a few minutes consideration, refused to find a bill; & on Wednesday returned it to the court ignoramus . Ib.
The British ship of war Leander, was off the Hook yesterday morning at 40 miles distance. It is said she is coming into port. The Leander has captured three vessels on this coast. N.Y. Pap.
RALEIGH, June 17.
On Saturday evening (in the absence of the Chief Justice who had not arrived when the court met) Judge Poyer, opened the Circuit Court; and after impanelling the Grand Jury (of which Col. Joseph Taylor was named foreman) the Judge proceeded to charge them, by explaining in a clear and concise manner the nature and end of government, and particularly their duty as Grand Jurors, enumerating the most prominent objects of which they had cognizance, and advice for the proper discharge of it. After which, the court was adjourned till this morning at ten o'clock.
It is expected that on Monday or Tuesday, the judgment of the court will be pronounced on the important suit of the heirs of Lord Granville vs Al-
len and others; and that the trials of the several persons charged with uttering counterfeit Bank Notes, &c. will come on about the middle of the week. (Raleigh Register.)
CHARLESTON, June 2.
We are informed that the privateer fleet now blockading our harbour, brought to yesterday the ship Minerva, capt. Atkins, from this port for the coast—Capt. A. not immediately complying with their order to hoist out his boat and come on board, the Frenchmen threatened to put him in irons.—Four men were put on board the ship, and she was detained for further examination, the privateermen asserting that she was bound to St. Domingo, from the circumstance of her having three or four guns and a small quantity of gunpowder on board. When the pilot-boat left the fleet last evening, the ship was still in company. The Times.
* The L'Emerance mentioned in our last paper to have taken the Two Friends with £. 100,000.
The Enquirer.
RICHMOND, 21st JUNE, 1805.
WEST-INDIA FLEET.
Every incident at sea during the present war is calculated to display the sagacity and energy of the French government, and to reflect a ridicule upon the boasted prowess of England. What, exclaimed the English at the opening of the war, have we to fear from French invasion; when they have not even bottoms sufficient for the transportation of their troops? Ship-builders however soon appeared in the principal ports of Holland and France, and a formidable fleet of gun-boats was launched from the stocks. What, they now cried, have we to fear from these inflated detachments; or where is the possibility of their collecting and combining into one compact body? The prediction is no sooner formed, than it is disappointed. Each little fleet is seen to flee from its parental port, traverse the coasts of Holland and France in the very face of the British navy, and effect a junction in the harbour of Boulogne. Of what avail, they cried, will be the naval force of France? Blockaded as they are in the ports of the Texel, Brest, Rochefort and Toulon, by our detachments, the whole ocean will be open to our enterprises, and the heroes of France shall be cooped up within the limits of the continent. Mali prophete! The fleet of Rochefort escapes to the West-Indies, scatters confusion and dismay over the English Islands, invades some, threatens to bombard others, and levies contributions wherever it appears. We will avenge these insults, they exclaimed; the French squadron shall dearly atone for their own temerity and for the injuries they have inflicted. Cochrane appears in the W. Indies, flush with the hopes of victory, and the French admiral flies beyond the reach of his power. But the danger is not yet over. The fleet from Toulon evades the devouring grasp of the hero of the Nile: enters Cadiz; forms a junction with the Spanish fleet under admiral Gravina; reaches Martinique in safety, and now hangs like a black cloud over the colonies of England, her maritime power in the west, and one third of the resources of her commerce. Seventeen sail of the line, 6 frigates, 3 corvettes, 3 brigs, and 8000 troops on board, are ready to strike a blow, which, but for the timely interposition of Lord Nelson, must change the present administration of England, and may shake even the government itself to its centre. These projects may indeed diversify the astonishingly monotonous appearance of the present war, but in what way or to what extent, time is yet to determine.—What plan of operations is intended to be pursued, what will be the fate of them, and what will be the ultimate issue of the enterprise upon the jurisdiction and commerce of the W. India islands, upon the present ministry of England, the project of the invasion, the termination of the war itself, and the American commerce, neither the naval history of the past nor of the present war will enable us to determine with any kind of precision.
During the last war, the daring spirit of Victor Hughes languished under the want of an adequate reinforcement; and the small squadron under his command enabled him to effect no more than some desultory incursions upon Granada, St. Vincents, Dominica where he was assisted by the old French inhabitants and to possess himself of St. Lucie, which an insurrection of the negroes assisted him to acquire, and an English fleet soon forced him to abandon. During the present war, the same want of a formidable force in the West-Indies has led to the same inactivity, & to a similar suspension of heroic achievement. When previous analogies are wanting, and the approaching incidents are so remarkably uncertain, it would of course be ridiculous to deduce any positive conclusions. Still though we may be unable to decide, we may be permitted to enquire.
QUERIES.
1st: Was it not the first intention of the French government to make a decisive blow at the English power in the West-Indies.
The reader will recollect that about the very time when the Rochefort fleet failed, the fleet from Toulon had also put to sea, but were forced to return by adverse weather. The Brest fleet also came out some time afterwards with 12,000 troops abroad. Had these three fleets formed a junction in the West-Indies, in addition to the whole Spanish detachment of 15 ships of the line, then lying at Cadiz, the British possessions would have been exposed to the most imminent danger.
2nd: Is the detachment of Lord Nelson sufficiently strong to cope with the combined fleet? If it is not, will not he be under the necessity of delaying his trip across the Atlantic, or at least his rencounter with the enemy until he obtains the co-operation of Sir John Orde's squadron?
3rd: Should the two fleets encounter each other, will not the issue depend more upon the discipline of the fleets and the skill of their commanders, than upon their numbers and force? The rudest historian in either continent is acquainted with the adventures & the prowess of Nelson. Who then we ask are Admirals Villeneuve and Gravina? Have experience or genius qualified them to be the competitors of the hero of the Nile?
4th: Will not the French fleet, instead of waiting their time and weakening their force in attempting to conquer St. Lucie or the smaller islands, proceed at once to the invasion of Jamaica? The Maroons their former confederates during the last war have been rooted out or removed: but a new ally will be found in the vindictive resentment or tardy zeal of the inhabitants, irritated and desponding as they must be, from seeing their commercial intercourse with the United States suspended.
5th: Should they be successful in their invasion of the English islands and in their probable rencounter with the fleet under Cochrane, will not the indignation of the English people call upon the present ministry to retire?
retire? Let the reader recollect, that the popular Earl St. Vincent threw up his appointment of the first lord of the admiralty, when Mr. Pitt became Premier; that he was succeeded by Lord Melville, the friend & bosom counsellor of the minister; that this man has been lately found guilty of peculation or unwarantable connivance, and hooted from his post by a vote of the House of Commons; and that Pitt himself has been charged with drinking from the same cup of corruption. These discontentments, should they be swelled by the popular indignation arising from the loss of Jamaica, or even from the invasion of the French fleet may bear too strongly against the present administration, to be resisted. Earl St. Vincent may once more be called to the direction of the admiralty; and the minister himself may be compelled to give up the feals to some more popular and patriotic rival.
6th: Should such revolutions take place in the English cabinet, may not a more important revolution be effected in its policy? May not Lord Sidmouth be called once more to the ministry, to give peace to his country? Or will not the same event be rapidly accelerated by the anxiety of the English to recover by a treaty, those colonies and branches of commerce, which the French may have conquered by their arms?
7th: Will not the visit of the French and English fleets have a considerable effect upon our own commerce? The unsettled condition of the West India Islands will tend to augment the number of privateers and the facility of condemnation: and both these causes will produce an increase in the number of spoliations, and in the rate of mercantile insurance. Mean time the produce of our lands, our provisions and lumber, will receive an additional value from this additional demand, whether the fleets shall remain in the W. Indian ports, or whether they shall retire to our own. Is it not then the duty of our farmers to keep a steady and sagacious eye upon the progress of events; to make no premature sacrifices of their produce, to get in their harvests and to prepare their wheat for market, as soon as possible, so that they do not impede their other rural occupations?
ECCE ITERUM CRISPINUS.
James Elliott has advanced as far as the 9th No. of his vain and querulous letters.
Free Translation.
And a curious essay it is! Full of deep calculations, for which he expects to "receive the thanks of every man in the district," it is enough to alarm an inexperienced reader by the pomp of its mathematical reasoning; while the conquest of the wavering populace is completed by the bold declaration of the author that "whoever shall deny the truth of any part of this statement, is a deceiver and dishonest." We are too well acquainted, however, with the state of the poor author's intellects, to repossess any confidence in the justness of his denunciations. We are afraid that even the plainest problem of the mathematics is beyond the scope of his own comprehension. How then can Mr. Elliott presume to set himself up as the Randard of political mathematics? A few animadversions will be sufficient to shew the man, of whom it is difficult to say, whether he has been "an apostate or an impostor; whether he has deserted good principles or whether he ever possessed any;" or the man who attempts to pluck the vizard from his face.
James Elliott attempts to prove in this 9th letter, that that part of the Federal constitution which gives to the Southern states "a representation in congress and in the election of president for their slaves," is injurious to the interests of the Northern states. Here is one of his arguments:
It is certainly true that the rich planter in the southern states, who possesses fifty slaves, has thirty-one times the political weight in our national government that is possessed by a farmer or merchant of New-England.
At the same time he contributes much less than his proportion to the support of government, for the laboring slave consumes nothing of consequence upon which a duty is paid; and what the master does contribute is earned for him by the labor of slaves, while the farmer and every man of business in the northern and middle states pays his taxes with the sweat of his own brow.
In opposition to this very illustrious champion, the reader will permit me to offer another scarcely less illustrious. It is the present secretary of the treasury who speaks:
Labour being the only source of wealth, the annual quantity and produce of labour was the best general rule which could be established for fixing the respective ability of paying taxes in the several states. Nor does it appear that any better criterion could have been adopted, in order to ascertain that annual produce of labour, than the number of inhabitants, making the same allowance with the constitution, by estimating the net produce of the labour of five slaves, (after deducting that part necessary for their subsistence) equal to the net produce of the labour of three freemen.—Sketch of the Finances p. 150.
If this position be true Mr. Elliott will admit that the labour and produce of 50 slaves and one freeman is worth as much to the state as the labor and produce of 31 freemen. Now if we suppose that an equal proportion of this produce is intended to replace the capital employed in raising it, and that an equal proportion is reserved for the purposes of immediate consumption, then will it follow that one freeman and 50 slaves in the South, has as much produce to give in exchange as 31 freemen in the north. If each slave does not receive as much from this exchange as one freeman, each freeman to the South receives more than one to the North. For what however is this produce exchanged in the South? domestic manufactures? Of these a much smaller quantity is consumed, because a much smaller quantity is produced.
As far as this cause operates, the northern states consume much less of foreign goods; and contribute much less towards the support of the government. Is it then exchanged for foreign goods? Certainly. It is obvious then that the people of the south consume their proportionate share of foreign goods, and contribute their "proportion to the support of the government." True it is, they consume a smaller quantity from their price being increased by the expense of freight, insurance and commissions incurred in bringing them from the north; but this cause is completely counterbalanced by their smaller consumption of domestic manufactures.—Let the principle, then, be once admitted, that taxation and representation are to be commensurate with each other, and the propriety of the obnoxious clause of the constitution must flow from it as an inevitable consequence.
MARAUDERS ON OUR COAST.
A title which would not be altogether pleasurable perhaps to the dainty and pampered palate of the commander of an English frigate, but which is not on that account less applicable to many of that honorable board. Alexander the Great has been called the Great Cut-throat
by Dr. Prideaux, and there are proceedings in the history of a British commander, that may entitle him to the appellation of a marauder.—When the British ship of war Leander lay last year within half a league of the Hook and fired at the ship Cicero from Liverpool; when she impressed seventeen seamen on board the Lize Oak; when she fired at the United States Revenue Cutter; when she boarded or menaced almost every vessel that was bound into the port of New-York, she deserved no other name, than that of a Marauder.
It is to be hoped, that the present commander of the Leander, now lying off New-York, will remember these insults and the national indignation. He will at least remember that we have now a law passed during the last session of Congress, which gives the President a right under certain conditions to "interdict forever by proclamation the entrance of any officer, and of any armed vessel by him commanded within the limits of the United States." It is even a question of doubt, whether the law ought not to have extended to the vessel itself, which he might have had at that time under his command.
The port of Charleston too is threatened by these marauders. We have already seen a ship from London the Two Friends, supposed to be worth 80 or 100,000. sterling, captured in 10 fathom water by a French privateer schooner, L'Emerance, and sent to Guadaloupe or Cuba for examination: their plea being that they had "no certificate from the American Consul at London declaring her to be American property."
This case is complicated and involves many considerations. If the bar of Charleston be less than one league from the shore, the privateer has undoubtedly violated our national rights. If the vessel was provided with a passport for herself, but was without a consular certificate, specifying the nature of her cargo and distinguishing between those articles which were contraband and those which were not; then L'Emerance had a right to take possession of the ship without the jurisdictional limits of the United States, and carry her into any of the French ports for adjudication.—If upon bringing the affair before the proper tribunal in Guadaloupe "it shall appear from their documents or proofs, that the ship belongs to the citizens of the United States," then by the 17th article of the convention with the French government, "it shall not be confiscated, but shall be re-released with her cargo."
The only questions then in this case, are, was the ship within a marine league of the shore? Had she a consular certificate? Has the other documents or proofs sufficient to show her to be American property? If the French privateer and tribunals have trench upon either of those privileges, then indeed is there the amplest room for those vehement clamours which the Charleston prints have poured forth against them. But even in that case do they reason judiciously when they extend their denunciations to the whole system of gun-boats and demand a frigate for the protection of their shipping? If one gun-boat is inadequate to the purpose may not their number be so increased, as to answer all the purposes of protection, without incurring the expence of equipping a frigate? Gun-boats it may be said, are unable to stand a high sea, or encounter an armed vessel, at any distance from the coast. But this is not the purpose for which a frigate is now demanded. The only enquiry properly is; can any number of gun-boats whose expence is less than that of one frigate, be able to give as effectual protection to our vessels within one marine league from the shore?
One of the most elaborate & elegant political productions, which has ever issued from the American press, is "the address of the society of constitutional republicans to the people of Pennsylvania" on the change of their governor and constitution, attributed to the pen of Mr. Dallas.
NO NEWS BY THE LAST MAIL.
"I know not," says Rousseau "whether to facilitate or lament the man of great sense, and little sensibility, whose heart never felt a palpitation from the scent of the roses in the bower of his mistress." And I must confess I am equally at a loss to determine, whether the author of the following verses is most entitled to our pity or our admiration who could resign his mistress with such perfect indifference to the arms of honor and truth.
TO HER WHO BEST UNDERSTANDS THEM.
"WELL, I have found my heart again, And now my fair, we both are free; How strange that I could bear the chain So long—and bear it, too, for thee!" "Since," said the maid, "since we must part, And Love's delusions all are o'er; Since you have taken back your heart, And since we you shall meet no more; Since here we bid adieu to bliss, And all our fond delirium ends, Farewell!—but not without a kiss— One kiss—and we will part as friends!" Ah, wily girl, full well you saw What magic hangs upon your lip; For when the neathered draught we drew, As bees their honied beverage sip, Again the stream of liquid fire Impetuous pours through every vein; Our pulses beat with new desire; Our hearts are nearly lost again. But no—thy wiles shall ne'er prevail, Affection's hour's forevers pass! Go, with rempant tears bewail The loss thy frailty now has lost. Once to be dup'd will sure suffice For him who's not e'en deem'd a fool; From thy fate, then, learn to be wise, And enter Truth and Honor's school.
VALUABLE PROPERTY FOR SALE.
Will be Sold, to the highest bidder, on the premises, on Friday the 12th of July next:
THE TENEMENT formerly occupied by James Harris, belonging to the James River Company; containing one acre of Land, with a Dwelling House thereon, which, with a small expence, may be made to accommodate a family comfortably.
The Tenement borders on the Canal, and has the advantage of an excellent spring of water, and affords a prospect not surpassed by any in the neighbourhood of this city.
A credit of twelve months will be allowed the purchaser, on giving bond with approved security. By order of the President and Directors.
ROBERT POLLARD. June 21. (tds)
WASHINGTON TAVERN.
THE subscriber still continues to keep a house of ENTERTAINMENT for genteel company, only; He flatters himself, he is as well provided to give general satisfaction as any person in his line in the state. There is a Mail Stage established which runs from Richmond to his house once a week, and for the accommodation of the public, he has an excellent hack, horses and driver.
J. EDMONDSON. Staunton, June 21. (q. s.)

GYMNASTICS FOR YOUTH.
"Mens sana in sano corpore," has generally been considered as the sum of human perfection; and yet there are few who combine together these inestimable attributes. The rude son of nature possesses a firm and agile body; his senses are acute; all his limbs play with facility and grace; his bare bosom is untaught to shrink from the inclemency that assails it; his eye, his countenance, every gesture, bespeaks the faculty of his sensations—but his mind is inert; he accumulates in vain the materials of thought, and is shut out from all the enjoyments of a correct and comprehensive mind. At the other end of the scale, is the man of refinement, of an acute mind and feeble frame; who, by inventing artificial expedients, has lost the physical powers of the savage. While the one plunges into the midst of the stream, the other traverses its surface in his boat; while the one performs his journeys on foot, the other enlists the lower animals into his service; the severe labour of the hands is superceded by the introduction of machines; and even the senses of the savage, which are said to acquire such astonishing acuteness from the chase of their prey, or from the trailing of their enemy, lose much of this polish, from the fetters and mechanical labours of a civilized life. The true point of perfection then, seems to consist in bringing these two ends of the scale nearer to each other, in civilizing the mind of the savage, and restoring to the enervated man of refinement, the health, hardness and agility of the rude son of nature.
These remarks are not however true of all the inhabitants of a civilized country. Diversified labours are productive of different effects. Those who ply at the oar or the plough have an activity and energy which the labourer of the loom or the literary recluse, have in vain attempted to acquire. But it is to this latter class of men that these remarks apply with peculiar force. Chained down to their Libraries and books; every limb loses its strength, every nerve its sensibility; their blood circulates slowly and feebly; their spirits languish, and though time is adding new decorations to the sanctuary within, she has thrown a more antique and flickerly appearance upon the exterior of the edifice.
Why are such men visited by fits of life-loathing melancholy? Why to day are they able to level mountains; when to-morrow their spirit sinks beneath the opposition of a mole hill? Whence those pensive and pathetic complaints of their peculiar misery? Why do they long to exchange their musty volume for the plough; the sedentary confinement of their Library for the blood-stirring labours of a country life? All this disconsolation cannot proceed from the disappointment of their literary ambition. Disappointment would lose half its sting, when it attacked a hardy, healthful and nervous frame. Why are these men so often unable to cope with the agonies of the body or the terrors of adversity? Why do they so much complain of the injustice of the world; of its fatal blindness to their illustrious merits? Would this imbecility of sentiment prevail, if exercise had imparted to their body its hardy and salutary effects? "The weaker the body," says Rouffou, "the more it commands; the stronger it is; the more it obeys."
Why are the perceptions of such men, the very materials out of which their knowledge is to be fashioned, so frequently faint and destructible? If the mind depends upon the material organization, upon the mysterious impressibility of the brain and the nerves, could we not remove even this formidable impediment to their knowledge, by increasing the tone of their nervous system?
In fact, out of the many evils which afflicted men of letters, is not the greater part to be traced back to their debilitated constitutions? And may not the misfortunes of this illustrious class of men be principally removed by the early and continued exercise of their bodies?
This department of education was much better managed among the ancients than among us. Public teachers were paid by the state for teaching the gymnastic exercises: public edifices were erected in every city of Greece, some of them of vast extent & distinguished magnitude; and public festivals were held at the Olympian, Isthmian, Pythian and Nemean Games, in which the labours of the Gymnasium were exhibited, in company with the productions of genius. Are such public encouragements displayed in modern times? They are not certainly to be wished for. But do our private schools supply their place? Can parents or preceptors pretend, that they apply that same uniformity and fitness of system to the education of the body, which they extend to the faculties of the mind?
It is the object of the work before us, to recommend these exercises, and develop a particular plan for the prosecution of them. It is called "Gymnastics for Youth: or, a Practical Guide to Healthful and Amusing Exercises: for the use of Schools—from the German of C. G. Salzmann;" a work, which we cannot too highly recommend to the curious enquirer. It examines the different sports now in vogue, and attempts to reduce them to a kind of anatomical order. It shows which sport is best adapted to the strengthening of the different parts of the body; which is best suited to the muscles of the leg, of the arm, of the body, the senses, &c. The contents of the book may be gathered from the heads of the chapters:—leaping, running, jousting, climbing, preservation of equilibrium, lifting and carrying, trial of the back, drawing and skipping with a rope or a hoop, dancing, walking and military exercises, bathing & swimming, reading aloud and declaiming: exercise of the senses. We present our readers with the following extracts from the latter chapter, as a specimen of the manner of execution, which distinguishes this inestimable work.
EXERCISE OF THE SENSES.
THE capacity of man for receiving ideas by means of impressions made upon the senses affords an ample and fertile field, hitherto but little cultivated and that chiefly by accident. I term it ample and fertile, because from it we gather the greater part of our knowledge; and I consider it as left to accident, because we commonly give ourselves no trouble, to cultivate it systematically. How much pains do we take to train a pointer; while, at the same time, instead of endeavouring to improve our own organs of sense, many things we do have a direct tendency to deaden them! That this censure is not more severe than just, I need only appeal, not to the acuteness of the senses of man in a state of nature, but of him who has exercised them in a degree more than ordinary, as is done in many mechanic occupations. The dullness of the senses in many others is so great, that we may almost say, they have eyes and see not, noses and smell not, and their judgments, when they depend on sensations, are as childish as those of the infant, who stretches out his little hand to take hold of the Mo.
The best preceptors have recommended the exercise of the organs of sense, but they have done it only in general terms, without entering upon particular precepts. Rouffou, from whom much instruction might have been expected on this subject, merely recommends it: saying to show its importance, if we would learn to think, we must exercise our senses, which are the implements of the understanding; and then proceeds to give two or three examples only.
As the subject is difficult from want of experiments upon it, I must request the reader's indulgence on some of my opinions, particularly as in forming them I have taken to guide. Indeed it is generally more advantageous to the cause of truth, to expect our own sentiments, than to repeat those of others. Mine, however, must be considered merely as an attempt. In it three questions come under our consideration.
1. Is an artificial cultivation of the senses practicable? In other words, can the senses be cultivated in a degree more than is common?
2. Is it productive of any benefit?
3. In what manner can the senses be cultivated? Hence this essay divides itself into three parts.
I. On the practicability of cultivating the senses.
The manner, in which impressions made upon the organs of sense convey ideas to the mind, is of no importance in our inquiry. On our coming into the world, either the organs are dull, or the mind is deficient in the faculty of perceiving the impressions they receive. Be this as it may, the sense of feeling appears to be the first, that is excited in us; it is some time perhaps before we acquire that of hearing; & that of smell is probably still later. At first all our senses appear to be very imperfect, and the impressions received by them very obscure. By degrees, as they are more exercised, and acquire more experience they improve seemingly in proportion. How far this improvement may be carried, is difficult to conjecture. We see daily, that a man, whose occupation has required the exercise of his sight, or of his hearing in a particular way, has obtained a great superiority over other men in the accuracy of it; and there have been blind men, who, by applying the sense of feeling with attention to that object, have acquired the capacity of distinguishing colour by the touch. The instances, indeed, of those, who have carried one sense to such a degree of perfection, as nearly to supply the place of another they had lost, are too numerous to be related here; yet I must not pass them over, without quoting an example or two. In Puifieux lived a chemist and musician, who had been born blind. He learned to read by means of letters cut in relief, and taught his son to read also. He estimated his distance from the fire by the degree of heat it gave; and could tell when he came near any thing, by the impression the air made on his face. He could distinguish an open street from one which was not a thoroughfare; his face being sensible to the slightest change in the atmosphere. The weight of a body, or the capacity of a vessel, he could estimate very nicely; his hand being an accurate balance, and infallible measure. He could detect the slightest irregularity in a smooth surface, or variation in the tone of voices. Saunders, the blind professor of mathematics at Cambridge, had such nice feeling, that by it he could detect spurious coins, among any number of genuine ones, though they were executed so nicely, as to deceive the acutest eye. The blind sculptor, too, must not be forgotten, who, after having lost his sight for ten years, modelled the figure of the great duke Cosmo in clay with the utmost accuracy, as he did that of pope Urban the eighth, and that of the duke Bracciani in a dark cellar.
Kerkring, who died a few years ago, in a more recent and striking instance. This man, is his youth, was often obliged to go through a dark passage late at night. From fear he often shut his eyes. On this occasion he made a remark, that proved of great importance to him in his subsequent blindness; whenever he came near any solid body, he felt a certain warmth all over him. On this he made a frequent practice of walking with his eyes shut, and uniformly perceived the same sensation on approaching any object. This he carried so far as never to run against anything. After this he lost both his sight and hearing, when the faculty he had acquired enabled him to go any where without danger. When blind he not only wrote a treatise on shoeing horses, but carried his sense of feeling to such a degree of perfection, as to be able to read any book in large print by passing the ends of his fingers over the letters. By way of amusement he cultivated a garden; grafted and budded his fruit-trees; planted his tulips and hyacinth roots; laid his carriages; &c. Every morning he examined his plants and flowers, could distinguish them accurately by his feeling, and knew every eye and bud on his trees. Still his deafness appeared to be a misfortune, for which no remedy could be hoped. One morning however, his wife lying accidentally with her mouth against his shoulder, while she gave some directions to the maid, who came into the room, he felt a series of strange sensations in his arm. This exciting his attention, he laid his hand on her mouth, while she pronounced all the letters of the alphabet in their order. At each letter he perceived a different sensation, which he carefully noted, finding it always the same at the repetition of the same letter and by practice he acquired such readiness at distinguishing sounds in this manner, that his wife had nothing to do, but to carry his hand to her mouth, and speak gently, in order to converse with him as readily as when he possessed his hearing. When his wife first pronounced the alphabet in this way loudly, as soon as she came to the letter, (R) he felt as if he should be strangled: his heart was oppressed, he shuddered and trembled in every limb, screamed out with anguish, and said to his wife: 'my God! what are you doing to me?' in consequence he ever after avoided this letter as much as possible; and when it was indispensable, pronounced it as softly as he could. It is said of this man, that, while he was blind and deaf, he was almost always happy & content, extremely cheerful, and extraordinarily clear and luminous in his ideas.
To convince myself of the possibility of cultivating the senses, I have several times exercised several of the pupils of our academy, and received convincing proof of it. Lastly, that my observation might be more precise, I selected two, W** of Langensalza, and L. von H. of Copenhagen, and exercised them three successive Sundays, an hour or two in the evening each time. From such short trials no wonders are to be expected, but the following journal of what was done will show, that the want of one sense is not absolutely necessary to the improvement of another.
January 27, W** and H** being completely blindfolded, learned to-day, 1. to distinguish gold from silver coins with great facility; Prussian, from those of Brunswick, new French double louis d'or, from Prussian and Saxon. Among a number of new double louis d'or, they learned to pick out the Saxon, Prussian, and French. All this they did readily. 2: to tell with accuracy the number of pieces of gold, as far as 12 or 14 louis, by their weight, they being placed in a pile on the extended fingers. 3: to know the faces of all coins from their reverses very quickly. 4: among several pennypieces to pick out the Prussian. 5: to distinguish by the ear all the noises, that were made expressly for the purpose. 6: to write with tolerable quickness, but not very perfectly.
Feb. 3. 1. They distinguished old French crowns from new by the touch. 2. They told the number of German dollars, laid upon the hand in a pile, as far as thirteen. H**, in particular, was scarcely to be deceived in this point, manage how I would. For instance I laid on two, then three, then six, or two, five, and seven, and he told precisely each time the number on his hand. I then took away or added to the pile on his hand various irregular numbers, and he could always tell exactly how many remained. 3. H** found the date on a German dollar, but could not tell the year. 4. He distinguished the number 24 on a Hessian grosch by the finger. He was directed to point out the reverse: and did so. 'Is it a head?' he was asked. 'No! What is it?' 'Not a horse,' 'What then?' 'A cow.' In fact it was the Hessian lion: and I must add, he did not know I had such a grosch, and indeed had never seen one. 5. I took a book, and let each of them feel the thickness of a single leaf, then of five together, then of ten. Thus I furnished them with a standard. I then gave them ten leaves, forty five, twenty, thirty six, a hundred, sixteen, fifty, and so on, between the finger and thumb; and in this way they learned at length to tell the number of leaves pretty accurately, or only with trifling errors extending from two to five leaves. 7. I then put the book into the hand of one of them, and desired him to open it as he pleased himself, and tell the page. This he did many times very exactly, though he had always to multiply by two in his
head, and in general with telling mistakes, not exceeding eight pages.
Feb. 10. To-day we could not practice much on account of company; still we did a little. 1. They very readily distinguished various gold coins, namely Prussian, Saxon, Brunswick, and French louis d'or. 2. The 3d experiment of last Sunday with the dollars was repeated. H** told the number several times as far as sixteen, and was scarcely ever mistaken. I often laid them on his hand by guess, without knowing the number myself. Thus I found, that he had not lost the impressions of last Sunday. Mr. L** was present and not a little astonished. 3. The exercises five and six of last Sunday were repeated, first giving the standard again afresh. H** told the page accurately, that I was surprised; and one of his school fellows, who came in, observed, that an indifferent spectator might suspect some deception. Indeed at first I was doubtful myself, and thought he might see through the handkerchief: accordingly, though I consider him as one of the most ingenious youths in all Denmark, I tied another handkerchief over it; but this made no difference. At different times he told the pages, 70, 84, 60, 88, 93, 68, 104, 116, 56, 84, 76, 86, exactly, and pretty readily. In his other numbers nine times he mistook by a single leaf, nine times by two leaves, five times by four or five, and only twice by nine or ten.
II. Is the cultivation of the senses productive of any benefit? &c.
III. Mode of cultivating the senses.
The first step to the excitement of an idea is an impression made upon some of the organs of sense. This impression may be perceived, or it may not be perceived; and, if it be perceived, the perception may be complete, or incomplete, or erroneous. Thus our attention is called to the truth or falsehood of the perception, its completeness or incompleteness, and the number of the sense.
1. Errors of the senses arise from various sources. a. From judging by a mediate idea of the object. Impressions are caused by external objects, either through immediate contact as in the sensation of feeling, touch, and taste; or through mediate contact, as in those of sight, by means of the rays of light, or of hearing, by means of vibrations of the air. If our ear were in a place void of air, it could hear nothing: if our eye be in a place void of light it can see nothing; and the other senses will perceive nothing, unless some substance come into contact with them. Thus, then, we have immediate perceptions from the senses, only when some object touches the nerves of feeling, taste, or smell, rays of light enter the eye, or vibrations of the air reach the drum of the ear, & the mind perceives and considers the impression. But when from the impression made upon one sense we infer an impression before made upon another, it is not a more sensitive idea, but particles of the nature of an abstract idea, and this idea I call mediate. For instance, a man lifts a lump of lead weighing a hundred and twelve pounds, and the sense of feeling gives him an immediate idea of a hundred weight: but, if he afterwards sees a mass of lead of the same shape and size, and say it is a hundred weight, he has not an immediate idea of its weight, but a mediate idea, inferred from a previous perception. Or my dog lies by my side, I see him, I stroke him and have an immediate idea of him. He runs out, I hear him bark, I judge it is my dog, and the idea of him enters my mind; but this idea is only mediate, for I have no immediate idea but that of barking. Here then an important question arises: in what cases can our senses furnish us with immediate, in what only with mediate ideas? The nature of the senses themselves is not sufficient, to afford a satisfactory answer to this, without considering at the same time the objects, by which they are affected. The general qualities, by means of which bodies act upon our senses, or the data, by which our senses distinguish bodies, are figure, magnitude, gravity, colour, hardness or softness, odour, flavour, and motion in its most extensive signification, including consequently every species of action. On comparing these with the nature of our senses, we shall instantly perceive, that they cannot all convey immediate ideas to every sense, but only in the following order.
Immediate ideas of
Figure can be imparted by the sight, and touch.
Magnitude " " " "
Gravity " " " "
Colour " " " "
Hardness or softness " " " "
Odour " " " "
Flavour " " " "
Motion " " " "
The following appear on close consideration to be the sources of our mediate ideas.
Mediate ideas of
Figure can be imparted by the hearing.
Magnitude " " " "
Gravity " " " "
Hardness or softness " " " "
Colour " " " "
Odour " " " "
Flavour " " " "
Motion " " " "
Immediate ideas are founded on the invariable fidelity of the organs of sense: mediate ideas, on conclusions formed from antecedent impressions and ideas. If part of these impressions in time be effaced, our judgment, and the idea arising from it, will be erroneous. For example, if the impression of the magnitude of a hundred weight of lead be ever so little effaced we shall afterwards imagine a larger or smaller lump to be of that weight. We may also be deceived in another way. If we see a hollow mass of lead of the same size, so placed, that the vacancy is not visible to us, we shall judge, that it weighs a hundred and twelve pounds. Hence our mediate ideas are far more liable to error than our immediate; and from the preceding tables it is evident, that the hearing is most exposed to this deception.
b. From the sphere of action of the sense and its organ being too extensive.
Immediate ideas; mediate ideas; in all.
The sight has 4 4 8
Hearing 1 5 6
Touch 5 0 5
Smell 1 1 2
Taste 1 0 1
From these proportions the light and hearing appear to be oftenest exposed to error; and the same may be inferred from their almost uninterruptedly, and in great measure involuntary use.
Miscellaneous.
THE DROPSY CURED.
A person who was prodigiously swelled with this disorder, put a large cup full of bohea tea in a teapot, reaped it, drank the liquor by degrees, and eat all the tea leaves in the course of the forenoon. The same experiment was repeated in the afternoon, and for the two succeeding days. On the second day the water began to decrease by natural evacuation, and on the third day it was totally dissipated.
While our sea coast is furnishing uncommon examples of attention to the making of Salt, especially on Cape Cod, and while Mr. Briggs of Chatham has discovered much ingenuity in furnishing the Glauber and Epsom salts, and in instructing his neighbours, we are happy to learn that the interior is abundantly furnished with means to profit from their natural riches. At the Canadagua salt springs, have been made, in 1803, ab. 90 thousand bushels of salt, but in 1804 it had amounted to 128 thousand.
Salem Register.
The London wits, who suffer no subject for their humorous talents to pass unnoticed, have produced the following quizzical article from the case of the disgraced treasurer of the British admiralty.
LORD MELVILLE'S WILL.
I Henry Dundas, Lord Viscount Melville, feeling that my disorders can be no longer palli-
ated, but that sentence is pronounced upon me, and that I must shortly quit this habitation for another life, do make and publish this my last will and testament, hereby revoking and annulling all other wills, testaments, codicils, by me at any time made before this fatal attack.
I give and bequeath my flock of brats (the property for which I have been the most distinguished) unto my dearly beloved nephew, the right hon. Wm. Dundas, secretary at war, & my very worthy friend the Right Hon. George Canning, Treasurer of the navy, to hold to them during their natural lives, share and share alike, as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants. Let not my said nephew reproach me for alienating a part of the family possessions. He is himself rich in the above article, and I consider myself bound to show some mark of regard to a youth who has been so prompt to extol my deeds, and seems so much disposed to imitate my example. On the decease of the said William Dundas and George Canning, my will and pleasure is, that my brats aforesaid may be enjoyed by the orators, pamphleteers, journalists and historians for the time being, who shall condemn the resolutions of the House of Commons of April 8, 1805.—Provided always that a double portion be assigned to him who maintains "that an innocent man may refuse to answer a plain question, from the fear of incriminating himself."
The iron rod with which I ruled Scotland is not the subject of testimony devise, and I leave only my Figural Digniori.
Upon the Right Hon. W. Pitt, my patron, pupil, and fellow sufferer, as a reward for his docility, pliability and steadiness, I give and bequeath my copy of the tenth report of the commissioners of Naval Enquiry—and may he derive as much comfort therefrom as I have. I would leave a sum for erecting a statue to him; but he is already almost completely petrified, and he will probably soon be cast by a vote of the House of Commons.
Item, on W. Wilberforce, Esq., by way of remuneration of his services to me, I bequeath my heaviest case.
Unto Lord Viscount Castlereagh, to be worn with his two-strunged bow, I present my political coat. Having been turned upon every change of Administration during "forty years," it is a little thread bare, but no one who has it on can be said to be out at elbows, and the coat which is now sported by his Lordship will soon be more patched, beggarly, and disgraceful.
My boots, I leave in trust to the aforesaid William Pitt, for him to get some solid Lord to step into them, at the Admiralty, if he can, I have a presentment that, before I am cold they will come into the possession of the rightful owner, (who, I must now confess, was swindled out of them,) the Right Hon. the Earl of St. Vincent.
The animals I have rode in Scotland, I desire may be worked no longer, but allowed to run in clover for the rest of their lives.
My wooden secretary I configu to the Navy Board.
My books I give to Mark Sprott, Esq., requesting that he will take special care of "Secrets Worth Knowing," "The Confederacy," and "The History of the Triple League," and that if he is ever questioned concerning them, he will fortify himself with the opinion of counsel.
Unto Charles Hope, Esq., Lord Chief Justice Clerk of Scotland, late Lord Advocate, I give all my "ardent spirits," advising him, nevertheless, after what has happened, to take special care that they do not catch fire. The rack may go to the Attorney and Solicitor General, for the use of my friend, Mr. Alex. Trotter.
I request my 45 Scots lacqueys, & 16 upper servants, to believe that I part from them with the bitterest regret. They have served me faithfully for many years, never questioning my commands but doing cheerfully whatever jobs or dirty work I pleased to point out to them. I should have been glad to offer them two years wages, were I as able as I formerly was. However, I have not kept too strict a hand upon them, or been over anxious to limit their gains. Some of them may thus sit up now for gentlemen, and the rest, I doubt not, will soon get places.
To the Doctor, for his operations to save me I leave mourning, together with thanks as sincere and servant as his zeal in my behalf.
In imitation of Virgil, I desire that all my MSS. may be burnt. This will be done if any regard is shown to my memory, which certain answers I lately returned, I fear, will cause to be considered as a very bad one.
The many pictures of his Majesty which my loyalty has enabled me to collect, together with certain autographs I possess of the celebrated Abraham Newland, I propose, if the law will allow me, to carry along with me to my last retreat.
Lastly, I nominate and appoint the Hon. Spence Percival, and his Honour the Master of the Rolls, Executors and Administrators of this my Will and Testament, hoping that they will not be brought into trouble on my account.
And now having set my house in order, I have only to pray for a tranquil exit. I have done those things which I ought not to have done, and those things which I ought to have done have I left unperformed: laws have been violated, and statutes set at nought. Yet, oh, forgive me my debts, and let me depart in peace! Signed, sealed, and published, this 9th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1805.
From the Paris Memoirs of Agriculture.
M. de Thosse, having found that oil of turpentine, when applied to animals which were covered with vermin, destroyed those vermin without hurting the animal, the author of this memoir tried it on several kinds of tree-lice and other insects; all of which it killed without hurting the trees. He then mixed some of the oil of turpentine with fine earth, so as to make it incorporate well, and added water, stirring it carefully, till the whole was brought to a considerable degree of fluidity. In this mixture he dipped branches of fruit trees, covered with insects, which were entirely destroyed by it, eggs and all, without hurting the fruit, branches or leaves. The composition may be got off by artificial watering, or left to be washed away by the first shower. From these experiments, he thinks that oil of turpentine may be as well employed for killing various kinds of lice that infest domestic animals, and sometimes produce diseases on fruit trees. Experiments will ascertain how far this remedy will prove efficacious in different cases.
The practice of slaughtering cattle by puncturing the medulla spinalis, or, as it is now called, pithing cattle, is extended through all parts of the kingdom, by the laudable perseverance of the board of agriculture. The want of skill in the operators, and the prejudices arising from established custom, we are sorry to observe, however, render the system less general than it should be. It is perfectly ascertained that the spinal marrow may be divided without producing immediate death, should the wound be inflicted below the origin of the nerve that supple the diaphragm, and allow the animal the power of respiration; but if the puncture is made into the cavity of the skull, so as to divide the medullary substance above the origin of these nerves, death is instantaneous, and without the
least apparent sensation of pain. If a line is drawn across the head from the foot of each ear (about an inch and a half from the horns) the centre of this line is the spot in which the puncture should be made, and an awl or common pen-knife is as good an instrument as can be used.
ADVANTAGE OF KINE POX.
"It will doubtless be highly gratifying to the public to observe the remarkable decrease of deaths by the Small Pox, as appears by the following comparative view, extracted from the Bills of Mortality:
Table with 2 columns: Year (1803, 1804), Deaths. Rows show monthly death counts for both years, ending with a total for each year (1173 vs 566).
This decrease will appear still more important when compared with the annexed statement of deaths by the Small Pox, for 50 years, within the Bills of Mortality, averaged by ten years:
Table with 2 columns: Decade (1750-1759 to 1790-1799), Deaths. Shows a general downward trend in smallpox deaths over 50 years.
Total, 100,922 in 50 years. Making an annual average of 2018 deaths per Small Pox. The following is an annual statement of deaths in the present century:
Table with 2 columns: Year (1800 to 1804), Deaths. Shows annual death counts for the early 19th century.
It is hoped the knowledge of these facts will be strongly promotive of the beneficial practice of Vaccine inoculation; it appearing the fatal disease of Small Pox has progressively declined, as the inestimable discovery of Dr. Jenner has been introduced.
VIRGINIA.
At a Superior Court of Chancery held at the Capitol in the city of Richmond, the fifth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and five—
Between John Street, And Archibald Gracie, Daniel Anderson & William Twitty, Defendants. THE defendant Archibald Gracie, not having entered his appearance and given security according to the act of Assembly, and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that he is not an inhabitant of this country; on the motion of the plaintiff, by counsel, it is ordered that the said defendant do appear here on the first day of the next September term, and answer the bill of the plaintiff; and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper published in the city of Richmond for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the capitol in the said city. A Copy, Teste, P. TINSLEY, C. C. May 3.—eF2m. R.
VIRGINIA, to wit.
At a Chancery District Court, held in the City of Williamburg the 6th day of April, 1805:
Jethro Darden and Stephen Hooke, } Plff's. ro Darden and Stephen Hooke, } Against
Oxley and Hancock, Defts. THE Defendants not having entered their appearance and given security according to the act of Assembly and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that they are not inhabitants of this country, on the motion of the plaintiffs, by their counsel, it is Ordered, That the said defendants do appear here on the first day of the next term, and answer the bill of the plaintiffs; and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper of the City of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the former capitol in this city. A Copy, Teste, ANT'Y ROBINSON, C. C. (Esq) Wt. May 17.
VIRGINIA.
At a Superior Court of Chancery held at the Capitol in the city of Richmond the 23d day of March, one thousand eight hundred and five—
Between James Brown And Edward Dudley, Mary Payne, Aaron Fontaine and John Hancock, Defendants.
THE defendants Mary Payne, Aaron Fontaine and John Hancock, not having entered their appearance and given security according to the act of Assembly, and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that they are not inhabitants of this country; on the motion of the plaintiff, by counsel, it is ordered that the said defendants do appear here on the first day of the next September term, and answer the bill of the plaintiff; and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper published in the city of Richmond for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the Capitol in the said city. A Copy, Teste, P. TINSLEY, C. C. MR. May 3.—eF2m.
ABSCONDED.
The second time, in the month of February: JACK, sometimes known by the name of Jack Ash. He is upwards of 50 years of age, a gardner by profession, rather under the middle size. He was purchased of Lewis Burwell's estate in January 1804 He is well known in and about the city of Richmond, Amelth. in the county of Chesterfield, where he has a number of free connections, and in the neighbourhood of Williamburg—"Tis very certain that he is lurking about one of the above places, most likely Richmond, where he has a free woman for a wife. Mr. William Rose is authorised to give a reward of THIRTY DOLLARS on delivery of the above Jack Ash to him. May 31. [Fdf]
Printing.
IN ALL ITS VARIETY, EXECUTED AT THE OFFICE of the ENQUIRER.