The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1804-06-16 00:00:00

THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, (Virginia) PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE... AT FOUR DOLLARS PER ANNUM... payable in advance.
NUMBER 12.]
SATURDAY MORNING, JUNE 16, 1804.
[VOLUME 1.]
CONDITIONS.
 I. The ENQUIRER will appear twice a week... During the session of Congress and the Virginia Legislature, either a third paper or a supplementary half-sheet, during the week.  II. Terms of payment will be FOUR DOLLARS per annum, to those who subscribe previous to the 9th August, after which, the price will be FIVE DOLLARS, in advance.  III. ADVERTISEMENTS, from those who do not subscribe to the paper, should not exceed a square in length, shall be inserted for twenty-five cents the first time, fifty cents for each time during three weeks, and for every additional insertion thirty-three cents; long ones in the same proportion.  IV. SUBSCRIBERS shall have their advertisements inserted for fifty cents the first time, and thirty-three cents for every additional insertion. 
For the information of the Freeholders of the State,
THE following correct list of the persons who compose the Republican Ticket of Electors of President and Vice President of the United States, is published. The election for the choice of Electors will be held in each county and corporation on the first Monday in November next.
PHILIP N. NICHOLAS, Chairman.
JOHN H. FOUSHEE, Sec'y. Richmond, May 25, 1804.
REPUBLICAN TICKET.
 Richard E. Lee, of Norfolk Borough.  John Goodrich, of Isle of Wight.  Edward Pegram, of Dinwiddie.  Dr. Richard Field, of Brunswick.  Thomas Read, of Charlotte.  Creed Taylor, of Cumberland.  William H. Cabell, of Amelia.  George Penn, of Patrick.  George Wythe, of City of Richmond.  John Taylor, of Caroline.  Larkin Smith, of King & Queen.  John Minor, of Spotsylvania.  William Elzey, of Loudoun.  William Dudley, of Warwick.  Mann Page, of Gloucester.  John Taliaferro, jr. of King George.  Richard Brent, of Prince William.  Hugh Holmes, of Frederick.  James Dailey, of Hampshire.  James Allen, of Shenandoah.  Archibald Stuart, of Augusta.  James McFarlane, of Rappahannock.  Gen. John Preston, of Montgomery.  William M'Kinley, of Ohio.  ** The Republican Printers throughout the state, are requested to insert the above one month.
Virginia.
At a Superior Court of Chancery held at the Capitol in the city of Richmond, 14th of September, 1803—
Between
Mary Ruffin, executrix, and Herbert Claiborne, James Ruffin and William Ruffin, executors of Robert Ruffin deceased, and the said James Ruffin, Robert Ruffin and Sterling Ruffin, protesting in their own rights.....Plaintiffs.
And
William Clack, and James Cargill Jones, and Richard Jones, infants by Charles Binns Jones, their guardian.....Defendants.
IN THIS cause, abated as to the plaintiffs Mary Ruffin and James Ruffin, by their deaths, and heard on the bill, answers, exhibits, and examinations of witnesses, and argued by counsel, the fourteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and three, the court directs one of the commissioners to state and report the credits, to which the defendants are, if any they be, entitled, exclusive of the paper money tendered, and justly rejected in November, of the year one thousand seven hundred eighty one, towards discharging the debt, for securing payment of which the mortgage proposed to be foreclosed, was granted.
A Copy—T. J. S.
May 25th, 1804. P. TINSLEY. (s202m) (?)
On the motion of the plaintiffs, by their counsel, John Jones is assigned guardian to the infant defendants, to defend them in this suit, in place of Charles Binns Jones, who is dead.
A Copy. P. TINSLEY.
COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE,
Richmond, May 26th, 1804.
THE parties concerned are desired to take Notice, That I have appointed Wednesday the twenty-fifth day of July next, for carrying into effect the said decree; upon which day their attendance is required at my office, with their papers and accounts, ready for examination.
WM. HAY, M. C.
Richmond County, June 1803.
John Campbell, compl't. AGAINST William Morgan and Peter Northern defts.
THE defendant Morgan not having entered his appearance and given security according to the act of Assembly, and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that he is not an inhabitant of this state; on motion of the complainant, by his counsel, it is ordered that the said defendant do appear here on the first day of the next term, and answer the bills of the complainant, and that a copy of this order be published in some newspaper printed in the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and a copy also posted at the front door of the courthouse; and it is further ordered that the defendant, Northern, do not pay, convey away or secrete, the debts and effects in his hands, due and belonging to the said Morgan, until the further order of the court, in the premises.
A copy Teste.
D. MCCARTY, C. R. C.
BY AUTHORITY. [LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES.]
AN ACT
Providing for the expenses of the Civil Government of Louisiana.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all the monies which have been, or which shall be received, by any officer of the United States, on account of duties or taxes within the territories ceded to the United States, by the treaty of the thirtieth of April, eighteen hundred and three, shall be paid into the treasury and accounted for in the same manner as other public monies.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose of making a reasonable compensation to the person, or persons, in whom the powers of civil government, heretofore exercised by the officers of the said territories under the Spanish and French governments, have been vested by the President of the United States, and also for defraying the other civil expenses of the said territories, from the time when possession of the same was obtained by the United States, to the time when a form of government shall, under the authority of Congress, be established therein, a sum not exceeding twenty thousand dollars, to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States, and to be accounted for as other public monies, shall be paid into the treasury and accounted for in the same manner as other public monies.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro-tempore. March 19, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT
For the relief of the sufferers by fire, in the town of Norfolk.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all persons who, being indebted to the United States for duties on merchandise, have given bond therefor with one or more sureties, payable to the collector of the district of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and who have suffered a loss of property by the late conflagration at the town of Norfolk, shall be, and they hereby are allowed to take up, or have cancelled, all bonds heretofore given for duties aforesaid, upon giving to the collector new bonds, with one or more sureties to the satisfaction of the said collector, for the sums of their former bonds respectively, payable in twelve months from and after the day of payment specified in the bonds to be taken up or cancelled, as aforesaid; and the said collector is hereby authorised and directed to give up or cancel all such bonds, upon the receipt of others, as described in this act; which last mentioned bonds shall be proceeded with in all respects, like other bonds which are taken by collectors for duties due to the United States: Provided, however, that nothing in this act contained shall extend to bonds which had fallen due before the nineteenth day of February last.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro-tempore. March 12, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT
Making an appropriation for defraying the expenses incurred in enquiring into the official conduct of Samuel Chase and Richard Peters, and in conducting the impeachment against John Pickering.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the sum of two thousand dollars be and the same is hereby appropriated, to be paid out of any money in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, for the payment of such expenses as may have been or hereafter may be incurred in prosecuting the enquiry into the official conduct of Samuel Chase, and Richard Peters, and in conducting the impeachment against John Pickering.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That to every witness summoned to attend the Senate in support of the said impeachment, there shall be allowed for every day's attendance, the sum of three dollars, and at the rate of twelve and a half cents per mile, in coming from and returning to his place of abode, for travelling expenses.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That any other expenses certified by the chairman of any committee appointed to conduct the said enquiry or impeachment, to have been authorised by him, shall also be allowed and paid.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro-tempore. March 16th, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT
Granting further time for locating Military land warrants; and for other purposes.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the act entitled "An act in addition to an act, entitled "An act in addition to an act regulating the grants of land appropriated for military services, and for the society of the United Brethren for propagating the gospel among the Heathen," approved the twenty-sixth day of April, eighteen hundred and two, be and the same is hereby revived and continued in force until the first day of April, one thousand eight hundred and five: PROVIDED, HOWEVER, That the holders or proprietors of warrants or registered certificates, shall and may locate the same, only on any unlocated parts of the fifty quarter townships, and the fractional quarter townships which had been reserved for original holders, by virtue of the fifth section of an act entitled "An act in addition to an act, entitled An act regulating the grants of land appropriated for military services, and for the society of the United Brethren for propagating the gospel among the Heathen;" AND PROVIDED ALSO, That no holder or proprietor of warrants or registered certificates, shall be permitted to locate the same by virtue of this act, unless the secretary of war shall have made an endorsement on such warrant or registered certificate, certifying that no warrant has been issued for the same claim to military bounty land; and by virtue of the second section of the act entitled "An act to revive and continue in force an act in addition to an act, entitled An act in addition to an act, regulating the grants of land appropriated for military services, and for the society of the United Brethren for propagating the gospel among the Heathen, and for other purposes," approved the third day of March, eighteen hundred and three.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate pro tempore. March 19, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT
In addition to the act, entitled "An act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States."
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person, not being an owner, who shall, on the high seas, wilfully and corruptly cast away, burn, or otherwise destroy any ship or other vessel unto which he belongeth, being the property of any citizen or citizens of the United States, or procure the same to be done, and being thereof lawfully convicted, shall suffer death.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That if any person shall, on the high seas, wilfully and corruptly cast away, burn, or otherwise destroy any ship or vessel which he is owner, in part or in whole, or in any wise direct to procure the same to be done, with intent or design to prejudice any person or persons that hath underwritten, or shall underwrite any policy or policies of insurance thereon, or if any merchant or merchants that shall load goods thereon, or if any other owner or owners of such ship or vessel, the person or persons offending therein, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of felony, and shall suffer death.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That any person or persons guilty of any crime arising under the revenue laws of the United States, or incurring any fine or forfeiture by breaches of the said laws, may be presented, tried and punished, provided the indictment or information be found at any time within five years after committing the offence or incurring the fine or forfeiture, any law or provision to the contrary notwithstanding.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro-tempore. March 26, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT
Supplementary to the act, entitled "An act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States."
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States shall be, and they hereby are authorised to establish offices of Deposit and Deposit, in any part of the territories or dependencies of the United States, in the manner and on the terms prescribed by the act to which this is a supplement.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro-tempore. March 23, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
AN ACT
Altering the sessions of the District Courts of the United States, for the District of Virginia and Rhode Island, and for the District of West Tennessee.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the sessions of the district court for the district of Virginia, directed by law to be held in the town of Norfolk, shall hereafter be held, and commence on the 15th day of June, and on the fifteenth day of December, in every year; and that the sessions of the said court, directed by law to be held, in the city of Richmond, shall be held, and commence on the nineteenth day of May, and on the nineteenth day of November in every year.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That when either of the said days shall happen to be on Sunday, the sessions of the said court shall commence on the following day.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That all writs and process which have been issued, and all recognizances returnable, and all suits and other pleadings which have been continued, to the said district court, directed by law to be held in Norfolk, on the third Tuesday in March next, shall be returned and held continued to the fifteenth day of June next; and in like manner all writs and process which have been issued, and all recognizances returnable, and all suits and other proceedings which have been continued to the said district court directed by law to be held in the city of Richmond, on the third Tuesday in June next, shall be returned, and held continued to the 19th day of May next.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That from and after the first day of April next, the session of the district court, for the district of Rhode Island, shall commence at Newport on the second Tuesday in May, and third Tuesday in October; at Providence, the first Tuesday in August, and the first Tuesday in February, annually, any law to the contrary notwithstanding.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That all suits, process, and proceedings, of what nature or kind soever, pending in, or made returnable to said court, shall, after the said first day of April next, be continued over until the next court, to be held in conformity to this act.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the sessions of the district court for the district of West Tennessee, directed by law to be held in the town of Nashville, shall be hereafter held and commence on the Thursday next succeeding the fourth Mondays in May and November in every year; and that all writs and process which have been issued, and all recognizances returnable, and all suits and other proceedings which have been continued to the said district court directed by law to be held at Nashville, on the fourth Monday of May next, shall be returned and held continued to the Thursday next succeeding said fourth Monday.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JESSE FRANKLIN, President of the Senate, pro-tempore. March 28, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
RESOLUTION
To instruct the joint committee of Enrolled Bills to wait on the President of the United States, respecting a variance between an engrossed & enrolled bill.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the joint committee for enrolled bills be instructed to wait on the President of the United States, and lay before him the engrossed bill entitled "An act for the relief of the captors of the Moorish armed ships Mehmeti and Mirboha," with the several amendments thereto, as the same was finally passed by both houses of Congress; & to state the variance between the said engrossed bill, and the enrolment thereof, as approved by the President, and to request that he will cause the said enrolled bill to be returned to this House, in which it originated, for the purpose of rendering the said bill conformable with the engrossed bill and the amendments thereto, as passed by the two Houses of Congress.
Foreign Intelligence.
THE CONSPIRACY.
Mr. Drake's Correspondence.
[No. 5, of the ENQUIRER, mentioned the Report which the Grand Judge had made to the First Consul, of a secret correspondence of Mr. Drake, British envoy at Munich, with Mr. L. D. or Mchee De La Touche, his agent in France. This report was accompanied by certain papers, among which were ten letters, said to have been written by Mr. Drake. The reader will perhaps recollect, that these letters were attributed to the British minister from the reason contained in the following—]
"OBSERVATIONS which precede the ten letters of the English Minister, in the collection of papers annexed to the Report of the Grand Judge."
"The Agent Mr. D. L. having been sent from England to Bavaria, to receive the instructions of Mr. Drake, before commencing his operations, informs him by a billet of his arrival at Munich. He has received an answer to it, which it has been thought proper to print, because it is entirely written by Mr. Drake, and signed by him, and all the correspondence which has been read is by the same hand."
"Sir; I am very happy to learn your arrival in this city, and shall be charmed to see you as soon as convenient. You will have the goodness to stay and dine with me if the hour of four suits you."
V. T. OB. FRANCIS DRAKE.
"The Agent arrived at Paris, very soon perceived that he had nothing to do in the end of his mission: he did not discontinue, however, to give letters and bulletins to Mr. Drake for his money; but he immediately introduced the police to a knowledge of this correspondence."
[The following extracts are given from letters attributed to Mr. Drake. They clearly define the object which is said to have been meditated by the English minister: to form a general plan for overthrowing the usurpation of Bonaparte; to penetrate into all his secret measures; by corrupting the officers of the departments, and to acquire partisans in the army, for the accomplishment of this revolution; and to restore the royal family upon the ruins of Bonaparte's administration.]
The impartial reader will pause at the consideration of the following questions. Is this correspondence one of the fabrications of Bonaparte and his ministers, or did it really originate with Mr. Drake? If this plan was really mediated by Mr. Drake, did he pursue it from his own suggestions and at his own risk; or did he receive the countenance and assistance of his Court? If he was set on by the English government, did the plan receive the approbation of the king and all the ministers of his cabinet, or was it confined to the bosoms of Hawkesbury and Addington? Some light will probably be shed on these enquiries, by the next arrivals from England. Mr. Fox's promised motion will probably bring this reputed conspiracy before the House of Commons, and develop a more complete view of the subject.]
EXTRACT FROM LETTER No. 5.
"To the mission of a person into Helvetia, to conduct your correspondence with the army, I can have no motives for objecting; but you should not forget the observation which I have so often made to you, that, the ramifications of the project ought not to be multiplied, since by doing so we multiply the chances of discovery, and that reposing confidence, unless absolutely necessary for conducting the operations, is not merely of less but dangerous. However, I flatter myself there will be no precipitation, and that no one will begin to act until the plan is fixed and known in every quarter, so that all may proceed together to the point proposed. Partial or unconnected measures will be productive of nothing but defeat and disaster."
"I am very desirous of knowing who the persons are, who compose your committee, and above all desire to know the character, talents, opinions, and views of the person whom you contemplate making your leader: but I am perfectly aware of the impracticability of your making such a communication, until you can have a very safe conveyance by Toulouse (Strasbourg) since it would be risking too much to trust to the post."
"It is of the utmost importance that you should be thoroughly acquainted with what passes in the offices or cabinet, for a knowledge of the projects of the consular government is necessary, in order to secure success to your own; and you will find what I have so often said to you, to be correct, that one of the best means of subverting that government is by attacking it with its own weapons."
"With regard to the rewards to be given to your agents, in the public offices, I shall find no difficulty in furnishing you with the two hundred Louis you require for the purpose, as soon as you inform me that those agents can render effective service."
EXTRACT FROM LETTER No. 4. (9th Dec.)
"I have just received your letter of the 28th November, and hasten to inform you, in the most solemn manner, that I have no knowledge whatever of the association, of the existence of which your committee conceives it has evidence. If such an association, really exists, I am sure you and your friends will not only refrain from embarrassing its movements, but afford it your aid; for it is of very little importance by whom the beast is brought down, it will be sufficient if you are all ready to join in the chase."
EXTRACT FROM LETTER No. 5. (27th Dec.)
"The information which you have given me, of your committee, is sufficient, and I do not desire to know the names of its members, if the communication can produce inconvenience, or interfere with your engagements to your friends."
"I cannot conceive how any members of your committee could doubt our serious intention of aiding in the attack on the usurper; I am the more surprised, since all my instructions have that end in view: those instructions and the recitals of the various conversations I have had with you, will, I trust, be sufficient to satisfy them. You know I would not have recommended that you should pay every attention to procuring intelligence of the projects of B..... were I not firmly convinced that it is one of the surest means of sapping the foundation of that man's power. However, you can assure your committee, again, that the chief object shall be pursued on my part without relaxation, and in the manner most conformable to your original instructions; but it rests with your committee, on a due consideration of the state of affairs, and the dispositions of persons in the interior, to determine in what manner they can best be complied with."
"Since I have touched on this subject, I will add, as a reply to an article in one of your last notes, that I have a correct knowledge that every thing is decided upon in the secret committee at St. Cloud; but I also know, that, as the measures of detail and execution must necessarily be confined to the public offices, we can derive from them a very correct idea of what has been, or is about to be, done."
"I have no knowledge of M. Talon; and I repeat to you, on this occasion, that I am not connected with any other agency at Paris than yours: but by this I do not wish to be understood, that I maintain no correspondence, for I have correspondents, in order that I may be able to judge of the correctness of reports and to compare them with each other."
"I shall transmit you, by the next courier a letter from an Englishman to B..... If your committee think it will answer any purpose, the letter may be printed at Paris, and afterward circulated: it is rather too long, but may be easily abridged by omitting some of the paragraphs."
EXTRACT FROM LETTER, NO. 6. (9th Jan.)
"I conceive it proper to inform you that an emissary of the French government has been making enquiries at the post office in Radstadt, respecting a correspondence supposed to exist between me and the malcontents at France: but from the manner, in which the emissary has executed his commission, it is very evident the French government has not the most distant idea of the existence of ours. It was the appearance, in almost all the departments, of "the letter from an Englishman to Bonaparte," which created the suspicion that that letter originated here. However, I merely mention this incident, to prepare you in case you should hear it spoken of."
"I have just conversed with a person recently arrived from Paris, from whom I learn that the first consul becomes every day more and more extravagant:—that the reign of terror is rapidly returning:—that this violent conduct proves, that he is not easy in his situation; and that every thing which passes before him presages a storm more or less distant. It appears evident that the consul is much embarrassed about the descent on England: for although he affects a fixed resolution to make the attempt, he is undoubtedly aware of the danger of the enterprise; not knowing besides, how he could retire from the contest or relieve himself in that kind of engagement which he would undertake. I beg you will pay every attention to the present state of things, which according to the well informed person with whom I have just conversed, must sooner or later produce a most important and decisive crisis."
"I have no knowledge of what is passing in La Vendée. It is unnecessary for me to repeat my opinion, that every partial movement, and all measures which are not essentially combined with a general and fixed plan can produce nothing but mischief. I am, however, inclined to consider all these insurrections as absolutely spontaneous, arising solely out of a spirit of opposition to the conscriptions."
"In an article of your instructions, I recommended that you should write twice a week; but, that we may not make too great a use of our means of conveying intelligence, I think it will be advisable that you should write at such times only as matter of an interesting nature will present itself."
EXTRACT FROM LETTER, NO. 7. (27th Jan.)
"I am extremely grieved to hear of the partial movements, of which you inform me, and I perfectly agree with you in opinion, that, they will have no other effect than that of exciting the government to increased vigilance, and of producing measures of security, which may be fatal to many honest men, who might render important services if they were well employed."
"The fate which has befallen the committee, of whose existence you questioned me in your letter of the 5th, and which I knew nothing of until I then heard from you, serve without doubt to put you on your guard against false friends, and render you very circumspect as to the persons to whom you confide all your secrets. The great art of conducting a dangerous enterprise, such as that in which you are now engaged, consists in giving so much information to each individual as will enable him to perform the particular duty entrusted to him, but confiding no more."
"As to the desire which your general has expressed, according to the bulletin No—, of knowing the moment when he ought to give the impulse to the machinery, I answer that, he must be regulated on this point, by the intelligence which shall be received of the progress of your operations. By your letter of the 25th December, I find, you proposed to make an explosion in four departments on one given day, but I doubt that such a measure, if unconnected with others, could produce a great effect. It might give the first consul a momentary embarrassment, but it seems impossible it could succeed if B's army is faithful to him, or at least if we could not assure ourselves of the aid of a large portion of his troops."
"Pray inform me what may be reckoned on concerning this latter object, in order that I may regulate my ideas and ground our proceedings thereon. The principal point, in my opinion, is the endeavouring to gain partisans in the army; for I am firmly of opinion, that it is by the army alone we can reasonably hope to bring about the desirable change. I wish as eagerly as yourself to see the period arrive when we may show ourselves, but it is requisite to arrange every measure before hand, in order to be sure that the blow shall not fail for want of being prepared against every event, and our means squandered at a pure loss; we must likewise settle before hand what steps we are to follow, as soon as the insurrection shall have broke out, (so as not to act at random) by putting it in the power of the royalists to profit of the troubles which the republicans will have thus excited."
"As to your long stay in France, you are at full liberty to depart, and I even recommend you to do so, as soon as you may think that your presence is no longer necessary there."
"Endeavour first to get on foot a good direct correspondence with the staff of the army, and see if it is not possible to find two or three per-

ons at Strauburg whose fidelity may be depended on; this would be very useful to us in the sequel."
EXTRACT FROM LETTER NO. 9, (25th Feb.)
"I am informed of all the events which took place on the 16th inst. and I have no doubt but the police will keep an eye over travellers; you must consequently watch for the propitious moment, in order to run no risk. It is only from you I know the details concerning Georges, &c. I have no other knowledge of his schemes than what your letter furnishes me with, but if you have means of extricating any of his associates from danger, do not omit doing it. I entreat you to get written and printed immediately a short address to the army (officers and soldiers) calling on them not to suffer Moreau to perish, their brother in arms, who has so often led them to victory, as a victim to the rage and tyranny of the First Consul. You may observe in this address, that the merit of Moreau has for a long time dazzled the sight of the little tyrant, and that the First Consul, to get rid of his rival, has chosen the moment in which intelligence of the surrender of St. Domingo has been received, in order to turn aside the eyes of the nation from a disaster, arising only from his bad conduct. You should not lose a moment in writing this little address, and getting it circulated through all the armies with the greatest diligence."
EXTRACT FROM LETTER NO. 10.
"Sir—Since the General(1) displays so much confidence in his men, since he conceives the present moment to be singularly propitious to begin his operations, since he is of opinion that if suffered to escape, circumstances equally favorable will not again occur, the friend (2) here cannot but submit to his desires, by promising him all the assistance in his power. The friend must necessarily abandon the details of execution, to the general who is on the spot, and who is more interested than any other, in the measures being so well prepared and combined, that the aim shall not miss. He observes nevertheless, that it is of the highest importance to make sure of a place upon the frontier of France, and Germany, in order that the friend may have a free, quick, a true and sure communication with the general, for the transmission of what may become necessary in the sequel. Huningen is the best situated place for this purpose, so much the more so, as it is pretty near the field of the principal operations."
"It will be necessary at least, to establish some trusty agents at every six leagues distance, from Besançon to Fribourg, in order to bring & carry news."
"It appears to me that the first operation ought to be to seize on Blois, (Besançon) which might serve as a fortress, and, in case of misfortune, as a place of defence. In this latter case, a part of the insurgents ought to take post upon the Cévennes and the mountains of the ancient Vivarais, where they would be able to maintain themselves for a long time, provided it be so managed that a sure communication be kept up to receive pecuniary succour, either by Huningen or Mets, (Basse) and Switzerland. After becoming master of Blois (Besançon) and raising the neighbouring provinces, not a moment should be lost in acting in Chablis, (Paris) itself. Every thing ought to be previously prepared and disposed to begin operations the first instant of the embarrassment and consternation of the present government, when it learns the movements in the provinces."
"Since it appears well proved that a vast number of the army, both officers and soldiers, are highly discontented at the arrest of Moreau, it is but natural that the general should satisfy them in this respect, in order to be assured of their aid in the critical moment. The general must perceive that it is of the highest importance for him, and of the first necessity for the nation, to adopt as a general principle, to profit of the assistance of any of the discontented whatever, & to unite them all at first, of whatever party they are, by declaring that the grand end of the insurrection, being to put an end to that tyranny which prefers on France and foreign countries, every one who is an enemy to the present government will be regarded as a friend by the insurgents; it is of the first importance likewise that all their steps be taken with the greatest discretion, particularly towards the partisans of the Consul in order not to awaken the fears of that great number of persons who still bear in mind those evils they suffered at different periods of the revolution. The system may be announced, in the first proclamation by two words; "Liberty and peace for France and the world." These reflections are especially recommended to the consideration of the general, since an opposite conduct could not fail to startle the public in general, and consequently engage the majority to stand by the present government, detestable as it is, rather than bring on a repetition of revolutionary scenes, the recollection of which is still fresh in their minds."
"The friend ought likewise to inform the general that he has received certain information that the arrest of Moreau has excited a general and visible discontent in Alsace. This general having a great number of partisans in that country, the disturbance may be turned to our own purposes, by acting according to the plan I have just laid down."
(1) It is necessary to observe here, that every thing which has been written to Mr. Drake on the subject of the General, spoken of in this last, and relatively to the State Messenger in a preceding part of the correspondence, is a mere invention, as Mr. Drake's own correspondent will declare, in the relation he intends making of the conversations that he had in London with the English Minister; and at Munich with Mr. Drake, concerning the object of his mission. (2) The Friend is Mr. Drake, who here speaks in the third person.
PARIS, March 11.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ARGUS.
Sir,—As an Englishman, I cannot sit silent at this eventful moment, when every thing dear to my country is at stake. When the honor of England is attacked, all Englishmen who retain a spark of courage should rise to defend it; consequently you will allow me to demonstrate to Europe, that the British nation is by no means connected with the horrid and dastardly plot laid by the weak Mr. Addington and his worthy colleagues, for the murder of one of the greatest men the world has seen. In every public print, that is (as every man must conceive it) the generality of Englishmen are stigmatized as assassins, because a handful of inept statesmen, headed by a weak, cringing minister, I will not say great or wise, but even commonly polite, have hired ruffians to assist their wrong and generally condemned cause, by at once plunging a poniard in the breast of Bonaparte, and striking a mortal blow at the honor of the English name. What reason can there be for thus befouling invecitives upon a whole people, at the same time that the nefarious deed complained of has been solely perpetrated by the detested Bourbons, either supported or spurred on by the most weak and wicked minister that England
as ever known? That the assassins were landed from a king's cutter and supplied with immense sums of money by the English government, brings the plot home to Mr. Addington; but it is wrong, Mr. Editor, to accuse the whole English nation of a crime which I am sure will be as fully condemned by the British parliament, as it is by the rest of Europe. Mr. Addington's quality of prime minister of England, cannot authorise him to murder any man; much less can it screen him from the justice of his country, for meditating an assassination which strikes at the root of all civil order, and involves the name of Britain in eternal disgrace, unless formally disavowed by the nation. If Mr. Addington is not impeached for his unparalleled offence both against his own country and all the other governments of mankind, it will be time enough to attribute his wickedness to the general character of Britons. Till then, Mr. Editor, the name of Englishmen should not be held up to execration in the manner it now is.
AN ENGLISHMAN.
Verdun, 10th March, 1804.
LONDON, April 15.
No more Paris Journals having been received since Friday, it is to be supposed nothing material has occurred, as when any thing is supposed to be in any degree mortifying, our active enemy never loses any time in communicating it. Our suggestion that the information government received last Saturday, did not concern Russian troops, but related to the diplomatic corps, has been amply verified in the steps which the First Consul has taken, to bring forward addresses from almost all the foreign Ambassadors at Paris in his behalf, against Mr. Drake. It is still much to be doubted whether he will suffer some of them to return here. In fact Mr. Drake may be expected from the continent every day. In the mean while it is expected, if he is not anticipated, that Mr. Fox's promised motion will pave the way for an ample vindication of the honor of his country from that foul stigma so recently thrown upon it by the Usurper of France. It is rumoured in our diplomatic circles, that Bonaparte's minister to the court of Munich, citizen Otto, has declared in a note to the Elector of Bavaria, which was accompanied with a copy of the pretended correspondence of Mr. Drake that he had the orders of the First Consul not to appear at court, as long as the English minister was admitted there. The Elector's answer is not known, but it is reported that Mr. Drake has demanded to be recalled.
IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. HOUSE OF COMMONS, FRIDAY APRIL 13. MEDIATION OF RUSSIA.
Mr. Fox rose, merely for the purpose of putting a question to the right hon. gentleman opposite, which, if answered satisfactorily, would save him and the house, much time and trouble. The question he meant to ask related to the measures that had been taken by his Majesty's government, to avail themselves of the proffered mediation of Russia. He had, on a former day, given notice of his intention to submit a motion to the house on the subject immediately after the recess, and it would depend on the answer he should receive, whether he should carry that intention into effect or not. Rumours were abroad, certainly on no loose authority, that important discussions were depending between his Majesty's government and the Russian minister. In that case, he could easily conceive just objections to the production of the papers which it would be the object of his motion to obtain; and, if he should be assured of this fact from authority, he should, for the present, decline pressing the matter further.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer was glad of the opportunity afforded him by the question of the hon. gentleman, to explain what he had said on a former occasion. When the question had been first put to him, on the 22d of November, he had stated that there were two grounds of objection to the production of paper on the subject, however anxious his Majesty's ministers were to put the house in possession of the most complete and satisfactory information. The temporary ground of objection, which arose from the not having been any regular communication of all the discussions between the English minister and the court of Petersburg in the possession of his Majesty's government, at that time, certainly did not exist at present. But the other ground of objection, which rendered it highly expedient to lay any papers on the subject, before Parliament, still continued; and he trusted the house would not expect him to state the circumstances on which this ground of objection rested. There were circumstances respecting the relations of the two countries at present existing, which, if the hon. member were acquainted with, would restrain him from pressing the question. He could not consistently with a sense of duty, go further; he had been as explicit as he could with propriety and discretion, and trusted the house would not think it necessary for him to be more particular, and that the hon. gentleman would be satisfied with this statement.
Mr. Fox declared himself fully satisfied with the answer of the right hon. gentleman and consequently gave up his intention of pressing the question. He then gave notice of a motion which he meant to submit to the house, with respect to the measures that had been generally taken for the defence of the country, this day fortnight (next Friday).
Domestic Intelligence.
The following is a copy of a letter received at this office, via Baltimore, dated Antigua, May 11, 1804.
List of American vessels that have passed and are to pass through the Court of Admiralty, at Antigua, since the 30th April.
 Brig Adélaïde, Tinker, from Martinique to New-York, cargo sugar, cocoa, coffee, taken by the British brig Drake on supposition of blockade, condemned, after being detained 65 days.  Sch'r Swan, Bartlett, from Martinique to Plymouth, cargo sugar, coffee, etc. taken by the British Pandora, for the above reason, cleared, but the captors appealed, detained 47 days.  Sch'r Union, Friend, from Martinique to Portland, cargo sugar, coffee, taken by the Pandora for same reason, trial put off for further proof, detained 70 days.  Sch'r Freedom, Hedrick, from Martinique to Cape-Arm, cargo sugar, molasses, taken by the Drake for same reason, trial put off for further proof, detained 65 days.  Brig Mentor, Whitney, from Martinique to Salem, cargo sugar, coffee, etc. taken to Dominique, by the Pandora, for same reason, condemned, detained 90 days.  Brig Nancy, Woodbury, from Martinique to Salem, cargo sugar, coffee, taken to Dominique by privateer Eclipse, for same reason, trial put off for further proof, detained 70 days.  Sch'r Sally, Newman, of Philadelphia, from Bordeaux to St. Thomas, cargo wine, brandy, dry goods, etc. taken by privateer Sch'r Burke, into Tortola, on suspicion of French property, 22,000 francs condemned, and pay costs, etc.  Brig Traveller, Gallagher, from Philadelphia towards St. Lucie, cargo provisions, lumber, taken near Martinique on suspicion of being bound 
there, detained at Dominique 62 days, and cleared by paying costs.
Brig Polly, Aprieton, from Boston, same situation, detained 70 days.
Brig Cleopatra, Hoom, from Newhaven, same situation, detained 120 days.
Sch'r Branch, Sargent, from Boston to Martinique, same situation, detained 100 days.
Brig Exchange, Manwaring, of Portland, from Bordeaux to St. Thomas, cargo brandy, etc. taken to Tortola by Sch'r Colpoys, on suspicion of French property, waiting trial, detained 20 days.
Brig Samuel, Evans, of Philadelphia, from Martinique to St. Thomas, carried into Tortola by Sch'r Colpoys, on suspicion of French property, and breach of blockade, cargo sugar, coffee &c.
A Sch'r belonging to New-York, carried into Tortola, on suspicion of French property but let go without trial.
Brig Harriot, C. O'Conner, from Bordeaux to Philadelphia, put into distress for St. Thomas, taken into Tortola, on suspicion of French property; trial to come on the 15th inst. With many other vessels in Barbadoes and the neighbouring Islands, for adjudication, too numerous to relate or to recollect.
An English packet is carried into Gaudaloupe; that island is under blockade, on account of two French frigates getting in there lately from France. All vessels in said island are embargoed on account of some secret expedition they are going to undertake.
The people of Antigua are in a great consternation, as it is strongly supposed this island is the object of the expedition from Gaudaloupe.
Antigua is now under martial law; the inhabitants are obliged to hold themselves in readiness at the firing of the first alarm. There are but about 700 regular troops here.
I am sorry to add, that the English cruizers in these seas, are ruining our fair commerce. You may be surprised at some vessels being condemned, and some acquitted, for the same accusation; but it is owing to the capriciousness of court, and influence of the captors.
[Phil. Gaz.]
The ship-building on the western waters continues; but the falls in the Ohio prove a serious evil to the navigation which is in the upper part of the river. Seven vessels from 300 to 800 tons each, were detained at the falls on the 23d of May, and waiting for freshes. Two brigs of 170 tons, and two schooners of 80 tons, have been built this season at Marietta. Improvements in Agriculture and navigation are not confined to the Western waters. The rich lands on the Savannah, which is the boundary of South Carolina and Georgia, have produced a late communication from Georgia to South Carolina respecting their united efforts to improve the navigation of that river, and probably not without engaging serious attention to the subject. The many laws for Turnpikes assures us of the prosperity of our Country. When we compare the public convenience for the traveller, with the condition of our country at the close of the revolutionary war, when we began to be a nation, we must be gratified at the great advancement of its best means to facilitate population and commerce and to provide for its highest prosperity. By the incorporation of the Charleston N.H. Turnpike no toll is to be required on any mile upon which 600 dollars have not been actually expended, or upon any part of a highway over which that Turnpike passes. There is also a Mayhew Turnpike Company in New-Hampshire. The power of Seizemen has been extending in widening its acts & in rendering them straight. Upon notifying the owners, they proceed as they think proper, and may estimate damages with leave of an appeal to the Court of Common Pleas. The importance of this power at the commencement of settlements is now to be seen throughout the country, from the inconveniences attending the neglect to exercise it. [SALEM REGISTER.]
NORFOLK, June 12.
We are happy in announcing, that the new bridge, over the Eastern Branch of Elizabeth river, is nearly finished. It is now passable for horses and chairs, and in the course of the week will be open for carriages, &c. The following are the RATES OF TOLLAGE.— Five Cents for each person, 5 do a horse, 5 do a wheel. Every Waggon, Coach, or Chariot, with the Driver, the same as for 6 horses. Hoghead Tobacco—as for one horse. Every Hog, Sheep, or Goat, one Cent. Cattle five Cents.
HORRID MURDER!!!
An industrious Frenchman, named Lewis L'ORIENT, (but better known in this place by the name of Look Sharp) who, for some years kept a retail dry good store in Church-Street, was found murdered in his bed on Sunday morning last, having his throat perforated, and his head and body mangled in a barbarous and inhuman manner. He was an eccentric character, lived by himself, and notwithstanding his business was confined, still he amassed a large sum of ready cash, which he kept by him for the purpose of attending vendues, not having confidence in any body. A crow-bar and two pistols were found in the house. It is supposed the murderers have got a considerable sum in gold and bank notes. There was near 150 weight of silver in dollars, &c found in the house, which they had not time to carry off. This unfortunate man had a wife and child, which, we are told, he sold some years ago, and that she was lately in Baltimore in the capacity of a servant.
A little after the above shocking murder was discovered, a young fellow of the name of GREENLAW, or GREENLOW, was apprehended on suspicion, and after a strict examination, it transpired that the unfortunate man had been gaming with him at a house of ill fame on Sunday night, and had lost some money; also, the smith that made the crow came forward and made oath, that Greenlaw was the man who ordered and paid for it. This, with other strong testimonies, (which we do not wish to state at present) induced the examining Magistrates to commit him to prison, and last evening a man of the name of SMITH was also committed to prison, on suspicion of being an accessory in the above murder.
CHARLESTON, May 23.
With great pleasure we announce the arrival of Mr. Graft, in the service of the Catawba Company; who has been strongly recommended to them by Mr. LaTrobe as a proper person to open the navigation of the Catawba and Wateree. Mr. Graft has had ample experience in similar works, having carried a circular perforation of six feet diameter for nine hundred feet through a solid rock, to favour the transmission of the water of the Schuylkill to the grand reservoir in Philadelphia, for supplying that city with water for domestic purposes. The Catawba Company are busily employed in furnishing Mr. Graft with every thing necessary to ensure a free passage of boats up and down the falls and shoals of the rivers committed to their care. From their zeal in this business, and the abilities of the engineer they have employed, sanguine hopes are indulged that something effectual will, ere long, be accomplished for the accommodation of the western citizens both of North and South-Carolina, by enabling them to transport their crops to market without incurring the enormous expense of land carriage for two or three hundred miles.
COUNTERFEIT NOTES.
On the evening of Tuesday last, a person on the name of Joseph Diggins, was committed to jail by James Bentham, esq. for having passed forged notes of the office of discount and depo-
fit, of the denomination of twenty dollars. The discovery was made by Mr. O'Land, to whom one had been given in payment; he having occasion to make a payment at the bank, among other bills, tendered the one received from Diggins; this was crossed by the officer of the bank, as counterfeit; and on Tuesday evening, Diggins presented another bill of the same kind to the same person, on whose oath he was apprehended, and has been committed to jail. The bills are drawn payable to the order of Adam Gilchrist; but not indorsed—the engraving is said to be well executed; the signatures also; but the paper remarkably thin, and inferior in quality.
BALTIMORE, May 5.
Extract of a letter from Havre-de-Grace, dated the 3d inst.
"The question of the site of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal was yesterday settled in Wilmington. It goes from Welch Point to Mendenhall's in Christiana creek. There being such fine bold water from all parts of our bay to Welch point, a site could not have been determined on more beneficial to the interest of your city. In all probability the Baltimoreans will go hand in hand with the Philadelphians in the execution of the work."
Extract of a letter from Bordeaux, to a gentleman in Boston, dated April 11.
"As we informed you in our last, India goods of middling and fine qualities, are extremely scarce, and much demanded."
"Our stock of Sugar has been considerably diminished this fair; and there is little doubt but that the article will shortly experience an augmentation of 10 to 15 per cent. provided the future arrivals are not too numerous, which we do not, however apprehend, as the advices given for some time past, have been extremely discouraging."
NEW-YORK, June 5.
The French frigates Sybille and Dido got under way yesterday morning with a fine N. W. breeze for sea; but the wind falling short, they again anchored near the quarantine ground at Staten-Island. As several vessels which have lately arrived at this port were boarded by the British frigate Boston on the coast to the southward; and as capt. Thompson who arrived yesterday, fawa few days since a double decker, supposed to be the Leander, at no great distance, it is not improbable that they may form a junction, and fall in with the above frigates—if this should happen we may expect soon to hear of a naval combat: for the Frenchmen are determined to fight!
A letter from an officer lately belonging to the frigate Philadelphia, dated at Tripoli, Feb. 22d, mentions that the prisoners had not met with any ill treatment, in consequence of the destruction of that vessel, except the partial parole allowed them being taken off, and they confined to their quarters.
We understand, by a letter from New-Cleans, that John W. Gurley, Esq. formerly of Boston, has been appointed United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana.
[N. Y. Mer. Adv.]
NEW-YORK ELECTION.
  In 1801 Clinton had 24,808 votes   Vanrensfelder 20,843   Majority for Gov. Clinton 3,965   In 1804 Lewis has 30,829   Butt 22,139   8,690 
The total increase of votes from 1801 to 1804, is 7,917. No returns were made from the county of St. Lawrence.
MASSACHUSETTS ELECTION.
The committee appointed to examine the returns of votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, reported, that the whole number of votes for Governor were 54,499, of which his excellency CALEB STRONG had 30,011, and is chosen; that the whole number of votes for Lieutenant Governor were 52,062, of which his Honor EDWARD H. ROBBINS had 27,518, and is chosen.
Miscellaneous.
FOR THE ENQUIRER.
NO. II.
I finished the first part of this piece by proposing to abolish the Office of Public Printer—I now offer my reasons for this proposition. First, the impropriety of multiplying offices, under a republican government; second, the waste of public money to which it gives rise; and, third, and last, and most important, the influence which it has upon the liberty of the press.
The existence of this office, as before observed, is, I believe, nearly coeval with the establishment of our republic. But antiquity should be no sanction for abuse. There was a time, when the press, in every country where it had been introduced, was fettered down, by the most abject and humiliating rules of restraint. In every country of Europe until the year 1688, and then, in every country of Europe, except England, an officer was appointed by the sovereign of the state, called a Licensor, without whose imprimatur, no book could be printed: that is, if he rejected the manuscript, it was condemned to the flames; if he approved, he wrote, in the title page, imprimatur—let it be printed. If antiquity is a good argument in favor of an institution, we ought to revive the office of Licensor. But I suppose this opinion will find few advocates in America. The argument, I apprehend, if it proves any thing proves too much, which is the same as if it proved nothing—and this I take to be the case. It therefore cannot be said that because we have had a public printer, we ought still to continue the office. We once had a King, but a majority of the people have long thought, that we do quite as well without one.
There are seventeen states in the Union and I do not believe that one third of them have such an officer as a public printer. It is very certain that the federal legislature have no public printer. An attempt was made in the session of 1801 to establish an office of this kind, but it failed. It is at least questionable then, whether such an office is necessary. It is at least worth while for the Virginia Assembly to make the experiment for one session, and to ascertain whether the best method is not that of authorizing the Clerk or Speaker to contract, by the job, for the execution of the public work.
The salary is not a compensation for talents, or integrity, but is intended as a mere equitable payment for so much manual labour, executed for the public. In all similar cases, the executive or some individuals are appointed and authorized to contract with a mechanic, in the line of his trade, to perform such a definite and specified job, for such a definite and specified sum of money. Why there has been a departure from this principle, in the case of printing laws, and journals, and bills for the House of Delegates and Senate, and proclamations for the Executive, it
is not easy to conjecture. The salary is certainly more than a printer's profit, and that overplus is as certainly lost to the public. I suppose that an annual saving of 2000 dollars might be effected by the abolition of this privilege; for such it indubitably is. Upon the same principle that we have a public printer, we might have a public blacksmith, a public carpenter, or a public brick-layer. The business in one case is as entirely mechanical as in any of the others. Pursuing this system, we might go on to multiply offices, and waste the people's money, until a pauper influence was created, that would have a pernicious influence upon the morals of society, even if its evident tendency to political corruption (sometimes the cause, sometimes the effect, of depravity of manners) did not ultimately endanger the liberties of the country. It is not likely that such a system will ever be adopted, but certainly, the creation, or continuance of an office like that of public printer, is an act, however unintentionally or innocently, as relates to its creators or continuers, which belongs, strictly, to that system. This species of patronage is certainly more dangerous in an individual invested with power, than in a numerous assembly. But if there is more danger in the one case than in the other, it is very far from proving that there is no danger in the latter, or that we should use no vigilance or precaution whatever. The multiplication of offices in our state, carried to the extent that it might be, and that this system would carry it, would soon render our legislature a similar body to the Polish Diet or the Venetian Senate. They already exercise rights which ought not, under any sound political institutions, to be blended in the same branch of the government. They elect the Executive and the Judiciary, and fix their salaries; important points these. The situation of the executive is peculiarly dependent and humiliating. One fourth of the number is triennially ejected from office, without charge or accusation, by the unfeeling exercise of a species of ostracism. It would seem, therefore, a dictate of policy and patriotism, for which some of our assemblies have been so justly celebrated, rather to diminish, than add to, the power and patronage of the legislature. The plan which I propose is taking one step, and creating a valuable precedent for future legislatures.
There is also great inconvenience to the people attending the establishment of the office of public printer. If an inspector, in the most distant part of the state wants a tobacco note, he must go or send one or two hundred miles, to Richmond, to get it; whereas, if there was no public printer, he might procure it on the spot. Considerable delay, too, very frequently takes place in the Assembly, from there being a public printer. Bills and Journals are often wanted at the same time. But it is impossible that one printer should have them all ready in due time. The public printer is generally the printer of a newspaper; he may also print books and pamphlets; with his attention thus distracted it is not utterly impossible that the public work should be executed with the same neatness and dispatch, as if it was dispersed among different printers, and the Clerk of the House (as in Congress) made responsible for its faithful execution? Again, the law allows forty days, after the rising of the Assembly, for the public printer to complete the printing and fitting of the session acts. They are then counted out to the Executive who has expressed to disperse them throughout the commonwealth. Now if the public work was consigned to different printers, the acts might be completed in a few days after the rising of the Assembly, & the members might take them out to their respective counties on their return to their families. In the first place, under this arrangement the laws would reach the people more expeditiously; in the second place, since a member of the assembly, it may be presumed, would execute such a trust, more faithfully than a hired agent; in the third, and last place, the expense of express would be entirely saved to the people. In every point of view, in which this subject can be placed, it appears to me that the arguments preponderate on the side of abolishing the office.
I have touched upon the danger of multiplying offices under a republican government, as well as the waste of public money concomitant with the creation of the office in question. I now proceed to point out a much more imminent danger—the influence which it has on the liberty of the press.
The influence which the creation of such an office has upon the liberty of the press is twofold; it is direct and indirect. It is direct upon the proprietor of that newspaper who may be in possession of the office; and it is indirect upon the proprietors of those other newspapers who are, or may become, rivals, or competitors for the office, at the annual election. It produces a pliancy and subserviency to the opinions and conduct of the legislature, altogether incompatible with the independence of a republican newspaper. There is scarcely a virtue more rare than independence of principle and action. Gentlemen of temper, urbanity of manners, and sociability of disposition, are as frequent as they are lovely. They are the small change, the cents and dimes, which we have occasion for, almost every hour in the day. But the sterling coin of unbounded independence, monopolized by a few opulent minds, is as rare as it is admirable. Man loses the native dignity of his character when he becomes the tool or the plaything of any other man. He is only seen in the genuine elevation and height of his nature, when he stands alone—unaided, unsupported, unbiased. Seldom indeed, do we meet with such a character. So seldom that we may reasonably calculate upon not finding one editor in one hundred, who would, or could resist the influence alluded to. We know how subtle and ingenious the human mind is, in finding excuses for its own conduct. Probably no man ever committed any error or crime, but what, by some hasty and plausible train of thought, he had previously justified the action. It is quite possible that a printer might be under the most complete control of this species of patronage, and be, himself, entirely ignorant and unconscious of it. We are very apt to believe what we ardently desire to believe. And I think it is neither rash nor absurd to suppose that a printer will desire, very ardently indeed, to believe, that those who pay him 2700 dol. per annum, are quite right in all their opinions and actions. It is certainly the duty of wise legislators to select the most virtuous characters which the society may afford to fill the offices in their gift. But it is also their duty not to calculate too largely upon the virtue of man. They should make due allowance for human frailties. They should not create an office whose obvious tendency is to corrupt the principles and debauch the integrity of its possessor and all his competitors.
Its influence upon other printers who might be rival candidates for the office, is almost as pernicious and unhappy. All that has been said respecting the possession of the office, will apply less or more to his competitors. They will sometimes surpass him in servility, to conciliate the favour of their masters. The fawning candidate will scarcely declare to those whom he is about to solicit, that their measures are impolitic or unjust. Many frictions, no doubt, on men and measures, have been lost to the public, from considerations similar to these. It is quite

probable that like motives will continue to prevail so long as there is such an office as public printer. I think it is needlessly to multiply proofs of the propriety of abolishing this office. What I have said may perhaps suffice for the present. My object is to call the attention of the people to the subject; and to suggest to such as agree with me in opinion, the propriety of instructing their representatives to vote for the abolition of the office. I slightly mentioned, by the way, what plan it would be proper to adopt, when this office is done away. It is simply and concisely the plan pursued, by the Congress of the United States. The Clerk of that body contracts, by the job, with one printer for the journals, with another for bills, which it may be necessary to have executed with speed, with a third, for any document or official paper, which the House may have resolved to have printed, and so forth, with the rest of the public work. By this means the public printing is done better, quicker, and cheaper than it possibly can be, when it is consigned to the labour of one printer. ALCIBIADES. FROM THE BALTIMORE TELEGRAPHER. SIR, Be so good as to insert the following directions for curing butter in cakes. Should the farmers comply strictly with them, I have no doubt, of the benefit which would result from it, as well to the agriculturist, as to the exporting merchants of Baltimore.
AGRICOLA. As the present is the season for making butter, it may not be improper to give farmers and housewives some information relative to that important article. It is for the farmer's interest & his wife's credit, that their butter be made in the best manner possible. Good butter will always bring a higher price than bad or indifferent, and the same quantity of milk that makes a firkin or cask of bad or indifferent butter, will, with care and cleanliness, make the same quantity of good butter. It is very necessary that their milk vessels and churns be always kept perfectly clean and free from taste, as rich milk is very susceptible of any bad taste; that the milk be kept free from smoke, or from any flavour of pine, or wood; as soon as the butter is taken from the churn, let it be well washed in clean cold water, let it be dressed, salted and wrought, so that no part of the milk remains in it. Care must be taken that a due proportion of salt only be given, so that a very little or no unmelted salt may remain in the butter, which if properly wrought, dressed and packed from the churn, will in itself retain a pickle, and if put into tight casks, one churning after another, as it is made, with the help of a little fresh pickle put into the casks intended for exportation, it will stand good in any climate as long as is necessary. Care should be taken to put the butter into very tight casks that will hold the pickle, otherwise it will never answer for a foreign market. If butter is taken off one, two, three, or more churnings, and laid by without dressing, salting & packing, until a quantity is got together, that butter will surely corrupt, and the salt will not melt or incorporate with it. Let not old and new butter be put into the same casks, as the old always corrupts the new. Care must also be taken not to fill the casks too full, so as to prevent the heads being well secured and the pickle preserved in the casks, which ought to be perfectly sweet and free from blemish.
FROM THE NORTHAMPTON GAZETTE. MR. BUTLER, Agriculture being the employment of a great part of mankind, the grand question is, how we may cultivate our lands to the best advantage. Having the last year made an experiment by putting Plaister of Paris on Potatoes, I have thought it might be of advantage to the interest of agriculture to communicate it through the medium of your paper. The experiment I made by putting about a table spoonful of Plaister to each hill of Potatoes, which was put on the latter part of June, on about every fourth row, I soon found the vines of those that were plaistered to assume a different colour, and the stalks to grow much larger and in greater quantities. When I came to pull them in autumn, I had more than double the quantity. The potatoes were of a much better quality and much larger. As potatoes are of great use to a farmer in fattening swine and beef cattle, I would recommend it to those people, who use the Plaister, to make the experiment for themselves, by plaistering their Potatoes soon after the first hoeing. JUSTUS FORWARD, Jun. Belchertown, May, 1804.
FROM THE N. YORK DAILY ADVERTISER. MR. EDITOR, THE Ostrich which we bought on the 15th of May last, from on board the ship Silenas lately arrived from the Cape of Good Hope, died on the first instant. This animal, whose singular appetite prompts it to swallow indiscriminately all substances which come within its reach, swallowed on the 19th ult. a small cotton handkerchief, which got too far down its throat to be taken out again, when it was perceived. It daily swallowed a quantity of gravel, pieces of china, queen's ware, glass, broken nails, and all metallic substances, which it could find in the yard in which it was kept in the day time. Its common food was bread, potatoes, corn and grass, which it continued eating in great plenty during the first eight days, after having swallowed the said handkerchief; but in the beginning of the second week it lost its appetite, and we were obliged to cram it, to keep it alive. Presuming that the inspection of the interior cavity of this extraordinary animal, would be interesting to the lovers of natural history, and the gentlemen of the medical line in general, we invited several of them to be present at the opening of the body, and have been honoured by the presence of Dr. D. Hofack, Dr. Wright Pott, Dr. William Moore and Dr. S. Borrowes, who on examination of the stomach, have found that it was quite full, and divided by a quantity of partly digested grass, mixed with corn and potatoes undigested, and with a great quantity of gravel, pieces of china, queen's-ware, glass, brass buttons, old nails, a piece of a small key, &c. which gravel and metallic substances appear to have undergone a strong friction, as if they had been rubbed or polished with a file. The handkerchief was found undissolved on the top of the contents of the stomach, and it is thought that it has caused an indigestion, which seems to have accelerated the death of the animal; which, however, would not have lived much longer on account of a general inflammation which was discovered on the outside of the stomach, on the breast and on the rump, occasioned by former bruises received on board or when shipped. We have minutely taken the dimensions of the several parts, and limbs of this bird, which will be stuffed and set up in its natural position. Its skeleton will also be preserved in spirits, and the whole, together with the handkerchief, nails, brass, &c. found in the stomach, will be placed in the cabinet for exhibition. DELACOSTE & CURLING. New-York, 4th June, 1804.
A French Emigrant, having obtained interest to get his name erased from the fatal list, after his expenses were paid, found himself in possession of but a moderate sum. He returned to France, and finding his land sold, he was obliged to resign it, and purchased a cottage in the neigh-
bourhood of his former estate, where, by cultivating his own little garden, he might at least breathe his native air, and walk under the shade of those trees which had been the scene of infant past-times. The possessor of his domain was not present at the time; one day he received a letter from him announcing his arrival, and requesting the honor of his company to dinner with him. The first emotion this letter excited was indifference; the second curiosity; but how could he behold with sang froid the spoiler of his property? The emigrant communicated his embarrassment to one of his neighbors, who assuring him of the probity of the possessor, persuaded him to go on the day appointed; he went, and was received with the most marked politeness; he testified his astonishment, and expressed a wish for an explanation, but was answered with, "Sir, I never speak on business before dinner; it is now served up, take your seat." When the emigrant took up his napkin, he found under it three keys. "This is your place, Sir, I imagine." "No, those keys are yours; after dinner I will explain this enigma to you." The dinner appeared long to the Emigrant; after which, going into another room, the gentleman addressed him as follows; "Sir, these keys belong to your bureau; you will find every thing as you left it; money, jewels, and papers, nothing has been misplaced; this is the key of your wardrobe—your plate, your linen is there; this third is that of your cellar—nothing has been taken out of it but the wine we have just been drinking; all here belongs to you; there is also some which I have acquired, of which these keys will put you in possession." "But, Sir," said the emigrant, "I ought to be as delicate as you, and reimburse you what you paid for it." "No, Sir, for three years I have enjoyed the revenue of your estate; therefore, according to strict justice, I shall remain in your debt." This generous man was afterwards guillotined. [London Paper of April 6.]
A German tract, is said, in a London paper, to have been discovered in the British Museum printed in 1713, on the subject of the Cow-pock; the author's name Salger, and the title De Lue Vaccarum . The great consumption of Cotton renders it one of the most valuable productions of our country. It is probable that the introduction of new kinds of this plant, might be still more advantageous; we therefore with patriot captains of vessels, who have the opportunity, would import into the warmer parts of the United States, a species of cotton, naturally of a crimson colour in the pod, which has been mentioned by many travellers as growing in Africa and principally in the Eyre country. Mr. Clarkson informs us that specimens were brought to England in 1786. He adds that the value of this cotton would be great to the importer and manufacturer of muslins. The cottons of the Levant are generally whiter and their filaments more dry and elastic than those of other countries.
A REMARKABLE OCCURRENCE. At a country seat in the vicinity of this city, a cow last Friday evening brought forth three living calves! They were all well formed and in due proportion; but one of them was, unluckily for the curious, laid upon and pressed to death by its mother. The others are now living and very promising.—Balt. Fed. Gaz.
In the Forest of Mount Gredistye, in the county of Hunyade, in Transylvania, some remains of an extensive ancient city have been discovered; but nothing that shows its name. In the neighbourhood a number of gold coins have been discovered in weight each equal to 2 1/2 ducats. On one side three male figures, the first and last carrying hatchets, with the inscription, in characters KOWEN. On the reverse an Eagle at rest, holding a crown in its right claw. The learned suppose that the pieces of money were coined at the Hetrurian city Cofoge, and that the three male figures represent a Consul preceded and followed by a Lictor. The coins are supposed to be 2000 years old, by antiquarians. The Austrian government has ordered further researches.
LONDON AMUSEMENTS. ON EASTER MONDAY APRIL 2. (From a late London Paper.)
COVENT GARDEN. —After the new Comedy of THE WILL FOR THE DEED, which was very flatteringly received, but not more so than it deserves, a grand serio-comic romantic melo drama, called VALENTINE AND ORSON, was presented at this Theatre. The story is taken from the well known history of the romantic adventures of those two renowned heroes, which has amused our childhood, and which in the shape into which it is now embodied, is well calculated to dazzle the eyes and delight the fancy of the amateurs of spectacle of whatever age. Indeed we have never witnessed any thing of the kind of which scenery more beautifully picturesque, or dresses and decorations more rich and gorgeous, have more splendidly been displayed. The banquet pavilion, by Hollogan; and the hall of chivalry, by Witmore, are among scenes the most happily executed. The more prominent and interesting incidents of the story are judiciously selected, and the occasional aid of dialogue, song &c. &c. are resorted to, and alternately relieved by spectacle and pantomimic action. The performers who figure most in their respective parts are, Farley and Dubois, in VALENTINE AND ORSON; and Mrs. St. Leger, Mrs. Dibbon, and Mrs. Martyr, in PRINCESS EOLANTINE, THE EMPRESS BELLISARTA, and the FEMALE PILGRIM.
Mrs. St. Leger was charming and dignified in the Princess; but her fine figure in male attire, and expert skill in fencing, when disguised in the armour of Valentine, and trying her strength with the formidable Green Knight, drew down reiterated plaudits. Mrs. Martyr was received with equal applause in the beautiful Romance, which the sang most sweetly. The overture, and the whole of the music, which contain very brilliant passages, is composed by Mr. Joave, and the action of the melo-drama is produced under the direction of Mr. Farley, and afford no unfavourable specimen of his fancy and taste. In machinery this spectacle does not much abound, but what is of it, especially the winged horse of Pegasus, is of the most surprising and dexterous execution.
ASTLEY'S AMITHEATRE. —The loss experienced by Mr. Astley, jun. (the spirited manager of this place of Summer amusement) at the latter end of the season, in the demolition of the Theatre, and the whole of his property in it by fire, seemed to give an additional stimulus to his exertions in the service of the public; and he has a very considerable expence, and in so short a space of time since the accident as may appear almost incredible, erected a superb new Theatre, in which the convenience of his friends is consulted as well as the gratification of their senses. The boxes are painted pea green, edged with pink, the TOUT ENSEMBLE of which is particularly pleasing. The gold TRIAGE over the stage had a very grand effect. This is furnished by the arms of the Union painted in a beautiful manner. In the middle of the Theatre the most superb chandelier is suspended, constructed in a novel manner, the branches of which are elegantly cut; and when it is lighted up, exhibits a most dazzling and brilliant appearance. Of the stage performance, Mr. Astley has not been behind-hand in producing novelty, among which is a new Spectacle, called ZETAW THE CRAZE, combining the most elegant scenery and decorations, a Flemish Dance, and a very excellent Pantomime.
ROYAL CIRCUS. —This Theatre has undergone some improvements since the former season, and was opened last night, as usual, with a variety of pleasing performances, under the able direction of Mr. Cross, among which principally is a new Pantomime, called THE CYCLER, OR, HARLEQUIN'S HOUS, and a grand Spectacle, under the title of THE RENEGADES. The music, scenery and dresses, and the general performances on the stage, with the addition of some excellent horsemanship, formed a high treat to a crowded audience.
SADLER'S WELLS. —This elegant little Theatre, which is now denominated the Aquatic Theatre, (from the circumstance of the Proprietors having enlarged the stage, and introduced a reservoir of water under it, similar to that of Drury-lane Theatre,) had to boast of a large company to witness the entertainments prepared by the Managers for their acceptance. THE SIEGE OF GERALTON formed the principal novelty which was introduced to the public, exhibiting on a large fleet of water, containing several hundred feet circumference, the attack by sea on that celebrated fortress. Several new performers were ushered to notice for the first time. The whole of the performers are such as to convey an idea of the Manager's attention to cater for their goods friends, the public, to the best of their ability and unquestionably the public will repay them.
GREENWICH PARK. —The fineness of the day drew vast crowds of holiday folks to Greenwich, where, as usual, rolling down the hill was the chief amusement in the evening, when they adjourned to the public houses in the neighbourhood, and to use their own phrase, "kept it up till a late hour." Some joining in the federal dance, and others paying their court to BACCUS. Not a few were incapable of finding their way home again; and many a simple girl, who left her master's house a potless virgin, returned contaminated.
EPING HUNT. —At an early hour yesterday morning, the road to Epping was lined with pedestrains, equestrains, coaches, chaises, post-chaises, buggies, tandem, and every description of vehicles, in full trot for the Bald-Faced Stag, from whence the usual chase was to commence. A famous old dog was turned out, and the Cockneys set off in full speed to be in at the death; the dog however, distanced them all, and, after running for some time, escaped from the fury of men, horses and dogs. The pedestrains after footing it some time, found plenty of horses in the forest, that had been disturbed themselves by their cumbrous loads, while the poor unsought sportmen were left to lament broken heads and torn Easter suits, which they had mounted in honour of the day. The uncommon beauty of the day for the time of year, was the occasion of such immense crowds, being collected to enjoy the Hunt.
PHILADELPHIA, June 5. It is with some interest that I have learned from the Baron Humboldt, who has been five years travelling through South America; that among other curious animal remains, he has found it is the first that has discovered several specimens of the Mammoth, perfectly distinguished by the great carnassous teeth. He has found them as far as lat. 33 South, but always on the highest mountains, which the Baron takes to be a satisfactory proof that this GREAT UNKNOWN must have been, as has been generally supposed, the inhabitant of a cold climate. In North America none of these bones have ever been found but in comparatively low situations; this is to be expected of an animal, which in a cold climate would inhabit the valleys, and in a warm one would seek the cool retreats of the mountains.
REMBRANDT PEALE.
WASHINGTON CITY, June 8. On Saturday last arrived in this city, the BARON HUMBOLDT, accompanied by two of his fellow travellers in South America; and by Dr. Fothergill, of Bath (England) Dr. Woodhouse, Dr. Collin, and Mr. Peale of Philadelphia. The Baron Humboldt is a distinguished philosopher of Prussia, of which country he is a native. Animated by the wide field for research presented by the New World, he about six years ago, under the auspices of the King of Prussia, and with facilities to intercourse afforded by the monarchy of Spain, exchanged the ease and enjoyments of his own country, for the hardships and perils of a climate to which he had been entirely a stranger. Since that period he has been actively engaged in exploring the interior of South America; in making himself acquainted with the manners of the inhabitants, their numbers and their political economy; in making astronomical observations, for which he was provided with the best instruments; in examining the animal and vegetable kingdoms; and in becoming acquainted, from personal observation, with the mountains, volcanoes, and mines, so numerously scattered over that country. He has had the singular good fortune of having endured, for a considerable length of time; a degree of heat, in which the mercury stood at 105 degrees, without experiencing one day's sickness; and of passing through a greater variety of climates than are to be found in any other quarter of the globe. Among his proud-trophies is the having gained a higher eminence off the Chimborazo, (itself by far the highest mountain in the world) than had ever before been reached by natives or foreigners. He is about returning to Europe to publish the result of his researches, which we have no doubt will not only give new views of a large portion of South America, but likewise refute the accounts of that region from the fiction and incorrectness with which they are at present enveloped.
We are pleased to add that the citizens of Washington, and more especially the President, fully impressed with the great and disinterested services of the Baron, have, by their attentions, paid his talents the respect to which they are so eminently entitled. [Nat. Int.]
KINE POCK MATTER PRESERVED.
A Baltimore paper of the 4th of last month contains an Address of Dr. James Smith to the Patrons of a Vaccine Institution under his care. After mentioning the extreme difficulty of preserving the Kine Pock matter, he adds—"In dire contradiction to Dr. Jenner's 'Golden Rule,' different writers long since asserted, that the scab or kine pock in its dry state, would serve to communicate the infection from one subject to another. Accordingly, I often attempted during the first year of this institution, to inoculate in this way, but never succeeded to infect my patients in a single instance. I had therefore given up this mode of inoculation as altogether ineffectual. Having obtained, however, a very regular scab from my own cow, who was inoculated at the age of 23 days, on the 14th of October last I was induced to try it again; and I succeeded far beyond my expectations. As before I had used the matter from the bottom of the scab, I now took it from its top or external surface, having previously removed the cuticle from it and moistened the substance of the scab with a little water. I have since uniformly found this to be the best mode of inoculating, and very few of my acquaintances now use the vaccine matter in any other way, except when it happens to be perfectly convenient to substitute fluid matter in its stead. As additional proof of the great efficacy of the scab, I need only mention that I have in my possession at this time a small portion of a scab which yet continues good, although it has been in constant use since November last, and in the interim, has to my certain knowledge infected upwards of 100 persons. I have never been able, even during the winter season, to preserve the vaccine mat-
ter longer than two, or at most three months by any other method which I have yet tried; and during the summer month I could scarcely preserve it, while I transmitted it from one arm to another. But I am now of opinion, that a good scab may be preserved from one season to another, or perhaps for many years and still retain the vaccine matter to its most active state, without using any other precaution than to keep the scab always within a temperature degree of heat and to prevent the access of moisture to it. To put this opinion, however, to the test of a decisive experiment I am contriving, a dry place, on the principles of an ice-house, in which I flatter myself I shall be able to preserve the vaccine scabs in their active state during the ensuing summer. If, nevertheless, I should fail in the attempt, I hope my endeavours will not be deemed by my medical brethren, either as chimerical or useless. JAMES SMITH.
"As I have frequently sent this scab to different gentlemen in this city and the country round about, who have all used it freely, with the most pleasing success; I might perhaps state within the bounds of truth, that 150 persons have been secured by it, from the small-pox."
ENQUIRER. RICHMOND: SATURDAY, JUNE 16, 1804.
We had no mail farther north than Fredericksburg by Thursday's stage. Yesterday's mail brought no late intelligence from Europe. The only articles worthy of immediate publication, relate to East India affairs. We shall reserve the remaining news, which came by the ship Adventure, for our next paper.
The last number of ALCIBIADES is this day presented to the public. No doubt different opinions will be formed on the propriety of his opinion and the conclusiveness of his reasoning. The Editor believes, that his readers will entertain but one opinion respecting the perspicuity and elegance of the Essay. His comparison between the domestic and exalted virtues, appears particularly accurate and eminently striking.
No. 6, communicated the intelligence of the capture of Goree (a small island on the coast of Africa) by a French squadron. It appears that it was retaken on the 9th March, by the British frigate Inconstant, capt. Dixon, of 36 guns, and a garrison of 250 men left to defend the place.
In one of our late Charleston newspapers, we observe 367 Congo, 357 Aigola, and 148 Windward Coast negroes, lately arrived there, advertised for sale.
"A VIRGINIAN" No. II. is postponed.
On Tuesday last, Mr. Bridewell moved in the Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, that a committee be appointed to bring in a resolution for Districting the Commonwealth for the choice of Electors of a President and Vice-President of the United States. The motion was seconded by Mr. Hill, & Thursday, at 11 o'clock, assigned for taking it into consideration.
The British have seven ships of the line, blockading 6 French and one Dutch ship of the line in Ferrol and Corunna.
MARRIED.
On Thursday the 31st May, Dr. MACE CLEMENTS to Miss PURKINS, daughter of Mr. William Purkins, all of Essex county.
By Yesterday's Mail.
NEW-YORK, June 8.
The arrival yesterday of the ship Adventure, from Calcutta, has furnished us with papers from that quarter to the 23d January. The war in India is progressing with considerable success on the part of the British. Speaking on this subject a late Calcutta print says, in language perhaps too highly coloured—the brilliancy of the present campaign in every quarter in which our armies have appeared, far outstrips any hitherto recorded in the annals we believe of any nation in the world; and we are at a loss, which most to admire, the wisdom with which the various plans have been formed, or the promptitude and effect with which they have been carried into execution."
BOMBAY, Dec. 10.
Bombay Courier, Dec. 10. On Thursday authentic intelligence was received, that Major General the Honorable Arthur Wellesley, attacked the armies of Dowlut Rao Scindiah, and the Rajah of Berar, on the afternoon of the 29th of November, on the plains of Argaum, in the neighbourhood of Paterly, with the division of the army under his immediate command, and the subsidiary force serving with the Souab of the Decan under Colonel Stevenson, and completely defeated the enemy, having taken their cannon, ammunition, &c. &c. and destroyed vast numbers of them.
We have sincere gratification in adding that our loss upon this occasion has not been great; no officer has been killed, but few wounded.
A royal salute, and three volleys of musketry by the troops in garrison were fired on Thursday last, in honor of this complete victory. We understand that, in this action, a body of the enemy's cavalry, four hundred strong, made a most desperate charge against the gallant veterans which compose his Majesty's 74th regiment, and every man of them was levelled to the ground, bayoneted or shot.
December 14.
On Tuesday last intelligence was received by Government of another brilliant victory having been gained over the united forces of Dowlut Rao Scindiah, and the Raja of Berar on the 29th of November last on the plains of Argaum, in the vicinity of Paterly by the army commanded by the honorable Major General Wellesley, and the subsidiary force serving with the Souab of the Decan, under Colonel Stevenson; the particular detail of this engagement has not yet been received, but as far as we have been able to collect, it appears to have been as complete in its effects, as any of those we have already had occasion to record, and it is said without the loss of a single officer killed, and very few wounded on our side. It is reported that the few remaining guns which the enemy possessed have fallen into our hands, with several Tumbrils of ammunition.
A report is in circulation, which we think extremely probable, from our late successes; that Dowlut Rao Scindiah, and the Rajah of Berar, have sent Vakeels into the British camp invested with full powers to negotiate with the honorable Major General Wellesley for a peace.
Port William, Jan. 9. —Dispatches have been received this day, from the Hon. Major General Wellesley, including English, Mahratta and Persian copies of a Treaty of Peace concluded at Deogaum, on the 17th of December 1803, with the Rajah of Berar; by Major General Wellesley, on behalf of the British Government and its Allies, and by Jeshwant Rao Ramchunder, on the part of the Rajah of Berar.
GENERAL OFFICE OF ASSURANCE.
Richmond, June 11th, 1804.
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.
KNOW ye, that whereas a sufficient number of the members of the Mutual Assurance Society against Fire on Buildings of the State of Virginia, under the twenty-eighth article of the Rules and Regulations of the said Society, have requested that a General Meeting of the Society should be called in the month of July next, and previous to the payment of the quota called for becoming due. The members of the said Mutual Assurance Society are hereby called on to make a general meeting, that is, a majority of the members to be present in person or by proxy, duly authorized for the purpose, on Monday the 30th day of July next, at the Capitol in the city of Richmond, at the hour of twelve o'clock. law 3w.] W. FOUSHEE, President.
NOTICE.
AT a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Mutual Assurance Society, held at the General Office on the 18th of May, 1804.
WHEREAS the power of varying and altering the rates of the Premiums on Insurances made by this Society, is vested in the General meeting only of the members thereof, and not in the Board of Directors, and it being the opinion of this board that experience has evinced that the risk on insuring wooden buildings in towns and in the country compared with the present relative rates of the premiums on such insurances is unequal, Therefore,
RESOLVED, That Declarations (not yet approved of or hereafter offered) for Insurance of wooden buildings, situated in towns established by law, shall be suspended, until the day next after the adjournment of the next General Meeting of the members of the said Society, or until further order of this board.
RESOLVED, That the foregoing Resolution be published twice in each paper printed in this State. A true copy from the Records. W. F. AST,
No. 2.—ADOPTED 8th MAY 1804.
Messrs. Edmund Randolph and John Wickham have been constituted by the President of this Board in pursuance of their resolution adopted at their last meeting, and having expressed their opinions, which have been read and considered by this Board:
RESOLVED, As the opinion of this Board, that where any building or buildings has or have been declared for insurance prior to the 6th of January, 1800, by a person having no greater interest or estate therein, than as tenant for life or for years, and in such declaration such particular interest or estate has not been specified before the issuing of a policy on such declaration, and notwithstanding the premium or premiums, and quotas may have been paid, such building or buildings ought not to be considered as insured, nor ought the society to be liable for any loss thereon by fire. But such premiums and quotas with interest thereon from the time of payment, shall on application be returned to the person or persons so improperly declaring for insurance as aforesaid.
2dly. That when any building or buildings has or have been declared for prior to the 6th day of January 1800, by a person having no greater interest or estate therein than as tenant for life or for years, and in such declaration such particular interest or estate has been specified, before the issuing of a policy on such declaration, and notwithstanding the premium or premiums & quotas may have been paid, unless the remaindermen or reversioner in such interest or estate, shall also have joined with such tenant for life or for years in such declaration, or in some declaration supplementary thereto, agreeably to the rules and regulations of the said Society, the society ought not to be liable for any loss thereon by fire, except to the tenant for life or for years, so declaring the true nature of his interest or estate as aforesaid, nor to any greater extent than may be justly proportionate to the value of the particular interest or estate of such tenant compared with the value of the estate in fee simple. (Signed) WILLIAM FOUSHEE, President. (A Copy.)
No. 3.—ADOPTED ON THE 25th MAY, 1804, P.M.
RESOLVED, that all those who have claimed or may claim compensation for losses sustained by fire shall produce or cause to be produced their original title, papers or authenticated copies thereof, proving the right to the lands and houses destroyed before payment shall be made for the same.
RESOLVED, that the Board of Directors will not receive, admit, or receive as genuine any letter or instrument in writing, or deed, whereby any person or persons shall be constituted attorney or attorneys for any other person or persons to receive any money belonging to this Society, whether the same shall be claimed for a loss on buildings by fire, or on any other account whatever, unless such letter or instrument in writing or deed, shall have been acknowledged by the person or persons making the same, or proved by a witness before some justice of the peace or the Mayor of a city or corporation, or some notary public, and duly authenticated by such justice, mayor, or notary public, with the seal of his county or city, or office, affixed in due form. (Signed) WILLIAM FOUSHEE, President. (A Copy.)
Passed the 31st of May, 1804.
Resolved, that the Cashier General is hereby authorised to allow a discount at the rate of 6 per cent. per annum, on all quotas due on the first day of August next, which may be paid him before that period. W. F. AST, Principal Agent, M. A. S.
The above are true extracts from the records of the said Society. W. F. AST, Principal Agent.
The printers in this State, are requested to insert the above resolutions twice in their respective papers—Those whom the foregoing resolution may concern, are requested to make their case known to the office as soon as possible, post paid. W. F. AST, Principal Agent. Richmond, May 29, 1804.
Mediterranean Passports.
NOTICE is hereby given, that it has been deemed expedient to change the form of the Mediterranean passport issued to vessels of the United States; that from the 8th day of July next, those of the new form will be issued at the custom houses to every vessel, for which application may be made on a compliance with the terms prescribed by law and surrendering the former passport of which she may be possessed, if any, in which latter case no fee will be required for the exchange: and that by an arrangement agreed upon by the Barbary powers with whom we are at peace, either the old or the new form of passport will be sufficient to protect the vessels of the United States, from capture until the 1st of July 1805, after which the old form of passport will be unavailable and the new one alone in use. Department of State, 23d of May, 1804.
The printers of the laws of the United States are requested to insert the above in their Gazette twice a week for the space of six months, and the Collectors of the customs to keep copies of it posted up in their offices. June, 2.

AN ORATION,
Delivered at Westmoreland Court-House, on the first day of May, 1804, by RICHARD E. PARKER, and published at the request of the Committee of Arrangements.
ONCE again, my Friends and Fellow-Citizens, we have met together to hail, with enthusiastic joy, a nation's happiness. Once again we have assembled in the spirit of those feelings which are excited at the recollection, that amidst the confusion and tyranny, the wars and revolutions to which the largest & fairest part of the earth is at this moment subject, our native country, endeared to us by indissoluble ties, is enjoying uninterruptedly the blessings of Peace and Liberty. Fortunate country that can boast of such blessings! Happy people that live in such a country!
Take a map of the world and spread it before you; examine the social condition of its various inhabitants, and the systems of government which rule their destinies. Be not deceived by a false and deceitful appearance of contentment and tranquility, by an illusive and guilty splendour, by the glittering veil of tinsel which surrounds the throne of princes, or by the gaudy trappings of wealth and power which adorn a proud and ignorant nobility. You search in vain for private happiness or public prosperity, for the exercise of manly independence, or the enjoyment of rational freedom. Here you may behold a deluded victim of superstition bending the suppliant knee before the shrine of a crafty priest; there a trembling slave shaking his chains and bowing his servile neck beneath the iron yoke of despotism; or where the faint light of science, and an imperfect knowledge of political freedom have only varied the means of oppression, you may see corruption silently extending its influence, buying off the resistance on the part of the people, which had become too powerful; seducing patriotism by the alluring charm of self-interest; and drilling the representatives of a great nation, into the puppets of a ministerial juggler. Every where man, the "dwarf and cripple of courts," withers under the influence of arbitrary power; every where you may find an overgrown hierarchy and an idolatrous multitude; the interests of the many sacrificed to the interests of the few; an assuming oligarchy trampling on the rights of an obsequious people.
Next turn your eyes to the situation of your own country. The scene is reversed. The "insubstantial pageant," with all its floating splendours vanishes like the "baseless fabric of a vision." The "solemn mummeries" of courts, the "baby babules" of pride, are no longer seen, and the influence of the despotic spirit, with king craft and priest craft, no longer felt. The people are here the real sovereigns; and the political pyramid is fashioned by their hands; the measures of government directed by their will. The sacred and unalienable rights of man, recognized by written constitutions; and what is better still, guarded by a vigilant, enlightened and independent yeomanry, no longer give place to the immunities of priests and the privileges of nobles. The American Citizen, at peace with all the world, has one piratical state, burthened with no new tax, restrained by no unconstitutional law, secured in the rights of private property, personal security and personal liberty, and protected by republican institutions from the "oppressor's wrong and proud man's contumely," has reason to rejoice that he is not an inhabitant of the eastern hemisphere, convulsed and agitated as it is by domestic dissensions and foreign wars, struggling under the load of accumulated taxes, groaning beneath the yoke of Egyptian bondage, and almost expiring amidst its own ruins. He may look round with pride and joy, and see the face of the country daily improving, commerce flourishing, population rapidly increasing, the nation respected abroad and united at home, and all the arts and sciences gradually progressing. To crown the whole picture, when he directs his attention to the constitutional branches, and to the administration of the government, he finds Mr. Jefferson, the author of the declaration of its independence with his illustrious compere, at the head of political affairs; and labouring, with unabated zeal, for the good of their common country and the benefit of mankind. This, Fellow-Citizens, is a general view of our social and political condition; but the event which has occasioned this meeting, deserves more particular consideration, and the partiality of some among you has assigned me the arduous, the pleasing task of explaining its importance, developing the means by which it was accomplished, and tracing its connection with the interests, and its influence on the destiny of this rising republic. I am sensible that I should be unequal to this task, or at least should fail in exciting those emotions, the occasion itself is calculated to inspire, if I did not perceive that your sensibility was already awakened and your feelings interested. Surely then I shall catch if not communicate the generous flame, and, hurried along by the power of sympathy, whilst I speak the language of the heart, you will perhaps forget that there is a language of the understanding.
Seldom indeed have the brilliant exertions of eloquence been employed on a theme like this, for not once in a thousand years does such an event adorn the pages of history, or grace the annals of the world. Hence the orator like the poet, whilst he has exhausted his powers in displaying the pomp and parade, the glitter and ostentation of glorious war, has had little to do with the triumphs of principle, however splendid; with the arts of peace, however beneficial; and it is to those our times he is indebted for better materials and a nobler subject. Such was the emancipation of a great people from the fetters of colonial dependence on the 4th of July 1776; such the revolution in the sentiments and opinions of the same people, and the elevation of our present chief magistrate to the presidential chair on the 4th of March 1801, such our acquisition of a most extensive and fertile territory, by the prudence and moderation, the wisdom and energy of our government, on the 20th December 1803.
In order to take a more complete and comprehensive view of this interesting subject, suffer me to carry back your attention to the period of the late presidential election. The victory there obtained by the republican party was important and decisive. Large and increasing majorities of the people proved to their opponents, that the reign of force and terror, of sedition laws and standing armies was at an end. The gathering clouds, which had overshadowed our political horizon, and darkened our bright prospects, and which, during the stormy period of the few preceding years, seemed ready to burst with tremendous fury on our heads, were now dispersed; and the sun of freedom arose in native majesty and thone with new effulgence. Aristocratical pride was mortified and humbled by defeat; the advocates of arbitrary power almost depaired of their favorite cause; and the enemies of the people lay in sullen silence their budding hopes for a time blasted. But it is a characteristic of the abettors of despotic rule to be ever vigilant; and an opportunity was soon offered them to exercise once again their wont-
d ingenuity, and to renew the attack with greater probability of success. The right of deposit at New-Orleans, all-important to our Western Brethren, which for this reason had been the subject of much previous discussion, and had at length been secured to us by a solemn treaty, is withheld by a Spanish Intendant. Whether this violation was authorised by the government of Spain, or was a wanton exercise of power in its officer, was at first doubtful. In either case, an immediate remedy must be applied to the evil, and the great question of Negotiation or War comes to be discussed in the councils of the nation. What was then the conduct of the aristocratical phalanx? Let that famous triumvirate Morris, Ross and Tracy answer. With their usual adherence to the measures which tend to exalt the few and depress the many, they founded the dread tocsin of war, and made it ring through the continent. By their unwarly artifices and inflammatory speeches, they endeavoured to excite those states, whose interests were more immediately jeopardized, to commence hostilities; and either separate from the rest of the union, or drag it along with them.
"The national honour," they exclaimed, "has been stained, and the honour of the nation must be vindicated by an appeal to arms." A sacred right, secured to us by the solemnity of a treaty, has been wantonly invaded, and to recover this right and punish the aggressor, we ought, instanter , to lead our armies into Louisiana, and plant the American Eagle amidst the ruins of its capital. It is folly to reason , it is puerilism to deliberate ." Such summary proceedings, Fellow-Citizens, might, it is true, have well enough suited two gallant Knights of the Sword in Mr. Burke's admired Age of Chivalry, and would not perhaps have disgraced their character; but as a whole nation, acknowledging at least in theory, no guide but reason, no sovereign but truth, and priding itself on a government which, even in practice, had adopted principles of liberal policy and substantial justice, to precipitate itself into the greatest evil that affects mankind, without making an honourable effort to avoid it? Were they alone to depart from the long established usage of all civilized nations, and make what has been called ratio ultimo regum the first resort of a Republic? If one individual in the wild spirit of Knight Errantry, and in a mad fit of heroic ardour, thinks proper, for some supposed injury or insult, to attack another individual, without asking previous explanation, is a wise government, an enlightened and humane people with the same Quixotic or rather demonic impetuosity, to make it a precedent, rush into murder, and convert a whole continent into one vast slaughter house? No. Experience, humanity, justice, the law of nations, the voice of wisdom, the testimony of history, all say no. The very men who proposed it, must have been sensible of its im-policy and injustice. They must have known that such rashness on the part of these states would strike deep at the very roots of the tree of liberty, and necessarily lop off some of its fairest branches. They could not but have anticipated the certainty of its introducing, and the probability of its perpetuating the spirit of despotism . But what were such considerations when weighed in the balance against private interest, personal importance, and self-aggrandizement. The venal statesman, the hireling of despotism, is always an advocate for war, because war takes the minions who bow to their idol, from the very back-ground of the human picture, and throws them into consequence. Attend, for a moment, to its operation. In war, a few grandees, originally insignificant, and who in better times can only distinguish themselves from common mortals by their tinsel frippery, their gaudy equipages, their splendid palaces, are suddenly invested with all the insignia of power, and become in truth and in fact very despots. With the boldness of ignorance and the "influence of office," they assume the most offensive airs of superiority, and strut on the parade before men who from citizens have been degraded into soldiers. "Dressed in a little brief authority," freed from the restraints of civil government, and delighted with the novelty of command, they are fond of exercising their power and oppressing those who are placed under them. Now is the time for taming the proud spirit of freedom; now is the time for breaking down to the yoke, the manly independence of the people; now is the time for curbing effectually the impertinent licentiousness of the "many-headed monster." With drums beating and colours flying the little despots march triumphantly through the land, and every where insult, impoverish and humble the peaceable citizen.
But war has not only a tendency to exalt the few at the expence of the many, but by diffusing the military mania amongst the people, introduces a general corruption of morals, establishes an erroneous criterion of truth, and familiarises the mind to civil despotism. It produces a general corruption of morals, by giving to every class in society habits of idleness or licentious activity, by inspiring them with vanity and a love of dress, by accustoming them to scenes of atrocious immorality, of disorder, cruelty, rapine and horror. It establishes an erroneous criterion of truth, by appealing in every instance to force instead of reason, to the sword instead of argument, to the thunder of artillery instead of the thunder of eloquence. The Governors have discovered that the found of cannon was more powerful logic than any taught in the schools, that the fabric cuts away all opposition to their despotic measures, when otherwise they might be hurled from their authority; that a successful military commander sweeps away the firmest barriers of liberty and humbled the multitude in the "dust and ashes," much more effectually than the slow method of intrigue and corruption. It familiarises the mind to civil despotism by the strict discipline it maintains, by the habits of implicit obedience it enforces. The soldier is taught to look up to his commander, as to a being of a superior order; to regard him with reverential awe; to fear him as his tyrant, and to tremble in his presence. He obeys every arbitrary command with submissive humility, without daring to question their propriety; he performs without murmuring or complaining every function enjoined on him by the constituted authorities; he sees with the eyes of others, and becomes a self-acting tool in their hands. His independence thus lost, the dignity of his nature thus abased, the light of his reason thus extinguished, he deserves no longer the honorable appellation of man , but degenerates into the breathing automaton . When these automata are formed into a machine called an army, many Cæsars will arise, assume its direction, and make it subservient to their ambitious designs against the liberties of their country, and the interests of mankind. The means of execution provided, the project is silently matured, the Rubicon is passed before we are aware of it, and Rome is enslaved.
To this picture of the evils of war, I have not attempted to add the complicated miseries of its active state . I have said nothing of the horrors of a field of battle. I have not ventured to lead your imaginations into a plain strewed with death in every various form, with scattered limbs and mutilated carcasses. I have not brought before you a town wrapt in flames, a province laid waste and desolate. Such a detail might excite mournful recollections which I would rather with on this day to be forgotten. Yet the
Philosopher in the sequestered vale of life mourns over these evils, benevolence drops a silent tear, and humanity weeps aloud. Hope flickers at the prospect; the moral reformer almost despairs, and the genius of freedom is ready to take its flight from the world. But putting aside all considerations derived from these calamitous consequences of war, and regarding this subject merely as a matter of common calculation, we have still reason to rejoice in the prudence of our government. If we had taken forcible possession of New-Orleans and its dependencies, we should have held it by an insecure and illegal tenure. We should indeed have had actual possession, but France or Spain would have had the right of possession; and it is hardly probable that these nations, one of them flushed with victory, and governed by a haughty and imperious Consul, would tamely have yielded up this right . Their pride, their prejudices would have revolted at the idea, and we would have been obliged to maintain with those formidable enemies a never ceasing warfare; or at the end of some unsuccessful campaign, we should be forced to restore our conquest, and insist only on our original right of deposit.
Suffer me also to direct your attention to the expence which would be incurred, and the treasure which would be exhausted during the disastrous period of war, and to a comparison of the two modes of acquiring property, merely as it respects the wealth of a nation. Louisiana has been purchased for fifteen millions of dollars, or something less. Two years continuance of hostilities would have extorted from industry a far greater sum. We have now fifteen years given us to pay the purchase money; in the other case as money is the very sinew of war, we would have been obliged to advance the necessary supplies without a moment's delay. In the present instance we can raise the fifteen millions without laying a cent of additional tax on the wealthy consumer of the luxuries of life, and are easily and cheaply collected. In the other case we would have been obliged to have recourse to direct taxes, which by their necessary inequality, their falling heavily on the poor at a time they are least able to pay them, and the very great expence attending their collection, are always odious and sometimes insupportable. By purchasing this extensive country, we preserve our neutrality, we pay off our public debt, we perform all our engagements, we maintain national credit. By going to war for it we should have been entangled in the contentions of Europe, our public debt would have been inenarrably increased, our engagements have been violated, our credit impaired, and perhaps destroyed. "Gold and silver would disappear. The Banks would be shut up. A circulating medium, consisting of their protected securities, of the depreciated certificates of the public debt, of a new paper-currency issued on the verge of national bankruptcy, would generate in its perpetual and rapid fluctuations, swarms of speculators who would intercept the blood of the nation before it had performed its natural office, and glitter amidst its ruins."
I have dwelt the longer on this subject, fellow citizens, and I have endeavoured to impress it the more forcibly on your minds because I believe there is nothing from which these United States have so much to fear, as from military governments, and entangling alliances with other states. Every man who considers impartially the evils into which it might lead us, will call a look of apprehension towards his country and tremble for its liberty. But he will set himself to oppose these evils; he will become the firm, the strenuous advocate of peace; and in the hour of danger, if it should ever arrive, he will point out the rock on which the vessel of state is about to be split, and will warn the pilot of his danger. Our government, fortunately for the American people and for mankind, was in the present instance actuated by the purest virtue and the most enlightened policy; for instead of embracing the hostile measures proposed, it had resort to negotiation, and Louisiana is ours. We now hold it, fellow citizens, by the right of purchase. France and Spain have given us an indisputable title accompanied with possession . All the nations of Europe acquiesce in the title and acknowledge our right. Then we will defend it against all the world.
Thus without shedding one drop of innocent blood, without forcing from any human being one tear of anguish, without snatching from honest industry the fruits of its labour, or oppressing the poor with multiplied taxes and contributions, we have obtained peaceable possession of a country of unlimited extent and inexhaustible fertility, and annexed it to the union forever. We have secured ourselves from the danger of having a restless, intriguing & ambitious neighbour, ever ready to fan the flame of civil discord, to low dissention among the states, and to take advantage of popular commotions. We have opened the markets of commerce to our western brethren, and already the white sail, which wafts their superfluities to the inhabitants of another land, is seen moving down the Mississippi. We have given to half a continent the blessings of freedom, we have received a whole nation with open arms as brothers, we have made them to participate in all the advantages of our situation, and from the slaves of a king, we have exalted them into the children of a republic. Nothing was wanting to render the union firm and compact, and to perfect the order and harmony of the whole system, but Louisiana and the Floridas. Louisiana, I repeat it, is ours, and the Floridas must follow.
If I should have preferred to this address permitted, I would endeavour to explain more fully, the advantages of this acquisition and its tendency to promote our commercial and agricultural interests, our moral and political improvement; and perhaps the view I might take of the subject would not be altogether uninteresting to your feelings. I might lead you into a country flowing, like the promised land, with milk and honey, enriched by the bounty of nature, possessing every variety of soil and of climate. I might show you in distant perspective this country inhabited by a hardy yeomanry, bearing on its fruitful bosom a living multitude, and cultivated by a generous, independent and virtuous people. The earth teems with every necessary of life, the Corn laughs in the valleys, the ore glitters in the mountains. Here agriculture is enlarging the understanding by the variety of its occupations, ennobling the heart by the independence and simplicity of its pursuits, and contributing by its connection with social intercourse and domestic happiness, to smooth the asperities of life and sweeten the cup of bitterness. There commerce spreads the sail which had been "idly flapping" in the wind, gives a spur to industry and activity, exchanges the productions of one climate for those of another, breaks down the barriers to the diffusion of knowledge, which a diversity of customs, manners, laws, religions and languages have established, and connects the most distant countries by the indissoluble chain of interest. Along the banks of the Mississippi and the shores of the gulf of Mexico, the numerous cheerful habitations of a civilized people meet the view, where formerly the Indian savage held his frantic orgies or erected his miserable hovels. Painters, Poets, Orators, Philosophers arise and grace the extensive regions now a prey to ignorance and barbarism. The light of science penetrates the gloom of the wilderness, a commendable activity succeeds to stupid apathy, and a refinement of manners takes the place of brutal ferocity. But I cannot at this time, fellow-citizens, indulge these reflections; nor is it necessary I should go into the pleasing detail before such an audience. So great a
variety of information has been given on this interesting subject, either in colloquial discussion or in the original essays which have issued from the press, that you have no doubt been enabled to form a correct opinion, and to appreciate justly the advantages of our purchase. Let us then give way to those emotions of joy the occasion is so well calculated to inspire; let us in contemplating the benefits which have resulted to our common country from this glorious acquisition, forget the jealousies, the bickerings, the heart-burnings of party-spirit; let us unite in mutual congratulation and make the air vocal with our songs of triumph. Why should we suffer unnatural animosities and arbitrary distinctions to interrupt the harmony of private life, to mingle with all our pleasures, to dally with bitterness the cup of our repose? Are we not citizens of the same country, speaking the same language, possessing the same rights and governed by the same laws? Let then the only contention among us be, who will best serve that country, who most successfully improve and adorn that language, who most zealously guard those rights, and who most promptly obey those laws. Let us like the people of Abdera, on a celebrated occasion, meet together as children of the same family, lay our hands on the altar of peace, & swear to bury the hatchet of discord. Let us do justice to coon and wisp men of every party, for wisdom and patriotism does not exclusively belong to Southern Democracy or Eastern Federalism. What matters it who are at the head of our affairs, if the Constitution is maintained inviolate, if the rights of the people are respected, and the interests of the country promoted? All this has been done by the present Executive. Let us then withhold our applause. Mr. Jefferson by his incorruptible integrity, his profound knowledge, his sincere love of liberty, his ardent patriotism, his wife and temperate conduct during a three years administration, and by a long life devoted to the service of his country, has deserved our undounded confidence. Let us then disregard the un-founded calumnies, the bitter invectives, the load of obloquy and illiberal abuse, which his political enemies have heaped upon him. Let us not give a right to the enemies of Republics to accuse us of ingratitude.
Yet little does it matter whether the actions of this illustrious man are blazoned by friendship or censured by malignity. Conscious of the rectitude of his own intentions and of the purity of his own mind, he smiles amidst the tempest which is howling around him. He sits secure on a summit where the poisoned arrows of falsehood cannot reach him. He appeals with confidence from hireling scribblers to the impartial judgment of honest men; and if they too should be misled by artful intrigue, he is sensible there is another tribunal which will do him ample justice; a tribunal when the venal voice of the abettors of despotism will not be heard or not attended to. Yes, posterity will place this patriot and philosopher high in the temple of REASONAL HONOUR and PUBLIC UTILITY. Let the men who vilify him now see his equal. Another niche is ready to receive him.
And now, fellow-citizens, I have little to do but to hint at the manner by which the blessings we enjoy may be preserved and transmitted to posterity. Consult the volumes of history and take warning by its testimony. Where is now the glory of ancient Greece and Rome, of those famous fests of science and virtue, whose history exhibits the most astonishing and delightful picture of the dignity of human nature, & at whose very names our hearts thrill with sublime emotions. Gone for ever! Concealed beneath the banners of the cross and the Crescent! Where is now the living multitude which formerly animated the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean, which built the cities of Syria, erected in Egypt those vast monuments of human folly and human industry, and in Carthage contended with Imperial Rome for the Empire of the World. They sleep in the silence of the tomb, and their degenerate posterity have become Turkish Slaves, Egyptian Mamelukes, Rovers of Sallee & Corsairs of Algiers.
To what shall we ascribe this deplorable condition, this moral and political degeneracy? Is nature less lavish of her gifts? Is the earth less fertile, or the organization of the human machine less perfect? No. Reason and experience forbid the assertion. The sun shines with as much warmth on the modern Turk or Italian, as on the ancient Greek or Roman; the "blue mantle of the skies" is spread over the nations of the east and south with the same luminous magnificence, and the human figure has changed but little in those countries where the arts and sciences once flourished, but where ignorance & barbarism now reign supreme. No! It is the SPIRIT OF DESPOTISM which has changed the appearance of those once happy regions, and rendered unfeels the beneficence of nature. It is the SPIRIT OF DESPOTISM which has withered the strength of man, paralysed his energies, debased his mind and tamed his proud soul. It is the SPIRIT OF DESPOTISM which has blasted the fruits of the earth, levelled Cities with the ground, prohibited commerce, banished learning, and introduced war, devastation and famine in every frightful, aggravated form. And this SPIRIT originates from IGNORANCE. "That man may never know that he knows, and that he may possess it, is a knowledge of their rights will not suffer themselves to be oppressed, imprisoned and trampled on."
Hitherto my countrymen, here my young companions is plainly marked out, the path of your duty. You are the natural guardians of your country's liberty; but before you can act in that capacity, you must know in what liberty consists, and how it may be preserved. You must employ much of that time in your libraries which is now devoted to frivolous or vicious pursuits. There in the company of the luminaries of the World, conversing familiarly with Poets, Orators and Philosophers, you will feel your understandings enlarged & your hearts purified & ennobled. You will learn to despise the baubles of wealth and the short-lived pleasures of disposition. You will be sensible of your own dignity and importance in society, and by respecting yourself you will become truly respectable. Animated with a sacred love of liberty, and fired with the "holy enthusiasm" of freedom, you will plant yourselves around its banner, and whether it flutters in the gale of peace or waves bleeding in the air, you never will forsake it—"Liberty" you will exclaim with rapture "is the choicest blessing that Heaven has bestowed upon man. It is that which smoothes the path of life and renders our country dear to us. Then we will shed our blood and lay down our lives to defend it. It was transmitted to us by our forefathers as their most valuable legacy. We will then never, never re-sign it."
THE SUBSCRIBERS, (Living on Shockoe-Hill, near Mr. Daniel L. Hylton and Mr. Benj. Mosby) RESPECTFULLY inform the citizens of Richmond and its vicinity, that they have lately commenced the CARPENTER & JOINER'S BUSINESS; and are now ready to undertake any business in their line. They trust, from their particular attention, and faithful performance of every thing they undertake, to merit public patronage. WILLIAM K. LEE, JOHN S. LEE. May 23, '04. if (5)
WILLIAM McCABE, WATCH & CLOCK-MAKER BEGS leave to inform the citizens of Richmond, Manchester, their Vicinities, and the public generally, that he has commenced business in the house opposite Capt. Richardson's, and four doors below the Cross-street leading from Byrd's Warehouse to Mayo's Bridge—where all kinds of work in his line will be thankfully received, and executed with fidelity and dispatch. Orders from the country will be punctually obeyed. RICHMOND, June 9th, 1804.
ELLIS & ALLAN. Have received from London, Liverpool and Bristol, A NEAT & VALUABLE ASSORTMENT OF SPRING GOODS. THE London Critical Review or Annals of Literature, from the year 1791 till 1803, bound in boards, 39 vols.—And 30 Numbers of Ladies London Magazine. June 13. (3w)
At a Court of Appeals held at the Capitol in the city of Richmond, the 21st May, 1804.
ORDERED, that the following Rules be published in the Richmond Gazettes, for one month.
NOVEMBER 18th, 1803. RULE—In all cases whether of appeal, writ of error, or otherwise, the Court will proceed to a hearing at the term to which such case shall be returned or sent up, unless good cause shall be shown to the contrary.
MAY 15th, 1804. RULE—A clear and concise statement of the case of each party in an appeal, writ of error or supersedeas, from a decree of the high court of Chancery, or any District Court in Chancery, or from a judgment of the General Court, or any District Court in which a demurrer, special verdict, case agreed, demurrer to evidence, bill of exceptions, or point reserved, shall constitute a part of the record, or exhibits in the cause, with the point-insisted on, signed by his counsel and printed, or fairly transcribed, the expence whereof shall be taxed in the bill of costs, shall, after the end of this present term be delivered to each Judge, time enough before the hearing of the cause, & that no error, other than such as shall be pointed out, and insisted on in such statement, on the part of the plaintiff or appellant, shall be (without leave of the court) admitted as a ground for argument on the hearing of the cause, or for reversal of the decree or judgment sought to be reversed. And that all depositions and exhibits, accounts and articles intended to be relied upon or objected to in the argument, be particularly noticed in such statement and recited, and a reference thereto in the official copy of the record in the cause made.
MAY 21st, 1804. RULE—That after the end of this present term, all causes depending in this Court, which shall be ready for hearing in pursuance of the rule of this court, made on the 15th day of this present month, shall, unless good cause be shown to the contrary, be heard in the same order in which they stand on the docket. TESTE, J. BROWN, C. C.
WANTED AT THE EAGLE-TAVERN, A YOUNG MAN, well qualified to act as BAR-KEEPER, one coming well recommended, will meet with liberal wages on application to ESME SMOCK. RICHMOND, June 9th, 1804. 1840 424.
PROPOSALS BY JOHN L. COOK & SEATON GRANTLAND, For publishing in the City of Richmond, A Literary & Miscellaneous Paper, TO BE ENTITLED The LADY'S MUSEUM, AND WEEKLY MAGAZINE.
THIS PAPER, as the title shews, will be chiefly devoted to the amusements of the LADIES; and on their patronage must the success of our undertaking principally depend. Although we shall use our endeavours to adapt the MUSEUM to the taste of the Fair Sex, we nevertheless presume that the admirers of polite literature among the GENTLEMEN will not find it unworthy of perusal; upon such, therefore, we rely for a portion of patronage, assured that they will not be backward in promoting with a liberal hand, the circulation of a paper, which has for its object the improvement and gratification of those who contribute so materially to our happiness, and to the refinement of our manners. From this paper, party politics and personal altercation will be entirely excluded. In place of matter of this sort, with such periodical papers too generally abound, and which is only calculated to disgust and irritate readers of taste and judgment, we shall substitute Essays Moral and Sentimental; interesting Biographical Sketches; with occasional selections from the most celebrated Poets; and such Original Essays, both in prose and verse, as may, from time to time, be furnished by our Patrons. A correct summary of interesting Foreign and Domestic Intelligence shall also be regularly published.
CONDITIONS. 1st. The MUSEUM will be neatly printed, weekly, on a half sheet of Super-Royal paper. 2d. The terms will be Two Dollars per annum; one dollar to be paid at the reception of the first number, and the other at the expiration of five months. 3d. As it is supposed that subscribers will prefer their papers for the purpose of binding, a handsome Title-page and Table of Contents will be furnished (gratis) at the completion of each volume. 4th. The publication of the MUSEUM will commence about the first of September, should a sufficient number of subscribers be obtained by that time. May 30. SUBSCRIPTIONS will be received at the Office of the ENQUIRER. The printers of Newspapers in this state will oblige us by publishing our Proposals.
THE Court of Hustings of the City of Richmond have established the following rules concerning applicants for licenses to manufacture Tobacco within the said City; viz. "All Applications to the said Court for Licenses to manufacture Tobacco, must be made one Month at least, previous to the Time of granting thereof, and the Name or Names of the Applicant or Applicants entered on the Records of the said Court, and inserted in all the Newspapers published in the City of Richmond." IN PURSUANCE WHEREOF, PUBLIC NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That from the Records of the said Hustings Court, it appears that GEORGE TATE means to apply to the next succeeding Court for a License to manufacture Tobacco within this City. (By Order of Court) AND W STEVENSON, D. C. May 23. 340 (5)
Printing, IN ALL ITS VARIETY, EXECUTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE ENQUIRER, WITH NEATNESS, ELEGANCE AND THE GREATEST DISPATCH. An Apprentice to the Printing Business wanted at this Office.