Virginia Argus (Richmond, Va.), 1808-07-22 00:00:00

VIRGINIA ARGUS.
[XVITH YEAR.]
A FREE PRESS MAINTAINS THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE.
[No 1569]
RICHMOND:—PRINTED (ON TUESDAYS AND FRIDAYS) BY SAMUEL PLEASANTS, JUNIOR, PRINTER TO THE COMMONWEALTH.
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FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1808.
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REPORT
OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY ON THE SUBJECT OF PUBLIC ROADS & CANALS, MADE IN PURSUANCE OF A RESOLUTION OF SENATE OF MARCH 2.
(Continued.)
On the last point it appears from the facts already stated, or scattered in the communications received on that subject: 1st, That the stones ought to be similar in quality and reduced to the same size which should not exceed three inches in diameter; 2d, That the preferable qualities of stone, rank in the following order—hard black stone, granite, flint, or quartz, blue lime stone, white ditto; 3d, That the stratum may be either of pounded stones 12 inches thick, or of pounded stone 10 inches thick, with 2 inches of gravel spread over the stones; or entirely of gravel 18 inches thick; 4th, That when the materials are equally convenient, the expense of those three modes will not materially differ, but that the rate of expense depends principally on the number of hills and bridges, distance of materials, breadth of the road, and price of labor; and 5th, That the general adoption of broad wheels for the transportation of heavy loads is necessary to the full enjoyment of the advantages expected from the most substantial artificial roads. On the degree of convexity and on the proper shape to be given to the natural bed of the road under the artificial stratum, a diversity of opinion seems to prevail. The roads heretofore made may be divided into three general classes.
1. Those where the only improvement consists in the reduction of hills, and in the convexity and ditches of the road whereby the angle of ascent is rendered more easy, and standing water excluded, but where the natural soil is used without any artificial stratum. The expense of these roads may vary according to local circumstances, and the perfection of the work, from five hundred to one thousand dollars a mile. They are most generally in use in the eastern states, and may be introduced with advantage in all those districts of country, where wealth does not admit more expensive improvements, or where the materials of an artificial stratum are altogether wanting. It is only in the last case, that they may be considered as a national object; and no other improvement besides bridges and cause ways, is perhaps practicable in the lower country of the southern states. Iron, and even timber rail roads, may however be sometimes substituted in those level parts of the country, where stones and gravel are not to be found.
2. Roads prepared as above, of a reduced breadth and covered with a thin coat of gravel not more than six or nine inches thick; such as the turnpike lately made between Trenton and Brunswick. These roads, the expense of which may be estimated at about 3000 dollars a mile, may be used whenever the frost does not materially affect them, and in every climate when they are intended principally for the conveyance of persons, and not for the transportation of heavy loads.
3. The artificial roads of the best construction, such as have been already described. These when not exceeding 22 feet in breadth, and except in the vicinity of large cities, will cost at the rate of 7000 dollars a mile, exclusively of bridges over large rivers. And they must be resorted to, whenever a commercial road for heavy transportation is intended particularly in the middle states, or rather in the U. States, between 41 & 36 degrees of north latitude. North of the 41st degree, the snow lies generally during the whole winter; and the great bulk of heavy transportation is effected in sleighs during that season. There is therefore less necessity for using the roads in the spring; and they are also better protected against the effects of the frost by the snow. South of the 36th degree, which in the Atlantic states may be considered as the boundary of the great cotton cultivation, the frost does not materially injure the roads. It is between those two extremes that the most substantial are required; and it also happens that the great land communications with the western country, which considerably increase
the amount of transportation, are principally within the same limits.
The same principles, which have directed the arrangement adopted in this report in relation to canals, will also point out those roads which seem in the first instance to claim the patronage of the general government.
Those which appear most necessary for the communications between the Atlantic and western rivers have already been mentioned under that head; and the improvement of the water communication between the North river and the great lakes ought to take the precedence of any other in that direction.
That road which therefore seems exclusively to claim public attention, is a great turnpike extending from Maine to Georgia in the general direction of the sea coast and main post road, and passing through all the principal sea ports. The general convenience and importance of such a work are too obvious to require any comments; and the expense seems to be the primary object of consideration.
The distance will be roughly estimated at 1,500 miles; and from what has been stated on the subject of roads generally, it may be inferred that the greatest part of the road being intended almost exclusively for travelling, and not for transportation of heavy articles, the expense cannot exceed the rate of 3,000 dollars a mile. For altho' some detached portions of the route, being commercial roads, must be improved as such, and at a great expense; an equivalent reduction in other parts will result from those portions which are already improved by private companies, and from the impossibility, for want of materials for an artificial stratum, of going in some places beyond what has been described as the first or cheapest species of turnpikes. The whole expense may therefore be estimated at 4,800,000 dollars.
A secondary object, but of more importance to government than to individuals, would be the improvement, on a much less extensive scale, of certain portions of roads leading to some points on the extremities of the union, intended principally for the purpose of facilitating the progress of the mail, and the prompt transmission of information of a public nature. The points contemplated, are Detroit, St. Louis in Upper Louisiana, and New Orleans. The portions of road which traversing a wilderness cannot be improved without the aid of the U. States, are; from the Tuscarora branch of the Muskingum to Detroit; from Cincinnati, by Vincennes, to St. Louis; and from Nashville in Tennessee, or Athens in Georgia, to Natchez. The expense necessary to enable the mail and even passengers to proceed at the rate of 20 miles a day, may at the rate of about 200 dollars a mile, including bridges over all the small streams be estimated for those three roads, at 200,000 dollars.
RECAPITULATION AND RESOURCES. The improvements which have been respectfully suggested as most important, in order to facilitate the communication between the great geographical division of the United States, will now be recapitulated; and their expense compared with the resources applicable to that object.
1. From north to south, in a direction parallel to the sea coast:
Dollars.
 1. Canals opening an inland navigation for sea vessels from Massachusetts to N. Carolina, being more than two thirds of the Atlantic sea coast of the U. S. and across all the principal Capes, cape Fear excepted, 3,000,000  2. A great turnpike road from Maine to Georgia, along the whole extent of the Atlantic sea coast, 4,800,000 
7,800,000
II. From east to west, forming communications across the mountains between the Atlantic and western rivers:
 1. Improvement of the navigation of four great Atlantic rivers, including canals parallel to them, 1,500,000  2. Four fast rate turnpike roads from those rivers across the mountains, to the four corresponding western rivers, 2,800,000  3. Canal around the falls of the Ohio, 300,000  4. Improvement of roads to Detroit, St. Louis and New Orleans, 200,000 
Orleans, 200,000
4,800,000
III. In a northern and north westwardly direction, forming inland navigations between the Atlantic sea coast, and the great lakes and the St. Lawrence:
 1. Inland navigation between the North river and lake Champlain, 800,000  2. Great inland navigation opened the whole way by canals, from the North river to lake Ontario, 2,200,000  3. Canal around the falls and rapids of Niagara opening a sloop navigation from lake Ontario to the upper lakes, as far as the extremities of lake Michigan, 1,000,000 
4,000,000
Making together, $16,600,000
IV. The great geographical features of the country have been solely adhered to in pointing out those lines of communication; and these appear to embrace all the great interests of the union, and to be calculated to diffuse and increase the national wealth in a general way, by opening an intercourse between the remotest extremities of the United States.
Yet it must necessarily result from an adherence to that principle that those parts of the Atlantic states through which the great western and north western communications will be carried, must, in addition to the general advantages in which they will participate, receive from those communications greater local and immediate benefits, than the eastern, and perhaps southern states. As the expense must be defrayed from the general funds of the union, justice, and perhaps policy not less than justice, seem to require that a number of local improvements, sufficient to equalize the advantages, should also be undertaken in those states, parts of states or districts, which are less immediately interested in those inland communications. Arithmetical precision cannot indeed be obtained in objects of that kind; nor would an apportionment of the monies applied, according to the population of each state, be either just or practicable; since roads, and particularly canals, are often of greater utility to the states which they unite, than to those through which they pass. But a sufficient number of local improvements, consisting either of roads or canals, may without any material difficulty be selected so as to do substantial justice, and give general satisfaction. Without pretending to suggest what would be the additional sum necessary for that object, it will, for the sake of round numbers, be estimated at 3,400,000
Which added to the sum estimated for general improvements, 16,600,000
Would make an aggregate of twenty millions of dollars, 20,000,000
(To be Continued.)
Extract from evidence of the British Orders, delivered before the English Parliament.
(Concluded)
MARCH 24th 1808.
Joseph Garland.
Do you think that if the Americans were deprived of the means of going to the continent at all, any other means that you know of for sending our fish to the continent? I do not know any.
If the West India Islands were not supplied from the U. States of America, with fish, would they not be supplied from Newfoundland and the British provinces of North America? I conceive not.
Suppose there was no fish caught in the American states, could they not be supplied from Newfoundland and the British colonies? I apprehend not.
What are your reasons for that opinion? Very little fish, I apprehend, goes directly from Newfoundland to the West Indies; there is very little intercourse between Newfoundland and the West Indies; the merchants concerned in the trade would not send their ships there, because they would be under the necessity of having them returned without any freight back; they can take a very small quantity of produce of the West Indies in return.
Do not you think that the circumstance of this trade being carried on by the Americans materially diminishes the value of that trade to Great Britain? I should rather conceive the reverse.
Will you state your reasons? Because we have no other means of carrying it on at present but through the medium of America, and if we are deprived of that means, the whole of the quantity of fish, caught in Newfoundland must come to England, and if it came to England, it must remain here totally unsaleable.
Mr. Abraham Mann, called in again. What proportion of the whole of the trade carried on with the U. States to the whole of Europe is, in one shape or other concentrated in this country, and consequently beneficial to the commercial interests of this country? I conceive nine tenths; some persons are of opinion that it exceeds that, in one shape or other, in insurances or remittances made here on American account.
What are the data on which you draw that conclusion? General observation.
Have you any accounts on which you state that? No, I have no positive date.
Have you any accounts at all on which you found that? No, it is general conjecture, certainly from the information which I have obtained in the course of business.
In the event of such an interruption of the intercourse between this country and the United States as shall produce an interruption to the course of remittances, what in your opinion, would be the effect on the manufacturing interests of this country? Bankruptcies and distress the most extensive.
On what data do you found that opinion? Purely from the knowledge I conceive I have acquired of the trade, from having been in it for 17 years past.
Do you derive that knowledge from any accounts which you can state? No, only from my own apprehension, that the privation of the vast sum owing from America in commercial debts to this country, will necessarily create that distress which I have represented.
Is it possible to have any correct data upon which to calculate a subject of this nature? I conceive it to be altogether impossible.
Do not you know, from your own knowledge of the American trade, that there are very few operations out of America to any part of the world, which are not in some way or other connected with this country, either in insurance on remittance, or in some other way? That to the East-Indies is not; with the exception of the East and West-Indies, I conceive the European trade is concentrated in this country, or passes through this country.
Wm. Rathborn, called in again. You stated last night, that if the whole of the foreign trade of Liverpool were divided into sixteenths, you consider five-sixteenths of that to be American; do you consider that in the present reduced state of the trade of Liverpool, the proportion is only five-sixteenths? I certainly did not intend my answer to apply to the present state of the trade of Liverpool, but to that trade which existed twelve months ago.
The trade to the United States comprised but five-sixteenths. Since that period we have been deprived of the African slave trade; that trade constituted I believe two-sixteenths of the trade of the whole town; in the privation of that trade, I believe I speak not my own sentiments only, but those of a considerable majority of the town of Liverpool, if I say that we make that sacrifice with cheerfulness, for we believe that the dictates of justice and humanity required that sacrifice. I stated the American trade at five-sixteenths; the African slave trade at two; our trade to the Baltic, the northern ports and the eastern ports of Europe, and our trade to Portugal, was five more; that which I wish now to say is, that at this time the town of Liverpool is deprived of twelve-sixteenths of that trade which she had twelve months ago, and that one-fourth of that trade is all which now remains to us.
NEW-YORK, July 14.
The following extract of a letter from St. Croix is from a gentleman of the first respectability at that place, to his friend in this city. It confirms beyond all doubt, the intelligence before received on this important subject.—Gaz.
EXTRACT—St. Croix, June 23.
By a vessel arrived at Trinidad which left Gibraltar about 20th May, it is reported that violent commotions had taken place in Spain in consequence of the French having attempted to carry off the Prince of Asturias, lately declared king, as prisoner to France, and that a number of French troops had been massacred in different places, in consequence of which Bonaparte was carrying fire and sword through that devoted country. Such was the consternation, it is said, that the people of Cadiz were in, that they had sent an offer to Gibraltar to deliver up the city and fleet to us, and that Lord Collingwood and gen. Spencer had actually left that fortress with a competent number of ships and 5000 men to carry into effect this important measure.
"It is not at all surprising that the state of extreme wretchedness to which the people of Spain are reduced by the detestable tyrant and his minions, should drive them to acts of the highest desperation."
"Flour was down to 12 and 15 dollars per barrel."
FROM THE WASHINGTON MONITOR.
At a meeting of the citizens of Washington, convened by public notice at the Council Chamber, on Thursday evening, the 14th of July, 1808, a numerous assemblage attending—
Dr. CORNELIUS CONINGHAM was called to the chair; and J. B. COLVIN ap-
pointed Secretary. It was on motion—
Resolved, That an injured Citizen has claim upon the consideration of every honest man in society; and that we have cause to believe Gen. Jas. Wilkinson has suffered persecution for his patriotic efforts in the service of his country.
Resolved, That a committee be appointed to frame an address to Gen. Wilkinson, to be signed and presented by the chairman, demonstrative of the sense this meeting entertain of his public services and their confidence in his integrity and patriotism.
A committee was accordingly appointed, and an address reported to the meeting; which being read and agreed to, the Chairman with four other persons was designated to wait on the General, present him with the same, receive his answer, and forthwith cause the address and reply, together with an account of the proceedings of the meeting, to be published in the newspapers.
Signed by order of the meeting.
CORNELIUS CONINGHAM, Attest. Chairman. JOHN B. COLVIN, Secretary.
According to direction, the committee yesterday waited upon gen. Wilkinson with the following Address, to which he returned the annexed answer:
Washington City, July 14, 1808.
Sir, It is the peculiar duty of a free and enlightened people, while they examine with the severest scrutiny the conduct of public men, and regard with a jealous suspicion every public character, to pay the tribute of their esteem to every confidential citizen who has falsified the dishonorable imputations cast upon his fame. Justice and candor require, that while they punish with their censure, they should reward with their approbation; for unfortunately would be the fate of that country in which calumny only could be heard, and the confidence of the people could not be declared.
Under these impressions the citizens of Washington offer you their sincere congratulations on the issue of the enquiry that was lately instituted on your conduct. As a respectable portion of the Union they were affected with the liveliest sensibility when they heard on the floor of the house of Representatives the heinous charges that were adduced against so distinguished a soldier and citizen; and living on the immediate theatre of action, they watched with peculiar interest and attention, every measure that was adopted and every circumstance that was disclosed on the subject of your character and conduct. The experience of seven months, however, during which the enquiry was pending, and the charges against you might have been subjected to a full and fair preparation for a decision so honorable to yourself, and so fatal to your enemies.
We beheld, sir, the accusation brought forward under a concurrence of circumstances which rendered the motives for its institution doubtful and suspicious. On the first whisper of detraction, we saw you court the enquiry which had been solicited by your accusers, while they, as if conscious of their precipitancy and weakness, endeavoured to retrace the steps they had taken.
An invitation was given to your enemies to make a full development of their knowledge on the subject—You defied them to meet you before a judicial tribunal,—but they denied you the honest and imprescriptible privilege of being confronted with your accusers;—they attacked you on a field which you were not permitted to enter, and while they objected to the weakness and incompetency of the court of enquiry, they refused to extend its privileges and powers. Such was the primary aspect of their inconsiderate accusation; and such were the disadvantages under which you were compelled to labor in conducting your vindication.—But with a spirit of liberality and innocence you waved all legal objections to the introduction of the unauthenticated documents which were laid before Congress as evidence before the court; and though silence might have ensured your acquittal, you proceeded to a minute development of the transactions which formed the basis of the accusation. This development has incontestibly demonstrated your innocence and the indefatigable zeal of your enemies.
Permit us, sir, to embrace this opportunity of dwelling on the recollection of the services you have rendered to your country.—It was destined for your hand to seal the Convention of Saratoga, which secured the issue of that contest which made us a nation; and for you it was reserved to baffle the arts and enterprise of a conspirator, and save your country from the horrors of a civil war. These signal services will never be forgotten by a free people.
Had not the honest energy of your character actuated all your measures at New Orleans, had you preferred the insidious call of private friendship to the paramount duties of patriotism, a fair portion of America might have been lost to your countrymen. But the storm has past—the bolt that was intended for your destruction has fallen harmless at your feet, and we rejoice, sir, that you have triumphed over the arts of your enemies, and proved yourself deserving of the confidence of your country.
In behalf of the meeting, I have the honor to be,
Sir, your obedient servant, CORNELIUS CONINGHAM, Chairman.

Washington, July 15, 1808. GENTLEMEN, Next to the consciousness of having done my duty, and more than my bare duty, I prize the approbation of the immediate spectators of that persecution, which has ensued my best services to the state; and therefore this testimonial from the citizens of the national metropolis, cannot but be acceptable to a bosom, whose sensibilities have been rent by the rankest ascriptions of envy and disappointment.
We have seen in other times and in other cases, an uniform series of good offices and long continued service, expiate the foulest offences, and recommend to the public confidence, those who had deserved ill of their country; but by some strange distortion, my exertions for the public weal, instead of veiling anterior misconduct, have produced a resurrection of legendary tales, and a jaundiced retrospection of my whole life and actions, to wound my character and blast my fame.
I would accompany my sincere acknowledgements, gentlemen, to this manifestation of confidence and good will, by some suitable declaration; but promises are too often vain, and professions too frequently delusive; I will therefore intreat of my fellow citizens to judge me by my works, and not by the machinations of those who seek my destruction; and as they may find me, so let them estimate me.
I beg you to accept my best wishes for your prosperity and happiness—and am with great respect, Gentlemen, Your obt servt JAS. WILKINSON. To Cornelius C. Clegg, Esq. And the committee of Citizens.
NEW-YORK, July 15. Capt. J. H. Horton, who arrived at Sag Harbour, on Friday from Machias, informs that he saw there a handbill issued from St John's, which gave an account of a great naval engagement in the Mediterranean, in which the French were defeated. The English acknowledge to have lost 5000 men, and three ships which blew up during the engagement. (Mer. Adv.)
PHILADELPHIA, July 14. It is reported that the United States have offered their mediation, for the restoration of a peace in Europe; but we cannot say the rumour is founded, though from the respect in which our government is held by the Russian emperor, through whom it is said the overture was first made, it appears not only probable, but would be in itself a measure honorable to the American government.— Aurora
An American gentleman, who went to England in the Osage , writes to his father at Washington City—“Great calculations were made in England on an insurrection in the eastern states in opposition to the embargo, founded on Pickering's letter , which had been universally printed and was read with great avidity every where.” Thus it is that the incendiaries of the United States, act as allies to the British government, against the people whose patience exceeds all example.
BALTIMORE, July 16. COL. BURR—The British Packet, with Burr on board, has sailed from Halifax for England.
WASHINGTON CITY, July 16.
This day a French government messenger landed at the Navy Yard from on board a corvette of 18 guns and 170 men, in 41 days from Bordeaux. On her arrival she fired a salute which was returned.
This vessel is last from the French islands, and brings dispatches from the government of Martinique for Gen. Turreau. It is not known that she brings any advice from Bordeaux from whence she first sailed. It is not understood that there are any dispatches for this government.
NORFOLK, July 18. The following was handed us this morning by the mate of a vessel arrived yesterday from Jamaica: “When you arrive in America, please have the following printed in the newspapers.”
“ Kingston (Jam.) June 22, 1808 “The American brig Bellona , captain Laffon, was brought into this port for adjudication on the 17th inst. by his Britannic Majesty's ship Garland , Rowland Bevon, Esq. commander, taken on her passage from Charleston to Baltimore, with a cargo of rice.” (This is the first instance which we have heard of a coasting vessel being captured on the coast; but perhaps the Bellona had the previous misfortune to be blown off the place of capture will best settle that matter.— Ed. Ledger )
At a Court of Hustings
for the city of Williamsburg, held the 28th day of June, 1808. Robert Greenhow, Plff. In AGAINST Thomas Reeves & James Davis, Defts. Secy THE Defendant Thomas Reeves not having entered his appearance and given security according to the act of assembly and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the court that he is not an inhabitant of this country, on the motion of the plaintiff by his counsel, It is ordered , that the said defendant do appear here on or before the fourth Monday in October next and answer the plaintiff's bill; and that a copy of this order be inserted in one of the newspapers printed in the city of Richmond for two months successively and posted at the front door of the court house of this city; & it is further ordered, that the defendant James Davis, do not pay to the said Thomas Reeves, his agent or attorney, any money or other property in his hands belonging to the said Thomas, until the further order of this court. A copy—Tive. William Russell, C. C.
Virginia Argus.
RICHMOND:
FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1808.
The questions propounded in the last Enquirer appear upon first view to be full of importance and obscurity, but upon examination, we think that they are capable of solution; and we are sorry to say, that as much apprehension arises from their solution, as from their most impenetrable obscurity.
Q. 1. “Must the returns of the electors be admitted ipso facto as conclusive, or rather may not some of the votes returned, be possibly bad?” 2. “May not these votes be vitiated by the palpable bribery of the electors, by their having been given in a manner contrary to the constitution, or to a man destitute of the qualifications required by the constitution?” 3. “If votes may be vitiated, who is to determine?”
As to the first question, it is highly possible that some of the votes may be bad; but it is certainly true, that when they are received at the senate table and unsealed by the president of the senate, in the presence of the house of representatives, they are ipso facto good and conclusive, unless it is fully ascertained who gave the vote, and unless it fully appears that he falls under some of the specified disqualifications of the federal constitution. If any of the votes thus opened, were corrupted by bribery, or given contrary to the constitution of the state from whence they came, it is a subject beyond the reach of federal decision, because the constitution of the United States gives away all its power upon this subject, when it declares that “each state shall appoint their electors in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct.” If the electors shall act contrary to the constitution of their state, they are not amenable to any federal department.
The second question is in some measure. answered by the last observation. The votes cannot be given in a manner contrary to the constitution, because that instrument has already given away all its power upon the subject, and therefore has prescribed no manner in which the votes shall be given—each state having the power to vote in any manner it pleases. The latter part of this question speaks of the qualifications required by the constitution, or rather the specified disqualifications, which are, “that no senator or representative, or any person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.” Suppose then when the votes are unsealed, it shall appear that one of the electors is subject to one of these disqualifications? This introduces the third question, who is to determine? You seem inclined to think that the power belongs to congress. They may decide whether he is a member of their body, and if he is, the fact of disqualification is fixed, and the United States becomes a party to see that its constitution is not violated. The question, then, whether the vote is good or bad, falls into the judicial department, according to the 3d article, sec. 1, which states that the “Judicial power shall extend to all cases in law or equity, arising under the constitution, and to all controversies to which the United States shall be a party.” Thus it appears to us, that no vote contrary to state laws can become either the subject of congressional or judicial investigation, and that all votes which come under the disqualifications, marked out by the constitution, lie within the circle of judicial enquiry. The constitution has endeavored to prevent any undue inducement to the voter; but if it should so happen that the voter yields to British bribery, or any other species of corruption, it is a case without a remedy, and is one of those unavoidable hazards which accompany free representation.
In this enquiry, the constitution presents a most evident frailty; it goes on to declare that the electors shall meet in their respective states and make a list of all the persons voted for, and the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate.
The constitution omits to declare in what mode the electors shall vote, whether by ballot or viva voce , and to require the subscription of their names to their votes.—Thus it is entirely left with the electors, and according to the accounts we have received, they usually vote by ballot, and thus the name of the voter is unknown, and away
goes his vote to the senate chamber. Under these circumstances, we can never ascertain whether the elector has obeyed the wishes of his constituents, or whether he has not perhaps violated their explicit instructions, or whether he may not have been bribed, or whether he falls under any of the specified disqualifications of the constitution. In considering the Enquirer's observations, we have endeavored to find a remedy to the anticipated disease, but we fear there is none. It belongs to a department from whence we would gladly redeem it. In doing this we could not forbear from observing an error in the constitution, the remedy to which, depends upon the vigilance and exertions of the people in electing their best men, and their truest patriots, as electors; for if bribery should be committed and faith abandoned, there is no certain mode of finding it out.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman to his friend in the country.
“I am highly delighted, my dear B. with your description of the patriotic spirit which pervades your part of the country, and the contempt which you express for European luxuries. It must be gratifying to excess to every American to cast his eye at this moment upon the people of the U. S. and to see them animated with indignation at foreign injustice, and determined to bear with virtuous patience the privations of the embargo. Most countries claim their saints, and if we could give way to the same fabled delusion, we might easily believe that the genius of liberty was now smiling upon the American people. Cold hearted politicians; who brood over the annals of human vice, and catch at every frailty of ancient times, boast of being supported with evidence, when they denounce republican governments “as Mlesian Fables and Fairy tales,” and that they never can exist because humanity is deficient in virtue. O, I have often wished that these gloomy speculators, who have descended to their tombs, could but look upon the people of our country—but it is well they cannot—their libel upon human nature would disturb them in their purgatory repose. How often have we discussed this theme in our little debating societies, when it would be indignantly asked if the favorite work of Heaven was of that Caphadocian cast, that it could not enjoy the blessings of liberty: But I think we may now reason with more strength and speak with more fact. The example of America is too powerful for the visionary theorists to encounter, it is an argument (if you will pardon the expression) that possesses adamant force and cannot be refuted.
“I will quit this speculation, which inspires so much cheerfulness, that I almost fancy I hear the exclamation of the torpid politician, “Rhapsody! Rhapsody!”
“You invite me to give you my thoughts upon the subject of HOME-MANUFACTURES—It is one with which I am not conversant, but as yet I have observed no scheme so suitable to its end, as the one proposed in Winchester. They have ingeniously diffused a degree of emulation which is the fostering genius of every thing, by awarding premiums to those who shall shear the greatest average quantity of wool, or present at stated meetings the nicest specimens of the loom. Thus they are careful in procuring the main ingredient of wool, of which our country is so very deficient, and in inducing the hope of acquiring perhaps a medal to please the noble vanity of the farmer; pardon the expression of noble vanity, for surely there is nothing so sweet, “as the thrilling sensations of sweet renown.” How different is the stupendous plan which the Richmond association have adopted.
“They are generally backward in all public spirited measures, and they always endeavor to make up for it, by some extravagant dash, which may figure on paper, but which languishes in reality. Thus it is in the present instance. They endeavor to surpass, and they will fail altogether. The plan is much too extensive; and to add solemnity to importance, nothing must do but to introduce the state, which has already damped the ardor of individual exertion. I must confess that I look upon its failure with more pleasure than regret, because I am induced to believe that its success would be attended with more injury than benefit. All kinds of manufacture create a sort of gradation, which is too apt to bear down the character of independence, and to introduce in its place, servility, and its concomitant, meanness. When men entirely depend for their subsistence upon manufacturing labor, they necessarily (and we might say naturally) become nothing more than Automatons, to be turned and twisted agreeable to the caprice of those above them. This source of aristocracy, I fervently hope, will never be opened in Virginia. Whilst upon this subject, my dear B. I will quote a few remarks from the celebrated Letters of William Austin. “Every nation (says he) is desirable in proportion to her manufactures. Commerce operates indirectly, but manufactures directly, against equality. They are the stone of Syphus, and the wheel of Ixion. The labor of thousands goes to enrich an individual. Their daily bread is precarious; if those employ to which they are educated, fail, they are reduced to the situation of your common sort of gentlemen, who have dissipated their property, fit for nothing. A manufactory cannot flourish, unless the laborers sacrifice themselves to their employers; for their employers are as much interested to retain them in indigence, as are the landlords to impoverish their tenants. Nor is this all; the bodies of the workmen are not less distorted, than are their souls contracted. Their children are a lampoon on God's image, and carry through life the distortions of their parents.” These effects most evidently appear in all manufacturing countries, and induce me to look with dread upon this great scheme of the Richmond association. Their capital is one-half million of dollars, a sum calculated to enlist a great many workmen. But independent of this, we take so much from our agriculture, the native source of our wealth and prospe-
rity, and throw it away in the prosecution of a scheme which can never result to our advantage. The only extent to which we should wish to carry on this species of manufacture, should be to furnish ourselves and families, and as soon as we exceed this, we shall be at a loss what to do with the surplus. The idea is too childish for refutation, to think of exporting it to foreign markets—where then is the advantage of a manufactory to make more than we want? What shall we do with it? We are told that cloth will become cheap—suppose it should become dog cheap , will it not destroy the very main spring of the institution, inasmuch that there would be no profit to reward the manufacturer? It is not to be expected that the artisan would be contented with the idea of being dressed in Virginia cloth, when he has no means to administer to his more importunate wants. We might as soon expect a fop to exist by the reflection of the mirror which displays his dress, as that the mechanic could support himself and family by labor, which alone brings in their clothes. It cannot be expected that any person will abandon his avocation, no matter how humble and limited in profit, to engage in a scheme which consumes his labor without rewarding his industry. This subject presents such a variety of branches, that I could pursue them beyond the limits of a letter, or the patience of my friend, both of which require me to conclude.
“As you express great anxiety upon this subject, and if you should feel at all interested in these remarks, I will continue them in my next.”
A SPECIMEN OF COUNTY COURT PLEADING.
We became possessed of the following manuscript by accident, and are perfectly unacquainted with the history and parties of the cause. The question which it presents is of very interesting importance, and affords a subject of serious legal contemplation. Circumstances induce us to believe that this speech was delivered by some young gentleman upon his first appearance at the bar in one of the adjacent counties. The case we expect must have excited a great deal of local agitation, from the following speech, which we can but consider as a happy omen of the Speaker's future elevation. The history of the case is too fully delineated to require any preliminary protestatio .
THIS cause simply depends upon the establishment of two points. Was there a contract? And if so, was that contract usurious?
For the proof of these points, I shall rely altogether upon the answer itself. The answer states in the first place, that the plaintiff in equity requested the defendant to “restore his custom to his old neighbor.” This was refused.
The plaintiff again comes to the defendant as stated in the answer, and tells him, that if he would put down his shop, he would do his work so low, that it should be manifestly to the advantage of the defendant. This it appears was also refused; but in so feeble, mild, and conciliating a manner, that it did not deter the plaintiff from repeating his propositions.
Accordingly the plaintiff a third time goes to the defendant, and after urging what he had before advanced upon the subject, went on to state, that he was desirous to pay to a mercantile firm, the sum of $300, and, that if the defendant would put down his shop, and lend him that sum, he would do his work for nothing. This the defendant again refuses; because, as he tells the plaintiff, which is a part of his answer, if he was to accede to his proposition, his conduct might be misrepresented by the plaintiff, or others. Now what inference are we to draw from this avowed cause of refusal? What meaning does this language speak? If the contract proposed had been really such as the defendant states it to have been; if the plaintiff had engaged to do the defendant's work for nothing, provided the defendant would not rival him in his trade; or if, as stated in some part of the answer, this had been a fair purchase of labor—what anticipation could the defendant have had, that his conduct was liable to censure? Here sir the cloven foot begins to appear: The defendant was afraid to trust the plaintiff; he was afraid that he would do what he actually has done; seek relief, from extortion & oppression, under the statute of usury. Thence sir the caution with which the defendant closed this contract; and thence the attempt, which he has made in his answer, to withdraw the attention from the atrocious circumstances of this business, and fix it upon those that have no real relation to it. I had thought that the old fox was too much accustomed to the windings and doublings of pecuniary speculation, to have made such an unwary confession—but according to the proverb, no man is always wise.
The answer goes on to state that the plaintiff endeavored to obviate the objection of the defendant's lively sensibility with respect to his reputation; that is no doubt, he promised the defendant not to plead the statute of usury; this is the only construction of which this part of the answer is susceptible. But the defendant it seems still rejected his proposition. Prudence and avarice had not yet decided the combat; at length avarice prevailed; for, says the defendant, being solicited again and again, “he the defendant,” to use the identical words in the answer, “did at length consent.” Now what did he consent to? He consented to lend the plaintiff $300, for the use of which, he was to do his black smith's work for nothing. Here then, the contract is acknowledged, in explicit terms.
But the defendant has endeavored to involve this plain agreement in much confusion and intricacy by connecting with it events and transactions between the plaintiff and himself, that have not the slightest connection with the usurious terms imposed by this modern Shylock upon a poor mechanic.
He tells us that the loan of $300, was gratuitous, and that the plaintiff was to do his work as a consideration for his putting down his shop.
The terms of this loan appear to have been variously understood. The defendant says he was to receive no interest for it; the answer of another party states that the defendant was to receive legal interest; and, the plaintiff avers that he was to give four or five times as much as legal interest. Here are three opinions conflicting with each other; which are we to believe? For my own part I do suppose, that the third party states the contract as he heard of it; but he knew nothing about it, in reality. There was a secret article to this triple alliance, with which only two of the contracting parties were acquainted. I shall therefore leave this answer out of the dispute. It has come to this then, that the solemn oath of the plaintiff and the defendant, are in direct opposition. This is an awkward, an interesting, and an awful situation, for both parties. Which are we to believe? We have no positive proof; we have only circumstances and probabilities: to these then must we resort; and upon these must we rely; for it is a rule of law, as well as of reason, that when we have not the best possible evidence, we must resort to that which is the next best. Now what are the probabilities upon this occasion? Which is the most probable circumstance, that the defendant should lend money without interest; or, that he should exact more than legal interest? Sir this is no time to be exercising a fastidious forbearance towards the feeling of litigants. The competency or beggary of an honest man are involved in this cause. What then, I repeat, are the probabilities upon this occasion? I do not think, though I may be mistaken, that there is a man in this court, nor even in this county, nay, in the wide circle of the defendant's acquaintance, who will lay his hand upon his heart, and declare that he conscientiously believes before his God, that he has adhered to the truth in his answer. If it was customary to call in auxiliary swearers, if compurgators were now in fashion, I do not believe, with all his wealth, he could obtain a competent number to support his oath. Sir, I never could give into that subtlety of reasoning, which reprobates in the abstract, certain modes of conduct, while it leaves untouched the character of the person who may have been, nay, but too surely is guilty. And therefore I have always adopted the opinion of a most facetious author. “Whenever I hear of a very dirty action, I immediately conclude, that the man who committed it, must be a very dirty fellow.”
From what sort of a man ought we look for gratuitous loans and unrequited acts of beneficence and generosity? I can readily say from what sort of a man we ought not to look for such actions. We ought not to expect such liberality from a man who secures his loan by a deed of trust, & endeavors to sacrifice the property conveyed in trust, as soon as he thinks he has sufficiently entangled the man he pretends to have befriended. We ought not to expect such benevolence from a man, the grand object of whose whole life has been to accumulate pelf, by any means compatible with safety. We ought not to believe that he has been guilty of such gross inconsistency, as to have been betrayed, in an unguarded moment, into one so literary act of disinterested friendship. We should not do him such great injustice, as to believe, that his mind was ever irradiated by one enlarged thought, or that his bosom ever swelled with one generous emotion. If it did not suit his present purpose to confess, with much diffidence and confusion to be sure, that he has been guilty of a friendly action, I am not certain that he would not prosecute any man, as detracting from his thriftiness and good husbandry, who should say, what he has sworn to, that he ever lent money without interest. By a sordid attention to the necessities of his fellow-men, he has acquired the means of distressing his poor neighbors. He has scented his prey among the brothers of his vicinage, and wherever “poverty's keen blast,” had lowly bent the meek and unassuming peasant of the vale, so surely has he marked him as the victim of his lawless cupidity. And is this the man who tells us he has put down his shop; loaned money without interest; hired out a striker at an undervalue; his blacksmith's tools for little or nothing; and advanced cash upon open accounts of dubious credit? Surely it cannot be! There must be some leger-de-main in this business: It cannot be the defendant, who has thrown off the wintry torpor of his frozen soul, and comes out the sleek and supple serpent of the spring! And yet, sir, there has been no transformation here: It is the same man that we have always known; and knowing him, as we always have done, who will believe that he has performed this incredible act of generosity! If any person was to assert to me a physical or moral impossibility—was to tell me that yellow was blue, or that green was red, or that the harsh gratings of a cart wheel were more pleasing to him than the soft music of the flute, or that the defendant had lent money without exacting illegal interest and excessive security, I should certainly conclude that his senses were disordered, or, that to serve some purpose he was, guilty of a deliberate falsehood: Now, two conclusions may be drawn from the preceding sentence; and it is not for me to say that the defendant's senses are disordered.
Be this as it may—
The answer “drags its slow length along,” contending that the plaintiff was to do his work, as a consideration for his putting down his shop. Yet what inducement could the plaintiff have, for making this sacrifice; what injury in the way of rivalry or competition, could the defendant's shop be to him when, as the answer states, at a subsequent period, he, the defendant, was under the necessity of purchasing a blacksmith, to carry on the trade? An empty shop could not be very injurious to one that was full of work; the allegation is absurd, and falsifies itself. Even after the defendant had set up shop, it appears that the plaintiff lost no customers there; and the only reason he had to regret it, was, that it furnished the defendant with a pretext for not extending the loan to a longer period, than at first agreed upon; and to sell the plaintiff's property for little or nothing—property with the value of which, forsooth, the de-

endant pretends, even at this day, not to be acquainted: a very likely story this:
We come now to examine, whether secondly and lastly, this contract was usurious?
In order to discover this, it is necessary to ascertain the value of the work done by the plaintiff.
His charge against the defendant, which is no doubt correct, for the affidavits of the case prove the integrity of his character, is £58, and some odd shillings. One of the overseers of the defendant states in his affidavit, that the work done was worth between £25 and £30; the other, between £20 and £25. But I will take the lowest of all possible calculations; I will take that of the defendant himself: and he admits, in his answer, that upon an annual average computation, one year with another, his work was worth £22. Now, sir, if there is any truth in figures; if £22 is more than £6, then is this contract usurious.
But the defendant, in his answer, has brought forward some arguments, if arguments they can be called, to shew that this contract is not usurious: He contends that it was a legal purchase of labor, and, that the plaintiff derived benefit thereby.
If this contract be called a purchase of labor, we shall not stickle much to admit that it was; but the amount of that labor given as a consideration for the use of the loan, we contend was illegal, and constitutes the very essence of usury. This, sir, is a miserable subterfuge. Vice does not lose its nature by changing its name, and if the defendant was to christen and nick-name this foul transaction, with the most plausible epithet in the vocabulary of fraud and swindling, it would not thence cease to be an usurious contract of the most flagrant and flagitious description. Money is but the representative of labor; and to pay in labor, is, in effect, to pay in money; since money must be advanced as the price of labor, if the debtor is not employed. The distinction, therefore, attempted to be drawn, in the answer, between paying in labor, and paying in money, or purchasing labor and purchasing money, is absurd and preposterous.
Whether it be labor, or money, which represents labor, that is commuted at an illegal price, is altogether immaterial—it is in each equally usurious.
The defendant's contract with the plaintiff was precisely this—he agreed to lend him £300, for the use of which, the plaintiff was to do work of ten times the value, or very near it, of the legal interest of the money. Can any thing be plainer than that this is usury? Where would be the utility of labor, where the benefits of industry, if one's labor did not pay his debts, nor his industry secure him the comforts of life? When the debtor undertakes to do work for his creditor, where is the difference between satisfying the demand in that way and paying him dollars? Where is the difference between paying £100 for the use of £300 in cash, or doing work to that amount? When the debtor borrows money, and undertakes to do so much work as will amount to the legal interest, in consideration for the use of it, it is a fair contract: But when he undertakes to do so much work for the man from whom he has borrowed money, as will amount to five or ten times the legal interest, for the use of it, it is quite as usurious as if he had undertaken to pay so much cash for the use of it.
But the defendant thinks he has one more hiding place; I will ferret him from this: He says that the plaintiff derived a benefit from the contract—we will suppose he did. Whoever borrows money, but from the necessity of making a choice of evils? If he borrows at legal interest, to pay a present demand, and has a source of profit elsewhere, from which he derives, say 10 per cent. per annum, it is evident, when he returns the loan, with legal interest, that he has, upon the whole, saved 4 per cent. by the contract.
To put a stronger case—suppose he borrows money at 20 per cent. and pays a debt, which he could not otherwise discharge, but by a sale of his property, at a discount of 50 per cent. less than its value; here then the borrower has saved 50 per cent. by the contract; and yet, I believe, no one will contend that such a contract would not be usurious.
But this contract, sir, comes not only within the meaning, but precisely within the words of the statute—it was "a corrupt bargain, a loan, exchange, shift, covin, device and deceit," to elude the statute; and it has been decided in the court of appeals, Call's Rep. 1. Gibson, vs. Fristor, that "a slight contingency will not take a contract out of the statute."
The "slight contingency" by which it has been attempted to take this case out of the statute, is, the distinction, without the difference, endeavored to be drawn, between labor and money.
Judge Pendleton, by whom the preceding opinion was delivered, and whose name it is impossible to pronounce, without gratitude and veneration, goes on to state, that "the vendor of money," and by a fair construction, analogy, and parity of reasoning, I presume, the seller of labor, "is supposed to have submitted to a disadvantageous price, under the influence of that necessity, which the statute meant to protect him against."
There never was a case more complete, in point; the plaintiff did sell his labor; at a disadvantageous price; and under the influence of that necessity, which, Judge Pendleton tells us, the statute meant to protect him against. I trust, sir, that the authority of this illustrious patriot, and venerable sage of the law, will be decisive in this cause.
I will conclude by making a very few observations with respect to the relative situation of the parties in this suit.
One is a very poor mechanic, who had no money, but had labor with which to purchase a loan: the other is a man of overgrown opulence.
Wealth is too often a shield, that protects the possessor from the equity of the law. Poverty is no crime, but it is a great misfortune; and poverty, with the aid of the defendant, has reduced the complainant to unmerited and severe distress. Necessity compelled him to enter into an usurious contract with a man as greedy of gold as Midas himself, and for aught I know may be adorned with the same ornaments that decorated the head of the fabled Midas. What "matchless intrepidity of face"
must the defendant possess, to come openly into court, and defend a cause, upon the very face of which, appear fraud and corruption.
What daring effrontery, to exhibit to this tribunal, and in the view of his country, an answer, which is but a tissue of deception and chicanery!
Sir, it would disgrace a common swindler; what stigma, then, ought it not to inflict upon a man who pretends to be a gentleman!
His opponent has nothing to boast but his honesty; let it not be said "plate sin in gold and the strong lance of power will break hurtless on it, but clothe it in rags and a pigmy straw may pierce it;" let it not be said that he has been worried out of his rights, because he is too illiterate, and too poor, to draw up long sophisticated answers, or to command that respect, which is sure to attend upon wealth, however ill gotten.
The defendant would have consulted his reputation, as well as his interest, if he had not made the attempt, which the injunction on now sought to be dissolved, was obtained to prevent: His interest—for it is morally impossible but what he should lose his cause: His reputation—for then it slept in silent repose; now I have been forced to drag his dead character reeking, from its tomb of decay, and expose it, unshrouded, in all its nakedness, corruption, rottenness and depravity.
The decision of the court in this case was in favor of the plaintiff in equity.—
Mr. Mansfield, who left this city a few days since for Philadelphia, and who was to return to go home in the packet that was to have sailed on Friday, has, in consequence of letters by the packet just arrived, proceeded to Washington. It will be recollected, that Mr. Mansfield came out as Secretary to Mr. Rose.
New-York Gazette July, 12.
From Washington, July 9. The President of the United States made the following appointments this day:—
William Duane, Lieut. Col. Commandant of the 25th regiment Pennsylvania militia, to be Lieut. Colonel of the 1st regiment of Riflemen in the United States service.
Jonas Simonds, Lieut. Col. of the 50th regiment Pennsylvania militia, to the command of the 6th regiment of Infantry in the U. S. service."
From the Virginia Herald.
AT a meeting of the Culpepper Society for the promotion of agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, held the 4th day of June, 1808.
Resolved, That to the person, being an inhabitant of this county, who shall manufacture in his or her own family, the most approved piece of linen cloth, from flax or hemp, not less than twenty yards, at least one yard wide, the sum of twenty dollars premium shall be given. For the most approved piece of cotton cloth not less than 15 yards, at least one yard wide, the sum of fifteen dollars; and for the most approved piece of woollen cloth, not less than ten yards, at least one yard wide, the sum of ten dollars. In each case the entire piece is to be exhibited to the society, on the first Saturday in December next, and the preference to be awarded by a committee of the society then to be appointed. It is required that the process and manner of fabricating the article shall be communicated to the society on that day.
Teste, D. JAMESON, Secretary.
Communication.—Messrs. Editors, the Novel which is advertised for sale at your office, under the title of CORINNA; or, Italy, is one of the most interesting of any that has been published of late years.—It is a translation from the French, and though it is justly styled a novel, yet it comprises a partial account of the antiquities and curiosities of Italy. It was written by Madame de Staël. She was so unfortunate as to introduce some remarks into this work that proved disagreeable to BONAPARTE, and caused her banishment.—Charleston Courier.
In the Courant of 29th ult. it is asserted, that Mr. Madison declared to John Randolph, "that France wanted money and we must give it." This is a base mutilation, of what passed at an interview, between those two gentlemen, sometime during the session of Congress in the winter of 1805—6.—The object of the Courant, or rather of those papers from which The Courant copies, and upon which it depends for fuel, is to show, that Mr. Madison is devoted to French interest, and therefore, unfit for a President of the U. States.
The interview and conversation to which the Courant alludes, happened "in this way." While the bill respecting the two millions of dollars, was before Congress, the interview took place. The object of the bill was, as every body knew, the purchase of the Floridas, and against the passage thereof Mr. Randolph had taken strong ground and made several violent speeches.
The situation of French affairs at this time, as far as was known in this country, was somewhat thus. Bonaparte was on his way to the heart of Germany, with a large army. His progress was to be resisted by very numerous German, Russian, and perhaps Prussian armies, under experienced commanders. The battle of Austerlitz had not happened. It was expected that the campaign would be arduous and indecisive. The pecuniary resources of France, were supposed to be inadequate.
At the interview in question, the observations of Mr. Madison were of this import.
"Now is the time to purchase the Floridas; France wants money, and must have it;" (not we must give," as stated in the Courant.) "We never shall have a better opportunity to purchase these provinces; they are a natural appendage to the U. S."—From this statement of plain facts, has been elicited, a most grievous charge against Mr. Madison. By a similar perversion of a passage in the "Notes on Virginia," federalists, eight years ago, proved Mr. Jefferson to be a polytheist; by a similar perversion, an atheist may prove from the sacred scriptures, "there is no God."
Before the negotiation for the purchase of the Floridas, had succeeded, the battle of Austerlitz was fought; the Russian army was dispersed or captured; Bonaparte had made peace with Prussia and Germany; France wanted no money; and the two millions of dollars still remain in the treasury of the U. S. Federal editors! will you be satisfied till September?
(American Mercury.)
The following are the particulars of the death of Goldsmith, the Banker as narrated in a London paper.
Mr. Hamerton, a gentleman about 38 years of age, of the christian persuasion, had resided many years in the family of Mr. B. Goldsmith, not only in the respectable capacities of Steward and Tutor, but in the more confidential one of friend, for he held valuable land for Mr. Goldsmith, the Jews being unjustly debarred this common privilege of their fellow subjects. For a considerable time preceding the tragic event, the conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith, are stated to have been characterised by a want of harmony unknown before. On Friday before his death, a dispute was overhead between them as they were walking in the grounds respecting the dismissal of Hamerton, and Mrs. Goldsmith, it is said, exclaimed with emotion, "If Mr. H. leaves the house so must I." It is however, proper to state, that Mr. G. was a man who sullied an otherwise most amiable disposition by frequent bursts of passion. The serenity of his mind like the clear calm of a summer sky, was often suddenly and tempestuously disturbed; but the gust was soon over, and he fulfilled all the relative and social duties with the expansive benevolence of a philanthropist, with the animated affection of a husband, brother, father & friend. His character shines with more than diamond brilliancy in the tear, that, prompt from the heart, glistens in the eye of his numerous friends and the poor of Rohampton mourn his loss.
On Saturday evening he ordered his carriage to be in readiness by nine o'clock on Monday morning. Mrs. G. slept in a different room from that occupied by Mr. G.—A man servant slept in the same chamber with her husband. Being affected with the gout, a silk cord was suspended from the bed's top, by which he changed his position and raised himself—About eight on Monday morning he ordered the servant to go and expedite the carriage. This was the awful and approaching moment of the catastrophe, for on his return he found the door bolted within. He repeatedly requested admittance, but no answer being returned, his suspicions were awakened, and he immediately gave the alarm to Mrs. Goldsmith and Mr. Hamerton who burst open the door, when the dreadful spectacle presented itself of Mr. G.'s suspension by the silk cord, & apparently lifeless. Assistance was immediately imparted, but the pulse of life was stoppt, and the anxious spirit which fluttered within was fled. Peace go along with it.
Though Mr. Goldsmith's death occurred early on Monday morning, it was not till Wednesday afternoon the coroner held his inquest, which continued but a short period, and of which the particulars have been studiously concealed. They gave the usual humane verdict of Lunacy—which, though certainly apparently warranted by the facts, few will be disposed to quarrel with, when it is considered that the property of a person killing himself, when sane is forfeited to the crown, so that the affliction of an innocent family would be increased by all the horrors of poverty.
By the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
A PROCLAMATION.
WHEREAS it appears to the executive from an order made at the October term, 1807, of the district court at Winchester, duly certified by the clerk of said court, that Jacob Ockerman, who was examined for murder in the county court of Shenandoah, and adjudged by that court to be tried in the district court, and entered into recognizance to appear in the said district court, on the first day of the term, and against whom the grand jury found a bill for murder, failed to appear, and is going at large; I have therefore thought fit, by and with the advice of the council of state, to issue this proclamation, hereby offering a reward of one hundred dollars to any person or persons who shall apprehend and conduct the said Jacob Ockerman before some one or more of the justices of the peace in and for the county of Frederick, in which county the jail of the said district court of Winchester is situate, that he may be dealt with as, in such cases, the law directs. And I do moreover enjoin all officers, civil and military, and exhort the good people of this commonwealth, to use their best endeavors to apprehend and carry before some one or more of the justices of the peace in and for the aforesaid county of Frederick, the said Jacob Ockerman, to be dealt with according to law.
Given under my hand with the seal of the commonwealth annexed, at Richmond, this 19th day of July, 1808.
Signed, Wm. H. Cabell.
A Court of Inquiry
FOR the 1st battalion, will be held at the Bell Tavern in the city of Richmond on the 25th inst.—and for the 2d battalion at the Washington Tavern, on the 26th inst.—and a Regimental Court of Inquiry will be held at the Bell Tavern, on the 6th day of August: These courts will commence at 9 o'clock, A. M. and adjourn at 4 o'clock, P. M. on each day, unless the business before them be sooner determined.
GEO: Wm. SMITH, Lieut. Col. 19th Regiment. July 15 1808.
In Council, July 16, 1808.
PURSUANT to an act of the General Assembly intituled an act, to amend an act for appointing Electors to choose a President and Vice President of the United States. It is advised that the following persons be appointed and commissioned in the respective counties, and corporations of Richmond, Williamsburg and Borough of Norfolk, for the purpose of executing the said law, viz.
 Accomack, Thomas M. Bayley, George Layfield and Parker Barnes.  Albemarle, Nicholas Lewis, George Divers and Rice Garland.  Amelia, Edmund Harrison, John Lane and Daniel Hardaway.  Amherst, Samuel Meridith, Wm. S. Crawford and John Camm.  Augusta, Chapman Johnson, Chesley Kinney and James Cochran.  Bath, Samuel Vance, John Wilson and John Berry.  Bedford, Jabez Leftwich, Charles Clay and Daniel Pegram.  Berkeley, J. Leif Ward, Erasmus Grant and William Sommerville.  Botetourt, Martin M'Ferran, Charles Beale and Elijah M'Clintoch.  Brooke, John G. Young, John M'Comick and James Blair.  Brunswick, Thomas Macklin, Philip Claiborne and Aaron Brown.  Buckingham, Archibald Austin, Bolling Branch and Anthony Dibrell.  Campbell, John Dabney, William J. Lewis and Thomas S. M'Cleland.  Cumberland, William Daniel, John Hatcher and Charles Woodson.  Caroline, Richard Hawes, George Buckner and William Anderson.  Charles City, John Bradley, James Walker and John Christian.  Charlotte, Joseph Wyatt, Williamson Price and William L. Morton.  Chesterfield, Thomas Goode, Isaac Salle and Thomas Watkins.  Culpeper, Moses Green, John Roberts and Aylett Hawes.  Dinwiddie, Williamson Cleman, Archibald Tiewart and John Wilder.  Elizabeth City, George Wray, Augustine Moore and Thomas Jones, jr.  Essex, Tunstall Banks, James Webb and Threshley Kenneds.  Fauquier, Augustine Jennings, Thomas Hunton and Richard H. Foote.  Fairfax, Thompson Mason, George Summers and George Graham.  Frederick, James Singleton, Henry St. George Tucker and William Castleman.  Franklin, Henry Callaway, Moses Greer and Benjamin Cooke.  Fluvanna, John Quarles, William Pasteur and Matthew P. Haden.  Giles, George Pearis, Andrew Johnson and Thomas Shannon.  Gloucester, Thomas Baytop, Richard Jones and William P. Byrd.  Goochland, Nicholas M. Vaughan, James Carter and Archelaus Perkins.  Grayson, Martin Dickinson, John Fieder and Enoch Osborne.  Greenbrier, J. S. Anderson, Oliver Towles and Ballard Smith.  Greensville, Lewis Dupree, Joseph Wilkins and Francis Hill.  Halifax, John B. Scott, Berryman Green and George Carrington.  Hampshire, John Higgins, William Donaldson and Francis Murphy.  Hanover, Nathaniel Pope, William Pollard and Thomas White.  Hardy, John L. Sehon, George Stump and Henry Judea.  Harrison, Johnathan Ratcliff, George Arndt and William Bartlett, sen.  Henrico, Major William Price, William Young (Brooke) and George Savage.  Henry, Joseph Martin, George Waller, jr. and Patrick H. Fontaine.  Isle of Wight, J. Barber (Everit's Bridge) Emanuel Willis and Andrew Woodley.  James City, Champion Travis, William Lightfoot and Robert Greenhow.  Jefferson, Ferdinando Fairfax, Jacob H. Manning and George Hite.  Kanawha, John Reynolds, Morris Hudson and Charles Venable.  King & Queen, Anderson Scott, John Hoskins and William Fleet.  King George, William Hoce, Theodosius Hansford and Lawrence Berry.  King William, Walter Hawes, Hardin Littepage and John Lord.  Lancaster, Martin Shearman, William Gibson and William Kirk.  Lee, Peter Fulkerson, Joshua Ewing and Hiram Craig.  Loudoun, John Littlejohn, Armistead Long and Fleet Smith.  Louisa, William O. Callis, John Poindexter and Henry Pendleton.  Lunenburg, Waddy Street, Joseph Yarborough and Robert Chapell.  Madison, Abraham Maury, William Malory and Benjamin Cave.  Mason, William Owens, William Sterritt and John M'Colloch.  Mathews, Hundley Gayle, Tho's Brooke and Levin Gayle.  Mecklenburg, Abraham Keene, Thomas A. Jones and Grief Green.  Middlesex, Thomas Muse, Thomas Healy, jr. and Richard M. Segar.  Monongalia, William John, Benjamin Reeder, and William G. Payne.  Monroe, John Byrnside, William Graham and Benjamin Hall.  Montgomery, Daniel Trigg, Charles Taylor and James P. Preston.  Nansemond, Lemuel Riddick, Fisher Dashiell and Richard Yarborough.  Nelson, Landon Cabell, Shelton Crosthwait and Nelson Anderson.  New Kent, William Chamberlayne, John Saunders and Edmund Parke.  Northumberland, Thomas D. Downing, Hiram L. Ope and John H. Fallin.  Norfolk county, James S. Matthews, Daniel Bedinger and Bernard Maginian.  Northampton, Caleb Fisher, Hezekiah Pitts and Caleb B. Upshur.  Nottoway, Francis Fitzgerald, Edward Bland and Peter Randolph, jr.  Ohio, Thomas Evans (merchant, Wheeling) Joseph Tomlinson and John Morgan.  Orange, Robert T. Moore, James Barbour and Belfield Cave.  Patrick, Samuel Staples, Gabriel Penn and William Carter.  Pendleton, Robert Davis, John Slavin and William M'Coey.  Pittsylvania, Isaac Coles, William Tunstall and Joseph Carter. 
 Powhatan, Samuel Pleasants, James Poin-dexter and Frederick Woodson.  Prince Edward, Peter Johnston, John Pur-nall and Thomas Green.  Princess Anne, Lemuel Cornick, John Read and Tally Robinson.  Prince William, John Bronaugh, James Kempe and Stephen French.  Prince George, Thomas H. Cocke, George Ruffin and Miles Selden, jr.  Randolph, Robert Maxwell, Nicholas Gibson and John Currier.  Richmond county, Peter Rust, Ezekiel Levy and Vincent Brauhm.  Rockbridge, James Carruthers, John Leyburn and Andrew R. ad.  Rockingham, George Houston, Benjamin Harrison and Daniel Smith.  Russell, James M'Farlane, Nathan Elling-ton and Harry Smith.  Southampton, James Gee, Henry Trizvant and Griffin Stith.  Spottsylvania, David C. Kerr, Hugh Mercer and John Chew.  Stafford, Col John Cooke, Hancooke Eu-stance and Travis Daniel.  Surry, Nicholas Faulcon, James B. Edwards and Charles H. Graves.  Sussex, Benjamin Wyche, William Mas-senburg and John Jarrott.  Shenandoah, Philip Williams, Jacob Rin-ker and William H. Dulany.  Tazewell, James Thompson, Samuel Bard and George Peery.  Warwick, William Digges, Thomas Pescud and Matthew Wills.  Washington, Francis Preston, Robert Pres-ton and Henry St. John Dixon.  Westmoreland, Alexander Parker, Samuel Templeman and Richard E. Parker.  Wood, John Stockley, James G. Laidley and Thomas Tavener.  Wythe, John Montgomery, John Stonger and Joseph Kent.  York, William Howard, Samuel Shields and Peyton Southall.  Richmond City, Alexander Quarrier, Ben-jamin Tate and John H. Foushee.  Norfolk Borough, Richard E. Lee, Robert Brough and William Lindsay.  Williamsburg, James Semple, Robert An-derson and Littleton Tazewell. 
Extract from the Journal.
DANL. L. HYLTOK, Clerk of the Council.
In Council, July 8, 1808.
THE Governor laid before the board a letter from John Claiborne Esq. resigning his seat in the Congress of the United States as a representative of the district composed of the counties of Brunswick, Lunenburg and Mecklenburg. Whereupon, it is advised, that writs of electi-on be issued to the several Sheriffs of the coun-ties aforesaid directing them to hold elections in their several counties, to supply the vacancy a-foresaid, on their several court days in Septem-ber next.
Extract from the Journal.
DANL. L. HYLTOK, Clerk of the Council.
SALES AT AUCTION.
WILL BE SOLD, On Friday the 29th inst at 5 o'clock P. M. an unimproved
Half Acre Lot,
Fronting the street leading from the brick row to the residence of Mr. Joseph Gallego, and imme-diately in the neighborhood of Judge Taylor, known by the No. 718—Also, part of the LOT on which Mrs. E. Page resides. One third of the purchase money to be paid in 60 days, and the re-sume in 6 and 18 months.
Prosser & Moncure, auct's.
Richmond, July 20, 1808.
THE public is hereby cautioned against take-ing an assignment of my Bond or note of Fifty Dollars, from George Parish, or trading in any manner for the same, as said Parish is just-ly indebted to me in a sum of greater amount than said bond or note.
John Underwood.
Goochland, July 19th, 1808. (2)
Buckingham County, June Court, 1808.
Peter Guerrant, jr. Plaintiff In
AGAINST James Rea, William Guerrant and John Hobson, Jr. Defendants
ON the motion of the plaintiff by counsel, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that the defendant James Rea is not an in-habitant of this state, It is ordered and decreed, that unless he shall appear here on or before Sep-tember next and answer the Plaintiff's bill the court will then proceed to decree the same for con-fessed as to him, and decree the matter thereof accordingly; & that a copy of this order be forth-with published in some public newspaper of the city of Richmond for two months successively and another copy be posted up at the front door of the court house of this county.
A Copy—Teste.
R. Eldridge, jr. B. C.
Just Received and for Sale, At the Bookstore of S. PLEASANTS, Jr. RICHMOND, VOLUME TWO, OF
The American Register, Price 3 Dollars and 25 Cents.
The first volume of this work has been so long before the public that its merits are two well known to need any encom-ium. It may not however, be improper to observe, that it contains a very com-plete History of the Political Occurrences and Transactions both Foreign and Do-mestic, of the last year; a sketch of A-merican and British Literature—and a valuable collection of State Papers, both American and European, besides a num-ber of Miscellaneous Articles.
Perhaps no other publication in this country, condences so much historical in-formation in the same limits; and being an annual publication, it is presumed that it will be deemed a necessary addition to every well furnished library.
FOR SALE AT THE ARGUS PRINTING-HOUSE.
THE TRIAL
OF
THOMAS O. SELFRIDGE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW, FOR KILLING
CHARLES AUSTIN,
On the Public Exchange, in Boston,
August 4th, 1806.

Mount Comfort, FOR SALE. SITUATED on Rappahannock in the county of Essex, within fifteen miles of Tappahannock and about the same distance from Urbanna and King and Queen Courthouse and very convenient to the post-office at Montague's Tavern—there are upwards of one hundred and fifty acres of land attached to this seat, a considerable part of which is wood land and heavily timbered—The improvements are a dwelling house, forty feet by eighteen, a Kitchen, Smoke-House, Stable, Ice House, &c. on the Hill—And on the river bank, a store house, with a commodious Store and Counting-Room and an excellent Granary—all of which—except the Stable—have been recently built. Mount Comfort commands as good, if not the best view of the river of any seat on the Rappahannock, and the best fish and oysters may be had at the door with very little trouble—It is well calculated for a merchant, being in a populous and wealthy neighborhood, where it is believed five or six thousand pounds worth of goods might be retailed annually—it would also be a convenient stand for a professional character—I would either sell on credit if the payments can be agreed on, or exchange for other lands without improvements. For further particulars apply to Reuben M. Garnett, or to
Carter Wood, Mount Comfort. June 1, 1808
MATTRESSES OF ALL SIZES AND KINDS, MADE and repaired, agreeably to order, in the large wooden house opposite the Old City Tavern, two squares below the market bridge, Richmond. J. S. Pleasants. May 31, 1808
Joseph Marx & Co. Have on hand an assortment GERMAN OZNA BURGS, TICKLENBURGS, DOWNLASS, and TOWELLING, by the bale, box or piece. COGNAC BRANDY and MOLASSES. SACK SALT, coarse and fine. Which they will sell for cash, tobacco, or approved paper. Richmond, April 28, 1808.
Penitentiary Store. SHOES at the Manufacture of the Penitentiary have been lately REDUCED, considerably below their former prices. D. J. BURR, Agent. 10th May, 1808.
To Aaron Burr, Esq. TAKE NOTICE that I shall apply on the 5th day of the August term of Henrico county court, which commences on the first Monday in August next, to award commissions to take depositions in Kentucky to be read in evidence in three suits depending in said court, in which I am plaintiff and you are defendant. Your obedient servant, Robert Miller. July 5, 1808.
To Aaron Burr, Esq. TAKE NOTICE that I shall apply on the 5th day of the August term of Henrico county court, which commences on the first Monday in August next, to award commissions to take depositions in Kentucky to be read in evidence in a suit depending in said court, in which I am plaintiff and you are defendant. Your obedient servant, Henry Schroeder. July 5, 1808.
Gallego, Richard & Co. HAVING NO LONGER ANY CONCERN IN THE  Columbian Mills, COMMONLY CALLED  ROSS'S MILLS, Inform their friends and the public in general, that any WHEAT sent to them by water, from the upper country, will be received at THEIR MILLS ON THE CANAL; and any wheat sent them by LAND, will be received at a convenient lumber-house contiguous to their counting room. Richmond, July 11, 1808.
TO RENT And possession given the first day of October next,  The Tenement, OCCUPIED by Alexander Plainville, next door below Samuel Pleasants' Book-Store. For particulars, apply to WILLIAM COOK. Richmond, 1st July, 1808
DISSOLUTION. THE Copartnership of the subscribers, is by mutual consent, this day dissolved. All persons indebted to said concern, will make payment or give bond to Ezekiel Levy, who alone is fully authorised to settle the said concern and grant discharges; those who have claims will apply to him for payment. Ezekiel Levy. John Edwards. Richmond county, Virginia, June 6, 1808.
Wirt's Speeches. The Editor of the Argus has lately published the SPEECHES of WILLIAM WIRT, Esq. on the trial of Col. AARON BURR, and others—With a portrait by St. Memin.
For Sale, A VALUABLE TRACT OF LAND, lying in the county of Powhatan, containing by a late survey, Five Hundred and Forty One Acres—two hundred and seventy six acres of which is prime woodland—about 20 acres of first rate Meadow Land, which may be rendered very valuable with a small expense. This is the tract whereon Col. Wm. Mayo, late of Powhatan county, dec'd. lived, lying about 3 miles above Powhatan courthouse, within four of James and four of Appomattox rivers, in a healthy neighborhood and convenient to several merchant mills. This land is well watered, with excellent springs, and is suitably adapted to the balance of corn, wheat and tobacco. The improvements are a Dwelling House 48 by 22 feet, with a passage and three rooms on the first floor, and a passage with two rooms on the upper, with a twenty two feet square wing with two rooms, some necessary out buildings—all of which want some repairs. I shall proceed to offer this land for sale at Scituate, the seventeenth day of August next, being Powhatan court day, on the following terms—The sum of seven hundred and fifty pounds cash in hand, on the day of sale, and for the balance, a credit of two years will be given the purchaser; bond with approved security will be required, carrying interest from the day of sale, if not punctually paid; also a deed of trust on the said land to secure the payment of the balance. It is deemed needless to say any thing more, as it is presumed, that those who may wish to purchase, will first view the premises, which will be shown by capt Benja. Measby, or Mr. Thos. T. Swann, living near there—or to the Subscriber living near Powhatan Courthouse. Wm. MAYO, Junr. Powhatan County, June 20, 1808.
A PROCLAMATION. WHEREAS it is represented to the executive, that Henry Thacker, David Thacker and Elisha Thacker, late of the county of Louisa, and who were committed to the jail of the district court held at Charlottesville, charged with highway robbery, have escaped from the said jail on the night of the 19th inst.; and whereas it is also represented to the executive that Reuben Marshall, late of the county of Albemarle, who was committed to the jail of said county charged with maiming and putting out the eyes of Francis Taliaferro, has also, on the night aforesaid, escaped from the jail of the said county of Albemarle; I have therefore thought fit, with the advice of the council of state, to issue this proclamation, hereby offering a reward of one hundred dollars each for apprehending and conveying to the jail of the district court aforesaid, the said Henry Thacker, David Thacker and Elisha Thacker. And I do also hereby offer a reward of one hundred and fifty dollars to any person or persons who shall apprehend and convey to the aforesaid jail of the county of Albemarle, the said Reuben Marshall. And to the end that the laws may be duly executed, and justice administered by the punishment of such crimes as the culprits aforesaid are charged with, I do moreover enjoin all officers, civil and military, and exhort the good people of this commonwealth to use their best endeavors to apprehend and convey to the jails respectively as aforesaid the said Henry Thacker, David Thacker and Elisha Thacker, and Reuben Marshall. Given under my hand with the seal of the (L.S.) commonwealth annexed, at Richmond, this 25th day of June, 1808. Signed Wm. H. Cabell.
MYER MARKS, Respectfully informs the Parents & Guardians of Children, that he has OPENED  A DAY SCHOOL, In the cross-street leading to Court's Ferry, a few doors below Joshua West's coach shop, where he will teach READING, WRITING and ARITHMETIC. He assures those who think proper to favor him with their children, that the strictest attention will be paid both to their morals and education. His School room is in a pleasant and healthy situation. The terms are such, that he believes will meet with the approbation of all. English Grammar will be taught. Richmond, July 8, 1808.
Turnpike Company. AT a meeting of the directors of the Richmond Turnpike Company, on Thursday evening the 7th of July, 1808. Resolved, That all shares of delinquent stockholders in this company, be sold at the Swan Tavern in this city, on Monday the 15th day of next month, at 5 o'clock, P. M., without reserve, and that the same be published in all the newspapers of this city. Resolved, That a call of 5 dollars on each share of the stockholders in the company be made, to be paid to the treasurer on or before the 15th of next month. Teste, N. Sheppard, Clk. Richmond, July 10, 1808.
Four Slaves, to wit: Daniel a negro man, Phillis a woman, Squire a boy, and Palisa a girl, but as we are only trustees for the benefit of others, we will only warrant the title as to ourselves and those claiming under us. William F. Carter. Robert Franklin. Westminster, July 6, 1808.
A New Novel, JUST RECEIVED AT S. PLEASANTS' BOOK STORE.  CORINNA, OR ITALY; A New Novel, by Mad. De Stali Holstein In 2 vols.
Blank Notes AND POWERS OF ATTORNEY, used in depositing stock in the Bank of Virginia, for sale at this office.
ON Thursday the 8th of August next, will be offered for SALE, for cash, at John Anderson's tavern in New Canton.  Five Negro Slaves, viz. Beck, Maria, Milley, Sam and Aggy, conveyed to the subscribers as trustees, by Col. Wm. Cannon, to secure a sum of money due by him, to Daniel Bagby and Robert Bell's representatives and others, as is in said deed expressed. As the subscribers are only trustees, they will convey only such title as they have by virtue of such deed. William Guerrant. Thomas Pittman. New Canton, June 25, 1808.
A Tract of Land, Lying in the county of Henrico, containing 863.4 more or less, it being the land purchased by Mrs. Mary White of Philip Turpin, and adjoining the lands of Elisha Harwood and Joseph Price. Isham Goddin, } Trustees. W. M. Lewis, } July 8, 1808.
Buckingham County, June Court, 1808. Thomas and Francis Deane, for the benefit of Archd. Womack, Plaintiffs, AGAINST John Francis, Silas Flournoy and Samuel and Drury M. Allen acting partners of Hughes Allen & Company, Defendants. ON the motion of the plaintiffs by counsel, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that the defendants, Drury M. Allen and Silas Flournoy, are not inhabitants of this state. It is ordered and decreed, that unless they shall appear here on or before September court next, and answer the bill of the plaintiffs, the court will then proceed to take the same for confessed as to them, and decree the matter thereof accordingly; and that a copy of this order be forthwith published in some public newspaper of the city of Richmond for two months successively, and another copy be posted up at the front door of the courthouse of this county. A copy, — Teste, R. ELDRIDGE, Jr. D. C.
Strayed or Stolen, FROM the subscriber living near Wm. M. Watkins's store, in Charlotte County,  A BAY HORSE, about four feet eight or nine inches high, supposed to be about nine or ten years old, marked as nearly as can be recollected, as follows: a small star in his forehead, some saddle spots, a small piece off of one of his upper eye lids, he is also supposed to have been docked. His usual gait is pacing. A reasonable reward will be given to any person who will return the said horse or secure him so that I get him again. John H. Rice. N.B. He was missing the 2d or 3d day of this month. June 18th, 1808
20 Dollars Reward. Runaway from the Subscriber living in Halifax county, at the fork of Dan and Banister river, on or about the 23d day of August last, SHADRACK, a negro man slave, aged between thirty five and forty years. He is a sensible well informed fellow, is an excellent house servant, to which business and that of a groom he was principally applied for some time by capt. John A. Fawkes his late master, previous to my purchasing him of his executors, which was only two days before his elopement. His complexion is not entirely black, but yellowish, yet of the negro yellow: has a defect in the right eye which is nearly if not quite blind, occasioned by an inflammation, and both eyes generally show inflamed symptoms—he also has had an arm broken, but this will not be perceived without particular examination—has a bold, six or seven inches high, as well as recollected—uncommonly complacent and conversable for a slave, and capable if he attempts it of much deception. He carried away with him a considerable variety of good clothes, a snuff colored cloth coat is particularly recollected, is very fond of dress, and it is expected will appear well as to that article and attempt to pass as a free man; to effect which, it is probable, the indulgence afforded him by his late master and particularly the confidence placed in him in his last illness, was made use of to supply himself with cash—and that he has since procured from some evil disposed person false papers against which the public are cautioned in confiding. The above reward will be paid to any person delivering him to me, at my residence, or securing him in any jail so that I get him again as well as all legal and reasonable expenses. William Owen. January 4, 1808.
Royster & Bohannan Have For Sale, at their Store near the Market-bridge, Richmond, A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF  Groceries, AMONG WHICH ARE— Brown Sugar in hds | Whiskey by the bbl or and bbl | tierce Leaf Sugar, in do | French Brandy Best Green Coffee | Salt by the Sack Imperial, and | A quantity of excellent Young Hyson TEAS, | Lard by the firkin Chocolate, by the box | A large assortment of Pimento | Iron Castings, every Pepper | description Ginger | An assortment of Stone Rice | Ware Mustard | Queen's Ware W. I. Rum | Soap and Candles by Jamaica do | box N. England do | Leiper's Snuff Molasses by hhd | Writing Paper —Sherry and Malaga | Wrapping do Wine | Decanters Holland and Country | Tomblers Gin | Wine Glasses Spanish Segars by box | Leading Lines or retail | Bed Cords, &c &c &c Together with a number of other articles too tedious to enumerate—which they will sell low for cash, country produce, or approved paper in town. It is earnestly requested that those who have long standing accounts, will settle them immediately, as no longer indulgence can be given. 27 June, 1808.
PATENT MEDICINES, FOR SALE at the Argus Book-Store. PUBLIC confidence has never been more deliberately and firmly reposed, and perhaps in no instance more justly, than it appears in the efficacy of HAMILTON'S WORM LOZENGES, prepared and sold, wholesale and retail, by HANNAH LEE, no. 56, Maiden-lane, New York And in Richmond, (only) at S. Pleasants' Printing-office. The proprietor has lately presented to the public eye the testimony of the Hon. A. C. Hanson, Chancellor of Maryland, the Rev. Mr. Molther, and of other distinguished and respectable characters. The following cases, of more recent occurrence, are now respectfully submitted.  SINGULAR OCCURRENCES. THE wife of Mr. Wm. Stillwell, merchant, Water street, New-York, had been in a poor state of health for several years past, and was often confined to her chamber by indisposition: her symptoms were various, though generally attended with great debility; sometimes they were supposed to indicate dropsy, at others a disease of the liver. Having suffered a very severe attack, without obtaining any relief from her physician, and almost despairing of recovery, she was induced to make trial of Hamilton's Worm Destroying Lozenges; having heard of their performing cures in several complaints that could not be accounted for. Two doses were taken, which brought away a large worm, nearly half a yard in length, and a great quantity of matter evidently pieces of worms, &c. On taking the third or fourth dose, an entire animal shaped like a crab, was expelled: its parts were examined with the aid of a microscope, when the claws, feet, &c. appeared perfectly formed; different in but few respects from the common crab. Mrs. Stillwell began from that time to recover her health; and three months have since elapsed; and she has been free from her former complaints, and has acquired a degree of health and strength which for years before she had been a stranger to. She being free to extend the knowledge of a medicine from which so much benefit has been received, has authorised Mrs. Lee, the present proprietor, to state these particulars for the good of others. New-York, June 5, 1807. Philadelphia, May 22, 1806. TO H. LEE.
Having in a most singular manner, experienced in my family the astonishing efficacy of Hamilton's Worm Destroying Lozenges, prepared by the late Mr. Lee, I feel it my duty to add the following curious case to the list of remarkable cures performed by that celebrated medicine. My daughter at the age of 17 months was taken ill with those symptoms which are supposed to denote worms: after having tried a number of things which are said to be good in such cases, without any benefit, we had the attendance of a respectable physician; but she still continued to decline in health, and at the end of six months became so weak that she could not walk, nor keep food on her stomach, it was so extremely disordered. At this interesting period, one of our neighbours recommended your Lozenges so earnestly, we were induced to send to Mr. Birch's for a box of them; on her taking the third dose, according to the printed directions, there came from her a living animal about three quarters of an inch long and of a most frightful appearance, being very white, with a great number of legs, and something which resembled wings, by which it appeared to spring; and which it did repeatedly, to our great surprise, about the same distance that a small toad can hop on the ground. Its form was altogether unknown to every person who saw it. It lived in water about 18 hours. We afterwards put it in spirits, and it is now in the possession of Dr. Bleight of this city. The child grew better from that day; in a very short period began to walk again, and is now in perfect health. Yours, &c. Wm. BRADLEY, Callowhill street, between 8th and 9th sts. Any person may be satisfied of the accuracy and authenticity of this singular occurrence, by making enquiry in the neighborhood: many of the neighbors saw the creature alive, and are well acquainted with the above particular. W. B.
Among the symptoms attending worms, are disagreeable breath, especially in the morning; bad and corrupted gums—itching in the nose and about the seat—convulsions and epileptic fits and sometimes privation of speech—starting and grinding of the teeth in sleep—irregular appetite; sometimes loathing food and sometimes voracious; purging, with slimy and foetid stools; Vomiting; Large and hard belly; Pains and sickness at the stomach; Pains in the head and thighs, with lowness of spirits; Slow fever, with small and irregular pulse; A dry cough; Excessive thirst; Sometimes pale and unhealthy countenance, and sometimes the face bloated and flushed. Persons afflicted with any of the above symptoms, should have immediate recourse to  HAMILTON'S WORM DESTROYING LOZENGES, which have been constantly attended with success in all complaints similar to those above described. A dose of this medicine given occasionally during the warm season, will effectually prevent the "vomiting and purging of children," a dreadful disorder which, annually destroys thousands of the infant part of our citizens. Children generally take this medicine with eagerness; having a pleasing appearance and an agreeable taste.
FOR SALE AS ABOVE,  Hamilton's Essence and Extract of Mulard, A safe and effectual remedy for acute and chronic Rheumatism, Gout, Rheumatic Gout, Palsy, Lumbago, Numbness, White Swelling, Chilblains, Sprains, Bruises, Pain in the Face and Neck, &c. "AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE." For the prevention and cure of Bilious and Malignant Fevers is recommended  Hahn's Anti-Bilious Pills. The operation of these pills is perfectly mild, so as to be used with safety by persons in every situation, and of every age.  Hamilton's Elixir, A sovereign remedy for Cold, Obhinate Coughs, Asthma, Sore Throats, and approaching Consumption. To Parents who may have children afflicted with  The Hooping Cough. This disorder is of the first magnitude, as it affords immediate relief, checks the progress, and in a short time entirely removes the most cruel disorder to which children are liable. The Elixir is so perfectly agreeable, and the dose so small, that no difficulty arises in taking it.  The Restorative Powder for the Teeth and Gums. HAHN'S GENUINE EYE WATER, A sovereign remedy for all diseases of the eye, whether the effect of natural weakness or of accident, speedily removing inflammations, defluxions of rheum, dullness, itching and films on the eyes; never failing to cure those maladies which frequently succeed the small-pox, measles and fever, and wonderfully strengthening to weak light. Hundreds have experienced its excellent virtues when nearly deprived of light.  Tooth-Ache Drops, The only remedy yet discovered, which gives immediate and lasting relief in the most severe instances. June 1, 1808.
Richmond Tile Manufactory. THE subscriber having procured the exclusive right to manufacture in this and several other states Harwood's much improved Patent Tile for covering houses, and at considerable expense erected the necessary buildings, &c. for carrying on that useful business extensively, now offers to supply, at a short notice, any quantity that may be required, at the moderate price of Thirty Five Dollars per thousand, delivered at his factory. He can with confidence, founded on actual experiment, in the covering of about 20 houses in this city, assert, that houses can be covered with this tile as cheap in the first instance, as with shingles of the first quality, and when the security against fire, the difference of insurance, the durability and particular construction on this tile to resist the most penetrating rains and snows are considered, he cannot doubt of meeting with considerable encouragement. It requires only the examination of a well covered roof to convince the most prejudiced mind of their superiority to any other tile heretofore made, or to the best slate, and will cost less than the latter, after paying the expense of water carriage to almost any part of this continent. Particular attention will be paid to orders from other towns, and in all cases where they are shipped, he will deliver them whole and sound, along side of the vessels, at the expense of carriage only to the purchasers. Any person skilled in the art of tiling, will put on those tile with great facility; but where they cannot be procured, he can engage a few here who have had some experience, and will go a moderate distance, if the job is of sufficient magnitude and their travelling expenses paid. BENJAMIN DU VAL. Richmond, March 12, 1808. N.B. I wish to sell Patent Rights in several other states. Peter Guerrant, Plaintiff. AGAINST John Fowler and Jordan Harris, Defendants. BY virtue of a commission issued from the superior court of chancery for the Richmond district, in the above suit, I shall on the eighth day of next month, (August,) at John Anderson's tavern in New Canton, in the county of Buckingham, between the hours of 5 in the morning and 7 in the evening of that day, take the depositions of William Guerrant, Robt. Moseley and others, to be read as evidence in the suit in chancery, now depending in the said superior court of chancery, wherein I am plaintiff and you are defendant. Peter Guerrant. To Messrs. JOHN FOWLER, residing in Kentucky, and JORDAN HARRIS. July 4th, 1808.
Twenty Dollars Reward. RUNAWAY from the subscriber some time in January last, a negro man named BILLY. He is a middle aged man, and about the common size. The third finger of one hand is cut off and has five or six large marks across his breast. It is supposed he will make to the neighborhood of Williamsburg. He was purchased of Mr. John P. Shields of Richmond, by the subscriber, who resides in Giles county, who will pay the above reward and all reasonable expenses, to any person who will deliver the negro to me, or secure him in any jail, so that I get him again. All masters of vessels and others are forewarned from harboring or carrying him out of the state at their peril. JOHN TONEY. June 29, 1808.
THE 3D NO. OF  COL. TOUSARD'S AMERICAN Artillerists' Companion, Is ready for delivery to subscribers at this office. A few copies for sale.  Pamphlets, CARDS, HANDBILLS, LAWYERS, CLERKS & SHERIFFS BLANKS, &c. ARE NEATLY AND EXPEDITIOUSLY PRINTED AT THE ARGUS OFFICE.