The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1806-07-04 00:00:00

The Enquirer.
PUBLISHED BY THOMAS RITCHIE, OPPOSITE THE POST-OFFICE...AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM... (PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.)
NUMBER 17.]
RICHMOND, FRIDAY MORNING, JULY 4, 1806.
[VOLUME 3.]
Sales at Auction.
On Saturday, the 5th of July next, will be sold on the premises,
A Piece of GROUND, on the Main-street, adjoining Mr. James Maclure's, containing forty-four feet in front, and extending back 160 feet to an alley. The property will be sold entire, or divided into two equal parts, as may be found on the day of sale best to suit the purchasers. Terms—sixty and one hundred and twenty days credit; the purchaser giving his note, with an approved endorser, payable at the bank of Virginia.
ALSO—one other lot nearly opposite the Court-house, adjoining Isaac Isaac's lot, containing 30 feet on the Main-street, and extending about 330 feet to the Back-street.
Six and twelve months credit will be given, the purchaser giving his note payable at the bank of Virginia, with an approved endorser.
TAYLOR & BROWN, V. M'rs. (tdc)
Sales at Auction.
On Tuesday the 8th inst. at the office of the subscribers, will be sold positively without reserve, for approved endorsed notes at sixty days, negotiable in the Bank of Virginia:
19 barrels, 7 tierces and 9 hhd. Prime Brown Sugar, 10 hogsheads St. Kitts Rum, 4 boxes fresh Imperial, and 4 do. Young Hyson Tea, 500 pieces first chop Yellow Nankeens. TAYLOR & BROWN, V. M'rs.
July 1.
FIRE WORKS,
For the anniversary of American Independence. MONS. ROSAINEVILLE, respectfully notifies the ladies and gentlemen of Richmond, Manchester, and the public generally, that he intends to offer for their entertainment, on Friday evening next, the 4th of July, in the Circus of the Hay-Market-Garden, an elegant fire work, which he has been preparing at great expense for the occasion, and flatters himself that his efforts and brilliancy of exhibition, will secure him the approbation of such as may honor him with their presence, which he has had the pleasure to experience in Charleston, Norfolk, and many other places, on similar exhibitions. The order of the Fire Work will be expressed in the bills of the day. The garden and ball room, will be brilliantly illuminated, and music for dancing. No disappointment or postponement will take place, unless occasioned by rain.
July 1 (2r.)
SECOND CLASS.
SCHEME OF A LOTTERY, FOR THE BENEFIT OF WILLIAM & MARY COLLEGE.
Tickets that draw blanks in } Dollars. the first class & may be renewed } 53,380 as in this as in others each } 70,275 4685 Tickets at fifteen dolls. each, 10,625 129,656 Deduct 10% on 2000 tickets, that draw prizes of fifteen dollars each, in first class, and may be renewed in this, at 2 1-4 dollars each, 4,500 Dollars 125,155
The number of prizes and order in which they stand, viz. To float in the wheel, and come out as chance may direct 2 prizes of 5,000 each 10,000 4 2,000 8,000 16 1,000 16,000 16 500 8,000 32 200 6,400 160 100 16,000 242 50 12,100 750 20 15,000 1 155
Stationary Prizes are, 1 ticket, first drawn after 1,000 tickets are out of the wheel, 500 1 do do do 2,000 500 1 do do do 3,000 500 1 do do do 4,000 500 1 do do do 5,000 500 1 do do do 6,000 500 1 do do do 7,000 10,000 1 do do do 8,000 500 1 do do do 9,000 500 1 do the last drawn ticket, a prize of 20,000
1,223 prizes, Dolls. 125,155
The prizes subject to a discount of only 10 per cent. 12,500 Expense of drawing, 2,500 Dolls. 10,000
LAND FOR SALE.
On the second Saturday in August next, will be exposed to sale, at public Auction, at John Anderson's Tavern, in the Town of New-Canton,
SIX LOTS OF LAND, being parcels of a tract formerly held by Colonel Samuel Jourdan, which was lately divided by the subscriber, into several smaller tracts. Three of the lots are situated between James and Slate rivers; and the other three, on the fourth side of Slate river, adjoining the lands of Mr. Robert Nichols, and Mr. Stephen Gaurant. The land is well timbered, and is favorable for the culture of tobacco and wheat; and no part of it is more distant than three miles from an excellent merchant mill; and the whole is convenient to good navigation. Plots of the land will be left with Mr. Walter Irvine, of New-Canton, and the lines will be easily traced, as they are very generally known in the neighborhood.
One fourth of the purchase money will be demanded on the delivery of the deed; the balance to be divided into two equal annual instalments, secured upon the property, by deed of trust.
JOHN ADAMS. (oawtdf.)
June 6.
JUST RECEIVED,
AND FOR SALE BY THE SUBSCRIBERS: An Extensive Assortment of GROCERIES among which are the following articles:
Muscovado sugar assorted } Thos. Leiper's Snuff West-India Coffee } Maccouba do. Antigua & Jamaica Rum } Havanna Segars Country do. } Salt Petre Cogniac & Peach Brandy } Brimstone, Madder, and Holland Gin } Ground Ginger in small W. India and Sugar-house } Regs Molasses } Log-wood I. P. Madeira Wine } Turkey Cotton Port, Sherry and Malaga } New-York Candles and Wine } Soap Hibberts' Brown Stout } Spermaceti Candles Martinique and Bordeaux } Oil Cordials } Patent Lamps Basket Salt } Dutch Cakes with plain Do. inacks and loafs } and gilt Bottles Bullock's Cheese } Candles assorted Caldwell, Frazier & Co's } Earthen and Stone Ware Superfine Chocolate } Writing & Wrapping paper Rice } Henry VIII. and Merry Nutmegs, Pepper, Ginger } Andrew Cards and Pimento } China Plates, do. Bowls Mace and Cloves } of different sizes Oil, Olives, and Capers } Do. Tea and Coffee Cups Gunpowder, Young Hyson } and Saucers and Soochong Teas } Do. Chimney ornaments Canisters containing 17lb. } Plain and cut qt. pt. and and 3lb. Gunpowder } half pint Decanters Tea } Pint, half pt. & gilt Tumblers Pickled Salmon } A few Sets Table China. Cut Herrings and Shad } Patent Shot assorted } F and FF Gunpowder } A regular supply of Loaf Sugar by the hhd. and barrel, at Philadelphia price.
FISHER & LESUEUR. oawtf.
3,000 wt. SALT PETER'D BACON. 40 gross BOTTLED CYDER. A few bushels CLOVER SEED, 150 pieces PAPER HANGINGS. For Sale by EDWARD HALLAM.
27 Confortably for Hire—An Excellent Carriage and Horses—apply as above. May 27. eotf
RICHMOND ACADEMY LOTTERY.
NOTICE is hereby given, that the Trustees have appointed the 18th day of August next, for the payment of the Prizes drawn in the 2nd Class of the above LOTTERY, at which time they will be paid by the subscriber on application. All persons holding money on account of the said Lottery, are requested to make immediate payment to one of the Trustees or to deposit the same in the Bank of Virginia. GEORGE TUCKER, Acting Trustee. (oawtfia.)
THE Subscriber, offers for sale, twenty-five acres of LAND, adjoining to his Farm, about one mile from this City on the main-road leading to Williamsburg—pleasantly situated, and convenient to good water. An indisputable title will be given to the purchaser. JOHN GLYNN. (oaw3w.)
BURN MILL STONES, OF ALL SIZES; and a PLAISTER OF PARIS, of an excellent quality, FOR SALE, AS USUAL, BY WILLIAM DAVIDSON, near the Market. [eptf.]
FOR SALE,
A Tract of Land, containing 840 acres, extending upwards of a mile on James River, nearly opposite to the Welflower estate; one fourth of it only is cleared; there is a Dwelling House on it, & it has a good landing and fishing place. This land is worth the attention of any person who wants a seat on James River, or wishes to realize a great bargain may be had, as (to discharge an incumbrance) it will be offered at much lower price than the last purchaser gave for it eleven years ago. Fielding Lewis Esqr. of Charles City will be good enough to show the land; plots of it may be seen in the hands of Mr. Lewis, and Doctor Adams of Richmond, and terms known from T. G. Peachy of Williamsburg.
Adjoining the above tract is one of the most beautiful Farms on James River, which has attached to it about 1000 acres; this may be had also, if it should suit a purchaser to take the whole; the improvements on this estate are, a dwelling house with 4 rooms on a floor, a kitchen and laundry, a large barn and stable, an ice house, a smoke house, a large garden well included, an orchard and many choice fruit trees. The purchaser may have, from 7 to 15 years credit, paying a moderate interest. T. G. PEACHY. (lawtf.)
LAND FOR SALE.
On the second Tuesday in July next, will be offered for sale, at public Auction, at Bath East House (Warren Springs):
A TRACT OF LAND, containing 340 acres, lying between the Warm and Hot Springs, but nearer to the latter; the land is of good quality, and may be so divided as to accommodate several families who might desire a residence contiguous to those valuable waters. One fourth of the purchase money will be expected on the delivery of the deed; the balance in two equal annual instalments, to carry interest from the date, if not punctually paid, and to be secured by a deed of trust upon the property. JOHN ADAMS, Attorney in fact, for the distributors of R. Adams. (oawtdf.)
June 6.
TO BE RENTED,
THE large THREE STORY HOUSE on the Main-street east of the Market, formerly occupied by Cohen and Isaac, and lately by Capt. John S. Pleasants; it is a good stand for business and suitable for the accommodation of a large family.
Also, the HOUSE (formerly known by the sign of the Bird in hand) at the corner of the street leading to church hill; to both of these tenements gardens are attached. The terms will be moderate, and made known on application to James Whitelaw, Serjeant of the City, or to
JACOB I. COHEN. (law tf.)
February 23.
INFORMS
the Citizens of Richmond, and the public, he has just received at his Cabinet Manufactory near the Fire Insurance Office; a large assortment of Windsor Chairs and Settees, made in the newest fashion and by the best workmen in the state; any gentleman willing to buy, will please send their orders or call at his Cabinet Manufactory, where they may get good warranted work, and on low terms, either in the Cabinet line or Windsor Chairs. June 6. tf.
WE hereby notify, that we shall make application for a certificate to be issued in our name, for two SHARES in the Capital Stock of the Bank of Virginia, which were subscribed at Norfolk in the name of Robert Baylor, other right to which is vested in us by legal assignment from him. This application will be made in consequence of the original scrip for the said two SHARES having been lost. OLIVEIRA, FERNANDES & Co. Norfolk, May 24, 1806. oaw 6w5.
NOTICE.
ALL persons having claims against the estate of Robert Biscoe, dec'd. late of Powhatan county, are requested to bring forward the same properly authenticated, and receive payment—and those indebted to the estate, are desired to make immediate payment to HENRY L. BISCOE, Administrator. (4w.)
July 1.
NOTICE.
THE Bank of Virginia will be kept open on Friday the fourth day of July, and discounts granted as usual. No transfers of Bank stock will be made from the thirtieth of June until the fifteenth of July. July 1. 2t.
FOR SALE,
A Likely negro WOMAN and child—enquire of the printer. July 1. (tf.)
THE Subscriber has removed his Broker's Office to the middle tenement, in Doctor Ternan's new building, the first door above Messrs. Pickett, Pollock and Johnston, and the second below the Post-Office; where he will attend particularly to all business confided to him. THOMAS NORVELL. For sale, 10 SHARES in the JAMES RIVER COMPANY. (tf.)
MARSHALL'S SALE.
To be sold, for ready money, under a decree of the court of the United States, for the fifth circuit in the Virginia district, between Phoebe Bond, attorney for the creditors of Ezekiel Edwards, plaintiff, and David Rife and others, defendants, in order to raise the sum of 11,450 dolls. 94 cts. due and payable on the 1st Jan. 1806, that valuable and well known estate in the county of Botetourt, called FORT LEWIS, situated by the said Rife to contain 2608 acres. The sale will take place on the premises on Monday the 14th day of July next. This estate having been before advertised and the sale postponed, it is deemed necessary to apprise the public, that though the sales formerly announced were postponed, on account of payments received from the defendant Rife, the sale last advertised would have taken place but for a mistake in the advertisement. The subscriber has no reason to suppose that the one now advertised will not take place, and if, contrary to his expectation, it should again be put off, the earliest public notice will be given, that those who are disposed to become purchasers, may not be put to any unnecessary trouble. BENJAMIN MOSEY, D. M. for JOSEPH SCOTT, M. v. D. tlf
June 20.
NOTICE.
MR. Alexander Dunlap, the surviving partner of the late concern of James and Alexander Dunlap, of this city, having conveyed to the subscribers in trust, all the remaining stock in hand, with the debts, books and accounts of the said firm, for the benefit of their creditors named in a deed, executed to us on the 19th day of May, 1806, it becomes necessary that all those who are indebted to the said firm, should without delay, adjust and pay up their respective balances. Those of the creditors, whose accounts are open, are likewise solicited to liquidate the same with the trustees. The books, accounts and papers are in the hands of William Long and Henry Hovey, who will attend to the applications of any party interested as above. On the 28th day of July next, ensuing, at Messrs. Taylor and Brown's Vendue Office, the subscribers will offer for sale at public auction, to the highest bidder, upon a credit of 60 days, for approved negotiable notes at the Bank of Virginia, three LOTS, No. 380, No. 4 and 8, in tenement two hundred and ninety of Duval's plan, subject to Mrs. Dunlap's right of dower—Also two valuable Mules, a Horse and a Cart. At the same time and place, they will dispose of the remaining stock of GOODS, consisting of a variety of Cappings, and sundry merchandise, part of their late stock in trade. For all sums of 50 dollars or upwards, a credit as above will be allowed, and for all sums under, ready money. WM. LONG, H. HOVEY, SAML. M'CRAW. } Trustees. Richmond, June 27. td.
FOR SALE—on the lowest terms:
2500 facks of LIVERPOOL SALT, and 90 crates of LIVERPOOL EARTHEN WARE of superior quality & well assorted, just arrived in the ship Merchant, Captain Johnson, from Liverpool, at Bermuda Hundred.
Which ship will take in Tobacco to the address of JAMES MAURY, Esq. of Liverpool. She has excellent accommodation for passengers. For terms apply to Messrs. PICKETT, POLLARD & JOHNSON of Richmond, the Captain on board, or the subscriber, OVERTON ANDERSON. May 28. sf.
FOR SALE—on the lowest terms:
2500 facks of LIVERPOOL SALT, and 90 crates of LIVERPOOL EARTHEN WARE of superior quality & well assorted, just arrived in the ship Merchant, Captain Johnson, from Liverpool, at Bermuda Hundred. Which ship will take in Tobacco to the address of JAMES MAURY, Esq. of Liverpool. She has excellent accommodation for passengers. For terms apply to Messrs. PICKETT, POLLARD & JOHNSON of Richmond, the Captain on board, or the subscriber, OVERTON ANDERSON. May 28. sf.
June 6.
Foreign Intelligence.
IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN.
HOUSE OF LORDS, May 6.
Trade between the West-Indies and America.
Lord Sheffield moved to discharge the order for the second reading of the American and West-India Trade Bill, this day, with the view of postponing it to the 16th May, in order to give time for the consideration of the subject, as numerous petitions would be presented against it. The motion was negatived. Lord Grenville moved that the Bill be now read a second time. The Duke of Montrose called the attention of the house to the alarm which had been excited by the manner in which this subject had been stated by the noble lord who originally proposed it, and by the supposition that other measures might follow the present, which might have serious effect upon the shipping interest of this country. The effect which the bill might have upon the shipping interest was, in this instance, no light consideration, as the trade to the West-Indies employed from 6 to 7000 seamen, and formed one of those nurseries for our seamen, which ought to be cherished and encouraged, instead of being depressed or checked. In his view of the subject, the bill was neither politic nor necessary. It was impolitic, inasmuch as it went to authorise the suspension of our navigation laws, those laws to which we were originally indebted for our maritime superiority; it was unnecessary, inasmuch as it only professed to do that which had been already done; and might be again in a manner less objectionable, by leaving it to the W. India Governors to act upon their own responsibility in cases of necessity. If on the contrary, the Governors were to be respectively authorised to suspend the navigation laws, it should be recollected that it might frequently be to their interest to direct such suspension where no immediate necessity required it. He did not mean to assert that with our present maritime superiority, the West-India islands might, even in time of war, be supplied in British bottoms by means of convoys. In a time of peace there could be no doubt about it, and he denied that the calamities which a noble Lord (Holland) on a former occasion stated to have resulted to the West-Indies from not suspending the navigation laws, to have proceeded from that source, as they were the natural consequences of earthquakes and hurricanes. He was inimical to the present Bill not only on account of the positive evil resulting to the shipping interest of the country, from the suspension of the navigation laws, but on account of those measures still more injurious to that interest to which this bill might afterwards serve as a bias.
The Earl of Lauderdale, against the noble cumulative measures, which he apprehended might, at some future time be brought forward, than against the present bill. He conceived the bill to be founded upon the soundest principles of legislation. What could more forcibly demonstrate its necessity than the Indemnity Bill which Parliament had passed year after year, for the purpose of indemnifying the Governors of our West-India Islands for suspensions of the Navigation act, which were found to be absolutely necessary for the support and well-being of our colonies? And was it not more constitutional, and more becoming the dignity of Parliament, that what was so found to be necessary, should be authorised, in certain cases, according to the discretion and under the responsibility of the executive government, than that violations of the law should continually take place, and the persons who infringed the law be as constantly indemnified? If, according to the argument of the noble duke, our West-India colonies, could be supplied by the mother country in time of war, how would such a mode of supply operate? There must necessarily be a heavy expense for insurance, besides other expenses, which the merchant exporting must pay out of his pocket, and which, by rendering the commodity dearer, would ultimately raise the price of the produce of the colonies, to which such commodities were thus carried. On the contrary, by importing directly from America to the West-Indies those articles which were necessary for the food of the inhabitants and the cultivation of the soil, none of these extra expenses ensued; they can be obtained at a cheaper rate, and were paid for in the manufactures of this country, thus equally producing the sale of our manufactures and the comfort of a cultivation of our West-India possessions, and increasing the produce of those islands. He did not believe that any nursery for our seamen would be rejected by the bill; but if any seamen were thrown out of employ, there was a fair resource for them in the royal navy, and at a peace this trade would be again open to them for employment. Lord Mulgrave deprecated that mode of arrangement which went to state, that if any portion of our seamen were thrown out of employ by the effect of any measure upon any branch of our trade, they might be employed to man our ships of war. The same argument might be employed to defend any encroachment on our trade, to whatever extent; but when any part of our commerce was suspended for a considerable space of time, it was not so easy a task to restore it to its old channel. He conceived that this country was clearly entitled to an exclusive trade with her colonies, and he was therefore inimical to any measure which went to injure or impede that trade. The colonies ought to be made the instruments of supporting and upholding our shipping and our navigation, and not rendered the means of decreasing the one and injuring the other. He did not think that any necessity had been shown for the present bill, or for altering that mode of conduct which had been hitherto adopted with respect to the supply of our colonies. The Lord Chancellor conceded he must have totally misunderstood the bill, if any of the arguments used against it were at all applicable. The bill merely went to vest that power and responsibility in the Executive Government which had hitherto been exercised by the Governors of our colonies, and to enable that to be done legally which had hitherto been done of necessity, in violation of the law; and surely it was much more consistent with the dignity of Parliament that discretionary power should be vested in his Majesty in Council to act according to the necessity of the case, than that the
law should be continually infringed by subordinate magistrates, and acts of indemnity passed year after year.
The Duke of Montrose, in explanation, contended that the bill was a totally different measure, inasmuch as it went, for the first time, to authorise legally a suspension of the navigation act.
The Earl of Caernarvon, contended, that the present bill was precisely the same measure which had received the support of the noble lords who now opposed it when they were in office, and the adoption of which by the governors of our colonies, they sanctioned by repeated bills of indemnity.
The Duke of Clarence professed himself a warm friend to the navigation laws; but, he was nevertheless, friendly to the present bill, which he conceived to be necessary for the supply of our West-India colonies. The articles which were immediately necessary for the food of the inhabitants, for their habitations, and for the cultivation of the soil, were with the exception of beef and pork, the growth and produce of America. For this country, therefore, to attempt to supply, exclusively the colonies, must be attended with an enormous expense: whilst at the same time, during a period of war, and particularly when, as at present, the enemy had adopted the mode of sending out flying squadrons to different quarters, the ships necessary to protect such a trade would be more than we could spare from those essential services to which our navy ought to be directed. He did not attach that importance to the trade carried in British bottoms, for the supply of our West-India colonies, which other noble lords seemed inclined to do, as he believed the vessels employed were small, being chiefly of the class of sloops; and with respect to the seamen on board these vessels they were most of them blacks, whom he did not wish to be employed in that description of service. He did not mean to extend his opinion with respect to the necessity of such a measure at the present to a period of peace, as he thought during peace this country might, without difficulty, supply the colonies; but during war he clearly agreed in its necessity.
Earl Camden objected to the bill, and thought that the shipping interest of the country ought to have been heard by their counsel against it, in order that the subject might be fully investigated.
Lord Holland, said he never wished to object to any class of his Majesty's subjects petitioning against any bill in that house being heard by their counsel against it; but the petitioners, in the petition presented by the noble Lord (Sheffield) had in a long and studied petition objected generally to all suspension of the Navigation Act, without stating any specific grievance. Much had been said by noble lords of the evils which were expected to result from this measure; but he would ask, had any evil arisen from this system, which had hitherto only moved on a supposition, and our shipping, so far from being injured, had increased. Experience therefore proved the wisdom of the measure which had thus been acted upon, and which it was still intended to act upon by means of the present bill. In fact the very means they adopted to supply the West-India Islands, tended to facilitate their cultivation and increase their produce, and consequently to increase our commerce and our shipping. In carrying the produce of America to the West-Indies, it was too much to expect that British bottoms would be employed; we could, it was true, exact restrictions, but so could the states of America; and he deprecated any war of regulations with that power. The Americans were English in their habits and their dispositions, and the increase of their prosperity was a benefit to us, as a bill greater mart would be found for English manufactures. As to our shipping interest, if an increase of it was to be forced, let it be done by any means rather than by speculating in the subistence of our colonies.
Lord Hawkesbury contended, that our navigation was a paramount consideration, and that if the necessity should arise, partial sacrifices of our commerce ought to be made, to insure the continuance of that system of navigation from whence had arisen all our maritime superiority. The present bill, he maintained, was the first relaxation of the navigation laws enacted by a legislative act; it was a measure not called for by the necessity of the case, and might be productive of the greatest evils to the shipping interest of the country. He acknowledged there did, at times, exist a necessity for allowing the importation into our colonies, of articles essential to their use, in American bottoms; but he deprecated making a prospective regulation and acknowledged the legality of such a trade. Objectionable as the mode certainly was, he still thought it better that the responsibility should rest with the governors of our colonies, as it had hitherto done, of allowing such a trade, when they who were upon the spot should see the necessity of such a measure, than that such a discretion should be vested in the executive government at home, who could not know when such a necessity existed in the colonies. He agreed with his noble friend Lord (Holland) in much of what he had said with respect to America, but he thought that concessions on our part should rather be the result of negotiation, than talked of as if decided on in the first instance.
Lord Anland thought it unnecessary to argue the question at any length, as noble lords on the other side had not brought forward any statement to show that no necessity existed for resorting to other means besides the resources of this country for the supplies of the colonies. To show the fallacy of the reasoning which went to show that by such a measure our shipping and our commerce would be injured and decreased, he would state the result of papers on their lordships' tables which proved the direct contrary. In 1793, the number of trading vessels in the British empire, was 15,000, their tonnage 1,500,000, and the number of seamen employed in them 119,000. In 1808 the number of vessels was 21,000, their tonnage 2,800,000, and the number of seamen employed in them 153,000; and this during the continued operations of those suspensions of the navigation act in the West-Indies, against which noble lords on the other side now so loudly protested. In the exportation of our manufactures also to the West-Indies, instead of a diminution, a great increase appeared. The greatest quantity exported thither in any year of peace was 1,800,000, whilst upon an average of the last
* The upshot of Mr. B. S. S.

five years, the quantity was 3,500,000. In every point of view, therefore, this measure was far from being detrimental to our commerce and our shipping. He denied that there was any alarm upon the subject. The provision trade of Ireland in particular were satisfied, as beef and pork had been recently exported from the articles to be imported into the West-Indies from America.
Lord Grenville could not conceive the utility, upon a discussion like the present of entering into the consideration of abstract questions, such as that propounded by the noble lord (Hawkesbury) in the form of a supposition, that at some future period the interests of our commerce and navigation might clash. He did not believe that any history or experience would furnish any instance of this nature, nor did he believe that the question was likely to arise. He had always considered that the increase of our commerce produced the increase of our navigation, and our ship-building interest. He could not either see the necessity of introducing any discussion as what might be proper to be done during a period of peace; no man knew nor could any human being foresee at what period peace might arrive; to consider, therefore, what might, or might not be proper to be done at an indefinite period, was totally irrelevant to the present question. There was one error into which some statesmen were apt to fall, that of supposing old institutions when the circumstances which gave birth to them ceased, or had been materially changed—He thought the noble lord had contended for our Navigation Laws in all their strictness, without a due consideration of the change of circumstances which had taken place since those certainly wise and salutary laws were enacted. He would not, however, enter further, at present, into the consideration of this subject.
The bill now before the House was founded on propositions so plain, that he was surprised at the debate which had taken place upon it. Noble Lords, on the other side, had, in objecting to the bill, condemned their former conduct; he would, however, defend them against themselves; their conduct, with respect to the West-Indies, had been dictated by a due regard to the interests of the Colonies, & had received the approbation of Parliament. The present measure was founded on the same principles, with only the difference, that the power and responsibility were vested where they ought properly to be placed, in the Executive government.
Lord Eldon thought that the bill went to enact a new principle for which no necessity had been shown. He regretted that counsel had not been heard for the petitioners against it, and that the House was therefore not in possession of the real state of the case.
Lord Sheffield protested against the assertions made by those noble Lords who had supported the bill, most of which, he said, could have been disproved if the petitioners had been heard. The bill was read a second time and committed for Thursday.
Lord Hawkesbury gave notice that he should move, in the committee, to limit the duration of the bill either to the end of next session or to the commencement of the year 1808. Adjourned.
NORFOLK, June 30.
This morning arrived the brig WHEELER, CAPTAIN BESSON, in 44 days from Liverpool. Capt. B. has favoured us with London papers from the 1st to the 11th of May, and from our contemporaneous dates.
These papers are sorry to observe, contain nothing new or important, such articles as appeared worthy of notice will be found in this day's paper. The trial of Lord MELVILLE was progressing, and was attended by the most distinguished characters of the nation, but by a rule adopted on this occasion, or rather applicable to similar occasions, it is not permitted to publish the proceedings of the Court. The important subjects before Parliament are, the Slave Limitation Bill, Defence Bill, and American Intercourse Bill; sketches of the Debates on these measures will be given in subsequent papers. The latter Bill was read a second time in the House of Peers on the 6th of May, and ordered to be committed on the 8th. In the course of debate the DUKE OF MONTROSE observed that he wished the bill to be postponed, as it was certain that negotiations for a more close and intimate connexion with the United States was then depending. Lord Hawkesbury opposed the bill, as he wished to know what was to be given by America for concessions in her favour, and which he hoped would be found in the result of the depending negotiations. It does not appear that our prohibitory bill had been received.
We have given our files a careful examination, and do not find that any American vessels have been lately sent into the British ports. As the papers which we have received are limited as to a rupture between France and Denmark, we must defer that information received from the West-Indies.
It appears that Admiral Linne had not all his plunder on board when captured. Our readers will observe that Captain Whitby is suspended in the command of the Leader, but this has not been in consequence of his recent conduct, accounts of which had not reached London, his removal is nothing more than what is customary on such occasions. The Leader being intended for Admiral Berkeley's Flag ship, he fills his own captain. There has been some serious misunderstanding between the Porte and Russia, but it has terminated amicably, by a renewal of the treaties between those powers. Ledger.
From papers received at the office of the Publick Ledger, by the brig White, Captain Baffon, from Liverpool.
LONDON, May 11.
Yesterday we received the Paris papers to the 4th inst. The Moniteur of the preceding day observes, that "the possession of the months of the Cattaro by the Russians having retarded the return of the grand army, the great festival appointed for the month of May, is necessarily postponed until the absence of the grand army is no longer requisite. We, however, think (continues the editor), that this delay cannot well continue longer than six weeks." A letter from Rotterdam, of the 8th, which likewise reached us yesterday, states that this festival is postponed till September. Lords Elgin and Yarmouth, and some other English gentlemen, had on the 30th ult. arrived at Paris, preparatory, as was supposed, to their liberation.
The accounts in these journals from Naples are to 15th April, at which period Gaeta continued to make a resolute defence. Joseph Bonaparte had left Naples, with a large retinue, to join the army of Massena in Calabria, where the loyal peasantry greatly annoy the French, cut off their small parties, and hold their posts
so strongly watched, as nearly to suspend all communication between them. It is mentioned in one of the Paris papers, that a party of twenty-one officers and three ladies, venturing beyond the gates of one of the towns, was fired on by the Calabrians, and all killed except one who recovered the garrison, although severely wounded. The preparations for the attack of Sicily were continued with activity.
According to letters from Augsburg of the 23d April, the French continued their labours to strengthen the fortifications of Brannau—several new redoubts have been formed. Newhaus, near Passau, has likewise been fortified. The decree appointing Joseph Bonaparte king of the Two Sicilies, was received at Naples on the 11th of April, and forwarded to him in Calabria.—It was reported at Naples on the 14th, that an insurrection had taken place at Palermo, and that the king and queen had fled to Messina.—Another report, still less probable, mentions that the Russian troops, in the Seven Islands, had on the 10th of March, received orders to return home.
The French troops in Dalmatia on the 14th ult. according to letters from Venice of that date, amounted to 40 or 45,000, and were advancing to occupy Buttrino, Prevesa, and other places to the southward. The most rigorous measures have been adopted to prevent the introduction into Italy of all merchandise prohibited in France, and particularly those transmitted from Switzerland, which are found to be chiefly English.
The Journal de Paris says, that the seizure of Pashwan Oglou is not yet confirmed; but that multitudes of insurgents daily inundate the frontiers of Presburg, and that some decisive events must shortly occur in the Turkish provinces.
Louis Bonaparte, the intended king of Holland, is now dangerously ill at Paris. Senator Beauharnais, brother-in-law to Madame Bonaparte, and uncle to the viceroy of Italy, it is said, is to be chief of the Helvetic Republic.
The French and Spaniards have now six squadrons at sea; namely, that under Jerome Bonaparte and adm. Guillaume, consisting of the Veteran of 80, guns, Poudraver 84, Majestic, Eole, Impetueux, Castor, and Patriot, of 74 guns, four frigates, and a corvette, which failed from Brest on the 14th of December.—Another squadron, comprising six sail of the line, which failed from the same port on the same day, not since heard of.—Third, five sail of the line, three frigates and three corvettes, which failed from Brest in January, not since heard of.—Fourth, the Regulus, 80, President and Sybille, of 40, and Surveillant, which failed from L'Orient 5th November, and were to the Southward of the line on the 26th January.—Fifth, the squadron of frigates which failed from L'Orient the 27th March; and lastly, the squadron of frigates which failed from Cadiz the 7th March.
Yesterday's letters from Gibraltar, confirm the account of the sailing of two Spanish ships of the line, two frigates, and a brig, from Cartagena, on the 2d April. The latter has been taken by the Renomee: the others are supposed to have passed the Straits on the night of the 4th.
Admiral Berkeley takes his passage to Halifax in the Milan frigate, and is to hoist his flag on board the Leader, of 50 guns; to which ship capt. Humphries is appointed, vice capt. Whitby.
Admiral Villeneuve, who commanded the French fleet in the battle of Trafalgar, died suddenly at the hotel in which he lodged at Rennes, on his route to Paris, on the night of the 16th ult.—It is said he shot himself; but there is much reason to suppose that he, like Pichegru and Wright, fell by the order of Bonaparte. He Mr. Skipwith, the American Consul, whom we lately mentioned to have failed from New-York, for France, arrived at L'Orient on the 23d ult. (Further extracts in our next.)
NEW-YORK, June 25.
There is reason to believe that the differences subsisting between the Dey of Algiers and Mr. Cartwright, the British consul there, have been adjusted, for it is stated, in letters from Gibraltar, dated the 2d April, that Mr. Cartwright had embarked on board the Pompee, Sir Sidney Smith, for the purpose of being conveyed back to Algiers. The expulsion of Mr. Cartwright from Algiers was obviously the result of French intrigue; but with the assistance of so able a Negotiator, as Sir Sidney Smith, there can be no doubt but that the Dey will very soon be convinced of his error.
West-Indies.
Further Extracts from Barbados papers received at the office of the Norfolk Ledger.
BRIDGE-TOWNS, (Barbados) May 31. By the American schooner Federal, from Wilmington, arrived here on Wednesday last, the following particulars are obtained of the French squadron under admiral Guillaume:—On the 23d inst. the Federal fell in with the American ship Exchange from the Brazils, bound to Sagg-Harbour, the master of which informed that he had spoke, about the end of April or 1st of May, a French squadron consisting of seven sail of the line and one frigate, in lat. 12, 00, S. long. 35, 00, W. steering, when he left them, S. S. W. The master of the Exchange was on board a line of battle ship commanded by Jerome Bonaparte, who gave him a letter for his wife, now in Baltimore. He showed the American the track of the squadron pricked off on a chart, from which it appeared, that twenty-four hours previous to the Exchange falling in with them, they had steered N. N. W.; the American therefore thinks they were bound to the northward. From the foregoing information, our best informed naval officers here conclude, that the enemy's squadron were cruising for our Indian and South Sea Whalers.
June 7.
The enemy seems again to threaten us with some naval exploit in these seas; or, as we are more inclined to imagine, to afford our brave seamen another opportunity of discomfiting his maritime plans. A French line of battle ship has appeared in our neighbourhood, and was seen by the Ethalon frigate on the 4th inst. within sight of the island. Without giving direct chase to her, she endeavoured to cut the Ethalon off the land, upon her hauling round the North Point; but, unable to effect it, at six in the evening she bore up for Martinique, with all possible sail.
This vessel is supposed, by our best informed naval officers, to be the Regulus, which the enemy has had stationed for some time on the coast of Africa; but from the accustomed triumphs of our navy, others imagine that it may be some more fortunate ship which has escaped from the defeated squadron of admiral Guillaume, who with Jerome Bonaparte, may have fallen in our hands off the coast of Brazil, where they were lately spoke. She was seen on Thursday last by a neutral arrived here this morning, close in with Point Salines.
NEW-YORK, June 28. Captain Dolliver, of the brig Party, was boarded, a little to the eastward of the Grand Banks by the frigate Herminie, in company with three others. It is extremely probable that these are the four frigates which were lately at Porto Rico. Merc. Adv.
Domestic Intelligence.
From the National Intelligencer.
COMMUNICATION.
CASE OF COMMODORE TRUXTUN.
[CONTINUED.]
CHARLES BIDDLE, Esq.
Philadelphia, 7th Sept. 1805.
My dear Sir, Much having been said every where whether I had resigned my commission in the navy, or simply declined the command of the Mediterranean squadron, in consequence of not having a captain under my broad pendant on board the frigate Chesapeake, as had been agreed by the secretary of the navy, I feel it due to myself as well as to others, to inquire of my friend, Charles Biddle, to declare and pronounce candidly as a man of honour and a gentleman, how he precisely understood, from the moment I quit the command of the squadron to the present time, from every conversation he had with me, this thing to be. Commodore Dale was my predecessor, commanding in the Mediterranean, and he returned to Hampton Roads a short time after my declining to command the squadron without a second captain as aforesaid; and he must know from myself, whether I had resigned my standing in the navy, or whether I had simply resigned, or begged leave to decline the Mediterranean service, in consequence of my not being properly equipped for such a command, or as he had been equipped, and as I had deemed necessary and proper, and as it appears the government deemed necessary and proper by a letter I have from general Dearborn, dated 13th June, 1801. It is of some importance that these things should be clearly understood, for they have lain dormant a long time, you will be pleased to ask Dale to declare simply his opinion on this question, which is to me, at least of some magnitude, because what I have said and written to you, I have said and written to others, and I use but one language, though it is possible Mr. Secretary Smith may have considered some expressions in my letter of the third of March, either ambiguous or wanting of explanation, and in either case I am ready to explain. Accept assurances, my dear Sir, of the high consideration, respect and esteem, with which I am always yours, &c.
THOMAS TRUXTUN.
COMMODORE TRUXTUN.
Philadelphia, Sept. 7, 1805.
Dear Sir, From your letters to me at the time you resigned the command of the squadron going up the Mediterranean, and what has since passed between us on the subject, I know you had no intention of resigning your commission, and I am very certain you would not have given up the command of the squadron had a captain or lieutenant commandant been appointed under you; and I do believe had you been consulted, and government had put it in your power to have appointed one from the officers then up the Mediterranean, you would have failed without either.
With much esteem, I am
CHARLES BIDDLE.
COMMODORE DALE.
Philadelphia, Sept. 7, 1805.
Dear Sir, When you arrived from the Mediterranean at Norfolk, did you understand from commodore Truxton, when he gave up the command of the squadron to Morris, he had resigned his commission? Or have you at any time heard him say he had resigned?
Your obedient servant,
CHARLES BIDDLE.
Philadelphia, Sept. 7, 1805.
Dear Sir, In answer to your inquiry of me respecting what I heard when I arrived at Norfolk from the Mediterranean, about commodore Truxton resigning his commission, I can with confidence say that I did not understand at that time that he intended to resign his commission, and from that time to the present, I have understood from commodore Truxton that he did not resign his commission in the navy.
I am, Sir, with much respect,
Your obedient servant,
RICHARD DALE.
As the sole object of commodore Truxton in this last letter, with its enclosures, was to be re-instated in the navy, and as the officers of the navy, and especially the captains, were essentially interested in point of honour in the decision, the President was restrained by considerations of delicacy from taking his application seriously under deliberation, until he had been favoured with the views of some of the officers. For this purpose the opinions and feelings of the captains, who were in the United States, were ascertained. This was done, not as commodore Truxton has fancied, to decide whether his letter of March 3, 1802, was or was not a resignation, but to ascertain whether under the explanations and excuses of his last letter of Sept. 7, 1805, they would willingly acquiesce in his being again considered in the navy in his former rank. The following letter was the result.
COMMODORE TRUXTUN.
Navy Department, 10th Feb. 1806.
Sir, Your letter of the 7th Sept. 1805, has been submitted to the President, who, from a due consideration thereof in all its relations, and according to the opinion, nearly unanimous, of professional men consulted thereon, has specially charged me to inform you, that having by your letter of the 3d of March, 1802, quit the service, and having received from this department a letter dated the 13th of the same month, acquiescing in your determination, you cannot now be re-instated consistently with the privileges of the captains and other officers of the navy of the U.S.
With great respect,
I have the honour to be,
Sir, your obedient servant,
ROBERT SMITH.
As commodore Truxton has been bitterly complaining of the inattention of the secretary of the navy to him, in not having attached to his ship a captain of the navy, or some officer above the grade of a Lieutenant, and as he has again and again in print, in manuscript and in conversation, stoutly asserted that no commodore, before or since, in this or in any other
country, had ever been so horribly treated, I would here fashion the following statement: 1st. An order of the government to a captain of the navy to take a secondary station on board of a frigate under another captain, would have been contrary to the practice of this country, and would not have been warranted by any practice that has ever obtained in either Great Britain or France.
2nd. In the United States and in Great Britain, there is not any such officer as a commissioned commodore. No such commission is issued in either country. The title of commodore is a mere name of courtesy, given to a captain who has the command of a squadron.
3rd. In France, however, there is such an officer as a commissioned commodore, with a rank above that of a captain. And therefore in France a commodore, having the command of a squadron given to him, may go on board of whatever ship may be the most agreeable to him, and may afterward shift his pendant from time to time at pleasure, to any of the other ships of his squadron. To every ship of such a squadron there is a captain specially attached by the order of the government, and of course a commodore in the French service, like an admiral, has in his ship under him a captain of the navy.
4th. In the British navy it is not the practice for a commodore to have in his ship under him a captain of the navy, or indeed any officer above the grade of a lieutenant.
5th. In the American navy under the late administration, commodore Truxton never had in his ship under him a captain of the navy, nor any officer above the grade of a lieutenant.
6th. Under the present administration captain James Barron, owing to certain peculiar circumstances, was with commodore Dale as the first officer of his ship, not, however, by any order of the government, but in virtue of a private friendly arrangement made between those two officers, and afterward approved and confirmed by the then officiating secretary.
7th. To the ship of commodore Preble no officer of a higher grade than that of a lieutenant was ever attached.
8th. The first officer of the ship of commodore Barron, when first attached to her, was a lieutenant, but was afterward among other lieutenants promoted to the rank of master commandant. However the commodore of the squadron, of his own accord, in the Mediterranean, transferred him to the command of one of the sloops of war, and thus left his own ship with only a lieutenant as the first officer.
9th. The first officer of the ship of commodore Rodgers, now in the Mediterranean, is only a lieutenant.
10th. The usual complement of lieutenants for the Chesapeake, the ship of commodore Truxton, was four. The lieutenants attached to her, and that went out in her, were John Smith, George Cox, David Porter, and John Galloway. These officers have been invariably and justly highly respected, and three of them do at this time command, with great honor to their country, sloops of war in the Mediterranean. Smith, Cox and Porter are well known to have been competent in all respects to any station in a frigate. Cox, under the late administration, had served with great reputation as the first officer of a ship of war. And Galloway (now deceased) was one of the most promising officers of his standing in the navy. Over and above these four meritorious lieutenants, there had been, besides captain Campbell, four other lieutenants ordered to the Chesapeake.
11th. As government could not, consistently, have ordered captain Campbell to take a secondary station on board of a frigate under commodore Truxton, and as the commodore had no official arrangement for that purpose had been made with captain Campbell, who had magnanimously yielded to what had appeared clearly to him a solicitude on the part of the secretary of the navy, and had actually proceeded towards Norfolk, as far as the City of Washington, but was unable to proceed further, in consequence of an injury in one of his knees, and was thereupon reported to the secretary as at that time unfit for duty.
12th. At the time commodore Truxton had the command of the Chesapeake, there was not in the navy of the United States any such officer as a master-commandant. Neither was there an additional lieutenant within the U. States, that could have been attached to his ship.
13th. If commodore Truxton had gone out in the Chesapeake, as commodore Morris did, with the four lieutenants that had been attached to her, the secretary of the navy would have availed himself of the first opportunity of furnishing him, as he did Morris, with an additional lieutenant.
14th. Commodore Truxton, after his ship had reached the Mediterranean station, would, as every other commodore, have had full power and authority to have transferred to his ship any lieutenant of the squadron as his first officer. (To be continued.)
MASSACHUSETTS.
In consequence of frequent applications of the members of the House of Representatives for leave of absence, the House passed an order on the 12th inst. that any person who wished for leave of absence should leave his name, with the clerk of the House, together with his reasons, and that the names assigned, the House would act on such applications at a certain hour each day. A member from the town of Payette, left the following note with the clerk, which was read, and he obtained leave of absence almost unanimously.
"Solomon Bates, jun. the member from Payette, requests leave of absence after Monday next. The reasons he offers are these—that he left his business at home with his boys, the oldest of which is a ROYALIST in principle, and the younger ones not being altogether willing to be subject to such a government, he has reason to fear that his family, in a measure, may become disorganized, and therefore thinks it his duty to be with them as soon as may be." (Sal. Reg.)
FROM THE NEW-YORK "EVENING POST."
INTERESTING EXTRACT.
"Halifax, May 31st, 1806.
"Sir, "You can hardly conceive the pleasure which I feel in being released from the most unhappy situation in which I was ever placed; but thank God, I am at liberty thus far, and can write now without restraint. The tale I am about to relate is not of the pleasantest kind; but will, I trust, afford you some satisfaction in knowing the particulars and bearing of my safety, although the circumstances under which it was transacted must fill the mind of every American with honest indignation. It is surely no small disappointment to be captured unlawfully against all your expectations, within three hours sail of your much wished port; thus in an instant to be blasted in the joyful expectation of joining
our families and friends; such has been my case, and will I fear be the case of many others, unless our government adopts prompt and vigorous measures. At the news of the proceedings in New-York, every officer was a Captain Bobadil, and would destroy his twenty houses, after that twenty more, until the whole city was battered down, unless their officers, who were procuring supplies, returned in safety, for which they waited five days at an anchor near the Hook, and then made every preparation for proceeding to town with the ships: they however, thought it most prudent first to send a flag of truce by the first Lieutenant to the commander of the Fort on Governor's Island, fearing to land at the city, to know the reason of their detention, of which I suppose he was informed, and returned the following evening on board; the foraging gentlemen arrived in the night without the intended supplies—thanks to the gentleman who intercepted them, and the next day made sail for Halifax, where we arrived on Friday the 10th of May. During our passage, several vessels were overhauled, and two men seized from each—one in particular, after hearing to, was fired at six times with directions each time to fire upon her; and by way of compensation, we are told, if unjustly robbed, will be indemnified for our losses. For my part, I expect redress only in the united determinations of our citizens to support their natural rights and punish the cruel invaders of our national liberty and laws. Remonstrance is only subjecting ourselves to further insult, as all experience has plainly shown, and the sooner it is abandoned and more energetic measures adopted, the sooner will our flag be respected and our citizens permitted to trade unmolested and in peace. I am grieved to see so many American vessels lying here, some condemned, others waiting their trial, and new ones coming in every day. On Sunday the 15th instant arrived the brig Romulus, capt. McDaniel of New-York, from Havana, sent in by the Tartar frigate. There is also lying here the brig Mars loaded with Mahogany belonging to Samuel Burling of N. Y. lately tried and cleared after a strong contention on the part of the captors, that beef and pork, part of her outward bound cargo, came under the denomination of contraband of war; they however condemned the claimants in the costs and damages, and they are permitted to depart with their vessel almost a wreck through the misconduct of the captors. The ship John and Francis of Charleston has also been tried and part of her cargo condemned, the remainder with the ship laid over for further proof, private ventures not excepted. The brig Rauger, of Wilkeset since our arrival has also been condemned for having on board a few poles which they said would make Royal yards; the three masted schooner Nimrod, of New-York, is waiting her trial; the ship Aurora was labelled on Monday the 13th, and her trial commences on 21 days from that date. Sailed from this port on Sunday, 19th inst. the Squirrel sloop of war to cruise off New-York, and the Leader on the 22d for the same cruising ground, it is said. What a terrible pity it is that two or three frigates cannot be spared from the service in the Potomac River to drive those ruffians from our shores. It might, indeed, answer the double purpose of bringing Whitby to justice, who, it seems, cannot be brought thereto by the common course of law. It is more than probable he will not confine himself to the limits prescribed by our government; but, as usual, commit his depredations in the waters, and within the jurisdiction of the U.S. thereby affording a fit opportunity to attack and bring him to justice, although by an uncommon course of law. There is another arrival lately, the brig Hannah, capt. Ropes, of Salem from Leghorn, sent in by the Leader. This brig was loaded with sugar, bound to Naples, and was boarded on her outward bound passage by a British frigate, and on examination found that her sugars were imported into the U.S. by two other vessels, for which reason she was permitted to pass. On her arrival in the Mediterranean, she was informed by a man of war brig that she could not enter Naples; that then went into Leghorn, discharged her cargo, and when returning home with a considerable quantity of specie, the proceeds of that cargo, was fell in with by that gallant commander, Whitby, and was sent in for adjudication for the very reason that induced the others to let her pass. The condemnation of vessels here is so little regarded, that it almost becomes a matter of course from their being sent in, and the captors are so well aware of this that they immediately begin to calculate the amount of prize money accruing to each from the sale of the vessels so captured. Indeed, some of the officers of the Leader fancied the money of the Aurora already in their pockets before their arrival in Halifax. "The day following my arrival here, I was permitted to leave the man of war, which was much to my satisfaction; I shortly after visited our ship, and found to my great surprise that all my fruit was stolen, which consisted of Oranges, Pine Apples and Cocoa Nuts. Give my respects to Mr. Fairchild, and tell your brother that the British have deprived me of the means of supplying him with the Cocoa Nuts which I promised. If you please, inform my family that I am in good health.—Adieu. I am dear Sir, Your humble Servant, &c. JOHN MYERS. MR. JOHN MYLURE."
GEORGIA.
The Legislature of this state is now in session. A letter to a gentleman in Savannah, observes, "it is probable that governor Milledge may be appointed to the Senate of the U. States, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Gen. Jackson; and that Mr. Bryan, if he pleases, may be elected governor." The following extracts from the governor's speech will explain the object of this meeting of the Legislature.
Extract from the Speech of the Governor of Georgia, to both Houses of the Legislature.
Pursuant to your request, as expressed in a concurrent resolution passed at your last session, immediately on receiving official information that the Convention concluded between the U.S. and the Creek Nation of Indians for certain lands in the fork of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, had been duly ratified, I issued the proclamation in consequence of which you are now convened. This information was conveyed to me by a letter from the Secretary of war, dated the 28th of April last, a copy of which is herewith enclosed.
The Surveyor General has informed me that, from his calculation, according to the boundaries prescribed by this convention, a copy of which is also included, the State has acquired three million twenty-five thousand nine hundred and thirty acres of land, the far greater part of which is said to be of good quality. With you rests the disposal of this acquisition, & no doubt you will bear in mind, that many years pass over before the State will again have at her command, a property as valuable as the present. We have in now ample in our power to discharge the just debts of the State, and the principles of justice and morality call on us

to do so. The time will come when those demands must be paid, and to neglect procuring from this resource, a fund for that purpose, will be to keep our citizens, for no short length of time, under the burthen of a tax already too great, but which, if the present opportunity is not managed to advantage, I fear it will be found necessary to increase. It may fairly be presumed that the land now obtained is sufficient to enable us to relieve our citizens from the dread of this increase, of tax—and to provide for the payment of the state debt—and to secure us the means of accomplishing some of the most to be desired objects of government, such as the erecting a penitentiary—improving the navigation of our water courses—providing arms for the defence of our country—and aiding the funds of the institutions for the education of our youth.
It will be with you, in disposing of this territory, to guard against every plan which might open a door to speculation. To have it laid out in small tracts, as was done with that ceded by the treaty of Fort Wilkinson, would in my opinion be proper—large surveys, in the possession of individuals, endanger our liberty, and are injurious to the interest of the State, by being kept from cultivation. A citizen who can call but a few acres his own, feels an independence and satisfaction, which are not enjoyed by the unstable tenant.
An opinion seems to prevail, and I think not without foundation, that the act, passed at the last session of the legislature, for disposing of the fractional parts of surveys in the counties of Baldwin, Wilkinson and Wayne, is not calculated to answer its intended purpose and benefit the State. I would therefore recommend a revision of that act to your early attention, as from the advertisement of the commissioners appointed to carry it into effect, it appears that the sale of those surveys commences on the 16th of the present month.
You must have viewed, with interesting concern, the important subjects, in regard to foreign relations, which have lately engaged the attention of our national councils—and though we have reason to hope, that the result of their deliberations, aided by the penetration and wisdom of the chief magistrate of the nation, may occasion our differences to evaporate in peace, and to the interest of our country, yet as the issue is still involved in uncertainty, it behoves you, on your return to your respective homes, to inspire and cultivate as much as possible, a military zeal among our citizens, for it is a maxim which may be greatly relied on, that to be always prepared for a war is the best means of preserving peace.
JOHN MILLEDGE. State House, Louisville, June 9, 1806.
NEW-YORK, June 26. To the Editor of the Mercantile Advertiser. The enterprise of general Miranda in my ship Leander, having excited considerable interest and attention in the public mind, which has for some time past been deceived by various ridiculous and unfounded rumours, I think it proper to give publicity to the following extract of a letter which I have just received from a gentleman of respectability on board the Leander, the correctness of which may be relied on.
Your very humble servant, SAMUEL G. OGDEN.
Extract of a letter dated Genoa, May 27, 1806, from a gentleman on board the Leander, to Samuel G. Ogden.
We left Jacquamel on the 27th March, arrived at the island of Aruba on the 9th of April, where after taking in sufficient water, we sailed on the 13th April, and being off the Vian on the 27th near Porto Cavello, we fell in with a Spanish brig of 20 guns, and a schooner of 16 guns, by both of which we were attacked, and had a action of half an hour, but no apparent damage done on either side; however, during the contest, we were so unfortunate as to lose two fishermen we had chartered at Jacquamel, on board of which vessels were about 60 men. This circumstance was occasioned by those fishermen falling to leeward, and our not being able to separate the brig from the schooner, in which case we certainly should have saved our little convoy; however, to remedy this evil, we immediately determined to go to Trinidad, to obtain such information and assistance as the British might be disposed to afford us.
On our way we fortunately fell in with the British frigate of 64 guns, Capt. Cobnell, who received us with much cordiality, and informed us, it was his particular instructions to serve us , at the same time advising us to put into Grenada as the governor of that island had some particular communication to make to General Miranda. We have already received the Governor's assurance of the most prompt co-operation. We shall probably take up one or two days at most, in making the necessary arrangements here, and shall then proceed immediately to Trinidad, (in company with the Lilly loop of war) where we understand, the Governor of that island will also give us every assistance that is necessary.
The Leander is now on the coast with a number of volunteers on board; this ship is commanded by captain Cochrane, son of Admiral Cochrane, who we understand from the best authority has particular instructions to protect and forward our enterprise.
We have now the happiness to observe that this new turn to our operations has given much animation to all friends on board the Leander and I sincerely hope my next will inform you that our glorious enterprise is fully accomplished.
* The Leander's force is 17 nine pounders.
Captain Robbins, of the Schooner Elizabeth , left Legura on the 4th of June, at which time Miranda was at Aruba, and was fortifying it. His two Schooners, it was correctly ascertained, had been captured without resistance and carried into Porto Cavello, by a Spanish government brig and Schooner who were bound for that port from Laguyra. Miranda's two Schooners had sent their boats ashore to windward of Porto Cavello for water and provisions, and were waiting their return at the time of the capture. The Kings linguist had gone from Laguyra to Porto Cavello to undertake the examination of the prisoners. No British force had assisted in the expedition of Miranda.
Mora. Adm.
In pursuance of a decree of the Superior Court of Chancery, for the district of Richmond,
WILL be held on the first day of July next, at the Tavern of Mr. Zachariah Brooks in the Town of Manchester, the LOT & appurtenances in said town, lately occupied by Mr. William Robinson.
The sale will be on twelve months credit, the purchaser to give a bond, with security, to bear interest from the date.
June 3. JOHN MINOR, Commissioner. tdf.
The sale of the above property is unavoidably postponed until the 6th July, when it will positively take place.
JAMES RIVER COMPANY.
At a meeting of the President and Directors of the James River Company, on the second day of July, 1806, RESOLVED, that a dividend of three and a half Per Cent. be made to the shareholders on their respective shares, for the six months ending the 30th of June last.
Extract from the Minutes, ROBERT POLLARD, CLK. July 4. (34)
The Enquirer. RICHMOND, 4th JULY. FOURTH OF JULY. THE XXXTH ANNIVERSARY OF INDEPENDENCE. HAIL TO THE BIRTH-DAY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE! ALL HAIL TO THAT MEMORABLE DAY, WHICH DECLARED THE UNITED STATES THE ONLY FREE NATION ON THE EARTH!!! FOR THE ENQUIRER.
To Joseph Prentiss, Esquire, a Judge of the General Court.
It is a principle which I have long been taught to esteem: that the private feelings of the man should always retire when opposed to the more sacred duties of the citizen; and it is a right which I no less admire of every individual to scan and discuss the conduct of government, no matter whether it relates to the political or judicial departments of his country. It is under the influence of this theory that I am encouraged to examine the propriety of a measure adopted by you at the last district session of King & Queen.
And as it is a measure in my opinion, tending to the subversion of trials by jury, and to an alarming accession of judicial power; so it is my fear of the first, & dread of the last, that urges me to this public introduction of the subject. I am duly aware that a judge must be sensible of pain, when the eye of the people is struck with the sound of his transgression, but at the same time, I reflect that his anxiety may consist in his vindication. In the trial of a criminal cause of singular atrocity, you dropped the counsel of the prison and directed the jury to return a verdict of a guilty, and that if they tendered any other it should be overruled and a new trial awarded, but that they might act as they pleased. This intention is happily adapted to escape the eye of criticism, because it appears in the graceful attire of clemency and humanity; but when the principle of conduct is examined, and the subsequent accumulation of power that is likely to result from this precedent, very different feelings must arise.
It must appear evident to the most careless observer from the recent policy of reasoning, that if a judge can direct an acquittal in one case he may demand condemnation in another, and had your mind but turned to a different disposition upon this late occasion, the impropriety of conduct would have been more glaring, and would not have passed thus far unresisted.
Every friend to the jurisprudence of his country must feel deeply interested in preserving the line that distinguishes the powers of a jury from those of a court. The first is the grand tribunal in the faith and integrity of which, he reposes his property his person and his liberty. & it therefore behoves him to beware of the ascendancy of the latter.
The rights of juries are now happily too well established to a unit of much controversy of opinion. The ingenious scheme of un-meriting this system by limiting the power of juries to the consideration of fact, has been fully exposed and defeated, and the more general doctrine established, that they are judges both of fact and law. And according to an author of celebrity upon this subject, "Juries are not only judges of fact, but many times of the truth of evidence, and if they have just cause to doubt what a witness has sworn, they are not bound to give a verdict according to his testimony, and that they may sometimes give credit to one witness though opposed by more than one."
It is evident, then, according to the principles which have hitherto existed, and the obvious reasoning that the subject is apt to suggest, that juries should be left alone to the operations of their own minds; and that the moment a judge imposes his opinion, he virtually trenches upon the system, and deforms its fairest feature. The oath of a juror solemnly enjoins him to render a verdict according to the apprehensions of his own mind, and not to those of any other person or judge; else he surrenders his confidence and his country thro' complaint and servility.
But independent of this, can any thing be more rational than to suppose that different minds may imbibe different impressions from the same testimony. The opinion of one juror may differ from that of his associate; two jurors do sometimes deduce contrary conclusions from the same case, and in ordinary discrimination nothing is more frequent than to urge the strongest for adverse tenets. Is there any thing wondrous or mysterious then—that an honest jury may differ from a court without forfeiting that character? Thus it appears that judges should act with timorous caution in even reverting the verdicts of juries. And in criminal cases I cannot conceive with what propriety a new trial can be awarded unless there is the most irrefragable evidence of corruption or unequivocal ignotus of prejudice, which could not have possibly existed in this case; for according to the course of law, near thirty minds must have previously decided his guilt, before he could have been brought to the district bar. Hence I should presume that there must have been testimony against him—a counsel, and as the jury are the peculiar persons upon whose minds the testimony is to operate, and may attach what degree of faith and credit they deem proper, that therefore a new trial ought never to be granted unless under the strongest conviction of improper conduct.
But it is full time to exert this power after a verdict is returned, and whenever it is done before they retire, the judge steps beyond his scope of power, and treads upon the independence of juries, which is the vital principle of the institution. But it may be contended, that the jury in this case were informed by the judge, that they might do as they pleased. Grateful intelligence!—After prescribing a verdict—and renunciation of reversal, if they did not obey—is it possible to imagine they would have acted differently?
For altho' their minds may be untouched with juridical science, yet their feelings would be equally sensitive to the insinuation of corruption; and when they perceive that they are to resemble an automaton parade, or mock image of a jury, it would be folly to consult and reflect, as the suspicious breath of a judge would soil any other verdict with the cast of prejudice, by denying it as pure and consensual with the evidence they were sworn to respect.
In thus personally addressing you, and giving publicity to this subject, it is not my intention to insinuate any impure motive, or to fasten any unmerited stigma upon your judicial character. My only wish is to defend the rights of juries from what I conceive an aggression. For if this directory power of a judge is conceded, the trial by jury, which has been admired ever since
the days of Alfred as a boon of precious value, and which is now the boasted bulwark of the people, would be reduced to the thread-bare texture of a judicial diadem. Hor fons derivata clades In patriam, populunque fuit. —Hor. JURIDICUS.
COMMUNICATION.
The personal differences of men, continue one of the last subjects which should be obtruded upon the public eye. Their attention is, perhaps, never less worthily bestowed, than upon such topics. The parties themselves, can scarcely be exhibited in an attitude less dignified. Yet where the private character of an individual is attacked, thro' the medium of the press, it would seem hard to deny to the injured party, or to his friends, the right of laying before the public a succinct statement of the facts, upon which his reputation is attempted to be implicated. This is the object of the present communication.
During the last winter, Mr. John Randolph accidentally learnt, thro' the channel of a friend, that some of his friends on a certain declaration, made with closed doors, had wounded the feelings of Mr. T. M. Randolph. He immediately communicated what he had heard to that gentleman; affuring him at the same time, that his observations were confined to the member from Massachusetts, who had made the declaration in question; and added, that Mr. T. M. R. ought to feel assured, that no remarks which Mr. J. R. might offer in the house, could be directed towards him. It may not be improper to notice, that in this debate, Mr. T. M. R. had taken no share. Mr. T. M. R. expressed himself gratified by this unofficied and frank avowal on the part of Mr. J. R. and declared himself to be perfectly satisfied. This is the sole instance in which the irreconcilable, which has been for many years suspended, has been thus gentlemanly has been renewed, until the last night of the session. Of the proceedings of that night a faithful statement, as far as it goes, was made in the Aurora , of the 13th of May. The facts are correctly represented. With the inferences and opinions, the writer of this has nothing to do. Let it be recollected, that this statement is addressed to the Editor of the Aurora , who was himself an eye and ear witness of the transaction, with a request freely to correct any error, which might be found in it. Of its author, the writer of this knows nothing, and the first notice which he had of the publication, was seeing it in print. The Richmond National Intelligencer , is partial and unfaithful. The expressions of Mr. J. R. are mutilated; some of those of Mr. T. M. R. suppressed. There is not one word about Y-zoo in the reported speech—and the unmanly insinuation, thrown out in the note, proves that the chief object in view was to give a false effect to the proceedings, in which truth has not been consulted. Mr. J. Randolph's language, in reply to Mr. Findley, was mild, and his manner conciliatory, in a marked degree. It was an invitation to general peace. There was nothing to offend the most captious. Before Mr. T. M. R. rose (and it should be recollected that he had borne no share in the debate until then) the question, which had drawn forth the discussion, was decided by a vote—when he asked leave to reply to the gentleman from Virginia. (Mr. J. R. was the only gentleman from Virginia, who had spoken upon the subject.) The speaker was about to stop Mr. T. M. R., observing that there was no motion before the house. Mr. J. R. requested that the gentleman might go on, suggesting, at the same time, that perhaps he meant to make a motion before he sat down. The house seemed to listen in silent astonishment, and when he had ended, there was one general expression of wonder and surprise. In a few minutes afterwards, Mr. J. R. left his seat and desired Mr. Garnett to make a formal application to Mr. T. M. R. to know, whether his remarks were addressed to Mr. J. R. and, if so, whether he disavowed any such intention, to demand a meeting. Mr. G. seemed deeply concerned at this request, and endeavoured to dissuade his friend from the step. Mr. J. R. replied that his resolution was irrevocably taken; that perhaps, he had cause, on the whole, to be obliged to Mr. T. M. R.; that he had long been a target for every worthless slander that that house contained his faults as, and that Mr. T. M. R., by this unprovoked and studied outrage, had given him an opportunity to answer them all, in the person of an adversary, who would not disgrace his contest, and under circumstances, in which no possible blame could attach to him. What Mr. Garnett's instructions were, he will, no doubt, state to the public, with every other circumstance, which came under his observation, during the course of this affair.
From some late representations, in the Enquirer , it would seem that Mr. J. Randolph had used expressions, which, if levelled at Mr. T. M. R., might be considered as a just cause of offence. But this was not the case. Mr. J. Randolph's language and manners were soothing and conciliatory. There was nothing in either to wound the most peevish, or captious, of those who heard him. Every member of the house (with a single exception) is appealed to for the truth of this fact—and if there had been, with what shew of reason, could Mr. T. M. R., who had not participated in the debate, who was wholly out of view, apply them to himself? Let the voluntary declaration of Mr. J. R. to that gentleman, made in an early stage of the session, be remembered; and let the world pronounce how far Mr. J. R.'s "habitual disregard of the feelings of others, or his carelessness at the moment, tended to embroil him with Mr. T. M. R. on that occasion." Of the issue Mr. J. R. can (it is presumed) have no cause for regret. A wanton attack had been made upon his feelings. It was repelled in a manner equally honorable to his character, and congenial to his feelings. Let the public judge.
FROM THE AURORA.
NORFOLK, May 5.
Mr. Duane will do no more than justice to the independence and disinterestedness of the Aurora , by publishing the following article, which if there be any error in it he will freely correct. E. G.
The close of the first session of the ninth congress.
On the 21st of April congress adjourned, to meet again on the first Monday in December next. While in session, by candle light, on the evening of that day, Mr. William Findley, a member from Pennsylvania, rose and addressed the house without provocation, in a strain of gross and indecent personal abuse of Mr. John Randolph, charging that gentleman with having designs to pull down the present administration. It was plainly to be perceived from the language and manner of Mr. Findley, that he was at this time very much intoxicated with strong drink, and the writer having seen him at other times in the same situation, verily believes he came that evening into his seat as a representative of the people in a state of intoxication—and many of the members, then present declared the same opinion. Mr. F. was so outrageously indecent in his language, that he was called many times to order; but without regarding the call, continued to speak until the house was thrown into a state of confusion, perhaps never before witnessed. It will be observed, that the house had adjourned about 4 o'clock, in order to allow the members to take some refreshment, and to meet again at half past 6 o'clock in the evening; and it is perhaps to this circumstance that the disgraceful and unparalleled scene which closed the 1st session of the 9th congress must in part be attributed.
As soon as Mr. F. had sat down, Mr. J. Randolph rose, & without taking particular notice of the conduct of the unfortunate old man, Mr. F. in a manner the most mild, dignified and conciliatory, observed, that "he had hoped, however we might have differed in opinion on the various subjects discussed this session, we should on the eve of separation, have forgotten any animosities and political animosities that had occurred during the session; and that we should have parted like men and friends—and he had hoped the harmony of that house would not have been disturbed
in the last moments of the session, either by those who had been habitual declaimers, or by those who had kept the selfish tenor of their own way—that contumely and personal hatred would have been banished from these walls, and that we should at least have separated in good humour." This is correctly the substance of his remarks, which produced a gleam of pleasure apparent on the countenance of almost every person present. The language he used and the sentiments expressed, were so mild and conciliatory, that Mr. Randolph's friends were particularly delighted. Although there was nothing in his language or manner, that would justify in the smallest degree an idea that he intended to make any particular or personal allusion, yet the attention of every member then present was immediately directed to Mr. T. M. Randolph, the president pro tem in law, who, under the inspection that John Randolph had made some allusion to him, (which no person present except himself in my opinion, could have supposed) rose, and in a manner at once indicative of rage and defiance, spoke as nearly as my memory serves, in substance as follows:— "Mr. Speaker, I rise to reply to the gentleman from Virginia; I will not pretend to vie with him in point of talent or of eloquence—in these he is far, very far, my superior—this is not the first time, that gentleman has availed himself, under the sanction of the presence of this assembly, to apply his personal allusions to me, and to make use of language and conduct here, which he would not do out of this house."
"But, sir, I will tell that gentleman, that however he may be superior in talents and eloquence, in patriotism, I am his superior—yes, his superior—in all year past, that gentleman announced far out, and dealt in flowers and gardening—I saw him with his spade and pickaxe, and rake and mattock, cultivating his flower garden—this, sir, was on the Virginia Gazette —and then I perceived the gentleman launch forth to sea, without compass or rudder—his masts broken, his sails tattered and torn—and his vessel in a leaky condition, and when I saw that, sir, I thought it high time to quit him and look out for the land. The gentleman can talk and bawl out of the arguments of heat and powder and itself; and with these arguments I am as expert as himself, and as willing as he may be to use them."
I have been frequently an observer of deliberative assemblies, & much confide, I have never seen to great a degree of anger, rage, and threatening, as was manifested by Mr. T. M. Randolph towards John Randolph on this occasion—nor have I ever observed such a degree of astonishment, and regret, as was exhibited in the looks and expressions of the members. It had the most strange and alarming aspect; coming from the quarter it did, and under existing circumstances, excited in the minds of a great portion of those present, sentiments of the most serious nature. Immediately after Mr. T. M. Randolph had taken his seat, he was followed by James Sloan of New-Jersey, who read a speech of about two thousand words, full of the most direct personal abuse of Mr. John Randolph; his speech contained some assertions that were absolutely false—Indeed, for some fearfully and direful personal abuse his written speech cannot be equalled, of which the people will judge, it is correctly printed, as I presume will be the case, for Sloan was obliged to deliver it into the hands of Mr. S. H. Smith, printer, who was then present. After a short time had been spent in the business before the house, Mr. T. M. Randolph rose and observed, that under the idea Mr. J. Randolph had made some personal allusion to him, he had been induced to reply in warm and intemperate language—that he had been forced into it by those who had near him, as well as others of his friends, that he had entirely mislaid the observations made by John Randolph, he rose to apologize for what he had said; and being now fully convinced that no allusion was made or intended to apply to him, expressed his regret for having used the language he had uttered, and that he was at all times unwilling to hurt the feelings of any person—These are not the precise words, but the substance of the apology he offered, which ought not to be considered sufficiently satisfactory—thus ended the session of congress on the 21st of April, 1806.
To a person not intimately acquainted with the turnip of country freemen, it would really be matter of astonishment, to observe the facility with which the most bare faced falsehoods are raised and circulated to injure their opponents. The best means are resorted to by some who call themselves the friends of the administration, to pull down the reputation of John Randolph "for he has had the courage and patriotism to dare differ in opinion with the executive on certain political points." But the unsooty efforts of those who can stoop to make use of such base methods to injure that man, will, I trust never succeed—if there be however, brave, independent & enlightened patriots, John Randolph certainly is one of that description and deserves well of his country. A CITIZEN.
MIRANDA'S EXPEDITION.
In spite of the flattering reports which have been so often circulated respecting Miranda's success in Caraccas; in spite of the farce of The General Kirkland's letter , the fate of this celebrated expedition seems at last to be finally determined. It is not too much to say, that it contains his closed upon it for ever.
For to what quarter is it now to look for new resources? It cannot be to the British Government, because they would have scarcely withheld their succours, until the whole country was prepared to meet them, and Miranda's resources had completely failed. Had they been disposed to promote the success of their power, would they not have combined their own resources with his? Would they not have granted him a rendezvous at T'idad, instead of driving him to Jacquamel? Would they not have conveyed his little fleet to the Main, instead of exposing him to the risk of being interrupted at his very landing? Would they not have given him troops? Money if they had they have already applied. But why did they not pursue this policy? Not because they were indifferent to his success; not because they cared not about the separation of those colonies from Spain, or the chance of getting there a foothold for themselves; but because they were unwilling to venture too much on an expedition, when the issue was uncertain. They waited to see the first impression which Miranda would have made upon Caraccas, the qualities which he would display, or the reception which he would experience from his country men. It would have been time enough for the lion to have slept in and demanded his share of the spoil. But if this be a true representation of their policy, how is it to be expected that they will now advance ships to aid an unfortunate adventurer, upon whose good fortune alone they had pledged the resolution of giving him reinforcement?
Dismissing him therefore to the fate, which seems at present to overwhelm his design, it may not be amiss to touch upon a few of these topics, which have grown out of it; two of which are at this time particularly important.
Whether our Administration has really been connected with Miranda, is one of those questions which the approaching trial at New-York is to determine. What is most probable however at this time, is, that Miranda did never disclose his immediate object; that he merely offered his services at the feet of our government, dwelling upon the disaffected spirit of the colonists of Spain, and proposing in case of our going into a war with that nation, to make a diversion in our favour in Chili, or Caraccas; perhaps he might have even proposed to profit immediately by these favourable arrangements, to strike the first blow against Spain and to seize Caraccas at once as a complete security for the surrender of the Floridas. Such in fact is the representation which we
have actually received of his offer; but what is said to have been Mr. Madison's answer? That it was out of the power of our government at present to employ Gen. Miranda; that we were constitutional powers of the executive to commence hostilities with any nation, and contrary to our laws for any individual whatever to fit out a military expedition in our ports. He warned him to put a guard upon his enthusiasm and not to suffer it to hurry him into a violation of our laws.
It is impossible, however, to say that the "curtain has closed for ever" upon the expedition of Miranda, until the fate of his 58 companions, who were carried into Porto Cavello, has been decided. To their fate, it is impossible for us to be indifferent. A few of them are our countrymen. They were engaged in a scheme, which, with all its discouragements, seemed still to hold fair to be eminently useful. Many of them were deceived by the wily consolation of Miranda. True it is, there are others, whose death can be no serious loss to any country.
As the life of these men are now in jeopardy, it may be proper to enquire beforehand into the rights of the Spanish jurisdiction; that we may be prepared to judge as far as possible of the propriety of their decisions. The first question before their tribunals would be, is there sufficient proof that this expedition was directed against the Spanish possession; the next, what is the punishment for such an illegal offence. But granting that the first is clearly proven, it will require no lengthy researches to settle sufficiently the point. The different cases on this subject may be stated in the following gradation:—
The first case is where subjects not expressly authorized by their government to commit themselves to simple defence. With respect to this case Martens says, "it will appear that circumstances ought to determine, whether, acting by the presumed order of their sovereign, they ought to be treated as lawful enemies or not. They are, however, generally treated with more regard than those who act by express authority." Book VIII. ch. 3. sec. 2.
The second is the case, where the subjects of a government not being lawfully authorized, take upon themselves to attack the enemy. In this case, says Martens "they are treated by him as banditti; and even the state to which they belong, ought to punish them as such." Book VIII. ch. 3. sec. 2. Those (continues he) who, unauthorized by their sovereign, or the order of their sovereign, exercise violences against an enemy, and fall into that enemy's hands, have no right to expect the treatment due to prisoners of war; the enemy is justifiable in putting them to death as banditti. ib. sec. 6.
The last case is, where the subjects are not only authorized by a sovereign, but where that sovereign is professedly at peace with the nation whom they attack. This case is not quoted by Martens, but there can be no doubt of the penalty, which the law of nations would attach to it.
By the law of nations, therefore, the companions of Miranda, if they have acted without commissions from any established government, must be considered as banditti, & as liable to death. In such a case there can be no refuge but in the generosity and mercy of the Spanish government. In such a case, our own administration can do nothing, but to solicit this indulgence at the hands of Spain. They may folly , but they cannot demand it.
But is there not still one refuge from the inhumanity of Spain? May not Miranda have acted under the authority of the United States? When his companions, therefore, are brought before the Spanish tribunal, may they not have their commission in their pockets, discovered by Wm. Pitt? Under the view of such a document, the expedition under Miranda may be considered as a British expedition, and the captives of Porto Cavello as common prisoners of war.
But of what use, is it asked, will this commission be to the Americans concerned? The law of nations gives the reply: "Volunteers taken by the enemy (says Vattel) are treated as part of the army in which they fight." Nothing can be more reasonable; they, in fact, unite themselves to this army; they support the same cause, no matter whether it be from any obligation or of free-will."
The U. States brig Hornet , capt. Dent, arrived at L'Orient, in 28 days from New-York. It was on board this vessel, that Pulwar Skipwith, Esq. filled with powers to treat for the purchase of the Floridas, and as it has been falsely said in the federal papers, with two millions of dollars, for ballast. The truth is, that Mr. S. only carried with him bills to that amount; one for a million of dollars, on merchants in Holland; and another, on the Treasury of the U. S.
Could any thing so well atone for the inapudence of having prematurely published, the secret journals of congress, as this expedition as part of the Hornet ? Mr. Skethwith will now arrive in Paris, the negotiation may be ended, or may take such a course as cannot easily be changed, some time before the cabinet of St. Cloud can be informed of our secret measures. It will then be of little use for them to know the great anxiety expressed by congress for the acquisition of the Floridas; their determination to purchase, if they cannot obtain them by exchange; and the precise sum which they have appropriated towards effecting that purchase.
Last Evening's Mail.
NEW-YORK, June 28. Captain Smith, in 13 days from St. Pierre, informs, that Junonia Bonaparte arrived at Port-Royal on the 6th inst. in an 80 gun ship. Shortly after her arrival a British frigate appeared off the harbor, when Junonia got under way, and fled out to sea, but just as the ships were preparing for action another British frigate Hare in flight, which pursued Junonia to return hastily into Port-Royal harbor. An embargo was then laid, which continued four days. The two British frigates remained off the harbor, when Captain Smith failed.
A. Persons are cautioned against taking assignments of two BONDS given by me to William Salmons, junr. of Goochland County, for £250 each, one payable on the 10th day of March next, the other on the 1st of March 1803, as I shall not discharge them until the said Salmons make me a satisfied receipt to a certain tract of Land, purchased of him, for which the said BONDS were given. WILLIAM BOLLING. Goochland, July 4. (34)
TWENTY DOLLARS REWARD. STRAYED from the Common near HORR-Town, on the 21st of June, a large Bay HORSE, upwards of fifteen hands high; he has a small white spot in his forehead, his colour is a deep or blood bay, he has a switch tail. When the horse strayed away, he had a pair of shoes on his fore feet, but no shoes on his hind feet. Whoever will secure the horse, so that he can be got by being sent for, shall receive the abovementioned reward. ROBERT NELSON, junr.

The Editor, who gives currency to a useful system of education, is of more REAL USE to his country, than the author of a thousand scurrilous and contemptible libels.
The preservation of liberty depends upon the knowledge of the people.
Vigilant precepts and enlightened schools are two great fountains of knowledge. Let the precepts therefore minister to the advancement of its helpmate.
FROM THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
PESTALOZZI.
IT is with pride we perceive an increasing attention paid to the instruction of youth throughout the wide extent of the United States. Colleges, Academies, and Schools are every day and every where becoming more numerous. Although much good will flow from the multiplication of these Institutions, still more may be expected from improving the mode of instruction.
Those who feel an interest in this subject (and what enlarged mind does not?) will look with solicitude to every progressive step taken in the establishment of this Institution in this country.
EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS.
"As I have lately been examining a new mode of instructing the human species in their infancy, before prejudices have taken root, or sounds have been substituted for sense, I take the liberty of sending you a short description of the method employed by M. Pestalozzi, to teach children from the years of 5 to 12; and with you give it a fair and impartial examination, and your support if you approve of it."
"Some time ago I took the liberty of handing you a sketch of Pestalozzi's Method of teaching children. As it is one of the few things worthy of imitation on this side of the Atlantic, I hope you have received it, and that you have given it an impartial examination, so as to judge of the rationality of the theory."
"The plan occupies the time between the age of 5 and 10 years, a period in which children far more make any progress under the old system—in that time Pestalozzi teaches them two languages, to read, write, arithmetic, geography, drawing, and know-
ledge of the nature and use of the properties of things around them, with a justness of eye in regard to dimension and distance, and an exactness of hand in execution, which facilitates the acquiring of all the arts."
Extracts from an account of the New System of education of Pestalozzi.
"Pestalozzi has given the name of "method" to the new system of education of which he is the author, and which he labors to improve with a zeal which promises to ensure its success."
"The end which he proposes to himself is to develop in the infant, that principle of perfectibility which is inherent in human nature, and which only needs cultivation to acquire even in the earliest age a degree of strength which can scarcely be conceived."
"The basis of his elementary instruction is Intuition, which he regards as the general foundation of our knowledge, and the most proper means of unfolding the powers of the human mind in the most natural manner."
"This, and this most particularly, is the end which Pestalozzi proposes to himself and which he believes he has attained. So short a time as yet has elapsed since his ideas have been put in practice, that we cannot judge of a posteriori of his system, except in his institute; but the most favorable presumptions may be entertained, in respect to the solidity of its principles, and of the happy effects it will have on future generations, if we form our judgment from the official report presented to the Helvetic government in 1809, by men deferving of the highest confidence, from the opinion of a great number of learned men who on their visits to Berthoud, have been astonished at the surprising results they witnessed—and by the general interest, which the first experiments, and the first works of this extraordinary man have excited throughout Germany."
"I propose giving to my readers an account of a new system, which has been so far tried as to enable us to form, tho' not a complete, yet an adequate idea of it, in order to appreciate its utility."
A general account of the METHOD pursued by him.
[Translated from the work of Dr. Chavannes.]
"Pestalozzi has given the name of Method to his new plan of instruction, as it is not so much the subject, as the mode or manner of instruction, in which his plan differs from any hitherto adopted."
"This Method embraces all those elementary or primary means, by the aid of which the powers of the human mind may be the most naturally developed. It is the result of deep reflection on the progress of nature, from the moment that the infant, opening its eyes to the light, begins to combine the materials which are to serve as the foundation of all his future knowledge."
"With the aid of the signs of language, his sensations acquire from day to day more precision; because, discovering each day new properties in the objects which fall under his senses, language furnishes him, at the same time, a new denomination for each of these properties."
"Such is the progress of Nature; such the guide Pestalozzi wishes to follow. His numerous observations have convinced him; first, that the intellectual powers of the infant need only to be developed in a sure and certain manner, to elevate them to the highest degree which man can attain; secondly, that the little success hitherto obtained, must be attributed to the feebleness and inconsistency of the foundations on which the different systems of instruction have been raised; but, particularly, to the little attention which has been paid, to give to the first impressions received in infancy, a direction conformable to the indications furnished by nature."
"He has studiously sought for the surest and most simple method to give this direction to the infant mind, and to harmonize the instructions of man with those of nature. But to accomplish this, we must choose with the true elementary or primary principles; we must lay hold of the first operations of nature upon the mind of the infant, in order to sub-
ject them to rules which may remove the errors, and supply the deficiencies in the perceptions of this early period; these rules should be general, and adapted to the inferior as well as higher classes of society."
"After long continued researches, and many experiments, Pestalozzi is convinced, that the first distinct ideas produced in the mind, by exterior objects, were the result of the observations the child naturally made on their form, and their number, connected with the knowledge it had acquired of their name and most striking qualities. These are, in truth, the first things which he tries to learn. When he sees an object that is new to him, he commands the name; he tries to approach in order to touch it; when it is possible, he lays hold of it, turns it over and over again, examines its dimensions; in a word, studies its form, and if he discovers many separate parts, each successively attracts his attention; the moment he can notice an object in these three relations, name, form and number, he begins to have a distinct idea of it, which is sufficient, until he is able to study its other properties. To attend in these different respects to the first impressions of the child, to give him rules or principles in harmony with these first acts of his intelligence, is to go hand in hand with nature, to guide him in the true path, and is the most certain method of developing his intellectual powers."
"It is then to these three elementary points, name, form and number, that Pestalozzi has thought it best to restrict himself in the method which he applies to the instruction of early childhood."
"This work which he entitles "The Method," is divided in three parts; first,
"The Manual of Mothers, which is confined simply to the intuition (or perception) and denomination of the principal objects in nature and art, by which the child is surrounded."
"The second, is destined to Instruction in Relation to Numbers; the third to Instruction in Relation to Forms and Dimensions."
"This work is printed in German, and is now, we are informed, about being translated into French."
(To be continued.)
"** The Editor of the Enquirer thinks himself authorized, from a cursory inspection of the preceding work, to give it his warmest approbation."
Miscellaneous.
PLOUGHS.
Arthur Young having made a great number of experiments with various kinds of Ploughs—having weighed each plough, examined its construction, and found exactly the relative force that was necessary to draw it through the ground; he deduced from those experiments several practical principles which may be very useful in the construction of Ploughs, and also to instruct farmers whether their Ploughs are well or ill constructed. It is well known not only that some Ploughs turn over the ground much better than others; but also that when two Ploughs are of the same weight, it often requires much more force or strength of team to draw one than the other. And it is a never-failing rule, that a Plough which makes the best work, (other circumstances being equal,) is the easiest drawn through the ground. Contrary to common ideas, the light weight of the Plough is of little consequence, and heaviness is even an advantage oftener than otherwise. The drawing the weight of a Plough is the least part of the team's labour; the great object is, the resistance met with in the cohesion of the earth; lightness does nothing to overcome this; it is effected by just proportions only. If a Plough is not made on true principles, the lightness is prejudicial by adding to the unsteadiness of all ill-made Ploughs. A light Plough that requires constant exertion to keep it in the ground, besides tiring the holder, is harder drawn than a much heavier one, that of itself, and almost without any labour to the man who follows it, keeps in the ground readily, inclining to run neither too deep nor too shallow. When a Plough plunges or inclines to run too deep, the team has not only to draw a considerable part of the holder's weight, but also to overcome a great additional resistance which the earth makes to the passage of such an ill-constructed machine.
"The share should be nearly, if not quite as broad in the fin, as the Plough is wide in the heel, in order that all the furrows may be cut, and not torn up by force. Both these objects are of great consequence."
Young mentions a Plough, projected by Mr. Arbuthnot, as being the best he had tried; and that "it owed its superiority to the share rising as an inclined plane and melting gradually into the sweep of its long mould board." Mr. Young projected a Plough that combined the distinguishing excellencies of Arbuthnot's with those of an iron Plough, constructed by a Mr. Brand, who, for its superior construction, obtained a bounty of twenty pounds, Sterling, from the agricultural society. Concerning this Plough of Young's, which united the excellencies of the two Ploughs aforementioned, he says—"This Plough, though a swing one, will go a perch, and sometimes more, without the driver holding it at all, and whole force, with no more of the Ploughman's strength applied than one finger would give. This is, perhaps, of all others, the surest proof that the Plough moves with the greatest possible ease."
A Plough is a most necessary instrument of husbandry; and mechanical skill can hardly be better employed, than in making improvements in this useful machine, so as to bring it as near perfection as possible.
By Authority.
LAW OF THE UNITED STATES.
AN ACT
To regulate the laying out and making a road from Cumberland, in the state of Maryland, to the state of Ohio.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three discreet & disinterested citizens of the United States, to lay out a road from Cumberland, or a point on the northern bank of the river Potomac in the state of Maryland, between Cumberland and the place where the main road leading from Gwynn's to Winchester in Virginia crosses the river, to the state of Ohio: whose duty it shall be, as soon as may be, after their appointment, to repair to Cumberland aforesaid, and view the ground from the points of the river Potomac herein before designated, to the river Ohio, and to lay out in such direction as they shall judge, under all circumstances, the most proper, a road from thence to the river Ohio, to strike out the same at the most convenient place, between a point on its eastern bank, opposite to the northern boundary of Steubenville, in said state of Ohio, and the mouth of Grave creek, which empties into said river, a little below Wheeling in Virginia.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the aforesaid road shall be laid out four rods in width, and designated on each side by a plain and distinguishable mark on a tree, or by the erection of a stake or monument, sufficiently conspicuous in every quarter of a mile of the distance, at least, where the road pursues a straight course so far or farther, and on each side, at every point where an angle occurs in its course.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the commissioners aforesaid, as soon as may be, after they have laid out said road as aforesaid, present to the President an accurate account of the same, with its several courses and distances; accompanied by a written report of their proceedings, describing the marks and monuments by which the road is designated, and the face of the country over which it passes, and pointing out the particular parts, which they shall judge require the most and immediate attention and amelioration; and the probable expense of making the same passable, in the most difficult parts, and through the whole distance; designating the flats, or flats through which said road has been laid out, and the length of the several parts which are laid out on new grounds, as well as the length of those parts laid out on the road now travelled: which report the President is hereby authorized to accept or reject, in the whole or in part. If he accepts, he is hereby further authorized and requested to pursue such measures, as in his opinion shall be proper, to obtain consent, for making the road, of the flats or flats through which the same has been laid out. Which consent being obtained, he is further authorized to take prompt and effectual measures to cause said road to be made through the whole distance, or in any part or parts of the same, as he shall judge most conducive to the public good, having reference to the sum appropriated for the purpose.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That all parts of the road which the President shall direct to be made, in case the trees are standing, shall be cleared the whole width of four rods; and the road shall be raised in the middle of the carriage way, with stone, earth, gravel or sand, or a combination of some other or all of them, leaving or making, as the case may be, a ditch or water-course on each side, and contiguous to said carriage way—and in no instance shall there be an elevation in said road, when finished, greater than an angle of five degrees with the horizon: But the manner of making said road, in every other particular, is left to the direction of the President.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That said commissioners shall each receive four dollars per day, while employed as aforesaid, in full for their compensation, including all expenses. And they are hereby authorized to employ one surveyor, two chainmen, and one marker, for whose faithfulness and accuracy they, the said commissioners, shall be responsible, to attend them in laying out said road, who shall receive in full satisfaction for their wages, including all expenses, the surveyor three dollars per day, and each chainman and the marker one dollar per day, while they shall be employed in said business—of which fact, a certificate signed by said commissioners shall be deemed sufficient evidence.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the sum of thirty thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated to defray the expense of laying out and making said road. And the President is hereby authorized to draw from time to time on the treasury, for such parts, or at any one time, for the whole of said sum, as he shall judge the service requires; which sum of thirty thousand dollars shall be paid, first out of the fund of two per cent. reserved for laying out and making roads to the state of Ohio, by virtue of the act entitled "An act to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory north west of the river Ohio, to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the union, on an equal footing with the original states, and for other purposes;" three per cent. of the appropriation contained in said seventh section, being directed by a subsequent law, to the laying out, opening, and marking roads within the said state of Ohio. And secondly, out of any money in the treasury, not otherwise appropriated, chargeable upon and reimbursable at the treasury by said fund of two per cent. as the same shall accrue.
Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That the President be, and he is hereby requested to cause to be laid before Congress, as soon as convenience will permit, after the commencement of each session, a statement of the proceedings under this act, that Congress may be enabled to adopt such further measures as may, from time to time, be proper, under existing circumstances.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. S. SMITH, President of the Senate, Pro tempore.
March 29, 1806. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
TEN DOLLARS REWARD.
RANAWAY from the subscriber, on Thursday night the 18th inst. a negro man named LEWIS, he is about five feet nine or ten inches high, stout and well made, has a scar on one of his hands (I believe his right) occasioned by a burn when small; he wore away a horse-skin shirt and pantaloons dyed of a light olive colour, took with him a black broad cloth coat and vest, but I expect he will change his name and cloathing and attempt passing as a free man, and will attempt to make his escape to Norfolk by water. Masters of vessels and all others are forewarned from harbouring, employing, or taking him away at their peril. The above reward will be paid on delivering him to Joseph Traylor, jr. in Blandford, or the subscriber.
ARCHER TRAYLOR, sen.
N. B. I have understood that he was seen in the city of Richmond during the Broad Rock Races, dressed in black. I think it is probable he is still lurking about there. He has a pert walk, good countenance, very active and fond of waiting on gentlemen.
Chesterfield, May 27. A. T.
TO BE RENTED—The Tenement where I now reside, and possession given in time. J. PENN.
April 11. tf
JUST RECEIVED, FROM BORDEAUX:
A Large assortment of Claret Wine, of different qualities; Champagne, Mousseux, White Saturn, Vin de Grave, Burgundy, Lafitte, Muscat of Frontignan, old Medoc of different qualities, fresh Anchois, fresh Olives, Capers, and superfine Sweet Oil.—For sale on reasonable terms by
ALEXANDER PLAINVILLE.
June 27.
NOTICE.
THE Co-partnership, heretofore existing under the firm of SAMUEL BARRET & Co. is this day dissolved by mutual consent. Those indebted to and those having demands against the said firm, are solicited to a settlement with Henry Hall, who is authorized to liquidate the same.
SAMUEL BARRET, HENRY HALL.
June 27. tf
MANCHESTER TURNPIKE COMPANY.
SALE OF SHARES.
NOTICE is hereby given, that all shares upon which the tenth requisition shall remain unpaid, will be offered for sale at Mr. Brooks's tavern, on Saturday the 19th of July next. The sale to commence at 12 o'clock in the forenoon.
GENERAL MEETING.
As a sufficient number of members, to constitute a meeting, did not attend on Saturday the 19th current; I am therefore authorized to give notice that a meeting of the company will be held at Mr. Brooks's tavern, on Saturday the 19th of July next, when it is expected, members will be punctual in their attendance, which business of importance to the interest of the company particularly requires.
JAMES BRANDER, Chf. Manchester, June 20, 1806.
VALUABLE PROPERTY FOR SALE.
Being anxious to discharge all my just debts, I will sell a great bargain in two new BRICK TENEMENTS, on the Main-Street, on Shockoe-Hill; they are well calculated for stores and private families, and considered to be as good stands for business as any in that part of the city; they will be sold separately or together, to suit purchasers. If this property is not sold by private contract before Tuesday, the 24th day of June next, it will, on that day, be sold at public auction. Any person wishing to purchase, will be shown the property, and may know the terms, (which will be very accommodating,) by application to the subscriber living adjoining the premises.
I will also dispose of, by private contract, my half acre LOT in the neighborhood of Gen. Mosely, on which there is a two story Brick House erected, 44 feet long by 22 feet wide; this house is not finished in the inside, but can be finished to suit the purchaser. For terms apply to
J. B. WINN, tdf. May 30.
The sale of the above property is postponed until the 5th day of July next, when it will certainly take place. For terms, apply to TAYLOR & BROWN.
CHINA AND GLASS.
THE subscriber has lately received from Philadelphia, a handsome assortment of China and Glass, viz. full sets of dining china, and china glass; Liverpool ware; complete and broken sets tea china, well assorted, amongst which are some uncommonly handsome china bowls, &c. English and German glass, cut and plain, consisting of fruit baskets and stands, sugar dishes, jelly glasses and salts, handsomely cut & decanters, wine, tumblers, goblets and cans, cut and plain, and a handsome assortment of chimney ornaments. He also keeps, as usual, a general assortment of Liverpool ware and groceries, of all kinds for retailing; and has at present, port wine and claret by the bbl., box, or doz. Double and single distilled whiskeys, cut herrings, bread and tarr by the barrel, porter and ale as usual. DANIEL TRIPLETT. (Adv.)
LANDS IN CUMBERLAND FOR SALE.
By virtue of a Deed of Trust, bearing date the 11th April, 1801, recorded in Cumberland Court-Office, to me executed by James Deane, Francis B. Deane, and Thomas M. Deane, to secure a certain sum of money, due by them to Joseph Gallego—I will offer for sale, to the highest bidder, on the 26th day of May next, at Cumberland Court, TWO TRACTS OF LAND, being part of the property, thereby conveyed, viz.
One Tract containing one hundred and thirty-seven acres, more or less, situate in the county of Cumberland, six miles above the Court House, being a tract purchased by the said Deane Deane, from Parson Clifton, as will appear by reference to the deed of sale on record, in the said County Court.
One Tract containing two hundred and five acres, more or less, situate in Cumberland, on the south side of the road, leading to the Court House, one mile distant below the same, bounded by lands of William Beverly Langhorne, and by lands of John Ford.
The first of the above Tracts, is said to contain prime tobacco land, and valuable timber; the other is nearly half cleared.
N. B. By the consent of all parties interested, the sale will take place on the 26th day of May next, as above stated, and the terms of payment will be one and two years credit, the purchasers to give bonds bearing interest and approved security.
M. B. POTIAUX, tdf. April 15.
N. B. The sale of the above property is postponed to the 28th day of July next. M. B. P.
TWENTY DOLLARS REWARD.
RANAWAY from the subscriber, a Negro LAD about 22 years of age, about 5 feet ten inches high, with very thick lips, and very black; had on a checked Virginia cloth short coat and waistcoat, his pantaloons of plain purple, the fame manufactory.
Any person who will deliver the said lad to me in Powhatan, shall receive the above reward.
ISHAM RANDOLPH. His name is AMPEY; he is accustomed to horses and serving in the house. April 11. tf
ALL persons having claims against the estate of John Hoomes, dec'd. of the Bowling Green, are requested to make them known, that provision may be made for a final settlement. And those indebted must make immediate payment to JOHN HOOMES, and JOHN G. WOOLFOLK, Executors of John Hoomes, dec'd. Jan. 29. tf
STAUNTON STAGE.
THE Subscriber respectfully informs the public, that STAGES will regularly, during the season of the Springs, leave the Bell-Tavern in this city, on Tuesday at 5 o'clock in the evening; & on each Saturday at the Bell-Tavern at 10 o'clock in the morning, and will arrive at Capt. Edmondson's Tavern in the Town of Staunton; where passengers, going on to the Springs, may be furnished, at all times, with Hackney Coaches, and other private conveyances, from thence. Much pains and expense has been taken by the proprietor in the selection of good horses, carriages and careful drivers—and confidently assures the public, he is in possession of as good as any in this state. RICHARD TERRELL. May 23. tf
NOTICE.
THE partnership of John Butler & Co. at Cartersville, is this day dissolved by mutual consent. The collection of all debts due to that concern, is committed entirely to William M'Kenzie the acting partner of William M'Kenzie & Co. and to him alone or to any one he may appoint is payment to be made. JOHN BUTLER, Wm. M'KENZIE & Co.
All persons indebted to the late concern of John Butler & Co. are requested to make payments to Mr. Robert Atkinson, as he alone I have authorized to grant discharges for the same. Wm. M'KENZIE. April 10. tf
FOR SALE,
TWO tracts of LAND, lying in the County of Fluvanna, one of them lying on Hardawere river, and within one & an half miles of James river, containing 385 acres, one on Cartes creek, and within one mile of the north fork of James river, containing 364 acres. A further description is deemed unnecessary as it is presumed that no person will purchase without viewing the same, which will be shown by the subscriber living in Albemarle. WILLIAM MOON. June 20. (eps.)
THOMAS RUTHERFOORD & Co.
Are desirous to sell: A few Boxes 4-4 and 7-8 Irish Linens, 30 Crates Queens Ware, and a quantity of Liverpool Salt loose and in sacks, just received on consignment by the ship Herald from Dublin and Liverpool. May 27. e03m.
Printing,
IN ALL ITS VARIETY, EXECUTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE ENQUIRER.