The enquirer (Richmond, Va.), 1804-08-15 00:00:00

THE ENQUIRER.
RICHMOND, (Virginia) PUBLISHED BY RITCHIE & WORSLEY, OPPOSITE THE POST OFFICE... AT FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM... payable in advance.
NUMBER 29.]
WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 15, 1804.
[VOLUME 1.]
CONDITIONS.
 I. THE ENQUIRER will appear twice a week... During the session of Congress and the Virginia Legislature, either a third paper or a supplementary half-sheet, during the week.  II. Terms of payment FIVE DOLLARS per annum, in advance.  III. ADVERTISEMENTS, from those who do not subscribe to the paper, should not exceed a square in length, shall be inserted for seventy-five cents the first time, fifty cents for each time during three weeks, and for every additional insertion thirty-three cents; long ones in the same proportion.  IV. SUBSCRIBERS shall have their advertisements inserted for fifty cents the first time, and thirty-three cents for every additional insertion. 
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
OF THE Bank of Potomac.
To all whom these presents shall come, or in any wise concern:
BE IT KNOWN, And it is hereby proclaimed, that we the subscribers, associating together have formed a company or limited partnership, and do mutually agree with each other, and hereby bind ourselves to conduct the business of the company under the name and stile of "The President and Directors of the Bank of Potomac;" and conformably to the rules and regulations herein after specified. And by these our fundamental articles of association, we do covenant and agree, with each other that we, & all persons, who at any time hereafter, may transact business with said company shall be bound and concluded.
ARTICLE 1. The copartnership shall be, and continue for the term of twenty one years, from, and after the opening of the subscription, unless a charter is sooner obtained; but the proprietors of two thirds of the Capital Stock of the Company, may by their concurrent votes at a general meeting, to be called, for that express purpose, dissolve the same at any prior period: Provided , That notice of such meeting and its object, shall be published in one or more of the Alexandria newspapers for six months previous thereto; and if the President and Directors at their first meeting after the election in the last year of the aforesaid term, or two thirds of that body, shall concur in the opinion, that it will be proper and expedient to continue the copartnership for a further limited term not exceeding twenty one years, they shall have power to decide on the same, and shall immediately make known their decision by publication in the several Alexandria newspapers. And the President and Directors are hereby authorized at any time to apply for, and accept such charter as may be agreed upon with the concurrence of nine members of that body.
Art. 2. The capital stock of the company shall consist of Five Hundred Thousand Dollars, money of the United States; to be divided into shares of One Hundred Dollars each, and to be paid in the manner following, that is to say: twenty dollars on each share to be paid at the time of subscribing, thirty dollars in ninety days after the opening of the subscription, twenty five dollars in one hundred and fifty days thereafter, and the remaining twenty five dollars in two hundred and ten days; and a failure to make punctiliously any payment after the first, shall incur a forfeiture of all that shall have been previously paid on such share.
Art. 3. The copartnership shall transact its business in the town of Alexandria, or in Virginia, within one mile therefrom, Provided , a charter should at any time be obtained from the State of Virginia; and shall commence its operations as soon after the payment of the second installment as circumstances will permit.
Art. 4. The subscription shall be opened in Alexandria, on Wednesday the fifth day of September next, for the whole stock of the company, under the direction of
  Eliza Janney,  Colbert Powell,    William Fitzhugh,  William Hartburn,    Thomas Swann,  Thomas Powell,    Charles Lee,  Jacob Hoffman,    Joseph Ridle,  James H. Hoo,    William Hodges,  Robert Young,    Phineas Janney,  James Keith, Jun.    James Patton,   
or a majority of them. And the commissioners aforesaid, shall open the subscription books at ten o'clock, A. M. and they shall continue open until four o'clock, P. M. and shall remain open between those hours for one day at least, and for the term of three days, unless sooner filled: And if it should happen that more than the stipulated number of shares should be subscribed on the first day, then the Commissioners aforesaid are to apportion them among the subscribers, by deducting from the highest subscriptions, until they are reduced to the proper number, or if more persons subscribe than there are shares, the commissioners are to cast lots to decide to whom they shall belong. But no person or persons, bodies corporate or otherwise, shall be permitted to subscribe on the first day of opening the books, for more than twenty shares; and if the stock be not all taken the first day, the books shall remain open on the second day, on the same terms as on the first; but if the subscription be not filled on the second day, then the Commissioners may, permit any person or persons, bodies corporate or otherwise, to subscribe for any number of shares until the whole number is complete. The Commissioners after having decided to whom the shares may belong, will issue receipts to the different Stockholders for the monies received at the time of subscribing, which receipts with the original subscription, shall be deemed good evidence of the quantity of stock to which each subscriber shall be entitled in this company.
Art. 5. The affairs of the company shall be conducted by twelve Directors, and a President, whose place if chosen from among their number, shall be supplied by that body; and six of the directors with the president shall form a board or quorum, for transacting all the business of the company; ordinary discounts may be done by the President, and any five of the Directors, in case of his sickness or necessary absence, his place may be supplied by any Director, whom he, by Writing under his hand may nominate for that purpose, or in case of his not making such nomination, the majority of the board may appoint a President to act during his absence; and the Directors who may be appointed at the first election, shall hold their seats until the second Monday in November, one thousand eight hundred and five, and the Directors from and after that period shall be elected for one year, by the Stockholders for the time being, and each Director shall be a Stockholder at the time of election, and shall cease to be a Director, if he should cease to be a Stockholder, and no Director of any other Bank shall at the same time be a Director of this Bank. And the number of votes to which each Stockholder shall be entitled, shall be in proportion to the stock he may hold, as follows: For one share and not exceeding two shares one vote each, for every two shares above two and not exceeding ten, one vote; for every four shares above ten, and not exceeding thirty, one
vote; for every six shares above thirty and not exceeding sixty, one vote; for every eight shares above sixty and not exceeding one hundred, one vote; and for every ten shares above that number, one vote; but no person or persons, bodies corporate or otherwise, shall be entitled to more than fifty votes, and no Stockholder shall be permitted to vote except at the first election, who has not held his stock for thirty days prior to the election; and all stockholders shall vote at elections by ballot, in person or by proxy, which proxy, in all elections after the first shall be made in such form as the board of Directors shall appoint.
Art. 6. A general meeting of the stock holders of the company shall be held on the second Monday in November in every year, (except the present) at such place as the board of Directors shall appoint, by giving four weeks notice in one or more of the newspapers of Alexandria, for the purpose of electing Directors for the ensuing year, who shall take their seats at the board the succeeding day, and immediately proceed to elect the President: But for the present year, for the more immediate organization of the business of the company, the election shall be held on the second Wednesday in September next; under the direction of the commissioners appointed to receive subscriptions.
Art. 7. The board of directors are hereby fully empowered to make, revise, alter, or amend all such rules, orders, bye laws and regulations for the government of the company, and that of their officers, servants and affairs, as they, or a majority of them, shall, from time to time, think expedient, not inconsistent with law or these articles of association, and to use, employ and dispose of the joint stock, funds or property of the said company (subject only to the restrictions herein after mentioned) as to them, or a majority of them may seem expedient.
Art. 8. All bills, bonds, notes and every contract and engagement on behalf of the company for the payment of money, shall be signed by the president and countersigned or attested by the Cashier of the company; and the funds of the company shall in no case be held responsible for any contract or engagement whatever unless the same shall be so signed and countersigned or attested as aforesaid.
Art. 9. The books, papers, correspondence and funds of the company shall at all times be subject to the inspection of the Directors.
Art. 10. The said board of Directors shall have power to appoint a Cashier and all other officers and servants for executing the business of the company, and to establish the compensation to be paid to the President and all other officers and servants of the company respectively, and which, together with all other necessary expenses, shall be defrayed out of the funds of the company.
Art. 11. A majority of the Directors shall have power to call a general meeting of the Stockholders for the purpose relative to the concerns of the company, giving at least 6 weeks notice in one or more of the newspapers of the town, specifying in such notice the object or objects of such meeting.
Art. 12. The shares of capital stock at any time owned by any individual Stockholder shall be transferable on the books of the company according to such rules as may conformably to law, be established in that behalf by the board of directors; but all debts actually due and payable to the company (days of grace for payment being paid) by a Stockholder requesting a transfer, must be satisfied before such a transfer shall be made, unless the Board of Directors shall direct to the contrary.
Art. 13. No transfer of stock in this company shall be considered as binding upon the company, unless made in a book or books to be kept for that purpose by the company, and it is further expressly agreed and declared that any Stockholder who shall transfer in any manner aforesaid, all his stock or shares in this company to any other person or persons whatever, shall thereupon cease to be a member of this company; and that any person or persons whatever who shall accept a transfer of any stock or shares in this company shall thereupon become and be a member of this company, according to these articles of association.
Art. 14. It is hereby expressly and explicitly declared to be the object and intention of the persons who associate under the name or firm of "The President and Directors of the Bank of Potomac;" that the joint stock or property of the said company (exclusive of dividends to be made in the manner hereinafter mentioned) shall alone be responsible for the debts and engagements of the said company; and that no person who shall or may deal with this company, or to whom they shall or may become any wise indebted, shall on any presence whatever have recourse against the separate property of any present or future member of this company, or against their persons, excepting the officers and servants of said company in regard to the faithful discharge of their respective duties in the conduct of the affairs and administration of the funds of said company; but all persons accepting any bond, bill, or note, or other contract of this company, signed by the President and countersigned by the Cashier of the company for the time being, or dealing with it in any other manner whatsoever, thereby respectively give credit to the said joint stock or property of the said company, and thereby respectively disavow having recourse on any presence whatever to the person or separate property of any present or future member of this company, (excepting as before mentioned) And all suits to be brought against this company (if any shall be) shall be brought against the President for the time being, and in case of his death or removal from office, pending any such suit against him, measures shall be taken at the expense of the company for substituting his successor in office as a defendant, so that persons having debts due upon the company may not be prejudiced or delayed by that event; or if the person suing shall go on against the person first named as defendant (notwithstanding his death or removal from office) this company shall take no advantage, by writ of error or otherwise, of such proceeding on that account; and all recovery had, in manner aforesaid, shall be conclusive upon the Company, so far as respects the Company's said joint stock or property liable thereby, and no further; and the Company shall immediately pay the amount of such recovery out of their joint stock, but not otherwise. And in case of any suit at law, the President shall give his appearance upon the writ, or file common bail thereto; it being expressly understood and declared, that all persons dealing with said Company, agree to these terms and are bound thereby.
Art. 15. Dividends of the profits of the Company, or so much of said profits as shall be deemed expedient and proper, shall be declared half yearly in the first week in May and November, in each year; the amount of said dividend shall, from time to time, be determined by the Board of Directors, at a meeting held for that purpose, and shall in no case exceed the amount of the net profits actually acquired by the Company, so that the capital stock of the said Company shall never be impaired by dividends; but the Directors shall be at liberty to retain at least one per cent upon the capital as a fund for future contingencies.
Art. 16. If the said Directors shall at any time willfully and knowingly, make or declare any dividend which shall impair the said capital stock, all the Directors present at the making, or declaring of said dividend, and consenting thereto, shall be liable in their individual capacities to the Company, for the amount or proportion of said capital stock, so divided by the said Directors; and each Director who shall be present at the making or declaring such dividend, shall be deemed to have concurred thereto, unless he shall
immediately enter in writing his dissent on the minutes of the proceedings of the board, and give public notice to the stockholders, that such dividend has been declared.
Art. 17. These articles of agreement shall be published in two newspapers in the Town of Alexandria, for one month; and for the further information of all persons who may transact business with, or in any manner give credit to said Company, every bond, bill, note, or other instrument of contract, by the effect or terms of which the Company may be charged, or held liable for the payment of money, shall specially declare, in such form as the Board of Directors shall prescribe that payment shall be made out of the joint funds of the Bank of Potomac according to the present articles of association, and not otherwise: A copy of the 14th article of this association shall be inserted in the Bank Book of every person depositing money, or other valuable property with the Company for safe keeping, or a printed copy shall be delivered to every such person, before any such deposit shall be received from him. And it is hereby expressly declared, that no engagement can legally be made in the name of said Company, unless it contain a limitation or restriction to the effect above recited; and the Company hereby expressly disavow all responsibility for any debt or engagement, which may be made in their name, not containing a limitation or restriction to the effect aforesaid.
Art. 18. The Company shall in no case be owners of any ships or vessels, or directly or indirectly be concerned in trade, of the importation or exportation, purchase or sale of any goods, wares, or merchandise whatever, (bills of exchange and bullion only excepted) and except such ships, vessels, goods, wares, or merchandise, as shall be truly pledged to them by way of security for debts due, owing or growing due to the said Company, or purchased by them to secure such debts due to the said Company.
Art. 19. If any vacancy shall at any time happen among the Directors by death, resignation, or otherwise, the residue of the Directors for the time being, shall elect a Director to fill the vacancy.
Art. 20. The Company shall not purchase or hold any lands, tenements, or other real estate, other than what may be necessary for the convenient transaction of its business, unless such lands, tenements, and real estate, shall have been bona fide mortgaged to the Company, by way of security, or conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts previously contracted in the course of dealings, or purchased to secure debts contracted with or due to the said Company, and in every instance in which the Company may become owners or claimants of lands, tenements, or real estate, the Board of Directors are empowered to sell or dispose of the same, in such manner as they may deem beneficial for the Company.
Art. 21. Any number of Stockholders, not less than forty, who together shall be proprietors of five hundred shares, may, for any purpose relative to the institution, at any time apply to the President and Directors to call a general meeting of the Stockholders; and if by them refused, the said number of Stockholders, proprietors of not less than the number of shares aforesaid, shall have power to call a general meeting of the Stockholders, giving at least 40 days notice in one or more of the public newspapers of the town of Alexandria, specifying in such notice the object or objects of such call.
Art. 22. In case of the dissolution of this association, prompt and effectual measures shall be taken by the Directors then existing, for closing all the concerns of the Company, and for dividing the capital and profits which may remain among the Stockholders, in proportion to their respective interests.
In witness whereof— THE Commissioners above named will open the subscription Book, at the Court House in the town of Alexandria, on the 5th of September next, agreeably to the aforesaid articles of association.
The payments will be received either in specie or the notes of the Bank of the United States and its various branches, or in the notes of any of the Banks, from N. York to Norfolk, inclusive. August 8, 1804. 3t
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, THAT a Petition will be presented to the General Assembly, at their next Session, for the sale of the Glebe in St. Mary's Parish in Caroline; & the investment of the interest of the Money, thereby raised, in the present Incumbent, so long as he may continue to act as such in the said Parish. CAROLINE, August 12, 1804. [ew3m.]
TUNSTALL'S PATENT THRESHING MACHINE. THE advantages to be gained by farmers, by applying some efficient parts to Threshing Machines, which have greater velocity, adequate strength, and greater cheapness than hitherto, and applicable to any machinery, are universally allowed to be very great. WILLIAM TUNSTALL has obtained a Patent for such improvements; and wishes to benefit the public on the most reasonable terms. Difficulties and individuals may be now accommodated with Machines and patent rights, by applying in person or by letter (post paid) to the patentee, William Tunshall, at the Swan Tavern, Richmond.
N. B. A Mill Wright and Iron Worker for the respective parts, are wanted—apply as above. These Machines will hull Clover and thresh Rice, Bock Wheat &c. preserved from loss. Counterfeits will be dealt with as the law directs. July 18. eW.—if
DOCTOR WILSON, HAS taken (as a temporary residence) the house lately occupied by Doctor Adams, opposite the Bell Tavern, and intends to combine the APOTHECARIES BUSINESS with the PRACTICE OF PHYSIC. He is now opening a part, and expects to receive by the next arrivals from Philadelphia, the balance of a fresh and very general supply of MEDICINES, and other articles in the Apothecaries Line, which will be sold on the lowest terms.
Orders from the country, Recipes, &c. will be carefully attended to. June 27. [ew6m.]
The following Six Hogsheads of TOBACCO, now lying in Dymers Ware House, will be sold according to Law: 1800, January 10th—Judith Kelly, marked I. K. No. 5, Gross 1111, Tare 114, Nett 997. 1801, January 9th, do. do. do. No. 10, Gross 1100, Tare 119, Nett 1077—January 23, William Diggs, marked W. D. No. 17, Gross 1165, Tare 120, Nett 1045—Do. John Brent, marked I. B. No. 21, Gross 1033, Tare 137, Nett 896—January 30, George Brent marked G. B. No. 25, Gross 1179, Tare 146, Nett 1033. March 19, Spencer George, marked S. G. No. 43, Gross 1059, Tare 106, Nett 946.
THOMAS HURST } Inspectors. WM. MEREDITH } May 19.—1aw3m.
We have received a small additional supply of MADEIRA WINE, OF a superior quality, which we offer for sale by the hoghead and quarter-cask. GIBSON & JEFFERSON. July 18. spf
Foreign Intelligence.
COURT OF KING'S BENCH.
LONDON, May 26.
PLUNKETT vs. COBBETT.
This was an action brought by the plaintiff, who is Solicitor General in Ireland, against Mr. Cobbett, for an alleged libel published in the Weekly Political Register, of the 10th December last. The damages were laid to the amount of 10,000l. The libelous passages were contained in a letter, signed "Cambricus," and were as follows:
"If Dr. Addington had required that Lord Kenyon should direct a Cambridgehire Earl in all his Councils, the integrity of his Lordship would have shrunk from such an undertaking, particularly if a condition had been added to it, that a couple of lawyers, without political habits, political information, or honourable connections, were to be joined as assessors, and to be the only assessors; on the contrary, his pride and integrity would have both joined in preventing such men from being introduced into the Cabinet. If any one man could be found, of whom a young but unhappy victim of the guilty offended laws of his country, had, in the moment of his conviction and sentence, uttered the following apostrophe:—'That Viper, whom my father nourished! He it was from whose principles and doctrines which now by their effects drag me to my grave; and he it is who is now brought forward as my prosecutor,' and who, by an unhandsome exercise of prerogative, has wantonly lashed with a speech to evidence the dying son of his former friend, when that dying son had produced no evidence, had made no defence: but, on the contrary, had acknowledged the charge, and submitted to his fate;" Lord Kenyon would have turned with horror from such a scene, in which, although guilt was to be punished, in the whole drama justice was confounded, humanity outraged, and loyalty insulted."—Again, "that Lord Kenyon would have shrunk from recommending to his Majesty's Councils a man who had insisted upon the sovereignty of the people as a first principle."
Mr. Erskine, in a speech of great learning and eloquence, addressed the Jury. He expressed his veneration for the rights of free discussion, and the liberty of the press; they were the birthrights of Englishmen, he said, and should never be departed from. At the same time, it was never intended that those sacred principles should be confounded, and the first elements of British liberty be made a shield to protect the unprincipled libeller. The law, as regarded libels, was clear and explicit, and it was laid down "that if a man writes or publishes that which injures or brings into contempt his neighbour, or shall endeavour to shew that an individual is unfit for the office he holds, whereby that individual may be displaced and injured, such man shall be deemed a libeller." To that, my Lord Holt, whose attachment to the liberty of the press could not be doubted, had added, "that injurious words spoken of a public character were more prejudicial than if uttered against an individual in a private station." The inquiry then would be whether the defendant wrote or published the words, and what was his meaning when he wrote them? That the libel was of a malignant, injurious and destructive nature, there could be no doubt, and when it was considered that it was written immediately after the murder of Lord Kilwarden, it must be perceived that it struck not only at the honour of Mr. Plunkett, but in its consequences might expose his person to similar outrage. The learned counsel then alluded to the trial of Mr. Robert Emmett, whose fate he said every one must lament, however his conduct might be condemned. He had filled his mind with a fatal enthusiasm, that Ireland could only be happy in a separation from England; and, so falsely possessed was he of its truth, that after his condemnation he entered into an eulogium upon the rebellion, and defended its necessity and continuance; yet, after this mistaken and illjudged exultation, (said Mr. Erskine) he declared that such was the mildness, moderation and wisdom of Lord Hardwick's administration, that he was obliged to push on the catastrophe, and bring out his associates undisciplined, left his extended and deep laid rebellion foully came, from the causes that urged it being daily removed, and gradually dissolving away. Mr. Erskine further complimented Lord Hardwick's government, who, he said, appeared to be perfectly convinced of the necessity of governing that brave people with a light and delicate hand, and seemed to have adopted the principle of the great Earl of Chatham, who, speaking of America said—
"Be to her virtues ever kind; To her faults a little blind; Let her hasty ways be unconfined; And clap a padlock on her mind."
The learned counsel returned to the subject of Mr. Emmett's trial, and observed, that so far from Mr. Plunkett having lashed the unfortunate man in his speech to evidence, that he had wholly employed his address in reading a useful lesson to the misguided part of his Majesty's subjects:—assuring those who expected happiness from French alliance and French principles, that they would be miserably abused; that the leading feature of the French government was ambition, and every thing that was the reverse of Washington, and contrary to all they anticipated. At that moment, said Mr. Erskine, the applying the axe to the neck of Mr. Emmett was nothing; the public example every thing. The defendant, he said, not merely thrown over the ambiguous voices, but day after day had been writing and sending forth his libels among the community. It was no defence to say, that Mr. Cobbett was an admirer of his king and constitution, if he was constantly libelling the ministers of that king, and transgressing the laws of that constitution. It was nothing for him to say, "I respect my religion and my God," if he broke the Ten Commandments daily. The Saviour of man said, "by their fruits shall ye know them," and the court would judge of Mr. Cobbett by his works. He next entered upon an explanation of the libels, and urged, that it was impossible their allusion should be misinterpreted, or their libelous intention mistaken; concluding this branch of his argument by saying, that the defendant might be a man with a strong and vigorous mind, & that the talents of such a man could not be controlled; yet he should take care, in the exercise of that mind & talent, not to slander another's reputation by the wicked efforts of his superior genius. The more esteemed the man for learning, the more
his productions were admired. The powerful mind, whether it gave vent to its acquirements upon the canvas as a painter; in the tened field as a general; in the Senate House as an orator; or upon paper as a writer, the effect was the same. The man who reads, said Mr. Erskine, falls into the track and opinions of him who writes, and the more powerful the writer, the more powerful the influence.—In proportion, then, to the defendant's talent, the extent of injury was to be considered and the compensation measured.—He next commented on that part of the libel which described his Majesty as having struck out of his list of Privy Counsellors an illustrious nobleman, for having toasted the sovereignty of the people at a "drunken club," and further urged the impropriety of "introducing into his Majesty's Councils, a man, (meaning Mr. Plunkett) who, the writer inferred, had insisted, in a grave assembly of legislators, that the sovereignty of the people was a first principle in the state." The learned counsel, in touching this part of the subject, judiciously described Mr. Cobbett as a grape and cankered libeller , wounding and injuring characters in all directions. Mr. Erskine concluded a speech of two hours in length, by observing, that the question the Jury had to consider, was, whether the libel was written or published by the defendant, and if so, whether it was written for the purpose, and with the intention ascribed to it; and if they were of that opinion, they were bound to give a verdict of damages commensurate with the injury, and such as would furnish a wholesome lesson to the defendant for his future conduct in life.
Evidence was then produced that Mr. Cobbett was the sole proprietor of the Political Register. Several witnesses were then called in order to explain the innuendos; these witnesses were Mr. Wickham, Mr. Barnett, & Mr. Fofier, Speaker of the late Irish House of Commons. These Gentlemen, on being shown the libels, agreed in thinking the innuendos applied to Mr. Plunkett.
Mr. Adam then rose and addressed the Court and Jury for the defendant. He began by stating, that there were several particulars in the speech of his learned friend, of which it was his duty to complain. His learned friend had made very free allusions to the proceedings which had taken place on the former day, and it appeared, his principal efforts were directed to as to keep that day fresh in the minds of the Jury. The anxiety which he (Mr. A.) felt on that occasion, he trusted, would not injure him in the esteem of the Jury, or hurt in the most remote degree the cause of his client. He knew that justice would be done not as Mr. Erskine said, he knew the persons of the Jury, but because he gloried in and well knew the character of an English Jury. His learned friend had endeavoured to enflame their minds by advertising to the fate of Ireland; but that was not the question, and did not bear at all on the present action. The question was whether they would try this action with free and un fettered minds, divested of those prejudices which had been brought into view. Mr. Erskine had held Mr. Cobbett very high as a public character, and had introduced the evidence of the other day, in order to enhance the damages; he trusted the Jury would not attend to any such considerations. Mr. Cobbett was a man of perseverance, he lived an upright life, was the father of a numerous family, and the husband of an amiable wife. He gained his living, not by ribaldry in his writings, they were characterized by an honest zeal in favor of the aristocratical institutions of the country. He had been the afterer of the rights of this country in America, but he had not realised the means of paying damages to the enormous amount now demanded. If a verdict to that amount should be given against him, he would be doomed to an eternal jail; and it was contrary to law, that a man subjected to damages, should be made to endure a corporal punishment. After a great many arguments, on the construction of the libels, the learned counsel concluded by entreating the Jury to be lenient in their verdict.
Lord Ellenborough briefly addressed the Jury, who retired for a few minutes, and returned with a verdict in favour of the plaintiff—Damages 500l.
LONDON, June 6.
Mr. Pitt brought forward yesterday his plan for the defence of the country. He stated, that with respect to the amount of the force necessary for the public exigency at the present crisis, parliament had already decided upon its extent—and the means now to be considered were, those of more effectually completing that force than the measures hitherto adopted had been found adequate to attain. The first step then necessary would be to call upon each district to complete its quota, by making up its deficiencies under the head army of reserve act, which would amount in the whole to about eight or nine thousand men as appeared by the returns from the several provincial districts to the secretary at war.—The next object he would propose was, to diminish the militia gradually, from its present extent to its original force of 40,000 men in England, and about 8,000 in Scotland. It was not his intention to reduce their number immediately, but instead of making up their number to the extent at present established, of 60,000, of which there was now about 7,000 deficient, he would propose not to supply the vacancies in the militia regiments, as they occurred, but to add the men in place of these deficiencies, to the regular army, until such time as the militia force should be thus gradually reduced to its original number, as before stated: by these means alone, then in the first instance, there would be added to the regular army of the country 9,000 from the army of reserve, and 7,000 from the militia establishment, without any new additional call upon the country, but has already been approved, and deemed necessary for the public exigency; to which each country has already contributed, but of which some were defective in their proportionate quota. But supposing the plan to succeed in completing to its fullest extent, the numbers deficient in the army of reserve and militia, it was not his intention to stop there; for it was not only desirable to complete, to the most formidable extent necessary, the means of internal defence for the present exigency, but for laying a foundation for the time to come, of recruiting our regular army to the fullest extent, and filling the rank which this country has been wont to maintain amongst European nations. It was therefore, one of his objects, that all the deficiencies which should occur in the militia and army of reserve, on their present establishment, should be brought to account of each successive year, and the whole deficit to be distributed amongst the several counties, and made good according to the original

principle of their respective population, as stated in the returns laid on the table; the proportion in no case to exceed one sixth of the population, and by this means about 12,000 would be annually added as a force of support to the regular army. Such is the outline of Mr. Pitt's plan.
Mr. Windham, Mr. Addington, and Mr. Fox, disapproved of the plan; the first characterized it as a plan for recruiting by parish officers; the second opposed it, because it appeared to him to be compulsory in its nature and operation, as to be incompatible with the principle of our free constitution. Mr. Fox disapproved of the plan which proposed a limited force for the purpose of raising a fund from whence an unlimited force could afterwards be procured. Mr. Addington, though he did not mean to oppose the introduction of the bill, hoped that it would not be passed this session.
THE FRENCH ARMIES.
The first military division of the French army is commanded by general Murat, the governor of Paris, where the head quarters are. It consists of sixteen battalions of infantry, two of artillery, and thirty squadrons of dragoons, chasseurs, and hussars, making in the whole 45,000 men. The park of artillery at and near Paris, contains eighty two pieces of artillery of different calibres, ready to be transported at a moment's notice, either towards the coast or towards the Rhine.
At Amiens and in its neighbourhood are encamped forty squadrons of dragoons, making the first division of dragoons, attached to the army of England, under the command of Klein, general of Division.
At and near Compiègne are encamped forty-four squadrons of dragoons, comprising the second division of dragoons, under the command of Barragua D'Hilliers, general of division, attached to the army of England.
At and near Montreuil is encamped one division of the army of England, under the command of general Ney, consisting of fourteen regiments of infantry, two cavalry, two chasseurs, and four battalions of artillery and sappers. The park of artillery contains thirty six pieces of light twelve pounders, and twelve twenty-four pounders.
The camp at St. Omer, under the command of general Soult, consists of twenty regiments of infantry, six of cavalry, two of dragoons, two of light artillery, and two battalions of foot artillery, making in the whole 30,000 men, with a park of sixty-six pieces of cannon.
To this camp are besides attached under the command of the general of division, Bouvier, twenty four squadrons of chasseurs on horseback, and of hussars, called a division of the army of reserve. They are encamped three leagues from St. Omer, on the side of Calais.
At and near Arras are encamped, under the command of general Junot, twelve battalions of picked grenadiers, as a corps de reserve.
The camp of Bourges, under the command of general Davoust, contains fifteen regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, five dragoons, two hussars, and two regiments of artillery, with a park of fifty pieces of heavy artillery.
The camps near Orléans; the first division under the command of the general of division Oudinot, head quarters Schilkens, is composed of five regiments of infantry, one battalion of foot artillery and one regiment of flying artillery. The second division of the camp near Orléans, is under the command of general Friant, and contains five regiments of infantry, one battalion of foot artillery, and one regiment of flying artillery. The camp near Dunkirk contains, under the command of general Durnutte, twelve battalions, comprising the third division of reserve attached to the camp near St. Omer. The garrison at Dunkirk consists of six thousand men, infantry, two thousand cavalry and dragoons, and three hundred artillerymen. The commander is La Bretonnière.
At Calais are quartered five thousand men of different arms; at Boulogne twelve hundred—and on the coast, from Calais to Boulogne, are encamped ten thousand men.—All these troops are under the command of general Soult. These troops do not include the crews belonging to the national flotilla, of which admiral Bruix is the commander in chief. Admiral Verhul commands the centre, Charles Eveque the right, and Bombard the left.
The troops encamped in the isle of Walcheren under the command of general Monnet, consist of ten regiments of infantry, one of dragoons, three battalions of heavy artillery, and one regiment of flying artillery.
The camps at and near Utrecht contain ten regiments of infantry, French troops, and three regiments of infantry, Dutch troops; one French regiment cuirassiers, six squadrons of French dragoons or hussars, one regiment of Dutch cavalry, and four battalions of French artillerymen; with a park of forty pieces of cannon, heavy artillery, besides twenty-five pieces of light artillery.
The camp near Brest contains twelve regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, nine squadrons of dragoons or hussars, three battalions of artillery, with a park of sixty pieces of cannon. Angereau is the commander in chief. Three hundred British subjects constitute there his corps des guides. The fleet at Brest continues under the command of admiral Truguet, and Caffarelli is the maritime prefect of that town. The fleet at Ile d'Aix continues under the command of Admiral Villeneuve. At Rochefort, Admiral Martin is the commander.
The troops encamped in and near La Vendée are commanded by generals Couvain and Le Grange, and consist of eight regiments of infantry, mostly veterans, and five squadrons of light troops, besides five hundred gens d'armes d'élite. The Head quarters are at Saintes.
The troops everywhere are regularly paid, and in high spirits, though they do not speak with the same boasting confidence of the conquest of England, as last year. Even wilches of peace are heard in their camps.
Letters from Italy say, that a number of ammunition wagons have passed through Rome for the army in Naples, and that thirty pieces of cannon are expected from Milan, destined for the same army. Numbers of persons are daily leaving Naples for Sicily, and some improvements have taken place. It is even said, that the private secretary of the queen has been arrested, and that her majesty intends to embark for Trieste meaning to pass the summer with her daughter the empress of Germany.
It is reported that general Jourdan will be recalled from Italy, should it be necessary to form an army upon the Rhine. Others give the command of this army to general Bernadotte. The command in Italy, some destined for Maffena; whilst others say, that general Mortier, the late commander in chief in Hanover, has already been appointed to that command.—(La Clef des Cabinets.)
The pope has permitted the king of Naples to give the direction of six colleges for the education of the children of noblemen, to the care of Jesuits. The Sicilian Jesuit, father Angelini, is recalled from Russia, to be the director of this interesting undertaking. It is said that our emperor has ordered citizen Portalis to pre-
THE SECRET FRENCH POLICE.
pare a plan for erecting one college in each senary, where the children of the members of the legion of honour are to be educated, and where the instructors are to be of the Jesuit order, which will again be revived in France. Persons destined for clerical orders are even to be instructed by them.—(Journal des Defenseurs.)
The present secret French police is founded upon the same plan as the secret German tribunals, during the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, with the only exception, that it secretly inspects or removes obnoxious or suspected persons; whilst the tribunals secretly condemned, and secretly executed every person incurring their displeasure.—In the present French system all forms are laid aside; in the other the forms were more terrible than death itself. Under the present system, persons disappear from society, to be shut up in dungeons, to be transported, or to be shot, without often knowing the cause, equally unknown by their jailor and by their executioners. It is and remains, the secret of government. Formerly the accused were summoned, tried, acquitted or condemned; had time to prepare themselves for defence, or by flight to escape, if possible, their persecutors. Under the present system all flight is impossible, escape avails nothing, because the agents of our police are every where, in England as in Russia, in America as in Africa, in Turkey as in the East Indies; they all possess the description (signalement) of the person persecuted; they are informed of his habits, place of resort and have a fac simile of his hand writing. Unknown to each other, these agents act in unison by their reports as by their actions. The duke of Enghein, Moreau, Pichegru, Georges, and others were watched by hundreds of agents for years, of whom not two knew each other. Louis XVIII. at Warlaw, and the Bourbons at London are yet surrounded by numerous agents unknown and invisible to them as to each other. The transactions of the cabinet of St. Petersburg, of Vienna, and of Berlin, are as well known to our government, as those of Madrid, Florence, Naples, St. Cloud, the Hague or of Berne. These agents sit in the Divan at Constantinople, as in the Congress of the Americans; and although their sentiments are often opposite, their services meet in the same central point. Not a sovereign, not a minister, nor a statesman, not a counsellor, not a warrior, not a banker, not a merchant, not an author of any reputation, who is not watched by the invisible agents of our secret police, who employ the talents of preachers, as well as those of actors, to serve them; they take the advantage of the popularity of an orator in the senate, as well as the fashionable imbecility of a ballad singer in the street; they influence the decisions of privy councils in palace; as well as the toasts of a faction at a public tavern. Their activity is seen in the budget of finances for a state, as well as a subscription for a picnic or charitable institution. They indirectly decide the marriage of princes, as well as the divorces of subjects. The political as well as the amorous intriguer, wear often their livery.—The law promulgated, the air sung, the bargain concluded, the treaty signed, the war declared, the peace proclaimed, are more often their doings. They employ at the same time and for the same purpose, the devotion of the Christian, and the infidelity of the Deist; the bigotry of the superstitions, and the blasphemy of the Atheist; the intolerance of the fanatic, and the indifference of the philosopher. They penetrate and plot equally in the pagods of the Hindoos, in the temples of the Chinese, in the mosques at Constantinople, in the church of St. Peter at Rome, and in the grand synagogue at Amsterdam. The Royal Exchange in London, and the fifth market at Paris; the diamond mines at Brazil and the marble quarries at Laconia; the galleries at Cadiz and the flower-hall at Naples, are equally visited and inspected by them. It is more difficult to say where they are not than where they are; what transactions escape their notice than those they influence.
Some of the agents of our secret police are paid, others are volunteers; but they all combat under the same banners; they all fight for the same cause, and they are all registered at the same office, in the same register.—Though the volunteers are more numerous than the regulars, the expense of our government for this institution amounts yearly to eighty millions of livres; a large sum, if it was not remembered, at the same time, that tributary kings and nations pay us yearly more than three times that sum; and that we owe mostly to the agents of our secret police the power we have to command such an enormous external tribute.
Foreigners, as well as Frenchmen have done Fouche the honor of considering him the parent of our secret police; but they are all mistaken. Its plan was proposed to our cabinet under the monarchy, but laid aside as impracticable. Talleyrand was the person who corrected and improved this plan; and our secret police may therefore, justly be called his natural child. Though our grand judge is a minister of police, Talleyrand presides in the office of the secret police, directs all its operations, rewards, promotes, disgraces, or punishes, its agents. In this place he is the first consul. Regnier, Real, Fouche, and Hauterive, are his counsellors, and Desmarais is his secretary. Each of these counsellors has his department in Europe as well as in America; he knows nothing more than what concerns his own department; the whole (le tout ensemble) is known to Talleyrand alone: even the female agents of his secret police are under his sole and immediate controul; and the report of Madame Stael, and of Genlis, directing their operations, is without foundation.
Passions, more than money, are his means; he always employs and addresses the former; the latter is only used as an auxiliary to silence reason, or conscience, if they should murmur.—(Les Nouvelles a la Main Germinal. An. 12. No. III.) London.
NEW-YORK, August 4.
By the arrival of the Live Oak, in 40 days from Londonderry, Irish papers to the 19th, and London to the 13th June, are received at the office of the Morning Chronicle. They contain voluminous and interesting intelligence, but the lateness of the hour at which they were received, prevents us from giving copious extracts. We select those that appear most interesting.
LONDON, June 8.
The last Hamburg mails brought nothing of material importance. Accounts from Vienna state Bonaparte will undoubtedly be recognized by that court, Emperor of the French, with the accessorial rights of hereditary succession, but on certain conditions to be settled hereafter.
June 9.
Mr. Livingston's visit to this country continues to be the subject of much speculation. It is now generally understood to be of a political nature, and that the late visit of Mr. Fox and Mr. Grey to Mr. Pitt related to it, and to the business which public rumour has hitherto assigned as the cause.
June 10.
Yesterday evening we received French papers to the 1st inst. but they contain no intelligence of material interest.
The criminal tribunal, on the 16th ult. pronounced sentence of death at Zurich on Klemere one of the chiefs in the late rebellion; and 15 years imprisonment on Hafer, secretary of Will.
T. F. Franckville, condemned to death by the military commission as a spy, for having kept up a correspondence with the English, was executed at Boulogne on the 29th May, at 4 o'clock.
The senate of Hamburg has resolved to send a second deputation to our new ministry, to urge the discontinuance of the blockade of the Elbe in regard to neutral vessels.
The course of exchange, rose higher than it had been for many years in consequence of this measure, and an opinion (which we believe fallacious) of its success.
The Americans are allowed to build gun-boats at Naples, at their own expence, in order to proceed with the Neapolitans in great force against Tunis, Tripoli, and other states of Barbary.
June 11.
The following interesting article appears in an Italian newspaper, dated Rome, May 5: It is well known that some months ago, at the request of the First Consul, a French emigrant, count Vergennes, was arrested and imprisoned in the castle of St. Angelo, but who appealed to the privilege which he had acquired of a citizen of Russia. On this subject several couiers were exchanged with the Russian court. In the mean time the French government has expressly demanded that the said emigrant should be given up to them, and the Pope was resolved on compliance. On the other hand, the Russian minister, count Samini, has left Rome with all his family, and his secretary of embassy, after having previously delivered a declaration, that, from that moment all communication ceased between him and his holiness. It is said the count has gone for Tuscany. So enraged are the Russians at this conduct, that many individuals of that nation have also left Rome in disgust.
It is mentioned in a letter from Vienna, dated the 16th ult. that the Emperor of Germany had consented to acknowledge Bonaparte as equal in dignity; and it is further stated, that Prince Esterhazy would be appointed to proceed to Paris as Ambassador Extraordinary, for the purpose of congratulating the new Emperor.
June 12.
On Saturday, while Mr. Livingston was anticipating the hospitalities which he was to enjoy at the Woburn sheep shearing, and the agricultural meeting at Rolkham Hall, he received his passports, and an intimation from government that his presence in this country was not desirable. He accordingly left town we understand, immediately and has probably before this sailed for France. We were the first to state that the visit of Mr. Fox and Mr. Grey to Mr. Pitt, on Monday last, related to this gentleman, and we have had since reason to think that our information is correct. It was matter of surprise to many that a man, who has uniformly shown an unfriendly disposition towards England; who had in the recent instance of the charge against Mr. Drake, betrayed an indecent zeal to flatter Bonaparte, and to pronounce the British Minister guilty upon exparte evidence, should have come to England at such a crisis. All those who regarded Mr. Livingston as an object of suspicion, and viewed him with a jealous eye, will applaud Mr. Pitt for this act of vigour and energy. Others will recognize in it too great a resemblance to the conduct of Bonaparte, who in 1802, ordered the Imperial Minister, Count Stahremberg, to quit Paris in twenty four hours, because he was suspected of being hostile to the French government. For our own part, we are not aware that any real or serious danger was to be apprehended from his presence, in a country which is, from end to end one blaze of loyalty, patriotism and courage. We think it would have been more dignified to have acted like the General, who took the spy to every part of the camp, shewed him the spirit that his army breathed, the discipline that prevailed in it, and sent him back with an injunction to tell the enemy all that he saw.
Pars papers to the 3d inst. have brought the continuation, but not the conclusion of the trial of Moreau and the other prisoners. It will surprise those who are acquainted with the forms of criminal jurisprudence in this country, the only system of jurisprudence in the world which reaching perfection as nearly as any human system can reach, deserves to be universally admired and adopted; it will surprise those persons we say, to find that the only parole evidence adduced that of the prisoners themselves: they all give evidence against each other, and furnish the tribunal with all the particulars of their views, their objects, and their operation.
The principal witness against Moreau, is a man of the name of Rolland, who gave evidence to some expressions alleged to have been used by Moreau; who, to a question put to him by Pichegru, replied that if they would act according to his opinion the consuls and the government of Paris must disappear and in that case he had a party strong enough to obtain the authority.—Moreau positively denied having made use of any such expressions. Rolland persisted in asserting that he had. Moreau then suggested that Rolland had endeavoured to criminate him, for the purpose of saving himself—a suggestion, in all probability, but too well founded. Pichegru was the only man who could have contradicted Rolland; and Bonaparte knowing this, took care that Pichegru should disappear. Moreau's evidence is in the same spirit with his letter. The Polignacs and Georges appear to conduct themselves with great dignity and firmness.
The following account has been given in a morning paper of the departure of Mr. Livingston; which we think far more probable than the contradictory accounts:
"Mr. Livingston left London for Paris on Friday last; but there is no foundation whatever for the reports that his departure was accelerated by any hints from government, and that the provisions of the alien act were put in force against him. His mission to this country had no political object, and it is ridiculous to suppose, as it has been asserted in several of the public prints, that he brought an offer of Malta to our government, on the condition that it would recognize Bonaparte's assumption of the Imperial dignity. His errand, as we mentioned on his first arrival, was to do in this country that which could not be done in any other—to negotiate a loan for the United States, in order to complete the first instalment engaged to be paid by them to Bonaparte for the cession of Louisiana. Sir William Pulteney and Sir Francis Baring, have we understand, all the advantages arising from the negotiation.—The former has a very large property in the States of North America, and the latter is at the head of the first commercial American House in the City of London. This account for the sumptuous dinner which Sir William gave to Mr. Livingston."
Private Correspondence.
June 13.
There is this day a very confident expectation that peace will be speedily restored. Mr. Pitt on being informed of Bonaparte's pacific disposition, expressed his readiness to attend to any overtures made through a direct and proper channel. As Mr. Livingston is known to have had instructions to sound our government on a point which must be of interest to the new emperor it is considered that direct overtures will be made; and peace is looked for in consequence, even though there should be a change in administration.
London price of stock, June 12. 3 per Ct. Cons.— 3 p. Cts. Red. 55 11-84 Account ditto.— Omnium, 3 3-4 4.
The Bill now before Parliament for abolishing the Slave Trade, goes to enact, that insurances on vessels employed in that trade shall be declared void, and that it shall be lawful to seize all vessels employed therein.
NEW-YORK, August 6. FROM FRANCE.
Capt. Ford, who arrived here yesterday from Bordeaux, has favoured us with handbills printed at that city, containing the judgement of the court of criminal Justice for the department of the Seine on the persons accused of being concerned in the conspiracy against Bonaparte. Twenty were condemned to death, among whom was the celebrated Royalist general Georges!—Twelve, among whom was general Moreau, were sentenced to two years of exile, the general and four others to Groisbois, which capt. Ford understood to be his estate, at some distance from Paris; no particular place was designated for the others. A number were acquitted.
Captain Ford informs us, that the 5th or 6th of June was celebrated at Bordeaux as the day of Bonaparte's coronation, at Paris; on which occasion a grand procession, and the usual splendid exhibitions, on great public rejoicings, were made. The joy of the people, however, was not equal, on this occasion; that of public officers, and those whose immediate interest would be promoted by this imperial exaltation, was sincere; but a great proportion of the common people were evidently not hearty in the celebration.
As the accounts received at New-York from Nantes, to the 8th of June, make no mention of the actual coronation, it may perhaps be doubted whether this was not merely a preliminary step, to give a sanction to the determination to crown Bonaparte. However, at Bordeaux it was called the coronation day.
COMMUNICATION.
Imperial Family.—It seems to be the opinion of some, that the brothers of Bonaparte who are not admitted to the inheritance of the imperial crown, are yet honoured with the title of French princes. From an attentive perusal of the constitution, the contrary appears to be the fact. The "Title II—of hereditament," expressly limits the inheritance to Napoleon and his two brothers, Joseph and Louis—these constitute the order of hereditament exclusively. Title III, 9—declares that "the members of the imperial family, in the order of hereditament, shall bear the title of French princes." Hence it appears that Jerome Bonaparte, now in America, not being in the order of hereditament, is not a prince, nor his fair spouse a princess.
BOSTON, August 2.
LATEST FROM EUROPE.
Last evening we received, by the ship Sachem, arrived at Portland, from Liverpool, London papers to the 19th June, five days later than before received from that quarter.—We find after a short perusal of them—That Mr. PITT meets with a very powerful opposition, in the British House of Commons.—On the subject of the National Defence, on the 11th June, he introduced a bill for the augmentation of the public force.—The combined opposition were rallied to oppose going into Committee on this bill, and on the question, shall the Speaker leave the chair? the numbers were
For it 219 Opposed to it 169
Ministerial maj. 50 Among the opposition were Mr. Addington, Mr. Fox, Mr. Tierney, Mr. Gray, &c. The Courier of the 13th, mentions that Mr. Pitt's majority was increasing.
BRUSSELS, May 20.
It is said that when the Imperial government is established in France a new Governor-General of Belgium will be appointed, who will reside at Brussels, and be invested with the Government, not only of Belgium, but of the department, on the left bank of the Rhine. This Governor will reside in the Palace of the late Governors of the Netherlands.
WEST-INDIES.
Translated for the Philadelphia Gazette. Liberty, PUBLIC NOTICE.
The Administration general of the Department of Jacmel, gives notice to retailers, merchants, and other speculators who purchase cargoes, that in future they will be prevented from purchasing any cargoes until the Government shall have had the refusal. And further, that each and every person who shall act contrary to the present decree, shall be arrested, and brought before the Governor General of the Island of Hayti, as contravening the orders that he has given to the said Administration—an extract of which here follows:
"I ordain likewise, by the same article; that captains of foreign vessels shall not be permitted to take stores in those ports at which they arrive, for the purpose of retailing their cargoes; and that the administration shall have the sole right of treating with them for the said cargoes; and allows them the right of selling afterwards to merchants and others, such articles as the administration judge unnecessary for the state.
"To prevent fraud, the inhabitants are not permitted to sell to foreigners produce at a price less than that established by the Government."
Done at Jacmel, the 13th June, 1804, the first year of the Independence.—The Administration General of the Department.
(Signed) J. B. BAYARD.
DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE.
NEW-YORK, August 6.
On Saturday last at ten o'clock in the morning, the British ship of war Leander captured off the Hook and sent to Halifax the ship Eugenia, from Bordeaux to this port, on suspicion of being French property. The Eugenia had a cargo of wine, brandy, and dry goods, and is owned by Mr. John Patrick. She had spoken on the 14th July, in lat. 38 20, long. 57, the fchr. Weasel, from New-York for Lisbon, out 37 days; and on the 20th, in long. 66 30, the brig Almirante, out 7 days from New-York, bound for Cadiz.
Lieut. James T. Leonard, of the American Navy, was in the Eugenia, with dispatches for Government from Mr. Livingston, and was put on board the fchr. Mars, which arrived here yesterday from Halifax. Of the other passengers, Mr. Leboyteaux, his wife, and two children, were sent to Halifax; Mr. Gennefer, M. La Roussillaire, and Mr. Muller, were detained on board the Leander. (N. Y. Mer. Adv.)
Capt. Tombs, on his passage from Barcelona, fell in with the ship Hartland, capt. Sumpter, of Dublin, who informed him that the French had taken and sent into the Canaries 12 or 14 vessels; which gave rise to a report at Madeira that war had broken out between the two powers. Yesterday afternoon the British frigate Boston, captain Douglas, came up from her station off Sandy-Hook, and anchored just below the French
frigates Cybele and Didon. After the Boston anchored she fired a salute, which was returned from Port Jay.
After a long and laborious session, the jury of inquest summoned by the coroner to examine into the cause and concomitant circumstances of the untimely death of general Hamilton, late on Thursday evening, brought in the following
VERDICT.
That AARON BURR, Esq. Vice-President of the United States, was guilty of the MURDER of ALEXANDER HAMILTON; and that William P. Van Nets, esq. attorney at law, and Nathaniel Pendleton, esq. counsellor at law, were accessories.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman of Old Park, near Belfast, dated March 25, 1804, to his friend in Newburgh, received by the William and Jane arrived at New-York.
"There are now in Ireland 80 000 yeomen, 50,000 regulars, and 23 000 militia, making in the whole 153,000 troops who for the most part, do not care how soon they change masters, for no tyrant can make them work off.—They dare not speak—they must not work, and it is probable that they must soon cease to eat, as provisions are getting very dear." (N. Y. pap.)
Extra of a letter from Bordeaux, May 13.
"By an order lately issued by the French government, all the maritime prefects throughout France are enjoined to make a strict examination of the crew of every neutral vessel that enters the port of their residence, with a view to arrest all the English mariners that may be found. This measure seems to proceed from their apprehensions, that the English cruisers introduce on board such vessels, men in the quality of spies, and on the return of the vessel from port, that they have their men returned, and thus are enabled to communicate essential information to the enemies of this country.
"In consequence of this order, the police of Bordeaux have arrested several sailors found in this city, and who though English by birth, were attached to American vessels. They even demanded from on board the ship, the first and second mates of the Three Sisters, Capt. Clarke, of Charleston; and on our consul's refusal to comply, a correspondence took place between him and the commissary of police, of which, I am sorry to say, I am only able to procure the two last, though I believe the most important letters; which I send you."
The Commissary of Police, to the Commercial Agent of the United States of America, at Bordeaux. BORDEAUX, May 13. 1804.
SIR—In conformity with the express and repeated orders of the department, and notwithstanding the observations contained in your letter of to-day, I hereby request you immediately to put in my power, and on your responsibility, the first and second mates of the American vessel Three Sisters. As soon as these two mariners are at my disposition, I shall deliver them up to the Prefect of this department under whose immediate cognizance this affair properly falls, and he will determine on it as he thinks proper. You can, therefore, concert with him respecting the steps to be hereafter taken. You will please to acknowledge the receipt of the present letter. I have the honor to be, Sir, P. PIERRE.
William Lee, Commercial Agent of the United States of America, for the port and district of Bordeaux, to Pierre Pierre, Commissary of the Police at Bordeaux.
Your's under date of the 4th of May, did not reach me until last evening. I should have thought my reply of the 4th May, to the demand you did me the honour to make in person on the 3d inst. would have been conclusive; for even admitting the two sailors you then requested might be delivered up to you, were English born, you could not, agreeable to the 14th article of the convention, arrest them while they formed a part of the equipment of an American vessel, unless you could prove they were military men or in actual service of the enemy of France.
To evince my desire to comply with your wishes as far as it is consistent with my duty, and to prove to you that these two sailors belonging to the ship Three Sisters, of Charleston, are entitled to my protection, I immediately on receiving your letter, sent for the captain and crew, and after a critical examination, find that the mate is a native of America, and has been in the ship three voyages to this port. This is proved by his own and the captain's declaration, by the production on board, and the role d'équipage. The second mate, though a native of England, has been in the service of the United States some time, and having entered on board the vessel at Charleston to perform the voyage, he must continue in her until her return to that place.
Had this sailor been put on board the ship Three Sisters while on her passage by an English ship, I could have no objection to your taking him out; but as he regularly entered on board in the United States and forms a part of the equipment of this vessel, I cannot put him at your disposition without consenting to the violation of one of the privileges of the American flag, as well as one of the essential articles in the convention between our two countries. As I am not disposed tacitly to submit to either, you will, I hope on reflection, withdraw your demand. I am Sir, &c. WILLIAM LEE.
A letter from St. Louis, dated the 23d June, says, "The last accounts from Capt. Lewis, inform us, that he had progressed on his route through the Indian Nations 275 miles from this place, and that they were all well." Phil. Gaz.
The committee of the English house of commons appointed to examine the corn laws have reported that no less a sum than thirty millions sterling has been paid for grain imported into that country during the last thirteen years.
FROM THE CHARLESTON CITY GAZETTE.
IMPORTANT COMMUNICATION.
We are authorized by the Collector of the Customs to state, that he has received a letter from the honorable Robert Smith, secretary of the navy, notifying him that the President of the United States has deemed it expedient to send to the coast of South-Carolina and Georgia, gun boat No. 1, under the command of lieu. commandant John Powell. That another gun boat will sail in a few days to be sent to our coast, and that arrangements have been made for building a gun boat at Charleston and another at Savannah.
The protections which will be thus given, as well to the revenue, as to all vessels whatever, whether neutral or American, against the aggressions of the armed vessels of any nation whatever, within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, cannot fail to be highly gratifying to all.
Pirates, whether found within or beyond our jurisdictional limits, will be taken and brought into port. Other laws of the United States can and will be effectually executed.
NOTICE.
To Owners, and Masters of Vessels, and all others whom it may concern. IN compliance with law and instructions, no ship or vessel whatever, arriving from the West-Indies, which shall have on board any "negro, mulatto, or other person of colour" (Africans who have been non-residents in any of the West-India Islands, by the laws of this state excepted) shall be admitted to an entry, until the Masters of said Vessels shall produce from the proper officers of this state, a certificate, supporting that the person

so of the 9th section of the act of this state, dated the 19th of December, 1801, has been fully complied with; and stating particularly, the names of the attendants or servants, not exceeding two, to each person or family residing in said vessel, travelling into this state, and also the names of the respective masters of said attendants or servants. The penalty of one thousand dollars, under the act of Congress of the 28th February, 1803, for each negro, mulatto, or other person of colour imported, contrary to law; and a forfeiture of the vessel, if any negro, mulatto, or other person of colour, so imported contrary to law, shall be landed, will be enforced. Given under my hand, at the Custom House, this 31st day of July, 1804. JAMES SIMONS, Collector of the Customs.
DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP. BY agreement, the partnership of SHANKS & MRAE will cease on the last day of August. Those to whom the firm stands indebted will please exhibit their accounts, that arrangements may be made for their discharge. The debtors of the firm are desired to make immediate payment, as delinquents will be indiscriminately sued. Those concerned will make application to COLIN MRAE. SHANKS & MRAE. Manchester, August 15, 1804.
THE SUBSCRIBER EXPECTS this fall a very general assortment of GOODS, and intends to continue business in the house now occupied by Shanks & Mrae. All those who have been heretofore punctual, are solicited to continue their dealings. COLIN MRAE. August 15. epsw
FOUR DOLLARS REWARD. STRAYED OR STOLEN, ON OR ABOUT THE FIRST of JULY, A LIGHT BAY HORSE, supposed to be twelve years old, four feet eight or nine inches high, stout made, bob tail, particular marks not recollected, having been in my possession but a short time - had when missed a very sore back. Any person delivering said horse to me, shall receive the above reward. JOHN DIXON. August 15th, 1804.
I WISH TO SELL THE PLANTATION whereon I now live, containing about 800 acres. It is a very convenient and handsome situation, lying on the bank of Rappahannock river, in Essex county, with every convenient house necessary for a family, all in tolerable good repair. I think it useful to comment upon the beauty and convenience of the situation, and the fertility of the soil, as I suppose no person will purchase until he views the premises; - I shall only say, that for all the qualities aforementioned, I suppose it to be equal at least to any farm in the lower part of the country. I will likewise sell my MILL, with 58 acres of land adjoining it. She lies about three or four miles from my house. I will sell her with the Plantation, or by herself with the land that joins her, as may best suit the purchaser. She stands upon a very good stream, seldom over-wants water, and is now in good repair, being lately re-built, with Bolting Cloths, and a Cotton Gin fixed to go by water. I am ready to treat with any person for both or either of them, and will make the payments as easy as possible, and possession given at Christmas. W. GATEWOOD. August 11. e83v
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 5th Circuit, Virginia District, May 30, 1804. John Lloyd and John Hanbury, surviving partners of Hanbury and Lloyd, Plaintiffs: against John Buchanan, Archibald Bruce, Robert West and Elizabeth Carter his wife, Mrae Thornton and Priscilla his wife, Henry Perrin and Anna his wife, Samuel Anderson and Fanny his wife, John M'Kean, Willis M'Kean, and Alexander M'Kean, children and devisees of John M'Kean, deceased, and James Watt, executor of Alexander M'Kean, deceased, who was executor of the said John M'Kean, deceased. Defendants.
ROBERT WEST is appointed guardian to Alexander M'Kean, an infant defendant in this suit; and the cause coming on by consent of the parties to be heard on the bill and amended bill, the answers of the defendants, replication, the will of John M'Kean, affidavit, and the proceedings in a suit at law in this court brought by the complainants against the defendant Watt as executor aforesaid, which judgment was obtained at the December session 1801: WHEREUPON, IT IS DECREED AND ORDERED, That Edmund Randolph, William Mitchell, Robert Pollard and Edmund W. Rootes, or any two or more of them, do expose to sale at public auction, together or separately, the lot and tenement in the proceedings mentioned, now in the occupation of William M'Kean; and the small tenements and ground thereunto belonging, which adjoin the tenement conveyed in trust to the defendants Buchanan and Bruce - after the time and place of sale herein before advertised four weeks in one or more of the Richmond newspapers - the terms of sale to be one third in cash, and the remaining two-thirds payable in instalments with legal interest from the day of sale, the first instalment to be paid twelve months, and the second in two years from the day of sale; the purchasers to give bonds for the said two instalments, and in default of payment to be again sold by the said commissioners, or any two of them, for ready money, for the payment of the balances that may be due from the respective purchasers: AND IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, That the said commissioners who may act under the proceeds of the sales hereby first directed, pay unto the complainants, their agent or attorney, three thousand one hundred and twenty-five dollars, thirty-one cents, with interest on two thousand two hundred and twenty-two dollars, sixty-five cents, part thereof, at five per cent. from the sixteenth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and one, the balance appearing to be due the complainants by a statement among the exhibits, and the cost of this suit; and the surplus, if any, after deducting the charges of the sale, to be brought into court, subject to such order as may hereafter be made concerning the same; the monies first raised by the sale to be applied to the satisfaction of the debt due the complainants: AND IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, That such of the commissioners as may act according to the purchasers in conformity to the terms of this decree, and that they make report of their proceedings to the court. A Copy - Test, JAMES BLAGROVE, B. C.
Richmond, August 13th, 1804. IN pursuance of the foregoing decree, the said commissioners have sold at public auction, the Lot, Tenements, Ground & Property herein mentioned, on the 19th day of the next month, on the premises, in the city of Richmond. EDMUND RANDOLPH. WILLIAM MITCHELL. ROBERT POLLARD. EDMUND W. ROOTES.
FOR GLASGOW, The British Ship JEANNE, JOHN COWAN, master; now at City Point; will be ready to receive Tobacco in a few days, and having part of her cargo engaged, will sail by the first proximo. For terms, apply to the captain on board to Robert & Allan Pollok, & Co. Richmond, or to BUCHANAN & POLLOK. Who offer for sale on board said ship, TEN THOUSAND BUSHELS LIVERPOOL STATED SALT. Peterburg, August 6. Bills of Lading, Sheriff's Blanks, Blank Bonds, &c. FOR SALE AT THIS OFFICE.
ENQUIRER. RICHMOND: WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 1804. ON BANKS. NO. IV.
TWO of the objections which have been offered against banks, have already been examined. We have attempted to prove that they do not increase the relative price of commodities in the countries where they are established in any considerable degree; and that they do not necessarily communicate that great degree of benefit to one part of a country, to its own stockholders, which some political economists have attempted to demonstrate. Two other objections still remain, which are worthy of examination. 1st. That banks, however they may increase the wealth of a nation, contribute with equal certainty to increase its luxury. 2d. That banks under every possible modification will become the most convenient and certain instruments in the hands of the government for increasing its prodigality or its power. We shall dismiss each of these objections with a very few observations. 3d. Those who contend that banks increase the luxury of a nation, must either contend that it increases the luxury of its shareholders, or of those individuals, who deal with them. The individuals who originally subscribe for the shares of the bank, may be divided into two classes; those who convert them into the mere instrument of a mercantile speculation, and subscribe for their shares, for no other purpose than to make a profit, on them, by selling them to others; and those who not willing to carry on any business at all, or having more capital than is sufficient to carry on their customary business, are anxious to vest their money in some permanent and productive fund, and enjoy the interest on it which this investment will create. The expenses of the first class, and the stock defined for their immediate consumption, are not generally increased in any considerable degree by this mercantile transaction. It certainly enables them to accumulate new wealth. The fluctuations of the market by raising the value of the stock above par, will frequently enable them to make a pretty considerable profit upon their original capital. But this increasing profit is generally made, not to increase the stock referred for their immediate consumption, not to increase their expenses, but to increase their productive capital, or that capital, which carries on their business. A merchant, for instance, who buys stock to-day at par, and sells it to-morrow at an advance of 10 or 20 per cent, will not think of dissipating the whole amount of his gains, in employing a greater number of idle servants, or in letting up a splendid equipage: he will probably be more anxious to convert this new profit into an additional capital, and to increase his gains by purchasing corn or some other commodity, for which there may be a greater demand in some other market. This stock-jobbing operation therefore, however it may increase the wealth of this class of stockholders does not appear to increase in nearly the same proportion their consumable stock, the circle of their expenses and their propensity for luxury. - If the investment of money in bank stock can ever produce this effect in any considerable degree it can only be realised in the history of the other class of stockholders, who having more capital already, than is sufficient to carry on their business or wishing to relinquish business altogether, are anxious to employ a part or the whole of their money, not for the purposes of making a profit and increasing their capital, but for the purpose of acquiring a revenue and supporting their expenses. These men look around them for some permanent fund, in which they may vest their treasure and from which they may expect to derive great profits, with little trouble and at a slight risk. These advantages they will readily discover in a bank, which allowing them a dividend of 10 or 12 per cent, enables them to increase their revenue, to supply their expenses, and to gratify their luxurious dispositions. Banks, it may be therefore contended, contribute to increase the luxury of a nation, by increasing the number, the revenue, and the expense of these idle capitalists. Several considerations however occur to invalidate the force of this objection, by limiting the extent of its application. 1st. The whole stock of the bank does not belong to those unproductive capitalists. - The ratio between that part of it which belongs to them, and that part which belongs to speculators, it is certainly very difficult to ascertain, because it fluctuates with so many different circumstances. Experience however proves, that a great deal of this stock is generally offered for sale in the market; and hence it is probable that not even the greater part of the capital of a bank belongs to these idle capitalists. The expense therefore, which the bank encourages in this class of stockholders, is not equivalent to the usual dividend on the whole of its capital; and perhaps not even to the greater part of it. 2dly. The whole even of that part which belongs to the idle capitalists, does not certainly belong to such as can afford to purchase the luxuries of life. A certain fraction even of that part is distributed in small portions among a great number of stockholders. The proceeds of small as well as of large masses of property will be vested in bank shares. A man of moderate fortune will sometimes with as well as a man of large fortune, to dispose of his land or his goods, and convert them into bank stock, for the use of his old age or for the use of his heirs. These stockholders will certainly draw a revenue from the bank without the immediate employment of any personal labour, and this revenue they will certainly devote to the payment of their expenses. - But these expenses do not deserve the name of luxuries. The dividend which these humble capitalists derive from the bank, will most commonly be appropriated to the purchase of the mere necessaries and conveniences of life. They leave all the more expensive gratifications to the taste of those other stockholders whose capital in the bank is sufficient to supply a dividend commensurate to their enlarged desires. It is neither true, then, that the dividend on the whole capital of the bank will go to defray the expenses of idle and unproductive stockholders; nor is it true that the whole even of that part which belongs to the idle stockholders, will go to supply them with the luxuries of life. 3d. The whole number even of those idle and luxurious capitalists cannot be truly said to have proceeded from the operations of the bank. If there had been no bank, these men might still have possessed more capital than what was sufficient to carry on their business, or they might have wished to decline their business altogether. They might still have been anxious to have parted with their capital, provided they could draw from it a certain & sufficient revenue. Other definitions would not have been wanting, even if banks had never existed. Where was the funded debt, which is to be found in most of the modern nations? Where were the public companies, which have been incorporated for great public purposes, principally in this country for extending the communication between its different parts by building bridges, clearing out ri-
vers, digging canals, and forming roads? Besides these two methods of employing his capital he might have thrown it into the hands of particular individuals, distinguished for their industriousness, economical, and honest character. Is not money frequently lent to such men for longer or shorter periods? And from the interest which they pay, does not the unproductive capitalist frequently derive the means of indulging his luxurious disposition? It would appear therefore, that banks, although they tend in a certain degree to increase the luxury of their stockholders, do not produce this effect in a very considerable degree. Those who contend that Banks originally increase the luxury of those who deal with them, must discover the source of their expenditure either in the capital which the dealers borrow from the bank, or in the profit which they make on that capital. They must in other words assert, that the expenses of these individuals and their propensity to luxury are supported either by the misapplication of the capital which they borrow from the bank, or by the accumulation of their profits & by that increase of wealth, which banks are admitted to produce. That they have a tendency to produce each of these effects, in a certain degree, can scarcely admit of a doubt: But that they produce them in a very considerable degree, is by no means so evident a proposition. - There can be little doubt that some idle and extravagant individuals, who have no immediate power to indulge their luxurious disposition, will sometimes obtain a credit at the bank, and acquire new funds to dissipate and to abuse. Yet it is not probable, that these individuals will constitute any considerable part of those who deal with the bank. It is not probable, whether we consider the maxims which will regulate either their own transactions, or the transactions of the bank. Most men are guided by prudence at least in pecuniary concerns: and though it may sometimes fail them in selecting the proper means of acquiring money, it generally regulates them in the modes of its expenditure. It is probable, therefore, that most men who borrow money, are apt to employ it in some way which may bring them in a profit and enable them to repay the sum which they have borrowed. By converting it into a stock defined for their immediate consumption, by using it as a revenue instead of employing it as a capital, they would not only lose all the profits which would have awaited a productive industry, but they would at the same time be depriving themselves of the means of repaying this money when it should become due. If these considerations have any effect in controlling the prodigality of individuals, when they borrow money from private persons, they must operate with peculiar force when these individuals become the debtors of a bank. If they dissipate this fund in an idle and unproductive luxury, they will be unable to take up their notes, when the days of grace come round. Their credit not only at the bank, but also among individuals, will be thereby materially injured, and what is sometimes to them a more melancholy misfortune, the summary mode which banks are generally privileged to pursue in the recovery of their debts, will compel them to sacrifice a part of their property to make an equitable restitution. Even if these considerations do not prevent them from borrowing money of the bank to support their extravagance, the policy of its directors when once it has been assisted by experience will serve to limit the resources of their luxury. It will be the interest of the directors, to understand not only the extent of each man's property, but his mercantile character; to understand whether he is an honest, industrious and frugal customer. These enquiries which are made into the situation of every man who deals with them, will generally terminate in exposing the heedless prodigality of those customers, who apply the money which they borrowed from them not to extend their active capital, but to gratify a prodigal and luxurious spirit. Whether then we consider the interest of those who deal with the bank, or the interest of those who conduct its operations, we cannot but suppose it highly probable that the number of those men who employ the capital which they borrow from the bank in augmenting their expenses will bear only a small proportion to the number of those, who employ it in supporting productive industry, in accumulating profit, in extending their own wealth and the wealth of the society. Most of the preceding observations will apply to that part of the objection, which asserts that the increasing wealth of those, who deal directly with the bank, and indeed the increasing wealth of the whole society, will be accompanied by a corresponding increase of expense and luxury. As those who borrow a capital from the bank, will generally find it to be their interest to make a profit from a proper employment of it, so also those who make a profit by the proper employment of it, will generally find it to be their interest to convert the greater part of this profit into a new capital for the accumulation of greater profits. The increase of national wealth, therefore, will not always be accompanied by an equal increase of national expense & luxury: particularly in this country, where the extent of fruitful and uncultivated land, the abundant materials for manufactures, and the innumerable sources of internal and foreign commerce, so strongly invite the employment of productive capital. But even if it were true, that the establishment of banks have a tendency to increase the luxury of the society, by increasing the wealth of those upon whom it operates, can this be regarded as any thing else than an indication of what the greater part of economists are delighted to observe, the increase of the wealth of the society? Is it wonderful that some evils should be attached to this great benefit; and that the same cause, which converts our forests into cultivated fields and gardens, which spreads population and plenty over the face of the country, and gives a new impulse to the arts and sciences, should also excite the artificial wants of life, and encourage the spirit of pride, foppery and ostentation? In fact where is the institution which is intended for the improvement of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, which may not eventually increase the luxury of a country? Perhaps a canal cannot be dug, or a road cannot be formed, which may not conduct the society to a similar result. This objection therefore, if it be a perfectly fair one, would not only apply to banks, but to all public institutions which are intended to increase the national wealth. Candour however compels me to remark that it would certainly apply, but not equally to each. There are certain definitions of capital which produce equal degrees of profit and wealth, but encourage very different degrees of expense and luxury. Two individuals who apply their capital in different ways may obtain equal profits, but their different circumstances may lead them to expend a very different proportion of these profits. There appear to me to be two circumstances, which may make the customers of a bank more extravagant than their own customers in the country: 1st. Living in towns, where the spectacle of luxury is continually placed before their eyes, and where from the comparative cheapness of goods, their taste is gratified at a smaller expense, they will scarcely be able to keep themselves out of the stream of extravagance. 2dly. Making their profits generally by quick and successful specula-
ons, or at least by operations much more rapid, than the gradual and successive labours of the agriculturist, it is not surprising that they should contract the habit of spending more upon their pleasures. For it is I believe a very general maxim, that the expenses of most individuals are not so much in proportion to the extent of their revenue, as to the ease and rapidity with which it is obtained. - With these two exceptions therefore, the increasing wealth of the individuals, who deal with the bank, are not necessarily connected with a greater degree of luxury, that what is produced by an equal increase of wealth, arising from the other employments of capital. 4. An objection is made to banks that they cannot be put under any constitution which shall prevent them from increasing the prodigality & the power of the government. Its prodigality is increased by the facility of borrowing money. Its power extends with the influence, which it assumes in the choice of the officers. These two disadvantages however do not appear inseparably connected with the existence of a bank. Under a monarchical form of government, or indeed under any government which indulges in great expense, banks certainly become the instruments of prodigality. There are certain species of expense, which require an immediate fund to supply them, and which cannot wait for the collection of a new tax. This tax if it be imposed at all upon the people, must therefore be anticipated. The money must be borrowed from another fund, and the proceeds of the tax must be mortgaged for its repayment. But this species of expense principally relate to the great movements of the government, to treaties, foreign war or internal commotion. Whatever government therefore possesses the power of directing these movements, and at the same time is guided by a weak and expensive policy, or threatened by great dangers, must always have recourse to the expedient of anticipating its revenue, and of borrowing immediate supplies from some competent fund. But no fund is more convenient for this purpose than a bank. Hence it is, that the government of England has so often had occasion to borrow money from the Bank of England: and that the American government under the administration of Mr. Adams, obtained a loan from the United States Bank. A different form of government or a different policy will produce very different effects. Hence the state of Virginia, which simply retains a superintendence over its local and internal concerns, and does not mix in the great movements of diplomacy and war, will scarcely have occasion to borrow from the bank: and it will scarcely contribute to encourage her prodigality. The superintendence of the bank and the choice of its officers might certainly be made independent of the government. When the act of incorporation has once been passed, it is apparent that the operations of the bank might go on with no other aid from the government, than what they may derive from the customary administration of its courts of justice. All its officers might be appointed; all its details might be adjusted, by the preparatory votes of its stockholders, and by the subsequent superintendence of its directors. Why the legislature of Virginia has adopted a different policy; why they have given to the state an influence in the appointment of its directors not proportionate to its share of the stock, but greatly exceeding that ratio, is a problem, which it is not difficult to explain, but it involves a measure, which it is not so easy to justify. NOTE. - No provision of this sort has been introduced into the charter for incorporating the Bank of Virginia. It is probable, that this amendment will be adopted by a subsequent legislature. The report, which has circulated of Aaron Burr's being attacked with the hydrocephalus or dropsey in the head, is probably fallacious. A gentleman of Richmond who arrived from Philadelphia on Saturday has informed the Editor that he dined with Mr. Burr in that city, and saw him on the 3d of August: that on that day the intelligence arrived in Philadelphia, of the verdict which had been found against him by the coroner's inquest: and that he did not see Mr. Burr, from that time to Sunday (the 5th of August) when he himself left Philadelphia. - The report which has circulated among us appears to have arisen from a letter, written from Philadelphia to a gentleman of New York, and dated the 2nd of August. That letter even places the origin of Mr. Burr's disorder as far back as "the day before yesterday" the 31st of July. The executive council on Saturday last proceeded to fill the two vacancies in the senate of the United States, occasioned by Wilson C. Nicholas, being appointed collector of the port of Norfolk, and Abraham B. Venable president of the bank of Virginia. William B. Giles, was unanimously elected. Andrew Moore (of Rockbridge county) who is now in congress, was elected the other senator, by 5 votes out of eight. IN COUNCIL, August 11, 1804. IT is advised that the names of the Commissioners appointed to take the polls for the election of President and Vice-President of the United States be published in the Virginia Argus and Enquirer in Richmond; in the Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericksburg, Alexandria, Winchester, Staunton, Lynchburg and Lexington papers, with a notification that the commissions have been sent by post, and a request that the gentlemen appointed inform the Clerk of the Council whether or not they have received their commissions. DANIEL L. HYLTON, Clerk of the Council. In pursuance of the above advice of Council, I am instructed by the Governor to request the several printers therein named to publish the same, together with the advice of Council of the 1st of June last, appointing the Commissioners therein alluded to; and that the Commissioners will be pleased to comply with what is requested of them. SAML. COLEMAN, Clerk to the Executive. IN COUNCIL, June 1, 1804. PURSUANT to an act of the General Assembly intituled "An act to amend an act intituled an act for appointing Electors to choose a President and Vice-President of the United States" - It is advised that the following persons be appointed and commissioned in the respective counties, and corporations of Richmond, Williamsburg, and borough of Norfolk, for the purpose of executing the said law, viz. Accomack. George Layfield, Parker Barnes, Robert Walker. Albemarle. Nicholas Lewis, Rice Garland, George Divers. Amelia. Edmund Harrison, Thomas Randolph, Daniel Hardaway. Amherst. William S. Crawford, Landon Cabell, Joel Franklin. Augusta. John Coakley, Chesley Kinney, James Cochran. Bath. Samuel Vance, John Wilson, James Laird. Bedford. Christopher Clarke, Charles Clay, Daniel Pegram. Berkeley. Erasmus Gant, Joel Ward, William Somerville. Botetourt. Thomas Rowland, John Moore, Alexander Patrick. Brooke. John G. Young, John M'Coramack, and James Blair. Brunswick. Dr. John Claiborne, Sterling Ruffin, Aaron Brown. Buckingham. William Perkins, Jr. Matthew Branch, Anthony Debell.
Cambridge. John Eubank, William J. Lewis, Archibald Robertson. Cumberland. William Danel, James Deane, John Hatcher. Caroline. John Hoome, Daniel Coleman, James Taylor. Charles-City. John Bradley, James Walker, John Colgin. Charlotte. Quin Morton, Thomas Spencer, William L. Morton. Chesterfield. Thomas Goode, Isaac Seale, Thomas Watkins. Culpeper. John Shackelford, Moses Green, John Kennebec. Dinwiddie. Edward Pegram, Jno. Thomas D. Robertson, William Coleman. Elizabeth-City. George Wray, Augustine Moore, Jno. Thomas Jones (Pembroke). Essex. Tunsell Banks, James Evans, Schrefley Reynolds. Fauquier. Gustavus B. Linner, Augustine Jennings, Richard H. Foote. Fairfax. Thompson Mason, George Summers, George Graham. Frederick. James Singleton, John Smith, Robert Mackie. Franklin. Henry Callaway, Moses Greer, Benjamin Cooke. Fluvanna. John Quarles, John Napier, jun. Matthew P. Haden. Gloucester. Matthew Anderson, Thomas Baytop, Richard Baynum. Goochland. Nicholas M. Vaughn, John Miller, Doctor James Cane. Grayson. Philip Ganes, John Filer, Enoch Osborne. Greenbrier. John Kippner, William H. Cavendish, Eynar Mims. Greenfield. Lewis Dupree, Joseph Williams, Francis Hill. Halifax. John B. Scott, Berryman Green, George Carrington. Hampshire. Osborne Sprigg, Francis Murphy, John Higgins. Hanover. Nathaniel Pope, William Peillard, Thomas White. Hardy. John L. Schen, George Stump, Henry Judson. Harrison. John Webber, John G. Jackson, David Hewes. Henrico. Nathaniel Wilkinson, Eliza Price, William Young (Breach). Henry. Joseph Anthony, George Waller, jun. John Alexander, jun. If-Of-Wight. John Barber (Everett's Bridge), Emanuel Willis, Andrew Woodley. James-City. John Ambler, Champion Travis, William Lightfoot. Jefferson. Ferdinando Fairfax, Jacob H. Manning, George Hite. Kanawha. John Reynolds, Morris Hudson, Charles Venable. King & Queen. Richard Brooke, John Helkins, Thomas Roane. King George. Theodosius Hausford, Stephen Hansford, Laurence Berry. King William. John Roane, jun. Philip Aylett, Hardin Littlepage. Lancaster. Richard Selden, Martin Shearman, William Kirk. Lee. Benjamin Sharpe, Peter Fulkerson, Joshua Ewing. Loudoun. Albert Russell, Revd. Amos Thomas, John Littlejohn. Louisa. William O. Callis, John Poindexter, Thomas Meriwether. Lunenburg. Waddy Street, Joseph Yarbrough, Christopher Robinson. Madison. Abraham Maury, Elliott Rucker, William Mallory. Mason. William Sterrett, William Owens, John McCallah. Mathews. James S. Park, Hunley Gale, Thomas Brooke. Mecklenburg. Richard Kennon, Mark Alexander, William Munford. Middlesex. Thomas Roane, Thomas Mune, William Segr. Monongalia. William John, David Scott, Jr. Enos Dougherty. Monroe. John Byrnsfield, William Graham, Benjamin Hall. Montgomery. Daniel Trigg, Charles Taylor, James P. Preston. Nansemond. Josiah Riddick, Richard Yarbrough, Joseph Godwin. New-Kent. William Chamberlayne, Edward Parke, John Sanders. Northumberland. Thomas D. Downing, Hierome Opie, John H. Fallin. Norfolk. Arthur Lee, Daniel Bedinger, James Blame. Northampton. Caleb Fisher, Hezekiah Pitts, William Fisher. Nottoway. Freeman Eppes, Edward Bland, James Jones. Ohio. Thomas Evans (merchant, Wheeling), John Mills, Joseph Tomlinson. Orange. Robert Taylor, James Barbour, Belfield Cave. Patrick. Samuel Staples, Gabriel Penn, William Carter. Pendleton. Robert Davis, Daniel Capito, John Slavein. Pittsylvania. Isaac Coles, William Tuntall, Joseph Carver. Powhatan. Richard Crump, Samuel Pleasants, James Poindexter. Prince-Edward. Archibald M'Robert, Tarlton Woodson, Thomas Green. Prince-Of-Arn. John Hancock, Jr. Jeremiah Plummer, Lemuel Cornick. Prince-William. Matthew Harrison, John Spence, William Lentom. Prince-George. Benjamin Harrison, George Ruffin, and Thomas H. Cocke. Randolph. Robert Maxwell, Edmund Hart, John Carrence. Richmond. Richard Barnes, Ezekiel Levy, Vincent Brantham. Rockbridge. John Bowyer, James Caruthers, John Leybourne. Rockingham. George Houghton, Benjamin Harrison, Jacob Rife. Russell. Nathan Ellington, Andrew Heybourne, John M'Arthur. Southampton. John Taylor, James Gee, Henry Blow. Spotsylvania. David C. Ker, Hugh Mercer, John Chew. Stafford. Col. John Cooke, John T. Brooke, Traill M'Daniel, sen. Surry. Nicholas Faulcon, William Boyce, Lemuel Bailey. Suffolk. Benjamin Wyche, John Cargill, William Matthews. Shenandoah. Philip Williams, Jacob Renkes, W. H. Dulany. Warwick. Richard McIntosh, Thomas Cummins, William Digges. Washington. Francis Preston, Claiborne Watkins, Robert Preston. Westmoreland. Alexander Parker, Samuel Templeman, Stuart Bankhead. Wood. Herman Blumerhader (Marietta), John Stokesley, James G. Laidley. Wythe. John Montgomery, John Honger, Joseph Kent. York. Doctor Augustine Smith, William Howard, Robert Nelson. Tazewell. David Ward, Henry Bowen, Samuel Burt. Williamsburg. Robert Saunders, James Semple, Littleton Tazewell. Norfolk Borough. Robert Brough, Thomas H. Parker, Richard H. Lee. City of Richmond. William Du-Val, George W. Smith, John H. Foulke. AUDITOR'S OFFICE, 10th August, 1804. THE Commissioners of the Revenue are requested to send, before the 15th of November, a list of the names of the persons who have been appointed to the several offices of Auditor, and the amount of the salary of each, to the Auditor General. SAMUEL SHEPARD, Auditor.

The History of Illustrious men deserves to be studied. We not only experience a considerable benefit from examining the various circumstances of their education, and tracing the influence of the different causes which made them what they were, but we also derive great improvement from surveying such splendid examples of virtue and talents. Whether we shape our own character by abstract maxims, or by comparative excellence, the two methods by which the understanding is accustomed to regulate our pursuits, the use of these Biographical Sketches is equally admirable. If we pursue the precepts of abstract speculation, the lives of these illustrious men will tend both to liberate our own principles, by enlarging our conceptions of virtue, and to increase our confidence in their practicality, by showing us men, who have actually reduced them to practice. If we shape our pursuits by comparative excellence, what circumstance can have a more powerful effect in producing a difference of the extent of our own attainments, & of the grandeur of our own virtues, than enlarging the range of our comparison, and analyzing the history of men more highly accomplished, than those with whom we have been accustomed to compare ourselves? When the lives of those men have been distinguished not by heroic, ambitious, and military achievements, but by the more attractive attainments of science, or the exercise of great political knowledge, what Biographical Sketches can be more properly adapted to the contemplation of the Americans?—And such a man was the celebrated Condorcet of France.
The following imperfect History of CONDORCET is extracted from "Biographical Anecdotes of the Founders of the French Republic, and of other Eminent Characters, who have distinguished themselves in the progress of the Revolution"—in two volumes—1798.
THE name of this great man, alike dear to liberty and the sciences, can never be pronounced without exciting a variety of melancholy sensations. After the death of his friends and preceptors, Voltaire, Buffon, D'Alembert, &c. who shone like so many brilliant stars in the galaxy of French literature, he was considered as the chief of the philosophers of his native country. His character threw a lustre even on the revolution, and defied the slander of those who asserted that great events to have been produced and supported by mean and sordid minds; but his death gratified their malice, as it enabled them to maintain that neither virtue, nor talents, nor patriotism, were spared from the fury of revolutionary destruction.
M. de Cantar, formerly Marquis de Condorcet, was descended from an ancient family. He had addicted himself from his youth to study; and as men of genius generally anticipate the age in which they live, the constitutional monarchy found him a citizen already devoted to the cause of freedom, and at the fall of the throne, the people in him beheld a zealous and disinterested republican.
Condorcet was the scholar of D'Alembert. Under that great master, who predicted his future celebrity, he applied himself to mathematics, and in 1776 published his first work, "Essai d'Analyse." His second, under the title of "Recherches sur le calcul intégral," added to his former fame, and obtained for him the reputation of a mathematician of the first class. The fame of his talents at length attracted the attention of government, and under the philosophical administration of M. de Turgot, he was selected, along with D'Alembert and Buffon to assist that great minister in all the political operations which required an extensive knowledge of mathematics.
A chasm intervenes in his literary life, between the years 1775 and 1782, during which he published nothing, except a few dissertations inserted in the Transactions of the Academy of Sciences. He, however, was not idle; for, after having insured the reputation of one of the greatest mathematicians of his age, he applied himself to other branches of science, and especially to metaphysics and politics.
The first remarkable publication of M. Condorcet, after those we have already enumerated, was the speech pronounced by him at his reception into the French academy, in February 1782. In this elaborate production he exhibited the result of that inestimable philosophy which he had imbibed from his friends and masters, and presented a complete analysis of the present state of the human mind.
While D'Alembert was still secretary to the French academy, Condorcet had been appointed his successor, and when that illustrious philosopher happened to die, in the year 1783, he fulfilled all the duties of that office. This opened a new field to his talents; for he now employed his pen in writing the Eloges of his deceased colleagues.
Every one knows how much the French literature has excelled in this species of biography, and it is likewise known how much it has been improved from one generation to another.
Fontenelle, Thomas, D'Alembert, had surpassed each other in their turn, and it was reserved for the glory of Condorcet to excel his three illustrious predecessors, by uniting the eloquence of Thomas with the philosophy of D'Alembert. His first specimen, dedicated to the memory of his friend and preceptor, was recited before the academy, in the year 1784; the eulogium of the celebrated mathematician Euler was delivered in 1785.
Were mathematics a favourite pursuit with the generality of readers, we should enter into some details relative to these two master-pieces of biography. We cannot, however, from taking notice of two sublime passages.
M. D'Alembert was a bastard, and elevated in the founding hospital:
"What is that," says his biographer, "to a great man? His true ancestors are those who have preceded him in the career of genius; his posterity are those who imitate him!"
Speaking of Euler, the author of many important discoveries:
"This is the man," says Condorcet, "who has repaired the honour of the continent, which until his time, had no one to oppose to Newton."
The success obtained in this new line, prompted Condorcet to present the public with interesting lives of other eminent persons of his own age, and in the year 1786, he published the Eloge of the famous controller general Turgot, in two small volumes 8vo. This work is not sufficiently known in England, although it must be allowed to be a singular one in every point of view, for it exhibits the life of an amiable and philanthropic financier. M. de Turgot was a great philosopher, and author of many metaphysical articles in the encyclopaedia. He was also celebrated in France on account of his methodical and systematic spirit. He had attempted, says Condorcet, to carry into execution the advice of Lord Bacon, "notiones communes penitus abolere, atque intellectum abstrahere et aequum ad particularia ad integrum applicare," and he had been so far successful in attaining this, that he was heard to say more than once, "that he had acquired a systematic range of thoughts, connected with each other in an indissoluble chain, from which it was hardly possible for him to detach a single link without endangering the whole."
"A man like this," adds Condorcet, "was not welcome at the court of Versailles, & when he dared to rush into the den of those monsters who riot on the French finances, he was devoured by them."
Voltaire who was an admirer of Turgot, and who, on visiting him at Paris, ran towards him in a kind of ecstasy, crying—"laissez-moi baiser la main qui a figé le salut du peuple!" soon after his disgrace confessed him with a beautiful poem entitled, "Epître à un homme."
No man was more worthy of such a biographer than Voltaire himself, the glory of the French literature. Accordingly, Condorcet published his life in the year 1787.
This new work not only surpassed all the preceding ones of the same author, but every other of the same kind, in either ancient or modern times; and had Voltaire himself been alive he would have felt that even his celebrated attempts fell short of his own life. Until then the history of Charles the XII. of Sweden, was generally thought the best piece of biography in existence. It was no more after the labours of Condorcet.
After having written the life of the immortal Voltaire, Condorcet might have stopped in his career, but there was another eminent character who now solicited and deserved his attention.
In the publick sitting of the academy of sciences, on the 19th of November, 1790, he recited the eulogium of Franklin, with the well known motto:
"Eripuit Caelo fulmen, mox sceptrum tyrannis."
This publication, however, experienced but little success. It was allowed, indeed, to be worthy a secretary of the academy, & every one acknowledged that Condorcet had given a concise review of Dr. Franklin's exertions in favour of philosophy, of mankind, and of his native country. But it was remarked at the same time, that the ideas were not always expressed with sufficient neatness of style, and elegance of phraseology.
It was now high time for Condorcet to exhibit his abilities in politics. He accordingly brought forth a new edition of Smith's inquiry into the "Wealth of Nations," to which he added his own notes. "This," says he, "which the English call the first of books, obtained in France, the approbation of a small number of adepts. Smith was the teacher of a mysterious science, whose improvements the tyrants were greatly desirous to stop, for they were interested to prevent their subjects from sounding the depth of publick economy. Our revolution has placed Smith in his true apogee. Political economy is now an easy science, the comforting divinity of the devotees of liberty, and the antidote of that destructive art, which under the name of finance, formerly overturned the foundations of publick happiness, and undermined the sacred principles of equality."
It might appear astonishing, notwithstanding so many singular merits, that Condorcet was not appointed a deputy to the states-general, if we did not know, that but few were elected on that occasion, who happened to be either in the service of the court, or enjoyed places and pensions under the old government.
But while the first edition of the French patriots performed the greatest services to their native country, in the national assembly, Condorcet dedicated his pen to the promotion of the new order of things, and in consequence of his zeal, was nominated a representative in the second legislature. In the mean time he bestowed all his leisure moments on the celebrated work entitled " La Bibliothèque de l'homme Public ." This publication was intended as an analysis of all the political writers from Xenophon to Raynal; and Condorcet, in addition to his own labours, had invoked the assistance of the learned civilian La Croix, M. Peyssonel, formerly consul in the Crimea, author of the Commerce de la Mer-Noire , &c. and other eminent men. He himself, however, was the chief conductor of the work, in which he also interpersed now and then, some short essays and dissertations of his own.
After the Bibliothèque de l'homme Public , he published, in the year 1791, two very celebrated memoirs on public instruction; in one of these he supported his beloved principle that mankind was perfectable in infinitum ; in the other he pointed out the execution of this plan in a free nation. If the present mode of organizing public schools, and the national institute in France, should prove beneficial to the republic, it stands indebted for both to the superior mind of Condorcet. It was he who was the first to conceive the idea of the four distinct degrees of instruction:
1st. For villages; 2d. For districts; 3d. For departments; 4th. For the metropolis.
It is likewise owing to him, that the project of paying all school-masters from the public treasury, in order to save them from the humiliation of the invidual fees of their pupils, was adopted.
Soon after his appointment to a seat in the second legislature, Condorcet became the Briareus of the revolution. It is impossible to form an idea, much less to give an enumeration of his labours and exertions. A single day scarcely occurred in which he did not speak on every branch of administration, and the records of the jacobin club (then uncontaminated with blood) testify his frequent motions there. Besides this he became the chief conductor of the journal entitled, " La Chronique de Paris "; he also wrote occasionally in the journal of Brissot, called, " Le Patriote François ," in the " Annales Patriotiques " of Carrà, &c.
But if his ardent patriotism obtained for him the highest reputation among the friends of liberty, it exposed him at the same time, to the most libelous abuse on the part of the royalists and aristocrats.
In June 1792, he apologized in the hall of the jacobins, for the conduct of Pethion and the people of Paris, who had repaired to the Thuilleries, in order to present the red cap to the king. On this occasion he was particularly happy in the following sentiment: "Le peuple a offert au roi le bonnet rouge; MARC AURELE ne l'eût pas désigné."
This of course excited the hatred of the enemies of liberty, and Mallet du Pan did not blush to assert, "that while the mathematician Condorcet instigated the jacobin club to call aloud for the suppression of the title of majesty ; he himself was intriguing for his own appointment, as governor to the dauphin, and the admission of his wife at court, as a lady of honor to the queen!"
Condorcet was of course elected a member of the national convention, and he exacted all the regards due to his genius, so long as reason swayed the deliberations of that body.
During the imprisonment of the king, he displayed a degree of moderation and philanthropy, which true philosophy could only inspire. He was one of those who thought that the unfortunate monarch ( ne povoit pas être mis en cause ) could not be brought to judgment, & when he saw that no attention was paid to this position, he maintained that the greatest penalty that ought to be inflicted on him should be perpetual banishment from the territories of the republic.
The party of la Gironde , then predominant in the convention, were conscious of the superior abilities of their colleague, and they accordingly
* Permit me to kiss the hand that has signed the salvation of the people."
suffered him to act the most important part, under their administration. By a short pamphlet entitled—"Réflexions sur la Révolution de 1788, et sur celle du 10 août, 1792," which in the language of an eminent journalist of that day, contained "a concise view of the thoughts of a great man, who commands attention and fixes public opinion;" Condorcet demonstrated, that he was the person best calculated to draw up the new republican constitution. He actually undertook this province, and the formula presented by him, was immediately accepted. It prescribed a single council for the legislature, & an executive of six members, each of whom was to be a minister of state for his own department.
Truth, however, obliges us to confess that this project was not well received by the generality of the people in France, and it is probably known to our readers, that it served as a pretence for the defection of Dumourier, who plainly told Camus, Drouet, and the other deputies, whom he had the audacity to arrest, that this republican constitution was a complication of absurdities, and that he was at a loss to conceive how such nonsense could have fallen from the pen of Condorcet.
Here ends the political career of this great man. No sooner had the animosities between the Girondins and the Mountainers taken a dangerous turn, than he instantly perceived the dangers impending on his own country, from the overgrown influence of the san-culotterie . He was certainly as much attached to a popular government, and as firmly devoted to democratic principles as any one in the convention; but he thought that the reins of administration should be intrusted to the hands of those only, who, in consequence of a liberal education, were best entitled to the public confidence. He accordingly spent the spring of 1793, in the most complete inactivity, and was heard to say to some citizens of his acquaintance—"I am afraid, my dear friends, it will soon be said of our revolution:
"Deficit in piscem mulier formosa superne."
On the fatal 31st of May, Condorcet was not arrested, an omission arising perhaps, out of some remains of respect for his name and talents. But he loudly protested against that dreadful event, wrote an address to the department of L'Albe on the occasion, asserted publicly, that there was no freedom in the national convention, and joined the deputies known in the annals of the French revolution, under the appellation of (Les signataires des protestations du 2d et 3d Juin) those who signed the protests of the 2d and 3d of June. He was at last decreed to be in a state of accusation, and orders were issued to commit him to prison. He was fortunate enough, however, to effect his escape, on which the blood-thirsty Mountainers did not scruple to declare him (bois de la loi) , an outlaw.
Every person of the least sensibility must shudder at the ferocious animosity displayed by Robespierre against this great man, and at the libelous sarcasms which he uttered against him in all his subsequent speeches. "Condorcet," said he, "est l'homme qui s'est le plus déshonoré dans la révolution. Grand mathématicien au jugement des gens de lettres, et grand littérateur au jugement des géomètres, il n'étoit qu'un conspirateur timide, lâche, méprisé de tous les partis. "
The various places in which Condorcet was secreted during his persecution, were so strictly concealed by the fidelity of his friends, that it was generally believed in Paris, and indeed over all France, that he had escaped into Switzerland; and that he lived there in obscurity, under a borrowed name. Though he ceased to exist in April 1794, it was not before the month of January 1795, that his death was made known to the public by his disconsolate widow. This unfortunate woman—the herself a great female philosopher, and firmly devoted to the revolution, addressed a letter on that mournful occasion to the convention, giving information of her husband's demise, and claiming his ashes! The epistle produced confirmation in the legislative body, and left the French people should conceive a dislike to the revolution, or be pushed to some excesses by this disastrous intelligence, Rewbel, who happened to be president, thought that it should not be inserted in any of the publick papers.
The writer of this remark, while in Paris that the ci-devant Marchioness of Condorcet was entirely destitute of friends. Being imbued with republican principles, she was deserted by her own relations, and despised by all the fashionable world. On the other hand, as she was an accomplished woman, she formed to converse with persons who had not received a liberal education, previously to the establishment of the republic: thus, she was entirely cut off from society.
It would appear from a speech lately delivered by a celebrated leader in the council of Five Hundred that this respectable lady, after the last insurrection of the 13th Fruidor , was put on the list of the emigrants, and committed to prison. Tallien exclaimed loudly against this notorious injustice; for it was a well known fact, that Madame Condorcet had never gone beyond the gates of Paris, during the whole course of the revolution. A message was accordingly sent to the Directory on the subject, who, to their eternal disgrace, returned an evasive answer. Every man of feeling is therefore anxious to know the future destiny of a female, entitled to the esteem and sympathy of all Europe.
Before this article is closed, it may not be amiss to mention, that the most illustrious part of Condorcet's life is that, perhaps, in which he was hunted down by the daggers of proscripti-
on, and the still more cruel formulae of judicial assassination. While forced to seek shelter in woods and caverns, although destitute of friends, of consolation, and sometimes even of food, instead of venting execrations against his unjust country, his whole mind was bent on a project beneficial to humanity, and every moment occupied for the advantage of posterity.—It was during the last solitary hours of his precarious existence, and while condemned to seek a fresh asylum every night from the malice of his enemies, that he conceived the plan of his posthumous work, entitled, " Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progrès de l'Esprit Humain ," in which, considering man under three distinct points of view, he enquires, 1mo , What has he been? 2do , What he is? And, 3to , What, by proper culture, he may be?
After contemplating him both in the savage and civilized state, & glancing at the day "when the sun in his course shall only shine on free nations," he concludes thus:
"And how admirably calculated is this view of the human race, emancipated from its chains, released alike from the dominion of chance, as well as from that of the enemies of its progress, and advancing with a firm and undeviating step in the paths of truth, to console the philosopher lamenting the errors, the flagrant acts of injustice, the crimes with which the earth is still polluted!"
"It is the contemplation of this prospect that rewards him with all his efforts to assist the progress of reason and the establishment of liberty. He dares to regard these efforts as a part of the eternal chain of the destiny of mankind; and in this persuasion he finds the true delight of virtue, the pleasure of having performed a durable service, which no vicissitude will ever destroy."
by means of a fatal operation calculated to restore the reign of prejudice and slavery.
"This sentiment is the asylum into which he retires, and to which the memory of his persecution cannot follow him: he unites himself in imagination with a man restored to his rights, delivered from oppression, and proceeding with rapid strides in the path of happiness."
"He forgets his own misfortunes while his thoughts are thus employed; he lives no longer to adversity, calumny, and malice, but becomes the associate of those wiser and more fortunate beings, whose enviable condition he so earnestly contributed to produce."
"This work was no sooner finished than he became a corpse of life. To Garat he had been indebted for an asylum in the house of the minister of the home department, at the very time the revolutionary harpies were hovering round, and thirsting for his blood. From the same friend, he also received a dose of poison which they divided "as brothers do bread," and on being recognized and seized at a village to which he had repaired, in order to obtain a mortal to fulfil nature! He swallowed the fatal present, and in this manner put a period to his wretched existence!"
"Thus perished by his own hand, long before the period assigned by nature, the greatest man then left in France—the friend of Voltaire, the rival of D'Alembert, and the correspondent of Frederick, and of Catherine. In an early period of life, he easily vanquished all the difficulties of science, but he is perhaps entitled to a still greater degree of praise, for overcoming the prejudices that warp themselves round the human heart. Attached to the haughty claims of the nobility by birth, he warmly contended for Plebeian privileges from conviction. Interested in the duration of the ancient government, by honors, by places, and by pensions, he never betrayed the duties of his country, but steadfastly persevered in the first with a reasonable being—that of a free government; and the chief duty of a philosopher—the melioration of the human species."
"The legislature of France, which had basely permitted him to be outlawed, at length paid a willing homage to his memory. But his own works will restore his injured name from oblivion, and the future historians of his native land, will avenge his insulted manes ."
"The people have offered the red cap to the king: Marcus Aurelius would not have disdained its acceptance."
"Condorcet is the man who has the most dishonoured himself in the course of the present revolution. A great mathematician among men of letters, and a great man of letters among geométriciens, he was only a weak and timid conspirator, despised by all parties."
"It will be immediately recollected, that the most witty part of this libel is a poor imitation of our Johnson's remark on Chesterfield: "That he was a wit among lords, and a lord among wits."
"This work, a truly illustrious specimen of Condorcet's enlightened mind and magnanimous spirit, is to be found in most of the bookshops of Virginia, under the title of "Historical outlines of the progress of the Human Mind."
FOR SALE, THAT beautiful and well improved TENEMENT on the Hill, now occupied by Mr. Benjamin Mosby. This property lies near the Capitol, in a healthy and agreeable neighbourhood. Terms of sale will be made known by applying to BARTLETT STILL. [cWHL] July 12.
VIRGINIA: AT A SUPERIOR COURT OF CHANCERY, HELD IN RICHMOND, MARCH THE 26TH, 1804. Between JOHN SOMERVILL, Plaintiff, And LUCAS SULLIVAN and WILLIAM BASKERVILLE, Defendants.
THE defendant, Lucas Sullivan, not having entered his appearance and given security according to the act of Assembly, and the rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that he is not an inhabitant of this country: on the motion of the plaintiff, by his counsel, it is ordered, that the said defendant do appear here on the first day of next September term, and answer the bill of the plaintiff, and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper in the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the Capitol, in the said city.
A Copy—Telle, P. TINSLEY, c.c. July 25. cW2m
At a General Meeting of the Members of the Mutual Assurance Society against Fire on Buildings of the State of Virginia, held by adjournment at the Capitol on the 31st of July, 1804:
A MOTION was made and seconded to appoint a Chairman; and on the question being put, Major Hugh Holmes was unanimously elected—Lewis M. Rivalain, Secretary pro tem.
A committee was appointed yesterday to examine the transactions of the society; on their report, the following resolution was presented by Mr. Tazewell, and adopted: viz. Resolved, That the demand of a further quota from the members of this institution at present is unnecessary; since the funds of the society at this time are abundantly sufficient for the satisfaction of any claims against them known at present, or considered as likely to occur speedily.
On motion by the same gentleman, the following two resolutions were adopted, to wit: Resolved, That the President and Directors of this institution be directed to refund to those persons respectively, who have already paid in the quota initially called for, the several sums which they may have thus paid; and that the said President and Directors be further directed, forthwith to notify by a publication in some newspaper printed in Richmond to the other members of this society, that said quota is not now required of them.
Resolved, That the President and Directors of this society be directed immediately to pay out of any funds belonging to the society now on hand, all the claims properly established as fair demands against them; and should it be necessary, that they sell any of the stock belonging to this society which may be requisite for this purpose, for the best price that can be obtained for the same.
On motion of Mr. Edmund Randolph; Resolved, That a committee of six members be appointed, whose duty it shall be to revise the constitution, laws and regulations of the Mutual Assurance Society, and to report to the next annual meeting.
(Signed) HUGH HOLMES, Chairman. LEWIS M. RIVALAIN, Secretary. A true extract from the proceedings of the said meeting. W. P. AST, Principal Agent M. A. S.
* No doubt the printers in this state will publish the above in their respective papers for the information of their subscribers.
SPRING GOODS. WILLIAM TEMPLE, HAS just received, by the ship Rebecca from London and Yorkhire from Liverpool, AN ASSORTMENT OF GOODS Suitable to the season, which he will dispose of on the usual terms. Richmond, May 24th. (1)
VIRGINIA, TO WIT: AT A CHANCERY DISTRICT COURT HELD AT THE FORMER CAPITOL, IN THE CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG, the 12th day of July, 1804. Gwen Lucas, Joseph Delaney and Sally his wife, and Zachariah Delaney..... Plaintiffs, AGAINST Eliza Carter and Elizabeth his wife, late Elizabeth Lunsford, widow of Lewis Lunsford deceased, Harriet Lunsford, Hiram Lunsford, Diana Lunsford and Darius W. Lunsford, children and co-heirs of the said Lunsford..... Defendants. IT appearing to the satisfaction of the Court, that since the entering of the order in this cause, on the first day of July one thousand eight hundred and three, in the words following: "The defendants upon whom an attachment for contempt in not answering the bill of the plaintiffs, has been returned executed, still failing to answer the same, the Court, on the motion of the plaintiffs by their counsel, doth take their bill for confessed, and will proceed at a rate die , to decree the matter thereof, unless the said defendants or one of them do on or before the tenth day of the term next after they shall have been served with a copy of this order, show cause to the contrary." the defendants have not answered the bill of the plaintiffs, it is ordered, that the said defendants or one of them, on or before the fifth day of the next term, and unless they shall have answered the bill of the plaintiffs, that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in some newspaper of the city of Richmond, for two months successively, and posted at the front door of the former Capitol in this City. A Copy, Wm 27 ANTHONY ROBINSON, C. B.
Mediterranean Passports. NOTICE is hereby given, that it has been deemed expedient to change the form of the Mediterranean passport issued to vessels of the United States; that from the 8th day of July next, those of the new form will be issued at the custom houses to every vessel, for which application may be made on a compliance with the terms prescribed by law and surrendering the former passport of which she may be possessed, if any, in which latter case no fees will be required for the exchange: and that by an arrangement agreed upon by the Barbary powers with whom we are at peace, either the old or the new form of passport will be sufficient to protect the vessels of the United States, from capture until the 1st of July 1805, after which the old form of passport will be unavailable and the new one alone in use. Department of State, 23d of May, 1804. The printers of the locus of the United States are requested to insert the above in their Gazettes twice a week for the space of six months, and the Collectors of the customs to keep copies of it posted up in their offices. June, 2.
VIRGINIA: AT A SUPERIOR COURT OF CHANCERY, HELD IN RICHMOND, MAY 19. 1804. BETWEEN JOSEPH C. BROWN, RICHARD B. GOODE & WILLIAM BROWN, Plaintiffs, AND ROBERT OMBERSON, Defendant. HIS cause, by consent of parties, came on this nineteenth day of May, in the year of our lord one thousand eight hundred and four, to be heard on the bill and answer, and was argued by council: on consideration whereof, the court adjudged and decreed, that, unless the defendant on or before the twenty-fourth day of July next, pay to the plaintiff, William Brown, one thousand four hundred dollars, with interest thereon, after the rate of six per centum per annum, to be computed from the twenty-fourth day of January, one thousand eight hundred and three, till payment, and the costs expended by the plaintiffs in prosecuting this suit, that Joseph C. Brown and Richard B. Goode, after giving three weeks notice in one or more of the Richmond newspapers, do expose to public sale by auction, for ready money, the Half-Acre Lot of Land, with the Appurtenances, lying in that part of the City of Richmond called Rocketts, designated in the plan of the said city by the number (207) two hundred and seven, which had been conveyed in trust by the defendant, to the forenamed Joseph C. Brown and Richard B. Goode, for the purpose as is alleged in the bill and admitted by the answer, of securing the forenamed principal money and interest, the deed for which hath been destroyed as is also alleged and admitted; and out of the money arising from the sale, pay to the plaintiff, William Brown, the said principal money, interest and costs; and the surplus, if any, after deducting the expenses attending the sale, pay to the defendant, and report their proceedings in execution hereof to the court. A Copy. Telle, PETER TINSLEY, c.c.
WE SHALL PROCEED TO SELL, The LOT & APPURTENANCES mentioned and described in the above decretal order, upon the terms therein mentioned, on FRIDAY, the 17th August next, upon the premises, between the hours of 10 and 2 of the clock. JOSEPH C. BROWN. RICHARD B. GOODE. July 21. trustees
SCOTTVILLE JOCKEY CLUB. ON the second Thursday in September, will be run for, over the Scottville course, the Jockey Club Purse of £. 100.—three mile heats. The day after, the Purse of the Proprietor of the Course, of £. 50.—two mile heats. Weights as follows: Aged Horses, 132 lbs. Six Years Old, 128 Five Years do. 117 Four Years do. 106 Three Years do. 90 Mares & Geldings allowed 5 lbs. WM. ARCHER, Secretary. August 11. ep13w—279
FOR SALE, On liberal terms, by the Subscribers, THE HOUSE and LOT near the River Bank, at present in the occupancy of Mr. John Taylor, and distinguished in the plan of the city by the number 8, the property of the estate of Patrick Wright, dec. which, if not disposed of privately before the first day of September next, will on that day, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, be sold on the premises, for one half cash, and the other half on a credit of 90 days, for an approved endorsed note.—An indisputable title will be made before the money is received. PROSSER & MONCURE. July 18. ep13
A WET NURSE. WANTED to hire or purchase, a Wet Nurse without a child of her own. Enquire of the Printers. August 8.—4
CASH SALE OF LAND IN ALBEMARLE. On September 15th, WILL BE SOLD, in Charlottesville, with the highest bidder, for Cash, THE TRACT OF LAND lying on the east side of Rivanna, over against Charlottesville, containing about 600 acres, with a new commodious DWELLING HOUSE. Two years of a lease under good restrictions have to run after this. The land is all of the South-West Mountain quality; and though much injured in parts, is in general still very good, and all reclaimable. The sale proceeds from a deed of trust to indemnify against loss as security and bail, which was executed in December, 1802, by William Bache, of Pennsylvania, to THOMAS M. RANDOLPH. July 25. ep138sp