The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1803-08-01 00:00:00

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER, AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
Vol. III.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
No. CCCCXXXIII.
FIVE DOLLS. PER ANN.
MONDAY, AUGUST, 18, 1803.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
From the BOSTON CHRONICLE.
ON DEMOCRACY.
"He that hath ears to hear let him hear."
Learning is useful to society, when it is improved for the purpose of rendering science more plain and easy to the people. But there have been, in all ages and in all countries, men, who, from base and sinister views, have improved their education to wrap in mystery and to involve in doubt and uncertainty, all the great concerns of government and religion. By the parade of learned phrases and the use of hard words, they have deceived and ruined nation after nation, and people after people. By these they have involved the holy religion of the redeemer, (which was proclaimed by its author in the most simple and intelligent language) in persecutions, wars, and destruction to the people for whose happiness it was given. By this, civil wars, feuds, havoc, and bloody contests have been spread over the face of Europe.
In our country, a set of men, who have deceitfully and perfidiously assumed the appellation of Federalists , are now attempting to mislead and beguile the people with the word Democracy . They have indeed succeeded beyond what even they themselves could have imagined, from the principle of jealousy, which Montesquieu says is always found in a government where the people hold any share of authority. But they have attempted what that learned man never conceived of, they have attempted to excite a passion of jealousy in the people against themselves.
I shall endeavor, in an easy and simple manner, to explain the democracy of our government, and shall leave the people to judge for themselves, whether there can be any real foundation for the clamour of the federal party, as they stile themselves, against it.
The writers of the world, divide the different kinds of government into Monarchy , Aristocracy and Democracy . The first is the government of one man, independent of his subjects, absolutely sovereign, arbitrary and despotic, without nobles or any other division of power: the legislator, the judge, and the executor. This form of government can never take place but by a conquest, and can never be maintained but by the passion of fear. To this end, standing armies, Janissaries, Fesces and Lictors, terribly armed, in threatening array, overawe, bear down, and bury every principle of liberty, every noble emotion of the human soul, until a revolution, founded in a sense of the intolerable injuries, like the tremendous shock of an earthquake, recalls them from the depths of the earth.
There is a modification of this power in Great Britain, in what they call checks and balances. The king, as judge Blackstone is obliged to say, in order to support the House of Hanover on the throne there, can be dethroned by the people assembled in parliament, and the dynasty, or family descent, may be changed. This was done to expel the house of Stuarts, and to introduce the houses of Brunswick and Hanover to the British throne. This monarchy has one other limitation, by the nobles being a branch of the legislature, and the consent of the house of commons being necessary to the enacting a law. There is no other instance of a mixture of hereditary, monarchical and aristocratical power with the elective, democratic authority, in the world.
The government of an aristocracy, in the ancient meaning of the word, was a government of nobles, who claimed their power by the right of birth and descent from noble parentage, and not from the voice or will of the people. This ought nevertheless to be noticed, that strictly speaking, all power, monarchical and aristocratical, must be derived from, and maintained by the democracy. Let the government be as despotic as you can imagine, in the hands of one man or of many men, yet if the people are united in an opposition, the government must be changed. It was this which plunged the dagger into the heart of Cæsar; this destroyed Pompey, Caligula, Nero, and Domitian; this decapitated Charles the 1st in England, expelled James the 2d, made Mary die in a jail, and brought Lewis of France to the guillotine. But this is a solemn truth, that the people have never done this, until their oppressions from their sovereign have become insupportable, until all hope of redress was gone, nor until their prayers, petitions and calamities had become the sport of the tyrant and his favorites.
It is then true, as these federalists say, that emperors have been overthrown by, and calamities have been the consequence of, this power of democracy. But it is as true, that the power has never been exercised, but when the oppressions of
the tyrant had become insufferable, and there was no other means left to save the people from permanent and intolerable slavery. The scenes have been bloody under the conflicts, but whose fault has it been? When the people begin to oppose a tyrant, nothing less than a revolution will save them; there never was yet a reform of government from oppression, without extirpating the oppressor. Leave him, or his heir, at the head of the state, and like Charles the 2d, in the executions of Sidney, Vane, and others, all who led in the opposition must be brought to the scaffold or the gallows for the good of the state. The scenes of cruelty and calamity resulting from conflicts of this nature, are chargeable to the tyrant, who, with his armies and adherents, will not yield to the just claims of the people, but will endeavour to reduce them by force.
Democracy , is a word composed of two Greek words, and signifies a government where the sovereign power is in the hands of the people, not delegated to any person or persons, as supreme rulers. Where the people, as has been done in ancient times, all assemble indiscriminately and legislate for themselves, appoint judges and executive officers, this could hardly be called a government; yet this is what was then meant, and what is yet intended by a simple democratical government. There were modifications of this kind of government, by divisions of the people into classes. Thus Solon divided the people of Athens into four classes. Servius Tullius , divided the people of Rome into one hundred and ninety-three centuries, which formed four classes; and, as Livy remarks, by placing the rich in one class, he introduced the spirit of aristocracy .
Montesquieu observes, that "suffrage by choice is natural to aristocracy, as that by lot is to democracy." As aristocracy is a government in the hands of the better sort, so where the rulers are elective by the suffrages of the people, it is so far an aristocracy, because the people will choose the best men. There may be exceptions to this; the people may err, or may be deceived in their choice; but nature does not furnish any alternative, but that of an aristocracy independent of the people, and resting on an inheritance of power by birth. This is a nobility , where men are compelled to say, what they know to be false, that wisdom and virtue are inheritable qualities, and that authority held independent of the people, will render them more secure and happy than any other.
The governments of America are democratic in these respects only, that they are not established by conquest, or by the force of usurpers, but by the free consent of the people. They are democracies in common with England, France and all other nations, in this respect, that the people can change them at their pleasure.
There never was in America, a simple democracy, in the power sense and meaning of the phrase. When the English took possession of the country, they came as corporations, formed by charters, or commissioners, in the mother country; and every change which has since taken place, has regarded, in its principles, those primary institutions. The governments were placed in the hands of the people originally, and the officers were elective as they now are. We went through a variety of changes in the time of effecting our separation from Great Britain, as circumstances and the feelings of the people demanded; even as rapidly as the people of France have done in their revolution. In Massachusetts, we finally adopted a government, and invaluable constitution; but this was done by the people who claimed the advantage of such an institution. I have heard a gentleman, who was then a judge of a court, say, that the convention which formed this constitution originated from an opposition of the people in some of the counties, to the courts proceeding in their circuit until such a measure should be adopted. That democracy was so far from verging towards anarchy, that they demanded a system of established rule and order, and would not be denied in their reasonable and proper request. But this constitution was not effected by the people in their natural capacity, or in the form of a democracy. The convention was convened in consequence of an act of the general court, acting under their former charter. The members of the convention were chosen by towns formed by laws as legal corporations. So that though the constitution was the democratical act of the community, yet the democracy which formed it was regulated and limited by laws. In the same manner, the democratical power, which, in fact, in all countries, is the source of all power, is guided and governed, through-
out our whole nation, by established constitutions and laws. There can be no other power, unless we create new and separate interests in the country, by making a new order of men. Let the governments assume what form they may, they must remain what they now are, modified, regulated, limited and elective democracies , until we shall create a new interest by an hereditary monarchy , or an hereditary nobility.
The antient Democracies knew nothing of an elective government, where representatives of the people made laws and a chosen executive appointed magistrates. The antient monarchies knew nothing of the checks resulting from an elected legislature. Hence the despot tyrannized with rapacious cruelty, until the democracy, aroused by the sting of oppression, hurled him from his throne. He is a mere sciolist in the affairs of civil government, a baby in politics, or the tool of a party, who will in puerile declamation attempt to prove, that our elective republics are dangerous from the nature of democracy, because the unregulated, unlimited, unmodified democracies of ancient times were driven into excessions by the hand of oppression, or because they were cruel and extravagant in vindicating the people's rights. All civil commotions, and all civil wars and revolutions, are unavoidably marked with acts of outrage and cruelty.
The National Constitution is copied from that of Massachusetts. The amendments which have taken place, have rendered it as complete and as perfect as a government can be for us. Yet a number of men, who openly declared, when it was formed, that they supported it merely as a step towards one like Great Britain, have been unwearied in their attempts to destroy it. They have the arrogance to call themselves federalists , whilst they are vainly attempting to destroy federalism itself. The treaty of commerce formed with the king of England gave them an opportunity to raise their standard, and to know their strength. A standing army and connection with Great Britain, have been their first objects. A war with France, to render us dependent on the British crown, is now their aim. Had Mr. Adams been elected instead of Mr. Jefferson, their wishes would have been accomplished so far, as that we should have been involved in a foreign war with France, and very probably in a civil war, to prevent them from establishing a king and Nobility. Under their present disappointment, they are restless, uneasy and malignant. They fill their gazettes with lies and scandalous falsehoods; they labor hard to deceive the people; they are full of that propensity to sedition and anarchy which they are charging to democracy; and nothing can save or does save us from their vengeful fury, but the contempt they are held in by the great body of the people. I shall deal more with them hereafter.
PLAIN TRUTH.
From the AMERICAN REVIEW.
Collections for an Essay towards a Materia Medica of the United States. By Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. Professor of Materia Medica, Natural History and Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. Part 1st. 8vo. p. 64. Second Edition. Philadelphia. Carr. 1801.
Considering the importance of this article, we owe an apology to our readers for the long delay of bringing it before them. Publications of this kind are for rare and interesting in the United States, that we fully recognize the duty of seizing the earliest opportunity, as far as our influence extends, to direct towards them the attention of our countrymen.
It must occur to every person of reflection, that the knowledge of the nature and medicinal properties of the indigenous vegetables of a country so imperfectly explored as the North American continent, cannot fail to add greatly to the improvement of Botany and Medicine. This subject, hitherto too much neglected, is undertaken by our author with all the zeal and intelligence which distinguish his various and multiplied researches. And if an anticipation of the merits of the entire work may be formed from the first part, we do not hesitate to pronounce that the completion of it will be a very valuable acquisition to the public.
The chief object of this performance is to turn the attention of our physicians to an investigation of the properties of our native productions. It is too common in this country to import medicinal articles from abroad, at great trouble
and expence, while similar, and, in some instances, superior remedies, may be found in great plenty among our domestic productions. Public economy and political independence are concerned in the encouragement and extension of our author's object.
The present is the second edition of this work. Such of our readers as may have seen the first, will find this considerably increased in value by the addition of a number of notes at the bottom of the page. The author has likewise added an appendix, which contains, besides almost all the remarks included in the appendix of the former edition, a large portion of interesting matter, much of it of a practical kind, which had no place in the original publication.
After dividing his subject into the two parts of Materia Alimentaria and Materia Medica , more strictly so called, according to the usual plan of writers on this department of medicine, the author proceeds to distribute the facts he has collected under the nine following heads, viz. 1. Astringents ; 2. Tonics ; 3. Stimulants ; 4. Erthanes ; 5. Sialogoga , or Salivating Medicines ; 6. Emetics ; 7. Cathartics ; 8. Diuretics ; 9. Anthelmintics .
As specimens of the valuable matter contained in this work, we offer the following quotations.
" Liriodendron Tulipifera . In some parts of the United States, the bark of this tree has been used, and has acquired much reputation, as a remedy in cases of gout and rheumatism. As a medicine possessing properties very nearly allied to those of the calida amara , or heating bitters, which have, for ages, formed a part of the celebrated gout-powders, I think it not improbable, that the Liriodendron may have been used, with the seeming advantage of putting off, for a time, the inflammatory paroxysm of the gout. But the well known history of the gout-powder is not calculated to encourage one to use (as a remedy, for the world of diseases) a medicine which might only alter the shape of the disease, and give it a direction to the more essentially important part of the human frame.
" Datura Stramonium . Since the publication of the first edition of my Collections, I have had many opportunities of employing this medicine. I have used it chiefly in the form of an extract, prepared from the fresh leaves. I have principally exhibited it in cases of mania and epilepsy. I cannot hesitate to say, that it is a medicine of great and invaluable powers. It is my intention to publish the particulars of the cases in which I have employed this medicine, in a separate work." I shall, therefore, content myself, in this place, with observing that I have found the Stramonium especially beneficial in cases of mania attended with little or no fever, or with a cold skin, and languid circulation. I have thought it necessary to give the medicine in very large doses. Beginning with a few grains, the dose is gradually increased, and in a few days it may, with safety, be taken to the extent of fifteen or twenty grains. In one case of mania, I, at length, gave it to the extent of sixty grains at a dose. When the patient had continued upon this dose for some time, he broke out into boils upon various parts of the body, and was, at length, discharged from the hospital, perfectly cured. In several other cases of mania, the Datura has been of essential use. Except in one case, I have not perceived any inconvenience from it. In this case, whilst the patient was taking the medicine to the extent of thirty grains, it produced a very enlarged dilatation of the pupil of the left eye, and a palsy of the palpebra of the same eye. But even this was only a temporary inconvenience, which was removed, in a very short time, by the application of a blister. The patient resumed the use of the extract, and was finally discharged from the hospital apparently cured.
"The beneficial effects of the Stramonium in cases of epilepsy have been likewise very manifest. In a case of epilepsy, accompanied, at various periods with fever, the medicine seemed to increase the feble of fulness in the head, and other disagreeable symptoms. But in several other cases, I exhibited it with the most manifest advantage. Although in no case have I been able to effect a cure with the Stramonium, I have, certainly, administered it with the effect of protracting the fits, and of diminishing their violence. Perhaps, much more than this cannot be said, with a strict regard to caution, of any other of the many medicines which have been recommended for the cure of epilepsy."
* Medical Facts, Experiments, Observations, and Inquiries.
"I have been informed, that in the state of Kentucky, the seeds of the Stramonium are some times exhibited, with advantage, in cases of chronic rheumatism. On this subject I cannot say anything from my own experience. The seeds of this vegetable are, unquestionably, endowed with very active powers. This is abundantly evident from the pernicious effects which are so frequently observed in children, who have swallowed the seeds. Dr. John Archer, of Maryland, has found them of much advantage in cases of epilepsy.† I have used them, with seeming benefit, in cases of mania.
" Rhus, or Sumac . 'In many persons,' the Rhus radicans , Rhus Vernix , and Rhus Toxicodendron , 'induce a peculiar and very troublesome vesication, which I have frequently removed, in a short time, by means of a mercurial wash.' I have employed, in these cases, an aqueous solution of the muriate of mercury, or corrosive-sublimate. Noting that I have made use of it has so effectually removed the disagreeable symptoms as this lotion. Its good effects are very speedily perceived. Many other applications are made use of, in various parts of the United States. The principal of them are prepared from vegetables. That some of these do good, I shall not deny: but, compared to the preparation of mercury, which I have mentioned, they are very inert applications. Of the vegetables, I think I have employed none with such decided advantage as the juice (mixed with cream) of a native species of Urtica , or Nettle; perhaps the Urtica pumila of Linneus. It is said that the bark of one species (but I cannot tell you what species) has been found useful in intermittents. Perhaps, it is the bark of the Rhus glabrum , or Smooth Pennsylvania Sumac. The juice of the Upland Sumac ( Rhus glabrum ) is said to be excellent for removing warts, and also tetteres. It is applied to the affected parts. This shews, that even this species, which is generally deemed innocent, possesses some active quality. Indeed, I am inclined to think, that all the American species of the genus Rhus are poisons to some constitutions. I am assured, that the Rhus typhinum , or Stag's-horn Sumac, has affected the skins of certain persons, in the same manner as the Rhus radicans , &c. Yet the Rhus typhinum is generally considered as an innocent species. In some parts of the United States, the Rhus glabrum is called 'Indian Salt.' It is said, that the Indians employed the saline powder which invests the berries, as a condiment to their animal food. They also employ this substance as a mordant, or fixer, for the red colour with which they dye the quills of the porcupine. They use other mordants for the same purpose. With great satisfaction, I refer the medical and philosophical reader of these Collections to Dr. Thomas Horsfield's Experimental Dissertation on the Rhus Vernix, Rhus radicans and Rhus glabrum . This dissertation, which was published in Philadelphia, in 1789, reflects great honour upon the ingenious author, and even credit upon the University which gave it birth.
" Polygala Seneca . Since the beginning of the year 1798, I have employed a strong decoction of this plant in several cases of cynanches trachealis , or hives. I am persuaded, that the Seneca is a very important medicine in the treatment of this common, and too frequently unmanageable disease; and praise in my opinion, is due to Dr. Archer for his important discovery: for such I cannot but deem it. That the Seneca is a specific, or certain remedy, for the cure of the croup, I do not believe: but from my own experience, I am led to repose more confidence in the use of this medicine than in any other. I have made use of very strong or saturated decoction of the root. I have always given it in large quantities. It appears to be chiefly beneficial when it occasions an expectoration of mucus, and when it proves emetic. It is also very useful by virtue of its purgative quality. But I have known it to occasion very plentiful stools, without benefiting the patient. Indeed, in the exhibition of the Seneca , I would rather wish to guard against large purging. I have some times treated my patients almo entirely with the Seneca . Even in such cases, I have perceived most unequivocal good effects from it. But I have, more generally, given, along with the Seneca , calomel, and sometimes calomel combined with ipecacuanha. I have not omitted the employment of the lancet (though this, in many cases of croup,
† See Dr. Cooper's Inaugural Dissertation, &c. p. 52-54.

...applied near the test of the disease. I am happy to state that this short notice by observing that several respectable physicians in Philadelphia inform me that they have used the Seneca with much advantage in the disease in question. For the particular manner in which Dr. Archer uses this medicine, I must refer the reader to his letter addressed to me, and published in the Medical Repository of N. York. I have had no experience with the Seneca in cases of pneumonia. Notwithstanding what has been so frequently said concerning its great efficacy in this disease, I cannot believe, that it is a medicine adapted to the very first stage of pneumonia, while violent inflammatory symptoms are still present. After the liberal use of the lancet, it is highly probable, that the Seneca will be found a very important medicine. In the pleurisy, as it is called, which prevails in many of the low and marshy countries of the United States, I do not doubt, that it has been of real use. This pleurisy, or pneumonia, is a true intermitting or remitting, attended with a local pain, either in the side or in the head. When the pain is principally confined to the head, the disease is called (a ridiculous name) 'the pleurisy in the head.' In either case, it is a complaint in which stimulating medicines (and such the Seneca is) have been exhibited with advantage. In cases of this kind, though bleeding is often necessary, it will not be sufficient to effect a cure. Even blisters fail to destroy the type of the disease. In my own hands, the Peruvian bark has been exhibited, during the remission of pain, with the happiest effect in preventing the recurrence of the violent paroxysm. Spizelia Marilandica. In some parts of Carolina, &c. this invaluable plant is known (among other appellations) by the name of Snake-root. It is the Un- steelia of the Cherokee Indians. Every part of the plant is possessed of the anthelmintic property, and accordingly in Carolina the physician employ the whole plant; chiefly in decoction. But the active power unquestionably resides more especially in the roots. It is the opinion of many persons, that the deleterious effects which occasionally occur from using this vegetable do not arise from any pernicious property inherent in the Spizelia, but from the root of a distinct plant which is often mixed with the Spizelia. I do not think this notion is entitled to any serious attention. The Spizelia is, without doubt, a poisonous and narcotic vegetable. It is, in all probability, by virtue of this poisonous quality, that it proves so beneficial in cases of worms. I am acquainted with a very intelligent physician, who, in the exhibition of the Spizelia, always deems it necessary, or proper, to persevere in the use of the medicine, until it produces some very decided effect upon the brain. I must confess, however, that I have often used it completely efficaciously, without observing that it has occasioned the least inconvenience to the system. That it has sometimes done mischief, will not, I believe, be denied. Professor Bergius informs us, that he has known instances of convulsions cured by the Spizelia, although no worms were expelled by it. Dr. Garden, speaking of this plant, says—it especially answers in continued or remitting flow worm-fevers, in which I use its decoction, adding a 'small' proportion of the root of the Serpentaria Virginica . Its effects in abating the feverish exacerbations are so considerable, that in these I consider it as the most powerful sedative.** It is an excellent attenuant.** I have been induced to take notice, in this place, of the observations of Bergius and Garden, because a pretty extensive use of Spizelia, has now convinced me, that this medicine very often affords relief, and indeed effects a cure, in cases in which worms are supposed to be present, but in which none are discharged. If I do not greatly mistake, this will be found an highly useful medicine in some of the febrile diseases of children, unaccompanied by worms, especially in the in the inidious remittent, which so frequently lays the foundation of dropsy of the brain. Vol. II. No. 1. Art. vii. Both Lining and Garden were generally in the habit of using the Spizelia in substance; and this is, unquestionably, the most precise method of employing it. In Philadelphia an infusion or decoction of the plant is more commonly made use of. "Materia Medica a Regny Vegetabilis, &c." *** that the Spizelia is a sedative, taking this term in the sense in which it generally is, and always ought to be, employed. I do not believe, notwithstanding the very respectable authority of Dr. Garden, and the high authority of Dr. Darwin. This last mentioned author, (to whose genius and extensive learning I am always willing to pay due deference) arranged our celebrated anthelmintic in his class or article of Torpetentia . (See Zoonomia ) With much more propriety he might have arranged it in his second article, to which he has given the name of Incitatoria . In fact, the effects which the Spizelia exerts upon the human system are very similar to those which Taura , and other similar articles (coarsely sedative stimulants) are known to exert. In particular, the operation of the Spizelia upon the brain very decidedly demonstrates its stimulant power. *** Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary . Vol. III. Art. X. p. 149.
"Common Tobacco." There is a peculiar mode of employing the leaves of the tobacco in cases of worms, which I cannot avoid mentioning in this place, especially as it has, in many instances, produced very happy effects. The leaves are pounded with vinegar, and applied, in the shape of a poultice, to the region of the stomach, or other part of the abdomen. In consequence of this application, worms are often discharged, after powerful anthelmintics have been exhibited internally in vain. We ought not to be surprised at this effect of the tobacco, since we know, that the same vegetable, applied externally, is often very efficacious in inducing vomiting. Accordingly, I have, for some years, been in the habit of applying tobacco leaves to the region of the stomach of persons who have swallowed large quantities of opium, and other similar articles, with the view to destroy themselves. It is well known, that in these cases the stomach is often extremely irritable, inasmuch that the most powerful emetics have little effect in rousing that organ into action. Here, as an auxiliary at least, the tobacco, used in the manner I have mentioned, is, certainly, very useful, and in many instances, ought not to be neglected. "Melia Azedarach." When I published the first edition of my Collections, I had not any experience in the use of this vegetable. Since that period, however, I have used it in several cases of worms, and always with advantage. Indeed, I am inclined to think that the character of this new anthelmintic has not been too highly drawn. I will not assert that it ought to be preferred to the Spizelia; for I have had much more to do with this than with the Melia. The Melia is unquestionably a valuable anthelmintic, and ought to be introduced into general practice. I have employed the bark of the root, both in substance and in the shape of a saturated decoction. In the case of an adult who took the decoction in large quantities, with the effect of discharging great numbers of worms, it seemed to occasion some confusion of the head, and trembling of the hands. These, perhaps, were accidental symptoms; but I am disposed, with the patient, to ascribe them to the medicine. The worm-cases in which I have found the Melia useful, were cases of the common round worm, or Lumbricus Intestinalis . I have not had any opportunity of trying how far it is a remedy against the taenia , or tape-worm; but I am informed that, in Carolina, it has been used with the effect of discharging great numbers of this species of worm. Should this prove to be the case, the Melia will be doubly entitled to our attention as an article of the materia medica. It is not merely in cases of worms that this vegetable has been found useful. Mr. Andrew Michaux, an intrepid French botanist, informed me, that in Persia, where this tree grows spontaneously, the pulp which invests the stone of the fruit is pounded with tallow, and used as an 'antiphlogistic' in cases of tinea capitis in children. Is the Melia a narcotic or poisonous vegetable? Its remarkable effects in destroying and dislodging worms renders this probable, but not certain; for many articles which, with respect to the human body, are entirely innocent, are known to be noxious to intestinal worms and many other animals. Such is sugar, as has been demonstrated by the experiments of Redi, Carminati, and other writers. The case which I have alluded to renders the deleterious quality of this vegetable very probable. I may add, that in some parts of Carolina, the root is deemed poisonous. Horses and horned cattle, however, eat with impunity, the leaves and berries. Certain species of birds (particularly the Turdus migratorius , or Robin, and the Turdus Polyglottos , or Mocking bird,) devour the berries in such large quantities, that after eating of them, they are observed to fall down, and are readily taken. Does not this circumstance render it probable, that the berries contain an intoxicating quality? This, however, I believe is not the general opinion of the inhabitants of Carolina, who ascribe the condition of the birds merely to the circumstance of their having eaten so abundantly of the berries, that they injure entirely by distention. The ripe berries have a sweetish, but nauseous taste. "As the Melia is now completely naturalized to the states of Carolina and Georgia, it may not be amiss to close this article by observing, that the fruit of this vegetable is employed in Japan for furnishing an expressed oil, which grows hard like tallow, and is used for making candles.†† May not our fellow citizens, to the South, render it worth their attention to follow the example of the Japanese, in the instance I have mentioned?" It gives us pleasure to observe the learned author's promise to publish at least one more part, relative to other indigenous medicinal productions of the United States. For such an additional volume, he informs his readers that he is already in possession of sufficient materials. We are confident that the lovers
of botanical and medical science, and all who can feel a becoming interest in the scientific reputation of our country, will be anxious to see the completion of the work. A LETTER From the Reverend Dr. Peters, of London, to the owners and keepers of sheep in the United States of America. Gentlemen, Formerly I lived among you and kept sheep: but could not keep them clean of ticks, enemies of the comfort and health of sheep, and also destroyers of wool and its growth. Most certainly this inconvenience rested in my ignorance of the efficacious method used in Europe, to prevent or destroy those noxious insects which are pernicious and mortal to sheep. It is evident that the climates, food, and waters of America are as salubrious to sheep and their wool, as the climates, food and waters of Spain, France, England, or any part of Europe; yet your sheep in America are not so large and healthy, and their wool is not so long and fine as in Spain, France and England. This difference is artificial, and by no means natural; as I will endeavour to prove, by the wisdom, experience and care of the shepherds in Europe. 1. The shepherds of France and England, take special care to give their sheep plenty of food, both in winter and summer, that they may never be struck with poverty. 2. They prevent their sheep taking colds, (which stop the mucous matter flowing through the nostrils, and brings on the poke, a mortal disease) by a shelter that keeps off the snow and rain during the severity of winter, and leaving the sides and ends of the shelter open to the winds, necessary to moderate the heat natural to sheep, which resists all the cold winds but cannot endure humidity. 3. They at all times keep their sheep clean of ticks, who are generated by poverty, dirt, colds, damps, and ill health. I have said, poverty is kept off by a plenty of food: dirt and colds are kept off by a circulating air, under a cover which shelters them from snow and rains in winter—and they keep them clean of ticks by means of an ointment, (which I shall describe) they rub on in October annually in the following manner, and for this reason the shepherds call October, the salving month. To salve a sheep; the shepherd parts the wool with his fingers on the backbone from the head to the end of the tail, then with two fingers rubs the unction plentifully on the skin or flesh; so that the ointment may spread by the heat of the body two or three inches down each side from the ridge-bone. The shepherd then parts the wool as before, two or three inches from the ridge bone, and rubs the unction as before in such abundance, as it will spread two or three inches downwards, then continue the same method all round the sheep. The shepherd will salve a score of sheep in one day, and the unction will kill and destroy all ticks, cure and prevent the scab, soften and supple the skin, promote the growth and increase the quantity of wool. The sheep being freed of ticks will be quiet, comfortable and healthy, whether fat or lean, and whether with a large fleece on or shorn. The expense and trouble is too small to be mentioned, when compared to the profit, advantage, and humanity of the action. Thus to ameliorate the condition of the sheep in America will increase their numbers, and the fineness and quantity of wool, and thereby enable the inhabitants to supply their wants without the help of Europe. Considering the disadvantageous commerce now going on between America and Europe, and seeing how easy it is for America to better her condition by taking proper care of its flocks of sheep and their wool, I have persuaded myself to believe that this communication will merit and secure the attention of all Americans between Panama and Greenland. RECEIPT. The mode of making the unction to destroy ticks on sheep, viz. Take one gallon of tar, put it into an iron kettle over a slow fire, until rendered liquid; then having eight pounds of salt butter liquidated in another kettle, pour it gently into the tar-kettle, stirring them well together, leaving the salt of the butter at the bottom, then increase the fire, and make the tar and butter boil together, stirring them all the time; after boiling, pour it into any dish to cool. The next morning the unction will be of a proper consistency, and fit for use. N. B. The next day after washing the sheep, they are sheared, and no ticks will appear until the wool becomes long in October, and incommoded by summer damps and ill health, which are removed by a new salving. One observation more seems necessary respecting the marine and nitrous salts, which are abundant in Spain and England, when compared with the lakes and interior parts of America. Sheep and cattle in Spain and England will not lick salt, because the air which they breathe supplies them with all necessary salts; but it is exactly the contrary at the lakes, and in the interior part of America; therefore, shepherds must supply their sheep weekly with marine salt, or they will lose their teeth, appetite and wool, consequently their health and lives. To ameliorate your sheep and wool in America, this article must be strictly attended to.
To the Editors of News-Papers in New-York. I hope you will have the goodness to give this letter a place in your extensive papers and desire all others in the United States to print it in their papers, that every shepherd and planter may reap the benefits pointed out, which to me appear of no little utility to the citizens of America, many of whom may yet be as ignorant of this puissant cure of ticks on sheep, as I myself formerly was. Should it do any good to my native country; I shall be amply paid, and remain with gratitude to you and all coadjutors. Your and their very humble servt. SAML. PETERS. London, April 18, 1803. From Relf's Gazette. BONAPARTE'S PROFESSIONS OF PEACE. The following is the article to which we alluded in our Gazette of last evening. Its contents amount to a positive refutation of the pretended sincerity of Bonaparte in the late negotiation for peace. From the London Sun of May 30, 1803. FRENCH MEMORIAL. We this day present to our readers a most curious paper, which was presented by Talleyrand to Bonaparte in the month of December last, advising him against going to war with this country. It proves two very interesting facts—It shews, in the first place, that Bonaparte's mind, as long ago as December last, was bent upon war, and it demonstrates to us the dangers we have escaped by the war which is now begun. It proves besides, how well acquainted Talleyrand seemed to be, not only with our national character, but with the policy which our government was likely to pursue. How unfortunate that has been, in the naval department more especially, we believe is now pretty obvious to the most unobservant of our countrymen. Extract from a Memorial presented to the chief consul, by Talleyrand, the 13th Primaire, year 11. Dec. 4, 1802. Talleyrand begins by telling the First Consul that the present memorial is merely a copy of one presented to the ministers of Louis XV. after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle to dissuade them from that fatal and dishonourable war to France which ended in 1762. He says, "by the ignorance of the ministers, the bribes of Austria, the intrigues of Bernis, the influence of Pompadour , and the weakness of Louis XV. those strong reasons for peace were not listened to; the consequence is known, but it is not known that this impolitic war alone prevented the total ruin of England during the following or American war , and preserved that country from being what, if we are prudent, it sooner or later must be, an invaluable naval and military station of France and which shall secure us the empire of the world." Talleyrand then enters into the particulars of the many and irresistible means, France, during the peace, possesses, "to foment troubles, to spread discontent, to tarnish the honour, to undermine the resources, to weaken the strength, to lull asleep the public spirit, and to cool the patriotism of the inhabitants of the British empire, and by a gradual train of intrigues, insults, demands, insurrections, vexations, murmurs, alarms, and bank-ruptcy, prepare even the warmest English patriot, to see with indifference, if not with approbation, an union with France, which will put an end to all difficulties, and procure Englishmen the same tranquility, honor, and happiness Frenchmen enjoy under the mild but firm government of the Chief Consul." "But," says he, "powerful as France is upon the continent by its conquests, by its influence, by the vigour of its government, and by the victories of its armies; in regard to England it is not in a better position of strength than in 1755, because, with the knowledge of our means, and with the great abilities of our ruler, we are unable directly to injure England, our navy being more reduced, and our naval officers more ignorant than in 1755, but indirectly, and in a time of peace to lay the infallible foundation for the future subjection of England, France at no former period had so many certain and undoubted under-hand methods.—A war at present may lessen, if not destroy them, but every year's continuance of
peace shall preserve, augment, and fix them. "Ought we not to wait, at least ten years, before we renew the war with England? till we are in a condition effectually to support our claims, our views and our plans? The English will do our business, if we permit them. Their religion is pleasure, and their pleasure debauchery. They have plunged themselves into an excess of luxury and intemperance. They have begun to neglect their navy, and to disband their artificers, who go to France, Spain and Holland for maintenance. "While their individuals squander their riches, the state grows parsimonious, and begins to save in those articles on which it cannot be too profuse. "They are even near reducing their trivial army, and their patriots speak of entrusting, what they call their liberty and property, to the valour of a militia. What a field is this for our policy? Is it our business to awaken or arouse them from their lethargy? If we do, the consequence is obvious—We teach them to believe a real truth , 'That they cannot strengthen themselves too much by sea or land.' Then an army ceases to be the object of public complaint, of public dislike—and the people begin to think, that, as they must have one, it is better to have an army of English, than of Frenchmen. Then their young nobility will continue to apply themselves to the military profession, and think themselves honored by that profession, in which alone consist the defence and security of their country. "This may be fatal to us, for the sooner we go to war, the sooner their efficiency will wear off, and their ancient spirit and courage revive. They will not then become more wealthy, but they will get more wisdom, which is better. The military virtues, and the many exercises may become fashionable, and the nation, which now seems immersed in debauchery and corruption, may yet think seriously, and be once more what it has often been, the terror of Europe. This is not an unnatural supposition—they easily glide from one extreme to another—it is their natural temper, and their whole history is one continued proof of it. "The ashes of La Vendee still smoke—it requires only a spark to kindle a civil war in the bosom of our country. The returned emigrants are as yet quiet, but they have not forgot their former principles, and the wrongs they have suffered from the revolution. Let not a new war give the Bourbons an opportunity to remind them of it. The most dangerous of the Bourbons reside in England; let not the renewal of a war permit England to use them, their name and influence, to trouble and invade France. "We command at present all the continental powers; but we know they carry with disgust and complaint, the fetters we have imposed.—Let not a war with England give them occasion to shake them off, and to command us in their turn. "The general weakness and supineness that for ever attend immoderate wealth and luxury, hide from the English the knowledge of their own strength, real power, and true interest.—Suffer them not to relapse into virtue and understanding. Plunge them not too deep into difficulties, and they will never emerge from folly into real wisdom. You have already isolated them from the continental politics— leave them in peace —and the isolation of their trade shall soon follow.—We have already made them feared, envied, and hated every where on the continent— leave them in peace , and they shall soon be despised, neglected, and unpitied. " Leave them in peace , and they will soon return to their amusements of elections, races, party and fashion— Leave them in peace , and their ministers must be, directed by popular clamour, which we can always excite and encourage.— Leave them in peace , and their navy will once more be laid up to rot, and their seamen and artificers once more turned over to us, to Spain, and to Holland!— Leave them in peace , and the greatest part of their army will soon be reduced, and the final remains will soon become a mere militia in pay.— Leave them in peace , and we shall not fear the defection of Russia, or Prussia, or any of our present allies, which otherwise would much hurt, and perhaps ruin our present system. Leave them in peace , and they will never think of schemes for increasing their population, or for making every part of their dominions of real use to every other. Leave them in peace , and melt of their nobility and gentry will continue to squander away amongst us their great riches, and augment our resources, to enslave their country.— Leave them in peace , and before the year 25, France shall command the departments of the Thames, and of the Tweed, as it already does the departments of the Rhine and of the Po. Pursue, citizen Consul, this plan steadily, for ten or fifteen years, constantly directing the riches of the country to the raising a navy, equal or superior to England, and then, and not till then, shall we be able to strike the blow we have for above one hundred and fifty years been meditating, the conquest of the British islands. (Signed) "C. M. TALLEYRAND."

ST. CLOUD.
The Court of St. Cloud presents a very curious object to our notice. The ancient etiquette of Versailles is established there in its most minute details; to which are added an endless variety of forms, calculated for no other purpose but the security of the First Consul; and which were not thought of, at that better period, when the depositary of power was guarded by the legitimacy of its rights the love of the people.
Six posts, of thirty men each, occupy the space from the entrance of the Park to the very wall of the castle, which no one can approach without shewing to the commanding officer of these posts a card, signed Duroc, Governor of the Palaces. These cards, at the same time, are issued to those only who are attached to the service of the Consul and Madam Bonaparte, who are admitted to the honor of their intimacy, or are called to a particular audience. The name and signature of the bearer of these cards are inscribed on the back of them. They are granted but for a limited time and their form and colour are changed every two months.
After the most rigid examination by the commanding officer of each post, a soldier attached to the last post accompanies you to the Prefecture duty, where a particular ticket is delivered, which describes your business at the Castle, the gate by which you must enter, the name of the domestic to which you must address yourself, and that of the Valet de Chambre, whose office it is to introduce strangers into that part of the Castle to which he is appointed. From that moment you are carefully watched; and whether you go the Consul himself or to Madam Bonaparte, or any person attached to their service, or if you walk in the Park, you are constantly watched by the man mentioned in the ticket of admission.
Certain persons attached to the service of Madam Bonaparte, bear the messages which she addresses to the First Consul. When that Lady wishes to pass the threshold of her husband's chamber, she must announce her intention by the Prefect of the Palace, who himself dares not enter into the Cabinet of the Consul, but when he finds the door of the Anti-Chamber open.
When the Consul enters the saloon of audience, he is announced by the ancient ceremony of the Eil de Boeuf : nay, it is even performed with more state, as it is the Prefect on duty who announces him in an elevated voice. The Hufiers immediately arrange the persons present, so as to keep them at a considerable distance, and it is absolutely forbidden to approach or accost the Consul. His aides de-camp form themselves into a semi-circle, and attend closely on him; they follow him as he moves, but always retire a little when he appears to be speaking confidentially to any one. While he moves round the circle, the Hufiers range along the outside of it, to observe the motions of every individual of the assembly. Those to whom the secret etiquette has been communicated, are seen to keep their hands almost without a symptom of motion. When the audience is finished, the Consul retires without saluting the company, or even his Consul brethren.
The following articles are taken from a Liverpool paper of the 28th of May.
The circumstances which prevented the early part of the very important debate in the House of Commons on Monday the 23d of May, from appearing before the public have occasioned a strong feeling of general disappointment, and will occasion a curious chasm in the parliamentary history of the country. The speech of Mr. Pitt, which is said to have outdone all his former efforts, is lost for ever. We can, however, gather from some allusions to it in the remaining part of the debate, that the eloquence of that speech was, in a very high degree, vehement, impressive, & argumentative. Among other very striking figurative allusions, he compared Bonaparte to a torrent of volcanic lava, which, in its destructive course, blights the fairest productions of nature, demolishes the most splendid cities, and lays waste every region with which it comes in contact. The reply of Mr. Fox was almost wholly argumentative, and the amendment differed so little from the address, and especially from his Majesty's declaration, that it was calculated to answer little other purpose except that of organizing and determining the new opposition, by which the future measures of government will probably be encountered.
We have the liveliest satisfaction in congratulating the public on the liberal and patriotic offer which has been made to government at the present momentous crisis, by John Bolton, Esq. of Duke-street. This gentleman has proposed to raise and clothe a regiment of volunteers, (to consist of 600 men), at his own individual expense, for the protection of this town and the neighbourhood, an offer which has been accepted by his majesty in the most gracious manner. This loyal and spirited effort in defence of our national independence, it is not doubted, will ex-
cite other gentlemen of fortune to follow to distinguished an example, not only in this neighbourhood but in various parts of the kingdom.
The following is an outline of Mr. Fox's speech in the house of commons, on Tuesday, (24th May) on his majesty's Message:
MR. FOX, in a speech which occupied three hours and a half in the delivery, went over the different points of complaint in detail, and contended, that upon none of them had he brought the discussion with France to that clear and unequivocal issue which could constitute a legitimate cause of war. If France had unjustly seized and confiscated British vessels, satisfaction ought to have been demanded in a firm and decided tone; and if that was refused there would then have been an undoubted act of aggression on the part of France. There was no nation more exposed to complaint, for restraints on the commerce of other countries, than Great Britain—When we concluded the treaty of Amiens, we were aware that Europe was far from being in a comfortable state; we had, however, acquiesced in that imperfect security. This was the condition of man in society. If we had always aimed at substantial and absolute security, we should have nothing but unremitted war for the last century. The situation of Italy we knew at the time of our signing the definitive treaty.
As to Piedmont, it was a mere difference of name, and it was a matter of complete insignificance whether it was called the 27th military division, or the department of the Po.
Adverting to the situation of Holland filled with French troops, and to the late Revolution in Switzerland, he argued, that our Ministers, from all that had appeared, had never properly remonstrated on those important points, and had therefore no right to make them a part of his Majesty's Declaration. If they had remonstrated, it was at least probable that redress might have been obtained. If it were contended that every aggrandizement on the part of France should be a cause of jealousy on our part, this, in his opinion, would be pushing the principle too far. Every improvement in the interior of France, might, in that case, be considered as offensive, and war between the two countries might be regarded as eternal. The affairs of Holland and Switzerland seemed, however, to be inserted in the Declaration, only to avoid the perpetual repetition of "the First Consul," and "Malta" and this was pretty evident from our omitting all mention of the Swiss in our ultimatum . The treatment of the Dutch by France could not be too strongly condemned, but our Ministers, who did not remonstrate, had no right to complain. It formed nearly as black a stain, however, on the conduct of the French government as their proceedings with respect to St. Domingo. The idea of re-establishing the French Government in that island was absurd and ruinous as its conduct to Toussaint had been false and treacherous. In all these proceedings, in the affair of German Indemnities, in the occupation of Parma and Piacenza, he saw no legitimate cause of quarrel on the part of England, and particularly as our Ministers had failed to remonstrate at the proper season. With respect to the attack made by the Consular Government on the liberty of the press in this Country, it betrayed only a gross ignorance of the forms and essence of our Constitution: and if their demands had been resisted in a manly way, it could never, in his opinion have furnished a ground for dispute. The reciprocal abuse and mutual irritation arising from this source, were certainly matters of regret; but no person could say that they offered a ground for war. He did not profess to entertain much respect for the members of the Bourbon family, but if it was insisted peremptorily that one of them was to be sent out of the kingdom, he should refuse it on the point of honour, though at the expence of a war. This, however, had not been demanded. Much reliance had been placed on the language of the Expose , "That England could no longer contend single-handed with France." This was an impertinent phrase, but, as was usual in society, it should either have been noticed at the time, or consigned to utter contempt.—With respect to the report of Sebastiani, of which so much had been said, it was in many respects highly indecorous. The attack upon gen. Stuart was indecent, but from every thing that had been heard, the character of that officer stood too high to be affected by so pitiable a calumny.—He regretted that so much had been said of the verbal interview between Lord Whitworth and Bonaparte. Conversations of such a kind were subject to different representations, but all that could be inferred from them, was this, that Lord Whitworth would not have gone again to the palace at the Tuilleries until the matter was properly explained.
Alarming as the extended dominion of France was to this country and the continental Powers, if we took into consideration all our acquisitions in India, it would be found that, as between us and France, the charge of aggrandizement applied to this country. But when this view of the question was taken, Ministers seemed to imitate the
conduct of those ladies who, on their return from India, were accused of some irregularities, and whose answer always was "never upon my honor, on this side the cape of Good Hope." He thought Malta ought to be placed under the protection of Russia, which it appeared was disposed to accept the guarantee under certain modifications. He begged the house to pause before they plunged the country into all the horrors of war, and to recollect the situation it was in during the last six years of the preceding war. They were told not by a novice, but by a very distinguished artist, that the dangers they were then exposed to, and the burdens they then had borne, were nothing compared to what now awaited them.—As they had then paid a tenth, they would now be compelled to pay a fifth, or a third of their income. He would vote for the amendment, because, while it pledged the House to support his Majesty, it manifested an anxiety for the speediest possible restoration of peace.
The House then divided on the Amendment.—For the Amendment, 67. Against it, 398. The original question was then put and carried.—The House adjourned at half past four on Wednesday morning.
In the name of the French Republic.
ARRETTE,
Concerning the duties of import and export of the colonies of Martinique and St. Lucie.
1st Messidor, year 11, (June 20, 1803.
Lewis Thomas Villaret Joyeuse, captain of Martinique and St. Lucie; and Charles Henry Bertin, counsellor of state and colonial prefect of said islands:
In consideration of the acts of hostility committed some days past, by the English on French and foreign vessels in sight of this colony:
Considering the urgency of providing supplies of provision and objects of the first necessity for the islands of Martinique and St. Lucie:
And considering moreover the great importance of securing for the inhabitants, a vent for the colonial productions, and of discharging the expences incurred by providing for the defence of the said colonies:
DECREE AS FOLLOWS:
ART. I. From this day, the entrance of all the ports of the Islands of Martinique and St. Lucie shall be open to Foreigners, for the introduction of all kinds of provisions, and articles of the first necessity, and for the exportation of colonial produce, on the following conditions:
ART. II. The article of the 11th Nivole year 11, relative to the duties of export and import in the islands of Martinique and St. Lucie, is renewed, as far as concerns the introduction of provisions and articles of the first necessity;—and the 3d article of the arrete of the consuls, of the 4th Messidor, year 10, establishing the duty of entry at six francs on every five myriagrammes of foreign codfish, and the 5th article of the arrete of the ci-devant council of state of the 30th of August 1784, which establishes a duty of entry of three francs per quintal on foreign salted beef and fish, are provisionally repealed.
ART. III. All provisions and articles of consumption arriving from a foreign country, shall be subject to a local duty of one per cent, and to an additional duty of two per cent.
ART. IV. Colonial productions exported to foreign countries shall be subject to the duty called la Domaine d'Occident , viz. three and a half per cent on their value, and ten sols per livre, and sugars to the duty besides of forty sols per quintal; and also to the duty of one per cent, and to an additional duty of one per cent.
ART. V. The colonial productions exported to France by French subjects, shall remain subject to two per cent on their value, which duty shall be charged to the seller or shipper, and shall be paid to the customs, by the master of the vessel.
ART. VI. The director general of the customs is charged with the execution of the present arrete which shall be printed, read, published and affixed in all the customary places: a copy of which shall be sent to the chief judge, with a request to have the same recorded in the registry of the tribunals.
Decreed at Fort de France, in the island of Martinique, the first Messidor year 11 of the French Republic.
(Signed) VILLARET, BERTIN.
N. B. The foregoing arrete only extends to the Island of Martinique, St. Lucie having recently been captured by the British.
THOMAS CARPENTER, TAYLOR
HAS just received by recent arrivals at Philadelphia, from England, and the East Indies, a handsome assortment of SPRING and SUMMER GOODS, of the best quality, also Patent water proof Cloth's and Cassimere's, superior NAVY BLUE and other colours; handsome NAVY & FASHIONABLE BUTTONS, &c.
Gentlemen of ARMY, NAVY and FASHION served with expedition and taste. New Jersey Avenue, seventh house from Capitol Square and Pennsylvania Avenue near the President's square.
April 13 1803. tf.
WASHINGTON CITY.
MONDAY, AUGUST 1.
Another opportunity recurs for the enemies of the administration to sheathe the sword. Will they embrace it? If their souls are inspired with true magnanimity and genuine patriotism, if in their country's welfare they can merge the hatred of ideal enemies and a culpable self love, they will seize the present propitious moment for atoning for past offences and affording the best pledge of future conduct.
Acting as a party, without, perhaps, a consciousness of the dangerous extent and tendencies of their declarations and actions, they exerted every mean to frustrate measures on the success of which depended the vital interests of the nation. No sooner did the unauthorised misconduct of a foreign agent aggres upon our rights, than they strove to involve the nation in war with scarcely a moment's thought or a day's preparation; and denounced as pusillanimous or criminal all those who did not, contrary to the established practice of civilised nations, and to our peculiar policy, rush to arms without remonstrance or a claim of redress. Grant that they had their way, and that the American government had by force taken New Orleans. Its ultimate possession would notwithstanding have been to be settled by treaty. In such treaty a price would have been set upon it. What that might be cannot now be determined. There is, however, every probability that it would have been very great, and much beyond the sum we have stipulated to give. It would, at the expiration of the present war, have most probably fallen to France or England. If to the latter, we are too well acquainted with her cupidity and wants to doubt the advantage she would have made of it; and if to the latter under the guarantee of a treaty with the former, it is not likely that the price demanded would have been greatly inferior.
But not to pursue these remarks further at present, it may be affirmed that events have proved the wisdom of the measures pursued by the administration, who have exhibited more conclusive demonstrations of national energy by the acquisition of a vast territory without the effusion of a drop of blood; than could have been displayed by arraying the largest army, incurring the most lavish expences, and by the prodigal waste of human life.
The opponents of the administration must now have awoke to their error; let them have the candor to acknowledge it. The opportunity is a golden one. There is an animated good humor in the public mind inspired by this great event. The nation, in the fulness of its joy, wishes to consign to oblivion all past feuds. It offers the right hand of fellowship to its enemies! Will they reject the magnanimous appeal to their virtue, to their patriotism? Will they continue to oppose their happiness by traducing those whose constant efforts are made to advance it? Let us hope, that, on the contrary they will come forward, and say to the government, "we opposed your measures, but we perceive that our opposition was erroneous; we doubted your patriotism, but events have removed all doubt; we questioned your wisdom, but that time has verified. Enemies from misconception, henceforth we offer you a friendship founded on conviction."
Federalists, this is your policy, your interest, your duty!
EXPORTS.
From the Port of Philadelphia.
From the 1st of April to the 30th of June, both inclusive—taken from the export entries in the Customs-house;   91,294 Barrels Flour,  8,851 Half do.  122 Barrels Middling,  1,210 Barrels Rye Flour,  1,616 hds. Indian Corn Meal,  3,433 Barrels do.  43 Half do. 
A Latin translation will shortly be published in Italy, of the important papers and memoirs of Antonio de Leone and Gamar, who lately died at Mexico, where he was attached to the office of Secretary of State.—He possessed the most ample collection that ever existed of ancient Mexican Monuments of every kind, Statues, Idols, Falsimans, and MMS on Deer Skins &c. He was distinguished by his intimate knowledge of the Calender, the Chronology, the memoirs and the gnomic of that civilized people, which has been considered as plunged in a gross and degrading ignorance, but which on the contrary, without any intercourse with the old world, had made considerable progress in arithmetic, astronomy, mechanics and other sciences.
A Statistical Society has lately been established at Paris; the object of whose attention will be the collection and examination of Statistical data relative to France and other countries.—Menselle the Geographer has been elected president, Delgenettes vice president and Ballois editor of the Annales de Statistique , perpetual secretary.
A man of Cambridge, distinguished as much for his wit as for his learning, being once asked the difference between orthodoxy and heterodoxy, replied—"orthodoxy is my doxy; heterodoxy is your doxy;" it would be difficult to give a more accurate definition.—The man who examines well his own doxy before he believes, and who treats other people's doxies with candor, if not with respect, afterwards understands the theory and practice of liberty. Credulity makes bigots, and bigotry is the mother of intolerance.
A VALUABLE HINT TO FARMERS.
(From a late English publication.)
A discovery of considerable importance has been announced, with regard to the preservation of corn. To preserve Rye and secure it from insects and rats, nothing more is necessary than to fan it after it is threshed, and to stow it in the granaries mixed with the chaff. In this state it has been kept more than three years, without experiencing the smallest alterations, and even without the necessity of being turned to preserve it from humidity and fermentation.—Rats and mice may be prevented from entering the barn, by putting some wild vine or hedge plants upon the heaps; the smell of this wood is so offensive to those animals that they will not approach it. The experiment has not yet been made with wheat and other kinds of grain, but they may probably be preserved in the chaff with equal advantage.
New York, July 26.
From Martinico we learn, by captain Dean, of the brig Jefferson, who arrived yesterday in 22 days, that six British ships of war had several times appeared off the island and come within gun-shot of the fort, but it was not in a state of close blockade. The French shipping had principally been ordered to Fort Royale for safety. The inhabitants were in expectation of an attack, and were making preparations for defence. The English residents had all left the island with the greatest precipitancy by order of the governor, and proceeded to Dominico. Markets for American produce had taken a great rise.
July 27.
Late from Cape Francois.—By the schooner New York, capt. Crowell, which arrived at quarantine last evening in 11 days from the Cape, we learn, that a fever had broke out among the French troops at that place, which was very mortal and carried off great numbers. Gen. Rochambeau had but about 5000 men left. The brigands were within 5 miles of the town, which was closely blockaded by four 74's and two frigates. Two French ships of the line and two frigates were at the Cape. A privateer of 14 guns, which sailed a few days before the New York, was taken by one of the British frigates. Capt. C. was boarded off the harbor by one of the ships of war, but suffered to proceed.
A letter from an intelligent house in Bordeaux, dated the 24th May, says—"We have to congratulate you on the cession of Louisiana to your government.
"Gen. Le Clerc's bills are no longer paid, under the plea that full value was not received for them. There is a question of obliging the holders to produce a copy of the bargain, which gives rise to their bills, and a copy, if for fournitures , of the garde magasin's receipt to prove that the objects whatever they were, were delivered. Not to lose time, whether this plan is insisted on or not we advise the documents being sent on."
Philadelphia, July 26.
French papers to the 26th of May are received by the brig Artilides, Dill, arrived this morning from Bourdeaux. They contain nothing on politics hitherto unpublished in this country.
We learn, verbally by this vessel, that Mr. Munroe had left Paris, on his way to the court of Madrid, where he is to complete the object of his mission.—Capt. Dill brought dispatches for our government. It may be that these contain the ratification on the part of the First Consul of the treaty of Louisiana.
On the 9th of June, it was currently reported at Lisbon, that the French had taken and held possession of Bremen.
WASHINGTON THEATRE.
The subscribers are requested to pay their fourth installment.—Those who have not paid the preceding ones, or any of them, are requested to do it in order that the building may be finished with that dispatch which is particularly desirable in the present case.
BEING about closing the affairs relating to the estate of the late Daniel Carroll Esq. of Rock Creek, Montgomery county, and to transfer the estate from our hands, we are anxious to have closed, before that takes place, any demand against his estate which may have remained unsettled. It is requested therefore of all and every person who have any claim or claims still existing to make them known, properly authenticated, without delay to the last subscriber in the City of Washington.
JOHN CARROLL, ROBERT BRENT.
August 1, 1803. 3taw

FROM A LONDON PAPER.
The following is the substance of the Speech delivered by Mr. Pitt, in the House of Commons, on Monday the 23d May, 1803.
HE began by stating, with great clearness, the distinction between the question whether the conduct of France demanded war? and the question whether the ministers deserved censure or praise? The first of these only he considered as the subject of discussion that he, and declared his intention of adhering to that part.
The decision, whether cause did or did not exist for going to war with France, did not depend upon determining what was the precise point at which resistance ought to have been made to the injurious practices, and security demanded against the hostile designs of France; but whether now a sufficient accumulation of wrong, sufficient evidence of a hostile disposition has been received from France, to render such measures necessary?—Here he adverted to the speech of Mr. B. Keene, who had spoken before him; and said he felt a peculiar satisfaction in stating himself that he might congratulate the House, and the country, upon complete unanimity in the opinion, that war-like measures were necessary. For if an inference was to be drawn from the sentiments of that gentleman, to the sentiments of the other gentlemen, with whom he had in general coincided in opinion, it might be concluded that they were too, though not exactly in concord with the rest of the House, as to the particular opinion to be formed of every part of the conduct of France, were yet no less convinced of the unjust, encroaching, and insolent spirit of the government of that country, than any other party in Parliament, and no less zealously determined to protect their country from its effects.
The treaty of Amiens he had, he said, approved of, not because he thought the terms satisfactory; for who could think them satisfactory; but because he thought them the best which could be obtained, and preferable in the state of affairs at the time to war. If, however, France, from that day to this had manifested every thing rather than a disposition to act on the spirit of that treaty of peace, or any principles of peace; if the acquisitions which she had made, and the spirit which she displayed, were utterly inconsistent with the security of this country, what remained but to employ the resources of the country for the preservation of the country? It was worthy of remark, he said, that the peculiar spirit which had been the last scene of the war of Britain, against French ambition, was that which by France, whereon to begin her attacks upon this country, that the very ground had been consecrated, it might be said in the recollection of Britons, by the glory which had been gained, and the heroic blood which had been shed on it, should be chosen as the spot on which the first attempts against their power, their glory, and their existence should be made. It was not solely the publication of Sebastiani's report, which he regarded as evidence of the dangerous designs of France upon Egypt, nor the sentiments expressed in that report, though certainly many of these were sufficiently offensive. The very mission was in his opinion the strongest proof that could be wanted. To send an accredited agent to traverse and explore a country with which the nation which sends him has no concern, and which can be of no advantage to that nation, but as a means of annoying a neighboring nation, is so suspicious and alarming a transaction, that it is scarcely to be regarded so much as an evidence of hostile design, as in truth a hostile act. Were Great Britain secretly to dispatch a military officer to traverse and explore South America, should we easily persuade Spain, or any other part of Europe, that our intentions were perfectly innocent? "But France explained this transaction. A book had been published by a British officer, containing the most atrocious and false imputations upon the First Consul and his army; and there it was necessary to disprove." Those might believe that the mission of Sebastiani was to disprove Sir Robert Wilson's book, who could believe that commercial agents, having secret instructions to send soundings of our coasts, and the plans of our harbors, and to correspond in cyphers were sent only for literary and scientific purposes. But the object of sending Sebastiani must surely have been in the contemplation of his senders, before he was sent. Now it unfortunately happened that the date of Sebastiani's departure for Egypt was previous to that of the arrival of Sir Robert Wilson in England, and some months previous to the publication of his book.
What then was the conduct becoming Great Britain with regard to designs thus strongly exhibited, dangerous in the last degree to some of her highest interests? To lay hold with all expedition upon the most effectual security against those designs. Malta was that security; and had it already been surrendered to France, such designs were sufficient to have justified its re-capture.
Fortunately we were saved that effort by its still remaining in our hands. But, even independent of this most just and satisfactory cause of its retention, nothing could be more impudent than the menacing demands of the French to surrender it; since the conditions upon which alone we have consented to surrender it had never been fulfilled, and were now incapable of fulfilment; and since we had thus a right to retain it till some other arrangement, which we might deem satisfactory, could be made.
Another circumstance of serious portent was the visit of those commercial agents, a species of commissioners, the like to whom were probably never deputed from one nation to another before; who could be regarded as nothing but authorised spies, and whom it would have been our business to hang, had we laid our hands upon them in time of war. So extraordinary a circumstance was this, that he should not be satisfied with learning that such insidious guests had been withdrawn, upon remonstrance, by their own government; he should wish to know that they had been ordered to quit the country expressly by his majesty's minister's.
Another attempt of the French government was one which must rouse the indignation of every man who had any particle of regard to the honor and independence of his country, an attempt, which, if yielded to, would place us on a level with the abased and degraded republics which are now the scene of triumph and injustice to the Chief Consul; he meant the attempt to interfere in the internal government, in the municipal regulation of this country, by the demands against the liberty of the press, and the protection of the French emigrants.—These demands were resisted with spirit, and the terms which did honor to those who dictated them. And, surely, never was a more impudent attempt made against the privileges, against the faith, honor, and generosity of a great people. He thought with the gentleman who spoke before him, that the sentiments manifested by the First Consul in his conversation with Lord Whitworth, were not to be regarded as those uttered in an ordinary conversation. The person was not to be looked upon as standing in an ordinary situation. Absorbing as he did in his own person all the authorities of the state, legislative, executive, and judicatory, the sentiments of B. Bonaparte were to be regarded as the sentiments of the state; more especially as he declared that he had chosen that mode of communication, as being more explicit, more clear and decisive, than that through the medium of his ministers.
After animadverting upon the behaviour of France with regard to Switzerland and Holland, and noticing the construction put upon several of these acts by the gentleman who spoke before him. Mr. Pitt declared his opinion to be, that France exhibited such a spirit of ambition, of encroachment, and of enmity to this country as rendered it necessary for us to retain the means of security against that spirit which we had in our hands, at any risk of war, or of what that war might cost us. With regard to the issue of the war, he entertained no doubt, the most confident hopes;—but should only deceive the nation, if he did not expressly declare his opinion, that without sacrifices and efforts of a very extraordinary kind, this favorable conclusion was not very confidently to be looked to. After a careful observation of the behaviour of Republican France during two years of peace, and after the opportunity he had possessed of studying her during a long period of war, in the critical and difficult situation in which it had been his lot to stand, he thought it was not arrogating too much if he reposed some confidence in his own experience; and upon the strength of that experience, he thought it his duty to declare that his countrymen ought to be prepared for the most vigorous exertions. The spirit, the heroism, the magnanimity with which they had supported the last arduous, in many respects successful, in most glorious, and in all honourable conflict, was beyond all praise and example. Should the present be as severe, should it even be as long, he had no reason to suppose they would shrink from it. But he should only be trifling with them if he did not declare his opinion, that vast as were the sacrifices made to maintain the last important struggle, those necessary to maintain the present were not unlikely to be still greater.
He concluded by saying, that the object of France was two-fold, to intimidate and disorder us by threats and attempts at invasion, and to wear us out by a war upon our finances. Our objects ought to be, in the first place, to systematize a complete and effectual plan of defence, that every man might have the comfort after the extraordinary sacrifices for which he might be called upon, of laying down his head in peace, with the knowledge that his family and whatever is dear to him is in safety, and next, by the spirit and patriotism with which we give ourselves to support the conflict, to prove to France that the productive powers of this country are adequate to its defence, and that we can defy her efforts without endangering our system of finance.
ANCHOR TAVERN AND OYSTER HOUSE. (Late the Fountain Inn.)
GEORGE PITT having taken and entered upon the above Inn and fitted it up at a considerable expence, respectfully solicits the patronage and support of his friends, when a resident at the Eagle Tavern, those who frequented the Fountain Inn, and the public in general—And assures them no exertion on his part will be wanting in order to insure him a continuance of their liberality and support. Travellers will find their interest to give him a call, as they may depend always on finding good beds and stabling, the best of liquors, moderate charges and every requisite used to give them general satisfaction.
WANTED IMMEDIATELY. A good Cook and Waiter, to whom wages will be given agreeable to their merit. G. P. July 6. tw
PRINTING INK OF AN EXCELLENT QUALITY, FOR SALE AT TIMOTHY CALDWELL'S Near the West Market, City of Washington, who has to Let on Ground Rent a number of Lots in eligible Situations. June 22. 3m.
All persons having claims or demands of any nature against the subscriber, are requested to exhibit their accounts, without delay, to JOHN NEWIT or RICHARD FORRETT, Esqrs. of the city of Washington, who are authorised, in my name, to adjust and settle the same; and all persons indebted to me are requested to make payment to either of the gentlemen above named. SAMUEL BLODGET. March 30. tf
BY AUTHORITY. SCHEME OF A LOTTERY, To build a Catholic Cathedral Church in the City of Baltimore.
Table with 3 columns: Prize, Amount, Number. Includes prizes of 20,000, 10,000, 5,000, etc., and a list of first and last drawn tickets.
7154 Prizes, 13,856 Blanks—Not two to a prize. 210,000
21,000 Tickets, at 10 dollars each, 210,000. The laudable purpose of this lottery—the many very valuable prizes offered, and there not being two blanks to a prize, are considerations which give the managers reason to hope for a rapid sale of the tickets. The drawing will commence as soon as a sufficient number of tickets shall be sold to authorise it; and thirty days after the completion of the drawing, the prizes will be paid to the fortunate adventurers; subject to a deduction of fifteen per cent. Such prizes as shall not be demanded within twelve months after the drawing is finished, shall be considered as relinquished for the benefit of the church. For the satisfaction of those at a distance, it may be necessary to mention, that the managers have given bond to the mayor and city council in the sum of 120,000 dollars for the due payment of the prizes which may be drawn. Tickets to be had of the managers, or of such persons as may be appointed by them. Managers. Right rev. Bishop Carroll, Rev. Francis Beccan, Messrs. David Williamson, Robert Walsh, Charles Chequiere, Patrick Bennett, Arnold Livers, Luke Tiernan, Frances I. Mitchell. July 13, 1803. copit
The managers have lodged a number of tickets in the above lottery in the hands of Wm. Brent and James D. Barry for sale.
CHARLES VARDEN, TAYLOR, FROM PHILADELPHIA.
HAS received from Philadelphia an elegant assortment of the best quality Superfine Cloths, Cassimeres, Silk Floratine, Black and fancy silk moleskin velvet, white & figured Marcellas, Swandowns, Tolinettes, Velveteens, Fancy cords, Coating, &c. With a variety of other articles suitable for the winter season. N. B. Ladies Habits, Regimentals and Navy uniforms made in the first style of fashion. New-Jersey Avenue, the second House from the Capitol Square. December 8, 1802.
Lots for sale. IN eligible situations, and upon very advantageous terms—A plan of the several squares in which they are contained may be seen and terms thereon by applying to, ROBERT W. PEACOCK. Attorney at law and conveyancer.
Boarding & Day Schools. PRESIDENT'S SQUARE. J. GARDINER instructs Youth in Arithmetic, Book-Keeping, Writing, and English Grammar. MRS. GARDINER teaches Needle-Work, Tambouring, &c. Young Ladies who desire to do so, can divide their time betwixt the two schools. Boys from the country accommodated with Board and Lodging on reasonable terms. June 1. zm
TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS THE HIGHEST PRIZE, GERMAN ROMAN CATHOLIC HOLY TRINITY CHURCH LOTTERY. In the City of Philadelphia.
Table with 3 columns: Prize, Amount, Number. Includes prizes of 10,000, 6,000, 3,000, etc.
6274 prizes, 11726 blanks, less than two to a prize. 18000
The prizes will be paid thirty days after the conclusion of the drawing, subject to a deduction of fifteen per cent. The first drawn numbers on the 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, 30th, and 35th days of drawing, will be entitled to a prize of 500 dollars each. The first drawn numbers on the 40th, 45th, 50th, and 55th, will be entitled to a prize of 1000 dollars each. The first drawn number on the last day of drawing, when only 600 tickets shall be in the wheel, will be entitled to a prize of 6000 dollars. From the extraordinary demand for these tickets, from every part of the Union, it is expected that the drawing will commence at a much earlier day than was at first contemplated, and that the tickets will be raised considerably before that period. They may be had at SIX dollars of GEORGE TAYLOR, jun. no. 67, Chestnut Street. MATTHEW MCCONNELL, 82, do. do. Whole tickets 6. Quarter tickets, 1 75. Half, 3 25. Eighth, 95. Letters post paid, inclosing the cash, shall be duly attended to, and St. Augustine at d New York lottery prizes received in payment. July 20. eprim
HICKORY WOOD. PROPOSALS will be received until the last day of July for furnishing, for the use of the House of Representatives of the United States, One hundred cords of Hickory wood, which must either have been cut last winter, or must be cut in the month of August. The whole quantity is to be delivered at the most convenient wharf, or at the Capitol, by the last day of September. It is expected that any person undertaking this business will have no objection to bind himself under a penalty for the faithful performance of the contract. For further particulars apply to THOMAS CLAXTON, Capitol hill. July 20, 1803. tf
50 DOLLARS REWARD. RAN away from the subscriber living at Popes Creek in the county of Westmoreland, and state of Virginia, on the 19th inst. a negro man named FRANK, by trade a blacksmith, of a tawny complexion, long village and remarkable fine for voice; about forty-five years of age, five feet four or six inches high, straight limbed. He generally wore a long tail'd coat; but it is not known certainly what clothes he took with him—he may easily be detected, as he has taken with him one of his youngest sons named John, who is not more than 9 years of age and is of a very black complexion and a long village, like his father. I am induced to think, Frank has made for some of the large towns particularly Alexandria or Baltimore, in the former, of which, or its neighborhood, he has a free brother by the name of Rogers, who did live near Dr. Smith's, upon Ravenworth in the county of Fairfax. The above reward will be given to any person who will secure said Frank with his son and give information thereof to the subscriber. And 100 dollars if taken out of the state, and the money paid as soon as I get him. RICHARD STUART. July 20. tf
NEW BOOKS. Just imported in the ship Aëlle, from London, via Philadelphia, and for sale by RAPINE, CONRAD & CO. New-Jersey Avenue, near the capitol, a choice collection of new and valuable books—amongst which are
Burke's works, 8 vols. 8vo. Pratt's Gleanings, 5 vols. 8vo. elegant. Perouse's Voyage 2 vols. 8vo. Mickie's Luciad, 2 vols. 8vo. Link's Travels, 8vo.—Clavigero's Mexico, 2 vols. 4to. Sancho's Letters, 8vo. Memoirs of Pines the 6th, 2 vols. 8vo. Segur's Frederic William 2nd, 3 vols. 8vo. Soniavic's Memoirs of Louis 16th, 6 vols. 8vo. Spallanzani's Travels, 4 vols. 8vo. Watson's Philip 2nd and 3rd, 5 vols. 8vo. Helen Maria Williams' Sketches, 2 vols. 8vo. Gibbon's Roman Empire 12 vols. 8vo. Grandpre's Voyage in the Indian Occan 2 vols. Memoirs of Politianus, 8vo. Reynier's state of Egypt, 8vo. Cavallo's Natural and Experimental Philosophy, a new and valuable work. 4 vols. 8vo. Beccan's Moral Philosophy, 8vo. Peayle's (Dr.) Natural Theology, 8vo. Adams on the Microscope, with plates. Brown's Travels into Africa, 4to, Horniman's do. Grant's life of France. Despine 6 vols. 12mo. War Office 3 vols. 12mo. Microcosm 5 vols. 12mo. The Benevolent Jew, 2 vols. by Geo. L. Baker. Infidel Father, 3 vols. 12mo. Monk of Madrid 4 vols. 12mo. Lorimon 2 vols. 12mo.—Home 5 vols. 12mo. Romance of the Pyrenees, 4 vols. 12mo. The Savage of Pyrenon, 12mo. Tales of Superstition 12mo. Bread Grins, by G. Coleman, Boscawen's Poems, 12mo. Atala—Glover's Athenaid, 3 vols. &c. In addition to the above they have always on hand a collection of well assorted books on education, science, and amusement, which they will sell at such prices as cannot fail of giving general satisfaction.
General Post-Office, July 22, 1803. WHEREAS sundry representations have been made to this Office of losses sustained in the transmission of money by the mail, whereby it appears that depredations may have been committed by some agent of this department. Be it therefore known that by virtue of the powers by law in me vested, I do hereby offer a reward of FOUR HUNDRED DOLLARS to any person or persons who will give to this office such information as shall procure the conviction and punishment of the perpetrator of any such crime. GIDEON GRANGER Post Master general.
ELISHA RIGGS, Has just received from Philadelphia A large supply of Seasonable Goods, viz. EMBOSSED and Coloured Muslins, Very fine Mul. Mul. & Book do. Lace Shades and Wide Laces, Spangled Tiffay and blk. Fans, Silk Cotton and thd. Hosiery, Very fine Cambric and long lawn, Cotton Counterpans and Dimities, Striped Silk for Coats, Fancy Waistcoating and Janet, 9 8 and 7-8 Buff and silk Chintzes, London Cloths and Cassimers, Naukeens, Fultians and Checks, White and Buff Cord for Uniform, Silver Lace and Blue Plumes, Irish and German Sheetings, Bed Prints and Tickings, Men's light Beaver Hats, Diaper Table Cloths. ALSO, Cheap Irish Linens, And many other articles, which being bought at the best market, & will be sold very low for Cash. George Town, June 15, M & F 2w F4w
WILL sell five hundred and fifty acres of Land whereon I live, in Fairfax county, within five miles of the court house, and within twenty of the City of Washington, Alexandria, Dumfries, and twelve of the Occoquan mills, it is a healthy situation, the land fertile, and has about two hundred acres of wood to cut, there is a great proportion of white and red oak, popular and hickory timber.—There is nearly one hundred acres of prime land for meadow, I will give six months credit for one fourth of the purchase money—twelve months for the other quarter, eighteen for the third, and two years for the last payment, a purchaser will find me on the premises. THOS. POLLARD. Feb. 21st. cp
FOR SALE, For a term of 5 years, A LIKELY young and healthy NEGRO MAN, about 23 years of age for sale by— ROBERT M' CLAN. Washington May 25. tf.
ON Monday the 29th day of August next, at the town of Sharpburgh in Washington county Maryland, will commence the sale of several thousand acres of valuable land lying in Washington and Frederick Counties, a great part of this land is excellent arable land, abounding with wood and finely watered—it will be laid off in separate lots as suit the convenience of purchasers—it will be sold at public sale to the highest bidder, the purchaser to give bond and security to pay one half with interest from the day of sale at the end of one year, the other half with interest at the expiration of two years.—This property is sold under a decree of the court of Chancery, and clear titles will be made and conveyances given on payment of the purchase money and not before.—This sale worthy the attention of persons desirous of purchasing fine farms. PHILIP B. KEY, WILLIAM MARBURY } Trustees. July 18th, 1803. 3w.
FIRST LEGION. ATTENTION!
AT a Legionary Court of Enquiry, held on the 15th day of March last, in obedience to a law passed at the last session of Congress, intituled, "An act more effectual to provide for the organization of the Militia of the District of Columbia," ordered that the following be the Uniform to be worn by all non-commissioned officers and privates belonging to the battalion companies of the first Legion while on duty, viz. A DARK BLUE COAT of ordinary length, WHITE VEST, WHITE BREECHES and WHITE STOCKINGS, or WHITE PANTALOONS and WHITE STOCKINGS, or WHITE OVERALLS, with SHOES and ROUND BLACK HAT: which Uniform having been approved by the Brigadier General, is now published by order of the said court. WM. D. BEALL, Clerk of L. C. E.
Sec. 27. And be it further enacted, That all non-commissioned officers and privates, belonging to battalion companies, f. I appear while on duty, uniformly clothed, the color and fashion of which uniforms to be determined on for the respective legions, by the first legionary courts of enquiry which shall be held, and to be approved of by the Brigadier General; provided the expense of the same, additional to that of usual, ordinary, and dress clothing, does not exceed five dollars for each person, and every such non-commissioned officer, or drummer, or fifer, or private, appearing at any muster held after three months from the time that such uniforms shall have been determined on, and the order relative thereto shall have been published, in some new paper within the legionary district and not wearing the same, shall be fined five dollars for each offence, unless he can make it appear to the satisfaction of the court of enquiry of the battalion to which he may belong, that he was unable to equip himself.
FOR Sale One hundred and fifty acres of land, One hundred acres of which is in wood—it is situated within six miles of the Eastern Branch ferry, terms apply to RICHARD LOWE. Prince George county, July 22. 3tw