The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1802-08-21 00:00:00

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER,
AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
Vol. II.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
No. CCXLXX.
FIVE DOLLARS PER ANN.
MONDAY, AUGUST 2d, 1802.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
TRANSLATED FOR THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
A SPEECH OF JACQUES NOIR in the Tribune, on a plan of public instruction.
[Concluded from our last.]
The first title of this project marks the division of public instruction. I. In its primary schools, established by the communes. II. Secondary schools established by the communes, or kept by private masters. III. Lyceums and special schools, supported at the expense of the public treasury.
The primary schools of the second title should be of less consideration than those of the first, because these of the first degree are more necessary to the generality of citizens. To read, write and cypher, are necessary to every one; these are the only branches of knowledge in which they will have time to be instructed, as is general the inhabitants of the towns and villages are necessarily occupied by domestic and rural labours. The principles of morality and the direction of natural propensities to the ends of political association, is another important part of instruction, since it supplies the insufficiency, and adds to the authority of written laws; and the means of this instruction, are possessed by, and will be supplied by government.
The choice of instructors is confided to the mayors and municipal councils. Their support is to be derived from contributions furnished by the parents, but fixed by the councils. The poor are to be instructed gratuitously, one fifth of the pupils being exempted from all payment.
The secondary schools, instituted by the II. title, suppose the first branches of knowledge to be acquired, and will teach the Latin and French languages, the elements of geography, of history and mathematics. It is in this school that the young persons will be received, who are not to go the whole round of public instruction in the Lyceums and special schools. The progressive course of these studies is not fixed by law, but will be regulated in each place, by the wants and situation of the pupil, and will be limited or extended according to the ability of the parents and the destination of the children; the same circumstances will determine the other parts of instruction; and the precepts under whole superintendence the schools are placed, will hasten to add any new branches of instruction in relation to the arts and sciences, which the communes or individuals shall desire.
Under the active influence of government and the large premium of encouragement that is offered both to the Professors and pupils, no doubt can be entertained of the utility and respectability which these schools will soon attain, and which will render them the best establishments in our system of general instruction.
For, if we have the right to expect from the superior schools, men who feel a desire to preserve to France that equal and serene ascendancy which the now possesses in all kinds of glory; it is to these other schools we owe that mass of able and enlightened citizens, who will henceforth constitute the real strength and superiority of a nation.
Title IV. establishes and organizes Lyceums, in which shall be taught by eight professors at least, the ancient languages, rhetoric, logic, moral philosophy and the elements of the mathematical and physical sciences.
This third degree of instruction is evidently not designed for the generality of citizens, who will unavoidably be engaged in the business by which they are to gain a livelihood; it can only answer for those young persons exclusively, who are destined to the professions of the sciences and liberal arts, either by the influence of their families, or by the marks of genius which the government may be willing to favour.
One Lyceum in each arrondissement of the tribunal of appeal, it is presumed will be found sufficient for the above purposes. The law relieves the government the power of augmenting in each Lyceum the objects of instruction and the number of professors, together with the right of increasing the number of these establishments accordingly as they may appear useful, and it is the number of pupils which will determine this progressive augmentation.
The Lyceums are not schools solely for the instruction of the generality of young men who will attend them; they are at the same time establishments for the education of pupils whom the government may place there, for the pupils of the secondary schools, who shall be
instructed in all the theoretic parts of the military art, as well as in the history of wars and of great generals. It is but justice to pay a distinguished attention to an art, which has gained us so much glory, and the constant benefits of which have supported our fortunes, until it has at length conducted us to the pinnacle of fame. How many famous generals have risen, from the ranks which concealed them, by a genius which supplied the place of instruction or experience. But we must not always depend on nature's performing miracles for us! An institution in which the young men who display talents, or are led by inclination to the brilliant career of arms, may find that instruction and discipline which make good officers, cannot fail of being highly useful, and of preserving the reat by which our armies are now covered.
The administrative council of the Lyceums composed of a Provost, a Censor of studies, and a Steward, who are to be instructed, superintended and inspected in all their functions, by a union of the magistrates of the administrative and judiciary order; this regulation it is presumed, will insure an impartial and exact discipline.
Another regulation will add to the certainty of a good administration of the Lyceums; it is the appointment of three general inspectors who are to visit them once a year, to examine the modes of instruction and administration, and to render an account thereof to the minister of the interior.
The mode of nominating the professors, both for the first and subsequent administrations, is concerted in such a manner that the choice must be the best.
Whoever shall be the one chosen, from the two candidates presented to the last Council, both will have been judged by men capable of appreciating their morality and talents, and the motives which determine the choice, will be those which will insure able and virtuous professors.
The last article of this title fixes the entire organization of the Lyceums for three years; but the taste for study which is every where awakened, the necessity for more general instruction, since it is now one of the surest roads to employment, and the great number of able and experienced professors who every where offer to the examiners, authorises us to hope that in the year 13, the establishment of many supplementary Lyceums will justify the confidence which these institutions have already inspired.
One of the most important principles in relation to the Republic and the glory of the nation, is that the knowledge on which liberty rests, should be cultivated extended and propagated among all classes of society; this result is insured by the article which determines the objects of instruction in the Lyceums. Minds, improved and enlarged by the study of ancient languages, of literature, logic, and morality, are necessarily acquainted with sufficient data on which to form a clear and sound judgment concerning the advantages of a free constitution; they are enabled to judge of the institutions, which relate to these great interests; they will be possessed of all those ideas, the clearness, force and simplicity of which gave to the mass of the nation that power, which has conquered all the obstacles which prejudice and personal interest opposed, and which have accomplished our grand Revolution; ideas which will preserve the blessings which they acquired.
The 2d title relates to special schools, in which plan of instruction, both the sciences and arts will be completed.
Already we have gathered the fruits of these excellent institutions. We well know, and all Europe will soon perceive, how much the sciences are indebted, to the indefatigable zeal, to the truly paternal cares, and to the perfect method of the celebrated professors of our Polytechnique school, of our schools of medicine, of our museum of national history and of the college of France.
This project of law, preserves all the special schools already established, giving to the government the power of making certain alterations, and regulations, which are generally allowed to be necessary.
Nothing more can be added to the considerations already before you, to make you more sensible of the importance of the new schools, which the present plan adds to existing ones. Most of them are of immense necessity; such are the ten schools of law, the three new schools of medicine, the four schools of natural history, of physics and chemistry, and those of the mechanic arts. They will place within the reach of the inhabitants of the departments, knowledge as useful to themselves as to society.
In title V. You have seen that the pupils in the Lyceums will be trained to military exercise, by the ablest teachers; and you must be sensible how important it is that our youth be initiated in an art, which the conscription may call them to practise. To this general regulation, title VI. adds a special military school, in which 500 pupils, chosen from the Lyceums, and forming a battalion, will
be instructed in all the theoretic parts of the military art, as well as in the history of wars and of great generals. It is but justice to pay a distinguished attention to an art, which has gained us so much glory, and the constant benefits of which have supported our fortunes, until it has at length conducted us to the pinnacle of fame. How many famous generals have risen, from the ranks which concealed them, by a genius which supplied the place of instruction or experience. But we must not always depend on nature's performing miracles for us! An institution in which the young men who display talents, or are led by inclination to the brilliant career of arms, may find that instruction and discipline which make good officers, cannot fail of being highly useful, and of preserving the reat by which our armies are now covered.
The VII title respects the 4,000 pensionary scholars, to be educated in the Lyceums at the public expense, and is the basis of the hopes of lucters, which the new system inspires. The considerable number of pupils which will be immediately placed in the Lyceum by the government, will allow of an immediate attention to all the elements of a good education; at the same time, that it will guarantee to the parents an exact and well ordered administration, in regard to the mind, to the morals and health of the scholar. The number of scholars in these pensionates will therefore doubtless be increased by the children of affluent families, who will be likewise admitted, and will assist in the support of these schools.
Out of these 400 pupils will, after an examination, be chosen from the secondary schools, to follow, in the Lyceum and special schools, a course of studies at the expense of the government. The chance of being thus chosen, is so great an advantage, that it should induce parents the least affluent, to give to their children the education of the secondary schools. The certainty of procuring for their children at the end of their studies, an honorable situation, or even the procuring for them gratuitously a complete education, are motives too powerful not to be generally felt. Thus, the regulations, which open the doors of the Lyceum, at the same time secure the establishment of the secondary schools.
Among the pensionary scholars of the French Republic, 2,400 will be chosen by government, from the families of military and civil officers who have well served their country. This regulation promises an honorable addition to the emoluments of offices well filled.
Title VIII fixes the amount of the pensions and their application, as well as the application of the money drawn from the external pupils of the Lyceum and special schools. It also gives to government the right of determining the compensation of the officers and professors of the different schools, which will be proportioned to the number of scholars. The arrangement is the best imaginable, and calculated to excite zeal and emulation among the professors, and to maintain throughout all the parts of administration the order most favourable to the prosperity of the schools.
The IX and last title contains some general rules, among which there is one which merits the greatest attention, from the happy effects which it will have upon the new organization of public instruction. It is that which establishes a fund destined to secure comfortable retreats to the officers and professors who have served in the schools 30 years.
This guarantee which the professors will receive of the stability of their conditions, will attach them exclusively to the labours of their situation, and engage them to every effort to finish gloriously a career, which will be crowned with a recompense proportioned to their services.
Whatever may be the expenses of a system of public instruction, it is neither a vain nor unproductive expenditure; the knowledge and talents spread through a nation, are the sources of its happiness and prosperity, in so far when a people has the means of its independence without, and of its tranquility within, nothing more remains than for it to procure by the development of all the faculties of industry, the greatest possible sum of felicity attainable in human associations.
The section of the interior proposes your taking the votes on the adoption of this plan.
To Rent.
A THREE story brick house on Pennsylvania Avenue, west of the Soren Building. Possession may be had the 25th inst. For further particulars enquire of BENJAMIN ELIASON, Lindenburgh; or Samuel M'Intire, near the premises. June 22, 1802. 1205t
HISTORY
OF THE Last Session of Congress.
[CONTINUED]
SELECTION OF JURORS.
On the 4th of January, the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole on the President's Message, when Mr. Randolph submitted the following resolutions, which were agreed to without a division, and immediately confirmed in the house, and referred to a select committee.
1. Resolved, That it is expedient to enquire whether any, and what alterations should be made in the Judicial establishment of the United States.
2. Resolved, That provision ought to be made for the impartial selection of jurors.
3. Resolved, That it is expedient to enquire whether any, and what reductions can be made in the civil expenses of the government of the United States.
On the agreement to these resolutions some conversation took place, in which Messrs. Randolph and Smilie affirmed, and Mr. Bayard denied the past existence of abuses in the selection of jurors.
CONNECTICUT CLAIM.
On the 5th of January, a petition was received from 1200 inhabitants of the state of Pennsylvania, settled on lands claimed under grants from the state of Connecticut, antecedent to the trial before the court of commissioners, praying that the authority of the supreme court of the United States to re-examine, reverse, or affirm, a final judgment or decree in the cases provided for in the 25th sec. of the judiciary act, may be extended or declared already to extend to cases of criminal prosecution, as well as of civil actions; that original and exclusive jurisdiction may, agreeably to the constitution, be given to the proper courts of the United States in all controversies between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states; and that the supreme court may be empowered, at their discretion, to direct the trial of such causes, to be held in districts other than the states in which the two opposite titles are claimed (unless the claimant under the other than that in which the land is situated) the right of trial in a federal court) or that some other adequate relief may be granted in respect to the distressed claims of the petitioners for the lands aforesaid.
Mr. Goddard moved to refer the petition to a select committee, and was supported by Messrs. Bayard, T. Morris, Hemphill, Rutledge and Bacon; and opposed by Messrs. Smilie and Randolph.
In support of the reference it was declared that all petitions couched in decent terms ought to be referred, else the house would be precipitated into decisions without possessing correct information; that this case was important in its effects upon a large class of citizens, who had a claim to the attention of Congress; that the controversy to which the petition related was of long standing, and that it became that house to treat the prayer of the memorialists with respect; that it was believed that Congress neither could, nor would interfere; and that, if such were the determination of Congress, expressed after mature consideration, it would tend more effectually than a present suppression of the petition to deprive the memorialists of any expectations derived from the hoped for interposition of the federal legislature; that in this result Pennsylvania was as deeply interested as the petitioners.
On the other hand, it was declared that Congress had no power to interfere; that the question was entirely judicial, and had been decided by the first judicial authorities of the nation; that the rights of Pennsylvania were conclusively established; and that Congress could do nothing that would impair them.
On the 8th of March, Mr. Giles, in the name of the committee made a report, which was taken into consideration on the 11th of the same month.
The report of the committee embraced an historical view of the Wyoming controversy, recited the act of Pennsylvania, for preventing intrusions upon land in Northampton, Northumberland, and Luzerne counties; and then proceeded to state:
"The petitioners complain of these acts as unconstitutional, and pray that provision may be made by law for transferring the proceedings under these laws from the state courts of Pennsylvania to the courts of the United States; and that further provision may be made by law, that in the trial of any prosecution
in virtue of the said acts, the defendant may have a venire facias to summon juries from some state, other than Pennsylvania. Your committee conceive that the right of jurisdiction was finally settled by the decree of Trenton, of the 30th December 1782, and that by the decision of the circuit court, for the district of Pennsylvania in April 1795, the whole question of the right of soil was fully taken up, and decided by the court, in a case the most favorable for the defendant; which decision not having been revised and reversed, should also be considered as final and conclusive.
"Your committee therefore upon the whole circumstances of the case, are of opinion, that the measures contemplated by the petitioners would tend very much to increase the embarrassments already experienced by the state of Pennsylvania, in extending and enforcing its lawful jurisdiction over the lands in question, and that it would be highly inexpedient on the part of the United States to interfere with the regulations of the states in that respect, or to countenance, by any means whatever, any circumstance of intubordination to the state authority.
"Your committee are therefore of opinion, that the prayer of the petitioners ought not to be granted."
After debate, the committee rose and reported their agreement to the report. A motion was made and lost to recommit the report to a select committee.
A motion to postpone the further consideration of the report till the 1st day of November next met the same fate; when the question was then taken on concurring with the committee of the whole in their report, by Yeas and Nays, and agreed to—Yeas 60—Nays 17.
On the 7th of January an interesting memorial was received from Evan Thomas and others, a committee appointed for Indian affairs by the yearly meeting of the people called Friends, held in the town of Baltimore, praying the attention and interference of Congress to prevent the supply of spirituous liquors to the Indian tribes residing in the territory of the United States north west of the river Ohio, by traders and settlers on the frontiers; and to introduce among the said Indian tribes, the most simple and useful arts of civil life.
The memorial was accompanied by a speech of Little Turtle, eloquently representing the injurious effects of spirituous liquors.
The House referred the papers to a select committee, and directed them to be printed.
Mr. Nicholson presented a letter which he had received from the governor of Maryland, including a letter to the legislature of that state from the commissioners of the City of Washington, stating their present inability to defray the interest on loans accrued, on loans of about 250,000 dollars, made by Maryland, and suggested the expediency of that legislature, offering to receive from Congress, who had guaranteed the loans, 6 per cent. for k. p. the loans having been originally made in 6 per cents. with an engagement that repayment should be made in specie—Also resolutions of the legislature of Maryland, agreeing to the proposition of the commissioners.
These communications were referred to the Secretary of the Treasury who made a report, afterwards adopted, and carried into a law authorizing the President to pay the loans made, and to suspend, under certain circumstances, the sale of city lots.
Stenographers.
During the proceedings of the day, in discussing the standing rules of the House, Dr. Linn moved the addition of the following rule, which was carried—Yeas 47—Nays 23.
"Stenographers shall be admitted, and the Speaker shall assign such persons to them on the floor, as shall not interfere with the convenience of the House."
This rule was not carried without great opposition. It was opposed by Messrs. Griswold, Rutledge, Venable, Hemphill, T. Morris, Bullis, Denny, Elmer and Goddard; the remarks of some of whom were mingled with a vehemence altogether interesting to the full subject, while, on the other hand, it was strenuously supported by Messrs. Leib, S. Smith, Nicholson, Glaucom, Smilie, Holland and Sprigg, who drew their chief arguments from the abuse to which the discretion heretofore reposed in the Speaker had been subject.
The majority, in the adoption of this resolution, evinced a determination to carry into operation their previous resolutions. Though a republican memorial the chair, from whose impartial exercise of power they had not anything

and the more especially of that kind which they had experienced from their opponents, as much inclined to oppress, as they had been indignant at oppression, they divided the Speaker of a deliberation which, while it subserved no useful purpose, might be detrimentally exercised.
French Convention.
On the 12th of January, the President laid before the House estimates of the expenses, amounting to $50,000 dollars, necessary for carrying into effect the convention between the United States and the French Republic, which were subsequently appropriated by law.
North Western Territory.
On the 19th of January, Mr. Fearing, delegate from the North Western Territory, presented to the House an act of the legislature of that Territory, passed December 24, 1801, declaring the assent of the Territory to an alteration in the ordinance for the government thereof.
By this act the existing boundaries of states in the North Western Territory were altered, and three states were formed therein.
On the same day, Mr. Giles presented several petitions from a large number of the inhabitants of the Territory, in opposition to the above act, considering it as unconstitutional and directly repugnant to the articles of compact entered into by the Congress of the United States, the state of Virginia, and the people and states in the said Territory, as expressed in the ordinance for the government of the same, passed July 13, 1787.
The act and petitions were referred to a committee of the whole House, in which they were discussed on the 26th and 27th of January.
Mr. Fearing submitted a resolution declaring the Territorial act to be constitutional, which was supported by himself and Mr. Griswold; and opposed by Messrs. Davis, Giles and Barray.
This motion being lost, Mr. Giles offered a resolution, "that the act passed by the legislature for the territory North West of the Ohio [above recited] ought not to be assented to by Congress;" which was agreed to in committee, and confirmed in the House—Yeas 31, Nays 5.
On the 29th of January, Mr. Giles presented petitions from 1200 inhabitants of the territory of the United States north west of the river Ohio, praying that Congress will consider the present situation of the petitioners, and disagree to any law or plan that may be passed or devised contrary to their benefit and accommodation, and which may tend to a separation of the territory into one or more divisions, in opposition to the wishes and interest of the petitioners, and other inhabitants of the said territory; also, that Congress will be pleased to consider what measures may, at this time, be proper to be taken for the establishment of a state Government in the said Territory, and its admission into the Union.
After the reading of these petitions, Mr. Giles moved a reference to a select committee, of the census of the inhabitants of the north western territory, with instructions to report whether any, and what measures ought, at this time, to be taken, for enabling the people of the Territory to form a state government for themselves, and to be admitted into the Union, upon the same terms with the original States.
This motion obtained, and a committee of seven was accordingly appointed.
On the 4th of March, Mr. Giles, the chairman of the committee, made a report on this subject, which stated the situation of the territory under the provisions of the ordinance of the old Congress, and concluded with the opinion that it would be expedient, on certain terms, to admit it as a state into the Union.
On the 30th of March the house went into a committee of the whole on the bill, accompanying the report, for the admission of the north western territory as a state into the Union.
The provisions of the bill being numerous, the discussion on them was ramified to a great extent. Those who opposed the terms of admission into the Union as offered, claimed all hostility to the act of admission, provided it was effected in a regular and constitutional way, and in conformity to the wishes of the inhabitants of the territory. But they contended that, should Congress pass the bill they would violate the constitution, and usurp the powers of the territorial government, which, as to internal concerns were as absolute and complete as those of the existing states; and that the same reasons which warranted an exercise of these powers, would warrant a similar exercise of power in relation to states already in the Union. The territorial legislature had recently decided against admission into the Union. The present bill, therefore, being in direct hostility to that decision, was unconstitutional and impolitic. Congress might give their consent to admission even before the population amounted to 60,000, but it rested with the territorial government to regulate all the details connected with the obtaining, through the means of a convention, a fair expression of the opinions of the inhabitants.
Various objections were made to the details of the bill. Conceding the right of Congress to admit the territory into
the Union, the right of so dividing it as to leave a section of it without the limits of the proposed state was denied; as was also the expediency of appropriating one twentieth part of the proceeds of lands sold by the United States, to the making of roads from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic to the Ohio.
The friends of the bill avowed their great object to be, to refuse the government, agreeably to the wishes of a great majority of the inhabitants, from the hands of men, who conscious that their power depended on the territorial government, wished to prolong its duration; that this was their motive was evident from the extraordinary proposition lately made by them, to divide the territory, as to remove to a very distant day the period of admission into the Union. Congress had with becoming spirit, rejected the proposition, under the conviction that the present government, two branches of which emanated from the President of the United States, did not correctly convey the wishes of the people. They contended that the territorial system, however unavoidable in the infancy of population, being repugnant to the genius of a free government, and hostile to the interests and feelings of freemen, ought to be discarded at the earliest practicable period. From this consideration the expediency of the measure could not be doubted; and still less could its constitutionality be questioned. The constitution confers on Congress the right to admit states with their approbation; and the ordinance for the establishment of the North Western Territory prescribes the mode in which this power shall be exercised. Nor did the present bill in the least interfere with the rights of the citizens. It did not direct that they shall come into the Union, or that they shall form a constitution; it only authorised them to do that, which, the permission of Congress being given, it is allowed on all hands they have a right to do.
With respect to the division of the territory contemplated in the bill, that arose, not from choice but from necessity, from local considerations which could not be overcome. Tho' it was to be regretted that the whole population could not be embraced by the new state, yet it would be observed that the portion excluded was inconsiderable, and would continue to occupy the same political rights which they now possessed. It was contended that the devotion of one twentieth part of the proceeds of public lands to making new roads was equally liberal and politic, which, while it conferred a great good upon the territory and the Union at large by the facility to intercourse effected by it, would be amply remunerated by the exemption of the public lands from taxation.
After an opposition vigorously sustained for several days to all the leading features of the bill by the federal side, it passed the House by a majority of 47 to 29.
In Senate it received the same opposition, experienced in the other branch, and in which Mr. Gouverneur Morris took the most distinguished part. But all opposition was unavailing, and it passed that body on the 28th of April by a majority of 16 to 6; and a few days thereafter received the final sanction of the President.
It often happens in a deliberate body, whose discussions are public, that motives different from those which influence the conduct are avowed. It so happened in this case. Viewing the expanded field of western territory, and foreseeing its rapid progress to a vast population, the late administration had evinced a peculiar solicitude to diffuse those principles which should be best fitted to extend to that quarter of the Union, the empire of federalism. Realising the maxim "just as the twig is bent, the tree's inclined," it had conferred the honors of the government exclusively on one description of citizens devoted to its views, who, in their turn, had, with equal circumspection, ramified subordinate appointments to the same class of individuals. These appointments had been so multiplied as to enlist a numerous corps of well disciplined troops in the service of the government. Though little profit attached to these lower grades of appointments, yet the universal love of distinction courted the faintest image of power. By these means the governor, the dependent of the federal executive, had flattered himself with the uncontrolled enjoyment and secure possession of authority, and the late administration had placed implicit reliance on the subserviency of the territory to the promotion of federal views.
Fortunately, however, every surrounding circumstance of nature or association in the regions of the well-inspired lofty spirit of independence. The facility with which subsistence is acquired, and the habits of hardihood and activity inseparable from a residence in a new country, diminishing the sources of dependence, and drawing out with unusual energy both intellectual and corporeal powers, break those ignoble chains that in other periods of society, and under different local circumstances, subjugate the human character. It became every day more arduous to keep down a spirit of self government, which those, who possess equal rights, will ever lay claim to. The government, alarmed at the progress of this sentiment, began to fortify itself against a
fair expression of the public will, in which it too well succeeded, so far as related to the legal organs of it. Measures were carried hostile to the wishes of the people, which were only acquiesced in until a favourable occasion should offer for escaping from the burthen. That occasion presented itself in the change of the federal administration, emboldened by which the people came forward to pray for a late government, while the territorial government, by a step of unprecedented boldness, proposed to divide the territory, so as to keep down the population of each section, and thereby protract for many years the admission of either into the Union. This collision produced the crisis which issued in the adoption of the above bill.
The federal side of Congress exerted every mean in their power to frustrate the act, for two reasons, the one that their friends, at present in the exclusive possession of territorial power would, in the event of admission, be excluded by the public sentiment from their places; the other, that a new state, under the auspices of republican convictions, and indignant at federal oppression, would throw its weight against the federal scale, and tend to consolidate the growing strength and prosperity of the present administration.
Extracted from the London Monthly Review, on Essays and Notes on Husbandry, &c. By J. B. Borlase.
(Concluded from our last.)
To the very antient practice of treading out corn , mentioned in Scripture, the Americans are very partial. Mr. Borlase thus delivers his opinion on this subject, under the article Treading-floor .
Though but six to eight horses should tread on it, yet it ought not to be of a less diameter than 30 or 90 feet. But the track and bed of wheat is narrowed to 12 or 15 feet. I was long and greatly prejudiced against treading wheat . But experiencing the advantages of getting out the crops with speed, and very clean when on a permanent well preserved floor, with horses gently trotted in ranks, distant and airy each rank from the others, the preference in my opinion is in favour of treading , over the most expert thrashing with flails. So much so that, considering the greater opportunities of pilfering, and lengthy troublefomeness of thrashers, I would prefer treading to having my large crops thrashed for nothing.
He farther observes, 'To hire thrashers or put my labourers to thrash it out with flails, the time spent would give abundant opportunity for thieving, which is avoided by the steady method of treading , when in about a fortnight three thousand bushels may be secured, instead of near a hundred days that flails would require.'
Clover is strongly recommended as an ameliorating crop; and here the author's remarks apply as well to Europe as to America. Clover , he says, "is so essential that without it the soil, the cattle, and the corn crops would greatly suffer. Its power of amelioration is not very inferior to that by dung. In some respects it is preferable. With dung, innumerable seeds of weeds are carried on and sown on the fields: not so clover , when the seed has been properly cleaned. Clover is the best preparative for a crop of wheat. Dung inclines wheat to run more into straw than full grain. Wheat on clover has the full grain and the full straw."—We have often seen these observations verified in our own country.
An idea is suggested respecting a mode of gathering and cleaning clover seed, which may merit general attention: 'The heads of clover are ripped off, by a simple machine moved by a horse, at the rate of 5 acres of them in a day. The heads are carried to an oil mill, having two stones rolled in the manner of a tanner's bark-stones, which separates from the haulm five bushels a day.'
The essay on Hemp contains the following remarks, by which it will be seen that Mr. B. prefers the culture of this crop to that of tobacco:
The extensive usefulness of hemp , the little interference of its culture with the other work of farmers in America; and when water-rotted, the ease with which it is prepared for rope, as well as the general certainty of the crop with a good price, led me to admire it in preference to other common articles of crop.
If the ground be good and well prepared, no crop is more certain than hemp , sowed in time, and when the soil is moist. But, how uncertain is the tobacco crop! Failure of plants from frost, drought, or fly; want of seasonable weather for planting; destruction by the ground-worm, web-worm, horn-worm; buttoning low, for want of rain; curling or frenching, from too much rain; house-burning or trunking while curing; frost before housed; heating in bulk or in the hogshed; inspection, culing, &c. Cultivating tobacco cleans, but exposes soil to exhalation and washing away. It is only about a month that it shelters the ground: but hemp shades it from May till about the
first of August; and from early August it would be advantageously sheltered with a growth of buckwheat, till this blossoms; and then during a temperate state of heat, it is plowed as a manure.
A planter gaining 20 hogheads of tobacco from 20 acres of ground, value 800 dollars, might exact 12,000 or 16,000 lbs. of hemp from the same ground, value 1000 or 1200 dollars. But, if the income from the hemp should be a fourth less than from the tobacco crop, yet I would, on several accounts, prefer the hemp culture.
It may amuse our agriculturalists to read a description of a Pennsylvanian barn; and they may speculate on the hint which is annexed respecting Manure:
Farmers in Pennsylvania have a commendable spirit for building good barns, which are mostly of stone. On the ground floor are stalls in which their horses and oxen are fed with hay, cut straw, and rye-meal; but not always their other beasts. Roots are seldom given to their live-stock, and are too little thought of. The second floor, with the roof, contains their sheaves of grain, which are thrashed on this floor. A part of their hay is also here stored. Loosed carts and waggons are driven in, on this second floor; with which the surface of the earth is there level; or else a bridge is built up to it, for supplying the want of height in the bank, the wall of one end of the house being built close to the bank of a hill cut down. For giving room to turn waggons within the house, it is but thirty-six to forty feet wide; and the length is given that may be requisite to the design or size of the farm. But if the wagon is driven directly into the barn, it may be as directly drawn back without turning it; a great saving of room; and the house need not be so wide as for the sake of turning waggons in it. If waggons carry more to the barn at a time, yet carts are brisker: their loads are shot down in an instant, and they turn short. Waggons are tediously unloaded.
I have seen a barn, in Chester county, Pennsylvania, which had a cellar under a floor of planks on joists, on which horses and oxen stood; and their dung was daily shovelled into the cellar. The farmer said, this dung is the better for being thus kept dry; but, may it not be there too dry? Dung drowned with water must be much injured. But if a large mass of dung receives no more water than what falls on its surface from the clouds, and is well sheltered from the sun, is it then injured? Is it better or worse for being rotten before it is applied to the ground as a manure? If well rotted, it will spread and mix with the soil more perfectly. If but partly rotted, and then spread and plowed into the ground, instantly as it is carted out, will it not be stronger—more powerful in opening and enriching the soil? It there finishes its heat and fermentation, which precede and bring forward rotteness, whilst it is in the ground: provided its lying too thinly dispersed or scattered in the ground is not against its fermenting.
Of the advantages of Soiling Cattle , in preference to pasturing them, much is said; and the objection that it creates peculiar labour gives the author an occasion for declaiming against the dissipation of the American Farmer.
In many parts of America (he says) are idle improvident people, masters of farms, who spend their time in taverns or other places of worthless amusement: any where rather than at home. These hands are at the expense of their domestic happiness. Sooner or later they bring on them debts, wants and grating claims of creditors. Such a people can never be brought to soil cattle, or as all improve their farms. Where is solid comfort to be found if not at home? The meanness, the selfishness, and the folly of these husbands, fathers, or masters, are conspicuous, degrading and shameful; who, regardless of wife, child, and dependents claiming their protection, their affections and their attentions, and even regardless of the true interests of their precious selves, fly from their own happiness in the moment when they mount their horses and hurry to the tavern, the race, nine-pins, billiards, excels upon excels of today, and the most non-sensical and idle chat, accompanied with exclamations and roarings, brutal and foreign to common sense and manners as the mind of wisdom can conceive of depraved men. Had these men, so deficient in character, been trained but a few years among the orderly, thoughtful good farmers of some neighbouring district, they would have learnt valuable lessons for conducting their farms, themselves, and their domestic affairs, greatly to their comfort and advantage, and to the comfort due to their families and dependents; to whom they owe more than they are accustomed to feel for them. There are on the other hand, those who with industry aim at providing for their families, but it is not with an honest mind and farmers of reputation. The strength of these is in low cunning. If indeed they will to be perfect in that distrustful of all qualities, country cunning, they need not go far from home; unless for the sake of embellishing the trivial talent with some variety. They might then go a
in neighbourhoods distanced far more of this baleful quality than of prudent industry, farmers and honest cardour.
On the subject of Cattle. Mr. B. very sensibly remarks:
Farmers are imposed on by butchers; who by prides prevail on them to prefer the breed having large bones, and that are deep fore-quartered heavy looking beasts; whose fore quarters outweigh their hind quarters, with the aid of their mally-furniture like ribs. Why do butchers recommend this breed of bone? Why do farmers comply with their false recommendation? Is it because their appearance is agreeable to the farmer's passion for what is big? The choicest beef is on beasts having small bones. The Berkshire cattle and sheep have not the heavy appearances of the clumsy, big boned, and flat-sided beasts preferred by retailers of meat: but they are greatly superior in their meat, and in cheap feeding.
The first great error in improves of live stock, in America, is in their passion for the largest kinds. The largest and the smallest breeds are the very worst; and ought to be avoided in cattle, and generally in all animals. The huge big boned clay horse, what is he on a farm? The similar-ribbed, flat-sided lumbering big-legged cattle, what are they other than expensive masses of unimportant bone, with an inferior portion of comely meat dearly obtained in the feeding?
Respecting Hogs, as well as in Horned Cattle, Mr. B. is not an advocate for immense carcasses: but his countrymen do not all agree with him; and they allow the qualities of their beasts to have a preponderating influence in political matters.
It is said by farmers in Pennsylvania, the lumps of fat of the coarse fleshy meat hogs soonest cloy labourers. This may continue to be an irresistible motive with some classes of folks; when to others it will be distasteful and contemptible. Yet if we can operate 715 lbs. hog by one of 715, though it should be a mass of inferior meat, we shall have a something to give us countenance—the biggest hog! At a Nisi Prius court, in Maryland, a person was introduced to me, whose horse had lately won a race. This victory, as I was told, recommended him, though not before thought of, as being qualified to represent the people in their legislative. An election soon followed; and the horse—if you please his influence—carried the election for his master, all hollow. So might 715 of even the coarsest fleshy pork succeed against 715 of better meat. Quality with some country people is unimportant.
Who could imagine that apprehensions of a scarcity of timber, and even of fire-wood, already so affect the mind of the American husbandman, as to induce him to turn his thoughts towards obtaining permanent live fences instead of those of wood? Mr. B. would have a monument erected to the memory of the man who, on the main road near New-castle, set a pattern to his countrymen, of an excellent thorn-hedge fence .
From the author's essay on the Principles of Vegetation , we must content ourselves with two short extracts; tho' the whole is not unworthy of perusal. In his remarks on Manure, he says:
Manure promotes the growth of plants, by its fermentation and warmth opening the soil for readily admitting humidity from the air with its nutritious contents; and for facilitating the extension of the tender shoots of roots; or by attracting moisture with its combinations from the earth and atmosphere; or by its depositing matter, that if not of itself nutritious to plants, at least promotes the access of such as is nutritious to it. It is said ground is sometimes exhausted by a stimulus from manures. The plant is a more likely subject of stimulation, as living life; and a stimulus to the plant may be a means of promoting its growth. It also is said, lime exhausts land by its stimulus. It indeed has injured ground when applied in two great quantities; which tends to reduce soil, in some degree, to a mortar; and the caustic quality of lime when applied unmoderately may, for will, destroy plants, and also a part of their nutrition, deposited in the soil. But in fact, it is nearly also either repetitions of exhausting crops taken from the ground which effect the mischief. The timer gives, once, and takes forever. If lime exhausts ground by destroying the nutrition deposited there, it must be without having promoted any growth in the plants. The injury done by lime, is said to be from stimulating the ground, and with a kind of violence forcing it to yield great crops; whereby the soil is exhausted; and indeed at length it is exhausted by the crops—not by the manure. It is better to give the ground a moderate portion of lime at a time, and apply it more frequently.
Plants receiving a large portion of their nourishment immediately from the air, rather than from the ground, are where they are not carried off from the ground, or suffered to remain on it. There are strong marks of plants exhausting ground by their heavy and other crops, and probably from their per-petuation, especially of the same kind.

Gain and all feeds, for the earth more than bulbs or tap-rooted fruit does. In the last-mentioned case, Mr. B. pronounces Corn to be the best produce of land, preferring it to Silk and Wine . He quotes, in justification of his opinion, the authority of Mr. Hume, who reckoned it bad policy in Britain to obstruct the use of French wines; when they ought rather to be encouraged in the application of their labour in raising more wines , by the free sale of them in England; because each new acre of vine-land planted in France, for supplying Britain with wine, would make it required by the French to take the produce of a British acre sown in wheat, in order to furnish themselves; "and it is evident," he adds, "we have thereby got the command of the better commodity ."
The chief articles of American export are thus enumerated: Probably, the chief export of produce in the maritime country between Connecticut and James River, will be flour ; of South Carolina, Georgia, and the Floridas, rice ; North Carolina, naval stores , and maize ; Massachusetts, and other parts of New England, fish , cattle , and horses ; Mississippi, timber , iron , hemp ; in short, hemp , flax , wool , and iron , are the principal articles of export.
Manure is recommended by Mr. B. for many purposes, in preference to burned or rotted salt, such as is in common use with us; and he alleges these reasons:—That by salt has none of the spirit of life which is so essential for keeping provisions, gives an agreeable flavour, and is more weighty in the bushel. The following illustration merits the attention of all housewives; viz. to reduce a dry salt to a powder, before it be used to preserve meat.
"When salt is applied in a powder, it instantly sinks into the meat, effects its purple, and goes further than if it was coarse. Meat ought to be struck with powdered salt, in the moment when it becomes cool; and not left as is common, for hours longer even in warm weather. Tenderness to putrefaction soon commences; and long before it is discernable. Salting should precede this tendency, and prevent it; for salt cannot be effectually stop putrefaction, as it can prevent its commencement."
We must pass over Mr. Borden's difficulties respecting Rice , Country habitations , and Ice-houses ; with his Intimations on Manufactures , the Fruits of Agriculture , and on New Sources of Trade , interest with products of the United States in foreign markets. The subsequent essays, also, on Potatoe Spirit and Beer , and on Diet in Natural Economy , we shall omit to notice, because they are for the most part composed from British publications.
The author's general cautions in regard to Country Cookery (p. 415) are excellent:
"Soups are never to be filled up or have even a dition of water, but not cold, added; and are never to boil briskly. They are to be long, long over the fire, simmering rather than boiling. And all soups having roots or herbs, are to have the meat laid on the bottom of the pan, with a good lump of butter. The herbs and roots being cut small are laid on the meat. It is then covered close and let on a very slow fire . This draws out all the virtue of the roots and herbs, and turns out a good gravy , with a fine flavour , from which the water will be the water was put in at first. When the gravy is almost dried up, then fill the pan with water; and when it begins to boil, take off the fat. Never boil fish; but only simmer , till enough. Beef quick boiled, is thereby hardened; simmer or slow boil it, in not too much water. Veal and poultry are to be boiled with flour, and put into the kettle in cold water . Cover and boil slow as possible, skimming the water clean. It is the worst of faults, to boil any meat fast. In baking pies, a quick oven well closed, prevents falling of the crust."
The next essay, on Gypsum , consists of a variety of questions addressed to several American farmers, with their answers in favour of gypsum as a manure.
A proposal was made to the Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, for incorporating, by an act of the Legislature, a State Agricultural Society; the outlines of which Mr. B. has detailed; but the application, we are informed, was rejected by husbandmen, who were principally to be benefited by the institution.
In the concluding essay, entitled Notes and Intimations , we find various receipts and memoranda respecting pickling and drying beef, making bread, biscuits, and vinegar, curing fish in the sun, salting and curing herrings, making candles, distilling, making and potting butter, &c. &c. &c. which must be of great use in the families of American farmers, and assist them in the profitable management of their rural affairs.
A section in this essay is devoted to the subject of first impressions ; in which is maintained the importance of the earliest attention to children, in order to afford to them the virtues with happy manners; and another section treats on the improvement of the mind for Rural Life , with which we shall finish our extracts:
"Of scientific pursuits, the most liberal, the most honorable, the most useful, and what probably will be the most successful employment for a man in early circumstances, (particularly in country life,) is the study of nature , including natural history and natural philosophy; and therefore to this important object a principal attention should be given in educating youth who have the means of applying to these instructive, and considerable pursuits, when it may be without interfering with the means necessary to his support. Every man finds vacant moments from his ordinary business, which cannot be better filled than by such attentions as lead to the improvement of his understanding and elevate his mind to admire, more and more, the all-mighty works of the Creator; and thus is real religion befriended."
"All the arts, from whence is derived all that tends to the security and comfort of mankind, depend upon the knowledge of the powers of nature where with we become conversant; and the only possible way of assuring, and increasing the conveniences and comforts of life, of guarding against inconveniences and vexations, to which all are subject, and of enlarging the powers of man, is through a further acquaintance with the powers of nature !"—From Doctor Priestley's views. Some information in geometry and mechanics would also be advantageous in country life.
"Farmers who do not lay the hand to the plough, often wait they know not what: time hangs heavy on their hands; they feel difficult, restless; a void turns them. Employment of any sort would give them relief. But they mount the horse, and leave their family and the inviting calls of an improvable landed estate or farm, to seek amusement in riding into taverns. But though time is passed away, they gain no solid or permanent satisfaction, much less any improvement of the mind; and to be sure the farm is not improved; nor its work well done. Were these matters of farms fortunately led by their parents to take the events of such an education as Dr. Priestley recommends, the study of nature , they would never want soothing and nourishing food to the mind; and from their being employed in inquiries concerning the wonderful works of the Sublime Being , a sound and rational piety would be increased and confirmed in them. The book of nature far surpasses books of chemistry; whilst the weary works of missed and misleading instructors convey no profitable knowledge, and are insignificant to common sense, and to good minds willing to be impressed with the knowledge of plain truths, and improved in whatever is a noble and promotive of good. The comforts held out by the gospel of Christ , confirm the hope derived from contemplations on nature ; and there is a perfect agreement between the pure principles of the gospel , and the laws of nature ."
While there can be no doubt that this work will be an acceptable present to the author's countrymen, we have as little hesitation in saying that it will procure reputation for him in Europe. It evinces, indeed, that Mr. Borden is a man of sound judgment, as well as of considerable reading and experience. Convinced of the superior importance of agriculture to the United States, compared with manufactures and commerce, he urges the Americans to pursue the former in preference to the latter, in spite of all the splendid illusions which may be presented to the eye and to the imagination. His advice is justified by history, but states will never regard it while they are infatuated by the love of riches. Commerce feeds the passions, and agriculture is too tame a pursuit for dissipated people.
FOR THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
No. V. The usurpation of Bonaparte is admitted by all men to be an event of great importance. But different impressions respecting it are attempted to be made upon the American people. And there are those who applaud it themselves, and hold it forth to the admiration of others.
It is of infinite importance to us to have correct views on this subject. For the nation that admires and extols despotism abroad, however effulgent the glory that surrounds it, is prepared for slavery at home; and the moment it shall appear that we have to far forgotten or abandoned our republican feelings, as to cease to abhor tyranny in every shape, that moment we expose the republic to the assaults of any ambitious leader, who in secret deliberates the subversion of liberty. Let it not be said there are no such men. There are such men here as well as elsewhere . The world may contain but one Bonaparte in genius, but it contains thousands of Bonapartes in imagination. It is too the love of fame is lofty and attendant in a pre-eminent degree. Our power as a nation is already great; it will soon be gigantic. The objects of governing are numerous, and the resources of the country
are inexhaustible. To bend five millions to the will of one man, to wield their power in the scale of European politics, these are objects large enough for the desires of any man.
Men, who are disappointed in the ordinary road to power, are apt to strike out a new track. And it is not notorious that with a large portion of those who have lately lost the public confidence, republican liberty, and the people are treated with perpetual scorn? Is not theirs a favourite opinion that the people cannot govern themselves? And are there not many among them who consider monarchy as fitted in nature, and who declare that one man , he who is the best fitted for government, must and will rule ?
Are not these facts? Yes, fellow-citizens, they are facts—and they are charming facts . One fact is still more alarming. Many of these men are to be found in our councils; men whose unsozial and stern ambition has been disappointed, and whose vengeance would plunge a dagger into the republic to secure to themselves the sceptre.
These men are now industriously improving the present moment. In their denunciation of the Jacobins of France, they elevate the tyrants of the people. They laugh at republicanism. It is a chimera! a lusus naturae ! a feeble brat, deformed in its birth, and hastening to premature decay. It rolls, say they, on the will of the people! and that will rolls on the ocean, and to its instability adds its ungovernable fury. It rolls but to subvert! it creates only to destroy! it carries only to murder; its favourite! Look at France! There the tempest has raged for ten years with ungovernable fury. Liberty has risen with the serenity of the morning; but she has set in an ocean of blood; and her reign has been a reign of terror. Her energies, after having been directed against herself, have sunk beneath the sword of one man, the leader of an army, an obscure Corsican! And he has restored order, tranquility and happiness to the nation. Nay, more, he has given the world peace!
Why then, it is asked, be the dupes of mere sounds? Our foolish fathers have taught us to lip with sacred awe the name of liberty. But if the name is a cheat, if its pretended friends are impostors, if an adherence in its paths will inevitably lead us to ruin, why not have the wisdom and the firmness to shake it off? Let us be reasonable beings, and if we cannot govern ourselves let others govern us.
Even the good , the were able , the revolutionary Adams , cradled in liberty, who derived all his early fame from uniting in its exaltation, and his Presidential honors from a sentiment of gratitude for his services in our common cause, even this enlightened man, to use his own words, asks:
"What is this world about to become? Is the millennium commencing? Are the kingdoms of it about to be governed by reason? Your Bolton-town meetings, and our Harvard College have set the universe in motion. Every thing will be pulled down. So much terms certain—but what will be built up. Are there any principles of political architecture? What are they? Were Voltaire and Rousseau masters of them? Are their disciples acquainted with them? Locke taught them the principles of liberty, but I doubt very much whether they have not yet to learn the principles of government. Will the struggle in Europe be any thing more than a change of impostors and impostions?"
Who then can doubt that republican liberty has its foes in this country? Who can doubt that those foes are to be found in her very bosom; and that while their properties, their lives, and their reputation (which ought to be dearer than both) are protected by the republic, they would seize, and will seize, the first favorable moment to subvert it.
SYDNEY.
PROPOSALS By THOMAS HERTY, For publishing by subscription an ABSTRACT to his Digest of the Laws of the United States .
IT will contain all the public acts of the two preceding and present session of Congress, that is, the acts of the first and second sessions of the Sixth, and the first session of the Seventh Congress. It will be printed in the same order of arrangement, and have reference to such parts of the aforesaid work, as shall be repealed, is suffered to expire, or which may otherwise undergo alterations; to which will be given, a correct table of the duties on imports and tonnage, and a new index; this, connected with the foregoing, will embrace the whole law in force.
CONDITIONS. It will be put to press immediately after the close of the present session of Congress, (provided a sufficient number offer to defray the expense of the work) and be ready for delivery in about two months thereafter.
The price to subscribers will be one dollar and fifty cents in boards, to be paid for on delivery. It shall be neatly printed on good paper.
Subscriptions received by the Editor, at his Conveyancing Office, near the Treasury Department, City of Washington; and by those in whose hands proposals are left.
March 12, 1802. RWT
WASHINGTON CITY.
MONDAY, August 2, 1802.
It was proposed, during the session of the grand jury of the county of Washington in the district of Columbia, July term, 1802, to present as a relevance the 8th section of the bill passed at the last session of Congress, entitled "An act additional to, and amendatory of, an act entitled 'An act concerning the district of Columbia'—which proposition was rejected, ten to seven, and the following notice was, after the adjournment of the jury, adopted by a majority of the members thereof as a substitute.
NOTICE. A meeting of the inhabitants of the county of Washington, in the district of Columbia, is requested at Rhodes's Hotel, on Saturday the 16th day of October next, at three o'clock in the afternoon, to take into consideration a memorial to Congress for a repeal of a part of the act passed the last session entitled "An act additional to, and amendatory of, an act entitled 'An act concerning the district of Columbia.'"
New troubles at St. Domingo. Capt. Steel, from Port Republican, informs us, that the blacks, taking advantage of the weakness of the French army, which is much reduced by disease and death, were again on the rise, and had already begun to form encampments on the plains of Leogane. This circumstance gives great uneasiness to the planters, who had reason to expect another scene of trouble and massacre.
The rising of the blacks was supposed to be in consequence of the mighty strappings of the French troops, in taking and massacring all the blacks who had held commissions under Toussaint—being deemed a necessary precaution by General Le Clerc, to deprive them of their commanders in the event of another revolt.—M. T. G.
FROM THE WILMINGTON MIRROR.
PUBLIC DEBT. Unredeemed principal on the 1st of January 1801, 80,161,207 60 Unredeemed principal on the 1st of January 1802, 77,981,890 29 TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Register's Office, D. C. 12, 1801, JOSEPH NOURSE, Register.
Thus it appears from the testimony of a federal legislator, that since Mr. Jefferson came into office, the national debt has been diminished 2,239,317 dollars and 31 cents.
Whilst he has also relieved us from all odious, oppressive internal taxation. Must not these facts suffice a general joy over the country?
A federal secretary of the treasury, in a letter to the committee of ways and means, dated 22d of January 1800, states, that "the principal of the debt of the United States had increased since the establishment of the present government, the sum of 1,516,338 dollars and 50 cents."
This, it will be remembered, was after twelve years of peace.
In less than one year, president Jefferson's wife and frugal measures have decreased it nearly three millions.
These things, tell-tale citizens, are worthy your most attentive and serious consideration—they are
STUBBORN FACTS.
Philadelphia, July 29. A letter from Bordeaux, dated June 3, informs, that the East-India and China trade is to be free to every French citizen; and that it is made almost certain that foreigners will be immediately put under the same restrictions, with respect to the French colonial trade, as before the revolution.
A Specific, for the prevention of the Ague , is contained in the following extract of a Letter from a gentleman in Lancaster to his correspondent in Philadelphia.
"About 70 years ago, my father resided at Haddonfield, in Gloucester county, New-Jersey, at which time the fever and ague was general, if not universal in that little town and its vicinity, except only in my father's family, which escaped for many years. He was a Brewer, and his whole family were restricted from the use of spirits of any kind; but was allowed good table beer, without attention to the quantity. These two circumstances were the only ones in which our family differed in their living from our neighbours; hence my father inferred that beer preserved them from the disease."
In the year 1745, when the Gloucester Point meadows were in swamp, the inhabitants of the vicinity were all afflicted with the same disease, and at that time my father cleared about 12 acres of the swamp. It was then understood that any man who continued in those grounds in the month of August, would certainly take that disease; and most of the labourers employed there quit work at the end of July—and those who remained
after that time were forced to leave it, one after another, as they took the disease; except only my father's gang, which consisted of about twenty men, who continued their work through the whole fall, with a single instance of sickness among the whole. They were hired under express stipulations that they should drink no rum (which was the only spirit then in common use) and be supplied with good table beer, with a full allowance of hops in it. On a sick country, the man who took the name confessed, that he had clandestinely drank his morning's dram daily, and to this his indisposition was attributed, by the people unanimously. Evidently it was taken that the men were kept dry at night.
"Those who have tried the experiment to the southward, by drinking porter, generally acknowledged its good effects; and I do not remember a single instance among the many to whom I have recommended this regimen, who have not acknowledged that the benefit derived from it was great, if not absolute. On conversing some years ago, with a gentleman from Canada, I learnt that a decoction of bark was there considered, at that time, as a specific for the ague, the epidemic of the country."
In Exchange. VALUABLE property in the borough of York, is offered in exchange for property in or near the Federal City.—Enquire at this office. August 2, 1802. ep3w
NOTICE. THE Subscriber having a full power of attorney from THOMAS LAW, Esq. of this City, during his absence as a visit to Europe, requests all persons having bills with the said Mr. Law, to apply to him. WM. BRENT, August 2, 1802. ep6t
NOTICE. THE Officers of the 1st Legion of Militia of the district of Columbia are informed, that the meeting intended to be held at Rhodes's Hotel on Monday, is postponed until Friday next, when their attendance at the same place, at 11 o'clock A. M. is particularly requested. It is expected no officer will fail to attend. By order, WILLIAM D. BEALL, Adj. August 2, 1802, ep3t
BY MUTUAL AGREEMENT, THE partnership of WAY and GEORGE, Printers and Book Binders, of the city of Washington, is dissolved. Those indebted to the firm are requested to make immediate payment to Andrew Way, junr. who is authorized to receive the same. ANDREW WAY, junr. JOSEPH GEORGE. N. B. The above mentioned branches of business are now conducted at the old place under the firm of A. & G. WAY, August 2, 1802. 3t
New Invention. The IMPROVED SAW-MILL, for which the subscriber has obtained a Patent.
THIS improvement saves the sawyer much labour, and the work is done much more expeditiously. The log being fluted, turned down, and the saw fluted, the whole operation proceeds without further manual aid; for the fluted cut is finished, the log moves back, and at the same time is guaged to the utmost exactness by the machine, ready for another cut in two thirds of a minute. The saw removes its action in the log, and thus moves in alternate succession until the whole be cut up in any given dimensions, at which time the mill stops no if required, or at any number of cuts for which the sawyer prepares, for his attendance is unnecessary.
Any person or persons inclining to purchase the privilege of erecting this valuable and simple machine, or of adding the improvement, which may readily be affixed to any Saw Mill already in use, will please to apply to the subscriber at West Brandywine Bridge, on the Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike road, Pennsylvania; or by application to Dr. Thornton, City of Washington, who is empowered to dispose of the patent rights, a complete operating model may be seen which saws in the most exact manner, and performs all the various movements. I have saw milled. He will also furnish the drawings and description.
In consequence of numerous applications from persons whose factories are not in constant operation, and to render the benefit more extensive, I have thought it proper to reduce the price of the privilege to fifty dollars; and I will remain twenty dollars to every person who has already purchased the improvement at one hundred dollars, that no distinction may be made. The improvement may be shown at twenty dollars. The earnings may be had already executed, at the City of Washington, at prime cost.
MOSES COATES, August 2, 1802. Iawf
Tennessee Company. THOSE interested in the Company, and who have not signed the deed of trust, are hereby notified, that the subscriber will attend at the City of Washington on the 28th of December next, to give them an opportunity of complying with this regulation of the company. JAMES STRAWBRIDGE, May 26, 1802. w2w2

STOP THE VILLAIN!
ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD. MADE his escape from me in the city of Washington a few days ago, after treating me in a most droll manner. A mulatto fellow named NOTLY, who passed in Philadelphia as a free man, by the name of JOHN SMITH, where he has been some years past, from which place I had just arrived with him. He took the opportunity, on crossing the common lead to the Eastern Branch, and attacked me with intent to murder me, by saying, "It was to know you not!" I got very much hurt by the kicks and blows I received. He is about 35 years of age, five feet 7 or 8 inches high, bow-legged, and a broken look when spoken to; his toes are off his right foot, occasioned by a burn when small. He had on when he made his escape, (which was Wednesday the 22d inst.) a pair of hard cuffs, and a rope about his arms, but it is very likely he has been off by this time. I think he can be easily caught, unless on his riffs may be discovered. His dress consisted of a brown coat, trousers, and a red waistcoat, with a white shirt, and a blue necktie. He will change his name, I expect, in his going to Philadelphia, as he has a wife and three children there. Who ever will take up the said fellow and secure him in any jail, and give me information so that I get him again, shall receive the above reward, and if brought home, all reasonable charges, paid by me. GEORGE BRALL, of Patrick. Living in Prince George's county, fore of Maryland, 6 miles below the Federal City. N.B. I forewarn any person harboring the said fellow, and all masters of vessels taking him off at their peril. June 18 1802
FOR SALE.
A TRACT of land containing 2,500 acres, lying immediately on the river Potomac, in the county of Northumberland, Virginia, late the residence of PRESLEY THOMPSON, Esq. Seventeen hundred acres of which are of the most valuable kind of low grounds on the river; between three and four hundred acres heavily timbered, the remainder is wavy high land extremely productive. The soil of this tract is equal to any in the State for cultivation of corn, wheat, tobacco, timothy, and small grain of all kinds. On this tract are a large commodious two story brick mansion house and two offices, a large brick stable, a valuable barn, corn house and many other out houses, all in good repair. The orchard and garden contain a variety of valuable fruit trees, and the waters abound with excellent fish and oysters. It is situated about 40 miles from Alexandria, Baltimore or Annapolis—there are two good mill sites for grain, on foundations on this estate, and plenty of cedar, oak, chestnut timber, exclusive of the heavy timber which is saved up into scuttling with considerable a price in the City of Washington, nearly equal to the value of the land. The terms will be made easy to the purchaser or purchasers, and the tract will be divided into two or more plantations if necessary.—Apply to RICHARD PETERS, junr. No. 85, Walnut-Street, Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Nov. 12. eptf
City Hotel, BROADWAY NEW-YORK.
THE Subscriber most respectfully informs his friends, and the public, that the above Hotel will be opened on the first of May ensuing, when their patronage is earnestly solicited. He avails himself of this opportunity to return his sincere and grateful thanks to those societies, parties, and gentlemen who have given him their support, and assures them that a continuance of their favors will be a stimulus to future exertions to please; and that the utmost attention shall be given for their comfort and accommodation. Boarding may be had by the day, week, month, or year. Families traveling, may be elegantly accommodated with lodging and boarding rooms; and, if preferred, have dinners &c. in their apartments. The Hotel, being so well known, it is almost needless to say, that it is situated in one of the most healthy and pleasant parts of the city; commanding an extensive view in every direction, not only of the city itself, but also of the Narrows, the North and East Rivers, the State of New-Jersey, York and Long-Island, &c. &c. A handsome coffee-room will be fitted up in the principal floor; where gentlemen may have tea, coffee, chocolate, soups, and refreshments in general, at the shortest notice. All the leading newspapers in the union, will be regularly taken in. Public dinners and suppers in a plain or elegant style either for large or small parties. Ale, beef steaks, oysters, &c. regularly furnished. An ordinary every day at half past 2 o'clock, by the public's obedient servant, JOHN LOVETT. N.B. Rooms to let by the month or year. April 21, 1802. eptf In the Case of URIAN FORREST a Bankrupt.
WHEREAS a Commission of Bankruptcy has been issued against URIAN FORREST of the county of Washington, in the district of Columbia, and he being declared bankrupt, is hereby required to surrender his assets to the commissioners in the said commission named, or the major part of them, on the 19th and 30th days of July instant, and on the 19th day of August next at 10 o'clock in the afternoon of each day, at the house of William Rhodes, Keeper, in the City of Washington, and to make a full discovery and disclosure of his estate and effects, when and where the creditors are to come prepared to prove their debts—at the second sitting, to choose assignees—and at the last sitting, the said bankrupt is required to finish his examination, and the creditors are to assist to, or dissent from the allowance of his certificate. All persons indebted to the said bankrupt, or who have any of his estate or effects, are not to pay or deliver the same, to any person not appointed by the commissioners, but give notice thereof to JOHN C DENT, Sec. to the Commissioners. July 12, 1802. 24w291924
A Valuable Farm for Sale, In King George County & State of Virginia.
THIS Farm contains five hundred and thirty five acres—about three hundred and fifty of which are cleared and divided into three fields with good inclosures—it is situated on Potomac river, and bounded on the South East side for a mile and half by Rorers creek, which affords a great abundance of fine fish and wild fowl, crabs, oysters, &c.—thirty miles from Fredericksburg, forty four from Alexandria, and sixty from Washington City. On this land are very extensive shell banks, exclusive of the advantages to be derived from these banks, by the lime business, they are very favourable to the production of corn and wheat, and the soil inexhaustible: there are about sixty or seventy acres of this kind of land, and the balance that is cleared of an excellent quality, and a great number of springs of fine water; it can with certainty be classed among the most healthy situations below the falls of Potomac—indeed, the natural advantages attending this place are innumerable. The improvements are a two story framed dwelling house, sixty four feet long, commanding a beautiful view of the creek and river; one other house intended for an office, twenty six feet by eighteen with three rooms, and a cellar in good repair; a large house, including a stable for eight horses, a corn house, carriage house, laddle and harness room, and a commodious granary above, and other convenient buildings on the Farm—a small orchard of well chosen apples and peach trees—the yard and garden include this spring, with pales and railing—The whole plantation in good repair, and the land in a great state of improvement. The terms of Sale will be made known by Mr. Francis Whiting, who is a short time will be a resident of Berkeley county, or by the subscriber on the premises. WILLIAM P. FLOOD July 9, 1802. ff
Jacob Meisard, senior, vs. John Copenheffer, Mary Whetmore, Elizabeth Whetmore, Michael Whetmore, Catherine Whetmore, Geo. Whetmore, Nicholas Whetmore, Susan Whetmore, and Margaret Whetmore. IN CHANCERY, July 17, 1802. THE will in the case states that a certain Michael Whetmore in his life time gave a bond of conveyance to the defendant John Copenheffer for eight acres of land, situate, lying, and being in Frederick county, in the state of Maryland, being part of a lot of ground known and distinguished by number six, as co-located and sold by the late of Maryland, and part of a tract of land called "Long Acre," being part of "Tinker's Chance." That the said John Copenheffer, having paid the whole purchase money assigned the full bond to the complainant for a valuable consideration, and prays a decree for the conveyance of the said land to the complainant and his heirs. The complainant states that the defendants Mary Whetmore, Elizabeth Whetmore, Michael Whetmore, Catherine Whetmore, George Whetmore, Nicholas Whetmore, Susan Whetmore and Margaret Whetmore, are the heirs at law of the deceased Michael Whetmore, deceased. That they are all minors residing out of the state of Maryland.—It is therefore, on motion of the complainant, Ordered and adjudged, that he cast a copy of this order to be inserted at least once in each of three weeks, before the last day of August, in the National Intelligencer of the City of Washington, to the intent that the heirs at law of the deceased Michael Whetmore, or their guardians may have notice of the present application, and of the substance and object of the bill, and may be warned to appear in this court in person or by solicitor, on or before the 24th day of December next, to show cause if any they have, why a decree should not pass as prayed. (True copy) Test. SAMUEL H. HOWARD. Res. cur. chan. July 23, 1802. 1w3t
BOOKS & STATIONARY, Just Published and for sale, at RAYNE, CONRAD & Co's Book-store, New-Jersey Avenue, a little South of the Capitol.
A Dissertation on the freedom of Navigation and Maritime commerce, and such rights of states, relative thereto, as are founded on the law of Nations—adapted more particularly to the United States—by William Barton, Member of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, &c. Secret Memoirs of the Court of Peterburg—particularly towards the end of the reign of Catherine the 2d and the commencement of that of Paul the 1st. Physical investigations and deductions, from medical facts, relative to the causes, nature and remedies of the diseases of a warm and vitiated atmosphere—by William Barrowell, M.D. &c. Observations relative to the peace with Bonaparte—by William Cobbett. The Political writings of John Dickinson, Esq. late President of the State of Delaware, and Governor of Pennsylvania, in 2 vols. Lectures on History, delivered in the Normal school of Paris—by C. F. Volney, author of the Ruins of Empires, &c. Lyrical Ballads, with other Poems—by W. Wordsworth. A Voyage round the World, performed in the years 1785, 6, 7, & 8—by M. De La Peyrouse. The Poetical works of Hector Macneill, Esq. 2 vols. with plates. R. C. & Co. have always on hand a general assortment of Stationary, of a good quality, as also a good collection of school books adapted to the Greek, Latin, and English classes. In a few days will be published "Select Novels," vol. 5th & 6th, in that uniform handsome style with preceding volumes. A valuable collection of London and Dublin publications, particularly periodical works in the best repute, are expected in a few days. June 10, 1802. 24w291924
POST OFFICE, Washington, July 22, 1802.
THE Post Master respectfully informs those inhabitants who cannot make it convenient to call at the Office and pay their postage accounts, before the first day of next month, that he shall be under the necessity of declining to credit them thereafter. Although the expense, loss, and trouble of keeping, copying and presenting for payment, a great number of small accounts, might be urged as a sufficient reason for discontinuing the practice, even in cases of pecuniary payment being made on demand; yet, the Post Master would, as heretofore, readily yield his convenience and accommodation to that of the inhabitants, but when they are assured that several total losses have been sustained, and a considerable amount, long since due to the office, still remains unpaid, notwithstanding payment has been obliged to account for, and pay its government, they doubtless will all admit that it would be reasonable in duty to continue to give credit under such circumstances. With those who will pay at the office monthly, in future, accounts will with pleasure be kept, if it will be a convenience to them, and they express a wish for it to be done. THOMAS MUNROE, P. M.
TO RENT,
And possession given immediately. A TWO STORY brick house on E Street near the War Office, containing two parlors, six bed rooms, and a kitchen, with an excellent garden, coach house, stable, &c.—The house is newly painted and papered; it was formerly occupied by Mr. Dexter, and lately by Mr. John Brown. Enquire of Clement Dorsey, Esq. George-Town; or of the subscriber, who has for sale a well finished three story brick house opposite the Six Buildings, and a variety of City Lots in the most eligible situations. The above House will be sold for less than any gentleman could build it. The payments will be made easy on the whole of the above property. WILLIAM DYER. April 7, 1802. eptf Building Materials will be taken in part payment. W.D.
For Sale,
A two story frame House, nearly finished, situate and fronting on south N street on sq. 700, adjoining the premises of Mr. R. Weaver. THE house is twenty five feet front, six teen feet deep, a parlor and passage below, stairs in the passage, the lower story ready for plastering; the materials on the ready. The second story nearly ready. The house occupies the whole of the front and runs back ninety five feet to a twenty feet alley, under a lease of ninety nine years, renewable forever. Should the above property not be sold by private contract before the 28th day of July, it will then be offered at public sale. For further information enquire of Mr. Thomas Herty, or James Vanlandt, New-Jersey Avenue. June 21, 1802. eptf 1w3t
MARSHAL'S SALE.
BY virtue of a writ of Fieri Facias issued out of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia for the County of Washington to me directed, will be exposed to public sale on Saturday the 7th August next, on the premises. The right title and interest of ANTHONY ADDISON to a parcel of land being part of a tract of land called "Chichester," with addition resurveyed containing about 300 Acres, lying on the Eastern Branch below Naylor's Ferry, adjoining and below the lands conveyed in trust to William Brent by the said Addison, or to such the said Brent will be sufficient to satisfy an execution in favour of William Bayly, late of Samuel Bond. The sale to commence at 11 o'clock in the forenoon. The terms cash. DANIEL C. BRENT, Marshal of District of Columbia, Washington, 15th July 1802. eptf
Valuable property for Sale.
On Monday the 23rd day of August next, WILL be sold at public sale at Mr. Semmes's tavern, Georgetown. A mill, Millseat and 42 1/2 acres of land adjoining, lying on Rock Creek, and within a mile and a half of Georgetown and the City of Washington; and at the same time and place will be offered for sale, 500 acres of valuable land, lying about 7 miles from Georgetown, on the Frederick road; there are on the premises, two tenements with the necessary buildings in tolerable repair, a number of bearing fruit trees, 10 or 12 acres of meadow, and fifty more may be made at a small expense, there is a sufficiency of timber and wood for the use of the premises. And on Wednesday the 25th at the house of Benjamin Ray, on the premises 500 acres of land, about 15 miles from Georgetown, and 4 miles from Montgomery court house; there are several fine orchards on this tract. It will be sold together or in lots, as shall be found most advisable. And on Monday the 30th, at the house of Barton Brown, on the premises, 850 acres of rich limestone land, of the first quality, lying in Washington county, on the Potomac river, about 3 miles above Williamsport, and binding on the river upwards of two miles. This land is immensely heavily timbered, a great proportion remains in wood, the clear land is fresh and highly productive; this land is laid off into 5 lots, with a house on each lot, which answer for temporary accommodations. Mr. Brown, who lives on the premises, will show the lines of the different lots. The whole of the above property will be sold on a credit of one, two, and three years with interest. And at the same time and place, the sale to continue, from day to day till all is sold—about thirty valuable negroes, men, women and children, work horses, cattle and hogs, plantation utensils, and the crop on the ground, on a credit of twelve months, bonds on interest, with approved security will be required of the purchasers. Any persons desirous of purchasing the above property, or any part thereof at private sale, will please to apply to Col. Francis Deakins, or Philip B. Key, Esq. Georgetown, or the Subscriber. WALTER MACKALL. Benedict, July 14, 1802. 1w3t
Lots for Sale, Or to Let on Ground-Rent.
THE Subscriber offers to sell or to lease one hundred Lots, advantageously situated; some in the vicinity of the Capitol, and others near the Navy Yard; for cash, credit or war or dry goods. WILLIAM PROUT. Washington City, April 5, 1802. 24w
Five Dollars Reward.
STRAYED or stolen from the subscriber living in George town, on the 14th of May last, a black Mare, five years old next May, about 14 1/2 hands high, has a small white spot on her near shoulder—whosoever brings her back shall receive the above reward, and reasonable charges paid. JOHN CURAN. George town, July 12, 1802. 1w3w
For Sale,
Or to rent for the Term of eighty years. A TWO story frame house on square 600, fronting on South B street, 16 by 20, the lot 28 and an half feet in front, and 85 deep, being situate on lot No. 11, on said square. Also a similar house on square 631, situate on First street east, and 110 feet on South B street. For particulars enquire at this office.—Terms will be accommodating in either case. July 23, 1802. eptf
AGREEABLY to a Deed of Trust
from Anthony Addison to the Subscriber, will be offered For Sale to the highest bidder, by public Auction, at Stiles's Hotel, in the City of Washington, on Monday the 9th day of August next, all that tract of land lying and being on the eastern branch of the Potomac opposite to said City, called, "Chichester," with addition resurveyed containing three hundred acres. On the above mentioned tract of land, is the Ferry landing, so well known by the name of "Dyer's Ferry," now in the occupation of Capt. Naylor. The Sale to commence at 11 o'clock in the forenoon.—Terms of Sale—Cash. Wm BRENT. June 30, 1802. eptf A
Burnet and Rigden,
JEWELLERS & WATCH-MAKERS, RESPECTFULLY inform the public, that they have just received, and for sale, a handsome assortment of Gold and Silver Watches, Gold, gilt and steel chains, seals and keys. A variety of the most fashionable jewelry knife cases and fine knives. Plated cutlery of various kinds. Silver and steel mounted pocket knives, Ladies and gentlemen's pocket knives. A quantity of the most fashionable prints, superbly framed and glazed. And constantly keep an assortment of silver plate of their own manufacture, with a variety of fancy articles; all of which they are enabled to sell on the most reasonable terms. July 14, 1802. eptf
Thomas Carpenter,
TAYLOR, HAS just received an elegant and fashionable assortment of summer goods, consisting of London superior cloths and cashmerees; India, Manchester, and silk striped nankeens; cotton cashmerees, hosiery, Bengal elegant white chord for panaloons, white and coloured marcelines, piques and satin, crose creped gingham, black and other coloured striped fabrics, &c.—All which he will make up on the most reasonable terms, and in the most neat and fashionable manner—Pennsylvania Avenue, west of the President's square. May 24, 1802. eptf
FOR SALE,
LOOKING-GLASSES & FURNITURE, The subscriber respectfully informs the public, that he has just received from New-York various kinds of Looking-Glasses, from 5 to 70 dollars each.—Also card tables, bureaus, &c. of an elegant and fashionable make. He continues to manufacture and sell all kinds of ornaments for chimney pieces, door caps, frontispiece pieces, metal fustees, &c. &c. GEORGE ANDREWS. April 14, 1802. eptf
CHARLES VARDEN,
MERCHANT TAYLOR from Philadelphia, Capitol Hill, New-Jersey Avenue. HAS received an assortment of summer goods consisting of the best superior Cloths. Cassimeres, Silk Borathea, English Striped Nankeens, White India Dimities, White and printed Marcellies, With a variety of other articles suitable for the summer season. N.B. Ladys Habits, Regimentals and Navy uniforms, made in the first style of fashion. July 2, 1802. tf
IMPORTED
In the Robert from Liverpool, and now opening for Sale at the Subscriber's Store, New-Jersey Avenue, Capitol Hill, City of Washington— A general assortment of Ironmongery, Cutlery, Sadlery and Brass Wares—Spades and shovels, Sheet Iron, Tin in Boxes, Brass Kettles, Corn Hoes, Nails, Glue; Locks, Hinges and Screws, Carpenters planes, Saws, Braces and Bits, Screw drivers, &c. Knives and Forks, Cruet Stands, Iron Wire, Brushes; Smiths Hammers, Files, Vices, Screw plates, &c. Razors, Penknives, Spoons, Japanese Tea Trays, Waiters and Bread Buckets,—a few sets of gentlemen's tools in chests, and a variety of articles too tedious to particularize. Also, 2 cases of Kirtland's fowling guns, which will be sold very low for each or approved notes. H. INGLIS. June 28, 1802. 31w3w 1w1l
SUPERINTENDANT'S OFFICE, Washington, June 19, 1802.
IN pursuance of the directions of the Act of Congress entitled "An Act to abolish the Board of Commissioners in the City of Washington and for other purposes," and by virtue of the act of assembly of the State of Maryland, entitled "A further Supplement to an act concerning the Territory of Columbia, and the City of Washington," the lots mentioned in the subjoined list (many of which are amongst the best lots in the city) will be exposed to sale by Public Auction at this office on Monday the 30th day of August next. The sale will commence at ten o'clock A. M. and be continued by adjournment. The terms of the sale will be, The purchase money to be paid down, or before one o'clock on the next day of sale. In cases of default in payment as aforesaid, the purchaser will be deemed void, the loss to be paid by the purchaser, without other notice, and the delinquent may afterwards be rejected as a bidder during the sale. THOMAS MUNROE, Superintendent.
List of Lots in the City of Washington referred to in the above advertisement, viz:
No. 2 in square No. 1, no 2 in sq 2, no 3 in sq north of sq 4, no 2 4 6 26 in sq 5, no 2 7 8 in sq 6, no 1 3 in sq 7, no 2 3 8 12 in sq 12, no 1 2 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 in sq 17, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 in sq 23, no 1 5 6 7 10 11 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 29, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 30, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 31, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 32, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 33, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 34, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 35, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 36, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 37, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 38, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 39, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 40, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 41, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 42, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 43, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 44, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 45, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 46, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 47, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 48, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 49, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 50, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 51, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 52, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 53, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 54, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 55, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 56, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 57, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 58, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 59, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 60, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 61, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 62, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 63, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 64, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 65, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 66, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 67, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 68, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 69, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 in sq 70, no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2