The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1804-08-13 00:00:00

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER, AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
VOL. IV.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
No. DCI.
FIVE DOLLS. PER ANN.
MONDAY, AUGUST 13th, 1804.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
FOREIGN NEWS.
PARIS, MAY 28.
CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL.
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE SEINE.
The act of accusation, drawn up by the commissary of the government, the public accuser, belonging to the criminal tribunal, against the prisoners indicted for conspiracy, forming a volume of 340 pages, our readers will readily conceive that the limits of our paper confine us to laying before them but an analysis of it.
The commissary of the government reverts to the period when Pichegru first began to conspire against the republic, either as general in chief or the armies of the Rhine, or as a member of the legislative body. He reverts to the proofs which are to be found of this in the correspondence of gen. Klinglin, which was seized at Offenburg the 2d. Floreal, year 5, sent to the minister of police by gen. Moreau, and printed by order of the directory. The commissary observes upon this head that Moreau was privy, three months before the 18th Fructidor, to the conspiracy of Pichegru, yet that he only denounced him by a letter, dated 17th Fructidor from Strasbourg, but which letter he really wrote only after being apprized of the result of the 18th Fructidor by the Telegraph. Pichegru escaped from Cayenne, repairs to London, is well received there, and paid for again conspiring against his country. His correspondence was seized in the month of Floreal, year 8. He was then designated as the chief of the royal army. After the attempt of the third Nivose, he closely connects himself with the brigands who had escaped the sword of the law. The treaty of Amiens being rent asunder, Pichegru acts more openly, he comes to a reconciliation with Moreau by the intervention of David and Lajolais. The former is arrested at the end of Brumaire, year 11, however, the government does not yet get Moreau arrested upon these first indices. Lajolais continues the intrigues of David. Three disembarkations are effected between the 21st of August and the 17th of January near the cliff of Beville, of brigands dispatched from London to assassinate the first consul and re-establish the Bourbons upon the throne.
He the commissary of the government lays it down, 1st, that the existence of the conspiracy is certain; 2d, that the English government is the main spring of it; 3d, that all the individuals imprisoned by virtue of warrants, issued upon his demand, are either authors or accomplices of this conspiracy, or guilty of a breach of the law of the 9th Ventose.
First point—The existence of the conspiracy is certain.
Georges Cadoudal, commander in chief of the Chouans, and whose very presence alone in Paris, is a proof of the conspiracy, deposed, on the 18 of last Ventose, in an examination he underwent before the instructing judge;
"That he came to Paris with the intention of attacking the First consul; that his attack was to have been by open force; that there was in Paris an union of force at his disposal; that his project, as also that of the conspirators was, to put a Bourbon in the place of the first consul; that this Bourbon was the pretender, acknowledged by him and his adherents for Louis XVIII; that a ci-devant prince was to be present in Paris, that at the time of the attack, he would have acted the part which that prince would have assigned him; that the plan had been conceived and was to be executed with the agreement of the ci-devant French princes; that he had long since the necessary funds at his disposal; that he was to have attacked the First consul with arms such as those of his escort and of his guard."
Rusillion, lately a Swiss soldier, declared on the 15th of last Ventose, at the last prefecture of police, that it was Pichegru who had persuaded him to come from London with him, and that to his regret he had to effect the overthrow of the government; that he had every reason to believe that it was with the ci-devant count of Artois that Pichegru had prepared all his means." He spoke of Moreau and of Georges as having been pointed out to him for the chiefs of the conspiracy with Pichegru.
He said that Lajolais arriving from London had offered that Moreau, discontented with the government of the first Consul, desired and would help with all his power to overthrow it, that since his arrival in France, Pichegru and Georges had seen Moreau in Paris. He declared on the 23d, "that he heard Polignac [Armand,] Polignac [Jules,] with another say, "Every thing goes on ill, they do not agree; Moreau does not keep his word: he has private views; we have been deceived." He added "that from every thing he had heard, he was of opinion that Moreau had always been considered as the man upon whom they really did rely. That it seemed that he had at his disposal a very large armed force, and a great ascendancy over the authorities."
Bouvet of Lozier, qualifying himself with the title of adjutant-general of the royal army, being conducted to the tower of the temple, unable to dissemble his guilt, endeavoured to make way with himself. Being, however, snatched from the jaws of death, a sentiment of gratitude induced him to make to the grand judge, on the 14th of February last, the following declaration:
"It is a man who comes from the gates of the tomb, and is still covered with the shades of death, that demands vengeance of those, who, by their perfidy, have thrown him with his party, into the abyss he is now in. Sent to support the Bourbons, he finds himself obliged either to fight for Moreau, or to renounce an enterprise which was the sole object of his mission. I explain myself; Monsieur was to come to France to have put himself at the head of the royalist party, Moreau promised to join the cause of the Bourbons. The royalists having repaired to France, Moreau retracts—he proposes to them to do the business for himself, and to get him appointed dictator. The accusation I lay against him is perhaps supported only by half proofs. Here are the facts; it is your business to appreciate them."
"A general who has served under the command of Moreau, Lajolais, I think is sent by him to the princes at London; Pichegru was the go-between. Lajolais adheres, in the name and on the part of Moreau, to the principal points of the proposed plan; the prince prepares for his departure; the number of royalists in France is increased, and in the conferences which take place at Paris, between Moreau, Pichegru and Georges, the first manifests his intentions, and can only act for a dictator and not for a king. Hence hesitation, diffidence, and the almost total ruin of the royalist party."
"Lajolais was with the prince at the beginning of January of this year, as I have heard from Georges. But what I have seen, is his arrival on the 17th Jan. at the pottery, the day after his landing with Pichegru, by means of our correspondence which you know but too well."
"I again saw the same Lajolais, on the 26th of January, when he came to fetch Georges and Pichegru at the coach which I was with them, Boulevard de la Madeleine, to conduct them to Moreau who was waiting for them a few steps from that place. There was between them, at the Champs-Elysees, a conference which already gave us to perceive what Moreau openly proposed in the following one, which he had with Pichegru alone, to wit: that it was not possible to re-establish the king, and he proposed to put himself at the head of the government, under the title of dictator, thus leaving to the royalists only the chance of being his fellow laborers and his soldiers."
"I know not what weight you will give to the assertion of a man snatched within this hour from a death which he had given to himself, and who sees before him the death which an offended government reserves for him; but I cannot retain the cry of despair, and not attack the man who reduces me to it. Moreover you may find facts conformable to what I advance, in the sequel of this great trial which I am implicated in."
Polignac (Armand,) in his first examination confined himself to declaring that—"If Georges and his accomplices were in Paris in consequence of orders from the prince, nothing would have been undertaken until the arrival of the latter; and that then a personal and loyal engagement would have been entered into between the prince, supported by his partisans, and the first consul. That having frequently seen Pichegru in London with the prince, he imagined after his return to the family of the Bour-
bons, that he would have been with the prince, but that with regard to Moreau he did not know him—and had not heard whether he had positively declared himself."
He explained himself in a much more precise manner on the 22d last Ventose, before the examining judge: "When I set off from London this last time" said he, "I knew what were the projects of count d'Artois. I was too much attached to him not to accompany him. His plan was to proceed to France and propose to the first consul to abandon the reins of government, in order that he might bestow them on his brother. If the first consul had rejected this proposal, the count was determined to endeavour by force of arms, to conquer those rights which he considered as belonging to his family."
On being required to declare whether he had any knowledge that Georges, Pichegru and Moreau had seen each other, he replied: "I knew that a very important conference took place, at Chaillet, No 6, where Georges Cadoudal lodged, between him, general Moreau and Pichegru, ex general. I was informed that Georges Cadoudal, after different overtures and explanations said to general Moreau: I will leave you with Pichegru, and you will at least perhaps come to an understanding together, the result, however, was productive only of disagreeable uncertainties, as Georges Cadoudal and Pichegru appeared very faithful to the cause of the prince, but Moreau remained undecided and gave to suspect that he was biased by considerations of his own interest."
Polignac (Julius) being summoned to declare what were the instructions which were given to him when he left England, replied "that none had been given to him, but that he could not deny that he heard something transpire concerning a change in the government." He allowed that two or three months after his departure, the ci-devant count d'Artois had spoken to him of some changes which were to take place in the government of France. He allowed that he had seen Georges in Paris, near St. Palagie. He said that they had conversed together on the manner in which the king was to be recalled. He had asked him what was their position? to which Georges replied that it was good. That it appeared both to him and his brother that the project intended to be carried into execution was not so noble one as they naturally expected, they had talked to each other of retiring into Holland."
Being requested to explain the motive of his fears, he replied that he suspected instead of fulfilling any mission whatever relative to a change of government, it was intended to act against one individual, and that it was the first consul whom the party of Georges proposed to attack. He added that Pichegru had informed him that Moreau would not do any thing for the Bourbons, that they could not find out his intentions."
The confident of the ci-devant count d'Artois, the ex-marquis Riviere, declared on the 16th Ventose, "that he came to Paris in order to assure himself of the state of things, and of the political situation of the interior of the republic, for the information of the princes who would have judged from his observations, whether it was their interest to return to England. That in general he had seen in France a considerable portion of egotism and apathy, together with a great desire of preserving tranquillity."
Royer, otherwise Loyleau, made no formal declaration concerning the conspiracy, before the examining magistrates, but many gens d'armes d'elite deposed, that on the first Germinal, being on guard over him, they heard him say, that had not the wind been unfavorable, some of the ci-devant princes of the blood who were on board a frigate hovering off the coast of Dieppe, would have landed; and that if a delay of only eight days had taken place the plan would have been executed; that after different explanations, he confessed he knew the three principal chiefs of the conspiracy were Moreau, Pichegru and Georges; that their intention was not to do any evil to the soldiery; that the first consul was to have been carried off and conducted to England, and the pretender, Louis XVIII, placed on the throne; that he Royer was one of the conspirators; that he had a coat made for the purpose, and had given thirty-five louis for a horse, Pichegru and Moreau were made use of to make sure of the armies, and that upon some reflexions concerning Moreau, he exclaimed; Pshaw pshaw! Moreau was never a republican."
Louis Picot declared on the 24th last Pluviose, that "the chiefs had drawn lots who should attack the first consul; that their intention was to carry him off whilst he was on his road to Boulogne, to assassinate him whilst presenting a petition to him at the parade, or as he was going to the theatre; that it was for that purpose they had uniforms made; that there were light horse uniforms blue, that there were likewise hussars uniforms, green cockade, hats, with silver buttons and loops." The same day he said, "that the chiefs had frequently repeated before him, how sorry they were that the princes had included Moreau in the affair."
Roland on an examination on the 28th of last Pluviose, deposed as follows:
"I returned home about ten in the evening, the day on which Pichegru went in my cabriolet, for the purpose of having a conference with Moreau."
"Pichegru, on his return, gave me to understand that his projects were very different from those I imagined him to entertain. He told me that he had seen the princes in England, at whose desire he had made certain overtures to Moreau; that he had conversed with the latter concerning them, but that not coinciding in opinion he intreated me to call on him the next day, in order to have from him a categorical reply, whether he would conduct a royalist movement; or otherwise, if with those that acted with him he would engage to deliver up the authority, with which he should be invested, into legitimate hands as soon as he could."
"On the following day then, I had to make the famous overture to Moreau which I dared no longer refuse; I hoped, I knew not why, that this general would draw me out of my embarrassment. This is pretty near what he said to me: I cannot put myself at the head of any movement in favor of the Bourbons, they have conducted themselves so ill, that such a trial would never succeed. If Pichegru will act differently in which case I have told him the consul and governor of Paris must disappear, I think I have a party strong enough in the Senate to enable me to obtain the authority; I will then instantly employ it to screen him and his friends, after which public opinion must dictate what shall be necessary to be done, but I will not engage myself to any thing in writing. He told me likewise at the conference, that since the first overture of Pichegru, he had spoken of it to many of his friends."
Lajolais declared amongst other things, that on the 27th last Pluviose, Pichegru returning from the last rendezvous with Moreau, appeared to be discontented, and upon opening his mind a little contrary to his usual custom, said, "It appears to me too that S—— I has likewise got ambition and wishes to reign. Well! I wish him much success; but in my opinion, he is not capable of governing France for two months."
He added that, "As to Georges, his end appeared to him to be the pure and simple re-establishment of royalty in France. That it was for the sake of bringing that event about he had quitted London, more than six months since; that in order to succeed in his views, he wished after having assassinated the First Consul, to massacre all those who might oppose his intentions; that he had a number of persons at his service in Paris, Picardy, and elsewhere; that he had a portmanteau filled with gold, upon which he and his truly associates reckoned for the execution of the plan; that this portmanteau had been buried in the garden of a house at Chaillet; that it was not found when search was made for it; but that it had been carried off two days afterwards."
Gen. Moreau acknowledged in an examination before the grand judge, minister of justice, on the 29th last Pluviose, that some months had passed over, since Fresnier told him that a person who pretended to know him in the army, but with whom he was unacquainted, had entreated Fresnier to ask Moreau, whether seeing the oblivion and dereliction in which the government had left him, he would not enter into an engagement with the French princes, to serve them on the first change which might take place in the government.
On the 9th Germinal, he confessed that Pichegru was at his house and spoke with him concerning the princes and the chances which a descent in England would present. In a letter to the First Consul, dated from the Temple, on the 17th Ventose, after having spoke of Pichegru, he thus continues:
"During the two first campaigns in
Germany and since the peace, distant overtures have been made to me, to know whether it were possible for me to enter into relation with the French princes, but I thought this so ridiculous that I even made no reply. With regard to the present I can equally affirm to you, that I am far from having borne the least share in it, &c. I repeat to you, general, whatever proposal may have been made to me, I repulsed it as in opposition to my opinions, and because I looked upon it as the most egregious folly; when the chance of a descent in England was represented to me as favorable to a change of government, I replied that the Senate was the authority to which all Frenchmen would not fail to have recourse in case of trouble, and that I should be the first to submit to its orders. Such overtures made to me, a solitary individual, wishing to keep up no kind of relation either with the army, of which nine tenths had served under my orders or with any authority whatever, could only demand a refusal or my part: an information was too repugnant to my character, almost always judged with severity, it becomes odious and stamps him with reprobation who has been guilty of it, towards those to whom gratitude is owing, or with whom we may have formerly lived on terms of friendship."
The commissary of government then established by a multitude of facts and witnesses, that the end of the conspiracy was the assassination of the First Consul. He proved equally by other facts, and by the authentic correspondence of Mr. Drake, that the English government is the main spring of it. He afterwards proceeds to the proof of the third point, viz: that all the individuals comprised in the act of accusation are authors or accomplices of the conspiracy or guilty of having concealed the conspirators.
Extract from the act of accusation against general Moreau.
General Moreau at the head of the army of the Rhine, could not be silent on the discovery of the proofs that Pichegru was the chief of a conspiracy, without rendering himself guilty of the crime of high treason. Nevertheless, four months and a half elapsed before he said any thing concerning this discovery, and he only spoke of it at the moment when he knew the directory had torn off the mask from that conspirator, and his transportation was decided on. If after the 11th Fructidor, Moreau denounced Pichegru, it was only to turn a aside suspicion that would have ruined himself without saving his friend.
In a proclamation of the 23d to the army of the Rhine and Moselle he expresses himself in these words:
"It is but too true that Pichegru has betrayed the confidence of all France. I informed one of the members of the directory, on the 17th instant, that a correspondence with Conde, and other agents of the pretender had fallen into my hands, which leave no doubt of his treason."
"In his letter to the directory; dated 27th Vendemaire, year 7, when speaking of Pichegru, he says: "We were friends as long as we defended the same cause, but we ceased to be so, when I had proofs that he was the enemy of the French republic."
He ought then only to have post fact sentiments of horror towards Pichegru, as Pichegru on his side should only have looked on him with hatred. From that moment an insurmountable barrier ought to have separated them for ever. If it be proved however, in spite of these truths that their reconciliation was sealed, that these two men had certain go-betweens to communicate from London to Paris and from Paris to London; and that themselves held conferences together at Paris, we may assert without hesitation, that the extraordinary cause for this violation of the laws of honor could only originate in a sacrilegious compact formed between them in order that a conspiracy might succeed. Irresistible proofs exist of their reconciliation, correspondence, and conferences.
Lajolais declared on the 25th Pluviose, that he knew by means of a common friend (the Abbe David) that Pichegru and Moreau, for a long time divided, were at length reconciled. Moreau proved his sincerity in having nothing more to do with Pichegru, when before the 14th Messidor, year 10, in speaking of him, he said in a letter: Besides citizen, his situation affects me very much, and I shall always seize with pleasure the occasion of being useful to

him. He proved he would have nothing more to do with him when he added: "You have hinted to my secretary that I opposed his return into France, you may be certain that that is so much the more false, since if governments were to cause me to be informed that I was the only obstacle to his return I would hasten to cease to be so."
With regard to the correspondence between Moreau and Pichegru, from Paris to London and from London to Paris, by means of a third person, it was proved by the documents seized when David was arrested, and by those seized at the arrest of Moreau. It is clear from them that it was David who took upon himself the reconciliation which was brought about; who sent to Pichegru copies of the letters he received from Moreau, and without doubt of those which were intended for him, he even sent copies of his own letters to Moreau, that he sent to Moreau copies of those letters which he received from Pichegru. A letter from Pichegru announces clearly that it was he who sent off David for London and who lent money for the journey. David was to have become in repairing to London, the living correspondent, as Lajolais was afterwards between Pichegru and Moreau. There is only the one more demonstration to make, it is the proofs that the conferences took place at Paris between Pichegru and Moreau.
Lajolais confessed, on his examination on the 25th Pluviose, that during last summer he had conferences at Paris with Moreau, relative to Pichegru; that testified to him his wish for having an interview with Pichegru, and he undertook to bring it about. That when he went into England, Pichegru expressed to him the same desire. He lays that he arrived at Paris with Pichegru on the 25th and went to gen. Moreau's house to inform him of it, he went to him another time, in the morning to appoint a rendezvous; the latter agreed to meet him at the Boulevard de la Madeleine, rue de Caumartin, to the church de la Madeleine at nine in the evening, telling he should be dressed in a blue coat, and round hat, that he would strike the ground frequently with his cane, that he would come by the Boulevard, on the side of the rue Custin, and that he need come only on the opposite side; that consequently at nine o'clock exactly, he met in the middle of this Boulevard; that he informed Pichegru of it the same evening, at the maison de Chaillet, No. 6. that Pichegru told him at that hour he would be in a hackney coach in the rue Basse which is bordered by the Boulevard, that a second before meeting Moreau, some one who recollected him, cried out;—The general is arrived, he is in that hackney coach, pointing with his finger to the carriage; that he then met Moreau, to whom he said, the general is arrived; Moreau then pointing out to him the alley on the side of the Rue des Capucines, where the moon shone less, telling him to take general Pichegru thither; that he went to the door of the coach, that Pichegru was precisely on the same side by which he came; that it appeared to him he was not alone; that Pichegru immediately opened the coach door and followed him to the other side of the Boulevard, &c.
Guthery V. & R. stated in his declaration, that he knew of this interview. He added that having been to seek Pichegru with Lajolais, to conduct him to another conference, Georges led to him; Moreau will not complain to-day for I shall not be there.
General Moreau has acknowledged that propositions had been made to his secretary who gave him an account of them. These propositions were made by J. J. G. others wife Villeneuve, accused of being concerned in the plot of the 2d Nivose.
Rolland declared that Lajolais told him that Pichegru, whose arrival he informed him of, had requested him to prevail on Rolland to procure Pichegru a lodging for some days, and to manage affairs between Moreau and himself with regard to what they wished to communicate to each other; that he had been at the house of general Moreau, who told him he would very willingly lodge Pichegru, were he under no apprehensions from a number of domestics who might recognize him, &c.
On being confronted with Rolland, the 9th of Germinal, Moreau could not deny but that Pichegru was at his house on the evening appointed. He pretended however, that instead of having sent Frelinieres to fetch him, it was only in order to know what he wanted.
B. uvet spoke of a second conference, in which Moreau hinted, that in order to succeed it was necessary to appoint him dictator.
Lajolais has been attested by Lajolais, that he went to Chaillet to seek Pichegru about half past seven, for another conference; that it was a day on which Moreau was to have an assembly; that the rendezvous had been appointed by Moreau himself, in his house; that he had been received as yet arrived; that they went together into the salon of Moreau, where he and Lajolais
had remained through discretion; that Pichegru and Moreau retired to the library, when the conference lasted for half an hour; that Pichegru then took a hackney coach probably to return to Chaillet.
LONDON, June 12. On Saturday, while Mr. Livingston was anticipating the hospitalities which he was to enjoy at the Woburn sheep-shearing, and the agricultural meeting at Rolpham Hall, he received his passport, and an intimation from Government that his presence in this country was not desirable. He accordingly left town, we understand, immediately, and has probably before this failed for France. We were the first to state that the visit of Mr. Fox and Mr. Grey to Mr. Pitt, on Monday last, related to this gentleman, and we have had since reason to think that our information is correct. It was matter of surprise to many that a man, who has uniformly shown an unfriendly disposition towards England; who had in the recent instance of the charge against Mr. Drake, betrayed an indecent zeal to flatter Bonaparte, and to pronounce the British Minister guilty upon ex-parte evidence, should have come to England at such a crisis. All those who regarded Mr. Livingston as an object of suspicion, and viewed him with a jealous eye, will applaud Mr. Pitt for this act of vigour and energy. Others will recognise in it too great a resemblance to the conduct of Bonaparte, who in 1802, ordered the Imperial Minister, Count Staremberg, to quit Paris in twenty-four hours, because he was suspected of being hostile to the French Government. For our own part, we are not aware that any real or serious danger was to be apprehended from his presence, in a country which is, from end to end, one blaze of loyalty, patriotism and courage. We think it would have been more dignified to have acted like the General, who took the spy to every part of the camp, showed him the spirit that the army breathed, the discipline that prevailed in it, and sent him back with an injunction to tell the enemy all that he saw.
Paris papers to the 31 inst. have brought the continuation, but not the conclusion of the trial of Morgan and the other prisoners. It will surprise those who are acquainted with the forms of criminal jurisprudence in this country, the only system of jurisprudence in the world which, reaching perfection as nearly as human system can reach, deserves to be universally admired and adopted; it will furnish those persons, we say, to find that the only parole evidence adduced, is that of the prisoners themselves: they all give evidence against each other, and furnish the tribunal with all the particulars of their views, their objects, and their operations.
The principal witness against Moreau is a man by the name of Rolland, who gave evidence to some expressions alleged to have been used by Moreau; who, to a question put to him by Pichegru, replied, "that if they would act according to his opinion, the consuls and the government of Paris must disappear, and in that case he had a party strong enough to obtain the authority." Moreau positively denied having made use of any such expressions, Rolland persisted that he had. Moreau then suggested that Rolland had endeavored to criminate him for the purpose of saving himself—a suggestion, in all probability but too well founded. Pichegru was the only man who could have contradicted Rolland; and Bonaparte knowing this, took care that Pichegru should disappear. Moreau's evidence is in the same spirit with his letter. The Polignacs & Georges appear to conduct themselves with great dignity and firmness.
The following account has been given in a morning paper of the departure of Mr. Livingston, which we think far more probable than the contradictory accounts:
"Mr. Livingston left London for Paris on Friday last; but there is no foundation whatever for the reports that his departure was accelerated by any hints from government, and that the provisions of the alien act were put in force against him. His mission to this country had no political object, and it is ridiculous to suppose, as has been asserted in several of the public prints, that he had brought an offer of Malta to our government, on the condition that it would recognise Bonaparte's assumption of the Imperial dignity. His errand, as we mentioned on his first arrival, was to do in this country that which could not be done in any other—to negotiate a loan for the United States, in order to complete the first installment engaged to be paid by them to Bonaparte for the cession of Louisiana. Sir William Pulteney and Sir Francis Baring, have, we understand, all the advantages arising from the negotiation.—The former has a very large property in the States of North America, and the latter is at the head of the first Commercial American House in the city of London. This accounts for the sumptuous dinner which Sir William gave to Mr. Livingston."
Private Correspondence.
June 3. "There is this day a very confident expectation that Peace will be speedily restored. Mr. Pitt on being informed of Bonaparte's pacific disposition, expressed his readiness to attend to any overtures made through a direct and proper channel. As Mr. Livingston is known to have had instructions to fund our government on a point which must be so interesting to the new empire, it is considered that direct overtures will immediately be made; and Peace is looked for in consequence, even though there should be a change in administration."
FOR THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
To the Legislatures of the respective States.
LETTER SECOND.
The great objects of state legislation are,
1. Education. 2. Internal improvements. 3. The security of property; and 4. Punishment of crimes.
On the manner in which these objects are accomplished must eventually depend our liberties, our personal happiness, and the wealth and respectability of the community.
It is to awaken the attention of the legislatures of the several states to the accomplishment of these objects that I have undertaken to make this address.
1. On the subject of EDUCATION little can be said, which has not been said already. There is not, there cannot be a dissenting voice on its importance. It would seem to be sufficient to show, what no man has denied, that a free state cannot exist without that wide diffusion of knowledge which can alone flow from education, to awaken every mind to its magnitude.
"Knowledge," says General Washington in one of his earliest official addresses to Congress, "is in every country the surest basis of public happiness. In one, in which the measures of government receive their impression so immediately from the sense of the community, as in ours, it is proportionably essential. To the security of a free constitution it contributes in various ways. By convincing those who are entrusted with the public administration, that every valuable end of government is best answered by the enlightened confidence of the people: And by teaching the people themselves to know, and to value their own rights; to discern and to provide against invasions of them; to distinguish between oppression and the necessary exercise of lawful authority; between burthens proceeding from a disregard to their convenience, and those resulting from the inevitable exigencies of society; to discriminate the spirit of liberty from that of licentiousness, cherishing the first, avoiding the last, & uniting a speedy, but temperate vigilance against encroachments, with an inviolable respect for the laws."
That governments directly rising on principles calculated to ensure the preservation of equal rights should be indifferent to such a vast object, can only find a solution in the complicated machinery of human actions. When too are added the inducements growing out of personal convenience, and economy, our surprise naturally rises.
In exploring the causes of this indifference we shall probably discover the most efficient means of overcoming it.
They are principally found in the erroneous impression that a general system of education, under the direction of the public, involves a great and unnecessary expence; and in the want of individuals disposed, with becoming zeal, to devote their minds to devising suitable plans, and carrying them into execution.
That a greater expence is incurred under a general system of education, than that at present incurred, is not true. This will abundantly appear from a view of the great number of schools at present in existence, from the little time which is too often devoted by the teacher to instruction, by the small number of his pupils, from the imperfect style of their education, and from the excessive expence in many cases incurred by individuals in the education of their children.—When all these circumstances are taken into consideration, it will be found not unsafe to affirm that more money is at present laid out on the education of youth, imperfect and limited as that education is, than would be sufficient to provide for the establishment of a general system, so comprehensive as to embrace every child in the country.
But there are other additional sources of expence which, though not usually regarded in examining this subject, merit the first place in our reflections.
In a country where labor is at all times convertible into money, it is a great expence unnecessarily to consume time. The time, at present taken up, owing to the unskillfulness of instructors is generally twice as much as is necessary. When, therefore, the child has attained that age, that gives a value to his services, the whole of this value is so far destroyed, as his time shall be uselessly consumed. Let the cultivators of the soil, those who are the most reluctant to come into a general system of instruction, seriously weigh this consideration, and they will not fail to perceive how deeply, even on the score of gain, they are interested in its accomplishment.
The distance at which common schools as well as respectable seminaries of learning are placed, from those who send their children to them, are sources of great, of almost incalculable expence; so great as frequently to impoverish those whose enlarged minds induce them to give their children the advantage derived from them. Hence the unfortunate state of things which virtually disqualifies the poor and even men in moderate circumstances, from properly educating their offspring; whereby the advantages of education are monopolised by the rich. And hence the long train of political evils that threaten the subversion of all governments indifferently connected with the enjoyment of equal rights, only to be maintained by a wide diffusion of knowledge.
Let us, in order to test the accuracy of this statement, enquire into the probable expence of a system of education that should embrace all the male children at present within the United States between the ages of ten and sixteen. The number of children between these ages is taken because it constitutes a class, in the 1st Census, and because it is considered that a good system of education, conducted during that period, would be adequate to giving all the necessary elementary knowledge. The number of male children between 10 and 16 years old in the United States, at the taking of the Census, appears to have been about 340,000. A well qualified preceptor, with the assistance of a young man between the age of 18 and 21, could easily teach reading, writing, arithmetic and geography, to three classes, each consisting of thirty pupils. Such a preceptor and assistant might be got for a salary of 550 dollars. Add fifty dollars for the rent of a school room; making all together six hundred dollars. The education of 340,000 youth would require 3,771 schools, the establishment of which, being computed at 600 dollars each, would cost, in the aggregate, 2,262,600 dollars. This sum sounds large; but on comparing it with the magnitude of the object, and with our numbers, it, at once, appears, very moderate. If it should be raised by a poll tax it would not exact from each person in the United States more than fifty cents; and if assessed on property would not impose a burthen of more than thirty cents on a hundred dollars. Families would pay on an average four dollars a year.
There is one view of this subject, evincive of the lightness of this imposition, which must be conclusive with all men of sound judgments. Such are our habits that we pay from choice on single imported articles of consumption sums as great or greater than would be required for the attainment of this important object.
On Spirits we pay above four millions of dollars which is double the estimated expence of education.
On Sugars above four millions, also double.
On Wines about two millions and a half. Here then are three articles of consumption, two of which are absolute luxuries, and the other not a necessary of life, for which individually we pay, without a murmur, more than would be enough to educate all our children, and for which, in the aggregate, we pay five times as much. And will any rational being say that the gratification of animal appetite can be put in competition with the education of a whole nation?
It is not then because the establishment of a system of general education would impose intolerable burthens upon the people that it has not been yet adopted. No. It is because, no man has hitherto taken the pains to investigate the subject, to analyse it, to lay it before the people in the plain and popular aspects of which it is susceptible. Occupied almost exclusively with party considerations, our great men have not condescended to exert their powers on subjects so unimportant as the diffusion of knowledge, though of all the instruments of individual happiness and true national glory, it is the mightiest! Much may be said, in apology for this apathy. During our revolution all was action. Then indeed, it was the duty of the patriot to concentrate every atom of resource into exertion. The triumph of our political principles depended upon the strength of our arms. Since the revolution, we have had much external, and not a little internal danger, to guard against. Let us then drop the
certain upon the feeble efforts which have heretofore been manifested on the subject of education! Overlooking the past, let the present and the future command our whole attention. NOW is the TIME for doing that which duty commands. Addressed to the people, these remarks are feeble. However disinterested or philanthropic the views of the writer, they are not supported by that weight of character, or surrounded with that lustre which he, whose talents and virtues unite the affections of a nation, stamps upon whatever he suggests.
To such men then I address myself. Does the zeal, you have heretofore so conspicuously exhibited for the welfare of your country, still glow in your breasts? Does that country, in proportion as it rises to importance, animate and invigorate your attachment? Do you feel a more tender love for it, from many of its best blessings owing their origin to your labours and sacrifices? By all these proud feelings, I conjure you to seize the auspicious moment for accomplishing that great work, which by educating the whole nation, by equalising and diffusing knowledge, shall give the stamp of immortality to your labours. All great men are ambitious! Be yours the ambition of doing that good whose effects shall be imperishable! Say not the people are prejudiced, and the plan will be unpopular! If they were prejudiced, it would be your peculiar duty to enlighten them, and banish their prejudices. But they are not prejudiced! They are sufficiently liberal to appreciate the value of knowledge. Give them but the means, and they will bestow its blessings on their children! They are a rich mine, fraught with precious ore beneath the surface, however rugged to the eye. Dig deep and you will find it. Give them an object worthy of their liberality, and you will not be troubled with their prejudices. Does the expenditure of ten annual millions, to support the credit and defend the interests of the country, and of many more millions on its interior concerns, excite their prejudice? Will then the expenditure of a sum infinitely smaller, on an object equally great, fail to gain their approbation?
London dates are received as late as the 20th of June. By these it appears, that Bonaparte's assumption of the Imperial dignity had been acknowledged by the German courts; and that after an animated debate in the British House of Commons on the second reading of Mr. Pitt's defence bill on the 18th, a division took place of 255 for the bill, and of 223 against it, leaving the minister a majority of but 42. Most of the London prints announces this as the forerunner of a defeat.
NEW-YORK, August 9.
We stated on Monday, that the Eugenia, was taken by the Lender and sent for Halifax, but the day before yesterday when abreast of Montauk point, bore away for New London, where she came to anchor in distress. The captain went on shore to report the ship, when the British officer on board cut her cables and went to sea, with an intention to get off with her; but the Capt. Mate, Messrs Walter Grace, Ebenezer Goodard inspectors of the Customs, and 18 others who volunteered their services, went on board a fishing smack, chased and retook the ship before sun down, and bore away for New-York. The British officers treated us very politely, and done everything in their power to keep the ship in their possession, but the intrepidity of the captain and volunteers prevented them. Capt. Mansfield returns his thanks to the gentlemen who aided him in retaking his ship.
Extract of a letter from Gibraltar, dated June 6, 1804, to a gentleman in Boston.
"By an American vessel, arrived yesterday, the capt. has made a deposition on oath, that the English and French fleets are engaged. The American Consul has since had a letter and it is reported, that the British have totally defeated the French, and taken eight sail of the line—though the intelligence is not completely satisfactory, it is generally believed, that there has been an action."
Three Dollars Reward.
STRAYED from the subscriber's Farm, near Rock Creek Church, a small WHITE COW, appears to be about six years old, with a white face and a remarkable short body. The above reward will be paid to any person on the delivery of the Cow at said place.
S. H. SMITH. August. 11.
FOR SALE,
For negotiable Notes. A good Cook, with her child about twelve months of age. Enquire of the printer, August 10—3t

WASHINGTON CITY,
MONDAY, August 13, 1804.
The following is a statement of the SUPPLIES required by GREAT BRITAIN for the current year.
Table with 3 columns: Item, Quantity, Value. Includes Navy (5 of 325, 000. Ordnance sea service), Army (England, Ireland), Ordnance (England, Ireland), Vote of credit, etc.
This sum exceeds one hundred and eighty millions of dollars; is more than double the entire amount of our national debt; and is seventeen times the amount of the taxes laid by the general government.
The navy costs fifty three millions.
The army costs one hundred millions.
The poor are oppressed, not only by the direct weight of these taxes; but likewise by the increased price of all the necessaries of life, occasioned by more than a million of hands being taken from the plough or the work shop.
On these facts we make no comments. Every American will appreciate their importance, will acknowledge, with gratitude, the unrivalled happiness of his own country, and will reverence with increased ardor, the superiority of republican to monarchical institutions.
The election for members of the House of Representatives in the State of North-Carolina, took place on Friday last, the result will be known in the course of the present week. Mr. Purvis, the Federal representative from that State, has declined, Mr. Martin, Mr. Picket, Mr. Hay and Mr. McFarland are the candidates who have offered to supply the vacancy.
A London paper says, Bonaparte has ordered Carnot, Sieyes, Girat, Coulon, Gregoire, and Lejourdain to reside on their respective estates in the country until further orders.
These are the names of six who alone had courage and card us enough to vote against the imperial power.
The additional duty on foreign fish, lately imposed by congress, appears to be calculated to benefit the American fisheries. After the 30th of June, foreign dried fish will pay 50 cents per quintal, and 5 cents additional when imported in foreign vessels [as it will be very generally] making in all 55 cents per quintal, and no part will be given in drawback; and the foreign 'light money' will be 50 cent per ton, which will also operate very advantageously and as an indirect bounty on our vessels. Foreign nations, and none more than the British, have imposed heavy 'light money' charges on American ships visiting their ports, and until the last session of Congress, no steps had been taken to countervail these impositions. In England their light
money exceeds ours, as contemplated in the late bill, by fifty or sixty per cent; and as to tonnage duty the British oblige our ships to pay 133 cents, when their ships are only charged with 50 cents in our ports. The difference of 83 cents per ton is entirely in favor of the British carrying trade; and there is no reason why we should not meet it with a fair countervail. Salem Reg.
The last war between England and France and which was only to be terminated by indemnity for the past and security for the future, is now known to have cost the former 234 millions of pounds sterling. It seems calcula-
Description of the river Mississippi and its Delta, with that of the adjacent parts of Louisiana. By William Dunbar, of the Natchez, communicated by the Author, a Member of the Society; through the President.
The current being less, immediately to the right and left, than in front, of the mouth of the river, the deposition and accumulation of matter will consequently proceed more rapidly on either side, and the velocity of the current being increased by the contraction of the channel, the bar will be protruded further into the ocean; hence it appears why the mouths of all alluvial rivers terminate in promontory projecting more or less into the ocean; this last mentioned operation of nature points out the method of improving the navigation of the entrance of the Mississippi, which may be effected at no very considerable expense by carrying out a pier on each side of the principal branch, composed of piles, so far as may be found sufficient to procure the desired depth; the bar will thereby be thrown into deeper water, and in process of time will accumulate and ascend to its former height, which will demand a new prolongation of the piers. Every small rivulet passing through lower Louisiana is a miniature of the Mississippi; what may be performed upon a small scale in respect to the latter, will certainly succeed (by well directed efforts) on the former. The river St. John's, 60 or 80 feet wide, entering lake Pontchartrain to the north of New Orleans, was found frequently so choked up, and impeded by a bar across its mouth, that canoes could sometimes with difficulty enter; floods and bateaux being obliged at such times to remain in the lake exposed to danger; the government directed two very simple piers, each composed of a double row of round rough piles, to be carried from the shore across the bar, and although the piers were pervious to the water, yet so much velocity was acquired, that the bar was very speedily swept off, and the river has always since remained navigable for small sloops and schooners, which proceed up to the city by the river and canal of Caudelet.
The depth of the river diminishes considerably as we advance upwards; probably owing to the increased tenacity of the matter forming its bed; at Natchez, when the waters are low, it is about 12 fathoms, and there are situations below the Ohio, where the ordinary boats have been embarrassed to find a passage both upwards and downwards; a moderate fresh nevertheless renders the Mississippi navigable up to the falls of St. Anthony, about two thousand miles from its mouth. The breadth of the river appears to be upon the increase upwards, in proportion as we get above the alluvial country, as high as the Missouri, notwithstanding the loss of a number of principal rivers which flow in below; in latitude 42° it is said to be half a mile in breadth which probably equals its mean breadth from Yazoo to its mouth.
The margin of the river is the highest land to be found in the valley of the Mississippi. As the river overflows its banks, the waters immediately begin to deposit their grossest particles, which are chiefly sand and black mud, and in their progress backwards this deposition is continued until at length, a matter is deposited so highly levigated that, upon the retiring of the waters, it assumes a compactness and solidity resembling pitch; when the river by disruption alters its course, and new accumulations of slime sand and mud are laid upon this very compact earth, a false belief might be induced that this solid soil is not the offspring of the river, but the original parent earth coeval with the Mississippi itself, upon which this great river had afterwards deposited the rich spoils of the northern regions, borne down by its mighty tide; this compact soil I have found at the depth of from 10 to 30 feet; and in other situations no appearance is to be seen of any other than the common soil formed of the mud of the river. The soil near the river is sandy,
particularly that which has been lately formed; from a quarter to half a mile from the margin of the river the land is less apparent, and it loses its name of 'terre sablonneuse,' acquiring that of 'terre grasse,' being the richest black mud, with a moderate admixture of sand; at greater distances, and frequently at some depth under the last mentioned soils, is found the above mentioned compact earth, called glais (potters earth); it is no doubt eminently adapted to the use of the potter, though hitherto not much applied to the manufacture of earthen ware. Upon all lands long subject to culture and defended from the inundation, although near to the margin, the appearance of sand is almost lost, but it is evident from the friability of the soil, and the facility with which it is cultivated, that a large portion still remains intimately mixed with it, whereas the terre grasse (unmixed or pure mud) yields with difficulty to the plough; it exhibits proofs of the richest mud, a light show, causing it to crumble into powder after being turned up; yet as our climate is exposed to sudden and violent falls of rain with subsequent hot sun-shine, it frequently becomes firm and unyielding, after the crop has been planted, that no mode of cultivation can be conveniently applied, but barely by scratching the surface with the hoe; yet this became with the French indigo planters a favourite soil; although less productive, it is more easily kept clear of weeds, the compacted soil refusing a passage to their tender fibrous roots, while the vigorous taproot of the indigo plant conquers the obstinacy of the subjacent stratum. From the river bank a natural glacis is formed, whose declivity at New Orleans may be at the rate of 6 or 8 inches in 100 feet, to the distance of 6 or 700 toises, diminishing, after which the descent becomes almost imperceptible, and is gradually lost in swamps, marshes and lakes, which finally communicate with the sea.
This peculiar structure of the lands formed by the operation of the great river itself, has pointed out to the ingenuity of man, a simple and natural mode of defending his plantation against the encroachments of the inundation: He commences by forming an embankment near the margin of the river, elevated above the highest waters and of sufficient strength to resist their pressure; he is now protected from the direct influx of the Mississippi, but the transudation from the river is so considerable, that his plantation would be no better than a quagmire; he is, therefore, under the necessity of establishing a regular system of ditches crossing each other at right angles, by which the soil is completely drained and placed in the most favorable situation to display the wonders of its inexhaustible fertility. Within the Mississippi territory a vast body of alluvial land exists, but the scheme of draining by cross ditches would produce here no beneficial effect, because the waters had no means of escaping in the rear, but being hemmed in by the high land, would at length accumulate so as to produce an immense basin, bordered by the embankment on one hand, and by the high land on the other: Although no successful attempt is likely to be made in our day, yet posterity will reclaim those lands: When the industry of a full population, shall have stamped an intrinsic value upon the soil of our country, the ingenuity of man will discover a remedy; probably the steam engine so highly improved of late years will be called in to accomplish this object. Its application in Holland to the draining of the Haerlem mer, and even for the reduction of the Zuyder-Zee, which the late war, it appears, has indeed suspended, leaves but little doubt of its efficacy for a purpose of inferior magnitude. Lands susceptible of cultivation do not upon an average extend to three quarters of a mile from the river, although in some places they may reach to two miles, but in other situations do not exceed one quarter of a mile: there is no doubt but a scrupulous attention to the perfection of the embankments will every where augment the quantity of cultivable land; and we hazard nothing in predicting that at some future day, the productive surface of lower Louisiana will be multiplied tenfold: A rich and enterprising population, conducted by a wise and patriotic government, will pierce, with navigable canals this alluvial country in all directions; Grand issues will be provided to conduct to the ocean the superfluous waters which now drown, for three months of the year, nine tenths of the country; the whole surface of the land will then be reclaimed and become fit for the habitation of man; the richest harvests will be collected from a soil of the most exuberant fertility, which perhaps no time can exhaust: Should however vegetation at length seem to advance with a sluggish pace, the planter has his remedy at hand, he may call in the aid of the elements; let the waters of a single inundation flow over his field, and it will receive a manure which 20 years cultivation cannot absorb. Reservoirs might be formed, as in ancient Egypt, to retain a portion that does not require such precaution; the season of the inundation
furnishes less rain than at other times, but it is so ordered by the course of nature, that about the same time the waters recede, refreshing showers fall almost daily throughout Lower Louisiana, which continue to invigorate the crops until the approach to the harvest season.
NEW-YORK, August 10.
We are informed by a gentleman who arrived in the South-Carolina from London, that the king was considered in a state of insanity; so much so, that his physician declared that it was absolutely necessary that he should be relieved from the cares of business. The opinion was, that there would be a Regency in the course of two weeks. Arrangements for that purpose were in forwardness. It was observed with regret, that the prince of Wales was countenancing the popularity of the opposition. And it was said he had declared that he would only act as Regent unconditionally. It was also stated, that Mr. Fox had said in a private circle, that he would before the prorogation of parliament, place Mr. Pitt and his party in the minority.
Extract of a letter from London, dated June 2d 1804.
The abolition of the slave-trade has been again moved by Mr. Wilberforce, in the House of Commons, and happily carried by a majority of 124 to 49; and a bill ordered to that effect, though it is not expected to pass at present, in more than a temporary suspension of five or seven years; yet even that measure will, we trust, prove highly favorable to our common wishes, and lead to its absolute abolition eventually.
Extract of a letter from BOURDEAUX, dated May 13, received at Charleston.
By an order lately issued by the French government, all the maritime prefects throughout France, are enjoined to make a strict examination of the crew of every neutral vessel that enters the port of their residence, with a view to arrest all the English mariners that may be found. This measure seems to proceed from their apprehensions, that the English cruisers introduce on board such vessels, men in the quality of lies, and on the return of the vessel from port, that they have their men returned, and thus are enabled to communicate essential information to the enemies of this country.
In consequence of this order, the police of Bourdeaux have arrested several sailors found in this city, and who, tho' English by birth, were attached to American vessels. They even demanded from on board the ship, the first and second mates of the three Sisters, capt. Clarke, of Charleston; and on our consul's refusing to comply, a correspondence took place between him and the commissary of police, of which I am sorry to say, I am only able to procure the two last, though I believe the most important letters; which I send you.
The Commissary of Police to the Commercial Agent of the United States of America, at Bourdeaux.
BOURDEAUX, May 4, 1804.
SIR, In conformity with the express and repeated orders of the department, and notwithstanding the observations contained in your letter of to-day, I hereby request you immediately to put in my power, and on your responsibility, the first and second mates of the American vessel, Three Sisters.
As soon as these two mariners are at my disposition, I shall deliver them up to the Prefect of this department, under whose immediate cognizance this affair properly falls, and he will determine on it as he thinks proper. You can, therefore, content with him respecting the steps to be hereafter taken.
You will please to acknowledge the receipt of the present letter.
I have the honor to salute you, P. PIERRE.
William Lee, Commercial agent of the United States of America for the port and District of Bourdeaux, to Pierre Pierre, Commissary of Police at Bourdeaux.
Your's under date of 4th of May, did not reach me until last evening. I should have thought that my reply of the 4th of May to the demand you did me the honor to make in person on the 31st. ult. would have been conclusive; for even admitting the two sailors you then requested might be delivered up to you, were English born, you could not agreeably to the 14th article of the convention, arrest them while they formed a part of the equipment of an American vessel, unless you could prove they were military men, or in actual service of the enemy of France.
To evince my desire to comply with your wishes as far as is consistent with my duty, and to prove to you that these two sailors belonging to the ship Three Sisters, of Charleston, are entitled to
my protection. I immediately, on receiving your letter, sent for the captain and crew, and after a critical examination, found that the man is a native American, and has been in the ship, three voyages to this port. This is proven by his own and the captain's declaration, by the protection he bears and the role of equipment. The second man is a native of England, has been in the service of the United States for some time, and having entered on board this vessel at Charleston to perform the voyage, he must continue in her until her return to that place.
Had this sailor been put on board the ship Three Sisters without her passage by an English ship, I could have no objections to your taking him out; but as he regularly entered on board in the United States, and forms a part of the equipment of his vessel, I cannot put him at your disposal without consenting to a violation of one of the privileges of the American flag, as well as one of the essential articles in the convention between our two countries. As I am not disposed tacitly to submit to either, you will, I hope, on reflection withdraw your demand.
I am, Sir, &c. WILLIAM LEE.
THEATRE.
AS measures have been taken by the Directors of the Theatre to have that building carried on with spirit, to go to be completed by the approaching season, it is earnestly hoped that all persons who have subscribed Cash for that object, and who may not have as yet made payment, will make the payment immediately to some one of the Directors. Those who have subscribed work or materials, that may not have executed the first or furnished the last, will please make early application to Mr. George Hadfield, who will contract for the materials, or for such work as may be required.
The Directors have thought proper to give this public notice, that every subscriber may come forward in the manner promised at the time of subscribing. They cannot doubt but that there will exist a generous emulation among all, to render their promised aid in promoting an object which may conduce materially to the advantage of the city. If, however, contrary to their expectations, the Directors should find themselves disappointed by any of those who have agreed to furnish materials or work—in that case they will be constrained to contract with others for such work or materials to be paid in cash—and call upon such subscribers for the amount of their subscriptions in cash, which it is hoped will not be deemed unreasonable or improper.
City of Washington, August 4, 1804.
RUNAWAY.
WAS committed to the jail of Washington county, in the State of Maryland, on the 24th inst. a negro man named DAN O'NY, about 28 years old, has on a country linen shirt and checked linen trousers; he says he belongs to a portion of the name of Dorsey, who bought him of a certain Lewis Spence of this county, and that he ran away from the said Dorsey, near Winchester in Virginia, who he supposed was taking him to the state of Georgia. If his owner does not release him, he will be sold for his jail fees agreeably to law.
N. ROCHESTER, Sheriff of Washington county. August 13—w35
REMOVAL.
THOMAS CARPENTER, TAYLOR, Has removed to the house above Mr. RHODES (late LOVELL'S) HOTEL, near the President's Square. In addition to the present stock of goods, a Handsome Assortment Is expected immediately.
Gentlemen at a distance, by sending a line by post, will be waited upon with all possible expedition. T. C. will pledge himself to execute any order with a quick expedition and moderation of charge, which shall not be excelled by any. April 16—tf.
NOTICE.
Two valuable young Maryland Slaves for sale, a Man and his wife, enquire of the Painter. August 3—3;
Twenty Dollars Reward.
Ran away from the subscriber, living near Plantation, Calvert County, Maryland, a very likely negro man, named DANNY, he is about 22 or 23 years of age, 5 feet 10 or 11 inches high, and well made—had on and took with him a striped mackintosh jacket and waistcoat—a pair of check linen pants, looms, and a pair of ozabish trowels. He was seen in Washington City on Saturday last, and it is said had a forged pass. Whoever will secure the said negro in jail so that I get him again, shall receive ten dollars—or the above reward if brought home. J. B. HANCE. August 13 1w35

ON the report of Charles A Burnett of the sale made by him as trustee of the property decreed to be sold in the suit of Ninian Magruder against Ann Seyle and others, defendants in chancery.
It is ordered that the sale be ratified and confirmed unless cause to the contrary be shown on or before the twenty fifth day of August last. Provided a copy of this order be inserted at least three times prior to that day in each of the papers in which the sale was advertised. The report states that the said property was purchased by Daniel Reintzel at the sum of twenty four hundred and fifty dollars.
URIAN FORREST CLK. August 7-3t
(BY AUTHORITY.) Scheme of a Lottery.
To build an Academy in the city of Richmond.
Table with 3 columns: Prize, Last drawn ticket, Dollars. It lists various prizes from 1st Prize (20,000 dollars) down to 3,000th Prize (15 dollars), and includes a section for 1st drawn ticket after 1,000.
5,325 prizes, 150,000 9,675 blanks, not two to a prize, 150,000 15,000 tickets at 10 dollars each, 150,000
This Lottery has been authorised by the legislature of Virginia, for the laudable purposes of erecting a seminary of learning in or near the metropolis of this state. With this view, it is contemplated to raise 20,000 dollars, and 2,500 dollars in addition, for defraying the expenses attendant on drawing the lottery. Citizens of the first respectability have been selected as trustees, and they have pledged themselves to use their utmost exertions to carry it into effect.
Richmond, March 2-1f Tickets to be had of Robert Pollard Esq. John Brackenbrough, jun, Wm. Price (Esq.) Samuel Pleasants, jun, and William Prichard.
Ten Dollars Reward.
Ranaway from the subscriber living in Calvert County on the 19th inst a negro man named WILL, about 5 feet 2 or 3 inches high of a yellowish complexion a sensible and artful villain; had on and took with him sundry clothes unknown-I expect he will endeavour to get to Annapolis, Baltimore or George Town, at which latter place he has a father living. Any person apprehending said negro so that I get him again shall receive the above reward if out of the county, but if in the county 10 dollars and all reasonable expenses paid by JAMES HIGGIE.
August 3-6w
Doctor MAGRUDER,
HAS for sale a few hogsheads 4th proof Jamaica spirits, liqfied and lamp oil, spirits of tin-pentine, window glass, glaziers diamonds, glass, lamp black, white lead, Spanish whiting, Venetian red, red lead, verdigris, drop lake, flake yellow, patent yellow, rose and Dutch pink, kings yellow, Turkey umber, gold and silver leaf, painters and sweepers brushes, camels hair pencils, water colours in boxes, Spanish indigo, fig blue, arnot, red wood, alkanet, madder, logwood, turmeric, salt petre, alum, copperas, sweet oil, pearl barley, timothy and clover feed, tamarinds, castor oil, marble mortars, spring trusses, ginger, cinamon, cloves, mace, Chings worm destroying lozenges, an assortment of paper hangings, playing cards, copy slips, ink powder, English Latin, Greek and French school books, large family bibles, and his usual complete assortment of drugs and medicine, patent medicine, surgeons instruments, &c.
George Town, July 20-1f
NOTICE.
Those who have demands against the estate of JOHN BURCHAN, late of the City of Washington, deceased; are requested to present the same properly attested to either of the Subscribers; and those who may be indebted to the said estate, are desired to make speedy settlement.
JOHN CRAVEN, JOSEPH STRETCH, Executors of the estate of John Burchan, deceased. Washington City, July 21-3w.
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF THE BANK OF POTOMAC.
To all to whom these presents shall come, or in any wise concern.
BE IT KNOWN, And it is hereby proclaimed, that we the subscribers, associating together have formed a company or limited partnership, and do mutually agree with each other and hereby bind ourselves to conduct the business of the company, under the name and style of "The President and Directors of the Bank of Potomac," and conformably to the rules and regulations herein after specified. And by these our fundamental articles of association, we do covenant and agree with each other, that we, and all persons, who at any time hereafter, may transact business with said Company shall be bound and concluded.
ARTICLE 1. The copartnership shall be, and continue for the term of twenty one years, from and after the opening of the subscription, unless a charter is sooner obtained; but the proprietors of two thirds of the capital stock of the Company, may by their concurring votes at a general meeting, to be called for that express purpose, dissolve the same at any prior period: Provided, That notice of such meeting and its object, shall be published in one or more of the Alexandria newspapers for six months previous thereto; and if the President and Directors at their first meeting after the election in the last year of the aforesaid term, or two thirds of that body, shall concur in the opinion, that it will be proper and expedient to continue the copartnership for a further limited term not exceeding twenty one years, they shall have power to decide on the same, and shall immediately make known their decision by publication in the several Alexandria newspapers. And the President and Directors are hereby authorised at any time to apply for, and accept such charter as may be agreed upon with the concurrence of nine members of that body.
ARTICLE 2. The capital stock of the Company shall consist of Five hundred thousand dollars, money of the United States; to be divided into shares of One hundred dollars each, and to be paid in the manner following that is to say; twenty dollars on each share to be paid at the time of subscribing, thirty dollars in ninety days after the opening of the subscription, twenty five dollars in one hundred and fifty days thereafter, and the remaining twenty five dollars in two hundred and ten days; and a failure to make punctiliously any payment after the first, shall incur a forfeiture of all that shall have been previously paid on such share.
ARTICLE 3. The copartnership shall transact its business in the Town of Alexandria; or in Virginia within one mile therefrom. Provided, a charter should at any time be obtained from the state of Virginia, and shall commence its operations as soon after the payment of the second instalment as circumstances will permit.
ARTICLE 4. The subscription shall be opened in Alexandria, on Wednesday the fifth day of September next, for the whole stock of the company under the direction of
Elisha Fanny, Cuthbert Powell, William Fitzgerald, William Hartsorne, Thomas Swann, Thomas Vowell, Charles Lee, Jacob Hoffman, Joseph Riddle, James H. Hooe, William Hodgson, Robert Young, Phineas Fanny, James Keith, jun, James Patton,
or a majority of them. And the commissioners aforesaid, shall open the subscription books at ten o'clock, A. M. and they shall continue open until four o'clock, P. M. and shall remain open between those hours for one day at least, and for the term of three days unless sooner closed. And if it should happen that more than the stipulated number of shares should be subscribed on the first day, then the Commissioners aforesaid are to apportion them among the subscribers, by deducting from the highest subscriptions, until they are reduced to the proper number, or if more persons subscribe than there are shares, the Commissioners are to cast lots to decide to whom they shall belong. But no person or persons, bodies corporate or otherwise, shall be permitted to subscribe on the first day of opening the books for more than twenty shares; and if the stock be not all taken the first day, the books shall remain open on the second day, on the same terms as on the first; but if the subscription be not filled on the second day, then the Commissioners may permit any person or persons, bodies corporate or otherwise, to subscribe for any number of shares until the whole number is complete. The Commissioners after having decided to whom the shares may belong, will issue receipts to the different stockholders for the monies received of them at the time of subscribing, which receipts with the original subscription, shall be deemed good evidence of the quantity of stock to which each subscriber shall be entitled in this company.
ARTICLE 5. The affairs of the company shall be conducted by Twelve Directors and a President, whose place if chosen from among their number, shall be supplied by that body; and six of the Directors with the President shall form a board or quorum, for transacting all the business of the company; ordinary discounts may be done by the President and five of the Directors. In case of his sickness or necessary absence, his place may be supplied by any Director, whom he, by writing under his hand may nominate for that purpose, or in case of his not making such nomination, the majority of the board may appoint a President to act during his absence; and the Directors who may be appointed at the first election, shall hold their seats until the second Monday in November, one thousand eight hundred and five, and the Directors from and after that period shall be elected
for one year, by the Stockholders for the time being, and each Director shall be a Stockholder at the time of his election, and shall cease to be a Director, if he should cease to be a stockholder, and no Director of any other Bank shall at the same time be a Director of this Bank. And the number of votes to which each Stockholder shall be entitled, shall be in proportion to the stock he may hold as follows: For one share and not exceeding two shares one vote each, for every two shares, above two and not exceeding ten, one vote; for every four shares above ten and not exceeding thirty, one vote; for every six shares above thirty and not exceeding sixty, one vote; for every eight shares above sixty and not exceeding one hundred, one vote; and for every ten shares above that number, one vote: But no person or persons bodies corporate or otherwise, shall be entitled to more than fifty votes, and no Stockholder shall be permitted to vote (except at the first election) who has not held his stock for thirty days prior to the election; and all Stockholders shall vote at elections by ballot, in person or by proxy, which proxy, in all elections after the first, shall be made in such form as the Board of Directors shall appoint.
ARTICLE 6. A general meeting of the Stockholders of the Company shall be held on the second Monday in November in every year (except the present) at such place as the Board of Directors shall appoint, by giving four weeks notice in one or more of the newspapers of Alexandria, for the purpose of electing Directors for the ensuing year, who shall take their seats at the board the succeeding day, and immediately proceed to elect the President: But for the present year, for the more immediate organisation of the business of the company, the election shall be held on the second Wednesday in September next, under the direction of the commissioners appointed to receive subscriptions.
ARTICLE 7. The board of directors are hereby fully empowered to make, revise, alter or amend all such rules, orders, bye laws and regulations for the government of the company, and that of their officers, servants and affairs, as they, or a majority of them, shall from time to time think expedient, not inconsistent with law or these articles of association, and to use, employ and dispose of the joint stock, funds or property of the said company (subject only to the restrictions herein after mentioned) as to them or a majority of them, may seem expedient.
ARTICLE 8. All bills, bonds, notes and every contract and engagement on behalf of the company for the payment of money, shall be signed by the president and countersigned or attested by the cashier of the company, and the funds of the company shall in no case be held responsible for any contract or engagement whatever unless the same shall be so signed and countersigned or attested as aforesaid.
ARTICLE 9. The books, papers, correspondence and funds of the company shall at all times be subject to the inspection of the directors.
ARTICLE 10. The said board of directors shall have power to appoint a cashier and all other officers and servants for executing the business of the company, and to establish the compensation to be paid to the president and all other officers and servants of the company respectively, and which together with all other necessary expenses, shall be defrayed out of the funds of the company.
ARTICLE 11. A majority of the directors shall have power to call a general meeting of the stockholders for the purposes relative to the concerns of the company, giving at least six weeks notice in one or more of the newspapers of the town, specifying in such notice the object or objects of such meeting.
ARTICLE 12. The shares of capital stock at any time owned by any individual stockholder shall be transferable on the books of the company according to such rules as may conformably to law, be established in that behalf by the board of directors; but all debts actually due and payable to the company (days of grace for payment being paid) by a stockholder requesting a transfer, must be satisfied before such a transfer shall be made, unless the board of directors shall direct to the contrary.
ARTICLE 13. No transfer of stock, in this company shall be considered as binding upon the company, unless made in a book or books to be kept for that purpose by the company, and it is further expressly agreed and declared that any stockholder who shall transfer in any manner aforesaid, all stock or shares in this company to any other person or persons whatever, shall thereupon cease to be a member of this company; and that any person or persons whatever who shall accept a transfer of any stock or share in this company, shall thereupon become and be a member of this company, according to these articles of association.
ARTICLE 14. It is hereby expressly and explicitly declared to be the object and intention of the persons who associate under the name or firm of "The President and directors of the Bank of Potomac" that the joint stock or property of the said company, (exclusive of dividends to be made in the manner herein after mentioned) shall alone be responsible for the debts and engagements of the said company; and that no person who shall or may deal with this company, or to whom they shall or may become in any wise indebted, shall on any pretence whatever have recourse against the separate property of any present or future member of this company, or against their persons, excepting the officers or servants of said company in regard to the faithful discharge of their respective duties in the conduct of the affairs and administration of the funds of said company; but all persons accepting any bond, bill, or note, or other contract of this company, signed by the president and countersigned by the cashier or dealing with it in any other manner whatsoever, thereby respectively give credit to the said joint stock or property of the said company, and thereby respectively disavow having recourse on any pretence whatever to the person or separate property of any present or future member of this company, (excepting as before mentioned) and all suits to be brought against this company (if any
shall be) be brought against the president for the time being, and in case of his death or removal from office, pending any such suit against him, measures shall be taken at the expence of the company for substituting his successor in office as a defendant, so that persons having demands upon the company may not be prejudiced or delayed by that event; or if the person suing shall go on against the person first named as defendant (notwithstanding his death or removal from office) this company shall take no advantage, by writ of error or otherwise, of such proceeding on that account; and all recovery had, in manner aforesaid, shall be conclusive upon the company so far as to render the company's said joint stock or property liable thereby, and no further; and the company shall immediately pay the amount of such recovery out of their joint stock, but not otherwise. And in case of any suit at law, the president shall sign his appearance upon the writ, or file common bail thereto; it being expressly understood and declared, that all persons dealing with said company, agree to these terms and are bound thereby.
ARTICLE 15. Dividends of the profits of the company or so much of said profits as shall be deemed expedient and proper, shall be declared half yearly in the first week in May and November, in each year; the amount of said dividend shall, from time to time, be determined by the board of directors, at a meeting held for that purpose, and shall in no case exceed the amount of the nett profits actually acquired by the company, so that the capital stock of the said company shall never be impaired by dividends; but the directors shall be at liberty to retain at least one per cent upon the capital as a fund for future contingencies.
ARTICLE 16. If the said directors shall at any time wilfully and knowingly make or declare any dividend which shall impair the said capital stock, all the directors present at the making, or declaring, of said dividend and consenting thereto, shall be liable in their individual capacities to the company for the amount or proportion of said capital stock, so divided by the said directors; and each director who shall be present at the making or declaring such dividend shall be deemed to have consented thereto, unless he shall immediately enter in writing his dissent on the minutes of the proceedings of the board, and give public notice to the stockholders, that such dividend has been declared.
ARTICLE 17. These articles of agreement shall be published in two newspapers in the town of Alexandria for one month, and for the further information of all persons who may transact business with, or in any manner give credit to said company, every bond, bill, note, or other instrument of contract, by the effect or terms of which the company may be charged, or held liable for the payment of money, shall specially declare, in such form as the board of directors shall prescribe, that payment shall be made out of the joint funds, of the bank of Potomac according to the present articles of association, and not otherwise: A copy of the 14th article of this association shall be inserted in the Bank book of every person depositing money, or other valuable property with the company for safe keeping; or a printed copy shall be delivered to every such person, before any such deposit shall be received from him. And it is hereby expressly declared, that no engagement can legally be made in the name of said company, unless it contain a limitation or restriction to the effect above recited; and the company hereby expressly disavow all responsibility for any debt or engagement, which may be made in their name not containing a limitation or restriction to the effect aforesaid.
ARTICLE 18. The company shall in no case be owners of any ships or vessels, or directly or indirectly, be concerned in trade, or the importation or exportation, purchase or sale of any goods, wares, or merchandise whatever, (bills of exchange or Bullion only excepted) and except such ships, vessels, goods, wares or merchandise, as shall be truly pledged to them by way of security for debts due, owing or growing due to the said company, or purchased by them to secure such debts due to the said company.
ARTICLE 19. If any vacancy shall at any time happen among the Directors by death, resignation, or otherwise, the residue of the Directors for the time being, shall elect a Director to fill the vacancy.
ARTICLE 20. The company shall not purchase or hold any land, tenements, or other real estates other than what may be necessary for the convenient transaction of its business, unless such lands tenements, and real estates, shall have been bona fide, mortgaged to the company, by way of security, or conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts previously contracted in the course of dealings, or purchased to secure debts contracted with or due to the said company & in every instance in which the company may become owners or claimants of lands, tenements, or real estates, the Board of Directors are empowered to sell or dispose of the same, in such manner as they may deem beneficial for the company.
ARTICLE 21. Any number of Stockholders
not less than 40, who together shall be proprietors of five hundred shares, may, for any purpose relative to the institution, at any time, apply to the President and Directors to call a general meeting of the Stockholders; and if by them refused, the said number of Stockholders; proprietors of not less than the number of shares aforesaid, shall have power to call a general meeting of the Stockholders, giving at least 60 days notice in one or more of the public newspapers of the town of Alexandria, specifying in such notice the object or objects of such call.
ARTICLE 22. Immediately on the dissolution of this association, prompt and effectual measures shall be taken by the Directors then existing for closing all the concerns in the company, and for dividing the capital and profits which may remain among the stockholders, in proportion to their respective interests.
In witness whereof— Notice—THE Commissioners above named will open the subscription Books at the Court House in the town of Alexandria, on the 6th of September next agreeably to the aforesaid articles of association.
The payments will be received either in specie or the notes of the Bank of the United States and its various branches or in the notes of any of the Banks, from New York to Norfolk, inclusive. August 3-3t.
TO BE SOLD
On Tuesday 28th August, at Rhodes's Hotel on a credit of 6 and 12 months by notes negotiable, bearing interest with approved endorsers in either the George Town or City banks.
A Complete two story BRICK HOUSE, in 14th street west in this city, now in the occupation of the subscriber, containing on the ground floor 2 parlors and kitchen, on the 2nd floor, 3 bed rooms, servant rooms over the kitchen, a good cellar, paved yard, pump with excellent water within 20 feet of the premises--the above premises are in complete repair and fit for the reception of a small genteel family--the house covers 23 feet front and the title from the commissioners.
At the same time and place will be sold two bay horses, on credit of six months, one 15 hands 1 inch high, steady in harness, six years old and fine figure; the other 13 hands 3 inches, quiet in harness and rides pleasant and well, his quality's well known for two years in this city; also a strong chaise with head & harness complete, and one gr. cask of old Madeira wine of the first quality. Sale to commence at 4 o'clock precisely. WM. LOVELL August 6-11t.
CHARLES VARDEN, MERCHANT TAILOR. Has received from Philadelphia in addition to his former stock, a handsome assortment of goods, consisting of the best London and Spanish superfine cloths and cashmeres, white and fancy Marcellies, colored and white Janes, india nankeens, cotton cashmeres, black silk and satin Florentines, with a variety of other articles suitable for the summer season.
N. B. Ladies habits, regimentals, and navy uniforms made in the first style of fashion. New Jersey avenue near the Capitol, June 8-1f
Travellers Hall.
THE subscriber has lately been induced from the rapid increase of his custom to purchase a lot of ground adjoining that on which he lives for the purpose of building a dining room and assembly room, each 54 feet by 32 feet 10 inches with six additional lodging rooms, and intends to finish them before the ensuing winter; which together with his tavern and house will occupy a front of near one hundred feet in the most agreeable part of the town and in the center of business being on the highest part of the public square.
He has considerably increased the furniture &c. of his houses and stables. His domestics and servants are of the most faithful dispositions and properly qualified for the departments to which they are assigned. He has a constant supply of the best stable forage; imported and country provisions, imported liquors, &c. of the first quality, foreign newspapers, &c. And his ice will most probably last through the hot weather.
The distinguished preference which the first characters have already given him, fills him with gratitude. He offers his sincere thanks to all his good friends and begs leave to assure them that neither his time nor his purse shall be spared in attempting to render the Travellers Hall a house of entertainment, for GENERAL GUESTS ONLY, equal to any in America.
P. BRADLEY. Lexington, Kentucky, June 12, 1804. A stage runs from the Travellers Hall to the Olympic Springs in the summer, and to Frankfort during the sessions of Assembly. June 29-3m
LIME.
TWO HUNDRED Casks Rhode Island fresh lime for sale by MICHAEL CLEARY. George Town, August 6-3t
HAT MANUFACTURY.
The subscriber informs his customers and the public generally that he has discontinued business in the city of Washington, and has opened shop on Bridge street near the Union Tavern--he requests the continuance of former customers, and hopes that all others who may chuse to call and purchase his manufacture will be amply suited, if neatness and goodness be requisites. JOEL BROWN. George Town, Feb. 17-1f