The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1804-01-23 00:00:00

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER, WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
VOL. IV.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
No. DVIII.
FIVE DOLLS. PER ANN.
MONDAY JANUARY 23rd, 1804.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
For the NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
MR. SMITH,
Remarking that a disputation which originated two years ago, respecting a Bridge over the Potomac, from the lower part of the City, has recommenced in your paper—permit me to request the favor of you to republish the subjoined queries, which were at that time given to the public through the medium of your paper, and one in this town. I trust nothing "empas-soned," or indecorous will be found in them. If some of the expressions are earnest let it be remembered that they have fallen from a man who feels his interest in common with his fellow to whom they deeply implicated by the event—and who verily believes in the mischievous effects apprehended by the querist.
A Proprietor in George Town.
Queries relating to the proposed Bridge over the Potomac.
1st. Is it right to sacrifice the property of one part of the community, to the interest or advantage of the other?
2d. If the bridge contemplated to be thrown over the Potomac at a place four miles below that to which large ships have heretofore resorted, should prove to be an impediment to such navigation thereafter, will it not be, to sacrifice the interests of all the proprietors of the upper part of the city of Washington, and of George Town to the aggrandizement and the enriching of the lower part of the city, and of Alexandria?—will it not, at a stroke, lessen the value of their property one hundred per centum?—will it not by rapid degrees tend to remove the merchants, shut up the shops, drive away the tradesmen, moulder down the houses and wharves, and desolate the now fast thriving town of George-town?
Will it not immediately arrest the progress of the upper part of Washington, and turn all purchasers and improvements to the lower part of the city, to a spot the accessibility to which, by sea navigation, being below the bridge, there can be no fear of; will it not injure materially the interests of all the people to the westward of us, near any of the interior and non-navigable waters of the Potomac, by forcing them to seek a market six to eight miles lower, through an expanded, and to their stream boats, highly dangerous water; and at least by depriving them of the choice between the upper and lower markets on tide-water? Can it be doubted, that to erect a bridge at the place proposed, will not impede navigation? Is it not known, that let the construction of it, as to draws, be what it may, that it must delay and vex both large and small vessels in their progress, must not large vessels take down their sails and tow up when they approach near, warp through, and by this means often lose a tide or a wind, which may prove the loss of days—must not small craft be prevented entirely from going up and down with any wind, as they now do by beating from to shore, shore, thro' the shallow as well as the deep water, and will they not be confined to navigating with certain winds, by means of which they can fetch the part where the draw is fixed; and when through, can they if the wind is a head, leave the bridge, in the way of the different tacks as it must be, and beat forward?
3d. Will it not speedily happen from the nature of things, that after the fixing the piles or piers on which such a bridge is to be erected, banks immediately below them will be formed, which in the progress of a very few years will fill up the river thereabout, or so divert and bend the channel, if any left, as to prevent all vessels of burden passing, and have we not already but a very little above the spot in question, experienced the effect of the deposit made by the turbid waters of the upper Potomac, discovering evidently the tendency of this water, highly charged as it comes down (during many months in the year) with earthy particles and bearing them on while gliding rapidly through the narrow and deep parts of the river unopposed by any counter-current, to deposit those particles so soon as it meets the resistance of the tide in an expanded space, has it not been seen, and is it not known to the most superficial observer, resident in this neighbourhood that about this very place, every log, which borne down the current has accidentally by ice, or other means been fastened to the bottom (commonly called planters) in a very few years has brought about a bank rising so near the surface, as to be almost bare at low tide; and have not
the citizens of George-town and the upper part of the city, during the two last summers, been exerting themselves at the expence of several thousand dollars from their private purses, expended in the purchase and working of a costly machine, to remove obstructions occasioned by the caules above recited; and shall these men, thus meritoriously anxious to keep open the high road of ship navigation, and thus liberally contributing from their own resources, to save their own and their neighbour's property from deterioration by contending with natural and accidental caules—have the mortification to see an artificial work erected within a stone's throw off their late operation, calculated to produce obstacles innumerable; and to their enterprise and industry insurmountable, to create banks, in comparison with which, that which has cost them two summer's work was but a Mole hill? Shall they see instead of a few planters accidentally lodged and collecting bars about them, a whole range of regular piers or piles planted in the river directly below, to form a series of little mountains from shore to shore, the slopes of which must join below and set navigation at defiance?
Would not such a measure be injustice, be oppression, be cruelty in the extreme, would it not drive these people to desperation, nay to madness; is it not asking a man to lit still calmly and see a fire-brand put to his house, and unagitated, to witness its consumption, fly by fly, with its valuable contents, his all?
Can the promoters of the petition to erect such a bridge be in earnest, in believing that Congress would sanction the measure, can they persuade themselves that the collected wisdom of these United States could practise such a violation of right? Is there a large commercial city on this or the other side of the Atlantic, on a river navigable to sea ships, below which there is a bridge? Search for an answer, the Thames, the Elbe, the Weser, the Garonne, the Loire in Europe, the Delaware, the Patapsco and other rivers in America, and shall the Potomac be the first to try the hazardous experiment? Shall the intended Metropolis of the United States put its progress in jeopardy by such a scheme?
What would the people of Philadelphia say to a proposition to facilitate the communication of roads by building a bridge just below their city? What would say the people of Baltimore to such a proposition—may let them bring this nearer home, and ask the good people of Alexandria how they would relish a petition to Congress, from some company who might start up, to erect a bridge over the Potomac at the line of the district just below their town? And would the Jersey and Maryland avenue men think a bridge over the mouth of the Eastern Branch a valuable improvement and a great accommodation to the public?
REPORTS
Made to the House of Representatives.
The Committee, to whom were referred the memorials of Alexander Moatlie of South-Carolina, in behalf of himself and others, styling themselves the South-Carolina Yazoo Company, and of William Cowan, agent of the Virginia Yazoo Company, submit the following
REPORT—
It appears from the memorials, and from the documents submitted with them that on the 21st day of December, 1789, the legislature of the state of Georgia passed an act, to dispose of certain vacant lands lying within that state, by which it was enacted that the tract of country lying between the Mississippi and Tombigbee Rivers, and extending from the parallel of latitude, which crosses the Mississippi at the mouth of Col's Creek, to the northern boundary of the state, together with a third tract lying on the Tennessee river, should for two years from and after passing the act, be reserved as a pre-emption for three companies styled the South-Carolina Yazoo Company, the Virginia Yazoo Company, and the Tennessee Company; and that the governor should issue grants for the said tracts, according to certain boundaries defined in the act, to these companies respectively, if they should, within two years, pay into the treasury of the state, the following sums, viz. the South-Carolina Yazoo Company the "amount" of 66,964 dollars—the Virginia Yazoo Company the "amount" of 93,741 dollars; and the Tennessee Company, the "amount" of 46,875 dollars.
It further appears from the documents exhibited that the South-Carolina Yazoo Company, on the 13th August, 1790, paid into the Treasury of Georgia in bills of credit, the sum of £630 18s. and on the eleventh of September, 1790, the sum of £500, in paper medium, making in the whale £1,130 18s. in part of the purchase money; and that on the 19th of December, 1791, the said company made a tender of the balance to the treasurer of the state. This tender was made as it is alleged, partly in specie, partly in South-Carolina paper medium, and partly in Georgia certificates, but was rejected by the treasurer, either upon a presumption that the law itself did not authorize the payment to be made in this description of paper, or in pursuance of a resolution of the same legislature passed in June 1790, directing the treasurer to receive after a certain day in the month of August following, payment for these lands, only in gold or silver, or the paper medium of the state.
The Virginia Yazoo Company, in a short time after passing the act, (but when not stated) paid the sum of 1,515 dollars in the paper currency of the state, as part of the purchase money, and on the 12th of December, 1791, made a tender of the balance to the treasurer, in state certificates, and orders on the treasury for liquidated claims. This tender was also refused, as it is presumed, for the same reason which governed in the other case, as above stated.
In consequence of the neglect or refusal on the part of these companies to pay within the stipulated period of two years, in such description of money as the treasurer of the state conceived himself authorized to receive, no grant issued, and the state ceded the same tract of country to the United States, by the articles of compact and cession bearing date the day of 1802.
The money deposited by the Virginia Company was withdrawn by John B. Scott, who was their agent, but who the memorialist alleges, was not authorized to receive the same. That deposited by the South-Carolina Company is said still to remain in the treasury of Georgia.
Both Companies now contend that they have a claim against the United States for compensation for losses sustained by them in consequence of the refusal on the part of Georgia to carry what is called, their contract into effect, and urge that if the constitution of the United States had not been changed in relation to the suitability of states, they could have compelled the state of Georgia to a specific execution of their contract. The act of 1789 is called a contract, because the memorialists lay their petition to the legislature, upon which the law is founded, is referred to in the preamble of the act, and thereby becomes a part of it; and they state that in this petition it was proposed to make the payments in that description of paper which was afterwards tendered. The committee have not seen the petition, but they conceive that the idea of the petition being ingrafted into, and thereby becoming a part of the act, is too novel in its nature, to require any comment from them to prove its inadmissibility. They do not consider the transaction in the light of a contract, as the Companies were not bound by it to a compliance, and might have refused at any time to make a payment, without subjecting themselves to any penalty whatever. They view the act as a conditional grant, not of the land itself, but of the pre-emption right, and the title of the Companies was to be perfected, upon their complying with the condition contained in it. This condition was the payment of a sum of money, and if it had been fulfilled on their part, would have given them a claim upon the honor and justice of the state, for a perfect and complete title. To show their compliance with the condition, they offer the evidence of their own petition referred to in the preamble of the law, the depositions of some of the members of the legislature, and the protest of the minority who voted against the passage of the act, to prove that it was the intention of the legislature, that payment might be made in that description of paper which was tendered.
The preamble of a statute is sometimes referred to, but always with caution, to assist in the interpretation of the enacting clauses, but the preamble of the act in question can throw no light on the present subject, as it contains no expression relative to the species of money or paper which was to be received in payment. The testimony of indi-
viduals who were members of the legislature, and the protest of the minority, should be referred to with great caution, as they are mere matters of opinion, and the same, or a greater number of other individuals who were members of the same body, might have entertained opinions of a directly contrary nature. Indeed the resolution of June, 1790, passed by the same legislature, who framed the act of 1789, directing the Treasurer to receive in payment from these Companies only gold and silver, and the paper medium of the state, is a stronger evidence of its full and intention than any which has been offered, and this is in complete hostility to the pretensions of the present claimants. It is believed to be a sound doctrine that laws should, if possible, be interpreted, without calling in the aid of any foreign materials, and that the meaning of the legislature should be collected from the language which they themselves have used to express it. If there should be an obscurity in one clause, all the others of the same act ought to be carefully examined, and compared with that in which the obscurity exists. If in this manner the meaning of the legislature can be found, and that can be rendered clear which was obscure before, it is the safest method of interpretation, and is always preferred.
The memorialists appear to rely with much confidence upon one expression contained in the first section of the act of 1789, and this is the only one which favours their construction. They allege that as the law declares they shall be entitled to a grant upon paying into the Treasury the amount of 66,000 and 93,000 dollars respectively, they were at liberty to pay, in any paper at that time current in Georgia (except what was called Rattle Snake money) whether bills of credit, certificates, or liquidated claims upon the Treasury. The expression (the amount of 66,000 dollars, &c.) is certainly not a very common one as here applied, the word sum being more generally used in this sense; but it is by no means an incorrect expression. If the companies were authorized to give it the construction which they contend for, it might with equal plausibility be extended to wheat, flour, corn, tobacco, or almost any other article which is a subject of traffic between individuals, or indeed to the old continental currency, and to the bills of credit issued by any other state in the union. This certainly cannot be permitted, as in such case, the lands might have been paid for in paper, not worth more than one dollar in the hundred. If, however, the use of the word amount, instead of the word sum, in the first section, creates any doubt as to the intention of the legislature, this doubt will be removed by referring to the fourth section of the same act, which is in these words: viz. "That the Treasurer of this state shall, on application of any agent of either of the said companies, within the said term of two years, receive the sum or sums of money, which they are hereby respectively directed to advance, a certificate or certificates of which payments, under the hand of the Treasurer, shall be a sufficient voucher for the Governor to issue the grants to the respective companies aforesaid." In this clause the intention of the legislature is clearly and accurately expressed, as they speak of the sums of money which the Companies were by the act directed to advance, thereby referring to the 66,000 and 93,000 dollars, which was to be paid for the land, and rendering it clear beyond a doubt, the money alone was to be received.
The committee have been thus minute in investigating this case, because the memorialists appear to entertain an opinion that the state of Georgia had been guilty of a breach of faith, the United States were bound in equity to make good the damages, they being second purchasers with notice. Without undertaking to decide this question, or to say whether it would be proper to place these Companies on the same footing, with those who claim under the act of 1795, the committee are decidedly of opinion that the Virginia Yazoo Company, and the South-Carolina Yazoo Company have no claim whatever upon the United States.
The Committee to whom was referred a resolution directing an enquiry into the expediency of vesting the powers usually exercised by a court of equity, in the judges of the United States, within the Indiana and other territories; and also into the expediency of allowing writs of error, and appeals from the judgments and de-
crees of said judges to the supreme court of the United States,
REPORT—
That courts without equitable jurisdiction will inevitably, in some instances, become the instruments of iniquity instead of the administrators of justice.
Fraud, accident and hardship, ingredients in many of the transactions of human life which constitute the basis of litigation, entrenched within legal forms, and vested with specious but deceitful appearances, are, many times, not within the reach of a tribunal vested with common law powers only. To determine and relieve against them an equitable jurisdiction is necessary. It may be proper also to observe, that previous to any avail themselves of the powers of a court of equity to obtain more complete relief, by coercing the specific execution of contracts fairly made, and rescinding those that are bottomed upon deceit, than a court of law is competent to grant—Add too, that trusts which frequently become sources of forensic controversy, are matter properly cognizable in courts of equitable jurisdiction.
The committee therefore have agreed, respectfully to submit to the consideration of the House the following resolution:
Resolved That it is expedient to vest the powers usually exercised by a court of equity, in the judges of the United States in the Indiana and other territories.
As to the second matter referred to them for their enquiry, the committee beg leave to observe, that the attainment of an uniformity of decision in any section of country subject to the same laws and usages, is one of the principal objects of the institution of a supreme court with appellate jurisdiction. Where there are many courts dispersed over a country, though subject to the same laws and usages, yet without one common tribunal which shall have power to revise and correct the judgments and decrees of the inferior courts, their decisions will be various and contradictory; but to attain this uniformity of decision in each territorial government, it is not necessary to allow writs of error or appeals to the supreme court of the United States, because each territory has a supreme court (relatively speaking) within itself, which is composed of three judges; and has, or may have, appellate jurisdiction over all other erected in the territory, whereby it may preserve that uniform rule of decision so desirable.
Correctness or propriety of decision is the only other object, the attainment of which can be aided by allowing writs of error and appeals from the territorial courts to the supreme court of the United States. The committee are not informed, nor do they believe there is any unusual want of confidence in the courts of the territories; they are aware that hardship and injustice will result to individuals, in some instances, from the erroneous decisions of those courts; but it has not occurred to them that an appeal will insure infallible relief—Infallibility is not the attribute of any earthly tribunal.
So vast is the distance from the territorial courts, to the supreme court of the United States, that the mischief resulting from the necessary delay, expense, and inconvenience of prosecuting or defending writs of error and appeals, cannot in the opinion of the committee, be compensated by any advantage to be derived from the revision of the judgments and decrees of the courts of the territories, by the supreme court of the United States.
It is obvious to those who have had an opportunity of observing the spirit which often prevails with litigants, that the right of appeal would sometimes be made use of as an instrument of vexation and oppression, where the distance is so great from the inferior to the superior court.
The committee therefore, upon the second matter referred to them, agree to submit the following resolution:
Resolved, That it is inexpedient to allow writs of error and appeals, from the judgments and decrees of the courts of the Indiana and other territories, to the supreme court of the United States.
The Committee appointed on the eighth instant, to whom was committed, the bill sent from the Senate, intitled, "An Act to divide the Indiana Territory into two separate governments" have according to order, had the said bill under consideration, and thereupon report to the House—
THAT by the ordinance for the government of the territory, north of the river Ohio, it is stipulated that

when any of the three divisions, pointed out to form separate states, shall contain 50,000 inhabitants, that division shall become a state in the union, and have a right to exercise and enjoy a form of government free and republican. That it appears that nearly all the people contemplated to be governed by a territorial government, according to the bill from the Senate, are within the boundaries pointed out by the ordinance to form the state, which is now called the state of Ohio, and that they have a right to be a part of said state, and to be governed in conjunction with the people of said state, until Congress shall think proper to make a state of that and the adjacent country, agreeably to the said ordinance. Of course your committee cannot recommend to the United States, to take upon themselves, at this time, the expenses of a separate territorial government over that part of the country.
From the foregoing considerations, your committee respectfully submit their opinion, that the said bill ought not to be passed by this House.
Memorial of sundry artisans and manufacturers of the City of Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania—9th December, 1803. Referred to the committee of Commerce and Manufactures.
To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.
The memorial of the Subscribers, Artisans and Manufacturers of Philadelphia,
Respectfully Sheweth—
That in every country there is an inseparable connection betwixt the manufacturing and the duties on foreign merchandise; inasmuch that some of the greatest statesmen have made the impost a political engine to be used for the introduction or protection of the arts; for as Rousseau observes in his "Political Economy," "It belongs only to the real statesmen to elevate his views, in the imposition of taxes above the mere object of the finances and to transform those burthens into useful regulations."
After the peace and during the confederation, the confusion that reigns in that branch of finance by each state having different objects in view, rendered the manufacturing interest, at that time, precarious and uncertain. Since the adoption of the constitution, and that the impost have been transferred to the federal government, it is to the wisdom of Congress alone that your memorialists have to look up for protection.
It is with deep concern, however, that your memorialists have to represent, that during the long period, from the peace which terminated our revolutionary war to the present time, they have seen the wealth of the nation sent to foreign countries to purchase a thousand articles which can be as well manufactured at home: and of which nature has abundantly supplied us with the raw materials.
Among that immense number of articles, even of the first necessity, manufactured for the United States by foreign nations, there are very few that could not be produced by our own citizens, upon equal terms if they were not prevented by some of the following reasons: 1st. Foreign fashion. 2d. Our markets being constantly overstocked with foreign goods. 3d. The unjust competition which we are obliged to sustain with foreign manufacturers. 4th. The expense necessarily attending the commencement of complicated manufactures, and, 5thly. Duties injudiciously laid on raw materials or goods partially manufactured. On each of these your memorialists beg leave to state what has come within their own knowledge and observation. And,
First. The articles that are affected by foreign fashion are principally cloathing, and more especially fabrics of cotton. Our manufacturers of that article, in the trials that have already been made, find it impossible to keep pace with the changes introduced by the new patterns from foreign nations; they are, therefore, confined to those articles which bear very little profit, for which low wages are given; and have continually the mortification of seeing themselves excluded from the most profitable branches of the trade, and their goods rejected by the citizens of America as unfashionable.
Second. Our stores being constantly glutted with foreign goods, is another very great obstruction to an incipient or even an established manufacture. The greater part of the manufactures, of which iron, silk, wool, cotton or flax are the raw materials, ought to be established in the interior of the country, where provisions, house rent, and fuel are cheap; it is, therefore, necessary that there should be a middle man betwixt the consumer and the manufacturer, that the latter may not waste his time in seeking for customers: these are the store keepers, wholesale or retail, who inhabit the towns and seaports. Now it is evident, that if a foreign manufacturer shall be permit-
ted to keep these people with a constant supply of goods, and give them long credit, it will be impossible for the citizens with a small capital to persuade the store keeper to purchase his goods for ready money; and if he applies immediately to the consumer, the time that he waits, in a country where the population is diffused, forces him to demand an extraordinary price, or fix himself in a large town, where house rent, fuel, &c. eat up the profits of his labor.
Third. The competition that the manufacturing citizens of the United States, are, by the laws of the country, obliged to sustain with the manufacturers of a foreign nation, is, in the opinion of your memorialists, unjust, inasmuch as the finished articles of our infant manufactures, produced from raw materials found in the United States, such as works of copper, iron, lead, earth, glass, cotton, wool, wood, fur, bone, horn, and leather, are generally, either prohibited in foreign countries, or duties imposed far greater than is paid on the like goods coming into the United States; so that there is no encouragement to attempt to excel foreign manufacturers; for in spite of the greatest exertions, still the consumption must be confined to the United States. If any difference were to be made betwixt two competitors, it ought to be in favor of the weakest; and an infant manufacture must have some protection to enable it to contend with an old establishment. Your memorialists are, however, under the painful necessity of stating, that in the United States, the reverse of this takes place. In several instances, especially in hats, shoes, paper, and saddlery, manufactures which have arrived to as high perfection as in any country, in spite of foreign competition; they are, however, not permitted into the country of our competitors, while theirs are still admitted here, and gain sometimes a temporary advantage over our manufacturers, which they are not able to recover for many years, owing to a fluctuation in the price of manual labor, or of the raw material, or the necessaries of life.—But to whatever state of perfection our manufactures may arrive, and however low we may be enabled to sell them, we never can contend with our competitors in their own markets. Or put them to temporary inconvenience, because they totally prohibit us from their markets. And in those manufactures which require great capitals and a combination of talents, our competitors in foreign countries have us altogether at their mercy: or rather the word competitor is perversion of the term; for wherever one party is laid prostrate at the feet of the other, there is an end to competition.
Fourth. The next obstacle is the expense necessarily attending the commencement of complicated manufactures. Where an article must pass thro' the hands of several ingenious artists, before it is fit for the market, the expense of collecting those artists must be considerable; the time too, that is taken up to bring the materials from a raw state to be fit for sale, must require an additional capital, which no man would risk, unless the consumption of his fellow citizens were secured to him; and at the same time, defended from every species of competition, but what he can see, and whose strength he can measure, (viz.) with his fellow citizens only: if an insidious foe is liable to come upon him in the dark, and in the guise of fashion, it would be the extreme of folly to venture his capital.
Fifth. Your memorialists conceive that the injudicious imposition of duties on raw materials, or goods partially manufactured, and in some cases a freedom from duty, equally injurious to the arts, merit the attention of Congress. Among the first, may be reckoned, rags for making paper, the bark of the cork tree, &c. and among the latter, wire of all kinds, as being an article for which the United States ought not to depend on a foreign country, especially as iron of the best kind is found here in abundance.
It is a position that will not be denied by the greatest enemies to domestic manufacturing, that as soon as any particular branch shall be established, foreign goods of the same kind ought to be prohibited or discouraged; and this is certainly the case with every manufactory of leather and fur, and yet your memorialists would be glad to know by what mode of reasoning it can be made to appear, that the hatter and shoemaker who have spent their youth in acquiring these arts, should every five or six years, be ruined by an excessive importation of foreign hats or shoes, which perhaps may be the remaining estate of some European bankrupt.
The enemies to the manufacturing system have, at different times, brought forward objections, which to men fully acquainted with that branch of industry hardly deserve notice; but as there are others, with the best intentions, who are true friends to the prosperity of these states, who may be led away by these specious objections, or rather imaginary obstacles, we shall mention them, not with any intention of entering into a serious refutation, but only to shew their insignificance. 1st. They say "this country is too young to begin the
manufacture of cloathing for the citizens." In the progress of every original country, (colonies excepted,) the manufacture of cloathing has always preceded every thing else, even agriculture itself. But your memorialists cannot help expressing their opinion, that agriculture and the manufacturing arts ought neither to precede or be behind each other; that they were designed for mutual protection and support, of which the history and present state of all nations, bear ample testimony. The flourishing state of agriculture must always be in proportion to the population; and population, on any given territory, is in proportion to the manufacturing arts, or the kind of labor in which the people are employed. Already, in some parts of the New-England states, emigration is necessary to carry off the superfluous population: and it would be an injustice done to the land holders of that part of the union, if they were prevented from pursuing that line of industry which, by preserving the population to the state, would enhance the value of their property. And we have no hesitation in saying, that it will be bad policy indeed, when the United States shall retard the prosperity of the most ancient and most populous states, for no other reason than that the new states are not equally formed in point of population, agriculture, &c. There is no fact better authenticated than this, that several of the states have from a multiplicity of causes, far outstripped others in the progress towards that state of society, in which all the three great branches of national industry are combined, viz. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce: and it is equally true, that none of them have been permitted to exert the force of their faculties, or call forth the industry of their citizens; but have been uniformly retarded and checked in their career, by United States' policy and its fiscal regulations. In the great towns, we see all the evils attendant on luxury, such as pride, idleness, and dissipation, without any of the benefits and advantages, which by political writers, have been ascribed to it. As, that it makes the rich contribute to the ingenious poor; calls forth talents, and circulates the wealth of a nation; but no such good can attend luxury in America: instead of circulating the wealth of the nation, it transfers it to foreign powers, and gives them the means of war, only to menace our peace and disturb our tranquility.
It has been also objected to manufactures, "that they would retard or prevent the population of the western wilderness." As if the prosperity of the citizens in old established situations were to be sacrificed to new projects and land speculators. Every migration must be a loss, and not a gain to the American nation at large. What the western states gain, the eastern lose; and so far there is a balance, and the real loss is in the act of migration: the trouble, the change of climate, and a thousand other inconveniences which, in a national scale, must be a loss.
The health of the citizens have been considered as in danger by the sedentary life of manufacturers; but your memorialists know of no manufactory which can be called a sedentary employment, except the clerks necessary to keep the accounts; and, as far as it regards them, the objection will apply to merchants as well as manufacturers. It is true, in foreign countries, where the government, the law, and the employer are all in combination or rather conspiracy against the employed, poverty and its concomitant, disease, must be very frequent among the people employed, not only in manufactures, but among the peasantry or cultivators of the ground; and to whatever deplorable condition artisans may be reduced, in these governments, the cultivators of the soil are still worse; for, to every other species of misery, ignorance must also be added.
Objections have been also made to arts and manufactures on account of the supposed vice which is said to be found in manufacturing towns. A considerable number of your memorialists have seen the manufacturing towns of Europe, and are convinced, that the greatest portion of virtue is to be found there; and that ten times the number of crimes are committed near courts and in seaports, that are committed in manufacturing towns. In a word, if we may judge from the state of society in Europe, artisans and manufacturers, oppressed as they are, are, nevertheless, the most virtuous, and the most intelligent class in civil society. In a letter from Mr. Colquhoun, of London, to Mr. Eddy, of New-York, author of the treatise on the prisons of that city, we find the following observations: "From the facts you have disclosed relative to the criminal offences committed in the city of New-York, I am induced to enlarge upon this subject. They appear to me to be of a magnitude to excite a considerable degree of alarm, with respect to the degree of criminality in the American towns, inasmuch as it would appear, that they greatly exceed the largeness and misdemeanors committed in towns in Great-Britain, of an equal or even a greater population; and, although I have not had an opportunity of
ascertaining the fact, I have an impression on my mind, that the annual convictions in the whole of Scotland, where population approaches two millions of people, are short of those which take place yearly in the state of New-York."
The last objection that we shall notice is, "That government ought not to grant any special privilege or protection to any part or portion of the national industry, more than to another; and, if any manufactory will not take root of itself, it shews it is not fit for our climate or state of society, and ought not to be cultivated here." To which your memorialists beg leave to answer, that this objection can only hold good in the case of a simple manufactory, which is begun and finished by the ingenuity of one man; and where the market for the ready sale of the article is at hand, and does not require the interposition of the merchant to dispose of it, at a distance from the manufactory: but in all complicated arts, where a combination of skill, and a combination of capital too, is absolutely necessary, it will be found that this never has, and we presume never will be, obtained, but by the following care of government. And if we inquire what other nations have done in similar circumstances, we shall find, that those who have given the greatest encouragement to the complex manufactures have been the most successful, the most wealthy and powerful; and, although the English government has always been unwilling to let her artisans know, that it was to them she owed her greatness, and has insidiously ascribed it to her navy, to her commerce, to her insular situation, to her soil, to her climate, to the constitution of her government, and a number of other secondary or auxiliary causes, your memorialists are convinced, that she is indebted for her greatness and power to the well directed industry of her artisans and manufacturers; and your memorialists, it is hoped, will not be blamed for trespassing on the time of your honorable body by shewing what that nation has done for her manufactures.
By the statute 3, Ed. IV. c. 4, no merchant or other person shall bring into the kingdom, to be sold within the realm, any of the following goods, viz. woollen cloths, laces, ribbands, silk in any wise embroidered, faddles, stirrups, harness, things wrought of tanned leather, shoes, hats, locks of any kind, &c. &c. upon pain to forfeit the same as often as they may be found, in the hands of any person to be sold, half to the king and half to the feizor. This statute was confirmed by 19, Hen. VII. c. 21. And, upon consideration that white ashes, made within the realm, are very necessary for the making of soap and salt-petre, and for whitening of linen cloth, and scouring of woollen, &c. therefore it is enacted, that no person shall ship or carry beyond sea any white ashes, on pain of forfeiting six shillings and eight pence for every bushel, 3, Ed. VI. c. 26. And to preserve the wool; rams, lambs, or sheep alive, are prohibited to be carried out of the realm, upon pain that every offender shall, for the first offence, lose all his goods, and also suffer one year's imprisonment, and have his left hand cut off. 8, Eliz. c. 3. And the statute 12, Char. II. c. 32, ordains, that no person shall export any sheep, or wool, yarn made of wool, wool flocks, or fuller's earth, on pain of forfeiture, &c. And, for the protection of manufactures of leather, it is enacted by the 13 and 14, Char. II. c. 7, that no person shall carry out of England, the skins or hides, tanned or untanned, of any ox, steer, bull, cow, or calf, under a penalty of £500. And the statutes 13 and 14, Char. II. c. 19, prohibits the importation of card wire, or iron wire employed in making wool cards; that no part of their woollen manufactory might depend upon foreign nations: and for encouraging the manufactures of the kingdom, it is enacted, by the statute 11 and 12, Wm. III. c. 10, that all wrought silks, Bengals, and stuffs of the manufacture of Persia, China, or the East Indies; and all printed, stained, and dyed calicoes, which shall be imported, shall not be worn in the kingdom; but shall be entered and carried to ware houses appointed by the commissioners of the customs, in order for exportation; and not taken thence, but on security given that they shall be exported. It was by such protecting statutes, and a multitude of others, that England created her extensive manufactures, which multiplied the objects of commerce, and laid the foundation of that navy, which at this day gives laws to the maritime world. And an English author, who wrote upon the trade of that nation forty years ago, says, "What is of the utmost consequence to England is, that, by laying high duties we are always able to check the vanity of our people, in their extreme fondness for wearing exotic manufactures: for, if it were not for this restraint, as our neighbours give much less wages to their workmen than we do, and, consequently, can sell cheaper, the Italians, the French, and the Dutch, would have continued to pour upon us their silks, paper, hats, donggets stuffs, and even Spanish woollen cloths; for they have
the wool of that country as cheap as we; and are become masters of that business, by the great encouragement they have given to able workmen from other countries to settle with them; and thereby have prevented the growth of those manufactures amongst us, and so might have reduced us to the low estate we were in before their establishment; and, therefore, it will be a maxim to be observed by all prudent governments, who are capable of manufacturing within themselves, to lay such duties on the foreign as may favor their own and discourage the importation of any of the like sorts from abroad."
If other nations, as Spain, Portugal, Naples, &c. have neglected their manufactures; and, consequently, hold only a second or third rank among the nations of Europe, it would ill become the United States to follow their example. In this particular we should rather imitate England or France, without, however, making the source of riches a rod of oppression, as they have done; and, notwithstanding, artisans are greatly oppressed there, whatever of republicanism is to be found in their constitutions is to be ascribed to them; for in all ages the peasantry have been too ignorant to understand their rights, and too remote from each other to be able to withstand oppression.
It is however conceded by some "that coarse goods and articles of the first necessity, ought to be manufactured here, while fine goods and articles of luxury, ought to be imported from abroad;" which is much the same as to say, that foreign manufacturers ought to be employed in the most beneficial branches of our consumption, and the citizens should be contented with the inferior kinds of labor.
If this be not the meaning of our opponents, then it must be inferred, either that our citizens want genius to perform the finer arts, or that they are despised in the United States. It is a fact, however, of perfect notoriety, that there are more fine goods of every manufactory used in the towns of America, than in those of the same size in Europe; and also, that our citizens do not want talents to execute, or genius to contrive, any thing that may be required of them, and for which they shall have due encouragement. Among the members even of this society, if we except China ware, it would be almost impossible to mention an article in use here, that could not be made by one or other of them. It is true that many of them are employed out of their proper line of business, and in occupations far beneath their genius or talents. Your memorialists cannot, therefore, be blamed for their opinion, that it would be more profitable to the nation, to employ those people in teaching the rising generation those arts, than to continue purchasing foreign goods; and also, that the best and most profitable parts of the labor, ought to be given to the citizens; and the coarse or inferior branches reserved for foreign nations.
But it has been said, that high duties ought not to be laid; because we have not at present a sufficient number of hands to supply the United States.—This only shews the necessity of protecting duties, which alone, can give encouragement to men of genius to pursue complex and difficult manufactures; and that no length of time would ever produce a sufficient number of hands without it.
Having answered, as briefly as possible, some of the objections of our opponents, and shewn what another great nation did for the arts, during their infancy in that country, your memorialists beg leave to state some of the effects likely to be produced, from an union of the three great branches of national industry, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce; in which it will be seen, that each of them would receive an additional impulse by such an union. And first, of agriculture.
It has been already observed, that the state of agriculture is always in proportion to population. This is evident from a view of the price of land, which decreases in the compound ratio, of its intrinsic worth, and its distance from the centre of a town, or the populous part of a country. But agriculture alone will never concentrate the population, so as to form a town of any considerable magnitude. There can only be a country village where a few neighbouring proprietors are collected, with the blacksmith, tavern keepers, and store keeper, &c. which instead of being the centre of trade and industry, is often the focus of dissipation. This scattered population requires a greater extent of roads than can be kept in any decent repair; hence, during several months in the year, they are impassable; and at all seasons, the distance is too great to make it profitable to transport heavy commodities, the rude produce of agriculture, except along the banks of navigable waters.
But when the useful arts are established in the midst of a fertile country, the system of farming becomes improved; land advances in value; because all the produce of a farm finds a ready market in the neighbourhood; and good roads may be made without oppressive taxation. It is thus that agri-

culture has always flourished best in the neighborhood of the arts, and commerce, consisting in the exchange of the commodities of one district for those of another, the histories of all nations demonstrate, that where objects of industry are greatly diversified, the greater is the trade of the merchant. Manufactories might change the nature and objects of commerce; but to annihilate it, would be contrary to the experience of all mankind.
As the revenue of the United States is derived, principally, from the objects of foreign industry, it will be proper to enquire, what would be the effects of the manufacturing system on that revenue. We will suppose that with all the protection that would be given to manufactures, it would be, nevertheless, twenty years before the United States could supply themselves with every thing they chose to make, or could arrive at that perfection, as to equal foreign nations; and if the revenue on goods imported, were divided into two parts, viz. 1st. That which arises from the useful arts, (which it would be proper for the United States to encourage here.) And 2d. That which is levied on luxuries, such as tea, China ware, &c. or other manufactures which it, perhaps, would be imprudent for a series of years to attempt. It is highly probable, if not evident, that the increasing population of the United States would, in twenty years, double the produce of the revenue arising from the importation of those luxuries, and make the revenue from that part alone, equal to the whole of the present revenue. On the other hand, a heavy protecting duty on the useful arts, would make a very considerable addition to the revenue for a few years, which would, however, be gradually diminishing, as manufactures were established throughout the country. This argument is predicated upon the stationary quality which the expenses of the federal government possesses, and on the nature of its revenue, increasing in proportion to the population.
Nothing can be a more appropriate object of taxation, than foreign fashions and foreign luxuries. When foreign luxuries shall become more expensive, the citizens will be contented with more decent attire, and learn to place a higher value on the plain fabrics of home manufacture. In a few years, the genius of Americans will be called forth to invent luxuries of our own, which are as beneficial to a country, as foreign luxuries are injurious.
Thus by one operation, many advantages will accrue to the nation. New sources will be laid open for the employment of capital in the interior; the coasting trade and internal commerce will receive a new impulse; domestic industry will put to shame idleness and dissipation; foreign nations will lose their influence over our councils. The fertile lands of America will rise to their just value, by bringing a market to the door of the farmer. The riches with which nature has so bountifully blessed this country, will be explored and brought into use, and the minerals and waters of the country, will be employed to the purposes for which they were designed by the God of nature.
Your memorialists now beg leave to state, in a general way, what alterations it would be necessary in our opinion, to make on the duties on importation, so as to protect some of the most useful arts already established, and to encourage the introduction of others; and this we do, neither in the servile language of petition nor with the presumptuous of dictating to the wisdom of Congress.
And first. It is our opinion that all manufactures of which wood, fur, leather, horn, bone or rags, are the raw materials, as they are the produce of the country ought either to be prohibited, or high duties laid on their importation. Goods manufactured from these materials are either already made here, or may be made, as soon as the artisans are secured in their respective pursuits.
The manufactures also of which hemp, flax, cotton and iron, are the raw materials, as they require great capital; a great diversity of skill and talents and have, for the most part, had a beginning here ought to receive all the fostering care of government; that we should not, in these expensive undertakings, have to contend with foreign goods in our own market.
Whenever congress shall seriously take up the subject of manufactures, a great number of articles will come under consideration, which are neither properly raw materials, in the strict sense of the word, nor finished goods such for example are, iron and brass wire, sheet brass, sheet copper, printing ink, types &c. all of which are, however, necessary to the completion of other manufactures. These it is believed, might, some of them, be encouraged by premiums from the state; for it is known, that if once they are fairly set up, and the first expense got over, a very moderate duty would prevent foreign nations from rivaling us.
Manufactories of the precious metals have already been established; but it is questionable, whether they will preserve their reputation without being assayed and stamped as is practiced in other nations, and whether this be within the jurisdiction of Congress.
No nation can be called independent which relies for military or naval stores on a foreign country; and there can be no certainty of a supply in time of war, but by encouraging their manufacturing in times of peace, by prohibiting all foreign arms and ammunition.
Every fabric of silk may at present be considered as a luxury; and therefore, the proper subject of taxation; which, at the same time, would operate greatly in favor of the Southern states, where silk, in a few years might be as plenty as in China.
Your memorialists have forborne to say much on the manufacture of wool, as that article cannot be multiplied at pleasure, as cotton, hemp, and flax may. This would depend upon a combination of circumstances. The people must be induced to prefer mutton and lamb to the flesh of hogs; and this can only be done by an attention to the breed and improvements in the mode of pasturing those useful animals: a subject which would come with more propriety from a society of agriculturists.
WASHINGTON CITY.
MONDAY, JANUARY 23, 1804.
The President and Senate ratified the CONVENTION between the UNITED STATES and SPAIN of the 11th of August, 1802, laid by the President before the Senate during the last session, and not then definitively acted upon.
This Convention stipulates for the indemnification of those who have sustained losses, damages or injuries in consequence of the excesses of individuals of either nation during the late war contrary to the existing Treaty on the laws of nations.
It provides for a board of commissioners to consist of five members, two to be appointed by each government; and the fifth by common consent, or in case of disagreement to be designated by lot.
They are to meet at Madrid; and for the space of eighteen months from the day of their meeting, are authorized to receive the claims provided for by the convention.
By a provision of the convention a reservation is made on behalf of each party of the right to claim at a convenient time indemnification for the excesses of foreign cruisers, agents, consuls and tribunals in their respective territories, which might be imputable to the two governments. This reservation was rendered necessary to save the claims of this description, not found to be embraced in the remedial part of the convention.
The convention only requires the exchange of ratifications at Madrid, to be carried into immediate execution.
In our last paper we omitted to state that Mr. STANTON spoke against the motion of Mr. Rodacy to extinguish the State Balances.
Extract of a letter from Pittsburg, dated Dec. 26.
"I congratulate you on our acquisition of Louisiana without the horrors of war. I hope it will ultimately appreciate the value of your property in this western country. We have five sea vessels building in this town, one of which is a large ship, the others are to be schooners or brigs, and a brig building 15 miles up Monongahela, all of which are expected to defend the Ohio and Mississippi in the spring."
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 1804.
On motion of Mr. Nicholson the unfinished business of the last session on a bill for the laying out roads in the district of Columbia was referred to a select committee.
A message was received from the Senate, stating that they had postponed until the 1st Monday of November the bill for the relief of certain officers of government, sufferers by the insurrection of 1795.
Mr. J. Clay moved the reference of a memorial from the inhabitants of Alexandria in favor of a bridge over the Potomac, presented some time since, to the committee lately appointed on the same subject—Agreed to.
Mr. J. Randolph, from the committee of Ways and Means reported a recommendation that the House do disapprove to the amendment proposed by the Senate to the bill for the relief of the captors of the Moorish armed vessels Meschouda and Mirboha.
The bill as it passed the House of Representatives distributed the value of the captured vessels among the officers and crews of the frigates John Adams and Philadelphia. The amendment of the Senate directs distribution to be made according to the existing provisions of law for the distribution of prize-money, according to which the commander of the squadron receives one twentieth part.
The report of the committee was committed to the committee of Ways and Means.
According to the order of the day, the House heard Mr. C. Swan, counsel for the claimants under the Yazoo company.
Alexandria, Jan. 19.
On Tuesday night a number of the citizens of Alexandria met at Mr. Koone's tavern, to celebrate the wise and energetic measures of our administration, as exemplified by the cession of New Orleans, &c. On this joyous occasion Mr. K. handsomely illuminated his house, and the following toasts were drank, accompanied with martial music, and the utmost hilarity.
 1. The citizens of America on both sides of the Mississippi—may one interest rivet the union we this day celebrate.  2. Jefferson—his enemies fear and admire him, his friends glory in their chief, and the world venerate his wisdom.  3. The heads of departments—they combine patriotism and talents with wisdom and virtue.  4. Monroe and Livingston—May their country long remember their faithful services and successful negotiation.  5. Governor Claiborne and General Wilkinson, the American commissioners whose fidelity has been relied on, and whose virtue and talents have been approved.  6. The volunteers who descended the Mississippi to assert the rights of their country.  7. The republican phalanx, who in '98 asserted the rights of their country, and in 1801, restored them to their pristine vigour.  8. Agriculture, Manufacture, and Commerce—may they each flourish under the benign policy that forbids the support of one at the expense of the other.  9. The disinterested few who revile the administration for its virtue—let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.  10. Federalists, tories, and royalists—may their principles never be disseminated in our newly acquired country.  11. The liberty of the press and public opinion on those who abuse it.  12. The memory of General George Washington—may his fame be ever dear to us all, but let contempt be fixed on those who hypocritically call themselves his admirers, while aiming a deadly blow at the liberty of his country.  13. The memory of S. Adams and J. Hancock, proscribed by a king as traitors, because they loved liberty and excepted by him from mercy, because they were devoted to their country.  14. The heroes of '76—may their memories be embalmed with the tears of regret, and their fame be the emulation to posterity.  15. The tongue, the pen, and the sword, perish the traitors who would use either to injure or destroy the democratic institutions of our country.  16. Ross, Morris, and Bayard, reformation to their hearts, and execration to their policy.  17. Unhappy Ireland, and her brave and patriotic sons, whether at home or in exile.  18. The American Fair—May they spurn from their arms those who would make their progeny slaves. 
MEDAL FOR PRINTING INK.
"Extract from the minutes of the Philadelphia Company of Bookellers."
January 13, 1804. The committee to whom was committed the specimens of printing ink, as also the volumes accompanying them, respectfully report—
THAT they have carefully examined the specimens of Printing Ink, as also the books, produced as specimens, submitted to their inspection, are of opinion, though both are good, and superior to a specimen of London ink, examined at the same time, yet that the preference is due to the ink made by Mr. JACOB JOHNSON, not only as to the appearance, but as it preserves its color, when exposed to the heat of a fire, superior to the others; they therefore take the liberty of submitting the following resolution:
Resolved, That a gold medal of the value of fifty dollars, be given to Mr. Jacob Johnson, in conformity the
resolution passed last August, he having produced the best specimen of Printing ink to the company.
On motion, Resolved, That that the company agree to the above report, and that a committee be appointed to have the medal made, as also that the resolution be published, signed by the President and attested by the Secretary."
(Signed) MATTHEW LARRY, President. Wm. BRADFORD, Sec.
The following resolutions have been agreed to by two thirds of each branch of the legislature of Delaware.
Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the state of Delaware, in general assembly met, that the amendment to the constitution of the United States proposed to the legislatures of the several states by the Congress of the United States on the day of
in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and three, be, and the same is hereby disapproved by the legislature of this state; for the reasons following:
1st. Because at all times innovations of the constitution are dangerous; but more especially when the changes are dictated by party spirit, are designed for temporary purposes, and calculated to accomplish personal views.
2d. Because as representatives of a small state, we are sensible that, in the nature of things, every change in the constitution will be in favor of the large states, who will never be disposed to allow, and will always have the means to prevent a variation favorable to the interests of the small states.
3d. Because, in fact, the proposed amendment does reduce the power and weight of the small states, in the case provided by the constitution for the choice of President by the House of Representatives, by limiting the selection to three instead of the five candidates having the greatest number of electoral votes.
4th. Because the present mode of election gives to the small states a control and weight in the election of President and Vice-President, which are destroyed by the contemplated amendment.
5th. Because it is the true and permanent interest of a free people, among whom the relations of majority and minority must ever be fluctuating, to maintain the just weight and respectability of the minority, by every proper provision, not impeaching the principle that the majority ought to govern: and we consider the present mode of election as calculated to repress the natural intolerance of a majority, and to secure some consideration and forbearance in relation to the minority.
6th. Because we view the existing provision in the constitution as among the wisest of its regulations. History furnishes many examples of nations, and particularly of republics, in their delirious devotion to individuals, being ready to sacrifice their liberties and dearest rights to the personal aggrandizement of their idol. The existing regulation furnishes some check to this human infirmity, by the occasional power given to a few to negative the will of the majority as to one man, leaving them every other qualified citizen in the country for the range of their selection.
7th. Because we are not satisfied that the said amendment has constitutionally passed the two houses of Congress; the constitution requiring the concurrence of two thirds of both houses, which in a case of such magnitude and of designed precaution, must be considered as two thirds of the entire number composing the two houses; whereas it appears that the said amendment, is not supported by the concurrence of two thirds of the whole number of either house.
(By Authority.)
AN ACT For the relief of John Coles.
BE it enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the proper accounting officers liquidate and adjust the claim of John Coles, owner of the ship Grand Turk, heretofore employed in the service of the United States, for the detention of the said ship at Gibraltar, by direction of the American Consul at that port, from the tenth day of May to the fourth day of July, one thousand eight hundred and one, inclusive; and that he be allowed demurrage at the rate stipulated in the Charter party, together with the interest thereon.
NATHL MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. A. BURR, Vice President of the United States, and President of the Senate. January 14, 1804. APPROVED, TH: JEFFERSON.
LEXINGTON, Kentucky, January 3.
Wednesday last the legislature of the state adjourned sine die. During their session they have passed many laws, but none of an interesting nature.
Reasons offered by the Governor of Kentucky, to the legislature, with respect to the enrolled bill, entitled An act to provide for choosing electors to elect a President and Vice President of the United States.
The governor not approving an enrolled bill, entitled An act to provide for choosing electors to elect a President and Vice President of the United States, returns it agreeably to the provisions of the constitution, to the House in which it originated.
The principles on which his disapprobation of this bill is founded, being, as he conceives, of the highest importance to the constitutional liberty and rights of the people; he deems it necessary to state them with fullness and precision.
The bill now returned provides that eight electors shall, in the first instance, be chosen by a joint vote of the Senate and House of Representative of this commonwealth; that if any electors shall fail to attend, and the general assembly be not in session—the electors themselves shall fill any vacancy in their own body,—and that in case the electors should not meet—the governor shall appoint electors in the place of the absentees.
That clause of the constitution of the United States, which relates to the appointment of electors, is the following words: "each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in Congress."
In order to judge how far the power now assumed by the legislature is sanctioned by this clause of the constitution; it is necessary to examine, what power is really conferred by the recited article? Is it the power of appointing electors? by no means: it is simply the power of declaring the manner in which they shall be appointed. Agreeably to our political maxims, all power emanates from the people—from them originates the power of appointing public officers,—and where they have not, by no constitutional instrument, lodged that power in other hands—they must be supposed to have retained it to themselves. The obvious and natural construction of this clause of the constitution, therefore will be, that the people are to appoint the electors, and that is only the manner in which they shall exercise this right, that is left to the discretion of the legislature. Had the convention which framed the federal constitution, contemplated a legislative exercise of the rights of appointing electors; is it not unaccountable that the constitution does not express this idea, and plainly declare, as in the case of Senators, that the electors in each state shall be chosen by the legislature thereof? The rule would then have been uniform throughout the United States, and obvious advantages would have attended this uniformity.
[To be continued.]
NOTICE.
Is given to the creditors of Zebulon Warner, a bankrupt, that on Monday the 6th day of February next at 10 o'clock A. M. at Steele's hotel, in the city of Washington, his final discharge will be allowed unless cause be then and there shown to the contrary. WILLIAM GRANGER, Assistant Judge of the circuit court of the district of Columbia. Jan. 18—3t
Fifteen Dollars Reward.
RAN AWAY from the subscriber at Dumfries, on the 3d inst. a negro man named HARRY, about 25 years old five feet 7 or 8 inches high, middling black, straight hair slender made, has a large beard, flat nose, small eyes, large mouth and thick lips, chews tobacco, and is very sensitive. Had on when he went away an old blue frock coat, an old blue fringed waist with feet buttons on it, each of fine cloth; an old pair of velvet breeches, a pair of dark mixed wool stockings, a pair of patched shoes and a wool hat. He was late the property of Christopher Grigsby or Edward March of Frederick county Virginia. He formerly lived at Tappaco Furnace, where it is expected he now is and will endeavor to pass as a free man. Any person apprehending said Negro and securing him in any jail for that I get him again shall receive the above reward. Any information respecting said Negro, given to Mr. Samuel Davis in Dumfries, Mr. Samuel Jackson in Prince William County, or to the subscriber living in Wythe county Virginia will be thankfully received. FRANCIS I. CARTER. Jan. 20—7t
District of Columbia, ss.
ON the petition of Nicholas Fevrier, an insolvent debtor, confined in the prison of Washington county for debt. Notice is hereby given to the creditors of the said Nicholas Fevrier that on Monday the 6th day of February next, at 11 o'clock A. M. at the court room in the Capitol, the oath of an insolvent debtor will be administered to the said Nicholas Fevrier, agreeably to the act of Congress now in force on that subject, and a trustee appointed, unless sufficient cause be then and there shown to the contrary. It is ordered that this notice be published three times in the National Intelligencer and Washington Federalist previous to said day. By order of William Craigh, Esq. Assistant Judge of the circuit court of the district of Columbia. URIAH FORREST, Clerk. January 23.

A LIST OF LETTERS Remaining in the Post Office at Wash- ington city, on the 1st day of Jan. 1804.
A John Jacob Ager, Esq. David Allen, Mr. Augrand, Peter Abbott, Mr. Ap- pleton, William Allison, care of Ro- bert Hamilton.
B Joseph Bryan, 2. William A. Bur- well, Esq. 2. Robert Barton, 2. Capt. Robert Bailey, Miss Renose Brown, Miss B. B. Esq. George Bills, John Barker, Esq. Doctor William Baker, Mr. John N. Barron, John Brown, William Bard Esq. Charles Bennett, Benjamin Boote, Nicholas Boon, Jacob Bond, Jun. Henry Bradley, Captain George W. Balch, Mr. William Ba- ker, care of Mr. Lowry, Capt. Thomas Benton, Augustus Baldwin, Esq. John C. Baum, Esq. Lieut. Bachio, Major James Bruff, James W. Bryson, Mr. Lewis Beckwith.
C George Washington P. Callis, Esq. 2. Isaac Cowdrey, 2. Major Richard Claiborne, 2. Mrs. Betty Cook, James Coyle, Thomas Cumming Esq. Citizen William Chapman, William Clarke, William Campbell, Esq. Joseph Clark, 2. Capt. Hugh G. Campbell, James L. Clouney, Mr. Whipple Crow, Rev. Bi- shop John Garea, Daniel Calley, care of F. William O'Brien, James Colman, Francis Clarke, Thomas P. Chiffelle, Esq. Right Rev. Doctor Claggett, James Connors.
D Mr. John Donnell, Lieut. Dent, Mr. Decheare, Mr. Daniel Durrance, Mr. George Delany, care of Mr. Fennell General Davies, J. Ephes Donaghy.
E William Eaton, Esq. 4. W. B. Elwyn, Esq. Triplet S. Eties.
F Anthony Farnis, Joshua Farnham, Patrick Frazier, Winna Fletcher, Igna- tius Farrol, Monsieur Francis Fabre, M c Carty Fitzhugh.
G Theodore Gaillard, Esq. 9. Lieut. Edmund P. Gaines, 2. Joseph Graves, Doctor Thomas Gampell, Monheur Ge- neral, William Green, 2. Mr. Gavig L. G. G. William Godby, Nathan Good- hole, John Gillaspay.
H Samuel Hear, 2. Capt. Charles Hyde, 3. James Hume, Esq. 2. Major I. E. Hauke, 2. Capt. John Hand, Miss Kitty Hughes, Patrick Haney, Solomon Harrison, Mrs. Mary Hammon, Mr. James Hunter, Abijah Hunt, An- drew Hunter, John A. Hester, Hoffman, Francis Henderson, Esq. Na- thaniel Heyward, Esq. William Holmes, Mr. Richard Harrison, 2. Daniel Hodge, Esq. Mr. John Hankart, John Harris, James Hury, E. Hart, Esq. Col. Elna- than Haskell, Daniel E. Huger, Esq.
J Walter Irvine, 2. Lieut. William C. Jenckes, 2. Jacob Jon, Esq. John Ioon, Fanny Johnstou, Charles Jonett, Esq. Robert W. Jones, Esq. David January, Mrs. Island.
K Roger Keffuck, 2. Alexander Kenne- dy, Ephraim Kerby, Rev. Samuel Knox, William Kemp, Henry Kurtz, George Kirkland.
L Theodorick Lov, Esq. 2. George Lynham, Jacob Loudonlay, General H. Lee, 2. Rev. James Laird, John T. Lind- sey, Lewis Leroy, John Lyonus, Hon- orable Thomas Laurence, Mrs. Sarah Lewis, Messrs. Lear & Co.
M Henry Myrorer, 2. Mrs. Ann Ma- culin, John Mace, Henry L. Martin, John M'Clan, Samuel Mitchell, James M'Clary, John M'Nish, Esq. George M'Allister, Len M'Daniel, Mrs. Ann H. M'Gruder, Notley Maddox, Messrs. H. and I. P. Marshalls.
N Robert Newman, Samuel Nichol- son, Esq. Austin Nichols, Esq.
O Henry Oswald, James Oldham, George Oxide, John Osmod, 2.
P Lawson Pearson, 2. Robert Piper, Thomas L. Paterson, J. S. Potts, Messrs. Panton, L. & Co. Lieut. Samuel Pouley, Messrs. Isaac and David Pollock James Pendleton.
R John Rutledge, Esq. Alexander F. Rae, Esq. William Robertson, Doctor Samuel Robinson, William Ryan, John Richards, Esq. William S. Reid, Joseph Reed, Stephen Ravenel, Daniel Ro- ney.
S John Shattuck, 3. Robert Swartout, John Shyren, Capt. Thomas Swain, Thomas Smyth, Jun. G. H. Smith, Tho- mas B. Shediner, Lieut. Joseph G. Swift, Capt. Gorham Sturges, Mrs. Sunday, Levin Sothern, S. Agathy Shediner, John Cleve Simmes, Benjamin Shack- lott, Collop Smith, John Swank.
T William H. Thom, 2. Oba S. Tim- berlake, John Turner, Solomon Taylor, William Timmer, Charles C. Byrd Thomson, Garrard Tracy, Alexander
Thomson, Jonathan Tilley, Miss Char- lotte Thornton at Col. Washington's.
U John Underwood.
W John Woodward, Leonard Wheeler, Charles Wayman, John Walter, Esq. J. M. White, Eli Whitney, Esq. George Wray Esq. George Wirt.
Public Sale of Lots, In George Town and the City of Washington.
THE executors of the estate of Anthony Holmead deceased, will offer at public sale, at the Union Tavern in George Town, on Monday the 30th instants 57 lots in Hol- mead's addition to George Town, many of them in eligible situations—Also several lots in the city of Washington, in squares 48, 49 and 62. The terms, which will be moderate, will be made known on the day of sale.— The sale to begin at 12 o'clock. Any person wishing to view any of the above lots, will be shown them on application to the sub- scriber.
JOHN HOLMEAD. Jan. 4—tf
BY AUTHORITY.
SCHEME OF A LOTTERY, To build a Catholic Cathedral Church in the City of Baltimore.
 1 prize of 20,000  1 ditto 10,000  2 do 5,000  5 do 1,000  10 do 500  15 do 200  200 do 100  200 do 50  250 do 25  250 do 20  4000 do 15  1 first drawn ticket after 2000, having a blank to its number, 500  1 do after 4000 do 500  1 do after 6000 do 500  1 do after 8000 do 500  1 do after 10,000 do 500  1 do after 12,000 do 500  1 do after 15,000 do 500  1 do after 18,000 do 500  1 do after 20,000 do 2,000  1 last drawn ticket, which may have a blank to its number, 4,000  7754 Prizes, 210,000  3,856 blanks—Not two to a prize. 
21,000 Tickets, at 10 dollars each, 210,000 The laudable purpose of this lottery—the many very valuable prizes offered, and there not being two blanks to a prize, are consid- erations which give the managers reason to hope for a rapid sale of the tickets. The drawing will commence as soon as a sufficient number of tickets shall be sold to authorise it; and thirty days after the completion of the drawing, the prizes will be paid to the for- tunate adventurers; subject to a deduction of fifteen per cent. Such prizes as shall not be demanded within twelve months after the drawing is finished, shall be considered as re- linquished for the benefit of the church. For the satisfaction of those at a distance, it may be necessary to mention, that the man- agers have given bond to the mayor and city council in the sum of 120,000 dollars, for the due payment of the prizes which may be drawn.
Tickets to be had of the managers, or of such persons as may be appointed by them. Managers.
Right rev. Bishop Carroll, Rev. Francis Beaton, Messrs. David Williamson, Robert Walsh, Charles Chequiere, Patrick Bennet, Arnold Livers, Luke Tiernan, Frances L. Mitchell. July 13, 1803. The managers have lodged a number of tickets in the above lottery in the hands of Wm. Brest and James D. Barry for sale.
S. THOMEE. BEGS leave to inform his friends that he has removed his store from George Town to King Street Alexandria, where or- ders in his line will be executed with punctu- ality and dispatch. Orders left at Mr. March's Book store will be duly attended to.
GILDING AND ENAMELLING ON GLASS, A few doors above the Washington tavern— Looking glass and picture frames made and re-gilt.
NEEDLE WORK Framed in the handsomest manner, and names done on glass.
S. THOMEE, as a stranger being de- termined to establish in the line of his profes- sion, solicits that encouragement alone which he trusts the reasonableness of his charges and his affidavit to business may entitle him to. Window cornices handsomely gilt, and every thing in his line done to please the fancy of the owner equal to any imported. N. B. He has some glasses and prints for sale on low terms. Jan. 9—cp3m
STOUGHTON'S GENUINE BITTERS. Faithfully prepared at the original warehouse London.
TO make any observations here, upon the superior quality of these bitters to any ever offered for sale, is needless; suffice it to say, that they have stood the test of approba- tion a great number of years.
Gentlemen, who prefer bitters, will find them an elegant and wholesome preparation; and far preferable to the trash generally offer- ed under that name. It is now for the first time, imported in quart bottles, as well as vials, which will reduce the price near one half. Sold by Rapine, Conrad and Co. Capitol hill, Washington, John March, George Town, Robert and J. Grey, Alexandria, and A. Buck, Frederickburgh, Virginia. November 7—1aw3m
For Sale or Rent. A convenient two story Dwelling HOUSE, in the city, situated in a most re- markable pleasant situation, opposite the twenty buildings, and commanding a view of Alexandria, there is a very convenient kitchen, a small garden, and office with it. Any other particulars, may be known by applying to the subscriber, residing near the Navy Yd.
RICHARD FRASER. Jan. 4—
CITY TAXES. Notice is hereby given that the Board of Appeal
On contested valuations of property under the several acts of the corporation relating to the valuation of property, will meet on Mon- day the 23d inst. at the office of the Treasurer of the city and continue their meetings for two weeks thereafter, to whom all and every person who feel aggrieved by the late assessment of property in the city, may apply for redress. ROBERT BRENT, Mayor, of the city of Washington. Jan. 13—123
CHARLES VARDEN, TAYLOR, FROM PHILADELPHIA.
HAS received from Philadelphia an ele- gant assortment of the best quality Super- fine Clothes, Cassimeres, Silk Floratine, Black and fancy silk molekin velvet, white & figured Marcelas, Swandowns, Toilettettes, Velve- teens, Fancy cords, Coating, &c. With a variety of other articles suitable for the winter season. N. B. Ladies Habits, Regimentals and Navy uniforms made in the best style of fashion. New-Jersey Avenue, the second House from the Capitol square. November 8. 1803.
TO RENT, And immediate Possession given,
A Two story Frame House, in the City of Washington, situated on N. F Street, square 224—containing 4 rooms beside two garret rooms, piazza and pantry, kitchen, store room, &c. with a good garden—lately occu- pied by Mrs. Lee, adjoining to Mr. Xupie's store—Also that convenient two-story frame on same square, late in possession of Dr. Tubs, opposite to which Robert Peacock, Esq. lately resided—consisting of 6 rooms, and two gar- ret rooms, piazza and balcony to south front, cellar with dry well, kitchen, carriage house, stable, an excellent garden, with every con- venience fit for the reception of a genteel family. For particulars enquire at Mr. Rhode's tavern, Mr. Xupie's store, or to the subscriber REDMUND PURCEL. January 13, 1804—tf
FOR SALE. PURSUANT to the Will of the late Pa- trick Henry, a Tract of Land, lying on both sides of Falling river, in Charlotte coun- ty, Virginia, and containing about 1200 acres. This Land is in general poor, but contains a bank of Iron Ore, supposed to be the best, of any known in that part of the country. It lies on an excellent stream, a branch of Ro- anoke river, within four miles of its mouth; from whence is an easy and safe navigation. There are waterfalls, stones and timber on the Land for all the purposes of an Iron Work; in the midst of a fine corn country; and about 400 acres of the Land is valuable for its soil. For further particulars enquire of Mr. RANDOLPH, of the House of Repre- sentatives. The terms will be made easy to the purchaser by REDMUND WINSTON, Ex rs . of Patrick Henry. Buckingham county, Ver. Dec. 23.—tf.
NOTICE. ALL who are are indebted to the estate of John Grookbank deceased are requested to make immediate payment to, CHARLES GLOVER, Adm r . George Town, Nov. 25—tf
JOHN COX Has just received a quantity of American ma- nufactured Bed Ticken warranted to hold the down of the feathers, which will be sold by the piece at the manufacturers prices, and by retail at a very small advance—Also sewing, darning and tambores cotton, with a quantity of chintzes and calico, which he will sell lower than the regular importer can afford to sell at. Elegant thread lace, fox, bear, and martin skin muffs and tips, handsome pa- per hangings, with almost every other article in the dry good line, both fanciful and sub- stantial, which he will sell at his usual low prices for cash, or in exchange for tobacco and flaxseed. For flax seed he will allow 15s. 3d. per bushel. Also a few handsome double barrel fowling pieces. George Town, Dec. 23—2m
FOR SALE. THE Plantation on which I live, con- taining about 600 acres of valuable and. The improvements are, an exceeding good dwelling house two stories high, 42 feet long, by 36 feet wide, with a passage through the middle, three rooms below, and four above stairs, with fire places in all but one, and a dry sweet cellar, the size of the house, in which is a capital vault with two rooms, and above is a fine airy pantry. A kitchen 36 by 18, two stories high, with a kitchen and laundry below, and lodging rooms for servants above. A washing house, meat house and dairy and in short every necessary improvement for the accommodation of a fa- mily, and a very fine collection of grafted and budded peach trees of the most approved kinds, chiefly from Princes nursery on Long Island, which are just beginning to bear. This property is situated in a healthy genteel neighborhood, about four miles from the city of Washington, five from Alexandria. Nearly one half is in wood and timbered, and the residue arable and meadow land, of the latter, there are about 50 or 60 acres under the scythe and more may be easily laid down. Perhaps no tract of the same size, abounds more in fine springs, there being a never failing stream in every field, besides an abun- dant one which runs through the meadow and from which the greatest part of it may be watered. For terms apply to the subscriber on the premises. OVERTON CARR. September 29. epif
WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION: The office of the Washington As- sociation and United States Insurance company is removed to the corner of square No. 226 fronting on the Presi- dent's square and Pennsylvania Avenue. THOMAS HERTY, Sec'y P. T. Jan. 18—tf.
MICHAEL ROBERTS HAS FOR SALE, AT HIS STORE, GEORGE-TOWN, A GENERAL
Assortment of Stationary, And other articles in his line, viz. ATLAS, imperial, superroyal, royal, me- dium, demy, and folio post papers. Plain and vellum fool's cap ditto. Hot pressed, gilt, wove and plain qua rto post & Superroyal and royal cartridge do. Medium, demy & fool's cap, French marble & Plain and ruled blank books, Best quills and ready made pens, Pen knives, crafting knives and paper scissors, Black and red ink and ink powder, Black and red sealing wax and wafers, Large red and white do. for office use, Silk tape and red and white tape, Parchment, scutcheon fish bone and pounce, Ivory pounce boxes and paper toilers, India rubbers and gum arabic, Black lead pencils, (warranted) Ditto with silver cases, Round and flat rulers, Marking types and Resse's colours in boxes, Billiard balls and dice, English and American playing cards, Portable writing desks, Gentlemen and ladies pocket books, Sheets and house almanacs for 1803, Sheep & calf skins dressed for bookbinding use, Printing ink and printing paper, Wadsworth, glass and pewter inkstands, Sand and water boxes, Wax candles and tapers, Ivory handle and table desert knives, Plated tea and coffee urns, large and elegant with silver head and brims, Ditto tea and coffee pots, silver brims, Ditto after double flint cut glass, Ditto bread baskets and toast stands, Ditto gollets and tumblers, Ditto salt and mustard pots, Ditto Decanter stands and fish knives, Ditto plain, high and patent round and oval candlesticks, Ditto small do. Do. chamber do. with snuffers & extinguishers Ditto snuffer and snuffer trays, Fashionable bras and irons, Green wire fenders and fire forrens with bras tops, Shovels and tongs, Coal hods and cinder sifters, Hand bellows with bras and iron pipes, Plated Mouldings for Car- riages. Gigg springs, Spurs and stirrup irons, Chairs, duke & middle bridle bits, Horse bridles and curbs Carriage, chair and switch whips, Walking sticks and sword canes, Horseman's and Pocket pistols, Officers travelling canteens, with cooking utensils, &c. complete, Swords and dirks, Gold and silver epaulettes, Sword knot and crimson silk sashes, Gold and silver lace and cords, Guns and fowling pieces, Shot pouches and powder flasks, Game and hawking bags, Cashin nets mounted and unmounted, Travelling trunks and travelling pouches, Buckskin gloves and breeches, Morocco skins of various colours, Beet and girth webbing, English bend and cork toals, Gentlemen & ladies japanned dressing boxes Engl. fish and American hair powder, Powder bags and powder puffs, Curing toons and crimping irons and powder knives, Hard and soft pomatum, Best warranted razors, Shaving brushes and boxes, Benzoin, almond, palm, palmaseen, cowlip, and windior soaps, Wash balls and wash ball boxes, Essence of musk, and ambergris, Burgamot and avender, Rupinus Tincture for the teeth, Tooth brushes and tooth powder, Ivory and boxwood fine combs, Tortoise shell and horn braid combs, Do. do. dressing do Genuine black and flesh colored plaister, Patent shoe blacking and shoe brushes, Clothes, hair and hat brushes, Sweeping, scrubbing, and dusting do. Tortoise shell and japanned teger boxes, Mother of pearl, tortoise shell and japanned snuff boxes, An assortment of upholsterers ware, consist- ing of fringe line, tassels, &c. An assortment of hardware consisting of saws, planes, chisels, gouges, augers, files, rasps, locks, hinges, bolts, spades, shovels, tacks, sprigs, &c. ALSO FOR SALE, BY EDGAR PATTERSON, at the above store, FRESH FRUITS, just received per the Brig Celia, capt. Brown, from Malaga. George-town, Dec. 21.
Romulus Riggs, & Co. Has just received at their Store, a few doors from the Union Tavern.
A large quantity of Carpets and Carpeting, Cotton and Merfils counterpins, Fine Irish linens, and long lawns, Fine English hats, silk, cotton and worsted hosiery, India, tamored, & plain cambric muffs, Chintzes, silks and colored muffs, And many other seasonable articles. A quantity of TRUNKS, and a few BOXES of CHINA, all of which will be sold at their regular low advance. Geo. Town, Jan. 10, 1804—m&f4w
Ten Dollars Reward. STOLEN from the plantation near Upper Marlboro, on Saturday night the 29th October—an iron grey HORSE, about four- teen hands one inch high, seven years old, sott made, trots and gallops only on the road, is rather dull and goes heavy, having been broke to the plough—he has lately been triamed about the head and ears. Any per- son giving me information so that I get him again shall receive the above reward and if brought home all reasonable charges paid by, BENJAMIN ODEN. November 21—tf
LOST, THE following described certificates of funded three per cent stock is- sued by the Register of the Treasury in the name of Jacob Fletcher of Amsterdam, for the renewal of which application is intended to be made at the proper office No. 3113 dated 23th Octo- ber 1791 for 12,419 53 3/4 No. 3300 dated 23d Novem- ber 1791, for 7,900 No. 6271, dated, 7th De- cember 1792, for 831 41 No. 1201 dated, 5th De- cember 1792, for 8740 29 Dolls 30,000 00 ROBERT GILMOR, & Sons. Dec. 28—cp3w
A GREAT BARGAIN. THIRTY THOUSAND DOLLARS will be taken and payment made easy, to the purchaser, for the following valuable property free from any encumbrance whatever. A SET of saw mills working two saws— a grist mill with two run of stones and bolting machine, a cotton and rice ma- chine complete all worked by water, also one saw mill about 200 yards from the former and on the same dam, now about finishing that will work from two to fourteen saws under the same roof—this mill is insured for three years after her being completed—they now being in good repair and the whole in a pro- gressive way of improvement, with about Ten thousand acres of land all adjoining and im- mediately contiguous to the mills, on which are several valuable farms. The timber soft mill site are inexhaustible and unexceptionably good—they are situated on the waters of Drowning Creek ninety seven miles from George Town South Carolina, to which place the lumber is carried being rafted at the mill's without the trouble of hauling, a valuable con- venience. The stream is equal if not superior to any in the states of North or South Caroli- na—the grist mills command a custom at times of 30 or 40 miles around them. The situation at the mills is high, pleasant and very healthy, on which is a good two story house with piazza, a good kitchen, stables, carriage and barns houses and other necessa- ry out buildings with a new floor house com- pletely finished, it being an excellent stand for a country store. Application to be made to the Subscriber at Millville near Lumberton in North Carolina, or for any information respecting the premises, to Samuel D. Pur- viance at the city of Washington. Wm. NORMENT. Millville N. C. Dec. 12. N. B. Any part of the above property will be sold as may best suit a purchaser. Dec. 23—tf
THOMAS CARPENTER, TAYLOR HAS just received an handsome supply of fall goods, which he is determined to sell and make upon the most reasonable terms, and in the best and most fashionable manner, and greatest expedition. Pennsylvania Avenue, near the President's square and Capitol Hill, seventh house from the Capitol. Oct. 14 tf
In Chancery, Jan. 7, 1804. Smallwood's creditors against His Heirs. WHEREAS several claims exhibited a- gainst the estate of general William Smallwood, deceased, have not been accom- panied by sufficient vouchers, and therefore not passed, although not absolutely rejected; and a long time hath elapsed without any thing on their part done—it is at the instance of the trustees, who are anxious to close their trust, adjudged and ordered, that no claim in this court shall be passed after the first day of September next, against the said estate, but that the chancellor will, on application, decide on any of said claims, before the said day. This order is however to have no effect, unless it be published at least thrice in the Maryland Gazette, and at least twice in each of three weeks in the National Intelligencer before the first day of March next. It is fur- ther ordered, that on the examination or hear- ing of any of the claims aforesaid, deposi- tion before a single magistrate shall be received in evidence. Such other testimony as is re- ceivable by the orphans' court, is usually re- quired by the chancellor. True copy. Test. SAMUEL HARVEY HOWARD, Reg. Cur. Can. Jan. 16—1aw3w
FOR SALE By LEWIS CLEPHAN East of the Branch bank on F. street City of Washington. PAINTERS COLORS OF ALL SORTS. White Lead in kegs Red Lead, and dry, Spruce Ocher, Stone Ocher of superior Patent Yellow, quality, Gold Litrage, Turkey Umber, Prussian Blue, 1st and Vermilion, and quality, Belt carmin drop lack, Kings Yellow, Painters Duffs of all Lined oil and spirits forts, of turpentine, Window glass 10 by 12—3 by 10, and 7 by Gold and Silver leaf by the pack or book, Large sheet glass cut to any size. Gentlemen sending their Sables will have them neatly glazed and on moderate terms. All orders from the country will be carefully attended to. August 3. 1aw1