The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1804-09-17 00:00:00

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER, AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
VOL. IV.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
DCXVI.
FIVE DOLLARS PER ANN.
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17th, 1804.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
BARON HUMBOLDT.
From the "Literary Magazine, and American Register."
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION.
The following abstract of the American Travels of the celebrated Baron Humboldt and his companion Bonpland, has been drawn up from notes which the former has kindly furnished, and will soon be the many very incorrect accounts hitherto published relative to this interesting object.
Baron Humboldt, having travelled from the year 1790, as a naturalist, through Germany, Poland, France, Switzerland, and through parts of England, Italy, Hungary, and Spain, came to Paris in 1798, when he received an invitation, from the directors of the national museum, to accompany captain Baudin in his voyage round the world. Citizen Alexander Aime Goujon Bonpland, a native of Rochelle, and brought up in the Paris museum, was also to have accompanied them; when on the point of departing the whole plan was suspended until a more favorable opportunity, owing to the recommencement of the war with Austria, and to the consequent want of funds.
Mr. Humboldt, who, from 1792, had conceived the plan of travelling through India at his own expence, with a view of adding to the knowledge of the sciences connected with natural history, then resolved to follow the learned men, who had gone on the expedition to Egypt. His plan was to go to Algiers in the Swedish frigate which carried the Consul Skoldebrandt, to follow the caravan which goes from Algiers to Mecca, going through Egypt to Arabia, and thence by the Persian gulph to the English East-India establishments. The war which unexpectedly broke out in October 1798, between France and the Barbary powers, and the troubles in the East, prevented Mr. Humboldt from embarking at Marseilles, where he had been fruitlessly two months waiting to proceed. Impatient at this delay, and continuing firm in his determination to go to Egypt, he went to Spain, hoping to pass more readily under the Spanish flag from Cadiz to Algiers and Tunis. He took with him the large collection of philosophical, chemical, and astronomical instruments, which he had purchased in England and France.
From a happy concurrence of circumstances, he obtained, in February, 1799, from the court of Madrid, a permission to visit the Spanish colonies of the two Americas, a permission which was granted with a liberality and frankness, which was honourable to the government and to a philosophical age. After a residence of some months at the Spanish court, during which time the king showed a strong personal interest in the plan, Mr. Humboldt, in June, 1799, left Europe, accompanied by Mr. Bonpland, who, to a profound knowledge in botany and zoology, added an indefatigable zeal. It is with this friend that Mr. Humboldt has accomplished, at his own expence, his travels in the two hemispheres, by land and sea, probably the most extensive which any individual has ever undertaken.
These two travellers left Corunna in the Spanish ship Pizarro, for the Canary Islands, where they afforded to the crater of the Peak of Teyde, and made experiments on the analysis of the air. In July they arrived at the port of Cumana, in South America. In 1799, 1800, they visited the coast of Paris, the missions of the Chaymas Indians, the provinces of New Andalusia (a country which had been sent by the most dreadful earthquakes, the hottest, and yet the most healthy in the world) of New Barcelona, of Venezuela, and of Spanish Guayana. In January, 1800, they left Caracas to visit the beautiful valleys of Aragua, where the great lake of Valencia recalls to the mind the views of the lake of Geneva, embellished by the majesty of the vegetation of the tropics. From Porto Cabello they crossed to the north, the immense plains of Calabozo, of Apure, and of the Orinoco, also Los Llanos, a desert similar to those of Africa, where in the shade (by the reverberation of heat) the thermometer of Reaumur rose to 35 and 37 (111 to 113 F.) degrees. The level of the country for 2000 square leagues does not differ 5 inches. The sand every where represents the horizon of the sea, without vegetation; and its dry hollow hides the crocodiles, and the torpid boa (a species of serpent.) The travelling here, as in all Spanish America, except Mexico, is performed on horseback. They passed whole days without seeing
a palm-tree, or the vestige of a human dwelling. At St. Fernando de Apure, in the provinces of Varinas, Messrs. Humboldt and Bonpland began that fatiguing navigation of nearly 1000 marine leagues executed in canoes, making a chart of the country by the assistance of chronometers, the satellites of Jupiter, and the lunar distances. They descended the river Apure, which empties itself into the Orinoco, in 7 degrees of latitude. They ascended the last river (passing the celebrated cataracts of Maypore and Atures) to the mouth of the Guaviare. From hence they ascended the small rivers of Tabap, Juanico, and Temi. From the mission of Sarita they crossed by land to the sources of the famous Rio Negro, which Condamine saw, where it joins the Amazon, and which he calls a sea of fresh water. About 30 Indians carried the canoes through woods of Mami, Lecythis, and Laurus Cinnamomoides, to the Cano (or creek) of Pimichin. It was by this small stream that the travellers entered the Rio Negro, or Black River, which they descended to St. Carlos, which has been erroneously supposed to be placed under the equator, or just at the frontiers of Great Para, in the government of Brazil. A canal from Temi to Pimichin, which from the level nature of the ground is very practicable, would prevent a fine internal communication between the Para and the province of Carracas, a communication infinitely shorter than that of Calliquire. From the fortress of St. Carlos on the Rio Negro, Mr. H. went north up that river and the Calliquire to the Orinoco, and on this river to the volcano Daida, or the mission of the Esmeralda, near the sources of the Orinoco: the Indians Guaias (a race of men almost pigmies, very white and very warlike) render fruitless any attempts to reach the sources themselves.
From the Esmeralda, Messrs. H. and B. went down the Orinoco, when the waters rose, towards its mouth at St. Thomas de la Guayana, or the Angostura. It was during this long navigation that they were in a continued state of suffering, from want of nourishment and shelter, from the night rains, from living in the woods, from the mosquitoes, and an infinite variety of stinging insects, and from the impossibility of bathing, owing to the fierceness of the crocodile and the little crab fish, and finally the miasma of a burning climate. They returned to Cumana by the plains of Cari and the mission of the Carib Indians, a race of men very different from any other, and probably, after the Patagonians, the tallest and most robust in the world.
After remaining some months at New Barcelona and Cumana, the travellers arrived at the Havana, after a tedious and dangerous navigation, the vessel being in the night on the point of striking upon the Vibora rocks. Mr. H. remained three months in the island of Cuba, where he occupied himself in ascertaining the longitude of the Havana, and in concluding stores on the sugar plantations, which have since been pretty generally adopted. They were on the point of setting off for Vera Cruz, meaning, by the way of Mexico and Acapulco, to go to the Philippine Islands, and from thence, it was possible, by Bombay and Aleppo, to Constantinople, when some false reports relative to Baudin's voyage alarmed them, and made them change their plan. The gazettes held out the idea that this navigator would proceed from France to Buenos Ayres, and from thence by Cape Horn, for Chili and the coast of Peru. Mr. Humboldt had promised to Mr. Baudin, that to the Museum of Paris, that wherever he might be, he would endeavor to join the expedition, as soon as he should know of its having been commenced. He flattered himself that his researches, and those of his friend Bonpland, might be more useful to science, if united to the labors of the learned men who would accompany captain Baudin.
These considerations induced Mr. Humboldt to send his manuscripts, for 1799 and 1800, direct to Europe, and to freight a small schooner at Batabano, intending to go to Carthagena, and from thence, as quickly as possible, by the Isthmus of Panama, to the South Sea. He hoped to find captain Baudin at Guayaquil, or at Lima, and with him to visit New Holland, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, equally interesting in a moral point of view, as by the luxuriance of their vegetation.
It appeared imprudent to expose the manuscripts and collections already made to the risks of this proposed navigation. These manuscripts, the fate of which
Mr. H. remained ignorant during three years, and until his arrival in Philadelphia, arrived safe; but one third part of the collection was lost by shipwreck. Fortunately (except the insects of the Orinoco and of the Rio Negro) they were only duplicates; but unhappily friar John Gonzales, monk of the order of St. Francis, the friend to whom they were entrusted, perished with them. He was a young man full of ardor, who had penetrated into this unknown world of Spanish Guyana further than any other European.
Mr. Humboldt left Batabano in March, 1801, and passed to the south of the island of Cuba, on which he determined many geographical positions. The passage was rendered very long by calms, and the currents carried the little schooner too much to the west, to the mouths of the Attracto. The vessel put into the river Sinu, which no botanist had ever before visited, and they had a very difficult passage up to Carthagena. The season being too far advanced for the South Sea navigation, the project of crossing the isthmus was abandoned; and animated with the desire of being acquainted with the celebrated Mutis, and admiring his immense rich collections of objects of natural history, Mr. H. determined to pass some weeks in the woods of Turbaco, and ascend (which took 40 days) the beautiful river of Madelaine, of the course of which he sketched a chart.
From Honda, our travellers ascended through forests of oaks, of melastoma and of chincona (the tree which affords the Peruvian bark) to St. Fe de Bogota, capital of the kingdom of New Grenada, situated in a fine plain, elevated 1360 toises (of six French feet) above the level of the sea. The superb collections of Mutis, the majestic cataract of the Tequendama (falls of 98 toises height) the mines of Mariquita, St. Ana, and of Zipaquira, the natural bridge of Sconsonza, three stones thrown together in the manner of an arch, by an earthquake, these curious objects stopped the progress of Messrs. Humboldt and Bonpland until the month of September, 1801.
At this time, notwithstanding the rainy season had commenced, they undertook the journey to Quito, and passed the Andes of Quidind, which are snowy mountains covered with wax palm trees, palms, a cire, with pale flowers, passion flowers, of the growth of trees, flax, and bamboo. They were during 13 days, obliged to pass on foot through places dreadfully swampy, and without any traces of population.
(To be continued.)
FROM THE AURORA.
SPANISH AGGRESSIONS!
NO. I.
A short time ago (20th August) there appeared in the REGISTER (a paper published by a dismissed placeman) an article which we here publish:
"We have stated on information which will not be contradicted, that Spain has refused to ratify the convention, heretofore agreed on, which convention, among other stipulations, allowed to the citizens of the United States an indemnity for the spoliations committed on their property by the government and subjects of Spain. The reason assigned by CEVALLOS, for this refusal was expressly as follows: "The accession of Louisiana has so varied the relations between Spain and the United States, that we cannot, and will not ratify the convention."
"Hence it appears that the boasted acquisition of Louisiana, which has been so much trumpeted and celebrated by our leading-living administration, and for which we have paid fifteen millions of dollars, or, nearly one-fifth part of the whole amount of our national debt, may cost fifty millions more to quiet the possession. This bold bargain turns out to be, neither more nor less than a purchase of individual injury and national dishonor. Of individual injury, being the cause of an absolute refusal to ratify an act of just retribution to our citizens—Of national dishonor, inasmuch as the refusal is made by a government, which a proper exertion of our power could have compelled to the performance of its engagements, and even shaken to the base of its authority."
"But the energies of our country are paralysed, and her resources wasted in the trembling hand to which they have been confided—The claims of our citizens are disregarded, and the character of the nation, when brought into competition with the ease and convenience of our rulers, is an object of no importance."
"The frown of war might shorten their stay in office—once multi, therefore, be maintained at any sacrifice."
"Perhaps personal malignity never exposed itself in so silly and contemptible a view, as in this article. It is not yet forgotten that very bitter censure was thrown out against the government in the Gazette of the United States last winter concerning a convention with Spain, and much pains were taken to induce an opinion that our government was indifferent or negligent of the public interests regarding our concerns with Spain. The information of that time was evidently given by a certain New England senator, for the business was of an executive nature, and even the members of the House of Representatives were unacquainted with the subject or the existence of such a convention. It appears, however, that the delay of the convention was wholly attributable to the obstacles thrown in its way by the factious animosity of those called federal men in the senate. The convention, however, was ratified last session; and is in substance as follows:
The title is, A convention for the indemnification of those who have sustained injuries in consequence of the excesses of individuals of either nation during the late war. The first article provides for the formation of a board of five commissioners, two by each party, and the fifth by common consent. 2. Their duties fixed. 3. They shall assemble within 18 months after their appointment, and receive complaints of persons of both nations. 4. What evidence shall be received. 5. No appeal from the decision of a majority—and the amount of awards to be paid in specie. 6. This article declares, that it not having been possible for the plenipotentiaries to agree upon a mode by which the commissioners should arbitrate on claims originating from the excesses of foreign cruisers, agents, consuls or tribunals, in their respective territories which might be imputable to their two governments. Each government shall reserve the rights they hold to bring forward those claims at some future convenient time. 7. The convention not to be in force till ratifications are exchanged.
Dated 11 Aug. 1802.
This is the sum of the convention—which we think proper to give here, that the American reader may not be imposed upon by misrepresentation.
Major Jackson lately an officer in the customs of the United States, will no doubt think that a vindication of Spain and reprobation of the American executive, is justified by his dismissal from a lucrative office. To our humbler conceptions, he furnishes testimony that he ought never to have been entrusted with any office under this government; and this evidence we apprehend is to be found in the attempt which he suffers himself to make to support Spanish injustice!
The principles of this convention are simple, and under all the circumstances of the times, which it was agreed upon at Madrid, was as liberal on the part of the United States as Spain could have expected from the most sincere dispositions to promote a curable discord and friendship.
The period of the conclusion of this convention will be found not to be remote from that of the aggression of the Spanish intendant at New Orleans (Dec. 16, 1802.) The liberality of our government, as well as its found policy was conspicuous in the postponement of the consideration of those claims which related solely to the French aggressions, because on the one hand, Spain was so circumstanced with regard to France, that her own will could not properly be said to stand unrestrained on any subject connected with France; and on the other, our government was eagerly pressing the acquisition of the Floridas, with a view to save our southern frontier from annoyance by the renewal of war between Great Britain and either of those powers.
The aggression at New Orleans, however, placed the two governments upon different grounds. The injury done us was incompatible with good faith, and even with friendship; and our govern-
ment found it necessary to adopt a course the most decided—to obtain not simply reparation for the act of the Spanish intendant, but security against the recurrence of similar or greater wrongs.
The dependent condition of Spain was not a secret to the world—and while countenance were carried to that court on the conduct of its officer—the negotiation was concluded with the actual owners of Louisiana: by which the sovereignty of that country and the exclusive navigation of the Mississippi, were secured for ever. We obtained a country, the value of which Mr. Gouverneur Morris thus describes in his speech in the Senate of the United States, on the 14th February, 1803—"With this country in our possession, we have means of defence more ample, more important, and more easy, than any other nation on earth. In a short time all the West India islands fed from our granaries, must depend on our will. It is a defence superior to fleets and armies."
Yet Major Jackson assures us that Don Pedro Cevallos has refused to ratify the convention, because—"The accession of Louisiana has varied the relations between Spain and the United States."
That a Spanish minister should be so absurd is barely possible—but that a man pretending to be an American, who has lived upon the revenue of the public for several years past, should undertake to justify such a pretence bears something more than a common execration.
What! the Spanish ministers have plundered our ships on the high seas, and instead of making reparation as we might justly do; we resort to the pacific course of negotiation, and a convention is formed and signed by this minister, openly recognizing the justice of our complaint and providing means for redress.
An American Editor undertakes to say that because America has obtained through the energy and decision of her executive a territory belonging to France—that Spain is justifiable in not making reparation for the wrong she has done us on the high seas.
This is the sum of the argument—or it is nothing—for the acquisition by us of Louisiana and the sum which we paid for it—have nothing to do whatever with the convention, or the depredations which it was proposed to redress.
It would be insulting the understanding of the public to compare the understanding of major Jackson with that of Gouverneur Morris: the advantages of Louisiana are already felt—those who will to be more sensible of them will refer to the debate from which the above extract is made.
But it is all-dred, that we are subject to individual injury and national dishonor, by this acquisition—and this conduct of Don Pedro Cevallos in rejecting the convention, is produced as the evidence of this dishonor and injury.
But does the assigning of a cause so absurd prove its justice? Because we have obtained from France, what France had before obtained from Spain—is that a sound ground of objection to do us justice for other wrongs.
I should scorn the insignificant sophistry, that prats about, "paralysed energies," and "wasted resources," and "trembling hands," the bitterness of mind that dictates the mean aspersion, merits no other animadversion! The characteristic bombast that concludes this article, is of that description which may excite public derision, but it cannot ever obtain even the approbation of a man of common judgment of any party.
But there is a point of view in which the arguments of this imbecile editor may be placed that supercedes every other comment.
The convention with Spain has been declared to be on our part a bad one.
The acquisition of Louisiana has been declared to be on our part of no advantage.
Yet Spain is all-ged not only to be at enmity with us because we have obtained Louisiana; but she is represented as rejecting a convention which to be advantageous to her, and disadvantageous to us—and her conduct in rejecting these alleged advantages which we have allowed her, made a matter of reproach to our government!
(To be continued.)
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[Concluded.]
IRELAND had been the subject of parliamentary discussion, in the course of which bare, Col. Hutchinson called the attention of the House to the present enormous and growing debt of Ireland, which was not less than 53 millions. He adverted to the decline of the produce of the taxes, and mentioned, as an alarming proof of his assertion, that on a sum of two millions and a half of taxes the defalcation had been upwards of three hundred thousand pounds. The manufactures of Ireland at this moment were almost annihilated. The provision trade of the country had suffered a most lamentable decrease, and every other resource had declined in a similar proportion; yet, under these discouraging circumstances, the debt of Ireland had increased to the amount of about nine millions within the last year. What, on the other hand, he conjured the house to consider, had been the situation of England during the same period? With manufactures flourishing almost beyond all former example; with a commerce bounded only by the limits of the world; with resources almost inexhaustible, the public debt of England, within the last year, had not much exceeded 12 millions. It was needless for him to enlarge on so extraordinary a contrast. Such a statement as connected with Ireland was one which he was almost afraid to look on without feelings of the utmost pain and anxiety. Gentlemen had, however, under all these discouraging circumstances, intimated an intention to raise the taxes this year more than twelve hundred thousand pounds above their former amount.
Such had been the parliamentary discussions relative to Ireland. The unquiet and turbulent state of that country was such as to excite much anxiety, and the mails not arriving from Dublin for several days had occasioned in London considerable alarm. This however was removed by their arriving the 17th. Government was making strong preparations to prevent any movement among the disaffected. A camp of twelve thousand men was to be instantly formed at the Curragh of Kildare, and the troops were kept in a state of active discipline and manœuvre. A reward of 500l. sterling had been offered for the apprehension of one McCabe, supposed to be lately arrived as an emissary from France. A meeting of persons had been discovered at Dublin, July 12, and broken in upon suddenly by the police, they fled themselves to be fowlers meeting for the purpose of raising their wages. But this pretence being believed to cover seditious proceedings, several of them were conducted to prison. A committee of 20 supposed to be United Irishmen were apprehended sitting together at midnight and sent to jail. Some accounts state them to be journeymen, consulting also for the purpose of raising their wages.
Of France, the London papers state that satisfaction prevails in the army, but this account which had been received from defectors is not credited, and they were suspected as emissaries. It is also said, on the credit of private letters, that warm altercations had taken place between the emperor Napoleon and his ministers of the marine department relative to the invading armament. Gun-boats and other vessels for the purpose were said to be prepared, but that the harbors of Boulogne, Calais, &c. are not sufficiently large for the purpose, and that the others from their distance will not admit of an expedition in small vessels on so grand and extensive a scale as Bonaparte contemplated.
The return of M. Joubert from Constantinople, where he had been dispatched by Bonaparte, was announced in the Paris papers of July 7. The nature and result of his journey not mentioned. The spirit of revolt in the Turkish dominions were said to continue and to be fomented by a nation of Europe, meaning Russia, which is mentioned as contemplating the conquest of the Turkish empire.
Russia was still in a state of suspense. The most sanguine hopes from that quarter were entertained by the British, but nothing particular had transpired.
Germany appeared acquiescent as usual to the will of France. The elector of Baden had at length made his declaration relative to the infringement of his territorial rights in the arrest of the duke D'Enghien, &c. It was communicated to the Diet at Ratisbon on the 21 July, but was not expected to revive the deliberations on that subject.
PRUSSIA.
Accounts from Berlin, of the 26th June mention, that all the rivers that take their rise in the mountains of Silesia and Bohemia, have lately overflowed, and taken a N. W. direction, causing very great damage. Between Großen and Newmark, a tract of the most fruitful soil of 10 German miles, is converted into a lake. About 4000 persons living in the lower part of the country, have been compelled to leave their habitations. His Prussian majesty had already taken measures for their relief.
To the Legislatures of the respective States.
LETTER FIFTH.
The last object which requires your particular attention, is the Punishment of Crimes .
It will not occasion much surprise to a mind, well stored with the facts of history, that the criminal codes of Europe are unjust in principle, and imperfect in operation. Having originated in periods of but little knowledge, and in conditions of society not very dissimilar from the savage state, they appear to have been generally the offspring of sentiments altogether repugnant to those which ought to characterize a well organized republican government. The leading motive of savage life is revenge; and in proportion as societies approach this state they appear to be actuated by a kindred passion. From its nature it magnifies the turpitude of offences, it overlooks all discrimination arising from degrees of guilt, and, hurried on by infuriated feeling, delights in sanguinary execution. Where the laws are ill-defined, and legal restraints but imperfect, the temptation to violate the rights of others, gathering strength from the hope of impunity, leaves, perhaps, no other effectual remedy than the terrors of a sanguinary code.
It was under the influence of such circumstances the English nation established her code of criminal laws. Soon passing, however, from the dark ages to great commercial importance, the system underwent a radical change with a change of circumstances. The passion for gain becoming ascendant over all others, and as it were absorbing the hearts of classes, property became more an object of cupidity, and efforts were multiplied to acquire it. Its vast accumulation in particular hands at once impoverished a large class of the community, and offered them objects seductive of their integrity. The oppression of the great, powerfully aided by unjust monopolies established by government, by producing too general an impression that the rich had unfairly acquired their possessions, loosened the sanctions by which they were held; and he who violated them became more careful to avoid exposure, than repugnant to the perpetration of crime. In such a state of things, listening more to the suggestions of passion than reason, legal crimes were multiplied; invasions of property were punished with the same severity with murder; and in the infliction of punishments the gradations of vice were lost sight of.
Such is the system which it fell to our lot to receive; and which, with too little variation, yet remains in many of the states.
Some of our best citizens have, from time to time, awakened the attention of legislators to this subject; but it must be acknowledged that it has not yet received that deliberate and enlarged consideration to which it is eminently entitled.
Let it not be said the subject is unimportant. Superficial must be the understanding that treats it as such.
The moral revolution, effected by the United States, is not to be considered as composed of shreds and patches, heterogeneous as the materials of chaos. It rests on a few great principles which require universal application. In vain are principles embraced in theory, without being carried into practice. We may in such a case, possess the form, but the substance of happiness will be wanting.
One of these principles is to promote, in the highest practical degree, the happiness of the whole community. This can only be effected by doing justice to all men. Any system of laws, which deviates from this principle, will of necessity produce two effects; injustice to particular individuals directly affected; and injury to the whole society, from the legal establishment of incorrect principles. It has ever been a question which affects each other the most, government or morals; and the question remaining unsolved may be considered as tolerable proof of the equal influence of each. How important, then, does it become for governments in laying down rules for the repression of vice, to adhere themselves to principles founded in justice? Under the influence of unjust principles we have seen states of society in which murder and theft have been venial offences. If nothing is more true, as applicable to individuals, than that the least departure from rectitude of conduct is apt to be followed by aberrations still wider and wider; how much greater is the danger, that, under the fatal influence of governments wielding the whole physical force of communities, a small departure from principle will be made the basis on which still greater departures will be justified and practised. Let it further be recollected that manners, once contaminated, are often irretrievable. The history of the world, and particularly the mournful records of the French revolution, prove the inveteracy of habits practised for ages. Never did mankind behold a brighter era than those at the commencement of the
revolution. Liberty descended in the shape of an Angel. But a few fleeting years are past, and the nation has relapsed into a slavery, more gilded perhaps, but certainly not less abject, than that of the darkest ages.
Let my country take warning from these instructive lessons. Let her learn that as the first step from virtue is ruin to female fame, so one false principle adopted by a nation ramified into all the evils which time uniformly develops, may subvert the fairest fabric of human wisdom.
On this subject, fortunately for us, the opinions of the enlightened and liberal of all nations, coincide in the leading principles which ought to determine the conduct of the legislator. A few plain axioms, easy of apprehension, have been universally received. These are 1. That the prevention of crimes is the sole end of government; 2. That every punishment, which is not absolutely necessary for that purpose, is a cruel and tyrannical act; and 3. That every penalty should be apportioned to the offence.
From these leading principles, the following inferences have been drawn; 1. That the punishment of crimes should be prompt and certain—2. That pardons should be rarely, if ever, interposed. 3. That, in order to insure a certainty of punishment and to avoid the necessity of pardons, punishments should rather be too light than too severe. Facts have shown that under a code of laws, founded on these principles, crimes have been few; while, under a sanguinary system, they have invariably become more numerous and atrocious. The English code is the most sanguinary of Europe, and in that kingdom by far more crimes are perpetrated than in any equal population in the world.
"Let us examine," says Mr. Bradford of Pennsylvania, in a very valuable tract written some years since, "the situation of England, where an opposite principle is adopted, and where the terror of death is on all occasions resorted to as the surest means of preventing crimes."
"Blackstone in his commentaries stated the number of capital crimes (that is, of felonies ousted of clergy) at 160. Since that time they seem to have increased: for, in 1786, Capel Lofft enumerates and states them as follows:
  Felonies without clergy 176   Felonies within clergy 65   Jebb on Pris. 96. 
"Amidst this multitude of sanguinary laws, atrocious crimes are very frequent; and the severity of the punishment, by being familiar, is no longer an object of terror, and by exciting hopes of impunity, has become the parent of crimes. "I cannot tell," says Dr. Goldsmith, "whether it is from the number of our penal laws, or the licentiousness of our people, that this country should show more convicts in a year than half of the dominions of Europe united." Wenderbern, an intelligent German, who lately visited England, assures us, that the punishment of death is more frequently inflicted in England, than in all Europe together, in the same space of time. Hence it is, that executions lose all the terrors which attend them in other countries. 1. vol. p. 75. The author of Thoughts on Executive Justice , thus describes the situation of England in 1785: "No civilized nation that I know of, has to lament, as we have, the daily commission of the most dangerous and atrocious crimes; information that we cannot travel the roads, or sleep in our houses, or turn our cattle into the fields, without the most imminent danger of thieves and robbers. These are increased in such numbers, as well as audaciousness, that the day is now little less dangerous than the night." P. 4. One of the English prints, 9th November, 1782, says, "If robbers continue to increase as they have done for some time past, the number of those who rob, will exceed that of the robbed."
"These representations are confirmed by the declarations of the solicitor general and Mr. Townsend, in the house of commons in the same year. They affirm, that in the course of the winter, every day furnish d some fresh account of daring robberies, or burglaries being committed; that few persons could walk the streets at night, without fear, or lie down in safety in their beds; for that gangs of six, eight, ten, or twelve persons together, made it a practice to knock at doors, and immediately to rush in and rob the house." 18 Parl. Reg. p. 83. 521. Compare this with the situation of Copenhagen, where night robberies are never heard of.
"The number of persons executed in England, may be seen in the tables already referred to. In the Lent Circuit only, no less than two hundred and eighty-six persons were capitally convicted in 1786 and the annual amount of those transported is from nine hundred and sixty to a thousand."
"It is needless to make observations on these striking facts, which prove conclusively, that the severity of the laws, instead of preventing, is frequently the cause of crimes. The humanity of mankind revolts at a strict execution of them; and the hopes of impunity become a source of temptation. To this,
Mr. Howard, among others, traces the mischief; "and yet," he adds, "many are brought by it to an untimely end, who might have been made useful to the state." Laz. 221. No one will deny the justice of this last observation, when they learn from the mouth of the solicitor general of England, "That of those who are executed, eighteen out of twenty do not exceed twenty years of age." 18 Parl. Reg. 22.
"It is difficult to conceive how a free, humane, and generous people should have so long endured this weak and barbarous policy; or why America should be fond of retaining any part of a system, as ineffectual as it is severe!"
Compares the codes of other nations with that of England.
In China, whose population exceeds one hundred millions, the only crimes punished with death are murder and treason, and we are informed that only ten persons are executed in a year.
In 1768, in Russia the punishment of death, except for treason, was abolished, and travellers in that country concur in the declaration that the people are as secure in their persons and property, as they were under the bloody code that formerly prevailed.
Speaking of the effect of the reformed code of Tuscany, General Lee says: "When the present grand duke ascended to the ducal throne, he found in Tuscany the most abandoned people of all Italy, filled with robbers and assassins. Every where, for a series of years previous to the government of this excellent prince, were seen gallows, wheels, and tortures of every kind; and the robberies and murders were not at all less frequent. He had read and admired the marquis of Beccaria, and determined to try the effects of his plan. He put a stop to all capital punishments, even for the greatest crimes; and the consequences have convinced the world of its wholesomeness. The gallows and slavery for a certain term of years, or for life, in proportion to the crime, have accomplished what an army of hangmen with their hooks, wheels, and gibbets, could not. In short, Tuscany, from being a theatre of the greatest crimes and villainies of every species, is become the safest and best ordered state of Europe."
In Sweden, it appears from Mr. Chateau, that great reform in the penal code has been attended with the happiest effects.
In Denmark, the code is so mild that the punishment of death is rarely inflicted; and yet Mr. Howard informs us that "night robberies are never heard of in Copenhagen."
In the dominions of the Emperor of Germany, without any permanent change of the penal code, an imperial requisition to the judges, "to be mild in their sentences, and never to inflict capital punishments without necessity," has been followed by the best effects.
"The punishment of hard labor," says Mr. Bradford, "which is the correction inflicted (and inflicted with great mildness) upon all crimes in Holland, except those of a very high degree, is attended with the most beneficial effects. These result principally from the excellent management which prevails in the Rasp and Spin Houses. Mr. Howard paid particular attention to these wise and benevolent institutions, and he informs us, that many have been reformed, and have come out of the Rasp Houses sober and honest; and that some have even chosen to continue to work in them, after their discharge. The great object attended to in these bettering-houses (as they are very properly called) is to reclaim and reform the criminal; and the consequence is, that by checking the young offender in his first attempts, gross crimes are prevented. Accordingly we find, that executions are very rare, the annual average in all the United Provinces, being from four to six."
"In Amsterdam, which contains above 250,000 people, there were but six persons executed in the twelve years preceding 1787. I find that there were in the same time no less than five hundred and seventy-two persons hanged or burnt in London and Middlesex; and of these at least three fourths were under twenty years of age. Even the smaller offences do not greatly abound in Holland; and the success of these mild institutions confirms the great principle which is the motto of this work!"
After weighing the force of these facts no correct or humane mind will hesitate to subscribe to the following remarks of the same writer.
"One would think, that, in a nation jealous of its liberty, these important truths would never be overlooked; and that the infliction of death, the highest act of power that man exercises over man, would seldom be prescribed, where its necessity was doubtful. But on no subject has government, in different parts of the world, discovered more indolence and inattention, than in the construction or reform of the penal code. Legislators feel themselves elevated above the commission of crimes which the laws proscribe: and they have too little personal interest in a system of punishments, to be critically exact in restraining its severity. The degraded class of men, who are the victims of the laws,
are thrown at a distance which obscures their sufferings, and blunts the sensibility of the legislator. Hence sanguinary punishments, contrived in despotic and barbarous ages, have been continued, when the progress of freedom, science, and morals, renders them unnecessary and mischievous: and laws, the offspring of a corrupted monarchy, are fostered in the bosom of a youthful republic."
"But it is pleasing to perceive, that of late, this indolence has not been able to resist the energies of truth. The voice of reason and humanity has not been raised in vain. It has already "forced its way to the thrones of princes;" and the impression it has made on the governments of Europe is visible in the progressive amelioration of their criminal codes. A spirit of reform has gone forth—the empire of prejudice and inhumanity is silently crumbling to pieces—and the progress of liberty, by unfettering the human mind, will hasten its destruction."
Notwithstanding the force of these eloquent remarks, and the acknowledged truths they enforce, it is still a reproach to many of the states that compose our union that they have, from the indolence so constantly attendant on the discharge of public as well as private duty, failed to embrace the most auspicious period for the amelioration of their criminal codes. Without indulging an unavailing regret at the passage of opportunities unimproved, it becomes the duty of the patriotic citizen, in the best season which can ever now occur, to draw the public attention to measures which reason no less than experience enforce.
On this reform the morals of our citizens, and the purity of our national character greatly depend. Interest, humanity, and national glory unite in recommending it. Shall it be said that emperors and kings are more enlightened, liberal and humane than republics? Shall it be said, that among a people, where the life of man is the most valuable, the laws are the least solicitous, to protect it? While the old world, amidst all its corruptions, is shaking off the chains of prejudice, shall a rising empire, in the vigor of virtue, falter then on her citizens with stronger rivets? Shall it be the reproach of the freest communities on earth, that while slaves are held by cords of silk, their citizens require fetters of iron?
No! There is an elevation of soul in my countrymen, that, once awakened, will disdain an acquiescence in the degraded state to which their criminal code has reduced them. At the call of their eminent men, whose virtues and talents have deservedly won them the confidence of their fellow citizens, they will follow the bright example so illustriously set by several of their sister states, and many of the powers of Europe.
WASHINGTON CITY,
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17.
By an arrival at Bolton, London prints have been received at Bolton to the 25th of July, which, however, contain very few articles of moment. The Emperor of Russia and King of Sweden have refused to acknowledge Napoleon, for whose coronation the 9th of November is assigned.
A print, whose shameful disregard of truth we have had frequent occasion to notice, contains the following declaration:
"Now we federalists have been this minority in the United States for about four years, and in that time, every one of us, who happened to hold an office under the government by the fair discharge of whose duties, we were enabled to earn bread for ourselves and families, have been deprived of it, because we dared to think differently on public affairs from the author of this liberal sentiment (Mr. J. Barton)."
This is the language of the Editor of the New-York Evening Post. And yet the truth is that of the existing officers under the general government a majority are federal. We have deemed it our duty to notice this flagrant violation of truth, to show the deplorable lengths to which party prejudice carries men. Should it produce a similar torrent of invective and billingsgate, with that recently excited by a like detection, we beg leave to say, that on this as on that occasion, silence shall mark our contempt.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Adams county, state of Ohio, to his friend in Martinsburgh dated West Union, July 6, 1804
"I have the pleasure to communicate to you, that I have just been informed

by Moses Bidd, Esq. (whose integrity I have never heard called in question) that on Saturday, the 24th June last, some men were fishing in Ohio Salt lick creek, with what is called a drag, their drag got fast on what they supposed was a log, they thought it best to haul up the log and not let the fish pass the drag, but to their astonishment they found it to be a horn. Mr. Baird says he has given it a strict examination, and from the idea he has of horns, he supposes that about one half has rotted away, but what remains appears to be perfectly sound, and is in length 9 feet 7 inches, between 20 and 30 inches in circumference, and weighs 144 pounds, the hollow part is all rotted away but about 15 inches. They have been offered 32 bushels of salt for the horn.
Quere —Is not this one of the horns of the Mammoth?
"I forgot to mention that, notwithstanding this horn is so long, when measured round the bend, yet it is so crooked that it is not quite 5 feet between the ends."
A patent has been taken out in England by Mr. Roche, for the cure of the Hooping Cough, by external application only. The medicine is composed of essential oils in the different proportions, of elder, carraways, rosemary, in which are mixed leaves of red roses, camomile flowers, &c. to be simmered over a slow fire 24 hours, and pressed through a sieve—take a small quantity of this mixture and rub it over the pit of the stomach 10 minutes before a fire just previous to bed time, keep a flannel on the part during the whole night, and exchange it for another piece of flannel in the day time, use 1-2 tea-spoonful for an infant under 6 months, and one tea-spoonful for a child 2 years old, at each embrocation.
A gentleman from the Island of Jamaica mentioned, that the assembly of that island continued inflexible in their opposition to the heavy demands of money, made of them by Governor Nugent for the defence of the island. The patriotism and attachment of the governor, to the island, was not questioned; but the assembly declared the inability of their constituents to meet the sums required. In the dispute with the governor, the assembly maintained a dignified and spirited tone. In the enumeration of the difficulties the island labors under, they said,—That the expence of carrying on plantations has been greatly enhanced by the restrictions on our intercourse with the United States of North America, not only without benefit to the mother country, but to her manifest injury when viewed in all their consequences: That the articles supplied are of prime and indispensable necessity is admitted; that they cannot be furnished by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or any dependency of the empire, is evinced by twenty years experience; that they cannot be transported in British bottoms, at least the planters of this island are restrained from paying what they cannot forego, by bartering a small part of the commodities they possess, and are drained of the specie wanted for common cultivation, and of large quantities of bullion, which would enter in Great-Britain; whilst the cultivation of their staples is cramped, and the quantity of what would be sent the mother country, in more favorable circumstances, most probably diminished.
Boston Cent.
TRADE WINDS.
An experienced seaman has furnished the following account of the ceasing of the North East trade wind, the result of a careful examination of nearly 300 Journals; it ceases in January between the 6th and 5th degree of north latitude; in February between the 5th and 3d; in March and April, between the 5th and 2d; in May between the 6th and 4th; in June in the 10th degree; in August and September between the 14th and 13th degrees and during the months of October, November and December they blow as far as the line.
Poulton's paper.
From a late London paper.
STEREOTYPE PRINTING
The improved mode of printing in Stereotype, which is at length brought to perfection, after the most indefatigable and disinterested assistance of Lord Stanhope, is to be first exercised, we understand, upon the translation of an eminent German work of religious instruction, which has long been used by the female branches of the royal family, and which her majesty has now permitted to be printed for publication. It is to be accompanied by a preface from the pen of one of our most eminent prelates. This volume is also to have the further peculiarity of being the first work printed upon paper manufactured by a new machinery, which admits of each sheet being of almost unlimited length, and of considerably
greater width; as well as of more determined uniformity of substance than what are made in the moulds hitherto used.
Barnstable, August 17.
GENERAL ELECTION.
Col. Christopher Greenup , elected governor without opposition.
Gen. John Caldwell , from every information we have been able to obtain, is elected lieutenant-governor, by a large majority.
Representatives to Congress.
Gen. Walton Col. Sanford , John Boyle , Esq. Capt. Fowler , and Major Bedinger —The three former were re-elected without opposition.
From the first district we are unable to pronounce with certainty, but from every information Col. Lyon is elected.
Aug. 24.—We have not been able to collect a correct statement of the polls for a member to congress in the first district. But from the best information, Matthew Lyon is elected by a majority of about 400.
PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 12.
Important Commercial Article.
We are indebted to the politeness of a friend for the following interesting article relative to the exportation of Linen of the manufacture of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. It permits any person to export linens from that country free from all duty.
(N. Y. Com. Ad.)
An act to exempt from duties on export all linens of the manufacture of the United Kingdom, passed June 20, 1804.
Whereas the interests of the empire require that every practicable encouragement should be given to the linen manufacture thereof: May it therefore please your majesty that it may be enacted; and be it enacted by the king's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament, assembled, and by the authority of the same, That, from and after passing of this act, no duty whatever shall be payable on the export of any linen of the manufacture of any part of the united kingdom; but that all linen of the manufacture of the united kingdom shall and may be exported free to any place whatsoever, and without payment of any custom, subsidy or duty whatsoever; any thing contained in any act or acts to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.
COMMERCIAL
We are indebted to a respectable merchant and an obliging friend for a copy of the following regulations relative to the tea trade. They were communicated by Messrs. Hope & Co. of Amsterdam, to Sir Francis Baring & Co. London, and by the latter transmitted to their correspondent in this city. No doubt, therefore, can be entertained of the correctness of the statement.
(U. S. Gaz.)
REGULATIONS.
About the tea trade in Amsterdam, July 1804.
Pursuant to these regulations it is permitted from this date, and during the course of the year 1805, for ships coming direct from China, and with cargoes of tea and other articles, to enter and unload in our ports, provided they come direct from China. Such cargoes to be placed under the management of the Asiatic council, against a recognition of 6 1/2 per cent. of the gross proceeds, and further on the usual condition of the company's sales—and it is not expected that any difficulty will be made for the admission of American vessels although they might have touched at some port in America, provided that bulk has not been broken, and the cargoes arrive here in the same state as when shipped in China, without addition or deduction, and on satisfactory proof thereof being produced.
It is further permitted from this date to the 1st of October, 1804, to forward from the United States whole cargoes of tea as originally imported from China, by transmitting them in other vessels, with the option of keeping back the other Chinese articles imported with them, and such cargoes of tea will be admitted in our ports in the same manner as those coming direct from China on payment of a recognition of 8 per cent. of the gross proceeds and further on the usual conditions of the company's sales; and satisfactory proofs must be produced that such shipments shall have taken place in the United States, on or before the 1st of October next, after which this permission ceases.
The sale this year will probably take place towards the middle of September, the quantity of quarter chests to be no less than 40,000 and not to exceed 60,000.
For the next year it is not decided whether there will be one or two sales, but the whole amount is not to exceed 60,000 and to be no less than 40,000 quarter chests—Of this quantity about
one half has been contracted for, the remainder to be supplied from the excess which may take place in the importation of this year, and the remainder from the arrivals in 1805, in proportion of their respective quantities. The surplus to be reserved for the first sales in 1806. The charges on the sale of tea, including commission, brokerage, &c. amount to about 5 1/2 per cent.
By the latest accounts from St. Pierre's (Mauritius) American produce was very low—Island produce high.
RUSSIA AND FRANCE.
The following is the note sent by the Russian ambassador on the part of his Sovereign, to the French government. It is said in the London prints to have been received in a very contemptuous and insulting manner.
OFFICIAL NOTE.
Presented to the French government by the Russian Charge d'Affaires, M. D'Obrijl, relative to the late occurrences at Ettenheim.
"According to the orders which the undersigned Charge d'Affaires of his Imperial majesty, Emperor of all the Russias, has received from his court, he hastens to inform the minister of the French republic, that his illustrious master has learned with equal astonishment and concern the event that has taken place at Ettenheim, the circumstances that have accompanied it, and its melancholy result. The concern of the emperor on this occasion is more lively, as he can by no means reconcile the violation of the territory of the elector of Baden to those principles of justice and propriety which are held sacred among nations, and are the bulwark of their reciprocal relations. His imperial majesty finds in this act a violation of the rights of nations, and of a neutral territory, which, at least, was as arbitrary as it was public; a violation, the consequences of which are difficult to estimate, and which, it considered as admissible, must entirely annihilate the security and independence of sovereign states. If the German empire, after the misfortunes it has suffered, which has sensibly made it feel the necessity of tranquility and repose, must still be in fear for the integrity of its territory, could it have been expected that this should have originated on the part of a government which has labored to secure to it peace, and imposed on itself the duty of guaranteeing its continuance?
"All these considerations have not permitted the emperor to pass over in silence this unexpected event, which has spread consternation through all Germany.
"His imperial majesty has held it to be his duty, as a guarantee and mediator of the peace, to notify to the states of the empire, the manner in which he views a nation which endangers their security and independence. The Russian resident at Ratisbon, has in consequence received orders to deliver in a note to the Diet, and to represent to it, and to the head of the empire, the necessity of remonstrating to the French government, against this violation of the German territory.
"His imperial majesty holds it in like manner to be his duty to notify his tenants directly to the French government by the undersigned, as his majesty is assured that the First consul will hasten to attend to the just remonstrances of the German political body, and feel the pressing necessity of taking the most active measures to relieve all the governments of Europe from the alarm he must have occasioned to them, and put an end to an order of things too dangerous to their safety and future independence.
"The undersigned hereby fulfils the commands of his illustrious master, and avails himself of this opportunity to communicate to the citizen minister for foreign affairs, the assurances of his high esteem.
Signed,
D'OUBRIL."
PARIS, June 22.
The Legion of Honor has been definitively organized. It is to consist of 10,000 persons—They will wear a red ribbon, with a silver star; and the officers a golden star—The chiefs will, it is said, wear a blue ribbon, with a more splendid badge.
Dublin, June 10.
"The situation of this country grows every hour more critical. From various accounts received this day from several adjacent counties, a spirit of insurrection appears to be pretty general among the lower orders. It is confidently reported that they are sworn to rise the moment they receive an account of the enemy being at sea. Several pieces of gold, bearing the image of Bonaparte, have been lately distributed in the county of Wexford, by persons who have lately come from the continent. Yesterday the conservators of this city ordered the names of the inhabitants to be placed on the doors of the several houses, and a reward of £500. has been offered for the apprehension of William Putnam McCabe, a person described as having lately landed at this country from France.
"Although lord Hardwicke is much regarded on account of his private virtues, the Marquis Administration is very unpopular, and when the circumstance of this city having been suffered to be taken by surprise on the memorable 23d of July, is considered, much regret is felt at that gentleman being continued in his situation, at a moment so critical as the present. The arrival of Mr. Foster here would greatly animate the loyalists of Ireland, and I assure you that under the existing circumstances, they require every encouragement that can be afforded them.
"McCabe, who is now proclaimed, was, I understand, aid-de-camp to the late lord Edward Fitzgerald.
JESUITS.
What was formerly only rumour, is now truth. Government has ordered the establishment of the useful and respectable institution to prepare foreign missionaries. We say useful, with regard to commercial relations, which it can favor in a most eminent manner; and respectable with regard to religion, to preach the dogma and morality of which, it sends its members to the most savage, distant and unhealthy countries. We recollect yet with tender emotion the services rendered to humanity by the Barthelemi de Lias Casas, by the Xavier, by the Vincent de Paul, by the L'Ammy, by the Tachard, &c. &c.
[Journal de Paris]
The Society of missionaries will consist of 300 members, of whom 50 are destined for the East Indies, 100 for China, the same number for Africa and America, and 50 for the islands of the Southern Ocean, for Otaheite, Sandwich islands, &c. The rest will remain as teachers in France, except 20, whom government, in compliance with the request of the Canada Indians, will perhaps send to that part of America.
[Ibid.]
MR. FOX'S BUST.
His Grace the Duke of Bedford has erected, in the garden at Woburn, a Temple consecrated to Friendship, and decorated with busts and poetical tributes to his most valued intimates. Several votaries of the muse, including general Kirkpatrick, have attempted to celebrate Mr. Fox; but his Grace, who acted as Mæcenas, has given the preference to the following tasteful lines from the elegant pen and refined genius of the Duchesses of Devonshire, inscribed on a pedestal supporting a very fine bust of Mr. Fox:
Here, midst the friends he lov'd the man behold, In truth unshaken, and in virtue bold; Whose patriot zeal and uncorrupted mind Dard to assert the freedom of mankind; And whilst, extending desolation far, Ambition spread the baleful flames of war, Far-fleas of blame, and eloquent to save, 'Twas he—'was Fox—the warning counsel gave! 'Midst jarring conflicts, stemm'd the tide of blood, And to the menac'd world a sea-mark stood! Oh! had his voice in mercy's cause prevail'd, What grateful millions had the statesman hail'd! Whose wisdom bade the broils of nations cease, But though he fail'd, succeeding ages here The vain yet pious effort shall revere; Boast in their annals his illustrious name, Uphold his greatness, and confirm his fame!
ELEGY.
Written at Stanton Drew, by Chatterton.
Joyless I hail the solemn gloom, Joyless I view the pillars vast and rude, When erst the fool of superstition trod In smoking blood imbrued, And rising from the tomb— Mistaken homage to an unknown God! Fancy, whither dost thou stray? Whither dost thou wing thy way? Check the rising wild delight: Ah, what avails this awful sight! Maria is no more! Why, curs't Remembrance, wilt thou hale my mind? The blessings past are misery now: Upon her lovely brow Her lovelier foul the wore, Soft as the evening gale When breathing perfumes through the rose hedged vale! She was my joy, my happiness refin'd! All hail, ye solemn horrors of this scene! The blasted oak, the dusky green; Ye dreary altars, by whose side The Druid priest, in crimson dy'd; The solemn dirges sung, And drove the golden knife Into the palpitating heart of life, When rent with horrid shouts the distant valleys rung! The bleeding body bends, The glowing purple stream ascends, Whilst the troubled spirit near Hovers in the steamy air; Again the sacred dirge they sing, Again the distant hill and coppice valley ring! Soul of my dear Maria, haste, Whilst my languid spirits waste, When from this my prison free, Catch my foul—it flies to thee! Death had doubly arm'd his dart, In piercing thee it pierc'd my heart!
SALE OF HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE.
PURSUANT to an order of the Orphan's court for the county of Washington will be exposed to public sale at the House of the late John Burchan deceased on Monday the 24th of September next at 10 o'clock A.M. Sundry household goods, consisting of mahogany tables, a chest of drawers, chairs, bedsteads, looking glasses, androns, &c. The terms are six months credit for all purchases above twenty dollars by giving bond with approved security with interest from the day of sale—Sums under twenty dollars to be cash.
JOHN GRAVEN JOS. STREICH, } Executors.
Sept. 12—tdof
American Printed goods.
Calicoes, Shirts, Pocket Handkerchiefs, &c. manufactured by the subscribers near Baltimore, and sold at No. 13 Calvert Street.
To remove that distrust often felt respecting new undertakings, and so prejudicial to manufacturing attempts in America, they think it proper to observe, that nothing is wanting in the business to enable good artists to perform their work here as well as in Europe. That they have these artists; that two of the partners were bred to the business in a factory of the best repute carried on by their father, & long afterwards by themselves. They trust that while foreign goods are received without a question, an unreasonable suspicion will not prevent their countrymen from giving that trial to their goods, which only can prove their value. Besides a natural doubt, they know that certain interests, national as well as individual, will suggest objections to their undertaking. They have no difficulty in saying, that work of the like kind shall be as well executed here, as in other countries. The colors capable of being fixed, will be found as permanent; the cloths perhaps better substance, and the prices lower than of the imported cottons.
M'CULLOCH & LUNNUIY, Baltimore, No. 13 Calvert Street.
Sept. 17—tf
FOR SALE,
A Valuable strong active NEGRO MAN, His owner not being a resident of the city, has left the terms of sale with James Hoban, who on application will make them known. September 10—3t
AN ACT
Providing for the establishment of semi-annual Fairs.
BE it enacted by the first and Second Chambers of the City Council of Washington, That two FAIRS be held in every year within the city of Washington for the sale of all kinds of merchandise, on the first Wednesday of May and November, under such regulations as the Mayor may prescribe, of which Fairs he shall make due notification.
In virtue of powers vested in me by the above act, I do hereby order and direct that the Fairs authorised thereby shall be held on the public grounds appropriated in the plan of the city of Washington for the Mall on the south side of the Tyber, extending from the Bridge at the Centre Market to the river Potomac, and that the continuance of said Fairs shall be for three days successively, viz. on the first Wednesday, Thursday and Friday in May and November.
ROBERT BRENT, Mayor. September 14—
TO BE SOLD
By private contract, an estate called Chichester, lying on the banks of the Eastern Branch, immediately opposite the city of Washington. This estate extends from near the foot of the Bridge to a little below the Navy-Yard, and contains 695 acres of land. It is laid off in lots of from 83 to 117 acres. Dyers Ferry is on it.
The price and conditions of sale may be known on application to captain Marbury of Blue Plains opposite Alexandria, to colonel Hanson, of the Navy yard, or to the subscriber.
Captain Marbury who has a plot of the estate, may be spoken with on any Thursday at the Bank of Columbia.
ANTHONY ADDISON. Barnaby Prince Georges County. September 12—2aw3w
Valuable property FOR SALE,
I WILL sell on reasonable terms the farm on which I reside, containing about 1000 acres of valuable land. The soil is well adapted to wheat, corn and tobacco, and the cedar and locust which puts up in every uncultivated spot will afford a never failing supply of wood and timber. The farm is handsomely situated on the Patuxent river, and commands an elegant and extensive view. Its form is nearly a square, one side of which is bounded by the river, and another by Naville creek which is deep and navigable for the largest vessels employed in the bay trade, so that the farm may be enclosed at half the labor and expense that would be required by one of equal size that is not so fortunately situated. It is very convenient to the Baltimore, Norfolk and George Town markets, to either of which places the produce may be safely and expediently conveyed in vessels that can lie along side the beach for the purpose of receiving it. The improvements are a new two story dwelling house, not quite finished, containing fine commodious rooms and a large passage through the house on each floor and a cellar beneath of the same form and dimensions—An excellent granary, corn house, stables, &c.—The river and creek abound in the different seasons with fish, oysters and wild fowl of the best quality. The terms of sale may be known by application to
MICHAEL TANEY. Calvert County, Aug. 22—3w.

County of Washington, In the District of Columbia, to wit: WHEREAS Washington Boyd, collector of the county tax, for the county of Washington, has this day returned to the Board of commissioners of said county, the following List of Lands and Lots of ground in said county on which there is no personal property to pay the said taxes—to wit:
  John Hall's lot 13 Devilees 68 3-4   sq 84 69   John Hackett lot 25 sq 88 69   John Hammell lot 25 sq 88 69   David Harp lot 13 sq 122 69   Christopher Hughs lot 6 sq 159 68   Maximilian Heuffler sq 582 4 47 1-2   Henry Hill lot 8 sq 602 lot 4 sq 650 lot 2 sq 704 62 3-4   Martha Hall lot 8 sq 606 20   Richard Henderson lot 14 sq 610 lot 10 sq 704 40   Robert T. Hood lot 2 sq 655 20   Johanna Hall lot 4 sq 656 20   Wm Hemmery lot 10 sq 657 lot 8 sq east of 657 lot ten sq 667 1   Wm Higdon lot 9 sq 665 20   J. Hopburn lot 19 sq 703 20   Richard Hillary lot 9 sq 705 20   Joseph Hickman part of sq 929 with the house thereon 2 19 1-2   Peter Hall part of sq 700 with the house thereon 41   Simon Halbert part of sq 825 40 1-4   Wm Heye 1 2 of lot 4 sq 289 31 1-4   Christian Hughes lot eleven sq 198 20   Wm Johnson one tract of land called Johnson's Poplar Springs containing 100 acres 75   Wm Jarrett lot 4 sq 79 68 3-4   Thomas Johns heirs Lot one sq. one hundred and twenty one, L. 1 9, sq. 63 89 1-2   Wm. A Johnson Lot 21 sq. 169 48 1-4   Thomas Jennings, Lot 11, sq. 665, lot 13 sq. 666 lot 14 sq 703 80   Ch. Jenners part of square 695 with the house thereon 41 3-4   Jmes Johnston jr. lot 8 sq 705 20   John Johnson lot 18 sq 254 70 3-4   Thomas Johnston jun heirs and Robert J. Huston part of a tract of land called Scott Land and Barbades containing 150 acres 1 38   Lodowick Kemp lot 3 sq 56 69   Henry Kutz lot 8 sq 61 69   Henry Klinger lot 6 sq 80 lot 4 sq 124 1 61   Guthion Kmp lot 6 sq 63 lot 17 sq 104 89 3-4   Andrew Kyler lot 12 sq 79 68 3-4   James K. lot 6 sq 64 69   Frederick Kempt lot 11 sq 124 69   Libert Kemp lot 10 sq 80 68 3-4   Laurence Kreager lot 1 sq 89 32   Peter Kempt lot 1 sq 124 69   Nicholas Kinlon lot 19 sq 88 68 3-4   Patrick King lot 11 sq 787 38   Thomas Keiland lot 3 sq 200 58 1-2   John Kennedy lot 10 sq 253 33   Karrick and Purvial lot 8 sq 686 with the house thereon one house and Lot in Georgetown 8 33 1-2   Andrew King lot 11 sq 84 69 1-2   John Lippencetter lot 2 sq 103 69   Wm Lux lot sq 667 lot 1 sq east of sq 667 80   Darby Lux lot 8 sq 651 20   A. Leitch lot 4 sq 660 20   Edward Langley lots 2 14 sq 691 54 3-4   Wm Lane lot 3 sq 107 1 20 1-2   Abraham Lindo lot 5 sq 107 with the house thereon 44 1-4   Peter Charles L'Enfant lot 30 sq 127 20   John B. Laithe lot 8 sq 322 43 3-4   A. L. Linton lot 15 sq 608 lot 6 sq 708 80   Francis Lock lot 6 sq 611 lot 5 sq 665 40   Morris and Nichollson's affig. lots 1 1 3 4 sq 102 lots 1 2 3 9 10 11 12 14 sq 120 lots 10 16 17 18 sq 102 lots 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 19 20 sq 550 lots 3 4 5 sq west of 553 lots 7 8 9 10 sq 1125 1-2 of lot 6 1 1 7 8 9 sq 1126 1-2 9 10 11 sq 1127 lot 3 4 5 sq 1128 lots 10 11 12 13 sq 1129 lots 3 4 5 sq 1132 lots 7 8 9 sq 1133 lots 3 4 5 sq 1134 lots 9 10 11 sq 1135 lots 3 4 5 6 sq 1136 lots 7 8 9 10 sq 1137 lots 3 4 5 sq 1138 lots 6 7 8 sq 1139 lots 3 4 5 sq 1140 lots 6 7 8 9 sq south of sq 1140 lots 3 4 5 6 sq 1141 lots 10 11 12 13 sq 1142 lots 8 9 10 11 12 13 sq 1143 lots 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 sq 1145 lots 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 sq 1146 lots 1 2 3 4 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 sq 69 lots 6 9 10 14 part of 5 12 13 sq 74 lots 10 11 12 219 lots 1 2 3 sq 458 lots 3 4 6 sq 219 25 76   C. G. Mantz lot 10 sq 56 69   James McCormick 1-2 of lot 2 sq 60 34 1-2   William McGrath lot 1 sq 61 69   Philip H. Myers lot 11 sq 61 69   Jacob Myer lot 8 sq 80 lot 
  12 sq 88 lot 4 sq 141 3 55 3-4   Samuel Miller lot 8 sq 144 1 6 1-4   David Merky lot 6 sq 142 69   Luther Martin lots 13 14 15 16 17 1 2 of 18 sq 143 3 9 1 2   William McCrery lot 16 sq 169 59   Benjamin Morris lots 23 24 sq 77 62 1-2   Ephraim Mills part of sq 770 with the house thereon 1 35   Barbara Marshall front of north of 743 with house thereon 49 3-4   Stephen Moylan lot 1 sq 606 lot 12 sq 608 lot 10 sq 702 lot 18 sq 703 80   James Mewburn lot 20 sq 652 20   Thomas Morton jr. lot 7 sq 654 20   Ebenezer Mackie lot 7 sq 656 20   Morris Nicholson and W. Peunt sq 1130 lots 1 4 sq 1148 lots 2 3 sq 1149 1 2 1 2   Anthony Van Manninck lots 5 6 9 12 13 16 sq 532 2 4 3 4   Henry McCreep part of sq 74 with the house thereon 5 25   R M o l o 8 f. 127 30 1-2   James M'Henry lots 9 10 11 12 13 sq 218 1 1-2   Michael Nicholas lot 4 sq 63 20   H. Nicholls lots 14 15 sq 728 72 1-2   Benjamin Olen 2 lots with improvements in Georgetown sq 485 City of Washington lot 2 sq 484 lots 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 15 51   Sam'l. Porter and Jas. Sterrett lot 3 sq 79 68   Henry Pauling lot 4 sq 81 69   Thos Price of Virginia lots 7 19 sq 101 62 1-2   Cuthbert Powel lot 4 sq 168 47   Edward Parkinson lot 2 sq 6 9 20   J. Penrose lot 4 sq 611 20   Wm. Prentice part of sq 907 with house thereon part of sq 502 with house thereon 1 31   James Piercy lot 2 sq 744 20 67   Wm. Prout and Danl. Carroll of Dudn part of sq 882 3 7   Wm. Prout, Danl. Carroll of Dudn. and Wm. King part of sq 953, sq 977 4 39   Wm. Prout and Wm King sq 1000 part of sq 1001 3 13 3-4   Wm. P. our and Morris and Nicholson lot 1 sq 997 29   Peter Holmead and Butler lots 1 3 5 7 9 11 sq 23 2 20 3-4   David Pollock part of sq 74 with house thereon 5 25   Peter and Bayly lots 1 2 6 7 9 11 14 sq 13 lots 1 3 sq west of sq 28 5 20   Pratt, Francis and others lots 2 sq 147, lots 9 10 11 12 15 16 sq 257, lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 266 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 268 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 269 sq 270 sq 298 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 299 sq 300, lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 354 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 384, lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 385 sq 386 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 399 sq 400, lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 434 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 435 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 436 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 437 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 438 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 439 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 440 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 441 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 442 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 443 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 444 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 445 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 446 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 447 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 448 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 449 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 450 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 451 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 452 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 453 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 454 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 455 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 456 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 457 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 458 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 459 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 460 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 461 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 462 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 463 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 464 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 465 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 466 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 467 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 468 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 469 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 470 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 471 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 472 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 473 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 474 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 475 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 476 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 477 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 478 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 479 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 480 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 481 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 482 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 483 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 484 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 485 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 486 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 487 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 488 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 489 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 490 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 491 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 492 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 493 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 494 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 495 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 496 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 497 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 498 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 499 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 500 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 501 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 502 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 503 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 504 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 505 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 506 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 507 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 508 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 509 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 510 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 511 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 512 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 513 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 514 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 515 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 516 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 517 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 518 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 519 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 520 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 521 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 522 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 523 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 524 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 525 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 526 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 527 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 528 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 529 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 530 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 531 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 532 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 533 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 534 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 535 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 sq 536 lots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1