The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1808-06-15 00:00:00

National Intelligencer.
WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
VOL. VIII.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
NO. 1197.
FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM,
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 15, 1808.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on roads and canals.
(Concluded.)
A statement next follows of the works executed or contemplated on the great rivers previously enumerated.
1. On the Santee a canal of 22 miles has been cut at an expence of 650,000 dollars. Nett income 6,000 dollars.
2. Canal contemplated round the Great Falls of Roanoke, distance 38 miles, at an expence of 350,000 dollars.
3. On James River, improvements of the navigation, partly by canals, and partly by clearing the bed of the river, have been made at an expence of 231,000 dollars; nett income some years 16,800 dollars, or about 7 per cent. on the capital expended with the interest accrued.
4. Two canals cut on the Potomac one round the Great and the other round the Little Falls. Three smaller canals have likewise been opened; one at the Shenandoah falls, one at the Seneca falls, and one at Hooper's falls. In addition to these six different canals have been opened round the most difficult falls of the Shenandoah. On all these objects there have been expended 444,000 dollars. The annual tolls, before the opening of the Shenandoah, had not exceeded 15,000 dollars, of which 5,000 are stated as absorbed by annual expences and repairs.
5. On the Susquehannah several canals have been opened, & a considerable expenditure incurred in improving its bed. But no great benefit seems yet to have been reaped from these objects, from their having been executed on too partial a scale. A capital of 250,000 dollars has been expended. The annual expences as yet exceed the tolls.
6. On the Ohio, little, if any thing has yet been done except the incorporation of a company with a capital of 500,000 dollars for cutting a canal round the falls at Louisville.
We are next presented with a statement of "The efficacy of the improvements suggested in the communications between the Atlantic and western waters; as follows:
"1st. Four artificial roads from the four great western rivers, the Allegheny, Monongahela, Kanawha, and Tennessee, to the nearest corresponding Atlantic rivers, the Susquehannah or Juniata, the Potomac, James river, and either the Santee or Savannah, leaving to the several states the continuation of those roads eastwardly to the nearest sea ports. Those roads should unite on each river, points from which a permanent and safe navigation downwards could except during the driest seasons, be relied on, and will therefore on each route be estimated at one hundred miles, making altogether 400 miles, which at 7000 dollars a mile, the materials being generally on the spot, would cost $ 2,800,000
"2ndly. The improvement of the navigation of the four Atlantic rivers from tide water to the highest practicable point, effected principally by canals around the falls wherever practicable, and by locks whenever necessary. The most expensive of these would be the proposed canal from Columbia on the Susquehannah, either to tide water, or to the Delaware and Chesapeake canal. And considering how much has been effected already, and may still be done on the other rivers by the several incorporated companies, it is believed that every useful improvement might be completed by a public expenditure not exceeding $ 1,500,000
"3dly. The canal at the falls of Ohio, estimated at $ 300,000
Making altogether, $ 4,600,000
"Although a canal navigation, uniting the Atlantic and western waters in a direct course across the mountains appears impracticable, yet those mountains may be turned
either on the north by means of the Mohawk valley and of lake Ontario, or on the south through Georgia, and the Mississippi territory. The first communication will be noticed under the head of "the river St. Laurence and great lakes." Of the second it will be sufficient to observe, that the country lying between the sources of the rivers Chatahouchee and Mobile, and the gulf of Mexico, is an inclined plane, regularly descending towards the sea, and that by following the proper levels, it presents no natural obstacle to the opening of a canal, fed by the waters of the two last mentioned rivers, and extending from the tide water on the coast of Georgia, to the Mississippi. The distance in a direct line is about 550 miles, and to be overcome, requires only time, perseverance and labor. When it is recollected that such an undertaking would discharge the Mississippi into the Atlantic, the remarks already made on the trade of that river, and other obvious considerations will, sufficiently point out its immense importance. Nor should the plan, on account of its magnitude, be thought chimerical; for the elevation and other natural obstacles of intervening ground, or want of a sufficient supply of water, and not distance, are the only insuperable impediments to an artificial navigation.
"This work, which is presented not as an immediate but as a distant object worthy of consideration, would probably require ten millions of dollars, and thirty years for its completion. The annual sales of the public lands in the Mississippi territory, which are estimated at fifty millions of acres, would after paying the debt due to the state of Georgia, afford sufficient funds; and the increased value of the residue, would alone more than compensate the expence.
"It is proper to add, that an inland navigation, even for open boats, already exists from New Orleans by the canal Carondelet, to the lake Ponchartrain, thence between the coast and the adjacent islands to the bay of Mobile, and up its two principal rivers, the Alabama, and the Tombigbee to the head of the tide within the acknowledged boundaries of the United States. The current of these two rivers, being much less rapid than that of the Mississippi, they have long been contemplated, particularly the Tombigbee, as affording a better communication to the ascending or returning trade from New Orleans to the waters of the Tennessee, from which they are separated by short portages."
A view is next offered of the "Communication between the Atlantic rivers and the river St. Laurence and Great Lakes."
"Vessels ascend the river St. Laurence from the sea to Montreal. The river Sorel discharges at some distance below that town the waters of lake George and lake Champlain, which penetrate southwardly within the United States. From Montreal to lake Ontario, the ascent of the rivers St. Laurence is estimated at about 200 feet. From the eastern extremity of lake Ontario, an inland navigation for vessels of more than 100 tons burthen, is continued more than one thousand miles, through lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Huron, to the western and southern extremities of lake Michigan, without any other interruption than that of the falls and rapids of Niagara, between lake Erie & lake Ontario. The descent from fort Schlosser to Devil's hole, a distance of four miles, which includes the perpendicular falls of Niagara, has by correct measurement been ascertained at 375 feet. The whole fall from lake Erie to lake Ontario, is estimated at 450 feet, making the elevation of lake Erie above tide water, six hundred and fifty feet.
"Lake Superior, the largest of those inland seas, communicates with the northern extremity of lake Huron, by the river and rapids of St. Mary's. The fall of these is not ascertained; but it is said that a small canal has been opened around the most difficult part, by the North West Fur company.
"Five of the Atlantic rivers approach the waters of the St. Laurence, viz. the Penobscot, Kennebec, Con-
necticut, the North, or Hudson river, and the Tioga branch of the Susquehannah. This last river will afford a useful communication with the rivers Seneca, and Genessee, which empty into Lake Ontario. The length of the portage has not been precisely stated; and the general navigation of the Susquehannah has already been noticed. It may however be observed, that it is the only Atlantic river whose sources approach both the western waters, and those of the St. Laurence.
"The three eastern rivers, afford convenient communications, with the province of Lower Canada, but not with that extensive inland navigation, which penetrates through the United States, within two hundred miles of the Mississippi. No statement has been received of any improvement having yet been made on the Penobscot, or Kennebec; and a very imperfect account has been obtained of some short canals opened around the several falls of the river Connecticut. One at Bellows' falls, in the state of Vermont, has been particularly mentioned, and is the highest improvement on the river."
Several companies appear to have been incorporated by the state of N. York for the accomplishment of those objects, viz. for effecting the Hudson and Champlain or northern navigation; the Mohawk and Ontario or Western navigation; and for opening a canal round the falls of Niagara. The second object only has been partially accomplished, at an expence of 370,000 dollars. The annual tolls do not exceed 13,000 dollars.
"The works necessary to effect water communications between the tide water of the North river, the St. Laurence, and all the lakes, (lake Superior only excepted) are estimated at four millions of dollars, viz.
  "Northern navigation to Lake Champlain, Dolls. 800,000   "Western navigation to Lake Ontario, 2,200,000   "Falls of Niagara for a sloop navigation, 1,000,000   4,000,000 
"The papers relative to those communications will be found under the letter (B.); but the utility of these will not be confined to the extensive navigation of the lakes themselves. For the mountains being completely turned, when arrived into lake Erie, the ridge which separates the waters emptying into that and into lake Michigan, from the northern branches of the Ohio, and from the waters of the Mississippi, is of a moderate elevation, and is gradually depressed in its course westwardly. There is no doubt of the practicability of opening canals at a future period, between several of those waters, either by selecting proper levels, or by means of short tunnels across favorable parts of the ridge."
Interior Canals —Partially or fully executed.
1. On the Merrimack. A canal round Asmoskeag falls—the Essex Canal—the Middlesex, the greatest work of the kind executed in the U. S. The expence of the two former canals is not stated; that of the latter amounts to $50,000 dollars; amount of tolls 17,000 dollars a year.
2. Union of the Schuylkill and Delaware. —A canal from Norris town to Philadelphia, 15 miles long—Expense estimated at $33,000 dollars; but a small part executed, and the whole work long since suspended.
3. Union of Schuylkill and Susquehannah. Expense estimated at 1,500,000 dollars. But a small part completed and the whole suspended.
4. Union of Aphomattox and south branch of James river. —Nearly completed at an expence of 60,000 dollars.
5. Neuse and Beaufort North Carolina. —Incomplete and suspended.
6. Cape Fear river. —Two small canals opened.
7. The Canal Carondelet, at New Orleans, incompletely effected.
The subject of TURNPIKE or artificial ROADS is next treated. We are in the first place presented with a most interesting statement of what has been done, under this head, in the several states; a statement which will have the happiest effect in animating us to new efforts, and in impressing on the foreign world an idea of our resources and the rapidity with which they have progressed.
Interesting, however, as this statement is, we must, from its length, reserve it for a future paper.
The Report concludes as follows:
"The roads heretofore made may be divided into three general classes.
"1. Those where the only improvement consists in the reduction of hills, and in the convexity and ditches of the road, whereby the angle of ascent is rendered more easy, and standing water excluded; but where the natural soil is used without any artificial stratum. The expense of these roads may vary according to local circumstances, and the perfection of the work, from five hundred to one thousand dollars a mile. They are most generally in use in the eastern states, and may be introduced with advantage in all those districts of country, where wealth does not admit more expensive improvements, or where the materials of an artificial stratum are altogether wanting. It is only in the last case, that they may be considered as a national object; and no other improvement besides bridges and causeways, is perhaps practicable in the lower country of the southern states. Iron, and even timber rail roads, may however be sometimes substituted in those level parts of the country, where stones and gravel are not to be found.
"2. Roads prepared as above, of a reduced breadth, and covered with a thin coat of gravel not more than six or nine inches thick; such as the turnpike lately made between Trenton and Brunswick. These roads, the expence of which may be estimated at about 3000 dollars a mile, may be used wherever the frost does not materially affect them, and in every climate, when they are intended principally for the conveyance of persons, and not for the transportation of heavy loads.
"3. The artificial roads of the best construction, such as have been already described. These when not exceeding 22 feet in breadth, and except in the vicinity of large cities, will cost at the rate of 7000 dollars a mile, exclusively of bridges over large rivers. And they must be resorted to, whenever a commercial road for heavy transportation is intended, particularly in the middle states, or rather in the U. S. between 41 and 36 degrees of north latitude. North of the 41st degree, the snow lies generally during the whole winter; and the great bulk of heavy transportation is effected in sleighs during that season. There is therefore less necessity for using the roads in the spring; and they are also better protected against the effects of the frost by the snow. South of the 35th degree, which in the Atlantic states may be considered as the boundary of the great cotton cultivation, the frost does not materially injure the roads. It is between those two extremes that the most substantial are required; and it also happens that the great land communications with the western country, which considerably increase the amount of transportation, are principally within the same limits.
"The same principles, which have directed the arrangement adopted in this report in relation to canals, will also point out those roads which seem in the first instance to claim the patronage of the general government."
"Those which appear most necessary for the communications between the Atlantic and western rivers have already been mentioned under that head; and the improvement of the water communication between the North river and the great lakes ought to take the precedence of any other in that direction."
"That road which therefore seems exclusively to claim public attention, is a great turnpike extending from Maine to Georgia in the general direction of the sea coast and main post road, and passing through all the principal sea ports. The general convenience and importance of such a work are too obvious to require any comments: and the expence seems to be the primary object of consideration."
"The distance will be roughly estimated at 1,600 miles, and from what has been stated on the subject of roads generally, it may be inferred that the greater part of the road being intended almost exclusively for travelling, and not for transportation of heavy articles, the expence cannot exceed
the rate of 3,000 dollars a mile. For although some detached portions of the route, being commercial roads, must be improved as such, and at a greater expence; an equivalent reduction in other parts will result from those portions which are already improved by private companies, and from the impossibility, for want of materials for an artificial stratum, of going in some places beyond what has been described as the first or cheapest species of turnpikes. The whole expence may therefore be estimated at 4,800,000 dollars.
"A secondary object, but of more importance to government than to individuals, would be the improvement, on a much less expensive scale, of certain portions of roads leading to some points on the extremes of the union, intended principally for the purpose of accelerating the progress of the mail, and the prompt transmission of information of a public nature. The points contemplated, are Detroit, St. Louis in Upper Louisiana, and New Orleans. The portions of road which traversing a wilderness cannot be improved without the aid of the U. S. are; from the Tuscarora branch of the Muskingum to Detroit; from Cincinnati, by Vincennes, to St. Louis; and from Nashville in Tennessee, or Athens in Georgia, to Natchez. The expence necessary to enable the mail and even stages to proceed at the rate of 80 miles a day, may, at the rate of about 200 dollars a mile, including bridges over all the small streams, be estimated for those three roads, at 200,000 dollars.
Recapitulation and Resources.
"The improvements which have been respectively suggested as most important, in order to facilitate the communication between the great geographical divisions of the United States, will now be recapitulated; and their expence compared with the resources applicable to that object.
"I. From north to south, in a direction parallel to the sea coast:
  Dollars.   "1. Canals opening an inland navigation for sea vessels from Massachusetts to N. Carolina, being more than two thirds of the Atlantic sea coast of the U. States, and across all the principal capes, cape Fear excepted, 3,000,000   "2. A great turnpike from Maine to Georgia, along the whole extent of the Atlantic sea coast, 4,800,000   7,800,000 
"II. From east to west, forming communications across the mountains between the Atlantic and Western rivers:
  "1. Improvement of the navigation of four great Atlantic rivers, including canals parallel to them, 1,500,000   "2. Four first rate turnpike roads from those rivers across the mountains, to the four corresponding western rivers, 2,800,000   "3. Canal around the falls of the Ohio, 300,000   "4. Improvements of roads to Detroit, St. Lewis, and New Orleans, 200,000   4,800,000 
"III. In a northern and north westerly direction, forming inland navigation between the Atlantic sea coast, and the great lakes and the St. Laurence:
  "1. Inland navigation between the North river and lake Champlain, 800,000 

2. Great inland navigation opened the whole way by canals, from the north river to lake Ontario, 2,200,000 3. Canal around the falls and rapids of Niagara, opening a sloop navigation from lake Ontario to the upper lakes, as far as the extremities of lake Michigan, 1,000,000 4,000,000
Making together, $ 16,600,000  IV. The great geographical features of the country have been solely adhered to in pointing out those lines of communication: and these appear to embrace all the great interests of the union, and to be calculated to diffuse and increase the national wealth in a very general way, by opening an intercourse between the remotest extremes of the United States. Yet it must necessarily result from an adherence to that principle, that those parts of the Atlantic states through which the great western and north west communications will be carried, must, in addition to the general advantages in which they will participate, receive from those communications greater local and immediate benefits, than the eastern, and perhaps southern states. As the expense must be defrayed from the general funds of the union, justice, and perhaps policy not less than justice, seem to require that a number of local improvements, sufficient to equalize the advantages, should also be undertaken in those states, parts of states, or districts, which are less immediately interested in those inland communications. Arithmetical precision cannot indeed be obtained in objects of that kind; nor would an apportionment of the monies applied, according to the population of each state, be either just or practicable; since roads, and particularly canals, are often of greater utility to the states which they unite, than to those through which they pass. But a sufficient number of local improvements, consisting either of roads or canals, may without any material difficulty be selected so as to do substantial justice, and give general satisfaction. Without pretending to suggest what would be the additional sum necessary for that object, it will, for the sake of round numbers, be estimated at 3,400,000
Which added to the sum estimated for general improvements, 16,600,000
Would make an aggregate of twenty millions of dollars, 20,000,000
An annual appropriation of two million of dollars, would accomplish all those great objects in ten years, and may, without inconvenience, be supplied in time of peace, by the existing revenues and resources of the United States. This may be exemplified in several ways.
The annual appropriation on account of the principal and interest of the public debt, has, during the last six years, amounted to eight millions of dollars. After the present year, or at farthest, after the ensuing year, the sum which, on account of the irredeemable nature of the remaining debt, may be applied to that object, cannot in any one year exceed 4,600,000 dollars, leaving therefore from that source alone, an annual surplus of 3,400,000 dollars, applicable to any other object.
From the 1st January, 1801, to the 1st January, 1809, a period of eight years, the United States shall have discharged about 34 millions of the principal of the old debt, or deducting the Louisiana debt, incurred during the same period, and not yet discharged, about 23 millions of dollars. They may with equal facility, apply in a period of ten years, a sum of 20 millions of dollars, to internal improvements.
The annual permanent revenue of the United States, calculated on a state of general peace, and on the most moderate estimate, was in a report made to Congress on the 6th day of December, 1806, computed for the years 1809-1815, at 14 millions of dollars. The annual expenses on the peace establishment, and including the 4,600,000 dollars, on account of the debt, and 400,000 dollars for contingencies, do not exceed eight millions and a half, leaving an annual surplus of five millions and a half of dollars. To provide for the protection and defence of the country, is undoubtedly the object to which the resources of the United States, must, in the first instance be applied, and to the exclusion of all others, if the times shall require it. But it is believed, that in times of peace, (and to such period only are these remarks applicable) the
surplus will be amply sufficient to defray the expenses of all the preparatory measures of a permanent nature, which prudence may suggest, and to pay the sum destined for internal improvements. Three millions annually applied during the same period of ten years, would arm every man in the United States, fill the public arsenals and magazines, erect every battery and fortification which could be manned, and even, if thought eligible, build a navy. That the whole surplus would be inadequate to the support of any considerable increase of the land or naval force kept in actual service in time of peace, will be readily admitted. But such a system is not contemplated: if ever adopted, the objects of this report must probably be abandoned. For, it has not heretofore, been found an easy task for any government to indulge in that species of expenses, which leaving no trace behind it, adds nothing to the real strength of the country, and at the same time to provide for either its permanent defence or improvement.
It must not be omitted that the facility of communications, constitutes, particularly in the United States, an important branch of national defence. Their extensive territory opposes a powerful obstacle to the progress of an enemy. But on the other hand, the number of regular forces, which may be raised, necessarily limited by the population, will for many years be inconsiderable when compared with that extent of territory. That defect cannot otherwise be supplied than by those great national improvements, which will afford the means of a rapid concentration of that regular force, and of a formidable body of militia, on any given point.
Amongst the resources of the union, there is one, which from its nature, seems more particularly applicable to internal improvements. Exclusively of Louisiana, the general government possesses, in trust for the people of the United States, about one hundred millions of acres fit for cultivation, north of the river Ohio, and near fifty millions south of the state of Tennessee. For the disposition of those lands a plan has been adopted, calculated to enable every industrious citizen to become a freeholder, to secure indisputable titles to the purchasers, to obtain a national revenue, and above all to suppress monopoly. Its success has surpassed that of every former attempt, and exceeded the expectations of its authors. But a higher price than had usually been paid for waste lands by the first inhabitants of the frontier became an unavoidable ingredient of a system intended for general benefit, and was necessary in order to prevent the public lands being engrossed by individuals possessing greater wealth, activity or local advantages. It is believed that nothing could be more gratifying to the purchasers, and to the inhabitants of the western states generally, or better calculated to remove popular objections, and to defeat insidious efforts, than the application of the proceeds of the sales to improvements conferring general advantages on the nation, and an immediate benefit on the purchasers and inhabitants themselves. It may be added, that the United States, considered merely as owners of the soil, are also deeply interested in the opening of those communications, which must necessarily enhance the value of their property. Thus the opening of an inland navigation from tide water to the great lakes, would immediately give to the great body of land bordering on those lakes, as great value as if they were situated at the distance of one hundred miles by land from the sea coast. And if the proceeds of the first ten millions of acres which may be sold, were applied to such improvements, the United States would be amply repaid in the sale of the other ninety millions.
The annual appropriation of two millions of dollars drawn from the general revenues of the union, which has been suggested, could operate to its full extent only in times of peace and under prosperous circumstances. The application of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands, might perhaps be made permanent until it had amounted to a certain sum, and until the most important improvements had been effected. The fund created by those improvements, the expense of which has been estimated at twenty millions of dollars, would afterwards become itself a perpetual resource for further improvements. Although some of those first communications should not become immediately productive, and although the same liberal policy, which dictated the measure, would consider them less as objects of revenue to government, than of increased wealth and general convenience to the nation, yet they would all sooner or later acquire, as productive property, their par value. Whenever
that had taken place in relation to any of them, the stock might be sold to individuals or companies, and the proceeds applied to a new improvement. And by persevering in that plan, a succession of improvements would be effected until every portion of the U. S. should enjoy all the advantages of inland navigation and improved roads, of which it was susceptible. To effect that great object, a disbursement of twenty millions of dollars, applied with more or less rapidity according to the circumstances of the U. S. would be amply sufficient.
The manner in which the public monies may be applied to such objects, remains to be considered.
It is evident that the U. S. cannot under the constitution open any road or canal, without the consent of the state through which such road or canal must pass. In order therefore to remove every impediment to a national plan of internal improvements, an amendment to the constitution was suggested by the Executive when the subject was recommended to the consideration of Congress. Until this be obtained, the assent of the states being necessary for each improvement, the modifications under which that assent may be given, will necessarily control the manner of applying the money. It may be however observed that in relation to the specific improvements which have been suggested, there is hardly any which is not either already authorised by the states respectively, or so immediately beneficial to them, as to render it highly probable that no material difficulty will be experienced in that respect.
The monies may be applied in two different manners: the U. S. may with the assent of the states, undertake some of the works at their sole expense; or they may subscribe a certain number of shares of the stock of companies incorporated for the purpose. Loans might also in some instances be made to such companies. The first mode would perhaps, by effectually controlling local interests, give the most proper general direction to the work. Its details would probably be executed on a more economical plan by private companies. Both modes may perhaps be blended together so as to obtain the advantages pertaining to each. But the modifications of which the plan is susceptible must vary according to the nature of the work, and of the charters, and seem to belong to that class of details, which are not the immediate subject of consideration.
At present the only work undertaken by the U. S. at their sole expense, to which the assent of the states has been obtained, is the road from Cumberland to Brownsville. An appropriation may for that purpose be made at any time. In relation to all other works, the U. S. have nothing at this time in their power but to assist those already authorised; either by loans or by becoming stockholders; and the last mode appears the most eligible. The only companies incorporated for effecting some of the improvements considered in this report as of national and first rate importance, which have applied for such assistance, are the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, the Susquehannah canal, and the Dismal Swamp companies; and authority might be given to subscribe a certain number of shares to each, on condition that the plan of the work to be executed should be approved by the general government. A subscription to the Ohio canal, to the Pittsburg road, and perhaps to some other objects not fully ascertained, is also practicable at this time.
As an important basis of the general system, an immediate authority might also be given to take the surveys and levels of the routes of the most important roads and canals which are contemplated: a work always useful, and by which the practicability and expense of the undertakings would be ascertained with much more correctness than in this report. A moderate appropriation would be sufficient for those several objects.
In the selection of the objects submitted in obedience to the order of the Senate, as claiming in the first instance the aid of the general government, general principles have been adhered to, as best calculated to suppress every bias of partiality to particular objects. Yet some such bias, of which no individual is perfectly free, may without being felt, have operated on this report. The national legislature alone, embracing every local interest, and superior to every local consideration, is competent to the selection of such national objects. The materials contained in the papers herewith transmitted, and the information to be derived from surveys taken under the authority of the general government, will furnish the facts necessary for a correct decision. Two communications, by Mr. B. H. Latrobe, and by Mr. Robert Fulton, marked E and F are in the mean while respectfully referred
to, as containing much interesting practical information, connected with observations of a general nature, on the subject."
FOR THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.
THE FARMER—No. II. Concluded.
So much for the objections urged against this caucus. Now for the grounds on which its necessity as well as expediency are established.
Is there, or is there not, a necessity for union and concert among the republicans in the election of a Chief Magistrate? If there is, the means of obtaining this union and concert must be pursued. I will not condescend to argue the first point. Every rational republican admits the necessity. The times prove it. It is a necessity, too, which can never intermit; for the moment such concert is neglected, the opponents of the republicans have carried their point; they will adroitly and instantly seize the opportunity, the victory will be theirs, and it will be too late to remedy the evil.
What then are the means of obtaining this union, and concert? It is obvious that they must be co-extensive with the United States. Possessed of this indispensable trait they can only be found in a body of men collectively expressing the general sentiment of the republicans of the union. As for obtaining such an expression, through the medium of the public prints, or meetings of citizens in their respective districts, that is out of the question. To command harmony, union, and concert, and eventually to ensure unanimity, the nominating body must be able to draw the national sentiment they express to a point, and thus, and thus only, prevent the different parts of the union from being divided on different candidates. Without such a general representative body, an indefinite number of candidates might be named, of equal pretensions, each candidate having his active advocates; the local feelings of numerous districts would be inflamed; personal animosities ensue; all which circumstances collectively could not fail of producing defeat. To guard against these fatal evils it is indispensable that the local expressions of opinion should be waved until a general nomination took place. This is precisely analogous to the principles of our government in the exercise of other political rights and duties. In each election district there is generally a meeting of the electors called to nominate the representatives; and the voice of the nominating majority is sanctioned by the whole meeting. So, when the representatives are convened, in the enactment of laws the will of the majority prevails. Each particular law is not previously canvassed in every section of the country; but it is initiated and consummated in the general representative body. Were it otherwise the distraction and difficulty of transacting business would be endless and invincible.
How then can a general body fairly representing the republican party be obtained?
The republican members of Congress, it is admitted, constitute the best body of this kind in existence. It is not, indeed, going too far, to say that they were elected, if not for the discharge of this among other duties, at least with a perfect understanding of their constituents that it would be discharged by them. Such a duty having in fact been thus discharged invariably from the commencement of the government, and the object being too important to be overlooked, it is no strained inference to consider it as having been pointedly in the view of the people at the time of choosing their representatives. There is one circumstance, which unquestionably, has its weight, & ought not to be lost sight of in every such nomination. In the federal states, in which representatives are chosen by a general ticket, the republican minority have no representatives on the floor of Congress, and have, consequently, in such nomination no participation. An allowance ought therefore to be made in this case, and if it should be made to appear that the votes to which such a minority in Congress are entitled would turn the scale in favor of any candidate other than the one commanding the suffrages of the majority of the other republican members, such candidate ought to be preferred. But whatever abstract force there may be in this argument, it is altogether inapplicable to the nomination of Mr. Madison. The only federal states are Delaware and Connecticut; the republican part of the former of which has unequivocally declared itself in favor of Mr. Madison; and with regard to Connecticut, there is also every reason to believe the republicans there also in favor of Mr. Madison; but even supposing it otherwise,
after the set-off of Delaware, but a difference of one or two votes would be the result.
It appears, therefore, that in the present instance the republican representatives were a body that fairly expressed the general sentiment.
What other body could be constituted?
It might be sufficient, to shew the impracticability of forming such a body, to say that the opponents of the Congressional Caucus have themselves offered no plea for its formation. Their ingenuity has, no doubt, been put to the rack, and they would unquestionably have proposed any plan calculated to obtain the support of the nation.
Such a body might, however, perhaps, be composed of delegates chosen by the republican representatives of the several state legislatures; or by the several sections of the people.
Let us enquire how adequate such a body would be to express fairly the general sentiment.
If chosen by the several state legislatures, the first consideration that offers itself is whether the two branches, composing each legislature, should vote jointly or concurrently. Let not this be considered as a light difficulty. The usual feature of discrimination between the Senators and Representatives is the duration of their appointments. In the former it is for from one to six years; in the latter from six months to two years, but generally for one year. If, therefore, the election of the conventional delegates ought to be an expression of the existing sentiment of the people, ought the Senators, chosen so remotely, to have any voice whatever? much less ought they to have a power, collectively equal to the Representatives? The concurrent vote, in case of a collision of opinion, would altogether defeat the existing sentiment of the state; and the joint vote might itself have the same effect, by adding the votes of the Senators to a minority of the republican representatives, holding opinions at variance with the general sentiment.
The next point, to be decided, would be the number of delegates to be chosen. They must be equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives of the states, or to the proportion of the republicans in each state to its whole numbers. Should the former rule prevail, it would directly destroy the prevalence of the will of the majority, by giving as many delegates to a state not republican, as to one altogether so. This would be consequently inadmissible. Should, on the contrary, the other rule be observed, how difficult, not to say impossible, would it be fairly to graduate the measure of its application? Who would be called upon to decide the relative strength of the republicans in each state? The members of the two branches jointly or concurrently? Here the same difficulty, already noticed, would be to be overcome. How would the different parties calling themselves republican, decide the question? The motive of adding to their power in the national scale, would induce them to unite their forces; but every other motive would lead them to disunion. It is almost certain that in practice it would be found impossible to produce a concurrence in the choice of delegates sent to the same Convention. It is almost certain, that we should have as many conventions as there should be parties among the republicans in the several state legislatures. This would, probably, be equivalent to having no convention at all; nay, worse. For what chance could there exist of a particular party in the legislature of one state uniting with another party in a different legislature in sending delegates to the same convention; when the grounds on which each party was formed were principally local? To constitute such conventional bodies, it is therefore obvious, would be to multiply the chances of disunion, discord, weakness, and eventual defeat among the republicans.
All these difficulties and objections, if possible, would be still more aggravated should a convention be attempted to be formed by the election of delegates by assemblies of the republicans in different sections of the union. The difficulty of deciding who were properly qualified to vote would be insuperable, from which would result the consequent admission of every person that attended. Of the whole number entitled to vote but a small part would attend; and it is probable that the total want of any legal provisions for such meetings, regulating the time, manner or objects of their assembly, would prevent the most prudent and respectable part of the community from attending at all.
When convened, the same, and even greater difficulty, than that felt by the members of the legislatures, would attend the decision of the portion of political weight to which their

nominations should be entitled; and, in many instances, such meetings would break up without coming to any decision.
Such too, would be the different and hostile auspices under which these meetings would be called, that they would be confined to but few districts compared with the whole that compose the union.
Still further—what attestations, to be depended upon, could be given of the bona fide election of the Convention delegates? Where would exist the power of deciding correctly on the contested claims of delegates from the same districts, when all the information possessed by the Convention would be received through prejudiced and ex parte channels? It is sufficiently evident that they would be compelled to receive none or all of the delegates that presented themselves.
These are some of the difficulties that would attend the attempt to constitute a convention, either the emanation of the state legislatures or of popular meetings. They are sufficient to demonstrate to any sound mind the futility of the attempt. The offspring of dissention, and composed of the most heterogeneous materials, its deliberations and decisions would only serve to widen the breach of the republicans and to destroy all chance of concert. Such a result, however coveted by the opponents of the republicans, would have no charms for them; and unless they have discovered that they are incompetent to hold the reins of power, and have modestly resolved to transfer them to their enemies, they will refuse their ear to the advice, that, under the magic sounds of independence and resistance of usurpation, would deprive them of the staff without which they must inevitably fall and be soon trampled to death by their enemies.
I consider myself as entitled to assume it as proved that in the nomination of a President by the republicans, there is a necessity for union and concert, and that this union and concert can only be attained by the course pursued on this occasion. What weight a nomination made under such circumstances ought to have is a distinct question. This will be seen in the sequel of these remarks.
A FARMER.
THE PRESIDENT & DIRECTORS of the WASHINGTON & ALEXANDRIA TURNPIKE COMPANY, Will meet on the road to be improved, on Wednesday next at 9 o'clock A. M. and continue till 3 o'clock for the purpose of shewing the road and describing the manner of improving it, and also of erecting a BRIDGE across Four Mile Creek, where those persons desirous of contracting for the whole or any part of the work are requested to attend; and sealed proposals will be received by the President on the Saturday following. G. DENEALE, President.
June 15—
PUBLIC SALE.
ON Monday the 11th of July next will be sold at Public Auction a two Story BRICK HOUSE, with adjacent FRANK Building, and the Lots No. 10 and 11, on square No. 925, near the Marine Barracks. The house was lately inhabited by Lt. Col. WASHINGTON, now in the occupancy of Mr. Thomas Carberry. The terms will be made known on the day of sale, at Stelle's hotel. June 15—tdos
15 DOLLARS REWARD.
STOLEN from the subscriber near the Eastern Branch Bridge in the city of Washington on the 5th inst. a SORREL HORSE, about 14 1/2 hands high, stout and well made, a star in his forehead, on his flank near his off thigh a small spot, branded on his near buttock with the letters G. G.; six years old, and his tail cut short. The above reward will be paid on the delivery of the above described horse and all reasonable charges by GERARD GIBSON.
June 15—3t
FOR NORFOLK.
The brig Mahitable Cpt. LACOCK, will sail in six days. For freight or passage apply to the captain on board, at the Navy Yard wharf. June 10—3t
District of Columbia, Washington county, to wit
ON the petition of DAVID WOODS an insolvent debtor confined in the prison of Washington county aforesaid for debt—Notice is hereby given to the creditors of the said D. Woods that on Monday the 20th day of June, inst. at the court room at Lindsey's Hotel, at the hour of 9 o'clock A.M. the oath prescribed by the act of Congress, entitled, "An act for the relief of insolvent debtors within the district of Columbia," will be administered to the said David Woods, and a trustee appointed, unless sufficient cause be then and there shown to the contrary.
It is ordered that this notice be published in the Washington Federalist National Intelligencer and some paper printed in Alexandria, twice before the day in each paper.
By order of the honorable William Cranch, esq. chief judge of the circuit court of the district of Columbia.
W. M. BRENT, Clerk.
June 15—2t
WASHINGTON CITY.
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 15.
CITIZENS OF WASHINGTON.
IN compliance with the wishes of a respectable number of my fellow-citizens I invite you to attend at Stelle's hotel on Tuesday the 21st inst. at 6 o'clock P. M. for the purpose of taking into consideration the expediency of organising a plan for the encouragement of Domestic Manufactures.
ROBERT BRENT, Mayor of the city of Washington.
June 15.
Discourse on the prospects and progress of Society.
ON Thursday evening at 7 o'clock, J. O'GILVIE will deliver at Mr. Stelle's Hotel a discourse on the progress and prospects of Society, in which the principal causes, that have successively combined to improve the institutions of Society and the character of man, will be analyzed and illustrated.
P. S. Tickets of admission, half a dollar, may be had at the bar.
June 15—2t.
We are gratified in stating that correct principles retain their ascendancy in New Hampshire, notwithstanding the assertions to the contrary which have traversed the continent. The following paragraph is from the New Hampshire Gazette, published at the seat of government:
Portsmouth, June 7.
New Hampshire is still favored with a Republican Administration. His Excellency John Langdon, had about four-fifths of all the votes for Governor. The five councillors are republican. The Senate is composed of nine republicans and three federalists. The House of Representatives has a majority of Republicans—and the Secretary of State, the Treasurer and Commissary General, are all Republicans.
The following article, entitled, "Communication," is taken from the New York Evening Post. The commentary that follows exposes its total falsehood, and shews the degree of reliance that ought to be placed on the federal prints generally, particularly on whatever relates to the President or the Embargo. As this Communication is signed No. I. we may expect a copious crop of similar federalisms, not omitting the equally precious story of Mr. Madison's sale of wheat, which, we have no doubt, comes from the same quarter.
COMMUNICATION.
"One evening a few weeks since, Mr. Jefferson's overseer, carried to the nearest market town, 100 bbls. flour, which he sold to a merchant of that place, for the current price, and having received his money, made off. The next morning, just as the purchaser was about to put his flour on board a sloop, comes Mr. Galtin's Circular slip upon him, and stops his flour in transitu. He was of course obliged to store it till the embargo is taken off, three years or longer, and pocket the loss."
"The editor may rely on the above, as it is related to me by a respectable inhabitant of Virginia." No. I.
Now the fact is—that Mr. Jefferson has but one estate which is not rented, and that lies in Bedford county, some miles above Lynchburg, the nearest market town, and to which a sloop certainly never came, as it is at least one hundred and fifty miles above tide water. No part of his crop of wheat has been manufactured, nor has it as yet been sold. Miserable libellers! Such is the invariable fate of your calumnies against a character, which only shines the brighter for your slanders.
We rejoice to hear that the pulse of Virginia beats high in favor of manufactures. The citizens of that large, respectable and patriotic state seem almost universally resolved to seize the occasion, presented by the injustice of the belligerent nations, to make us truly independent.
We have received a London paper, containing a highly interesting debate in the British House of Lords on the 29th of March on a motion of Lord Holland, protesting against the Orders in Council. This debate forcibly exposes the still vigorous & powerful opposition to that measure, justifies, in their most important features, the arguments urged in this country in support of the embargo; and vindicates the conduct of the President in sending back the treaty. Our readers will be gratified at the apparent horror with which the ministry shrink from the charge of wishing to push the affairs between that country and this to a rupture. We hope that they sincerely feel what they avow, and that when Mr. Rose shall have convinced them, that it is the ardent de-
site of our government to restore the amicable relations of the two countries, they will abandon a measure, which, however injurious to us, will, if persisted in, be ruinous to them. We regret that we have room only for the following extracts:
Lord HOLLAND—"We have not yet gone so far in this work of calamity, that the warning voice of this House might not still save us from impending ruin and absolute destruction. That ruin and that destruction there was no more certain method of effecting, than by driving the people of America into hostility with Great Britain. And what other effect than this can noble lords opposite expect? Do they conceive that a great and independent nation, with rights and interests which it is her duty to protect, will quietly succumb to a course of proceeding which goes to interrupt the whole of her extensive commerce with the continent of Europe, and subject to imposts, to prohibitions, and, in some cases, to confiscation, her shipping and cargoes? It is impossible that any such hope could be entertained, even by the most credulous. But was this all? Were ministers satisfied with the aggression committed by the execution of the orders in council on America? No; insult was added to injury, and the evil was considerably aggravated by the contumelious manner in which it was carried into effect. This system, so destructive to the prosperity of America, is first adopted with any alleged provocation, and of the intention of acting upon it the ministers of this country would not deign to communicate to the American government any previous intimation. Indeed, we have it from their own mouths, that even the very gentleman (Mr. Rose) whom it was deemed advisable to send so recently to that country, on a special mission, was, at the time of his departure, totally ignorant, not only of the nature of these Orders in Council, but of the intention of the king's government to resort to such a course of policy. And, my Lords, let us consider the period which was selected for the adoption of this system. It was at a time when, from certain occurrences, our relations with America were disturbed, and when actually a special mission was sent forward, by G. Britain, to enter into such explanations most conducive to lead to an amicable arrangement upon that point. Under such circumstances it was that ministers ventured to carry into operation measures which go to deprive a great and growing nation, such undoubtedly as America is, of its great staple trade, namely, the exportation of cotton to the continent of Europe; and subject to the taxation of a foreign state, possessed of no right or control over her, the whole of her commercial and shipping interests. One should have thought that there could not be found in this country, so recently after what has happened in our connexion with America, persons determined to revive that principle of American revenue which lost that country forever to G. Britain. It was not only to impositions or restrictions upon her trade that these orders were limited. They took a more extensive range, and were attended with more violent consequences. They devoted to confiscation any American vessel on board of which a French certificate of the growth and origin of the cargoes was found by any of our cruisers. It is necessary on this point to observe, that any belligerent has a right to demand such a certificate from any neutral trading to the ports of that belligerent. Such a right was recognised by the law of nations, and had been exercised heretofore by France, and also acted upon in this country. To the Americans trading to the ports of France, it was necessary, in order to legalise the sale of their cargoes in that country. But the orders in council have reduced them to this dilemma, that without this certificate of origin, they are liable to confiscation in any port of the continent of Europe, subject to the dominion of France, and on the high seas the very discovery of this document, by a British cruiser, is sure to expose them to unconditional confiscation, in all places under the dominion of the Sovereign of this United Kingdom."
"He next proceeded to state the evils which a war with America must entail on the dearest interests of this country, and the probable injury which must ensue to our colonies, depending as they did for subsistence upon the supplies afforded by North America. The evidence produced at the bar of that House did, and would continue to prove the evil which a perseverance in such a ruinous system of policy must inevitably produce upon the manufacturing and trading interests of this country. He had heard an opinion circulated abroad, that the king's ministers had conceived the wish of forcing America into a premature quarrel, under the conviction, that hostilities between the countries could
not be for a long time avoided, and that they speculated upon the hope of destroying the American form of government.—(No! No! from the ministers, particularly from Lord Hawkesbury.) "I am happy," said the noble baron, "that the noble Secretary disavows any such hope, and treats the imputation with such serious reprobation; but of this he may be assured, that such a rumor has been strongly and generally circulated abroad."
Lord Holland then concluded his speech by offering the following resolutions:
"1. That it appears to this House, that his majesty hath been advised, without any alleged provocation from the United States of America, to issue orders in council, on and subsequent to the 11th of November, 1807, for interrupting nearly the whole of the commerce of the said states with the continent of Europe; for limiting such trade to be carried on, in future, through British ports only, (with the exception of neutral and allied ports in certain cases,) thereby exposing it to such restrictions and duties, and even prohibitions, as the government of G. Britain may think fit to impose upon it; and for confiscating the property of the citizens of the said states, in all cases where the same shall be accompanied by particular documents, certifying the place of its growth or manufacture."
"2. That it appears to this House, that previous to the issuing of the said orders in council, a negotiation had been carried on between this country and the United States of America, for the maintenance of peace and friendship between them; and that a treaty had been actually signed, respecting some of the most material points in discussion; that a desire had been expressed by the government of the said United States for the addition of certain other provisions to the said treaty, and that a proposal was made for renewing the negotiation for that purpose; but that this offer was abruptly and intemperately rejected by his majesty's ministers."
"3. That at the time when the said Orders were issued, his majesty's ministers had recently received from the ministers of the United States in this kingdom, assurances that the injurious decrees of his majesty's enemies had not, to their knowledge, in any one instance, been executed against the commerce or navigation of the United States; and that from all that had passed subsequent to the issuing of the said decrees, his majesty's ministers had every reason to conclude, that any attempt of the enemy so to execute the same, would be decidedly resisted by the government of the United States; whereby it must have happened, either that the said decrees would have continued to be wholly nugatory and ineffectual, or that the enemy, by endeavoring to enforce the same, would have driven the U. States into a closer connection with this country."
"5. That it is, therefore, the opinion of this House, that the said Orders are in themselves unjust and impolitic; that the issuing of them at the time, and under the circumstances above-mentioned, was an act of the utmost imprudence and rashness; and that, by abruptly breaking off a friendly negotiation, and withholding a satisfactory explanation on a point, on which it might have been given with so much ease and advantage, his majesty's ministers have acted in disregard of our true policy, which is to cultivate the friendship of a nation, whose interests and prosperity are so intimately interwoven with our own; and have conducted themselves in a manner the least adapted to enable his majesty to maintain that maritime superiority, on which the greatness and even the existence of his empire so much depended."
Earl of LAUDERDALE—"The Orders of Council were the cause of the embargo in America. It was proved at the bar of the House, yesterday, on oath, that the Orders of Council were known before the embargo had taken place. He could not consider that measure in any other light but as a wise one of America. If she had not done it the Orders of Council would have carried all her ships, engaged in foreign trade, into the ports of this country; if they were only carried in, and detained, it would bring on negotiation, and if it failed, war would be the consequence, and what would follow? The whole of their shipping would be sent into the Prize Court, and condemned. It was ridiculous in his majesty's ministers to assert they do not believe the orders of Council were known in America before the embargo. They were known in this country long before they came out with the minister's sanction. He could aver, that he had read them in the public prints, long antecedent to their official appearance, and a better account of them he had never seen since."
Lord GRENVILLE—"We were charged with the surrender of essential rights, with disgraceful concessions, with forfeiting the honor of that country.—There is nothing of that sort, I believe, in the treaty. Those calumnies, then, that have been circulated against us, are proved to be unfounded; and I wish I could say, that the charges against the present ministers in relation to that treaty, were equally groundless. It is well known, that no treaty is binding until it is ratified; and every man acquainted with diplomatic affairs must confess, that nothing is more common than to propose amendments, alterations, additions and insertions, in a treaty, after it has been signed. Taking all the treaties that have been made for many years, into account together, I will venture to say that there is scarcely one of them that has not undergone this process. To send back a treaty, as was done in the case of the American treaty, as a thing wholly inadmissible, and not to be entertained, merely because it proposed some alterations, was unprecedented and unjustifiable. No statesman of a sound judgment, and actuated by a sincere desire of peace, could have acted. This I venture to assert—he may take which he chooses. If he does possess a sound judgment, he certainly has not a sincere desire of peace; for, in fact, it was saying to America, we will not enter into a discussion with you upon these alterations; but by sending back the treaty as inadmissible, we will not leave it in the power of the parties to ratify it, even though these alterations should be abandoned."
Lord HAWKESBURY concluded a speech by observing, "that his Majesty's ministers would be happy, if, by negotiation, all differences between the two countries could be settled, and the House might rest assured, that every measure to bring it to a happy conclusion should be adopted. In answer to the noble lord opposite, his lordship said Mr. Rose did not go out to negotiate any thing beyond the affair of the Chesapeake, but he carried out dispatches, which were to go through another channel, and he entertained hopes that, when understood, they would lead to a speedy accommodation."
In the Massachusetts Legislature the report of a committee recommending the postponement till the next session (in November) of the consideration of the mode of choosing Electors of President and Vice-President, was concurred with in the Senate 21 to 16, and in the House of Representatives 203 to 147.
John Quincy Adams, Esq. in consequence of another person having been elected to supercede him as Senator, has resigned his seat: His letter to the legislature on the subject shall be given in our next.
James Lloyd, Esq. the gentleman elected to succeed Mr. Adams, has been chosen to supply the vacancy.
Philadelphia, June 9.
The ship Tyger, captain Clark, for Bordeaux, went to sea on Tuesday morning last. In this vessel went passengers the Marquis Casa de Yrujo and family, and about forty other respectable persons.
PROPOSALS in writing for building a bridge across Nick Creek, at the termination of Bridge Street, will be received, in writing, by the Mayor, until Thursday the 23rd inst. The bridge must be built of stone, with one stone arch of at least eighty feet span, raised on solid abutments of stone. It must have parapet walls four feet high, and must be thirty six feet in width inside of the parapet walls, and the centre of the arch be at least 25 feet above the level of high water.
The contractor must give bond and security to complete the bridge before the first day of January next—and to support it in safe, firm & passable condition for five years after being completed.
Persons proposing to contract would do well to hand, in a draught of their plan with the proposals, and to be particular in describing the manner in which they would perform and finish off the work.
Thomas Corcoran, John Mason, David Wyley, Wm. Whann, Wm. Crawford, Commissioners.
George Town, June 14th. 1808.
The manager at the farm of Robert Brent, brought before me as a stray trespassing on the enclosures at said farm, a dark bay horse, about ten years old, no perceivable brand or mark, about fourteen hands high, rather lean in flesh. He appears to have been accustomed to work in gears. Given under my hand, one of the justices for the county of Washington, in the district of Columbia, this 14th day of June, 1808. (Signed) DANIEL RAPINE. True Copy!
The owner of the above described horse is desired to prove property, pay charges, and take him away.
WALTER MITCHELL.
June 15—3t

District of Columbia, Washington county, to wit: ON the petition of JOHN ALEXANDER an insolvent debtor, confined in the prison of Washington county aforesaid for debt—Notice is hereby given to the creditors of the said John Alexander, that on the 20th day of June, at the court room at Lindsey's Hotel, at the hour of 9 o'clock A. M. the oath prescribed by the act of Congress, entitled, "An act for the relief of insolvent debtors within the district of Columbia," will be administered to the said Alexander, and a trustee appointed, unless sufficient cause be then and there shown to the contrary.
It is ordered that this notice be published in the National Intelligencer and Washington Federalist three times in each paper before said day. By order of the honorable William Cranch, esq. chief judge of the circuit court of the district of Columbia. WM. BRENT, Clk. June 10—3r
A BULL. THERE is now on Col. Tayloe's farm, called Petworth, near the City of Washington, a BUFFALO BULL, of the true English breed, very remarkable for size and figure, will be let to cows this season at one dollar each—those wishing to improve their breed of cattle should embrace the opportunity, as he will be removed the ensuing season. Apply to the Manager. N. B. The money to be paid when the cattle are sent. June 3—6t.
WANTED At the Woodyard for the ensuing year a Manager, to take charge of the whole estate. He must be a sober, diligent and discreet man—well acquainted with the culture of wheat, corn and tobacco, and the management of negroes. To such a man who can produce unquestionable testimonials of his capacity, sobriety and fidelity, high wages will be given. A person not connected in the neighborhood will be preferred. Apply to RN. W. WEST, Woodyard. N. B. Application must be made before the 1st. Sept. next. May 13—eptf
NOTICE. THE Subscriber being anxious to settle all his business, has sold his entire stock of goods to John Peter; he therefore requests all those indebted to him to call and pay their accounts, (particularly such as are of long standing, as further indulgence cannot be given them). His Books are removed to the counting house of Baker, Riggs, and Co. where all his accounts will be ready for settlement by his assistant Mr. Samuel C. Offutt, or ELISHA RIGGS. George Town, Mar. 16—tf
WOOLLEN drapers, men's mercers, and tailors, New-Jersey Avenue, opposite the Secretary of the Navy's , respectfully inform the public that they have commenced business in the above line, where they will endeavor to give satisfaction—they have on hand a fresh supply of the most fashionable goods, suitable for the approaching season, all fresh and of the very best quality. N. B. Regimentals and naval uniforms made in the most elegant and fashionable stile with neatness and dispatch. October 23—tf
PUBLIC SALE. THE sale of the real estate of Gustavus Scott, deceased, heretofore advertised, being postponed by order of the Chancellor, the subscriber as trustee, will sell at public auction, at Van Wyck & Dorsey's Auction Room in the city of Baltimore, on Friday the 17th day of June next at 12 o'clock, the following tracts of unimproved land lying in Allegany county, to wit:   Governor's Neglect, containing 1631  Roby's Delight, 421  Ormes Attention, 684  Chesnut Grove, 461  Now or Never, 600  Hard Struggle, 1554  Lot No. 2487, 50  Western Connection, 15434   The lands above mentioned are well watered and timbered, the soil good, and well calculated for grazing, and will be divided so as to suit those who wish to purchase. A further description of the property will be given to any person wishing to purchase, on application to the subscriber. The terms of sale are, that the purchaser or purchasers of the whole or any part of the above lands, shall give bond with security to be approved of by the trustee for paying the purchase money within twelve months from the day of sale. The creditors of Gustavus Scott, deceased, who have not yet exhibited their claims, are hereby notified to bring the same into the Chancery Court with the vouchers thereof within six months from the day of sale aforesaid. ROGER PEREY, Trustee. Cumberland, May 23—3w.
FOR SALE. THE Two story BRICK HOUSE, situated on square number 930 in the city of Washington now occupied by Mr. Lewis Craven, as a retail store. The eligibility of this stand for the retail business is excelled by none in this city; being situated on the principal street to the Navy Yard, and very near the Navy Yard Gate. Any person desirous of purchasing the above property may be shown it by applying to the subscriber, who will also make known the terms of sale. WM. BRENT. Washington city, Dec. 18—wtf
FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, May 28th, 1808. IT has recently been made known to this department, that on the first day of June, 1807, the first moieties of the under-mentioned notes of the bank of the United States, were enclosed by William Keais, Esq. Collector of the Customs at Washington, North Carolina, in a letter addressed to Thomas Tudor Tucker, Esq. Treasurer of the United States, and put into the Post-office at that place; and on the 8th day of June, 1807, the second moieties of the said Bank notes were enclosed, addressed and put into the Post-Office as aforesaid: neither of which letters, with the notes enclosed, have been received. On the back of each moiety of every note was written the name of William Keais, and on one part of the back of all or most of the notes, was written the name of Lewis Leroy; from which circumstance the notes may with certainty be traced and detected. Payment of the notes has been stopped at the Bank of the United States and its several offices of Discount and Deposit; and a reward of five hundred DOLLARS will be paid to any person who shall give such information to this department, as shall produce the conviction of the offender by whom the letters containing the said notes were purloined or stolen. ALBERT GALLATIN, secretary of the Treasury.
DESCRIPTION OF NOTES.     No. Date. To whom payable. Dollars    1401 20th July, 1804, Adam Gilchrist or bearer at Charleston, for 100  1428 20th July, 1804, Do. 100  2284 12th March, 1805, Do. 100  4729 27th Feb. 1807, Do. 100  4790 27th Feb. 1807, Do. 100  2641 19th March, 1805, Joseph Habersham, Savannah, 100  2620 Do. do. do. do. do. 100  2666 Do. do. do. do. do. 100  2774 Do. do. do. do. do. 100  35 24 April, 1806, W. Warner at the Bank of the U. States, 100  3061 16th April, 1805, Cornelius Ray, New York, 100  3841 22d Jan. 1802, do. do. 100  1973 20th July, 1804, Adam Gilchrist, Charleston, 50  3609 12th March, 1805, do. do. 50  2183 20th July, 1804, do. do. 50  1265 23d March, 1804, Joseph Habersham, Savannah, 50  1355 23d do. do. do. do. 50  5597 18th Nov. 1806, do. do. 50  Dollars 1,500    May 30—1m
PURSUANT to an act of the General Assembly of Maryland, passed at November session, 1806, entitled "An act authorizing the collection of certain ground rents due on lots in the Town of Cumberland, in Allegany county," and a supplement thereto, passed at November session, 1807, Public Notice is hereby given to all persons holding unimproved lots in said town, on which ground rents are now due, that unless the said rents are paid on or before the first day of December next, the said lots will on that day be offered at public sale to the highest bidder, on a credit of 60 days. The sale to be held at Mr. J. Rine's tavern in said town, to commence at ten o'clock, A. M. and continue from day to day, until the whole are sold. THOMAS BEALL, of Saml. March 21—eptf
TUNIS CRAVEN HAS removed his entire stock of DRY GOODS from Alexandria to Washington, and is now opening, at his new store, between the Marine Garrison and Navy Yard Gate, an assortment equal to any in the District;—among which are, Wood's best London cloths, Do. double milled & plain cassimeres, Bennett's cords and velvets, Constitution Gerrow, hunting, Trailgar, and silver cords, Velvets, Imperial, Brunswick waistcoating, Silk moleskins do. Toilnets, swansdown do. Plain and figured Marseilles do. Bearskin coatings, Plains, kerseys, halfthicks, Rose and duffel blankets, flannels, Superfine green cloth table covers, Calicos, colored cambrics, Gingham, silk and cotton chambrays, Furniture Chintz, Cambric and jaconet muslins, India and British book do. India mull-mull figured and plain, Plain and figured lenoes, Laced cambrics, Elegant tambooured mulls, Grecian robes and Pelisse dresses, 8-4 damask and raw silk shawls, Damask scarfs, Camel's hair and swansdown do. Down scarfs, Long and short lace sleeves, spider & nett sleeves, Extra long and habit kid gloves, Do. do. silk do. Do. do. raw silk do. Cross-barred and plain Mantuas and Intestings, Persians and Medes, Thread and cotton laces, Lace caps and handkerchiefs, Book muslin and leno cap patterns, 4-4-7-3 Irish linens, Long lawns, linen cambrics, Irish diapars, table-cloths, napkins, Cotton counterpanes, Cambric Dimities, Common do. Furniture do. Ladies and gentlemen's silk, thread, cotton, worsted, lamb's wool & Angora hose, Gentlemen's pant loon do. Silk cords and buttons, Ribbons, floss threads, Scarlet and other colored bombazets, Hearth rugs, Russia sheeting, ticklingburg, Osnaburgs, baftas, gurrahs, &c. &c. ALSO, Imperial and young hyson tea of a superior quality in small boxes, to suit families, or by the pound—Also genuine Havana segars. T. C. is determined to sell on the lowest terms. February 3—tf
TO BE LET, After the 20th June next, THAT elegant, well built two-story BRICK HOUSE, lately the property of Mr. Wm. Woodward, on Pennsylvania Avenue. The stand is well known. Solomon Myers's lease for three years, at the rate of 250 dollars per annum, will expire on that day.—For terms enquire at Robert Underwood's, directly opposite. April 27—eptf
NOTICE. THE Taxable Inhabitants of Washington city and all others concerned, are notified that the Board of Appeal, composed of the city Commissioners will sit at the Council Chamber on Tuesday the 14th day of June next, and continue to sit for TEN days, Sundays excepted, from 3 until 7 o'clock, P. M. to hear and determine on appeals from the late assessment. WASHINGTON BOYD, Treasurer of Washington city. June 1—124
NOW LANDING. From on board the VIRGINIA , captain Phillips from New York—    8 lhd. Prime St. Croix, scale sugars,  25 do. 2d and 3d quality do. do.  1 Pipe and 4 quarter casks, choice old Port Wine,  6 Qr. casks Catalonia do.  11 do. old Sherry do.  10 Do. London particular Teneriffe do.  12 boxes Claret, one dozen each,  5 Pipes New York anchor Gin,  2000 lb. Best Martinique green Coffee,  25 Boxes Olive, Capers & Anchovies,  12 Parcels extra wide and fine white Russia Sheetings,    From on board the CITIZEN , capt. Sturges , from Charleston.    20 Bales first quality upland Cotton,  10 Tierces fresh Rice,  25 Pipes Cognac Brandy,  8 Do. Holland Gin,  Madeira, Lisbon, and Tercalaga wines,  Old and new Whiskey,  20 Punches Antigua and St. Croix Rum,  30 Chests Hyson, Young Hyson, Hyson Skin and Imperial Teas,  Loaf and Lump Sugars,  Cassia in small bales,  Sweet Oil in bottles and flasks,  Sugars, 1st and 2d quality,  Demi-johns, Gin cases, &c. &c. &c.    For sale by, W. & C. SMITH. George Town, May 20—2w4w
THE ADVERTISEMENT dated April 26, 1808, is withdrawn. PROPOSALS For carrying Mails of the U. States on the following Post Roads, will be received at the General Post Office in Washington City until the first day of August next, inclusive. 1. From Portland by Scarborough, Pepperelboro', Biddeford, Saco, Kennebunk, Wells, York, & Kittery to Portsmouth (N. H.) three times a week. April 15, to December 1. Leave Portland every Tuesday, Thursday, & Saturday, at noon. & arrive at Portsmouth by 11 P. M. in 11 hours. Leave Portsmouth every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 10 P. M. and arrive at Portland next days by 9 A. M. in 11 hours. 2. From Portland by Scarborough, Pepperelboro', Biddeford, Saco, Kennebunk, Doulustals, Berwick and Dover, to Portsmouth, three times a week. April 15, to December 1. Leave Portland every Monday, Wednesday and Friday noon, and arrive at Portsmouth by 11 P. M. in 11 hours. Leave Portsmouth every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 10 P. M. and arrive at Portland the next days by 9 A. M. in 11 hours. December 1, to April 15. Leave Portland every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 10 A. M. and arrive at Portsmouth the same days by 10 P. M. in 12 hours. Leave Portsmouth every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 4 A. M. and arrive at Portland the same days by 4 P. M. in 12 hours. The same arrangement for route No. 1 from December 1, to April 15, reversing the days. 3. From Portsmouth, N. H. by Hampton, seabrook, Salisbury, (Mrs.) Newburyport, Ipswich, Hamilton, Wenham, Beverly, Lynn, and Chelsea to Boston, 7 times a week. April 15, to December 1. Leave Portsmouth every day at 1 A. M. and arrive at Boston by noon, in 11 hours. Leave Boston every day at 10 A. M. and arrive at Portsmouth by 9 P. M. in 11 hours. December 1, to April 15. Leave Portsmouth every day at 11 P. M. and arrive at Boston the next day by noon, in 13 hours. Leave Boston every day at 10 A. M. and arrive at Portsmouth same day by 11 P. M. in 13 hours. 4. From Boston by Cambridge, Watertown, Sudbury, Marlboro', Northboro', Shrewsbury, Worcester, Leicester, Spencer, Brookfield, Western, Palmer, Wilbraham, Springfield, Suffield, Windsor, Hartford & Berlin, to New Haven, three times a week. Leave Boston every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 1 P. M. and arrive at New Haven the next days by 7 P. M. in 30 hours. Leave New Haven every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at 2 A. M. & arrive at Boston on Thursday, Saturday & Tuesday, by 9 A. M. in 31 hours. 5. From Boston by Dedham, Walpole, Foxboro', Attleboro', Providence, Scituate, Plainfield, Jewett City, Chelsea, New London, Lyme, Saybrook, Killingworth, Guilford & Branford to New Haven, three times a week. Leave Boston every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 1 P. M. and arrive at New Haven the next days by 7 P. M. in 30 hours. Leave New Haven every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 2 A. M. and arrive at Boston on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, by 9 A. M. in 31 hours. 6. From New Haven by Milford, Stratford, Bridgeport, Fairfield, Norwalk, Stamford, West-Chester, Rye, New Rochelle, and Harlem, to New York, every day. Leave New Haven every day at 8 P. M. and arrive at New York the next days by 2 P. M. in 18 hours. Leave New York every day at 8 A. M. and arrive at New Haven the next day
CHARLES H. VARDEN MERCHANT TAILOR, RESPECTFULLY informs the gentlemen of the district of Columbia and public in general, that he has just received by a late arrival from Philadelphia, A CHOICE ASSORTMENT Of superfine Cloths, Cassimeres, single and double milled, superfine Coating, black silk Florentines. Likewise an elegant assortment of Spaniels and rich silk Moleskins for waistcoats with a variety of other articles suitable for the season. Regimentals and Navy Uniforms made in the most elegant and uniform stile of fashion. Richard Horwell's celebrated patent parallel SUSPENDERS far superior to any hitherto in use can be had on the same terms retail, as at his manufactory. November 27—tf
TO BE LET, AND possession given the 13th June next, that house on Pennsylvania Avenue, the property of the Washington Building Company, at present occupied by Mr. Solomon Myers—it being so well known, it is not deemed necessary to give a peculiar description of it, suffice it to say, it is calculated for an extensive tavern and boarding house—for terms, apply to Mr. THOMAS HERTY, Sec. to said Company. April 29—tf.
ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD. RAN away on the evening of the 7th inst. a bright Malatto Man , named BOB , who calls himself Robert Thomas , about 5 feet 10 inches high, 24 or 25 years of age, has large black eyebrows, large full eyes, not very dark, and is a stout, well made, handsome fellow. His hair is thick, but not quite straight, and he wears it nicely trimmed, combed and ridged on the top. His beard appears very black if suffered to grow for a day or two, but he usually shaves it very closely. He has recently received an injury on the forefinger of the left hand, and has it bound up, and may probably lose the first joint of it. He speaks deliberately, and is more correct in conversation than persons of his color usually are. He walks slowly, is a very good waiter, but delights particularly in attending to horses. He has a variety of cloaths, and took with him one dark green broadcloth coat and pantaloon with yellow buttons, one cloth coat and pantaloon nearly of the same color, but the cloth of inferior quality, with white metal buttons, one blue cloth coat much worn, one old brown surcoat with covered buttons, a good hat, and a pair of black top boots. The rest of his apparel I am unable particularly to describe. He is fond of wearing boots, and pays great attention to his dress. As he can read and write very well, he may probably produce a forged authority for him to pass, or procure the certificate of some one of the Negroes, who, a few years ago, petitioned by the name of Thomas, and obtained their freedom in Maryland. If taken out of the state of Maryland and district of Columbia, and secured in any jail, so that I shall get him again, the above reward will be given, or sixty dollars if taken and secured within the said state or district; all reasonable expenses will all also be paid, if he should be delivered to me in the city of Washington, or to Dr. Richard Duckett, in Prince George's county, Maryland.—He is well acquainted in Annapolis, Baltimore, Geo. Town, and the city of Washington. ALLEN B. DUCKETT. May 13—eptf
NOW LANDING From on board the schooner VIRGINIA from New York, First quality St. Croix SUGAR in hogsheads, prime green COFFEE in bags, fresh TEAS, Bordeaux CLARET in boxes of one dozen each, SWEET OIL, OLIVES, CAPERS & ANCHOVIES, for sale by ROSS & GETTY. George Town, May 23—tf
by 1 A. M. in 17 hours. 7. From New York by the turnpike road to Philadelphia, 7 times a week. Leave New York every day at 3 P. M. and arrive at Philadelphia the next day by 6 A. M. in 15 hours. Leave Philadelphia every day at 3 P. M. and arrive at New York, the next day by 6 A. M. in 15 hours. This will contain the main mail, and is not to be opened at any intermediate office. 8. From New York by Jersey city, Newark, Elizabethtown, Rahway, Woodbridge, New Brunswick, Princeton, Trenton, Bristol, Holmesburg and Frankford to Philadelphia, six times a week. Leave New York every day, (save Sunday) at 3 P. M. and arrive at Philadelphia the next day by 6 P. M. Leave Philadelphia every day at 3 P. M. and arrive at New York the next day by 6 P. M. 9. From Baltimore by Elk Ridge, Vansville, Bladensburg, and Washington to Georgetown, seven times a week. Leave Baltimore every day at 6 A. M. and arrive at Washington City by 2 P. M. in 8 hours. Leave Washington City every day at 6 A. M. and arrive at Baltimore by 2 P. M. in 8 hours. 10. From Washington City to Alexandria, seven times a week. Leave Washington City every day at 3 P. M. and arrive at Alexandria by 5 P. M. Leave Alexandria every day at 2 A. M. and arrive at Washington City by 6 A. M. 11. From Alexandria by Colchester to Dumfries, seven times a week. Leave Alexandria every day at 6 P. M. and arrive at Dumfries by 5 A. M. the next day. Leave Dumfries every day at 6 P. M. and arrive at Alexandria the next day by 1 A. M. in 7 hours. 12. From Dumfries by Aquia and Stafford court house, to Fredericksburg, seven times a week. Leave Dumfries every day at 6 A. M. and arrive at Fredericksburg by 11 1/2 A. M. in 5 1/2 hours. Leave Fredericksburg every day at noon, and arrive at Dumfries by 5 P. M. 13. From Fredericksburg by Bowling Green, White Chimneys, and Hanover court house, to Richmond, seven times a week. Leave Fredericksburg every day at noon, and arrive at Richmond the next day by 6 A. M. in 18 hours. Leave Richmond every day at 6 P. M. and arrive at Fredericksburg the next day by 11 A. M. in 17 hours. 14. From Richmond by Osborne's to Petersburg, seven times a week. Leave Richmond every day at 6 1/2 A. M. and arrive at Petersburg by 11 1/2 A. M. in 5 hours. Leave Petersburg every day at 12 1/2 P. M. and arrive at Richmond by 5 1/2 P. M. 15. From Richmond by Fraziers, New Kent court house, Williamsburg, Yorktown, and Hampton, to Norfolk, three times a week. May 1, to Dec. 1. Leave Richmond every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 7 A. M. and arrive at Norfolk on the next days by 10 A. M. in 27 hours. Leave Norfolk every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, at 2 P. M. and arrive at Richmond the next days by 5 P. M. in 27 hours. Dec. 1, to May 1. Leave Richmond every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 7 A. M. & arrive at Norfolk on the next days by 5 P. M. in 34 hours. Leave Norfolk every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 7 A. M. and arrive at Richmond the next days by 5 P. M. in 34 hours. 16. From Petersburg by Cabinpoint, Smithfield, Surry court house, & Sleepy hole ferry, to Norfolk, 3 times a week. May 1, to Dec. 1. Leave Petersburg every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 1 P. M. and arrive at Norfolk the next days by 10 A. M. Leave Norfolk every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 2 P. M. and arrive at Petersburg the next days by 11 A. M. in 21 hours. Dec. 1, to May 1. Leave Petersburg every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at 1 P. M. and arrive at Norfolk the next days by 5 P. M. Leave Norfolk every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 7 A. M. and arrive at Petersburg the next days by 11 A. M. 17. From Charleston by Jacksonville, Pocotaligo and Coosawatchie to Savannah, three times a week. Leave Charleston every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 2 P. M. and arrive at Pocotaligo by 8 P. M. Leave Pocotaligo every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 2 A. M. & arrive at Savannah by 8 P. M. Leave Savannah every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 4 A. M. and arrive at Pocotaligo by 8 P. M. Leave Pocotaligo every Tuesday, Thursday & Saturday, at 2 A. M. and arrive at Charleston by 10 A. M. 18. From Augusta by Jacksonville and Ebenezer, to Savannah once a week. Leave Savannah every Friday, at 3 A. M. and arrive at Augusta on Sunday by 3 P. M. Leave Augusta every Tuesday at 5 A. M. and arrive at Savannah on Thursday by 3 P. M. 19. From Augusta by Waynesboro' and Louisville to Savannah once a week. Leave Augusta every Thursday at 2 P. M. and arrive at Louisville on Friday by 10 A. M. Leave Louisville at 11 A. M. and arrive at Savannah on Sunday by 6 P. M. Leave Savannah every Monday at 8 A. M. and arrived at Louisville on Wednesday by 9 A. M. Leave Louisville same day at 10 A. M. and arrive Augusta on Thursday by 10 A. M.
FOR SALE OR RENT, The dwelling house of the subscriber—possession may be had immediately, if required. JOSEPH FORREST. June 3—6t.