The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1806-08-18 00:00:00

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER, AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE.
No. DCCCXII
FIVE DOLLARS PER ANNUM.
MONDAY, AUGUST 18, 1806.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
National Intelligencer.
Organization of Committees of Safety, By Mrs. Warren.
From Mrs. Warren's History of the American Revolution.
By the frequent dissolution of the general assemblies, all public debate had been precluded, and the usual regular intercourse between the colonies cut off. The modes of legislative communication thus obstructed, at a period when the necessity of harmony and concert was obvious to every eye, no systematical opposition to gubernatorial intrigues, supported by the king and parliament of G. Britain, was to be expected without the utmost concord, confidence and union of all the colonies. Perhaps no single step contributed so much to cement the union of the colonies, and the final acquisition of independence, as the establishment of committees of correspondence. This supported a chain of communication from New-Hampshire to Georgia, that produced unanimity and energy throughout the continent.
As in these annals there has yet been no particular mention made of this institution, it is but justice to name at once the author, the origin and the importance of the measure.
At an early period of the contest, when the public mind was agitated by unexpected events, and remarkably pervaded with perplexity and anxiety, James Warren, Esq. of Plymouth, first proposed this institution to a private friend, on a visit at his own house. Mr. Warren had been an active and influential member of the general assembly from the beginning of the troubles in America, which commenced soon after the demise of George II. The principles and firmness of this gentleman were well known, and the uprightness of his character had sufficient weight to recommend the measure. As soon as the proposal was communicated to a number of gentlemen in Boston, it was adopted with zeal, and spread with the rapidity of enthusiasm, from town to town, and from province to province. Thus an intercourse was established, by which a similarity of opinion, a connexion of interest, and an union of action appeared, that set opposition at defiance, and defeated the machinations of their enemies through all the colonies.
The plan suggested was clear and methodical; it proposed that a public meeting should be called in every town; that a number of persons should be selected by a plurality of voices; that they should be men of respectable characters, whose attachment to the great cause of America had been uniform; that they should be vested by a majority of suffrages with power to take cognizance of the state of commerce, of the intrigues of tyranny, of litigious ruptures that might create disturbances, and every thing else that might be thought to militate with the rights of the people, and to promote every thing that tended to general utility.
The business was not tardily executed. Committees were everywhere chosen, who were directed to keep up a regular correspondence with each other, and to give information of all intelligence received, relative to the proceedings of administration, so far as they affected the interest of the British colonies throughout America. The trust was faithfully and diligently discharged, and when afterwards all legislative authority was suspended, the courts of justice shut up, and the last traits of British government annihilated in the colonies, this new institution became a kind of juridical tribunal. Its injunctions were influential beyond the hopes of its most sanguine friends, and the recommendations of committees of correspondence had the force of law. Thus, as despotism frequently springs from anarchy, a regular democracy sometimes arises from the severe encroachments of despotism.
Samuel Adams, Esq. of Boston. The general inculcate at this time seemed to operate by sympathy, before consultation could be had; thus it appeared afterwards that the vigilant inhabitants of Virginia had concerted a similar plan about the same period.
On Florida, and a work entitled a Concise Natural and Moral History of East and West Florida, by Bernard Romans, 12mo. New-York, 1776.
[Extracted from Volney's view of the soil and climate of the U. S. of America.]
BERNARD ROMANS was an enlightened physician and observer, who spent several years in Florida. He divides the country into two climates; one of which he calls the northern, extending from latitude 31 deg. to 27 deg. 40 m. the southern extending to the end of the peninsula, in latitude 24 deg. This distinction he chiefly founds upon the frequency of frosts within one line, and their rarity beyond it. He might have said, more accurately and
distinctly, that water freezes as far south as 27 deg. 40 m. but ceases to freeze in the rest of the peninsula.
The extremity of Florida, on the western side, is very liable to storms and whirlwinds, from May to August. They rise suddenly from the south west and south south west, and are transient.
Dr. Mackenzie has said much of the effect of the air in producing mould, rust, &c, but though this is manifest at St. Augustine, yet there is not a healthier place than this in this quarter. The inhabitants enjoy sound health, and reach great longevity, and invalids resort hither from Cuba, as to another Montpelier.
The northern district, which is formed by the continental part of Florida, resembles the southern part of the peninsula, but its customary winds are somewhat colder. The epidemic of Mobile, in 1760, arose entirely from the intemperance of the soldiers. Even physicians advise the settlers to a moderate use of liquor, but, unluckily, they are sure to overstep the prescribed bounds, and to run into excess.
The great evil of the American climate is not the degree of temperature, high or low, nor the drought, nor the wet, but it is the violent and sudden transition from one state to its opposite. So great are these changes, that they sometimes amount to 30 degs. in twelve hours, and this evil is much greater in the north than the south.
The soil of Florida is generally a bed of white clay, with a stratum above it of white sand. The coast is naked and bare, but the inland is a forest of fir.
Bernard Romans agrees with me in his notions of the savages. He describes them as a slothful, filthy, idle, pilfering and haughty race; vain, irritable, vindictive, and ferocious. The Chickasaws he singles out as the worst of them all, and Chactaws are, it seems, a little better. They are honest, have some notions of personal property, and are more industrious than the rest. They are hospitable to excess; but are improvident, selling their all to the pedlar and hazarding their all in gambling. Suicide and sodomy are crimes by no means rare among every tribe.
In 1771, the Chickasaws could muster 250 warriors, the Chactaws 2600, and the confederate Creeks 3500; which together make up no despicable force of upwards of 6000 men.
On the soil and produce of the country, our author is very full and satisfactory. He divides the land into six different kinds; the pine land, hammock land, savannahs, swamps, marshes, and bay, or cypress galls.
1st. The pine land, commonly called pine barren, which makes up the largest body by far, the peninsula being scarce anything else; but above a hundred miles towards the north west from St. Augustine, and about two hundred from the sea in West Florida, carry it entirely out of it. This land consists of a grey or white sand, and in many places of a red or yellow gravel. It produces a great variety of shrubs or plants. The principle produce from whence it derives its name is the pinus foliis longissimis ex una theca ternis , or yellow pine and pitch pine, which I take to be a variety of the same species, both excellent and good timber.
It is on this kind of land that immense stocks of cattle are maintained, although the most natural grass on this soil is of a very harsh nature, and the cattle not at all fond of it. It is known by the name of wire grass, and they only eat it while young. For the procuring of young or renewing this kind of pasture, the woods are frequently fired, and at different seasons in order to have a succession of young grass, but the savannahs that are interspersed in this kind of land, furnish a more plentiful and more proper food for the cattle.
Some high pine hills are so covered with two or three varieties of the oak, as to make an underwood to the lofty pines; and a species of dwarf chestnut is often found here; another species, of a larger growth, is also found in the lower parts, particularly in the edges of the bay or cypress galls.
This barren and unfavorable soil, in a wet season, bears many things far beyond expectation, and is very useful for the cultivation of peach and mulberry orchards. This land might also be rendered useful for many other purposes; but either the people do not choose to go out of the old beaten tract, or content themselves with looking elsewhere for new land, improvable with less cost. The method of meliorating it is certainly obvious to the meanest capacity, as it every where, at a greater or less depth, covers a sufficiency of clay, which I am certain, was it properly mixed with the land, would render it fertile; and this might be done with little expense, the clay lying, in some places, within half a foot or a foot of the surface; in most places it is found at the depth of 3, 4, or 5 feet, consequently not very hard to come at. In East Florida, in the southern parts, this kind of land is very rocky, but especially from the latitude 25 deg. 50m. southward to the point, where it is a solid rock, of a kind of lime stone, covered with innumerable
small, loose, and sharp stones, every where.
In West Florida the pine land is also frequently found rocky, with an iron stone, especially near where the pines are found growing in a gravelly tract, which is frequently the case here.
The hammock land, so called from its appearing in tufts among the lofty pines: some small spots of this kind, if seen at a distance, have a very romantic appearance. The large parcels of it often divide swamps, creeks, or rivers from the pine land; this is indeed its most common situation. The whole of the uplands, remote from the sea in the northern parts, is this kind of land; its soil is various, in some places a sand of divers colours, and in East Florida often a white sand; but the true hammock soil is a mixture of clay and a blackish sand, and in some spots a kind of ochre. In East Florida some of this is also sometimes found rocky; on every kind of this land lies a stratum of black mould, made by the decayed leaves, &c, of the wood and other plants growing upon it. The salts contained in this stratum render it very fruitful, and, when cleared, this is the best, nay, the only fit land, for the production of indigo, potatoes, and pulse: the first crops, by means of the manure above mentioned, generally are very plentiful, but the salts being soon evaporated, if the soil over which it lay should prove to be sand, it is not better than pine land; the other sort bears many years planting; its natural produce is so various in this climate, that the complete description of all would be more work than one man's life time would be sufficient for.
The savannahs are in this country of two very different kinds; the one is to be found in the pine lands, and notwithstanding the bleak appearance of the soil, they are as much a white sand as the higher lands round them. True it is that clay is very often much nearer to their surface than in the higher pine lands; they are a kind of sinks or drains to those higher lands, and their low situation only prevents the growth of pines in them. In wet weather the roads leading through them are almost impassable. On account of their producing some species of grass, of a better kind than the wire grass, they are very often styled meadows; and I believe, if they could be improved by draining them without taking away all their moisture, very useful grass might be raised in them; but on draining them completely, they prove to be as arrant a sand as any in this country.
The other savannahs differ very widely from these, and are chiefly to be found in West Florida. They consist of a higher ground, often with small gentle risings in them. Some are of a vast extent, & on the west of Mississippi, they are said to be many days journey over. The soil here is very fertile; in some I have seen fossil shells in great numbers, in others flint, in others again some chalk and marl. It is remarkable, that cattle are very fond of the grasses growing here; the Chickasaw old field, as it is termed, is a clear demonstration of this, for the cattle will come to it from any distance, even when the grass scarcely appears; and in all the circumjacent tract are abundance of both winter and summer canes to be found, on which they might more luxuriously feed.
Swamps are also found of two kinds, river and inland swamps. Those on the rivers are justly esteemed the most valuable, and the more so if they are in the tide way, because then river water may be at pleasure let on or kept out, with much less labor and expense than in the other kinds. These lands are the sources of riches in these provinces, because, where they lie between the sandy pine barrens, they produce that valuable staple, rice, & on the Mississippi, where much of this river land is situated a great deal higher than the common run of it in Carolina and other similar countries, this soil is the best adapted for corn and indigo yet known. Some of these grounds are clay, others sand, and others again partake of both; when used for rice it matters not which of these soils they are made up of; but I believe, were the sandy ones to be quit drained, they would prove barren enough. The use of water on rice is more to suppress the growth of noxious weeds and grass, which would otherwise stifle the grain, than for promoting the growth of the rice itself; for none of the grasses can stand the water, but rice does, as long as it is totally immersed. Therefore it is, that after weeding, the planter, if he has it convenient, lets on water to about half the height of his grain. By swamps, then, in general, is to be understood any low ground subject to inundations, distinguished from marshes in having a large growth of timber, and much underwood, canes, reeds, wythes, vines, briars, and such like, so matted together, that they are, in a great measure, impenetrable to man or beast.
The back or inland swamps answer in situation to what are called the meadows or savannahs, among the pine lands; their soil being rich, occasions them to bear trees.
The marshes are next to be consi-
dered. They are of four kinds, two in the salt and two in the fresh water. They are either soft or hard; the soft marshes, consisting of a very wet clay or mud, are as yet of no use, without a very great expense to drain them; the hard ones are made up of a kind of marly clay, which in dry seasons is almost burned up. True it is, they afford a pasture sufficient to keep any graminivorous animals in good order; but their milk and flesh, in seasons when the cattle near the sea side cannot find any other food, and consequently feed on this alone, have so horrible a taste, that no stranger to the country can make use of them.
The marshes on fresh water are in every respect similar to those on the salt, except that they are not impregnated with the saline particles, of which the first are very replete; wherefore the hard ones with little trouble, are adapted to cultivation; the soft ones cost a considerable deal more of expense, to render them fit to answer this purpose, but when so drained as to answer this end, they certainly are by no means inferior to any land in this country. In the lower part of these marshes grows a kind of hitherto undescribed grain, of which the western Indians make a great use for bread. I never could see it in blossom, therefore cannot describe it. It is known by the name of wild oats.
I shall next describe the bay and cypress galls. These intersect the pine lands, and are seldom of any breadth; the bay galls are properly water courses, covered with a spongy earth mixed with a kind of matted vegetable fibres. They are so very unstable as to shake for a great extent round a person, who, standing on some part thereof, moves himself slightly up and down; they often prove fatal to cattle; and sometimes I have been detained for above an hour at the narrowest passes of them, they being so dangerous to cross, that frequently a horse plunges in, so as to leave only his head in sight.
The cypress galls differ from these in being a firm sandy soil, in having no vitriolic taste in the water, and very seldom vent. I never knew these made use of for the purpose of planting, and the cypress they produce is a dwarf kind, not being fit for use, being very much twisted and often hollow. There is no undergrowth here, but in dry seasons some tolerable grass. Through all the above species of land we find a distribution of very fine clay, fit for manufacturing. The finest I ever saw is at the village on Mobile Bay, where I have seen the inhabitants, in imitation of the savages, have several rough made vessels thereof.
The water in this country is very various as to taste, quality, and use. There are salt, brackish, nitrous, sulphurous, and good fresh springs in most parts of this country, as well as salt and fresh lakes, lagoons, and rivers. The rivers also vary in many respects, and so does the sea, as well in the color and clearness of the water, as in its degree of saltiness. The water of St. Mary's and Nassau, and all the brooks that run into them, is very good, wholesome, and well tasted. The color in the rivers is dark, as in all the American rivers of the southern district. St. John's is a curiosity among rivers indeed; this rises at a small distance from the lagoon called Indian river, somewhere in or near the latitude of 27 deg. perhaps out of the lake Mayaco, which I have reason to believe really exists, and is the head of the river St. Lucia, as I am told by a credible Spanish hunter, who had been carried there by way of this last river. From its origin it runs through wide extended plains and marshes, till near the latitude 23 deg. where it approaches the Lagoon reach. It then continues its course with a considerable current northward, and glides through five great lakes, of which the last, called Lake George, is by much the most considerable. In this last lake is about eight feet water; it is 20 miles long, & about eleven or twelve wide. All these lakes and the river in general is very pleasant. Endless orange groves are found here, and indeed on every part of the river; below these the river grows wider, loses its current, and has in some places none, in others a retrograde one, when yet lower down it is again in its true direction. The banks of this river are very poor land, and exhibit, in a number of places sad monuments of the folly and extravagant ideas of the first European adventurers and schemers, and the villainy of their managers. The tide does not affect this river very far up. In many places, high up this river, are found some extraordinary springs, which, at a small distance from the river, on both sides, rush or boil out of the earth, at once becoming navigable for boats, and from 25 to 40 yards wide; their course is seldom half a mile before they meet the river. Their water is, contrary to that of the river, clear, so as to admit of seeing a small piece of money at the depth of 10 feet or more; they smell strong of sulphur, and whatever is thrown in them becomes soon encrusted with a white fungus matter; their taste is bituminous, very disagreeable, and they in any
opinion, cause the grass cloudiness we see on the surface of the water of this river, and in like it is said, and so wholesome as experience has taught us it is.
I have no sufficient ground to decide upon another circumstance which I am told, viz. that when rice is overgrown with this water, it kills it; above these springs the water of the river is good. This river is from one and a half to 3 miles wide, except at the house of Mr. Rolley, who has here made an odd attempt towards settling and making an estate in as complete a sandy desert as can be found. Just above this it is full of islands, exhibiting every where a very romantic appearance. There is a fine piece of water called Dan's Lake; this is about 9 miles from the river, eastward from this place; it empties itself by a stream into the river. Another, called the Doctor's lake, is on the west side, about 60 miles from the mouth; we see a variety of aquatic plants floating thereon.
Before I leave St. John's river, I must not forget the river running from south to north called Pablo. This originates at a small distance from St. Mark's or North River, and empties into St. John's at a small distance from the mouth. The water of this river is good, so is the land on it; and it is tho't that a communication with St. Mark's or the North River might be effected without much difficulty; this would open an inland navigation by canoes or boats, all the way from Carolina to near the Mosquito.
The river St. Mary, although it is said to originate in the Ekanphanatikia swamp, has a current of fine, clear and wholesome water, supplied from the pine lands through which it flows, with many fine springs, runs and rivulets of very clear water. Nassau has also the same blessings, but doth not spring far from the sea. On Amelia island, near the sea, is a very good spring, which makes a fine stream for some miles, dividing the island almost into two; but below the spring the water is not commendable. On the beach between St. John's and St. Augustine, at or near a place called the Horseguards, there are three good springs running into the sea, and in every part where the beach is clear sand, water is obtained by digging. About 4 miles north of the St. Augustine, rises St. Sebastian's creek, being a good fresh spring; it soon joins a creek in salt marshes, and at a small distance from town it becomes very large and deep. It empties into St. Augustine's sound, 2 miles south of St. Augustine, making a peninsula of this territory, nearly in the form of a crescent. Three miles farther south is the mouth of the river St. Nicholas, not very considerable; St. Cecilia in the same sound; the north west, south of the Matanaca and Penon; the Tomoka and Spruce creek, in the Mosquito Lagoon, and in short every river and creek in the country, except those above named, are excellent wholesome water. Thus much, I suppose, will suffice as to the nature and quality of the water. All the rivers and springs in West Florida are good.
FROM THE BOSTON CHRONICLE.
Murder of the Crew of the ship Atahualpa. Some weeks since, a short and imperfect account was given in the papers relative to the unfortunate capt. Porter and crew, while trading on the North West Coast. We are now enabled by the politeness of Mr. Joel Richardson, who was Armorer on board, to give a correct narrative of the murder of capt. Oliver Porter, his two mates, Mr. Lyman Plumer, and six seamen belonging to the ship Atahualpa, of Boston.
The ship Atahualpa left Boston in August 1805, bound to the North West Coast of America, for the purpose of trading with the natives. She arrived safe on the coast in Jany 1806, and after visiting several islands and purchasing furs, on the 5th of June 1805, weighed anchor from Clackow, on the N. W. Coast, and made sail. On the 8th, arrived at Milbank Sound; and came to an anchor within musket shot of the village. Soon after her arrival the chief of the Indians, by the name of Kiete, came off to the ship with five more of his tribe, and informed the captain that the Caroline, capt. Sturgels, had failed from thence 10 days before her arrival.
On the 11th, the chief again came off with his tribe, and another tribe that was there, and traded very briskly till towards night, when becoming very insolent, they were all turned out of the ship.
On the 13th, Kiete the chief, and his tribe again came on board in the morning, and seemed much more desirous to trade than before, which capt. Porter was very glad to see. The chief made and two of the ship's company were then engaged in ripping the mainstay, fail in pieces on the quarter deck; in

Second mate with two hands repairing the main-top sail; two on the starboard side of the main deck spinning spun yarn—two more on the forecastle making hammock—two others on the larboard side of the main deck running shot in the armorer's forge—the cooper was making tubs—the cook and captain's steward in the galley at their duty—and a hands, as usual, employed on the ship's duty; the armorer was in the lazarette, and the boatswain in the cabin; Capt. Porter, Mr. Rastrow, his clerk, and Mr. Lyman Plumer. (nephew of Theodore Lyman esq. of Boston, ship's owner) were standing on the larboard side of the quarter deck, abreast of the cabin hatchway. The chief Kiete stood leaning on the rail, and called Capt. Porter to look at the skins that were in a canoe along side the ship; the capt. accordingly went to look over the side, when the chief, with some more Indians, laid hold of him and gave a shout; imitated by all the Indians along side in their canoes, and those on board, armed with daggers, pitols, pikes and other weapons. Fired every man on deck who were totally unprepared for so sudden an attack. A most dreadful and sanguinary contest immediately took place; when after a short but bloody engagement of about 5 minutes, the deck was completely cleared of them.
There were about 200 Indians, it is supposed, on board at this time. They first daggered Capt. Porter several times in the back, put him in a canoe along side, and carried him on shore; and, as we were afterwards informed by the New Heida tribe, was by them tied to a tree, in which unhappy and miserable situation he languished 15 days refusing every species of nourishment offered him by these savages, occasioned by his grief at this unhappy accident.
Previous to this fatal business there were 23 hands on board—10 of whom were barbarously killed, and 9 wounded. Among the killed are captain Oliver Porter, Mr. John Hill, chief mate, Daniel Gooding, second mate, John G. Rastrow, captain's clerk, Mr. Lyman Plumer, Peter Spooner, Luther Lapham, seamen, Isaac Sammes, cooper, and John Williams, cook. Mr. Lyman Plumer survived about 2 hours after he was wounded. The cook, who was most shockingly cut and mangled, languished till about 6 o'clock the next morning.
Among the wounded were Ebenezer Baker, seaman, most dangerously, with daggers, he having two stabs in his left thigh, one in his privates, one in his back, one in his breast, and one in his neck; Henry Thompson, seaman, very dangerously with daggers—having one wound on his right side, one on the left shoulder, another on the left arm, and two or three smaller ones on the same arm, one on the right temple, and another on the left cheek; Ebenezer Williams, seaman, had three wounds in his thigh with daggers, two on his back, and one on the right shoulder with a boarding pike; Luke Bates, seaman, wounded on his right shoulder with a boarding pike; Joseph Robinson, carpenter, wounded on the left breast; Thomas Edwards, steward, stabbed on his left shoulder; William Walker had two stabs with daggers in the small of his back.
After the decks were cleared of these sanguinary savages, several guns were fired at the village; the sails were loosed, stream cable cut, and the ship put to sea. The same night she got under way, 7 large war canoes hove in sight, with about 30 Indians in each. In this deplorable condition, with only four or five hands on board capable of duty, the Athualpa shaped her course for New Heida, but the wind chopping round, put about and stood to the westward.
On the 17th it was thought time to bury the dead; when after having sewed them up, and got them ready for interment, prayers were read. They were then buried in Queen Charlotte's sound.
It cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy how many of the Indians were killed in this dreadful contest; it is supposed however that the number must have exceeded 40—for a large canoe being under the ship's bow, with about 20 Indians in her, who were cutting the stream cable, a swivel and several muskets were fired into her, and but one Indian reached the shore.
During the conflict with the savages there were two barrels of powder unheated, and a loaded pistol prepared & given to a person who stood ready, should they get into the cabin and secure to themselves the ship, to fire into it and blow the whole up, preferring to die in that manner, rather than fall into the hands of such merciless wretches.
WENTY DOLLARS Reward will be given for apprehending and delivering to the subscriber living at Howe's Ferry, King George county Virginia, a runaway lad named JACK. He is between 18 and 20 years of age, low well made & very black, his back is marked with the whip, and since becoming my property was put to the carpenter's trade, when he gave himself a wound with an axe on one of his heels. I think his right, which occasions him to use that leg a little stiff—he was last seen in Venbain, Charles county Maryland, and I suppose will get as far as possible in that state. Should he be committed to jail, the jailer will please inform me, immediately by post, directing his letter to the post office at King George Court House, or to Henry Suttie at George town, masters of vessels and others, are forbidden harbouring or taking him off at their peril.
ABRAM B. HOOK. Barnesfield, August 10—epaw&w4t.
WASHINGTON CITY.
MONDAY, AUGUST 19.
WE have frequently had occasion to hold up to reprehension the idea expressed by federal men of the probability of an early dissolution of the union. Believing such an idea founded either in sinister political motives, suggested with a view of effecting particular ends, or in a total ignorance of the nature of our institutions, we have invariably considered it as meriting ridicule or abhorrence.
If it be a fact that the peace, the liberties and the happiness of these states depend on their union, is there not a high degree of criminality in disseminating opinions, whose tendency may be to destroy the conviction of its importance which has hitherto so generally prevailed, and on which its duration must eminently depend. In the proud days of Rome it was considered treasonable to despair of the republic. Let us consider it treasonable to despair of the union of these states; not in a legal sense of the term, but in its popular acceptance. Let public opinion vigilantly regard and rigidly denounce every sentiment that is expressed in favor of a separation.
We are led to make these remarks by the following animadversions taken from the Public Ledger.
"It must, we think, occur to any one who reflects upon the subject, that the separation of the Western from the Eastern States, is an event not very far distant, and which the acquisition of Louisiana must accelerate. It would not be saying too much, if we were to say that this separation would have taken place before now, but from the objections, which the publication from the World manifests, that existed with many to join a foreign government. Against Spain and Great Britain weighty objections existed to each, but now having become sufficient in numbers & wealth, and with increasing reasons for separation, we cannot forbear repeating our conviction that it will soon happen."
"Of Louisiana—We cannot read the proceedings in this day's paper, without feeling an increased conviction that the acquisition of that country will prove a source of disquiet. An attentive perusal of those proceedings, and the address, will supercede the necessity of any comments of our own. They prove that men of different languages and habits, are not calculated to live contented under the same system of laws. William of Normandy, did not find it difficult to seat himself on the throne of England; but neither art nor force, could substitute the civil or Roman law for the Common law. The kings of England, who held extensive dominions in France, did not attempt to introduce the common law into that country. Bonaparte, at this day, with all his power could not force the common law of England upon the people of France, and the people of England could never be brought to receive the Roman law. The Tartars when they conquered the Chinese could not conquer their laws and their customs, but were conquered by them."
We do not recollect to have seen such an unqualified declaration in favor of the probability of an early dismemberment of the union, as we are here presented with. We are willing, in this instance, to ascribe the opinions of the writer to levity, to political prejudice, or to an ignorance of the true character of our political institutions. Montesquieu told the world half a century ago that the existence of a republican government was incompatible with an extensive territory. The unreflecting part of mankind, taking this opinion as their oracle, have continued in every possible form to repeat it, until the frequency of the assertion has made many receive it as an undisputed truth.
But highly as we respect the penetration, and admire the eloquence of this great man, it is no disrespect to his memory to say, that his error on this subject arose from his omission to take into consideration the principle of representation founded on the possession of equal rights. The world had not, in his time, or antecedent to it, furnished an instance of the existence of this principle. It had only exhibited a dismal catalogue of mock republics and undisguised tyrannies, in which power was awkwardly conferred and viciously exercised. It was reserved for the American people to establish a new political era, by instituting forms of government in which this important principle was developed, and fortified, not less by judicious restraints and provisions, than by the existence of a state of society admirably adapted to a successful trial of the great experiment. Even the clumsy systems, previously set up under the name of free governments, had risen in the bosom of a corruption fatal, probably, to their existence, although they had been devised with infinite wisdom. The American people were the first among the civilized nations of the earth who instituted free governments during the prevalence of pure manners, and uncorrupted morals. It is here then, and here alone that the great experiment has ever been tried under circumstances in the least favorable to success.
There is one consideration necessary to be superadded, of great importance, and of which Montesquieu appears to have been fully sensible. This great man, by the legacy he left the world, seems to have had a glimpse of the confederacy which has since been formed by us. Those who are conversant with his writings will recollect the enthusiasm with
which he dwells on the character of a federation of states, as fitted to give stability and energy to governments. This federation has been established; and it is this organization of power, founded on the principle of equal rights and a fair representation, that will probably give a greater duration to our system than to any which has hitherto existed. The frailty and destructibility of the systems of government which have hitherto subsisted in the world, have arisen principally from the inability of one government, situated at a great distance from the extremes of the empire, to make itself acquainted with the wants or interests of men so distant, and from an inability to maintain the authority of the laws. This rock, on which every other system, despotic as well as free, has hitherto split, is now for the first time removed by the admirable system we have established, which consists in a division of local from general powers, by assigning the former to a state, and the latter to a federal government, both responsible to the people, and each preserved in its proper orbit by the other.
If these remarks be correct the boasted experience of ancient days sheds but a faint light upon our destiny, and we should pay but little regard to those political croakers who would draw a parallel between our situation and that of the ancient republics. Our own experience of thirty years will, if properly improved, bring us more lessons of wisdom than are to be found in the legends of ancient or modern story. What does this experience prove? It proves that, under a loose confederacy, a population of less than three millions were enabled to break the chains fixed upon them by the most powerful nation in the world. If such was the result of a loose system, what may not be expected from one, the powers of which are more admirably organized than those of any government which ever before existed, & which are upheld by a population exceeding six millions, rising at the annual rate of two hundred thousand souls?
It proves that a confederated system has stood firm for thirty years in the midst of a corrupt and distracted world, the greater part of which has been by turns our open or secret enemies.
It proves that such a system is competent to protect communities in the undisturbed enjoyment of peace, while every other part of the world is in uproar.
It proves that under such a system communities are enabled, by the exertion of the faculties of their individual members, to develop greater resources, and to rise more rapidly to respectability, than under any other system which has hitherto prevailed.
It proves that such a system, built on the adamant of public veneration and affection, is equally calculated to resist the concussion of internal party or foreign violence.
Let it be recollected that during the whole of this period the actual limits of the United States have been rapidly encroaching by the erection of new territories and the establishment of new states, which cover more ground than was previously occupied. Already, in the course of a few years, we have beheld three states added to the confederacy, which contain a population exceeding six hundred thousand, who are as sincerely devoted, by ties of respect and affection, to the federal head, as the oldest members of the confederacy. Besides these, we have four prosperous territories, which, in a few years, will become as many states, and enjoy, in common, all the attributes of sovereignty. In one only of these some slight dissatisfaction prevails on subordinate points . We say on subordinate points. For it appears from the very document appealed to, that, whatever diversity of opinion exists as to the code of laws which shall finally prevail, and the men who shall be charged with the administration of the government, there is no difference in the sentiments entertained towards the federal government. All agree in the vast benefits derived from an union with the United States. This dissatisfaction then is only momentary; it is, in some measure, the offspring of their territorial condition. In a short time the people of the territory of Orleans will be entitled to claim the precious rights of self government, and will then possess the entire management of their local concerns. It is on the denial of this right that faction builds its most sanguine hopes, which will be blasted as soon as it ceases to exist. On the arrival of this period, the major population of the territory will have become American, and there can be no doubt that American laws and manners will prevail. This will be felt as a grievance by a few Frenchmen. It will, however, be imaginary; for the change will be in every important respect for the better. The possession of property will have become more secure, the condition of the people will be elevated, industry will be more active, American enterprise will open new channels of wealth, and the people will form part of a great empire, whose sense of justice will neither allow internal oppression or external aggression.
The legislature of Georgia has made the following disposition of the lands obtained for that state by the United States from the Creek nation.
The whole territory, with a few reservations, is directed to be formed into surveys of 202 & a half acres. These surveys are directed to be distributed by a lottery, in which persons are to be entitled to draws, as follows: every free male white person, twenty one years and upwards, who is a citizen of the United States and has resided in Georgia three years, and paid a tax outwards the support of government,
(including such as may be absent on lawful business) one draw; every free male person of like description, having a wife or legitimate child or children, under the age of twenty-one years, two draws; all widows with like residence, one draw; all free female white persons, who have arrived to the age of twenty-one years or upwards, and have resided as above, and are unmarried, one draw; all families of orphans residence as aforesaid, under the age of 21 years, whose father is dead, one draw; and all families of orphans consisting of more than one, who have neither father or mother living, two draws; but if only one, then such orphan is to have one draw, the draws of orphans to be entered in the county and district where the eldest of each family of them resides.
"No person who drew a prize or prizes in the late land lottery, is to be entitled to any draw or draws in the one now contemplated."
"Persons against whose names lots of land may be drawn, are to receive grants for the same, on paying into the Treasury of the state, six dollars per hundred acres."
This disposition of lands evinces much liberality and intelligence. In this country, nothing can be more desirable or beneficial than such a distribution of lands as shall tend to divide with some equality this permanent source of independence and wealth, as shall tend to maintain a preponderance, in point of numbers, of the cultivators of the soil, as shall diminish the number of tenants, and as shall effectually prevent those scenes of speculation, which have done more to deteriorate our morals and degrade the national character than all our other vices and follies.
FROM THE AURORA.
THE SPANISH EX-AMBASSADOR, VRUJO, versus THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS.
The case adverted to in the Aurora of Saturday, under the head of Habeas Corpus, was yesterday determined—we shall now lay before our readers a circumstantial account of the origin and progress of this case, which establishes some security for the freedom of the press.
On the 4th day of August the editor of this paper was served with a sealed letter, delivered by the clerk of the mayor of this city, of which the annexed is a copy—(A)
Without advertting to the hour mentioned in the letter, the editor next day at 11 o'clock, waited on the mayor, and the following conversation took place.
Edit. Sir, I received a note from you, and am now come to enter into recognizance for my appearance to answer those complaints or any other that may be made against me.
Mayor. The hour I appointed for your attendance is 3 o'clock.
Edit. I did not advert to the hour, but as it may be equally effective to the ends of justice, I will now enter into a general recognizance to meet these or any other suits that may be hereafter instituted.
Mayor. I cannot accept it at this time—there is no oath made, and the witnesses are summoned to appear at 3 o'clock.
Edit. I am willing to dispense with the usual form of an oath, and to give security as if an oath had been made.
Mayor. I cannot depart from the regular course—the oath must be made—there is no charge till the oath is made—you must attend at 3 o'clock.
Edit. I shall certainly attend at any hour that the magistrate may direct; but I respectfully conceive that as the only end to be obtained is the furtherance and fulfilment of justice, that security for my appearance given now would fully accomplish the end; I will take upon myself the responsibility.
Mayor. You must attend at three o'clock.
Edit. I certainly shall, sir.
Accordingly, punctually at 3 o'clock the editor attended, and presented himself to the mayor—the conversation was to this effect.
Editor. Sir, I am now before you to offer my obligation to attend on those suits.
Mayor. The witnesses will be here presently.
Edit. Witnesses I apprehend are not requisite, if I consent to give security—and especially as I mean to remove the suits to the supreme court.
Mayor. You will please to sit down a few moments and the witnesses may appear.
The editor then retired to where there were some books and read about half an hour; he then presented himself to the mayor, and the following conversation took place.
Edit. You will much oblige me, sir, to take my recognizance, as this loss of time is to me of some consequence.
Mayor. I cannot go out of the usual course—I wish to proceed regularly—the witnesses will be here presently, one of them is come.
Edit. Surely, sir, if you are secured in my appearance, is it not enough—it looks like a vexatious proceeding to keep a man here doing nothing when the ends of justice may be as effectually obtained in the usual way.
Mayor. I am proceeding in the usual way.
Edit. There have been near sixty malicious suits of this kind instituted against me within a few years, and you are the first who proceeded in this way; you know perfectly well that there is no danger of my running away, or not appearing.
Mayor. I do not think you mean not to appear—but there is a regular mode
of proceeding, and I will not depart from it.
The Mayor's clerk, (no doubt as amicus curiae )—Mr. Duane will acknowledge the papers.
Edit. The gentleman is perhaps very wise —but I have learned from my experience of common law to confess nothing.
The mayor then called a person whose name is not recollected, and administered an oath to him, and asked him if the three newspapers which he produced (of the 11th, 12th and 14th of July) were purchased at the Aurora office, which the informer answered in the affirmative; he then asked if the writing in a paper attached to these newspapers was the hand writing of the informer, which he answered in the affirmative—the mayor then addressed himself to the editor.
Mayor. You, William Duane—Here he read a form of recognizance marked (B.)
Edit. You require security for good behavior; there is nothing to authorize that.
Mayor. It is the usual form, sir.
Edit. If there was nothing in it but form I should not object—but I cannot submit to it without an oath to authorize it.
Mayor. I cannot alter the form.
Edit. Certainly, sir, you can do as other magistrates do; if there was any charge or even apprehension of my breaking the peace, I should not refuse.
Mayor. It is a mere matter of form; such as I pursue in all cases—you had better consider it.
Edit. Sir, if any one has made oath, or if any one will make oath or affirmation, that I either have or that they fear or are apprehensive that I shall break the peace, I shall not object to give security; but surety for my appearance is I think all that you are authorized to require, and I will give no other.
Mayor. Is the other witness there, is Mr. Hight come? The mayor's clerk or a constable said he was not—the mayor then said he would issue an attachment against the other witness, & that the editor should attend at 11 o'clock the next day.
The editor again tendered to enter into recognizance generally, and render the appearance of another witness unnecessary; and observed that if the mayor wanted any additional security beside his own recognizance, he should have it. The mayor replied, that the editor's own recognizance would satisfy him; and the editor then retired.
As this business had caused considerable public discourse, and as the editor apprehended, on the first blush of the mayor's proceeding, a meditated design to involve him under the pretence of bail for good behavior , in vexatious suits at law, such as had been formerly instituted when the editor was bound over to keep the peace, in consequence of a meeting required of Joseph B. M c Kean, soon after the riot of which he was the leader, in 1799—and upon which a suit was instituted for a breach of the peace, in publishing some animadversions upon the rioter—he had determined to stand on constitutional ground, and not be either an instrument by which the courts of law should be converted into engines of tyranny, nor suffer, through him, the establishment of a precedent which, in its consequences, would go to an arbitrary subjection of the press, more grievous than that of the institution of a licensor; he accordingly determined to go through the whole magistracy, and if one refused to seek another, and to go and perish in gaol, before he would submit to this arbitrary course of proceeding.
Accordingly he waited on alderman Shoemaker, and before him stated the case, and made the following affidavit, marked (C.)
Whereupon Mr. Shoemaker took the recognizance of the editor, as appears by the two certificates following, marked (D) and (E.)
Immediately on entering into recognizance, the editor wrote a note to Mr. Inskeep, to the following effect, if not in the actual words—it is stated from memory.
John Inskeep, esq. mayor, Sir,
Politeness requires that I should inform you, that I have entered into recognizance before an alderman for my appearance at the mayor's court in the two suits of which complaint was made before you; as it may save you further trouble, and will account for my not attending with the usual punctuality.
I am, &c. WM. DUANE.
August 6, 1806.
This letter was sent by a constable from Mr. Shoemaker's office, who was questioned by Mr. Inskeep if he, the constable, had seen the editor enter into recognizance; which the constable told the mayor he had.
On the next day between 10 and 11 o'clock, the head constable of the city called on the editor, and presented him a letter, of which the annexed is a copy, (F.)
To which the editor made reply by taking from his pocket the original supercilious , marked (D) and (E), and presented them to the constable, saying, "these are my answers."
Thereupon the constable drew forth a state warrant as he said, and arrested the editor, who immediately changed his clothes and went with him.
It will be observed that in the letter of alderman Shoemaker, the mayor had imposed on him, by alleging that the editor had entered into recognizance in one case and not in another. Against this shameful proceeding the editor remonstrated and protested; and the mayor persisted; and he again de-

manded recognizance in the form before refused, which the editor again refused, upon the same ground of illegality, and the additional ground of having already given bail, which attorney Shoemaker had no authority to invalidate.—The editor made several other representations on the illegality of the mayor's proceedings.
Wm. B. Hight was then sworn, who proved the purchase by him of the papers, alleged to contain libels on Mr. Yrujo.
The mayor again asked the editor to enter into recognizance, as well for his appearance as for his good behavior, which the editor again refused—the mayor thereupon ordered his clerk to make out a commitment, of which the annexed is a copy. (G.)
Upon his commitment, the editor by his counsel Mr. Walter Franklin, (C. A. Rodney, esq. was out of town) applied to the chief justice for a writ of habeas corpus—which, as the chief justice afterwards observed, he issued instanter , conformably to the act of assembly; and after a confinement of six hours.
The editor was brought up in custody on the same evening at 3 o'clock: the attorney general M c Kean being out of town, the matter of the commitment and the original proceedings being understood, the chief justice discharged the editor upon his own recognizance, to appear the next day at 3 o'clock.
Accordingly at three o'clock, the attorney general (J. B. M c Kean) appearing; notice had been also left for the defendant Mr. Yrujo but he did not appear; the matter was discussed pro et con —Mr. Franklin on the part of the editor—Mr. M c Kean on the part of his brother-in-law; the mayor was heard in his statement of the affair, and the editor in reply—their observations were not at present published, with a view to the arguments of the attorney general go with them; if he will furnish them, they shall appear, but if he does not, we shall give Mr. Franklin's arguments, the statement of the mayor and the editor's observations before the chief justice, in our next.
The chief justice after hearing the parties with great patience and impartiality for several hours postponed judgment, till Monday morning at 10 o'clock; the editor going at large upon his own recognizance to appear.
[Here follows the opinion and judgment of the chief justice, which discharged Mr. Duane on his entering into a recognizance for his appearance at the ensuing mayor's court. This opinion shall appear in our next paper.]
The attorney general having thrown out an idea that he would not be satisfied with the editor's own security, the honorable Pierce Butler late senator of the United States, who attended, voluntarily offered his security—which the editor of course would not deprive himself of the satisfaction of accepting.
The editor and his surety then signed a recognizance in 1000 dollars each, for the editor's appearance on the 11th.
On this case we congratulate the coadjutors of the press of all parties, for it is a triumph for all; & we congratulate Pennsylvania in particular in having a Chief Justice above the influence of party passion, and too much alive to his own reputation and to the dignity of his station to be swerved or deterred from his duty. While we deplore the fate of Leif A. Osborne , and the tyranny of the tyrannus in Connecticut, it is a consolation to the people of Pennsylvania, that they have not for a chief justice , the man who is now attorney general, and which it is well known the timely intervention, warnings, and discussions , of the Aurora prevented; for the doctrines which he urged before the chief justice on this case went to much more extravagant lengths—the corrupt doctrines of Mansfield or the sedition law .
The editor applied yesterday for copies of the state warrants and the form of recognizance which the mayor required, he promised to give them; but they were not received when this paper went to press.
(A.) Mayor's office, August 4, 1806. Mr. William Duane, SIR,
I am under the necessity of requesting you to appear at this office to-morrow afternoon, at 3 o'clock, to answer a charge made against you by Thomas M c Kean, Esq. governor of this commonwealth (into the attorney general,) for several alleged libels published against him in the Aurora of 11, 12 and 14th ult. and also against the Marquis Yrujo , in the same paper of 16, 19 and 21st ult.
I am respectfully, &c. JNO. INSKEEP, Mayor. C.
City of Philadelphia, ss. William Duane, being duly sworn, on his solemn oath, saith, that in consequence, of the within notification, he called on the mayor of the said city, at the time within mentioned, and offered to bind himself in recognizances for his appearance at the next Mayor's Court to answer the charges within stated, and waited a considerable time, and that the said mayor refused to take the bail as offered, although he allowed the competency of his own bail.
Sworn before me, one of the aldermen of the said city, this 6th August, 1806. ABM. SHOEMAKER, Alderman.
(D) August 6th, 1806. Commonwealth, vs. William Duane, Alledged libels on Thomas M c Kean, Esq. Governor of the said commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on a charge made through the attorney general as published against him in the Aurora of the 11th, 12th, and 14th ult.
William Duane, tenet in one thousand dollars—conditioned for his appearance at the next mayor's court, to be held for the city of Philadelphia, to answer the said charge, and not depart without leave. (Signed) WM. DUANE.
I do certify, that the above recognizance was taken before me this day, for the appearance of the defendant to answer the charge above stated. ABM. SHOEMAKER, Alderman.
August 6, 1806. (E.) August 6th, 1806.
Commonwealth, vs. William Duane.
Alledged libels on the Marquis Yrujo, charged by the attorney general, as published in the Aurora of the 16th, 19th, and 21st ult.
William Duane, tenet in one thousand dollars—conditioned for his appearance at the Mayor's court, to answer the above charge, and not depart without leave. (Signed) WM. DUANE.
I do certify, that the above recognizance was taken before me, for the appearance of the defendant to answer the charge above stated. August 6, 1806. ABM. SHOEMAKER, Alderman.
(F.) SIR,
The mayor called on me yesterday afternoon, and showed me that you had entered into a recognizance before him at the suit of the commonwealth against you, to answer the libel on the governor; and that the other suit of the commonwealth against you to answer the libel on the marquis Yrujo, was then pending before him: upon this statement of facts, and as there is no evidence taken before me respecting those charges, I shall consider the matter as before me dismissed, and your recognizances as at an end. You may remember the matter was gone into by me with reluctance, as no oath of the affair had been charged before me against you, and that I took your own recognizance at your solicitation. I am, sir, Your humble serv't. ABM. SHOEMAKER. Mr. Wm. Duane. August 7, 1806.
(G.) City of Philadelphia, ss. The commonwealth of Pennsylvania, to any constable, and the keeper of the jail of the city and county of Philadelphia.
These are to command you the said constable, forthwith to convey and deliver into the custody of the said keeper of the said prison, the body of Wm. Duane, charged before John Inskeep, Mayor of the said city, on the complaint of the marquis de Casa Yrujo, made through the attorney general, and on the oath of Wm. B. Hight, with having on the nineteenth and twenty-first days of July last past, at the city aforesaid, in a certain public newspaper, called the Aurora or General Advertiser , edited by him, published certain libels on the said marquis de Casa Yrujo, for which he has been required by the said Mayor to enter into recognizance, as well for his appearance at the next Mayor's court as for his good behavior in the mean time, which he refuses.
And you the said keeper, are hereby required to receive the said Wm. Duane into your custody, in the said prison, and him there safely to keep until he shall enter recognizance as aforesaid; or until he shall thence be delivered by due course of law. Hereof fail not, as you will answer for your contempt at your peril. Given under my hand and seal, this seventh day of August, 1806. JNO. INSKEEP.
Philadelphia, August 11. We understand, that it advises, of a very unpleasant tenor, have been received from Halifax. The court of Admiralty at that place; it is said, have determined to condemn all produce of enemies colonies—and bound to enemies ports, whether it be found on board neutral ships importing the same, or otherwise. By this latitude of condemnation, it follows, that the whole of our foreign trade will be entirely destroyed. Admiral Berkeley, who was to succeed to that station, had not arrived. It therefore does not clearly appear whether this destructive principle is derived from recent orders or not. We are promised an abstract of the new doctrine for our next.
August 13. The following is an extract of a letter from a commercial house in Barcelona to a merchant in Salem. "Looking to the circumstances that have already happened, we shall not be surprised if the passages of the Sound and the Dardanelles be closed relatively to England, which would be tantamount to the annihilation of navigation of the Baltic and Black Sea. In such a state of things, the other parts of Europe must look to the U. States for supplies. The wants of this province are neither casual, nor accidental; it raises but little grain, and in the best of years requires an importation of 1,200,000 bushels for the population. If the resources it has hitherto had, be cut off, wheat from your continent will be a very fair object of speculation this way; and those resources have hitherto depended on the Baltic and the Black Sea."
"Europe has undergone changes, that are conceived of only because they are seen and felt. The fate of empires has proved as mutable as the property of individuals; nations are disposed of with so little ceremony, that a knowledge of their language is not thought necessary in those, to whose government they are consigned; principles of legislation are acquired in the refinement of a garrison, and laws presented on the point of a bayonet. Such is the state of things that must make you look to your own government with pride. The mission of Lord Selkirk, and the known disposition of the British minority, make us easy on your account. This government [Spain] cannot wish to fall out with you."
FRANCE. The Counsellor of State, Cretet, is appointed Governor of the National Bank of France; and M. Rhodier, banker of Paris, sub governor.
By a recent Imperial decree, the uniform of the French soldiers is again changed from the republican blue , to the ancient royal white .
In every part of France, the inhabitants are emulous in propagating such articles as tend to their amelioration and the increase of the territorial productions.
A cultivator of the department of Vaucluse, Cataglini, has introduced in his parish, the culture of Indigo, and has completely succeeded.
Mr. Dupoy, an inhabitant of St. Domingo, now collector of the revenue at Dax has introduced the cotton. He escaped from the cruelty of Dessalines, & went to N. Orleans on board of an American vessel; there he thought, on observing the manner of cultivating Cotton, that he might introduce it into his own country: he procured some seed, which he distributed, on his arrival in France, among several members of the agricultural society: the success he met with has answered his expectation—the cotton was very fine, and the seed has acquired a maturity. The essays will be tried anew, and there is on doubt of its succeeding, and particularly in Provence and Languedoc.
EAST INDIES. CALCUTTA, February 5.
A dispatch has been this day received, by the hon. the governor general, from the hon. the vice president in council, and is now published, together with the treaty concluded between the British government and Jeswunt Roa Holkar, on the 24th Dec. 1805, and the declaratory articles annexed to it, for general information.
[**] This dispatch contains Sir G. G. Barlow, the Governor General's letter, covering a copy of a treaty of peace and amity concluded by Lord Lake, with Jeswunt Roa Holkar, on the 24th of December, 1805, at the camp at Raspoor Ghaut, on the Bheah river, corresponding with the 2d Skeelwaul, in the year of the Hijereh 1220. This treaty signed by Col. Maxwell on the part of the English, and by Shiek Hulkeer Olla, and Bela Ram Set, on the part of Holkar; and contains nine articles. —Art. 1 provides for the usual cessation of hostilities. By the 2d art. Holkar renounces all title to 6, or 7 districts of his territory now occupied by the British. [**] N. B. A declaratory article is attached to the treaty, by which the English government, to manifest its solicitude to cultivate the friendship and good will of Holkar, relinquishes the renunciations in this article. —Art. 3 provides, that the English shall have no concern with the ancient possession of the Holkar family in certain provinces, and that they shall deliver to him certain provinces, of his district in the Deccan, excepting Chandor, Ambur, Seaghan, &c.—which are to remain in the English company for eighteen months, when if they are satisfied with the friendly and peaceable disposition of Holkar, they are also to be delivered up. By art. 4 Holkar renounces all claims to the district of Kooneh, but the English promise, on his good behavior for two years, to restore the district to his daughter, to be holden, under the company's government on the same terms as that now enjoyed by Bhialla Rye, another daughter. By the 6th and 7th articles, Holkar renounces all claims on the English; never to enter into his service any Europeans, whatever, without the consent of the English government; and admit into his service Serjee Roa Granthka, who had been proclaimed an enemy to the English—he engaging that his troops shall not commit any acts of plunder and hostilities. The 8th article provides the form of delivering and ratifying the treaty. Feb. 6. A treaty of peace with Holkar, on terms highly honorable and advantageous to the British government being concluded, a royal salute has been fired from Fort William, and 3 volleys from the troops in garrison. Extra rations were served to the European troops on the occasion.
Feb. 12. The insurance Companies of this place have resolved not to insure on any ships or their cargoes which have been captured by the French, carried into Mauritius (re-captured ships excepted) and which have returned to India.
Letters from the Eastward say, that Opium has fallen; and that the current price fluctuated between 650,900 dollars per chest.
The American ship Putman, was captured by a Malay private brig. Nov. 27th.
Two tigers, which had been in the habit of carrying off cattle at Chatra, were killed a short time, since by a party of old and experienced sportsmen on Elephant-back. One of the tigers measured eleven feet five inches long, and thirteen inches between the ears; the others ten feet and a half in length. The tusks of the largest measured seven inches, and the claws three inches and a half.
MADRAS, Jan. 23. An American ship, trading at Rio in the Straits of Malacca, has been attacked by the Malays, and the whole excepting the Captain and one of the mates murdered.
Baltimore, August 15. Mr. Pinckney, Envoy Extraordinary from the U. S. to the Court of St. James, arrived at Liverpool on the 20th June.
New York, August 15. Captain Forman of the ship Washington from N. Orleans, was boarded off Havannah by the British brig Port Mahon, the lieutenant of which vessel informed him he had received intelligence from the commander of a N. York brig from Leghorn, that adm'l Collingwood had recently captured and sent into Gibraltar 3 French ships of the line, and that he, the captain of the brig, saw them lying there in the road.
An arrival at Philadelphia from Liverpool brings London papers to the 24th and Liverpool papers to the 26th. They contain nothing of importance.
WANTED, A JOURNEYMAN CHAIR-MAKER, To whom liberal wages and constant employment will be given. For particulars apply to SAMUEL RUSS, Navy Yard, Washington city. August 18—3t
A GREAT BARGAIN MAY BE HAD.
I WISH to exchange seven or eight hundred acres of LAND, in Fairfax county, formerly Loudoun county, for good Lands in the western country. It lies near Sugar Land run; it is finely timbered and watered, good farming land, about 18 miles from the city of Washington, 20 from Alexandria, and two from the Potomac river. There are two Tenements and an excellent Orchard on the premises, about 70 bushels of wheat sowed last fall, and a good deal of clover, which grows finely, the soil being well adapted to the Plough of Paris, from the fullest experiment. The title indisputable. Any person making early application may get an advantageous exchange. Application by letter, to the subscriber in Alexandria, will be duly attended to. B. DADE. August 18—3t
BY ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. General Post Office, August, 15th 1806.
PROPOSALS will be received at this office until the 15th day of December next inclusive, for making and repairing the several parts of the Post Road from Nashville to Natchez, hereinafter mentioned—that is to say:
No. 1. From Nashville to Buffalo Creek. The distance is estimated at 154 miles—All this distance, or the principal part of it, the road has been cut out by the military & prepared conveniently for use some few years since. No. 2. From Snake Creek to Grimsoneford. Distance estimated at 40 miles. This part of the route, was likewise, some years since, cut out by the military and the road prepared for public use. The route marked out some years since by Edmund P. Gaines, esq., will be parted the whole distance excepting the space between the Chickasaw towns and the first fording place of the waters of the Big Black which will be re-surveyed, with a view of materially lessening the distance. The road is to be made and completed by the first day of October in the year 1807, and the work is, in all respects, to be done to the approbation of Return Jonathan Meigs, esq., or Thomas Wright, esq., agent for the United States, residing in the Indian countries. In making the same the following rules are strictly to be observed. 1st. The road must be made at least twenty feet wide, and all the timber and under brush taken off for that distance. 2nd. All marshy places are to be causewayed, and all causeways are to be at least ten feet wide. 3rd. All streams under forty feet in width, not fordable at their common winter tide, are to be bridged, by good secure bridges, well built and made safe and secure for passage, the bridges to be at least twelve feet wide. 4th. A tree shall be laid across all larger streams where the breadth of the stream does not exceed the length of any tree, to be found within half a mile of the place. GIDEON GRANGER, Postmaster general. August 18—w6v The printers employed by the General Post Office are requested to insert this weekly the next six weeks.
CHASE'S TRIAL.
This day is Published By SAMUEL H. SMITH.
TRIAL OF SAMUEL CHASE, AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
IMPEACHED By the House of Representatives, for HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS, before the Senate of the United States.
Taken in short hand, By SAMUEL H. SMITH & THOMAS LLOYD.
In Two large Octavo Volumes—im Boards, price—$3 to subscribers four dollars and a half—and to non-subscribers five dollars.
A much greater delay has been incurred in the publication of this trial than the Editor contemplated. He has, however, the satisfaction of saying that no effort has been omitted by him to give it to the public at an earlier period. The delay has arisen from the revision of the speeches of the Managers and Counsel. The publication might long since have been made in a less perfect draft; but it was deemed highly desirable that in a case, which, independently of its own importance, might be a precedent in future times, to sacrifice time rather than precision. The work now appears before the public, with the exception of the Editor that it will be considered as meriting the character of an impartial, comprehensive, and faithful statement of facts. All the speeches have been revised, and inserted at length, in connection with whatever else formed a part of the trial.
Editors of other prints will confer a benefit by inserting this advertisement a few times in their papers.
INFORMATION WANTED.
MR. RENDERTS (Christian name not remembered) who left Holland it is believed about the year 1787 for the West Indies, and who it is understood has since left there for the United States of America, and if yet living, is supposed to be a resident of this country, will, by directing a line to Mrs. Anna Moore, Washington city, receive, through her, information of his daughter, who with her mother, (long since dead) remained in Dockura, West Friesland, when her father Mr. R. failed from Amsterdam. Printers of newspapers friendly to the cause of humanity will render an essential service by the giving the above a few insertions in their respective papers. August 13—3t
LANDS IN VIRGINIA, For Sale.
THE Subscriber being desirous to purchase Lands in the state of OHIO, offers for sale the following valuable tracts, to wit: One tract containing 356 acres in the county of Harrison, about 4 miles from Clarksville, and lying on the post road from the city of Washington to that place. Also 238 acres in Campbell county, 15 miles from Lynchburg, and 7 miles from James river. The quality of the above lands is, not surpassed by any in the state of Virginia; for fertility of soil, and in point of situation is inferior to none in that state—the terms made easy to the purchaser—and possession given on the first January, 1807—For further particulars apply to JOHN PLUMMER, City of Washington. August 8—w3t.
Twenty Dollars Reward.
WILL be given for apprehending and securing in jail a young Mulatto man slave named ANDREW. He was hired by me last year to Mr. Joseph Thomas who keeps the middle ferry to Alexandria, and absconded from that place about the latter end of August last. He is about 23 years of age, 5 feet 8 or 9 inches high, lusty and well made, has short curly hair, and is frequently subject to have several large pimples on his face. He is reckoned to be a tenable fellow of an easy agreeable address, for a man in his low sphere of life. As he has not been heard of by me since his escape, I suspect he has had the address to ship himself as a freeman on board some vessel either at Alexandria or Baltimore. Whoever takes him up and secures him an jail shall receive from me the above reward, or as soon due information thereof is given to me or to Dr. N. P. Caufin at Port Tobacco. G. B. CAUSIN. Maryland Charles County, January 29—wtf
20 DOLLARS REWARD.
RUNAWAY from the Subscriber living near Bryantown, Charles county, Maryland, a likely yellowish complexioned negro lad named RALPH about 20 years of age, and about 5 feet 7 for 8 inches high—he has a scar under one of his eyes and a long under lip, also a large cut on the top of his left hand. Ralph is not very stout made. He had on and took with him a black broad cloth coat, cowhide cotton over jacket striped with yellow and blue, striped swansdown under jacket, a pair of blue striped country cotton panaloons, and yellow striped country cotton trowers yellow and blue, two silk handkerchiefs, one Irish linen shirt, country cotton shirt and trowers and a white country cloth over jacket double wave, and a black wool hat. It is supposed that he will change his name and endeavor to pass for a free man. Whoever secures the said negro in any jail so that I get him again will be entitled to the above reward, and all reasonable charges paid if brought home, by BENEDICT BOARMAN. June 20—w3t