Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1790-05-12 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 41, BROAD-STREET, NEAR THE EXCHANGE, NEW-YORK.
[No. 9, of Vol. II.]
WEDNESDAY, MAY 12, 1790.
[WHOLE No. 113.]
LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. PUBLISHED
By Authority.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES: AT THE SECOND SESSION,
Begun and held at the city of New York, on Monday the fourth of January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety.
An ACT for the PUNISHMENT of certain CRIMES against the United States.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That if any person or persons, owing allegiance to the United States of America, shall levy war against them, or shall adhere to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States or elsewhere, and shall be thereof convicted, on conviction in open court, or on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act of the treason whereof he or they shall stand indicted, such person or persons shall be adjudged guilty of treason against the United States, and shall suffer death.
And be it enacted , That if any persons or persons, having knowledge of the commission of any of the treasons aforesaid shall conceal, and not as soon as may be disclose and make known the same to the President of the United States, or some one of the Judges thereof, or to the President or Governor of a particular State, or some one of the judges or justices thereof, such person or persons on conviction shall be adjudged guilty of misprison of treason, and shall be imprisoned not exceeding seven years, and fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons shall, within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or in any other place or district of country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of wilful murder, such person or persons on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.
And be it also enacted , That the court before whom any person shall be convicted of the crime of murder, for which he or she shall be sentenced to suffer death, may at their discretion, add to the judgment, that the body of such offender shall be delivered to a surgeon for dissection; and the marshal who is to cause such sentence to be executed, shall accordingly deliver the body of such offender, after execution done, to such surgeon as the court shall direct, for the purpose aforesaid: Provided , that such surgeon, or some other person by him appointed for the purpose, shall attend to receive and take away the dead body at the time of the execution of such offender.
And be it further enacted , That if any person or persons shall, after such execution had, by force rescue or attempt to rescue the body of such offender out of the custody of the marshal or his officers, during the conveyance of such body to any place for dissection as aforesaid; or shall by force rescue or attempt to rescue such body from the house of any surgeon, where the same shall have been deposited in pursuance of this act; every person so offending, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, and an imprisonment not exceeding twelve months.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons having knowledge of the actual commission of the crime of wilful murder or other felony, upon the high seas, or within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or other place or district of country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, shall conceal, and not as soon as may be disclose and make known the same to some one of the Judges or other persons in civil or military authority under the United States, on conviction thereof, such person or persons shall be adjudged guilty of misprison of felony, and shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding five hundred dollars.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons shall within any fort, arsenal, dock-yard, magazine, or other place or district of country, under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, commit the crime of manslaughter, and shall be thereof convicted, such person or persons shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons shall commit upon the high seas, or in any river, haven, basin or bay, out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, murder or robbery, or any other offence which if committed within the body of a county, would by the laws of the United States be punishable with death; or if any captain or mariner of any ship or other vessel, shall piratically and feloniously run away with such ship or vessel, or any goods or merchandise to the value of fifty dollars, or yield up such ship or vessel voluntarily to any pirate; or if any seaman shall lay violent hands upon his commander, thereby to hinder and prevent his fighting in defence of his ship or goods committed to his trust, or shall make a revolt in the ship—every such offender shall be deemed, taken and adjudged to be a pirate and felon, and being thereof convicted, shall suffer death. And the trial of crimes committed on the high seas, or in any place out of the jurisdiction of any particular State, shall be in the district where the offender is apprehended, or into which he may first be brought.
And be it enacted , That if any citizen shall commit any piracy or robbery aforesaid, or any act of hostility against the United States, or any citizen thereof, upon the high seas, under color of any commission from any foreign prince or state, or on pretence of authority from any person, such offender shall, notwithstanding the pretence of any such authority, be deemed, adjudged and taken to be a pirate felon and robber, and on being thereof convicted shall suffer death.
And be it enacted , That every person who shall, either upon the land or seas, knowingly and wittingly aid and assist, procure, command, counsel or advise any person or persons to do or commit any murder or robbery, or other piracy aforesaid, upon the seas, which shall affect the life of such person, and such person or persons shall thereupon do or commit any such piracy or robbery, then all and every such person so as aforesaid aiding, assisting, procuring, commanding, counselling or advising the same, either upon the land or the sea, shall be, and they are hereby declared, deemed
and adjudged to be accessory to such piracies before the fact, and every such person being thereof convicted shall suffer death.
And be it enacted , That after any murder, felony, robbery, or other piracy whatsoever aforesaid, or shall be committed by any pirate or robber, every person who knowing that such pirate or robber has done or committed any such piracy or robbery, shall on the land or at sea receive, entertain or conceal any such pirate or robber, or receive or take into his custody any ship, vessel, goods, or chattels, which have been by any such pirate or robber piratically and feloniously taken, shall be hereby declared, deemed and adjudged to be accessory to such piracy or robbery, after the fact; and on conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding five hundred dollars.
And be it enacted , That if any seaman or other person shall commit man-slaughter upon the high seas, or confederate, or attempt or endeavor to corrupt any commander, master, officer or mariner, to yield up or to run away with any ship or vessel, or with any goods, wares, or merchandise, or to turn pirate, or to go over to or confederate with pirates, or in any wise trade with any pirate knowing him to be such, to shall furnish such pirate with any ammunition, stores or provisions of any kind, or shall fit out any vessel knowingly and with a design to trade with or supply or correspond with any pirate or robber upon the seas; or if any person or persons shall any ways consult, combine, confederate or correspond with any pirate or robber on the seas, knowing him to be guilty of any such piracy or robbery; or if any seaman shall confine the master of any ship or other vessel, or endeavor to make a revolt in such ship; such person or persons so offending, and being thereof convicted, shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons, within any of the places, upon the land under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, or upon the high seas, in any vessel belonging to the United States, or to any citizen or citizens thereof, on purpose and of malice aforethought, shall unlawfully cut of the ear or ears, or cut out or disable the tongue, put out an eye, slit the nose, cut off the nose or a lip, or cut off or disable any limb or member of any person, with intention in so doing to maim or disfigure such person in any of the manners beforementioned, then and in every such case the person or persons so offending, their counsellors, aiders and abettors (knowing of and privy to the offence aforesaid) shall on conviction, be imprisoned not exceeding seven years, and fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons shall falsely make, alter, forge, or counterfeit, or cause or procure to be falsely made, altered, forged, or counterfeit, or willingly act or assist in the false making, altering, forging, or counterfeiting any certificate, indent, or other public security of the United States, or shall utter, put off, or offer, or cause to be uttered, put off, or offered in payment or for sale any such false, forged, altered or counterfeit certificates, indent or other public security, with intention to defraud any person, knowing the same to be false, altered, forged, or counterfeit, and shall be thereof convicted, every such person shall suffer death.
And be it enacted , That if any person shall feloniously steal, take away, alter, falsify, or otherwise avoid any record, writ, process, or other proceedings in any of the courts of the United States, by means whereof any judgment shall be reversed, made void, or not take effect, or if any person shall acknowledge or procure to be acknowledged in any of the courts aforesaid, any recognizance, bail or judgment, in the name or names of any other person or persons not privy or consenting to the same, every such person or persons on conviction thereof, shall be fined not exceeding five thousand dollars, or be imprisoned not exceeding seven years, and whipped not exceeding thirty-nine stripes. Provided nevertheless , That this act shall not extend to the acknowledgement of any judgment or judgments by any attorney or attorneys, duly admitted for any person or persons against whom any such judgment or judgments shall be had or given.
And be it enacted , That if any person within any of the places under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, or upon the high seas, shall take and carry away, with an intent to steal or purloin the personal goods of another; or if any person or persons, having at any time hereafter the charge or custody of any arms, ordnance, munition, shot, powder, or habiliments of war belonging to the United States, or of any victuals provided for the victualling of any soldiers, gunners, marines or pioneers, shall for any lucre or gain, or wittingly, advisedly, and of purpose to hinder or impede the service of the United States, embezzle, purloin or convey away any of the said arms, ordnance, munition, shot or powder, habiliments of war, or victuals, then and in every of the cases aforesaid, the person or persons so offending, their counsellors, aiders and abettors (knowing of and privy to the offences aforesaid) shall on conviction be fined not exceeding the fourfold value of the property so stolen, embezzled or purloined; the one moiety to be paid to the owner of the goods, or the United States, as the case may be, and the other moiety to the informer and prosecutor, and be publicly whipped, not exceeding thirty-nine stripes.
And be it further enacted , That if any person or persons within any part of the jurisdiction of the United States as aforesaid, shall receive or buy any goods or chattels that shall be feloniously taken or stolen from any other person, knowing the same to be stolen, or shall receive, harbor or conceal any felons or thieves, knowing them to be so, he or they being of either of the said offences legally convicted, shall be liable to the like punishments as in the case of larceny before are prescribed.
And be it enacted , That if any person shall willfully and corruptly commit perjury, or shall by any means procure any person to commit corrupt and wilful perjury, on his or her oath or affirmation in any suit, controversy, matter or cause depending in any of the courts of the United States, or in any deposition taken pursuant to the laws of the United States, every person so offending, and being thereof convicted, shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined not exceeding eight hundred dollars; and shall stand in the pillory for one hour, and be thereafter rendered incapable of giving testimony in any of the courts of the United States, until such time as the judgment so given against the said offender shall be reversed.
And be it enacted , That in every presentment or indictment to be prosecuted against any person for wilful and corrupt perjury, it shall be sufficient to set forth the substance of the offence charged upon the defendant, and by what court, or before whom the oath or affirmation was taken (averred such court, or person or persons to have a competent authority to administer the same) together with the proper averment or averments to falsify the matter or matters wherein the perjury or perjuries is or are assigned; without setting forth the bill, answer, information, indictment, declaration, or any part of any record or proceeding, either in law or equity other than as aforesaid, and without setting forth the commission or authority of the court, or person or persons before whom the perjury was committed.
And be it further enacted , That in every presentment or indictment for subornation of perjury, or for corrupt bargaining or contracting with others to commit wilful and corrupt perjury, it shall be sufficient to set forth the substance of the offence charged upon the defendant, without setting forth the bill, answer, information, indictment, declaration, or any part of any record or proceeding, either in law or equity, and without setting forth the commission or authority of the court, or person or persons before whom the perjury was committed, or was agreed or promised to be committed.
And be it enacted , That if any person shall, directly or indirectly, give any sum or sums of money, or any other bribe, present or reward, or any promise, contract, obligation or security, for the payment or delivery of any money, present or reward, or any other thing to obtain or procure the opinion, judgment or decree of any judge or judges of the United States, in any suit, controversy, matter or cause depending before him or them, and shall be thereof convicted, such person or persons so giving, promising, contracting or securing to be given, paid or delivered, any sum or sums of money, present, reward or other bribe as aforesaid, and the judge or judges who shall in any wise accept or receive the same, on conviction thereof shall be fined and imprisoned at the discretion of the court; and shall forever be disqualified to hold any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States.
And be it enacted , That if any person or persons, shall knowingly and wilfully obstruct, resist or oppose any officer of the United States, in serving or attempting to serve or execute any mesne process, or warrant, or any rule or order of any of the courts of the United States or any other legal or judicial writ or process whatsoever, or shall assault, beat or wound any officer, or other person duly authorized, in serving or executing any writ, rule, order, process or warrant aforesaid, every person so knowingly or wilfully offending in the premises, shall, on conviction thereof, be imprisoned not exceeding twelve months, and fined not exceeding three hundred dollars.
And be it further enacted , That if any person or persons, shall by force set at liberty, or rescue any person who shall be found guilty of treason, murder, or any other capital crime, or rescue any person convicted of any of the said crimes, going to execution, or during execution, every person so offending, and being thereof convicted, shall suffer death: And if any person shall by force set at liberty, or rescue any person who before conviction shall stand committed for any of the capital offences aforesaid; or if any person or persons shall by force set at liberty, or rescue any person committed for or convicted of any other offence against the United States, every person so offending, shall, on conviction, be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, and imprisoned not exceeding one year.
Provided always and be it enacted , That no conviction or judgment for any of the offences aforesaid, shall work corruption of blood, or any forfeiture of estate.
And be it enacted , That if any writ or process shall at any time hereafter be sued forth or prosecuted by any person or persons, in any of the courts of the United States, or in any of the courts of a particular State, or by any judge or justice therein respectively, whereby the person of any ambassador or other public minister of any foreign prince or state, authorized and received as such by the President of the United States, or any domestic or domestic servant of any such ambassador or other public minister, may be arrested or imprisoned, or his or their goods or chattels be distrained, seized or attached, such writ or process shall be deemed and adjudged to be utterly null and void to all intents, construction and purposes whatsoever.
And be it enacted , That in case any person or person shall sue forth or prosecute any such writ or process, such person or persons, and all attorneys or solicitors prosecuting or soliciting in such case, and all officers executing any such writ or process, being thereof convicted, shall be deemed violators of the laws of nations, and disturbers of the public repose, and imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined at the discretion of the court.
Provided nevertheless , That no citizen or inhabitant of the United States, who shall have contracted debts prior to his entering into the service of any ambassador or other public minister, which debts shall be still due and unpaid, shall have, take or receive any benefit of this act; nor shall any person be proceeded against by virtue of this act, for having arrested or sued any other domestic servant of any ambassador or other public minister, unless the name of such servant be first registered in the office of the Secretary of State and by such Secretary transmitted to the Marshal of the district in which Congress shall reside, who shall upon receipt thereof affix the same in some public place in his office, whereat all persons may resort and take copies without fee or reward.
And be it enacted , That if any person shall violate any safe conduct or passport duly obtained and issued under the authority of the United States, or shall assault, strike, wound, imprison, or in any other manner infract the law of nations, by offering violence to the person of an ambassador or other public minister, such person so offending, on conviction shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined at the discretion of the court.
And be it enacted , That any person who shall be accused and indicted of treason, shall have a copy of the indictment, and a list of the jury and witnesses to be produced on the trial for proving the said indictment, mentioning the names and places of abode of such witnesses and jurors, delivered unto him at least three entire days before he shall be tried for the same; and in other capital offences, shall have such copy of the indictment and list of the jury two entire days at least before the trial: And that every person so accused and indicted for any of the crimes aforesaid, shall also be allowed and admitted to make his full defence by counsel learned in the law; and the court before whom such person shall be tried, or some judge thereof, shall, and they are hereby authorized and required immediately upon his request to assign to such person such counsel, not exceeding two, as such person shall desire, to whom such counsel shall have free access at all seasonable hours; and every such person or persons accused or indicted of the crimes aforesaid, shall be allowed and admitted in his said defence to make any proof that he or they can produce, by lawful witness or witnesses, and shall have the like process of the court where he or they shall be tried, to compel his or their witnesses to appear at his or their trial, as is usually granted to compel witnesses to appear on the prosecution against them.
And be it further enacted , That if any person or persons be indicted of treason against the United States, and shall stand mute or refuse to plead, or shall challenge peremptorily above the number of thirty-five of the jury; or if any person or persons be indicted of any other of the offences herein before set forth, for which the punishment is declared to be death, if he or they shall also stand mute or will not answer to the indictment, or challenge peremptorily above the number of twenty persons of the jury; the court in any of the cases aforesaid, shall notwithstanding proceeding to the trial of the person or persons so standing mute or challenging, as if he or they had pleaded not guilty, and render judgment thereon accordingly.

And be it further enacted, That the benefit of clergy shall not be used or allowed, upon conviction of any crime, for which, by any statute of the United States, the punishment is or shall be declared to be death.
And be it further enacted, That no person or persons shall be prosecuted, tried or punished for treason or other capital offence aforesaid, wilful murder or forgery excepted, unless the indictment for the same shall be found by a grand jury, within three years next after the treason or capital offence aforesaid shall be done or committed; nor shall any person be prosecuted, tried or punished for any offence not capital, nor for any fine or forfeiture under any penal statute, unless the indictment or information for the same shall be found or instituted within two years from the time of committing the offence, or incurring the fine or forfeiture aforesaid: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall extend to any person or persons fleeing from justice.
And be it further enacted, That the manner of inflicting the punishment of death, shall be by hanging the person convicted by the neck until dead.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
JOHN ADAMS, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.
APPROVED, APRIL THE THIRTIETH 1790. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States. (TRUE COPY)
THOMAS JEFFERSON, Secretary of State.
THE TABLET.
No. CXIII.
"The advantage of study is often lost, by attending to too many points at once."
Mr. EDITOR,
I AM so well pleased with a letter lately sent me by an ingenious correspondent, that I wish it may be communicated to the public, as a number of the TABLET. It is on a subject of importance, and I hope the remarks of my friend will meet with approbation, as they appear to be founded in reason and propriety.
FOR THE TABLET.
YOU probably know that I was admitted to the bar of our Courts in April 1781; and certainly know that for a considerable part of the time since, I have given my attention to philology, Belles Lettres and ancient history. Some part of the time has been spent in travelling, and this has been the most useful period of my life. You know from a multitude of observations, how many errors in opinion and deep-rooted prejudices grow up with the most vigorous genius, under the most advantageous system of book education; unless the person has an opportunity of travelling abroad. I frankly own this was my case; and I was two years abroad, before I could believe other States as wise, as prosperous, and as happy as my native State.
"I have finished my ramblings and set down in my profession, in a place as healthy as North America affords, on a public road, in a pleasant fertile country, where commerce is flourishing, manufactures begin to thrive, and the company is as good as I deserve. Here I have reflected upon the errors of my own education, and endeavored to devise a better plan; being myself confident that I might have gained all my present knowledge and learning in half the time, had my studies and travels been conducted by a man of experience and just ideas."
"I have found by experience what my tutors should have taught me, that the great error in our common method of instructing youth, is, that we permit them to read without an object; that is, without a specific particular object. We give them a book to read; and direct them generally to be masters of the subject. But the object, in this case, is so general, so indeterminate, as to make little or no impression upon the mind of the student. It is not particular enough to arrest his curiosity; or rather the indefinite view of the object renders it impossible for the attention to be fixed upon any particular point. The person who reads a volume of History, or Law, with this general view, loses three fourths of his labor."
"To read to advantage, the whole attention of a student should be called to one point at a time. Let him be directed for instance to enquire into the reformation in the sixteenth century, and at a future day, to inform his instructor, at what time this great event took place, and what were the particular political, commercial or other accidental circumstances which favored the progress of it; by what characters it was effected, and afterwards what were its consequences on the political state of Europe. Let him then be directed what authors to examine, and the more he consults, provided they are of reputation, the fairer chance he stands of finding and retaining the truth. The student then would fix his attention upon one object; the facts as they should arise to view would rest upon the mind and gradually form a connected story, and the prospect of reciting the facts to the instructor would impress them more deeply on the memory. Thus the student should take every important era, event or person by itself and enquire into the accounts which different writers have given of it; and not read a book in course, as is done for amusement, or by persons reviewing their studies."
"If I should ever open an office for students in Law, I could with them to prepare for this liberal study, by a year or two year's preparation in the study of History. The common practice of keeping them two or three years writing on
parchment, I consider, as an imposition, unreasonable and useless. The forms of process may as well be learnt in six months, as in a longer time; and a student of law should be something more than a drudge. If students were previously acquainted with Greek and Latin, I should with them to read Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon, in Greek, and Livy, Cæsar and Tacitus, in Latin. The best orators and poets among the ancients are read as classical books in our colleges and schools; but their historians, which I deem the most valuable, are mostly neglected. This is one of the modern errors of our public education. Indeed so imperfectly do most of our schools teach the ancient languages, that few of the students can read the Greek and Roman historians with ease and advantage. For this reason, I should direct them to take the best compilations of ancient history in English, and direct them to attend to such parts of it as illustrate the policy, manners, arts and literature of the wise and celebrated republics of antiquity; for as to wars, they are the dry bones of history, and a hungry man will hardly satisfy his appetite by picking them."
"In short I could wish that the studies of youth might be made to approach to practice. A student of history should read it, like the compiler; he should take a single point of history, and consult different authorities until he had made himself master of it. A student of Law should read it like an attorney; he should take one point and turn to his authorities for illustration, as if he were preparing a cause for trial. I have found this to be the only method in which I can read to advantage myself; and perhaps my experience may afford useful hints to others."
Your's sincerely, Z.
THE HUMANE HOWARD.
[The liberal and philanthropic are the denizens of all countries—and from all countries are intitled to the tribute of gratitude. The benevolent Howard—whose exertions in relieving the prisoner bound in the dungeon—ameliorating the condition of servitude—and pouring the wine and oil into the wounds made by disease, are as universally admired, as known—To his memory then are the following lines dedicated]
ON HIS DEATH.
HOWARD, thy task is done, thy master calls, And summons thee from CHERSON's distant walls. "Come, well-approved! My faithful servant come! No more a wand'rer, seek thy destin'd home. Long have I mark'd thee with o'er-ruling eye, And sent admiring angels from on high, To walk the paths of danger by thy side, From death to shield thee, and from snares to guide. My minister of good, I've sped thy way, And shot thro dungeon-glooms a leading ray, To looth, by thee, with kind unhop'd relief My creatures lost—and whelm'd in guilt and grief: I've led thee, ardent, on thro wounding climes, To combat human woes, and human crimes, But 'tis enough—thy great commission's o'er, I prove thy faith, thy zeal, thy love no more. Nor droop, that far from country, kindred, friends, Thy life to duty long devoted, ends; What boots it where the high reward is giv'n, Or where the foul triumphant springs to Heav'n." (Massachusetts Centinel.)
CONGRESS.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
THURSDAY, APRIL 1.
The proposition for assuming the State debts under consideration.
MR. BLAND, in reply to Mr. Moore, said—I am extremely sorry, Mr. Chairman, that another worthy colleague of mine has rendered it necessary for me to rise in this debate, as I had flattered myself that my sentiments had been clearly expressed and fully understood when I spoke on it the day before yesterday, and explained to another of my worthy colleagues yesterday; I hope, however, the house will indulge me for a few moments in a question of this importance, when I seem to be personally called upon to vindicate my own opinions, and in the peculiar predicament of differing from nine of my colleagues. I shall confine myself entirely to answering the objections of the gentleman who spoke last: he too has taken notice of what I said respecting the weight of wealth laying towards the sea coast of Virginia, and the weight of legislative influence to the westward; this he has not denied; but says that the articles of the treaty for the payment of British debts, contracted prior to the war, ought to have been complied with—that the honor of all America was concerned in the complying with that article—and that therefore the gentleman could not complain of the western influence in complying with the express desire of Congress, whose business it was to fulfil or see to the fulfilment of that treaty. Sir I agree with him so far—I do not complain that my country passed an act for the fulfilment of the treaty entered into by the general government; but, Sir, I conceive that a treaty has two sides to it, and that the stipulations on both sides ought to be literally fulfilled. When a clause was introduced into that act to suspend the operation of it until the British government should fulfil it on their part, that the compliance might still go on when this was claimed as a justice due to them by the debtors to the British nation, who lay in the track of the armies, who inhabited that part of the country towards the sea coast, who had been deprived of their negroes contrary to treaty, and who were at the same time State creditors for supplies furnished the armies of the United States. I ask that gentleman whether this reasonable proposition for a suspension of the act, until Congress might have time to remonstrate with the British government for their relief, was not violently opposed by the western influence, who suffered none of these inconveniences, or but a very small degree or proportion of them? Sir, that gentleman was present, and his candor will, I am sure, answer this question in the affirmative.
The gentleman acknowledges that the greater part of the services of the war, and of the supplies, were drawn from the eastern division of that state; but that the western always held themselves in readiness when called on. In this I agree with him heartily. I know Sir, that there were no citizens in the United States better affected to the American cause than they were; but, Sir, does this invalidate what I have said of the inequality of the burthens borne? I think not.
The gentleman next mentions the certificate tax, which was laid for the purpose of redeeming the certificates for supplies, militia services, &c. and says, that as these certificates were to be paid in by the original holders, and those who were not original holders;
and as the only mode in which the state could then pay the sufferers, they were content to receive for them what they could get. Sir, I will give a short history of this business: I own I am sorry to mention it; as it affects, in some sort, the credit of the state to which I belong; but I believe it will not be found singular. These certificates were to be redeemed in the manner the worthy gentleman mentions, by calculation, in four, five or six years, I cannot exactly remember which; but having remained a long time previous to the act mentioned or unintended, had fallen as low as 1/6 in the pound. This tax, in one or two years, appreciated them to three or four shillings. This appreciation was found too burdensome for those who were original holders; the tax was, as well as my memory serves, lessened; and when at last it was found that they were nearly extinguished or called in, they were made payable in the arrearages of taxes due for several years back, and thus never rose, until the last arrests were paid in, to more than four shillings in the pound; and thus was the property of those who furnished the armies of the United States reimbursed them.
Sir, I speak feelingly on this subject: I was one of the sufferers, my constituents are almost all sufferers in this mode. Sir, what I say of myself, I wish not to be understood as influencing my conduct on this floor: I spurn at the idea, it should be entertained. On this floor I always act on enlarged and general principles.
Sir, the gentleman has mentioned what I said of emigrations; and has asserted that, notwithstanding those emigrations, the number of inhabitants who were to pay taxes in Virginia, had increased since the war, which he says on a former occasion I admitted to be the case. I am sure, Sir, I have seen no documents to confirm the gentleman's assertion, nor can I conceive that I ever assented to such an one (at the time the fixing on the seat of government was in contemplation, or at any other time) as it respected Virginia; but I verily believe the fact to be otherwise, unless the gentleman assures me of it from proper documents.
The gentleman says it is the interest of Kentucky and the Western Country to assume the debt: If this be the case, Sir, I am much surprised that their representatives should be found arguing so strongly against what they assert to be the interest of their constituents. But, Sir, it does not become me to point out to them their duty; I therefore leave them to act in the manner they think right, not doubting but they will in the end do the best for their constituents, as I think I am doing for mine, and for the union at large. I am so firmly persuaded of this, Sir, that I am willing to risk what little reputation I may be possessed of as a politician on the event, and not knowing the sense of my constituents on so important a subject, I shall venture to support the opinions I have advanced, keeping my mind open to conviction, and yielding to clear and unequivocal arguments when they are produced, that will show me that I am wrong.
I hope I have thus far exculpated myself from the charge which seemed to be aimed at me, of having advanced opinions unfounded and erroneous.
I shall only take notice of one observation, with which the gentleman concluded: That in all political questions he should be governed in his vote by the principles of justice. I hope he will charitably suppose I am under the same influence. But, Sir, I will conclude that justice is due from Congress to the states, and to the citizens of the state: This can only be done by establishing credit on the broad and stable foundation of public faith to the creditors of the United States of every denomination.
Mr. SMITH (S.C.) The last gentleman (Mr. Moore) he said, had altogether mistaken the law of South-Carolina, he had noticed, and its operation: That law was intended to create a medium of circulation, by way of loan or mortgage; 100,000. were emitted for that purpose, all the specie of the country having been exported and the citizens greatly distressed for the want of a medium. Mr. Smith then read the preamble of the law and some of the clauses, to prove what he had said. Of the above sum not more than about 60,000. circulated in South-Carolina, the remainder having found its way into the neighbouring states.
The gentleman was equally misinformed, when he observed that the taxes levied in that state had not been applied to the discharge of its debts, but had been diverted into a different channel. Mr. Smith read a statement from the report of a committee of finance, to show that taxes had been imposed from 1784 to 1789 to the amount of above 300,000 dollars, annually, for the express purpose of paying the interest on the debt contracted by the war; and that during that period upwards of a million and a half of dollars had been sunk of the principal of the debt, by sales of land &c. South-Carolina had therefore made as great exertions for the discharge of her debt, since the peace, as Virginia. With respect to the militia of Virginia having been paid in money greatly depreciated, had not the citizens of South-Carolina been likewise obliged to sell their indents at two shillings in the pound? How then could it be said, with any propriety, that the militia of Virginia were to be taxed to pay the debts of those of South-Carolina? Had not the latter been heavily taxed ever since the war? And would they not be crushed with further taxation, if the assumption was negatived? It has been said, by the gentleman from Georgia, that the southern states contributed more to the impost than the northern: Was not that a strong argument why the assumption would be favorable to those states? It was generally acknowledged that the continental debts were chiefly in the hands of persons dwelling to the northward of Potomac; the greatest proportion of the state debts, on the contrary, was on the south of that river; if therefore the southern states paid the greatest part of the revenue, was it not for their advantage that the assumption should take place, by which means the state creditors would draw back, in payment of their interests, a proportion of that impost which otherwise would go altogether into the pockets of the continental creditors? It was undoubtedly an injury to the states which contributed most to the impost, to be drained of their resources to pay persons who resided in those states which contributed least. The objections to the various articles reported by the Secretary did not apply in this stage of the business: That report was calculated to satisfy the house that the state debts could be funded without resorting to direct taxation; it was in the power of the house, when the funds were under consideration, to reject those which should be found injurious, and to substitute others. He could not agree, however, in the remark that persons interested in a particular branch of trade or manufacture were to be believed in preference to the Secretary, who was disinterested; nor could he understand the inconsistency of the petition alluded to, which in one part set forth that the duty would be oppressive to them, and in another that it would produce nothing to the revenue. He believed that there was no possible object of revenue, against which the parties interested might not complain. As to the amendment from North-Carolina, the member from that state had himself declared that he would not undertake to say the convention meant to guard against the assumption, but that the words carried that meaning. This might be true, and yet the amendment could not apply, because the house had been told the assumption was never thought of in that state at the time the amendment was framed. It had been said, that as North-Carolina was against the assumption, it was a sufficient reason why it should not be agreed to: This was an extraordinary declaration, when it was remembered they had been told that South-Carolina being desirous of it was no reason why it should be adopted, and that the inclination of one state should not prevail with Congress. Surely, there was as much reason why it should be agreed to if one state was in favor of it, as that it should be rejected because one state was against it. The Secretary, it had been said, seemed to think that a settlement was an event which would not certainly take place: The settlement with or without an assumption, would unquestionably be attended with difficulty; and the Secretary expressly remarks that there is no objection which can be made to a settlement after the assumption, which does not apply with equal force to any settlement prior to it.

MONDAY, MAY 10.
The bill entitled an act for giving effect to a certain act therein mentioned in respect to the State of North Carolina—and for amending said act, was brought in, engrossed, read the third time and passed.
A petition from Thomas Jenkins and Co. merchants in Hudson, State New-York, was read, stating the loss of goods by fire while on their passage from New-York to Hudson, and praying a remission of the duties on said goods; referred to a select committee.
Sundry other petitions and memorials were presented—read and referred.
On motion of Mr. Parker, the report of the Secretary at War, on the petition of Dr. Middleton, was read.—It was then moved that this report be referred to a select committee—and Mr. Parker, Mr. Tucker, and Mr. Bloodworth, were appointed.
Mr. Gilman of the Committee of enrolment, reported that the Committee had examined four bills, which had passed the House, and found them duly enrolled—the Speaker affixed his signature to the same.
The bill for adjusting and settling the claims of Frederick W. de Steuben, was brought in engrossed, and read the third time—the gratuity in land being omitted in the bill, Mr. Smith, (S. C.) supposing the omission to be an error—moved that the bill should be re committed, in order to re-insert the clause.—This motion after a short discussion was lost.
The blank in the clause stating the annuity, Mr. Smith, (S. C.) moved should be filled up with 2700 dollars.
After some debate the ayes and noes were taken, and the motion was negatived, as follows:
AYES.
Messrs. Ames, Benson, Bland, Cadwallader, Carroll, Coles, Fitzsimons, Gale, Gerry, Hartley, Heister, Huger, Huntington, Lawrance, Lee, Madison, P. Muhlenburgh, Page, Scot, Smith (S. C.) Trumbull, Tucker, Vining, Wadsworth, Wynkoop.—25.
NOES.
Messrs. Albe, Baldwin, Bloodworth, Boudinot, Brown, Contee, Floyd, Foster, Gilman, Goodhue, Griffin, Grout, Hathorn, Livermore, Mathews, Moore, Parker, Partridge, Renfellaer, Schureman, Seney, Sherman, Sinnickson, Smith, (M.) Steele, Stone, Sturges, Sylvester, White, Williamson.—30.
A motion was then made to fix the annuity at 2,500 dollars. This was negatived—Ayes 25—Noes 30.
As was a motion for 2,420 dollars.—Ayes 25—Noes 30.
A motion for 2000 dollars was agreed to—Ayes 31—Noes 24.
The bill being completed—on the question, Shall the bill pass—it was carried in the affirmative. The ayes and noes being as follows.
AYES.
Messrs. Ames, Benson, Bland, Boudinot, Cadwallader, Carroll, Coles, Contee, Fitzsimons, Gale, Gerry, Griffin, Hartley, Heister, Huger, Huntington, Livermore, Lee, Lawrance, Madison, Moore, P. Muhlenburgh, Page, Parker, Scott, Sherman, Smith, (M.) Smith, (S. C.) Trumbull, Tucker, Vining, Wadsworth, White, Wynkoop.—34.
NOES.
Messrs. Albe, Baldwin, Bloodworth, Brown, Floyd, Foster, Gilman, Goodhue, Grout, Hathorn, Mathews, Partridge, Renfellaer, Schureman, Seney, Sylvester, Sinnickson, Steele, Stone, Sturges, Williamson.—21.
The House then resolved itself into a committee on that part of the report of a select committee on the petition of the merchants and inhabitants of Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, which relates to an increase of tonnage on foreign shipping, &c. Some progress was made therein when the committee rose.
Mr. Boudinot obtained leave of absence for one week.
Adjourned.
TUESDAY, MAY 11, 1790.
Sundry petitions were read and referred. A bill for repealing the act laying duties on wines after a certain date, and laying other duties in lieu thereof, was presented by Mr. Fitzsimons, and read.
A report from the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to orders of the House, with an abstract of the duties received on American and foreign tonnage, to 31st December last was read.
In committee of the whole, on the report of the select committee on the memorial of the merchants and traders of Portsmouth (N. H.) respecting an enhanced duty on tonnage.
A motion to strike out the clause which proposed that the duty on foreign tonnage should be raised to one dollar, occasioned a lengthy debate—the affirmative was supported by Mr. Jackson, Mr. Smith (S. C.), Mr. White, and Mr. Bloodworth. Mr. Fitzsimons, Mr. Wadsworth, Mr. Page, and Mr. Livermore spoke in favor of the enhanced duty—but the committee rose and reported progress without taking the question.
A Report from the Secretary at war, with a statement of the troops and militia furnished by the several states during the late war was read.
Also a report of the Secretary of the Treasury relative to the statement of monies paid by the several states from the commencement of the revolution to the ratification of the constitution.
A Message was received from the Senate with the bill for giving effect to the act therein mentioned, with respect to the State of North Carolina, and for amending said act—in some of the amendments proposed by the House to this bill, the Senate concurred—to others they disagreed.
A motion for receding from the first amendment, occasioned some debate; the House adjourned without coming to a decision.
PHILADELPHIA, 5 MAY.
Luxury has been declaimed against in all ages, as subversive of virtue, and liberty. Has it not
sometimes been productive of a spirit of industry, and hence become beneficial? Dr. Franklin used to relate an instance of this. His lady once made a present of a fine cap, to a young woman of Cape May. The Doctor reproved her for it, as tending to introduce among these simple people, a taste for superfluous ornaments. As he expected, the sight of the cap kindled a desire in all the young women who beheld it, to possess a similar one—The consequence was, that they set about knitting a quantity of mittens, which were sent up to Philadelphia for sale, and the money devoted to the purchase of caps. Ever since that time, a great number of mittens have annually been brought to this city from Cape May—and a beneficial trade has been the consequence, of what it was apprehended would be injurious to the people.
It is with pleasure we inform the public, that the commendable spirit of encouraging our own manufactures is daily spreading thro' these states. We hear from New-Jersey, that on Saturday, the 24th ult. there was a meeting, tho' upon short notice given, at the Court-House in Burlington, of a considerable number of the citizens, assisted by some of the most respectable and wealthy gentlemen from the county, to consider upon a plan for establishing woollen, linen and cotton fabrics in that place. Daniel Ellis, Esq; was placed in the chair; and, the plan being read, some general observations and information were given by Messrs. Bloomfield, Jones and Coxe.—An handsome subscription was then made, and a committee appointed to wait upon the Well-wishers of American Manufactures for their contributions.
Extract of a letter from Stockholm, dated Feb. 2.
"This winter is indeed wonderful. Several kinds of trees have been in bloom. Anemones and other spring flowers were sold about the streets on New-Year's day. At this time it is difficult to gather a handful of snow. The season is very wet; which is unfavorable to the grain in the ground, by fostering a species of worm, that has done considerable damage."
BOSTON, May 5.
On Monday, agreeable to law, a Circuit Court of the United States, for the Massachusetts district, was held before Chief Justice Jay, Judge Cushing, and Judge Lowell. After the usual forms were gone through, and the Grand Jury impanelled, a Charge was given them by the Chief Justice—and the Throne of Grace addressed in prayer, by the Rev. Dr. Howard.
EXTRACT,
From Mr. WRAXALL's History of Mount St. Michael, near Granville, in France.
"WE passed on through several lesser rooms into a large passage on one side of which, the Swiss (Mr. Wraxall's guide) opened a door, and through a narrow entrance, perfectly dark, he led me by a second door into an apartment or dungeon—for it rather merited the latter than the former appellation—in the middle of which stood a cage—It was composed of prodigious wooden bars; and the wicket which admitted into it was ten or twelve inches in thickness. I went into the inside; the space it comprised was about twelve feet square, or fourteen; and it might be nearly twenty in height. This was the abode of many eminent victims in former ages, whose names and miseries are now obliterated and forgotten.
"There was, said my conductor, towards the latter end of the last century, a certain news-writer in Holland, who had presumed to print some very severe and sarcastic reflections on Madame de Maintenon, and Lewis the Fourteenth. Some months after, he was induced, by a person sent expressly for that purpose, to make a tour into French Flanders. The instant he had quit the Dutch territories, he was put under arrest, and immediately, by his Majesty's express command, conducted to this place. They shut him up in this cage. Here he lived upwards of twenty-three years; and here he at length expired.—During the long nights of winter, no fire or candle was allowed him. He was not permitted to have any book. He saw no human face but the gaoler, who came once every day to present him, through a hole in the wicket, his little portion of bread and wine. No instrument was given him with which he could destroy himself; but he found means, at length, to draw out a nail from the wood, with which he cut out or engraved on the bars of his cage, certain fleurs de lis, and armorial bearings, which formed his only employment and recreation.
"It is now fifteen years, said the Swiss, since a gentleman terminated his days in that cage; it was before I came to reside here; but there is one instance within my own memory: Monsr. de F——, a person of rank, was conducted here by command of the late King; he remained three years shut up in this cage. I fed him myself every day; but he was allowed books and candle to divert his misery; at length the Abbot, touched with his deplorable calamities, requested and obtained the royal pardon. He was set free, and is now alive in France.
"The subterranean chambers, added he, in
this mountain, are so numerous, that we know them not ourselves. There are certain dungeons, called Oubliettes, into which they were accustomed anciently to let down malefactors guilty of very heinous crimes; they provided them with a loaf of bread and a bottle of wine: and then they were totally forgotten, and left to perish by hunger in the dark vault of the rock. This punishment however has not been inflicted by any King in the last or present century."
NEW-YORK, WEDNESDAY, MAY 12.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Rhode-Island, to his friend in this city, dated April 23.
"There will be a majority of Anties in our New Assembly, which convenes at Newport next week. Mr. FENNER who succeeds Gov. Collins, possesses good natural abilities, and without the graces of a courtier, hath acquired a considerable popularity—the appointment was not his wish, but the result of necessity, it being more consonant to his views to govern behind the curtain, as he was free from responsibility if any measures should prove injurious; and could claim the credit of such as were beneficial; but the anties fearful that a federal character might be in nomination, brought him forward as the most popular man of their party.
"Most of the country towns are as much opposed to the Constitution as ever, being dapes to the misrepresentations and fallhoods of their designing leaders. The seaports are all federal. At the late election of officers in Newport there was 348 proxies for federal characters—but 17 for Anties—and these 17 consisted of new fangled officers of the customs, tide-waiters, with a paper-money Judge and his sons. Providence, Warren, and Bristol had also large majorities for the federal prox. Should not the Constitution be adopted by the Convention at their next meeting, (which I very much doubt) necessity will drive the seaports to measures of a most serious nature, measures, which will pave the way for a dismemberment of this unhappy State."
The great Burke of the British House of Commons, has excited the indignation of many by his Phillippic against the French revolutionists—but it must be determined by the event, whether the advocates for those checks and balances of power, which distinguish the British government, are not at the same time the most consistent friends to the liberties of the people. Simple democracy has always ended in tyranny.
It is very much to be doubted whether the plans of the national assembly of France, so far as they contemplate the annihilation of distinctions, orders and privileges, have a tendency to establish a government that will be firm and stable—a fluctuating system is liable to innumerable objections; for the people after struggling with a variety of temporary evils, generally take refuge in despotism.
Inequality of circumstances is the inseparable attendant of commerce, civilization, and refinement—good government therefore is the art of guarding the many from the impositions and tyranny of the few—and this cannot be done so effectually in any way as by securing the equal rights of ALL.
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia have agreed that an eulogium in honor of that distinguished medical character the late Doctor Cullen of Edinburgh, shall be delivered by one of their members.
An election for DIRECTORS of the BANK was held on Monday last, when the following gentlemen were chosen, viz.—Isaac Roosevelt, President; William Maxwell, Vice-President; William Constable, Robert Browne, Samuel Franklin, Thomas Randall, Comfort Sands, Joshua Waddington, Daniel McCormick, Nicholas Low, John Murray, William Edgar, Gulian Verplanck.
APPOINTMENT.
TENCH COXE, Esq. Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, vice WILLIAM DUER, Esq. resigned.
On Saturday last the Supreme Court of Judicature, which had been sitting in this city, adjourned—previous to which the following judgments were given against several culprits, viz. William Glover, convicted of robbery, death, to be executed on the first Friday in June. William Matthews, larceny, to be whipped 60 lashes at three several times, 20 each. Sebre Williams, larceny, 20 lashes. Edward Allen, convicted of breaking and entering a store, to be imprisoned three months. Anthony, a Negro Man, larceny, 30 lashes. William Swaine, a robbery in the street, judgment respited to a future day.
THIS DAY being the Anniversary of the Sons of St. TAMMANY, the same is to be celebrated by that Society. Should the weather prove favorable, they will, in splendid dresses, walk in Procession from the Wigwam in Broad Way, to the Brick Church in the fields—where a LONG TALK is to be delivered by the Scribe of the Society.
ARRIVALS SINCE OUR LAST.—NEW-YORK.
 Ship George, Hunter, Glasgow.  Brig Cruger, Dekay, London.  ——, Green, St. Croix.  ——Brothers, Dunlap, Grenada.  ——Ark, Wedham, Halifax.  Schooner Adonis, Durham, St. Vincents.  ——Eagle, Jackways, St. Thomas.  ——Catherine, Willson, Shelburne.  Sloop Maria, Elliott, Charleston.  Snow Zebulon, Hudson, Liverpool.  ——La Virga do Corosa Aug. Villamuerte, Cadiz.  Brig Maria, Jenkins, Cape Francois.  Schooner Exchange, Willson, Charleston.  ——Friends, Parker, Shelburne.  Ship Federalist, Dale, Canton, four months.  The ships Jay, America, Grace, and Anthony, of New-York, were at Canton, and expected to sail in all January.  The ship Columbia, Kendrick, and sloop Washington, with furs, from the N.W. coast of America, were also at Canton.  Seventeen sail of American vessels, in all, were at Canton when the Federalist sailed. 

C'est là le propre de l'esprit humain, que les exemples ne corrigent personne; les sottises des peres sont perdues pour leurs enfans; il faut chaque generation fasse les siennes.
LET us now attempt a performance of the promise, at the close of our first number: Men, in their primitive conditions, however savage, were undoubtedly gregarious—and they continue to be social, not only in every stage of civilization, but in every possible situation in which they can be placed. As nature intended them for society, she has furnished them with passions, appetites, and propensities, as well as a variety of faculties, calculated both for their individual enjoyment, and to render them useful to each other in their social connections. There is none among them more essential or remarkable, than the passion for distinction . A desire to be observed, considered, esteemed, praised, beloved, admired by his fellows, is one of the earliest, as well as keenest dispositions discovered in the heart of man. If any one should doubt the existence of this propensity, let him go and attentively observe the journeymen and apprentices in the first workshop, or the oarsmen in a cockboat—a family, or a neighborhood—the inhabitants of an house, or the crew of a ship—a school, or a college—a city, or a village—a savage, or civilized people—an hospital, or a church—the bar, or the exchange—a camp, or a court. Wherever men, women or children are to be found, whether they be old or young—rich or poor—high or low—wise or foolish—ignorant or learned—every individual is seen to be strongly actuated by a desire to be seen, heard, talked of, approved and respected by the people about him, and within his knowledge.—Moral writers have, by immemorial usage, a right to make a free use of the poets.
The love of praise, howe'er conceal'd by art, Reigns more or less, and glows in every heart; The proud to gain it, toils on toils endure, The modest shun it, but to make it sure.  O'er globes and scepters, now on thrones it swells, Now, trims the midnight lamp in college-cells. 'Tis tory, whig—it plots, prays, preaches, pleads, Harrangues in Senates, squaks in masquerades; It aids the dancer's heel, the writer's head, And heaps the plain with mountains of the dead; Nor ends with life; but nods in fable plumes Adorns our herse, and flatters on our tombs.
A regard to the sentiments of mankind concerning him, and to their dispositions towards him, every man feels within himself; and if he has reflected and try'd experiments, he has found, that no exertion of his reason—no effort of his will, can wholly divest him of it. In proportion to our affection for the notice of others is our aversion to their neglect: The stronger the desire of the esteem of the public, the more powerful the aversion to their disapprobation—the more exalted the wish for admiration, the more invincible the abhorrence of contempt. Every man not only desires the consideration of others, but he frequently compares himself with others, his friends or his enemies, and in proportion as he exults when he perceives that he has more of it, than they, he feels a keener affliction when he sees that one or more of them, are more respected than himself.
This passion, while it is simply a desire to excel another, by fair industry in the search of truth, and the practice of virtue, is properly called emulation . When it aims at power, as a means of distinction, it is ambition . When it is in a situation to suggest the sentiments of fear and apprehension, that another, who is now inferior, will become superior, it is denominated jealousy .—When it is in a state of mortification, at the superiority of another, and desires to bring him down to our level, or to depress him below us, it is properly called envy . When it deceives a man into a belief of false professions of esteem or admiration, or into a false opinion of his importance in the judgment of the world, it is vanity . These observations alone would be sufficient to shew, that this propensity in all its branches is a principal source of the virtues and vices, the happiness and misery of human life—and that the history of mankind is little more than a simple narration of its operations and effects.
(The conclusion of No. 4, in our next.)
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
(IN CONTINUATION.)
THE manufactures of Pennsylvania have increased exceedingly within a few years, as well by master workmen and journeymen from abroad, as by the increased skill and industry of our own citizens. Household or family manufactures have greatly advanced, and valuable acquisitions have been made of implements and machinery to save labour, either imported, or invented in the United States. The hand machines for carding and spinning cotton, have been introduced by foreigners, and improved upon; but we have lately obtained the water mill for spinning cotton and a water mill for flax, which is applicable also to spinning hemp and wool. These machines promise us an early establishment of the cotton, linen and hempen branches, and must be of very great service in the woolen branches.
Additional employment for weavers, dyers, bleachers, and other manufacturers must be the consequence; Paper mills, gun-powder mills, steel works, rolling and slitting mills, printing figured goods of paper, linen and cotton, coach-making, book-printing, and several other branches, are wonderfully advanced, and every month seems to extend our old manufactures, or to introduce new ones.
The advancement of the agriculture of Pennsylvania is the best proof that can be given of the comfort and happiness it affords to its farming, manufacturing and trading citizens. In the year 1786 our exports of flour were 150,000 barrels (exclusive of many other articles;) in 1787 they were 202,000 barrels; in 1788 they were 220,000 barrels; and in 1789 they were 369,000 barrels; which exceeds any export ever made in the times of the province or in the times of the commonwealth. The produce of flax is encreased in a much greater degree, and that of wool is considerably more than it was before the revolution. A new article is likely to be added to the list of our productions, which is a well tasted and wholesome sugar , made from the Maple Tree . It has been proved by many fair and careful experiments, that it is in the power of a substantial farmer, that has a family about him, easily to make twelve hundred weight of this sugar every season, without hiring any additional hands, or any utensils, but those that are necessary for his family and farm use. The time in which it can be made is from the middle of February to the end of March, when farmers in this country have very little to do, as it is too early to plough or dig. The price of sugar being lower here than in Europe, this article may be reckoned at 100 Mexican dollars per annum, to every careful and skilful farmer, that owns land bearing the sugar maple. Of these there are some millions of acres in Pennsylvania, and the adjacent states, and at least one or two millions belonging to this state, for sale, upon the terms mentioned in the preceding part of this paper. It seems also highly probable that this valuable tree may be transplanted, and thus be obtained by almost any farmer in the state, and that men of property, who will purchase kettles and hire hands for the above short period, may make larger quantities.
The situation of religion and religious rights and liberty in Pennsylvania is a matter, that deserves the attention of all sober and well disposed people, who may have thoughts of this country. This state always afforded an asylum to the persecuted sects of Europe. No church or society ever was established here, no tythes or tenths can be demanded; and though some regulations of the crown of England excluded two churches from a share in our government in the times of the province, that is now done away with regard to every religious society whatever, except the Hebrew church. But at this time a Convention of special representatives of the citizens of Pennsylvania have under consideration all the errors, that have inadvertently crept into our constitution and frame of government, and, in the act they have published for the examination of the people, they have rejected the half-way doctrine of TOLERATION , and have established, upon firm and perfectly equal ground, all denominations of religious men. By the provisions of the new code, a Protestant, a Roman Catholic and a Hebrew may elect or be elected to any office in the state, and pursue any lawful calling, occupation or profession. The constitution of general government of the United States also guarantees this inestimable and sacred right, and it is surely a sacred right; for it belongs to the Deity to be worshipped according to the free will and consciences of his creatures.
We lay no difficulty in the way of any person, who desires to become a free and equal citizen. On the day of his landing he may buy a farm, a house, merchandize, or raw materials; he may open a work-shop, a counting-house, an office, or any other place of lawful business, and pursue his calling without any hindrance from corporation rules or monopolizing companies, or the payment of any sum of money to the public. The right of electing and being elected (which does not affect his business or his safety) is not granted till the expiration of two years, which prudence requires.
A Morning School is opened,
by the Subscriber, for YOUNG LADIES, at Harmony Hall, adjoining the Baptists burying ground, in Gold Street. Hours of attendance are from 6 till 8.—For further particulars, please to enquire of the Public's Obedient Servant, GAD ELY. N. B. The Young Ladies School which has been kept at No. 219 Queen-Street, is removed to the above place. New-York, May 8, 1790.
Moses Rogers, and Co.
HAVE removed their STORE to the New Building, corner of Golden-Hill and Queen-Street, fronting Burling Slip. New-York, May 5, 1790.
James F. Sebor, and Co.
Have removed from No. 59, to No. 187, Water-Street, near the Fly-Market, WHERE they negotiate all kinds of PUBLICK SECURITIES—BILLS OF EXCHANGE, &c. as usual. New-York, April 8, 1790.
   MAY 12.—DOLLARS at 8.     JAMAICA Spirits, 5/3. 5/. Do. 22 inch do. 11. 6/.   Antigua Rum, 4/9. a 5/. Do. 18. inch do. 18/.   St. Croix, do. 4/4. Butt white oak staves, 33/.   Country, do. 3/. Pipe do. do. 9/.   Molasses, 2/. Hoghead do. do. 6/.   Brandy, 6/6. a 6/3. Do. do. heading, 8/.   Geneva, 5/. Irish barrel do. staves, 31. 5/.   Do. in cases, 28/. Hoghead red oak do. 5/.   Muscovado Sugar, 8/. Do. French do. 5/.   Loaf, do. 1/3. Hoghead hoops, 4/.   Lump, do. 1/1½. White oak square timber } 10/.   Pepper, 3/. per square foot, } 10/.   Coffee, 1/3. a 1/4. Red wood, per ton, 20/.   Indigo, (Carolina) 3/. Fulick, 10/.   Do. French, 18/. Beaver, per lb. 10/.   Rice, 23/. Ott r per skin, 9/.   Superfine Flour, 64/. Grey fox, 4/7.   Common do. 58/. Martin, 4/10.   Rye do. 26/. Raccoon, 3/6.   Indian Meal, 18/. Muskrat, 10/.   Rye, 4/9. pr. bush. Beaver hats, 64/.   Wheat, 11/. Castor do. 48/.   Corn, (Southern) 4/. Chocolate, 14/.   Do. (Northern) 5/. Cocoa, 70/.   Beef, first quality, 48/. Cotton, 2/9.   Pork, first quality, 75/. Tar, pr. bar. 10/.   Oats, 2/2. Pitch, 14/.   Flax-seed, 5/. Turpentine, 18/.   Ship bread per cwt. 21/. Tobacco, James River, 4d. a 3½d.   Country refined } 28/. Do. York, 4d. a 3½d.   bar-iron, } 30/. Do. Rappahannock, 2d a 3½d.   Do. bloomery, 25/. Do. Maryland, coloured, 5½d.   Swedes do. 45/. Do. Western-shore, 2d a 3½d.   Russia do. 30/. Lead in pigs, pr cwt. 60/.   Pig-iron, 8/. Do. bars, 68/.   German steel, 9d. per lb. Do. Shot, 68/.   Nails American, by cask. } 14/. Red lead, 68/.   per. lb. 4d. } 14/. White do. dry, 95/.   Do. do. do. 6d. 12d. White do. in oil, 5/.   Do. do. do. 8d. 9½d. Salt-petre hams, 7½d.   Do. do. do. 10d. } 7½d. Spermaceti candles, 3/.   Do. do. do. 12d. } 8½d. Mould do. 11d. a 1/.   Do. do. do. 20d. } 8½d. Tallow dipt, 9½d.   Do. do. do. 24d. } 8½d. Soap, 5d. a 8/.   Pot ash, per ton, 30/. Catfish soap, 9d. a 10/.   Pearl ash, 48/. English cheese, pr. lb. 1½d.   Bees-wax per lb. 2/. Country do. 5d. 6d.   Mackerel per barr. 26/. Butter, 10/.   Herrings, 18/. Hylon tea, 9/.   Mahogany, Jamaica, } 10/. Sequin do. 6/6.   per foot, } 10/. Bohea do. 2/6.   Dominico, do. 9d. Ginseng, 2/.   Honduras, do. 7d. Starch Poland, 7d.   Logwood unchipped, pr. ton. 8/. Snuff, 2/3.   Do. chipped. 14/. Allum salt, water mea- } 3/6.   2 inch white oak } 10/. sure, pr. buh. } 3/6.   plank, per m. } 10/. Liverpool do. 2/.   1 inch do. 5/. Madeira wine, } 60/.   2 inch white pine plank, 8/. pr. pipe, } 60/.   1½ inch do. 6/. Port, 46/.   1 inch do. 3/. Lisbon, pr. gal. 5/.   2 inch pitch pine do. 10/. Teneriff, 4/.   1½ inch do. 6/. Fyall, 3/3.   1 inch do. 4/. Dutch gun-powder, pr. cwt. 6/.   Pitch pine scantling, 3/. Nail rods, pr. ton, 34/.   Cyprus 2 feet shingles, 1/. Lintseed oil, pr. gal. 4/.   Whale do. pr. barrel, 55/.  
John Smith & Peter Wendover, SAIL-MAKERS,
BEG leave to inform their Friends and the Public in general, that they have commenced business in copartnership in their line, under the Firm of SMITH and WENDOVER, in the Sail-Loft in Front Street, opposite VAN ZANDT's Wharf (near the Coffee-House) formerly occupied by CARMER and SMITH, and lately by JOHN SMITH. Those Gentlemen who will be pleased to favor them with their custom may depend upon having their work done in the best manner, and on as short notice as can be expected. NEW-YORK, MAY 1, 1790.
TO BE SOLD, For CERTIFICATES, Or exchanged for LAND, TWENTY-Two acres of ground in the City of New-York, fronting Great George-Street, Bowry-Lane, and Greenwich-Lane. On the premises is a brick dwelling house containing ten rooms; a smaller brick house with four rooms; a house with a brick front with two rooms: In each house is a Kitchen, and under the whole four cellars; a never failing spring is near one of the kitchens; a frame stable and a coach-house with stables. From the dwelling house both the North and the East rivers are plain to the view. Additional improvements have been made this Spring, the ground has been laid out for pleasure as well as for utility; it is provided with variety of orchard and other fruit; part of the land has also been sown with timothy and clover. To be sold for certificates of the national debt, which will be received at the nominal value, Dollars at 8s. Or for good upland, even if covered with wood, provided it is situated on the following rivers, or on creeks as far as navigable, communicating with the same, viz. At the Potomac above Alexandria, at James River above Richmond, in South-Carolina, about one hundred miles from the sea shore, on Santee Edisto or Potomac river, or on Savannah river. If not sold at private sale before the 15th of May, it will then on the above terms be disposed of by Public Vendue at the merchants Coffee-House.—For further particulars enquire of Mr. POELLNITZ on the premises. New-York April 10, 1790.
ADVERTISEMENT. BY order of the honorable John Slofs Hobart Esquire, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of Judicature of the State of New-York. Notice is hereby given to Paul Deyrell, now or late of Long Island, Esquire, an absconding debtor, and to all others whom it may concern; that upon application and due proof, made to the said Justice, pursuant to an act of the legislature, entitled "an act for relief against absconding and absent debtors," passed the fourth day of April, 1786, by a creditor of the said Paul Deyrell, he the said Justice has directed all his the said Paul Deyrell's Estate, real and personal, within this State, to be seized; and that unless he shall discharge his debts within three months after the publication of this notice; all his Estate real and personal will be sold for the payment and satisfaction of his creditors. Dated at the city of New-York, the twenty-seventh day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety. March 31. 12w3m.
William Taylor,
Has for Sale, at his EAST-INDIA GOODS STORE, No. 4, BURLING-SLIP, A General Assortment of EAST-INDIA GOODS.
Among which are the following Articles: BOOK Muslins 8-4 6-4 5-4 HUMHUMS, JACKONET do. Long Cloths, Hankerchiefs, of various kinds, Cassas, Chintzes, Seersuckers, Ginghams, Boglapores. A Variety of handsome painted MUSLINS.