Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1793-07-06 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
A NATIONAL PAPER, PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 34, NORTH FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 115 of Vol. IV.]
SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1793.
[Whole No. 437.]
PHILADELPHIA.
District Court of the United States, in and for the Pennsylvania District.
Rob. Findlay, jun. and others, subjects of the King of Great-Britain, Versus, the Ship William and her cargo, now in the port of Philadelphia.
The libel plea and replication being first recapitulated by the judge, as well as the pleadings of the council, he proceeded to deliver his Decision upon the plea to the jurisdiction as follows:
I HAVE given this subject every consideration I am capable of, and have deliberated on the arguments and authorities, brought forward by the advocates on both sides the question, with the attention they justly merit. But it seems to me that much has been said, not immediately applicable to the only point I have now to determine, to wit: Whether this Court is vested with the power to enquire into the legality of the prize, and to investigate the fact on which all the reasonings are founded? If this fact is established, and the extent of our territorial limits ascertained, so as to make it clear, that a capture has been made within the territories of the United States, there is not a doubt but that a flagrant violation of the right of neutrality has been committed, and this is followed by many of the consequences mentioned by the advocates for the libellants so far as they respect our national dignity and duty towards a friendly power, in endeavouring to cause restitution and recompence to be made. Nor does this seem to be denied by the other side of the question. But the embarrassment still exists. Who is to enquire into the matter, and either give or attempt the redress?
It is difficult for a neutral nation, with the best dispositions, to conduct itself, as not to displease one or the other of the Belligerent parties, heated with the rage of war, and jealous of even common acts of justice or friendship on its part. Neither is it easy for the nations at war to restrain their subjects from acts of violence even in the territories of their friends. The least under control are those whose object is not honorable conflict, or patriotic exertion. These are actuated by a spirit of fury, which not only incites to plunder, the base and lawless freebooters, but to actions even heroic, by seducing into unjustifiable actions the bravest men. It would be for the interest of nations and the happiness of mankind, if by universal consent, the quarrels of nations were prevented from being turned to the purposes of private advantage. But the words of those who fight for gain, will not in our day, be beaten into plough shares.
We must take nations and men, as we find them, and consider as lawful, what those at war authorise, so far as it respects the parties engaged. After all, it depends much on the interest, the convenience, or the good temper of government, whether a neutral shall, or shall not be engaged in war. A prudent and just conduct, on the part of the neutral, particularly, is the surest preventative. But how to evince this is a matter of consideration with those to whom the government is delegated. The simplest mode of evincing our partial disposition, is to confine ourselves to the customs of other nations in our predicament. An over anxious zeal to avoid contests may otherwise lead us into error, and while we are endeavouring to avoid one rock, we may split on another.
Mutual toleration must be exercised, for those who are at war, and those who are not have their own difficulties on this subject.
Under this view of the matter before me, I have given a patent hearing to both sides, and have particularly attended to the arguments, by which a jurisdiction has been endeavoured to be established in this court. It must certainly be allowed by the advocates for the libellants, that they have not been able to shew any direct authority upon the point. For the two cases of the Duke of Tuscany, seizing the vessel committing the outrage near the port of Leghorn, and that of the King of England, ordering Restitution of the effects taken out of the houses of the inhabitants, and belonging to a ship of a friendly power driven by its enemy on his coast, appear to have been acts of power, and not done in consequence of decrees, or orders of courts of Admiralty.
Yet those jurisdictions existed in both the countries above mentioned.
The case of Capt. Laudais, in the American Private Alliance, who was ordered by the court of France to restore a ship taken by him, is not in point. For, the Forsters, who appeared as owners, were either subjects or persons resident and domiciliated in France: and the ship was sailing under a passport of that nation. They therefore could not be considered as enemies and the capture not being made from enemies , the case was not comprehended in the treaty, or the capture not resisted by the laws of nations. In the case of the King under the name of the King of England (except that of his having the powers of peace and war, as an appendage to which he might have exercised this kind of authority) I should not have supposed him vested, without an act of the legislature, with the authority he used; and it is doubted by Binkershoek whether he did right in interfering at all on the occasion.
If it be consistent with treaties, and otherwise right, our legislature can vest the executive in future with similar powers. I should suppose too that the liberty of selling prizes, in a neutral country is not a perfect right; and may also be
considered, by our national legislature, as a subject of regulation. If any captures are made within our limits, and the vessels or plunder is brought within our ports; the sale may be forbidden. They must then be either abandoned, or carried within the jurisdiction of the captors, where the proper courts will consider of their legality. Yet this is a matter not of judicial but of political arrangement and must be left to those who have the authority to direct. The sovereignty of our nation is as complete as that of any other.
Therefore whatever other foreigners can do, we have in our power. But because, at this time, the authority supposed necessary on this occasion, is not as it is alleged to be found in the executive branch, I do not see that the judiciary ought to exercise it, as a consequence resulting from political convenience or the necessity of the particular case. This I fear would be a novelty dictated by our zeal, and might give cause of offence to one, while we were aiming at justice to ourselves, or gratification to the other. I hesitate not to use any plain authority, I know this court to possess, let the consequence be what it may. But this is a question too important in its effects, to be acted on but on the forest grounds. I agree here as I do in many of their other positions, with the advocates for the libellants, when they say that "courts of admiralty jurisdiction are less liable to objection as these courts are regulated by the laws and customs of all nations and not liable to political bias or entangled in political considerations." This should induce the greater caution in their determinations. I have not been any proofs that " the laws and customs of all nations " warrant the interference of this court. If they do not, no authority can be derived from our own laws, if they were not silent on the subject. In the existing arrangement of our government, we did not calculate on our relative situation, as to contests between other nations. If, for this reason no immediate remedy is at hand, who can justly censure the executive when he has given decided evidence of his impartial and just inclinations? Who can with reason blame the judiciary, if they will not assume a power not conceived to be vested in them? Not the government of the country whose subjects are the libellants, to whom I wish every degree of justice may be done. The principles established in the decisions of their own courts, and the opinions of their most celebrated Lawyers in the contests with the King of Prussia in the case of the Suleika Loan , in a great degree reach the point, as to judiciary authority in a neutral nation.
[To be concluded in our next.]
Mr. FENNO. If a want of candor appears in some paragraphs of the following, those which refer to profligate characters are worthy the attention of the free citizens of this state—Please therefore to republish the whole article.
From the American Daily Advertiser.
To the Citizens of the United States. THE defection and treachery of general Dumourier is big with instruction to the citizens of the United States. The general possessed great talents and knowledge, but he was devoid of virtue. He lived in a splendid and expensive style far beyond his circumstances, which prepared the way for his yielding to the seduction of Austrian and British gold.
The Americans are jealous of their liberties, but this jealousy does not extend sufficiently to the moral characters of their rulers. A profligate man cannot be a patriot, and if such a person does not become a traitor, it is only because he is not tempted.
It has been said, that if France be subdued, the confederated despots will turn their arms against the republics of America. No such thing is probable. But it is more than probable they will turn the current of their gold against us.—By means of this powerful weapon, they may bribe men among us to introduce monarchical systems, habits and laws into our country, or to subvert our excellent governments by a lie and cry against the composition of power in our legislatures, or to involve us in a destructive war by indecent publications against the English or French nation. It becomes the Americans, at this awful crisis in human affairs, to keep a good look out. They cannot do this more effectually than by keeping a steady eye upon the private characters of their rulers, and by believing every libertine among them to be a half traitor.
A WATCHMAN.
FROM THE SALEM GAZETTE.
ALL governments tend to tyranny. Constitutions and Declarations of Rights, are a feeble barrier against aspiring aristocrats, unless strengthened by a general diffusion of knowledge, and guarded by an enlightened people. Public Free-Schools, the institution of New-England, and the free circulation of newspapers, are the ground-work and the grand preservative of liberty, equality, and the rights of man, in a social state. It is therefore a pleasing reflection, that these are now more than ever suffered in the eastern states. Travel through any part of the country, and you behold new school-houses erecting, and old ones repairing. In most of the new townships, appropriations are wisely made of some of the best lots for the support of schools and public worship. This is true republicanism, which chains down the monster of despotism to the ground. In a country like this, a man who neglects the education of his children, commits treason against the state.
Foreign Intelligence.
LONDON, April 30.
THE restoration of the Imperial authorities in the Low Countries, was the immediate consequence of the Austrian victories. While the splendid miseries of royalty attract so much regard, the boisterous sorrows of the vulgar demand some share of our sympathy. In the course
the Netherlands have been doomed to feel every sad variety of pain; and change of place is only change of woe." At one moment they were lifted in the embraces of French fraternisers; at another forced to crouch beneath the sword of military violence; at one time compelled to embrace a scheme of anarchy, and at another to submit to a system of oppression which violated every principle of genuine liberty and salutary subordination. The possession of these provinces is no longer obtained by multiplied sieges of fortified towns, which contract the extent of warlike operations, and confine their consequences within a narrower sphere; their dismantled cities must yield to the attack of a successful army; and a single battle may bring upon the country a train of calamities which it is as fruitless to resist as it is impossible to escape. Perhaps, however, the conduct of France was more destructive of the domestic repose of the people, and more inimical to the habits they had acquired, and the prejudices they had imbibed, than the most arbitrary acts of their former masters. Their affection for the Catholic faith must have inspired them with indignation against those lawless innovators who were substituting a code of infidelity in its stead; the tumultuous assemblies which were summoned together under the auspices of the republic, and the rash proceedings by which those meetings were distinguished; must have revived their predilection for those aristocratic tribunals which administered municipal justice with impartiality; however adverse they might be supposed to the process of political freedom.—If the governors of the Low countries remember, in the season of returning prosperity, the promises of which they were so liberal on the eve of their late expulsion, it may still be possible to insure a stable and happy constitution to this hitherto distracted territory. In common with every other state
on the continent, it retains the rudiments of that feudal system of legislation and policy which the researches of the profoundest inquirers, and the experience of many centuries, have proved to be capable of being reduced into a form of government the most adapted to European manners, and the most congenial to the present condition of mankind, without recurring to the visionary speculations of political economists, or the almost obliterated examples of the commonwealths of antiquity. But in order to accomplish this purpose, these provinces must be emancipated from their dependence on the Imperial court, and their subjection to a foreign standing army. Of this event there is unfortunately little probability at the present era, and the expectation the French have removed the prospect to a greater distance than ever, as their revolutions have had the effect of persuading many enlightened minds to leave the amendment of their condition to societies perverted from their original end, the fantastic improvements of polished life, or the arbitrary concessions of sovereign authority, rather than to principles deduced from the laws of truth and reason combining to form a strict political union among various independent communities.
United States.
ALEXANDRIA, June 27.
Translation of the answer of Capt. Ferrey, commanding the Schooner Saus Culotte, to the address of Patriots of Alexandria, the French Baltimore, 15th June, 1793, Second year of the French Republic. Citizens,
I have received, with inexpressible pleasure, the kind letter you sent me by citizen Cherui. The principles you display in it shew your true and well meant patriotism. The opinion you have formed of my courage, penetrates me with gratitude. What should not men do to defend such a cause? What should they not do to deserve the name of restorers of the freedom of mankind? This is the honorable title, that our perseverance will obtain for us among future generations. Is it not ten thousand times more glorious to die victims to the happiness of our fellow brothers, than to triumph under the orders of whimsical tyrants, who engross all the honor of the combat, at which they are not even present? Yes, undoubtedly. These considerations, I think, are very proper to inflame courage in every heart. There are certain conjunctures in life, when we ought to sacrifice the tranquillity of a moment to the promotion and glory of the human race. Such is the case in the present war; the success of which is interesting to every free nation.
The thick veil of prejudices, which is spread over the eyes of our combined enemies, will soon be torn off; and then they will bless the thunderbolts with which we are going to strike dead their despots, and embrace the arms by which we are going to carry triumphant liberty into their unhappy country.
Keep yourselves always ready, citizens, to come at the first call. We eagerly accept your patriotic offer; perhaps in a short time, we shall want you. Prepare, as much as it lies in your power, the minds of our countrymen to fly to the standard of liberty, when the case requires it. This is the service you may at present render to the common cause. Represent to those who indulge in

lence, that their country wants their exertions, and that shortly they will bestow upon them a peace, from which they will in a little time reap numerous advantages. As for me, it entirely devolves myself to the defence of my country. I am the enemy of slaves, and the friend of freemen, of whatever country. I avow, on the altar of truth, an hatred of the former, that nothing but a change of their principles or their death can extinguish; and I dedicate my heart to the latter. It is upon these principles I have taken the office entrusted to me, and of which I will perform the duties till the last moment of my life. I cannot express to you all the gratitude I feel towards our faithful allies, for the kind receptions I or my prize have received in every part of the United States. I hope I shall soon be able to go to Alexandria, and present in person, my thanks to its generous and patriotic inhabitants.
I am, Citizens, your most Respectfully-attached and Devoted brother, B. ANDRE FERREY.
CHARLESTON, (S.C.) June 10.
We hear that Col. Banning, the collector of Choptank, has seized the Eunice, Hooper, prize master, (taken by the Sans Culotte privateer) until it shall be ascertained whether or not she is a lawful prize.
The Schooner Hector, Capt. Olmsted, of Wilmington, which on her arrival here, caused so much conversation and speculation, on the subject of European and American failures, &c. has, on her departure furnished equal room for animadversion and table talk.
During her stay in this harbor, there was a real or pretended bill of sale, executed by the Captain in favor of a Frenchman; who applied to the Consul of the French republic for a privateer's commission — this was readily granted, as there appeared no resemblance of fraud or collusion. — The vessel was afterwards cleared out as an American bottom, for the West-Indies, and sailed on Thursday as such — After she had passed Fort Johnston, she is supposed to have been noticed, that the Captain had privately procured ammunition here, and had a few cannon and small arms concealed in the hold.
Instead of pursuing her voyage to the West Indies, she had not lost sight of the land, before her piratical intentions were displayed, in bringing to and examining all vessels that chanced to come in her way — she is even said to have captured the Schooner — Capt. Garrett, bound here from the West-Indies.
In consequence of this intelligence being authenticated, two pilot boats were armed and fitted up to go in pursuit of her; and yesterday morning failed on this laudable expedition — One of the boats was commanded by Capt. Cockran, of the Revenue cutter, and the other by Captain Newton, of the America. The sailors, amounting to about ninety, were collected from different ships in the river; and they were so eager in the cause, that thrice the number might have been procured, if they were thought necessary.
SAVANNAH, (Geor.) June 6.
On Monday the 10th ult. a Mr. Tomberlin, who planted on Canoochie river, and had returned a day or two before to work his crop, having occasion to cross that river, was waylaid, on his coming back, by two Indians, who grunted like hogs to draw his attention, which was no sooner fixed than a gun snapped at him. On discovering the Indian, he jumped to a tree, and putting his head on one side to take another look at them, one of the Indians fired and shot through his hat close to his temples. Tomberlin drew back, which made the Indian suppose he had killed him, who then ran up with his tomahawk. Tomberlin waited until he got within ten steps, took good aim with his rifle, and fired at the Indian's
belly, who instantly dropped his gun, crouched himself almost double, and placed both his hands to the part he fired at. The other Indian advancing with his piece loaded, and Tomberlin's gun being empty, he was compelled to run for the log he had crossed the river on, and whilst on it was shot at by the other Indian; the ball, after passing through his split shirt, grazing him along the side; he got off without further damage. There can be little doubt, from his character as a man of resolution and a good marksman, but that the Indian he fired at was severely wounded, if not killed.
Saturday the 8th instant General Twiggs crossed the Oconee river with a body of cavalry and infantry, intending to establish a post on the Ocmulgee with the latter.
Accounts from the Southward mention Mr. Seagrove's having in confinement in Fort St. Tammany, 8 Indians of the Creek nation; a ninth, who was taken with them, cut his throat with a knife after being confined. One of the confined Indians is a Cheehaw fellow, who made his escape the day after the murders at Traders Hill in March last.
BOSTON, June 26.
[A correspondent has favored us with the following letter, from the French Ambassador at Philadelphia.]
Philadelphia, June 9, 1793. In the second year of the French Republic. Citizen GENET, Minister Plenipotentiary of the French Republic, to the United States of America, to the French Citizens in Boston.
Citizens. IT is with pleasure I have received your letter of the 4th of this month. I could not have expected less from the patriotism and zeal of the French Republicans, who have the happiness to live under the benign influence of our good friends the Bostonians. The assistance which you have rendered to your unfortunate brethren, does you the highest honor; and permit me to testify to you my esteem and particular acknowledgment on this occasion.
I had already received two letters on the subject of those French seamen, who had escaped from St. Peters and Miquelon, to which I lost no time in making reply. I wrote to Mr. Letombe, heretofore Consul at Boston, that he would procure the necessary funds for the relief and subsistence of those French citizens, who had taken refuge in this city. I wrote to Citizen Duballet, to testify to him my sincere acknowledgment for his affectionate attention to his fellow countrymen. And now I request the French patriots established at Boston, to wait on those generous Americans, Messrs. Samuel Brown and Russell Sturges, and thank them for their friendly assistance, which now demand my sincere acknowledgment.
When my affairs will permit me to leave Philadelphia, for a few days, I shall employ those moments of leisure in paying a visit to our brethren the Americans to the Northward; and particularly to the town of Boston, the place from whence the fire of liberty first emanated; and shall with pleasure embrace that opportunity, more closely to tie the knot of friendship with the patriots Samuel Brown and Russell Sturges.
GENET.
The following is a Report of the joint Committee of the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts — and is referred to the next session of the General Court.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
IN SENATE, June 23, 1793. WHEREAS it appears by an attested copy of the Records of the Supreme Judicial Court of the United States.
Alexander Chesholm, Executor of Robert Farquar, deceased, versus The State of Georgia. In cause.
On argument. Ordered, That the Plaintiff in this cause do file his declaration on or before the first day of March next.
Ordered, That certified copies of the said declaration, be served on the Governor and Attorney of the State of Georgia, on or before the first day of June next.
Ordered, That unless the said State shall either in due form appear, or shew cause to the contrary in this Court, by the first day of the next term, judgment by default shall be entered against the said State.
Whereupon, 1. Resolved, That the same principles of the Constitution, which apply to the State of Georgia, apply equally to all the States which compose the government of the United States.
2. Resolved, That it hath ever been the sense of the Citizens of this Commonwealth, that the Government of the United States is a Federal Government.
3. Resolved, That the idea of a Federal Government necessarily involves the idea of component parts, consisting of distinct and separate Governments.
4. Resolved, That a Government being liable to be sued by an individual Citizen, either of that, or of any other Government, is inconsistent with that sovereignty which is essential
to all Governments, and by which alone any government can preserve itself, or to protect its own members, and other Citizens of its subject.
5. Resolved, That the article in the Constitution which extends the Judicial Power to controversies between a State and the Citizens of another State, as applied by the Judges of the Supreme Judicial Court in the case aforesaid, is in its principles subversive of the State Governments, inconsistent with the ease and safety of the body of Free Citizens, and repugnant to every idea of a Federal Government, and therefore it is
6. Resolved, That the Senators of this Commonwealth in the Congress of the United States, be, and they hereby are instructed, and the Representatives requested, to use their utmost influence that the article in the Federal Constitution, which refers to controversies between a State and the citizens of other States, be either wholly expunged from the Constitution, or so far modified and explained, as to give the fullest security to the States respectively against the evils complained of, and to remove their apprehension on this highly interesting and important subject; more especially as this Legislature have the fullest assurance, that the late decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of the United States, hath given a construction to the Constitution very different from the ideas which the Citizens of this Commonwealth entertained of it at the time it was adopted.
On Monday last the Secretary of this commonwealth, by the direction of his Excellency the Governor, prorogued the General Court to the second Wednesday of January next, after having announced his Excellency's approbation of a number of private and public acts, which had been passed during the late session. Among which were an act for assessing a tax of £25,000 on the inhabitants of this commonwealth; an act for regulating the militia, in conformity to the laws of the United States; an act for establishing a college in the town of Williamstown, in the county of Berkshire, by the name of Williams College; an act for continuing the bounty on glass manufactured in this commonwealth; an act for granting a loan of £1000 to Luke and Isaac Bemis, free of interest, for 5 years, to enable them to build a paper-mill — that heretofore owned by them, and which was so eminently useful, having lately been consumed by fire; an act to encourage the manufacture of twine; an act incorporating certain persons for the purpose of opening an inland water communication between Merrimack river and this town.
During the session, the hon. Edward H. Robbins, speaker of the house, from the indisposition of his consort, was debarred attending his duty; and John Coffin Jones, Esq. was elected speaker, pro temp. who declining accepting, William Tudor, Esq. was elected, and filled the chair the residue of the session. The compensation to the members was 8s. per diem.
NEW-LONDON, June 27.
A letter from a mercantile house in Richmond, to a merchant in this city, dated June 14, says, "40s. sterl. per bbl. for freight from this to Liverpool, can now be had for tobacco; from 45s. to 50s. has been given to London. — 8s. sterl. per bbl. for flour to Europe has been given, and something more might be obtained; there are numbers in town wishing to load vessels with tobacco and flour."
From the MARYLAND HERALD.
THE exports of the United States for the year ending on the last of September, amounted to the enormous value of — 20,518,014 dollars. They stand thus:
Value of wares, goods and merchandise, exported from each state, agreeably to the Abstract laid before Congress 27th February 1793.
   Dollars.     New Hampshire, 181,407   Massachusetts, 2,389,922   Rhode Island, 698,084   Connecticut, 749,925   New York, 2,528,085   New Jersey, 23,524   Pennsylvania, 3,820,646   Delaware, 133,972   Maryland, 2,550,258   Virginia, 3,549,499    North Carolina, 503,294   South Carolina, 2,430,425   Georgia, 458,973  
Dollars, 20,518,014
Among the great exporting states it will be a most pleasing thing to us to observe that Maryland, which the year preceding was the fifth, is now the fourth in the United States. The abstracts from the Treasury department are not perhaps very generally to be met with. It is to be regretted that they are not known by every man in the Union. By them he would be furnished with incontestible evidence of our prosperity, positively beyond the omens of misery when the ingenious politicians of England held out after the peace.
A work entitled "An account of the exports of the United States" by Lord Sheffield
Commerce of the United States" would exceedingly assist in enabling him to form a just estimate of the value of our national advantages. Lord Sheffield is an English nobleman, who served against us on the continent last war. When he returned to England he found the mind and feelings of that country warmly alive to all sorts of prejudices against us. He saw the general alarm that spread about the effect which the dismemberment of the British empire would produce. He wished to appease it; and (for an author who did not care what he advanced) judiciously enough seized the moment favorable at once to the national prejudices, and to the sale of a work which was to flatter them. He wrote to please. To please, he told them all they wished to see proofs of. He told them they had lost nothing. He wrote a large book, which many who read this have never read, to prove that America, without the aid & protection of Great Britain must sink into nerveless impotence, poverty and want; and among other things that we should never be able to make more wheat than we did about 20 years since! All things have proved that he knew little of his subject, and that Will Whiston was as good at prophecy as he was. The author of the examination of Lord Sheffield's errors has with becoming moderation of remark and by incontrovertible facts and reasoning on them, completely refuted the work of this peer. In the discharge of this duty (for however absurd the doctrines of the work, they had a dangerous tendency against our trade —) he has resorted to documents of veracity, and managed the reasoning on them with ability. In the detail to which his subject led, he has presented an unexaggerated view of the state of the Union, in the highest degree interesting and gratifying to every true American. This examination already begins to open the eyes of even Englishmen in England. So incontestible are its reasonings on facts so forcible, that the very reviewers feel and acknowledge its luminous truths. The exposure of errors in general is wholesome; of those in particular the influence of which mis-direct the council of a trading nation with whom we largely deal. It seems to be of prime consequence that a country should know its resources and advantages. The moral effects resulting from this knowledge are seen in the quiet charms of contentment, the political are felt in a sober and dignified firmness in their defence and wisemanagement — To know them on a larger scale we must resort to those works which treat of them from the best authority.
FOR THE GAZETTE.
FRANCE at the time of issuing the proclamation was engaged, and likely to be engaged in war, with all, or almost all Europe, without a single ally in that quarter of the globe.
In such a state of things, it is evident, that however she may be able to defend herself at home, (of which her factions and agitations have furnished the only serious doubt) she cannot make external efforts, in any degree proportioned to those which can be made against her.
By this situation of things alone, the United States would be dispensed from an obligation to embark in her quarrel.
It is known, that we are wholly destitute of naval force. France, with all the great maritime powers united against her, is unable to supply this deficiency. She cannot afford us that species of co-operation, which is necessary to render the efforts useful to her, and to prevent our experiencing the destruction of our trade and the most calamitous inconvenience in other respects.
Our guarantee does not respect France herself. It does not relate to her own immediate defence, it relates merely to the defence and preservation of her American colonies; objects of which (though of considerable importance) she might be deprived, and yet remain a great, a powerful, and a happy nation.
In the actual situation of this country, and in relation to an object so secondary to France, it may fairly be maintained, that an ability in her to supply in a competent degree our deficiency of naval force, is a condition of our obligation to perform the guarantee on our part.
Had the United States a powerful marine, or could they command one in time, this reasoning would not be solid; but circumstances as they are, it is presumed to be well founded.
There would be no proportion between the mischiefs and perils, to which the United States would expose themselves, by embarking in the war, and the benefit which the nature of their stipulation aims at securing to France, or that which it would be in their power actually to render her, by becoming a party.
This disproportion would be a valid reason for not executing the guarantee. All contracts are to receive a reasonable construction. Self preservation is the first duty of a nation; and though in the performance of stipulations relat-

ing to war, good faith requires, that the ordinary hazards of war should be fairly encountered, because they are directly contemplated by such stipulations, yet it does not require that extraordinary and extreme hazards should be run; especially where the object for which they are to be run, is only a partial and particular interest of the ally, for whom they are to be run.
As in the present instance; good faith does not require, that the United States should put in jeopardy their essential interests, perhaps their very existence, in one of the most unequal contests in which a nation could be engaged - to secure to France - What? - Her West-India Islands, and other less important possessions in America - For it is to be remembered, that the stipulations of the United States do in no event reach beyond this point. If they were upon the strength of their guarantee, to engage in the war, and could make any arrangement with the belligerent powers, for securing to France those islands and those possessions, they would be at perfect liberty instantly to withdraw - They would not be bound to prosecute the war one moment longer.
They are under no obligation in any event, as far as the faith of treaties is concerned, to assist France in defence of her liberty; a topic on which so much has been said, so very little to the purpose, as it regards the present question.
The contest in which the United States would engage themselves, were they to take part with France, would possibly be still more unequal, than that in which France herself is engaged. With the possessions of Great Britain and Spain on both flanks, the numerous Indian tribes under the influence and direction of those powers, along our whole interior frontier, with a long extended sea coast, with no maritime force of our own, and with the maritime force of all Europe against us, with no fortifications whatever, and with a population not exceeding four millions - it is impossible to imagine a more unequal contest, than that in which we should be involved in the case supposed; a contest from which we are dissuaded by the most cogent motives of self preservation, as well as of interest.
We may learn from Vattel, one of the best writers on the laws of nations, that "if a State which has promised succours finds itself unable to furnish them, its very inability is its exemption; and if the furnishing the succours would expose it to an evident danger - this also is a lawful dispensation. The case would render the treaty pernicious to the State and therefore not obligatory. But this applies to an imminent danger threatening the safety of the State: the case of such a danger is tacitly and necessarily referred in every treaty."
If too (as no sensible and candid man will deny) the extent of the present combination against France is in a degree to be ascribed to imprudence, on her part; the exception to the United States is still more manifest and complete. No country is bound to partake in hazards of the most critical kind, which may have been produced or promoted, by the indirection and intemperance of another. This is an obvious dictate of reason, with which the common sense and common practice of mankind coincide.
To the foregoing considerations it may perhaps be added, with no small degree of force, that military stipulations in national treaties contemplate, only the ordinary case of foreign war and are irreconcilable to the contests which grow out of REVOLUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT; unless where they have express reference to a Revolution begun, or where there is a guarantee of the existing constitution of a nation, or where there is a personal alliance for the defence of a prince and his family.
The Revolution in France is the primitive source of the war, in which she is engaged. The restoration of the monarchy is the avowed object of some of her enemies - and the implied one of all of them. That question then is essentially involved in the principle of the war; a question certainly never in the contemplation of that government, with which our treaty was made, and it may thence be fairly inferred never intended to be embraced by it.
The inference would be that the United States have fulfilled the utmost that could be claimed by the nation of France, when they so far respected its decision as to recognise the newly constituted powers; giving operation to the treaty of alliance for future occasions, but considering the present war as a tacit exception. Perhaps for this exception is in other respects due to the circumstances under which the engagements between the two countries were contracted. It is impossible, prejudice apart, not to perceive a delicate embarrassment between the theory and fact of our political relations to France.
On these grounds, also, as well as that of the present war being offensive on the side of France. The United States have valid and honorable pleas to offer against the execution of the guarantee, if it should be claimed of them by France. And the President was in every view fully justified in pronouncing, that the duty and interest of the United States dictated a neutrality in the war.
PACIFICUS.
† See Book III. Chap. VI. Sec. 92.
‡ Puffendorf Book VIII. Chap. IX. Section IX.
Arrivals and clearances at the port of Philadelphia, from the 1st of January to the 29th of June, 1793.
   FROM FOREIGN PORTS.   Arrived. Cleared.     Ships 72 49   Brigs, Snows, &c. 111 91   Schooners 51 57   Sloops 44 51   COASTWISE.   Ships 9 13   Brigs, &c. 37 14   Schooners and Sloops 224 193  
Philadelphia, July 6.
Thursday being the Anniversary of Independence, the day was celebrated in this city with such demonstrations of joy as indicate the high sense the people entertain of the invaluable blessings derived from that important event - "Peace, Liberty and Safety."
Several corps of the military made their appearance - The Society of Cincinnati dined at Oellers', where a number of fraternal and patriotic toasts were drunk under the discharge of cannon - Select parties were formed and dined in various public houses, in the city and neighboring villas - the public seats of amusement, Gray's, Harrogate, and the Circus, particularly the latter were thronged with company - Mr. Varinot's Fire-works in High-Street, were brilliant, and greatly exceeded the most sanguine expectation - The hours passed in one continued series of amusement, and no accident we believe, occurred to abate the pleasing reflections on a retrospective view of the day.
A letter from Jamaica is in town, which says, that the Providence, of 20 guns, and Assinault of 14, have captured the Ann and Sally, of Baltimore, mounting 6 guns, and having on board 23 men, all speaking English - The words "Ann and Sally of Baltimore," were covered over with black paint, but the letters plainly discernible.
The Augusta paper of June 15, says, that Major-General Twigg, crossed the Oconee with about 900 men on Saturday last, on their way to the Oakmulgee, where the infantry were to halt and build a fort. The cavalry, amounting to about 450, commanded by Brigadier-Generals Irwin, Clark and Blackburn, were immediately to proceed to the lower (Creek) Towns, and procure satisfaction for the numerous unprovoked murders and devastations lately committed by that faithless tribe of savages.
The Captain of the Jane, in 13 days from St. Eustatia, informs, that the last accounts from Martinique when he failed were, that the English had been cannonading Fort Bourbon with three 74 gun ships, but had ceased firing, and attempted a landing. A report was prevalent at St. Eustatia, said to be brought by an Irish vessel arrived at Barbadoes, that a negotiation for peace was on foot between England and France.
There is an English Letter of Marque in the river.
A paragraph in the Mail of Monday informs us, that the President of the United States has not decided on the question submitted to him, respecting the prize ship William.
Extract of letter from England, dated April 20, 1793.
"Our Ministry were lo fise as to appoint a public fast, to be kept yesterday; many of the dissenting ministers declined complying - Some complied for particular reasons; in a sermon preached on the occasion it was said "numbers would not be pleased at having intimated, and yet it is to be feared, that national confidence in and reliance on our own military and naval prowess, has been productive of the disappointments commonly attendant on a vain self-dependence." Was it not this that led on to those hostilities, which were commenced as on this day, eighteen years ago, at Lexington, in Massachusetts Bay; and that brought on and continued an unsuccessful war for more than seven years, and loaded us with a debt considerably beyond a hundred millions of pounds sterling? And is it not owing to the events of that unsuccessful war, that the present has been drawn into existence? Whatever advantages may be gained from the latter, we can reap but little glory from it. We are leagued with many formidable powers, that should France be completely crushed, by the united force of the confederates, the sum of the divided honor obtained by the event will yield but a trivial share to each ally. However it is not a singular opinion of mine that such an event will not take place within the present year; after which the probability of its ever existing will gradually diminish. These thoughts are natural to those, who recollect the various circumstances of the American war - how suddenly and unexpectedly, the threatening storm which hung over the country the last year, was dispersed, though headed by one of the first Generals, now retired as we are informed, from public service to his private estates with faded laurels - and that it is not the fate of one Arnold or one Dumourier to fix the issue of a war; but of the LORD GOD or HOSTS.
The thoughtless multitude, composed of various orders, having heard the French engaged with being a nation of Atheists and Infidels, may imagine, that they are doomed by heaven to destruction. But it may be asked, has not such a belief and infidelity been the natural produce of dark superstition and prejudice, in conjunction with the inconsistent and abandoned lives of what have been denominated the religious orders? and may it not be the design of Providence to bring about a reformation in the principles and practices of the nation by the judgements with which they are visited; and by his providential interpositions, in which he may prevent their ruin - and in this way prepare them for a free government of their own choosing? It is a question not easily solved, whether there is more real atheism and infidelity in France than in Great-Britain, the difference of numbers considered, though in the former the public avowal of it may be more general."
From a Correspondent.
The Commissioners appointed to settle the accounts between the United States and the individual states we are informed concluded that business on Saturday last - what prodigious exactness! after an appointment of more than five years, they hit the very point of expiration of the time limited by Congress with as much accuracy as ever Sir Isaac Newton found the return of a comet answered to his calculations. [General Advertiser.]
July 1, 1793.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Birmingham.
"I have found out a variety of money coining practices here, highly disgraceful I think to the parties, to the country and its laws; and in the instances I shall mention likely to do infinite mischiefs to the vast circulation of Spanish silver in the United States!
"As early as May 1791, they began with the American copper cent, only upon reading the resolve of Congress to have such a money, and the getting over a print of the American eagle. There were three different sorts of these cents made here, all with the President's head, not a bad likeness and tolerably well executed. I find however, this was merely an attempt of some artists here to induce Congress to give Birmingham the order for coinage of their copper money.
"I have seen pattern cards of shillings, sixpences, and halfpences, so base, as to be marked for sale at the rate of 28, 30, and 36 shillings for the guinea.
"Quarter dollars and pistareens, (but principally quarter dollars) cut into three or rather four pieces. An exact triangle taken out of the centre. The other three pieces of debased silver, nevertheless to be run off as halves of the quarter dollar. The central piece is again coined down, and is left rather plain in the dies (which were shewn to me with ps** of the money) and the crescent formed pieces struck to nearly as possible the stamp of that part of a real Spanish quarter dollar. The pistareens were worse executed.
"I have also seen Dutch ducats, and dollars which were done as follows. The ducat was cut out of a pure piece of soft silver to the proper size and to be easily beadable in the finger as pure ducats are; there is then a thick amalgam of gold, (which is made of quick silver and gold, and then squeezed through shammy leather) laid on this soft silver, and then struck in the press to the exact size and marks of the Dutch ducat of date 1752. This order came through English merchants from Holland and London, soon after the declared and open assistance given by England to their high and mighty allies the Dutch. The value of these forged ducats is about one and sixpence sterling, workmanship and all. They weigh about 2 dwt. 5 grs. and by weight the real ducat would sell here for nearly ten shillings, so that here rests a neat profit of eight and sixpence on each piece.
"Spanish milled dollars are of three sorts, two only of which I have seen. The baser one is cut from a well silver plated sheet of copper of due thickness, then hooped around the edge with a silver wire so thick as not to expose the copper if scraped moderately on the edge with a knife (a common mode here to detect base silver) and is then milled to the copied dye, of which there are more than one sort. They are so well executed as to pass easily among others, and are in value, workmanship and all, about one and sixpence.
"The other and more pure dollars, the artists are more close and secret about, as being a better thing. These however come to Birmingham in real Spanish or Mexican dollars, bought at the bank and other places, sent down by land carriages, about 10,000 at a time, in a cask, and they are melted and recoined, copying as exactly the old impressions, of which there are three or four sorts, but mostly the lank visage of his most Catholic Majesty, nine pence of silver being taken from each of the new coinage, and these new ones want but little alloy to bring them to a proper thickness; two one-half, or three pence on each piece is ample pay to the artist here for dies, recoining, sending back to London, and all other expences, so that the public upon whom they are purloined nine pence in every four and six pence, and the emitter has a clear benefit of six pence on each. Upon close investigation, no doubt remains upon my mind, but they are meant for the West-Indies or for the United States. Six tons of them and of other silver, have been so melted down since the beginning of August last. The parties were very secret as to names, but dropped to me upon being closely pushed, it was done by them under an order in a regular way from a house in London, wholly in the E. I. India line, and that those dollars were meant for the east; but this cannot be the case, the people in that country being very nice and scrupulous as to silver imported coins. I have actually heard professional men (one in the church and the other a physician) speak of knowing somewhat of this last coinage, and having recommended an artist for the purpose of doing it!!"
"Assignats in quires, both stamped and signed, as well as in blank unstamp'd, with the proper paper and all the French words necessary in the water marks executed, as I was told in London, and sent hither for the engraving, printing, and finishing strokes.
"The head of poor Louis however, (which is done by a stamp the same as is on the bills and notes here) appears now to be a want here, and a loss to these schemers, one of whom told me, curling and execrating the war, that he should have been ten thousand pounds richer, if the declaration had been delayed a month or two longer. Those assignats which I saw were all for ten, twenty, and two hundred livres each.
"In like manner in the war time did they forge and counterfeit boxes full of our continental paper money. In one vessel there was taken four or five boxes of it, and others which got into America helped much the depreciation in 1779. In this place such practices are held not criminal, but a fair advantage over an enemy, indeed hardly anything else short of murder is criminal among them, for I never yet saw a people so totally devoid of principle, morality, and those lesser ties which bind and unite mankind."
The Dolphin, Rogers, arrived at Boston from Bristol, last Sunday - Monday's papers contain no news by this arrival, nor is the time mentioned when she left Bristol.
According to two publications in the New-York papers - one signed Joseph Brown, the other James Blanchard, it appears that the applications to Congress for depreciation are to be renewed at the next session - and the gentlemen recommend in addition thereto, that the President of the United States should be requested to second these applications. - Mr. Blanchard, in his letter, says, that General Hull's going to Niagara, did by no means injure the claim of the officers - "but the transaction only proved the corruption of the present administration!"
Nine ships, measuring upwards of 3500 tons - ten brigs, amounting to more than 1600 tons - three sloops and five Schooners - have been launched in this port since the beginning of March. Nearly as many more are on the stocks, and will probably be launched in the course of the summer.
There are reports, and a letter in town from the West-Indies, which speak confidently of a peace, as having taken place between France, England and Holland - Whether this information is built on a speculation basis, time will determine.
Philadelphia, July 2, 1793.
SIR, I HAVE the honor to enclose, herewith, an account of the FLOUR shipped at this port in the months of April, May, and June last - and am, with very great respect, Sir, your obedient and humble servant, JAMES READ.
His Excellency Thomas Mifflin, Governor of Pennsylvania.
Account of the FLOUR shipped at the port of Philadelphia, for exportation, in the months of April, May, and June, 1793.
   Bbls. Flour. Bbls. Middlings.     Shipped in April, 74279 461   May, 59319 610   June, 73553 1437   In all, 207151 2508  
JAMES READ, Inspector.
His Excellency Governor Mifflin.
The letter-bag of the John & Richard, for Ostend, via Falmouth, will not be taken from the Post Office, before the 10th instant. Letters for the British Packet will be in time on Saturday, this day.
Wednesday morning, died, at his seat at Potts Grove, Samuel Potts, Esquire - It is enough to say of him - that a numerous and respectable family lose their friend and guide - that the large circle of his acquaintance has lost a citizen whose heart was warm for their interest, and whose manners were without guile - that his servants have lost a master - his wife a husband, and his children a companion, a friend, and a father - not a tear will be shed on his grave but what will be from the bottom of the heart.
PRICE OF STOCKS.
   6 per Cents, 17 3/8   3 per Cents, 9 3/8   Deterred, 10 1/2   Full Merca Bank U. S. 5 per cent. adv.  
* Supposed for 118 cts.

To the Public.
THE Editor of the GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES, proposes publishing the Paper, under that Title, every Evening, Sunday's excepted.
To render it interesting as a Daily Publication, it shall contain foreign and domestic, commercial and political Intelligence:—Essays and Observations, local and general:—Maritime information:—Prices Current of Merchandise and the Public Funds. Also a summary of the proceedings of Congress, and of the Legislature of this State:—with a sketch of Congressional Debates, &c.
ADVERTISING favors will be gratefully received.
TERMS.
To be printed on paper of the demy size; but a larger size shall be substituted in December next.
The price Six Dollars per Annum, to be paid half Yearly.
When a sufficient number of Subscribers is obtained, the Publication shall commence.
In the interim, the Gazette will be published twice a week as usual.—Subscriptions are respectfully solicited by the Public's humble servant,
JOHN FENNO.
Subscriptions are received at the City Tavern, South Second Street—by Mr. Dobson, at the Stone House—by other persons who are in possession of Subscription papers, and by the Editor at his house, No. 34, North Fifth Street.
Philadelphia, July, 1793.
THE EDITOR
MOST earnestly requests those of his distant Subscribers who are in arrears for the Gazette, to make payment as soon as possible.—Those persons who have received subscription money on his account are desired to remit the same. The arrearages for the Gazette have accumulated to a serious amount.—Serious, as they are the only resource to discharge very serious engagements incurred in the prosecution of this expensive publication. Philadelphia, June 26.
BANK of the UNITED STATES.
JULY 18, 1793.
NOTICE is hereby given that there will be paid at the Bank after the 10th instant, to the Stockholders or their Representatives duly authorized, FOURTEEN DOLLARS and FIFTY CENTS for each Share, being the dividend declared for the last six months.
By order,
JOHN KEAN, Cashier.
INSURANCE COMPANY.
PHILADELPHIA, July 18, 1793.
NOTICE is hereby given to the members of the Insurance Company of North America, that the Directors have declared a dividend (to this day) of six per cent on the amount of the first instalment, and of one per cent per month, on the sums paid towards the second and third instalments, calculating from the first day of the month following that in which these payments were made. The Dividend will be paid to the Stockholders or their Representatives, at the Company's Office, (No. 119, South Front Street) at any time after the 7th inst.
EBENEZER HAZARD, Sec'y.
As the members of this Company are much dispersed throughout the United States, the Printers in the several States are requested to give the above a place in their newspapers.
R U L E S
To be observed in transacting Business with the
Insurance Company
OF NORTH-AMERICA
1st. ALL orders for Insurance must be given in writing, signed by the applicant; and as minute a description of the vessel is expected, as the person ordering the insurance can give, respecting her age, built, how found and fitted, and whether double or single-decked.
2d. All policies will be ready for delivery in twenty-four hours after the order for insurance is accepted at the office, and the policy must be taken up in ten days.
3d. Notes, with an approved endorser, for all premiums, must be given in ten days, payable as follows:
For American and West-India risks, in three months after the date of the policy.
For European risks, in six months.
For India and China risks, in 12 months.
For risks by the year, in eight months.
For risks for six months, in four months.
And for risks for any lesser time, in three months.
4th. Losses will be paid in ten days after proof and adjustment; but if the note given for the premium shall not have become due within that time, the amount of it shall, nevertheless, be deducted from the loss to be paid.
The Insurance Company of North-America hereby give notice to all whom it may concern, that, agreeably to the above rules, they are ready to receive all orders for insurance, which may be addressed to them, accompanied with directions to some responsible house in Philadelphia for the payment of the premiums within the time limited.
In case the risks offered shall be approved, the insurance shall be immediately effected; otherwise notice shall be given, either by answer to the person applying, or to his agent, in Philadelphia, as may be ordered.
By order of the Directors,
EBENEZER HAZARD, Sec'y.
July 3.
4W
THE MEMBERS OF THE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA,
Are desired to take Notice,
THAT the Constitution requires Payment of One Dollar on each Share, on the Second Monday (the 8th Day) of July next, on Penalty of Forfeiture of the Money already paid.
Such Stockholders as have not made their second Instalment, are informed, that Payment will be received at the Company's Office, No. 119, South Front-Street, either on or before the said Day, as they may find it most convenient.
EBENEZER HAZARD, Sec'y.
June 8. 1793.
JUST PUBLISHED,
By Thomas Dobson,
Bookseller, at the Stone House, in Second Street, PHILADELPHIA,
VOLUME IX, OF ENCYCLOPÆDIA:
OR, A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE, On a Plan entirely new:
BY WHICH THE DIFFERENT SCIENCES AND ARTS are digested into the Form of Distinct, TREATISES or SYSTEMS:
THIS VOLUME CONTAINS HYDROSTATICS, Hygrometer, History of Japan, Leland, Jerusalem, Jews, India, Insects, Insurance, Ireland, Italy, Kamtschatka, Knighthood, Language, Law, Legerdemain, with a great variety of Biographical and Miscellaneous Articles.—Illustrated with thirty-one elegant Copperplates.
CONDITIONS.
I. The work is printing on a superfine paper, and new types, (cast for the purpose) which will be occasionally reviewed before they contract a worn appearance.
II. The work is furnished in boards, in volumes or half-volumes, as subscribers chuse; the price of the whole volumes, five dollars each; of the half-volumes two dollars and two-thirds of a dollar each. Ten dollars to be paid on subscribing, the volumes or half-volumes finished, to be paid for when delivered, the price of one volume to be paid in advance, and the price of each succeeding volume to be paid on delivering the volume preceding it. No part of the work will be delivered unless paid for.
III. In the course of the publication will be delivered about five hundred copperplates elegantly engraved in Philadelphia; which by far exceed in number those given in any other scientific dictionary. At the close of the publication will be delivered an elegant frontispiece, the dedication, preface, and proper title pages for the different volumes.
It is expected the work will be comprised in about eighteen volumes in quarto.
The subscription will continue open on the above terms till the first day of September next, to give opportunity to those who are not yet subscribers, to come forward.
Those who have subscribed, and got only a small part of the work, are requested to complete their sets, as far as published, as soon as possible, as after the first of next September, by which time the tenth volume is expected to be ready, the publisher will not consider himself bound to make up those sets which are not completed up to that period.
Philadelphia, June 19, 1793.
Albany Glass-House.
The Proprietors of the Glass-Manufactory, under the Firm of
M'CLALLEN, M'GREGOR and Co.
BEG leave to inform the public, that they have now brought their WINDOW-GLASS to such perfection, as will be found, on comparison, to be equal, in quality, to the best London Crown Glass.
Having fixed their prices at a lower rate than imported Glass, they are induced to believe, that importation of this article will be discontinued, in proportion as their works are extended. They propose to enlarge the scale of this business, and as the success of it will depend on the patriotic support of the public, they beg leave to solicit their friendly patronage in the pursuit of a branch which will interest every lover of AMERICAN MANUFACTURES.
All orders for WINDOW-GLASS, of any size, will be received at the Store of RHODES and M'GREGOR, No. 234, Queen-Street, New-York; and at the Glass Warehouse, No. 48, Market-Street, Albany, which will be punctually attended to.
WANTED, six smart active LADS, not exceeding 16 years of age, to be indentured as Apprentices, and regularly instructed in the various branches of Glass-Making.
Also, three Window-Glass Makers, to whom great encouragement will be given. May 1, 1793. ED12W
GENERAL POST-OFFICE, Philadelphia, May 27, 1793,
500 Dollars Reward.
WHEREAS a certain THOMAS SLOSS GANTT, has lately made his escape from Baltimore County Gaol, to which he was committed under a charge of having robbed the Eastern Mail, on the 28th day of January last: Notice is hereby given, that a reward of five hundred dollars will be paid at this Office, to any person or persons who shall apprehend the said Thomas Sloss Gantt, and deliver him into the custody of the keeper of the said Gaol, or into the custody of either of the Marshals within the United States, so that the said Thomas Sloss Gantt may be effectually secured, and forth coming to answer the above mentioned charge.
TIMOTHY PICKERING, Post-Master General.
The following is a description of the above, named THOMAS SLOSS GANTT: He is about six feet high, straight and well made, has light coloured hair, tied behind, fair complexion and has a down look when spoken to.
FOR SALE, BY MATHEW CAREY,
At his Store, No. 118. Market-Street, PHILADELPHIA.
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM, from its commencement in January, 1787, to its termination in December, 1792, in twelve volumes, price, neatly bound and lettered, nineteen dollars and one fifth.
The opinion of the President of the United States, respecting this work, is as follows:
"I believe the American Museum has met with extensive, I may say, with universal approbation from competent judges; for I am of opinion, that the work is not only eminently calculated to disseminate political, agricultural, philosophical, and other valuable information; but that it has been uniformly conducted with taste, attention, and propriety. If to these important objects be superadded the more immediate design of rescuing public documents from oblivion—I will venture to pronounce, as my sentiment, THAT A MORE USEFUL LITERARY PLAN HAS NEVER BEEN UNDERTAKEN IN AMERICA, OR ONE MORE DESERVING OF PUBLIC ENCOURAGEMENT."
June 5.
Hercule De Sercey,
From Leogane, Island of St. Domingo, MAKES and sells all sorts of Lugs, Jacks, Porringers, Cups, Stew-Pans, Lamps, &c. in Tin, plain or japanned—He also mends old tin work. As he works cheap, he hopes for the public encouragement. No. 23, Race-Street, near Front-Street. June 22.
HERCULE DE SERGEY,
DE Leogane, Isle de St. Dominique, travaille en fer Blanc, de toute sorte de manieres a commande et a bon marche. A Philadelphia, le 22 Juin, 1793. No. 23, Race-Street, pres Front-Street.
NOTICE.
THE STOCKHOLDERS in the SOCIETY for ESTABLISHING USEFUL MANUFACTURES, are requested to take notice, that the fourth and last payment is due, and must be made on or before the 13th day of July next, either to the Cashier of the United States Bank Office of Discount and Deposit at New-York—the Cashier of the Bank of New-York—the Cashier of the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia—or John Bayard, Esq. in the city of New-Brunswick, in the state of New-Jersey.—And that the shares of all persons neglecting to make such payment, and the monies by them previously paid, will then be forfeited for the common benefit of the said society.
That the subscriber is duly authorized to make the requisite indorsements upon the certificates of shares, and that books of transfer are opened at his office in Front-Street.
NICHOLAS LOW. New-York, June 12, 1793. (ept3)
Stock Brokers Office,
No. 16, Wall-Street, NEW-YORK.
THE Subscriber intending to confine himself entirely to the PURCHASE & SALE of STOCKS on COMMISSION, begs leave to offer his services to his friends and others, in the line of a Stock Broker. Those who may please to favor him with their business, may depend upon having it transacted with the utmost fidelity and dispatch.
Orders from Philadelphia, Boston, or any other part of the United States, will be strictly attended to. (t.t.) LEONARD BLEECKER.
City of Washington.
JANUARY 7th, 1793.
A NUMBER of Lots in this City will be offered for sale at auction, by the Commissioners, on the 17th day of September next.—One fourth part of the purchase money is to be paid down, the residue at three equal annual payments with yearly interest on the whole principal unpaid.
JOHN M. GANTT, Clerk to the Com'rs.
Extract of an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, concerning the Territory of Columbia, and the City of Washington.
"Be it enacted, That any foreigner may by deed or will, hereafter to be made, take and hold lands within that part of the said Territory which lies within this State, in the same manner as if he was a citizen of this State; and the same lands may be conveyed by him, and transmitted to and be inherited by his heirs or relations, as if he and they were citizens of this State: Provided, That no foreigner shall, in virtue hereof, be entitled to any further or other privilege of a citizen."
Jan. 19.
T I C K E T S
In the FEDERAL CITY LOTTERY, May be had at SAMUEL COOPER'S Ferry.
FOR SALE,
1360 Acres of excellent
FARMING or TOBACCO
LANDS,
LYING in the county of Amherst, in the state of Virginia, on one of the principal branches of James-River, within six miles of the latter, from whence it is navigable for boats of ten or twelve tons burthen.
Besides the advantages of these lands, for the farmer or cultivator of tobacco; they are supposed, from a small though successful experiment made by the late Col. Chiswell, to contain an abundance of metals, which, if not of a precious (as has been even supposed) are certainly of a very valuable kind. The better however to ascertain this fact, and place the purchaser on a safe footing, in so hazardous a business, as all those subterraneous recesses, without the utmost certainty of an abundance of the desired ore, are supposed to be, very reasonable and necessary assistance or inducement will be rendered those inclined to make the experiment, as well as every other necessary information given by the promoter of this Game in Philadelphia.
QUEEN NACHILLAS. Charlottesville, Virginia.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, June 26, 1793.
NOTICE is hereby given, that proposals will be received at the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, until the fourteenth day of September next inclusive, for the supply of all Rations which may be required for the use of the United States, from the first day of January to the thirty-first day of December 1794, both days inclusive, at the places, and within the districts hereafter mentioned, viz:
 1. At any place or places between York-Town and Carlisle, in the state of Pennsylvania, and Pittsburgh, & at Pittsburgh, York-town & Carlisle.  2. At any place or places from Pittsburgh to the mouth of Big Beaver Creek, and at the mouth of Big Beaver Creek.  3. At any place or places from the said mouth to the upper falls of the said Big Beaver, and at the upper falls.  4. At any place or places from the said upper falls to Mahoning, and at Mahoning.  5. At any place or places from the said Mahoning over to the Head Navigation of the river Cuyahoga, and at the said Head Navigation.  6. At any place or places from the said Head Navigation to the mouth of the said river Cuyahoga, and at the said mouth.  7. At any place or places betwixt the mouth of the Big Beaver Creek, to the mouth of the river Muskingum, and up the said river to the Tuscarawas, and at the Tuscarawas, and thence over to the Cuyahoga river, and thence down the said river to its mouth.  8. At any place or places betwixt the mouth of the river Muskingum, and the mouth of the Scioto river, and at the mouth of the said river Scioto.  9. At any place or places betwixt the mouth of Scioto river to the mouth of the Great Miami, at the mouth of the Great Miami, and from thence to the rapids or the falls of the Ohio, and at the said rapids.  10. At any place or places betwixt the mouth of the Great Miami, up the said Miami to and at Pique Town.  11. At any place or places from Fort Washington to Fort Hamilton, and at Fort Hamilton.  12. At any place or places from Fort Hamilton to Fort St. Clair, and at Fort St. Clair.  13. At any place or places from Fort St. Clair to Fort Jefferson, and at Fort Jefferson.  14. At any place or places from Fort Jefferson to the field of action of the 4th of November, 1791, and at the said field of action.  15. At any place or places from the said field of action to the Miami Villages, and at the Miami Villages.  16. At any place or places from the said Miami Villages to the falls of the Miami river, which empties into Lake Erie, and at the said falls, and from thence to its mouth, and at its mouth.  17. At any place or places from the mouth of the said Miami river of Lake Erie to Sandusky Lake, and at Sandusky Lake.  18. At any place or places from the said Sandusky Lake, to the mouth of the river Gayahoga, and at the said mouth.  19. At any place or places from the said mouth of the said river Gayahoga to Presque Isle, and at Presque Isle.  20. At any place or places from Presque Isle to the stream running into Lake Erie from towards the Jadaghaque Lake, and thence over to and at the said Jadaghaque Lake, and thence down the Alleghany river to Fort Franklin.  21. At any place or places from Presque Isle to Le Beuf, and at Le Beuf.  22. At any place or places from Le Beuf to Fort Franklin, and at Fort Franklin, and from thence to Pittsburgh.  23. At any place or places from the rapids of the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash river, and from the mouth of the said Wabash river to the mouth of the river Ohio.  24. At any place or places on the East side of the river Mississippi, from the mouth of the Ohio river, to the mouth of the Illinois river.  25. At any place or places from the mouth of the said Wabash river up to Fort Knox, and at Fort Knox.  26. At any place or places from Fort Knox up the said Wabash to Ouittanon, and at Ouittanon.  27. At any place or places from Ouittanon, up the said Wabash, to the head navigation of a branch thereof called Little River, and at the said head navigation of Little River.  28. At any place or places from the said head navigation of Little River over to the Miami Villages.  29. At any place or places from the mouth of the river Cumberland to Nashville, on the said river, and at Nashville.  30. And at any place or places within thirty miles of said Nashville to the Southward, Westward or Northward thereof.  Should any rations be required at any places, or within other districts, not specified in these proposals, the price of the same to be hereafter agreed on betwixt the public and the contractor. The rations to be supplied are to consist of the following articles, viz:   One pound of bread or flour,  } per 100 rations.    One pound of beef, or 3/4 of a pound of pork,    One quart of salt,    Two quarts of vinegar,    Two pounds of soap,    One pound of candles,    The rations are to be furnished in such quantities as that there shall at all times, during the said term, be sufficient for the consumption of the troops at each of the said posts, for the space of at least 3 months in advance, in good and whole some provisions, if the same shall be required. It is to be understood in each case, that all losses sustained by the depredations of the enemy, or by means of the troops of the United States, shall be paid for at the prices of the articles captured or destroyed, on the deposition of two or more credible characters, and the certificate of a commissioned officer, ascertaining the circumstances of the loss, and the amount of the articles for which compensation is claimed. The contract for the above supplies will be made either for one year, or for two years, as may appear eligible. Persons disposed to contract will therefore confine their offers to one year, or they may make their propositions so as to admit an election at the term of two years. The offers may comprise all the places which have been specified, or a part of them only.