The New-York journal, and daily patriotic register (New-York [N.Y.]), 1787-12-31 00:00:00

The New-York Journal, and Daily Patriotic Register.
NUMB. 83, of VOL. XLIII.]
MONDAY, December 31, 1787.
[Total NUMB. 2178.]
HERE TRUTH UNLICENS'D REIGNS; AND DARES ACCOST—EVEN KINGS THEMSELVES, OR RULERS OF THE FREE! Thompson's Liberty.
NEW-YORK: Printed and Published by THOMAS GREENLEAF, at the PRINTING-OFFICE, No. 25, WATER-STREET.
To the SUBSCRIBERS of the New-York Journal, and Weekly Register, AND THE RESPECTABLE PUBLIC. THE Proprietor and Editor of the above-mentioned JOURNAL, hereunto subscribed, prompted by the solicitation of a respectable number of his present subscribers—and by means of the generous patronage of a few valued friends, and the public, for which he requests their acceptance of unfeigned thanks—begs leave to communicate to them his intention of printing and publishing a DAILY PAPER, under the title of—THE NEW-YORK JOURNAL, and DAILY PATRIOTIC REGISTER.
By this publication it is not intended, that the idea of the WEEKLY REGISTER shall be extinct, therefore, the present subscribers, in general, will please to take particular notice, that the THURSDAY's paper will contain just such kind of matter as usual, in which the choicest pieces, and the fewest advertisements, will be inserted—and that their papers, will of consequence be delivered or sent on, as heretofore, until they severally pay off their arrearages, and stop it, or order their respective names entered upon this new subscription paper.—The Thursday's paper, alone, will be TWO DOLLARS per annum, as usual.
The particular inducements to this arduous task need not all be enumerated—That the present is a most important CRISIS of the national affairs of this country, must be evident even to the least thoughtful, but more especially to those who nobly conceive—that the dearly purchased freedom and independence of America is a sacred deposit, to be nurtured, supported, and transmitted, unimpaired, by the present possessors, to millions yet unborn. To this end it is necessary, that the body of the people (who must ever, in free countries, be supposed the supporters of freedom) be well informed of the nature of any government that may be proposed for their adoption; therefore, free discussions on that momentous topic, as well as interesting intelligence from the several quarters of the world, are necessary to be universally disseminated.
By printing only one paper per week, as heretofore, one half of the essays communicated, and all that might be copied from other papers, were, in general, unavoidably neglected: in a Daily paper there will be room for all that may be worthy insertion. In this paper, FREE and IMPARTIAL discussion, that is, decent and well written ESSAYS, on either side of any important public topic, SHALL FIND FREE ACCESS.
As the principal support of a Daily paper is derived from Advertisements, Gentlemen in the mercantile line, and all others who occasionally Advertise, are earnestly requested to prefer this new undertaking, which favor shall be gratefully acknowledged by the strictest attention being paid to correctness and propriety. Advertisements shall be inserted as reasonably as by any printer in the city.
The great expence with which a Daily paper will be attended, at first, is too well known to require any apology for the REQUISITION, on subscribing, expressed in the Conditions, or for the warmth of the solicitations, for the continuation of PUBLIC PATRONAGE, with which the following PROPOSALS are introduced by the public's greatly obliged,
And very humbly Servant, THOMAS GREENLEAF.
New-York, November 12, 1787.
PROPOSALS
For altering The New-York Journal, and Weekly Register, into the
New-York Journal, and Daily Patriotic Register.
CONDITIONS. I. THE New-York Journal and Daily Patriotic Register shall be printed on the same paper, form, and type, as the Weekly Register, and shall contain the same quantity of matter.
II. The price, per Annum, will be SIX DOLLARS, one quarter part of which to be paid on subscribing, viz. One dollar and an half: after which quarterly payments to be punctually observed.
III. No subscriber is to discontinue his subscription on any other condition than the payment of arrearage subscription money, and that at the expiration of a quarter.
IV. The Daily Patriotic Register shall be delivered to the subscribers in the city every morning, and sent (as may be ordered) to those out of the city, with the greatest punctuality, they paying the expence of carriage.
Printing-Office, November 19.
THE Editor returns sincere thanks to those gentlemen who have already enabled him to form a very respectable list of subscribers to his paper, upon the plan of the above proposals. His subscriptions having been rapid, has determined him to commence the New-York Journal, and Daily Patriotic Register, THIS DAY.—From the favourable disposition of the public, already evinced, he flatters himself with a prospect of speedy and generous ADVERTISING PATRONAGE.—He anticipates the pleasure of having it in his power, in a few weeks, to present to the public, a publication that will both serve and be a CREDIT to his country, not withholding a few of its GILDED rays from the public's ever devoted humble servant,
THE PRINTER.
To the Friends of Science.
IT has long been the universal wish, that the public might be furnished with an accurate Geographical and Topographical Grammar of the United States.
Geographers of foreign countries, not being possessed of the proper materials, and not equally interested in this part of their subject, have filled their accounts of these states with numerous inaccuracies. It is time these inaccuracies were corrected. We are independent of Great-Britain, and are no longer to look up to her for a description of our own country.
Several gentlemen of abilities, have, in detached pieces, gratified the public with ample and accurate descriptions of several parts of the United States; but no collective description of the whole has been attempted, except in a small duodecimo volume, published by the subscriber in 1784, which, though imperfect on account of the infant state of geographical knowledge in America, was well received by a candid public, and an edition of 1500 copie speedily sold.
This encouragement has determined him to publish again on the same subject. For the purpose of collecting more ample and accurate materials than he formerly possessed, he has travelled through all the states, and has been favoured with the communications of gentlemen well qualified to give information on so important a subject; and has likewise established a correspondence with several respectable characters in different states, from whom he has every reason to expect a valuable addition to the materials already collected; yet as all the information that can be obtained on a subject so extensive, variegated and interesting, is greatly to be desired, and every man of science may have it in his power to contribute some observations which may be useful, the subscriber will feel himself particularly obliged to any gentleman who will be so kind as to furnish him with answers to all, or any of the annexed enquiries, viz.
 1. The boundaries and extent of the several states, and the latitudes and longitudes of the principal places.  2. Descriptions of the rivers, their sources, courses, lengths, how far navigable, how high does the tide rise—and what fish do they produce. A description of mountains, lakes, harbours, capes, and bays.  3. General face of the country, an account of its animal, mineral, and vegetable productions, or its natural history. What are the evidences to support the opinion that the flat country in the southern and middle states was formerly occupied by the waters of the ocean, and that the land below the hills and mountains has been made since the flood.  4. Natural and artificial curiosities, caverns, cascades, &c.  5. State of commerce, manufactures and agriculture, exports and imports, balance of trade. The number of vessels which annually enter at the custom houses in the several sea ports of the United States.  6. Civil divisions of the several states, the number and names of the several districts, counties, and towns, their extent, latitude and longitude, number of inhabitants, and distance and bearing from the capital of the state. Particular descriptions of the principal towns are requested *.  7. Population—from whence are emigrations, to what places, and how numerous. Of what nations are the inhabitants of the states composed, or whence originated—proportion of the slaves.  8. Climate, diseases and their causes—longevity of the inhabitants—what proportion die in infancy.  9. Religion, number of churches of different denominations—by what methods are ministers supported.  10. State of the practice of law and physic.  11. Societies for the advancement of science and humanity.  12. State of literature, colleges, academies, schools and their funds.  13. Characters who have distinguished themselves in the late war by their patriotism.  14. An estimate of the damages sustained in the late war, in the several states.  15. A description of the adjacent Islands.  16. Manners, customs, diversions and dress.  17. Constitution, policy—general account of the laws—what political principles predominate, in the several states.  18. Military and marine strength.  19. Public revenue and expences—mode of levying taxes.  20. Indians, their tribes, languages, numbers, characters and dispositions towards the United States.  21. The society of Cincinnati, their laws and influence and the nature and political tendency of their establishment.  22. History. 
N. B. The subscriber wishes to avail himself of the advantage of all the most accurate maps, and detached geographical pieces, which have been published respecting the United States; and will thank any gentleman to inform him where they can be procured.
Those gentlemen, who may be so obliging as to favor the above design, by communications, are requested to forward them to Messrs. R. Aitken, or W. Spotswood, Philadelphia; Messrs. Spotswood and Clarke, booksellers, Baltimore; Rev. Mr.
* This enquiry is made for the purpose of collecting the proper materials for a Gazetteer of the United States, which makes a part of the general plan in view. It is obvious that a book of this kind, compiled from accurate information, would be exceedingly useful. This might easily be done, if one well-informed gentleman, in each town, would spend one half hour for the purpose. In this time the gentlemen might throw together every important circumstance relative to the towns, in which they respectively reside.
Keith, Alexandria; the honorable H. Williamson Edenton, North-Carolina; the honorable D. Ramsay, Messrs. Wright and Co. Charleston; the honorable A. Baldwin and Joseph Clay, Esquires-Georgia; Samuel S. Smith, D. D. Princeton, Mr. Loudon, Printer, New-York; and the Rev. Samuel Austin, or Jedidiah Morse, New-Haven, with their names subscribed, and the places of their residence, that the author may have the pleasure of knowing to whom he is indebted for their friendly assistance.
JEDIDIAH MORSE.
If the several Printers, in the United States, feel disposed to favor the above design, and will give this Advertisement a place in their respective papers for a few weeks, and will receive and forward to New-Haven, any communications which may be handed them by friends to the design, they may thereby contribute to the public good, and will peculiarly oblige their humble servant.
Philad. Aug. 7, 1787. J. M.
Just published by M. CAREY, in Philadelphia, and now to be SOLD, BY THOMAS ALLEN, Book-Seller, in Queen-street, New-York (By whom Subscriptions are received) THE
American Museum,
For NOVEMBER, 1787.
CONTAINING,
Sketches on the new Federal Constitution. OBJECTIONS to the proposed plan of federal government. By an officer of the late continental army.
 2 Answers to the preceding objections.  3 Address to the inhabitants of New-Jersey.  4 The federalist. 
Rural Concerns.
 5 Address from the Philadelphia Society for promoting agriculture.  6 Chinese method of curing ginseng.  7 Tatarian ditto.  8 Instructions for the culture and use of maize, or Indian corn, as fodder for cattle. By monsi. St. John de Crevecoeur.  9 Description of a plant of great utility in the improvement of poor and exhausted lands.  10 A valuable, cheap, and easily-procured winter food for cattle.  11 On raising potatoes.  12 On cotton planting.  13 Advantages of preserving parsnips by drying. By Rev. Jeremy Belknap.  14 Receipts for preserving turnips from insects. By Philip Schuyler, Esq.  15 On the method of rearing young cattle.  16 On bee-keeping.  17 Receipt to preserve butter perfectly sweet whole year.  18 Query addressed to the lovers of cyder.  19 Letter from Mr. Decius Wadsworth to Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth, relative to the Hessian fly.  20 Letter on the same subject. 
Medical Essays.
 21 On the use of mercurial preparations in the scarlatina anginoso. By Dr. William Currie.  22 Observations on the cause and cure of the tetanus. By Dr. Rush.  23 Letter from Dr. Thomas Bond to Dr. Fothergill, on the use of bark in scrofulous cases.  24 Relation of a cure performed by electricity. Communicated to the medical society in London, by Dr. Caldwell.  25 Receipts for the cure of a dysentery. 
Law Information.
 26 Statement of a cause decided in the court of common pleas, Charleston, March 5, 1785.  27 Statement of an important and interesting cause decided in the court of king's bench, London, July 20, 1787.  28 Interesting decision of the court of common pleas, in Philadelphia, August 3, 1787.  29 Law report—Green and Pollard vs. Shaffer. Judgment pronounced, Oct. 7, 1787. 
Humour.
 30 On the use of butlers.  31 Susannah Trapes's complaint of the badness of the police.  32 On pronouncing dictionaries.  33 Plan for a wax-work legislature.  34 Address to Gen. Burgoyne.  35 The old bachelor, No. 1. 
State and other public Papers.
 36 Letter from the Hon. Roger Sherman and the Hon. Oliver Ellsworth, Esqrs. to governor Huntington.  37 Letter from the Hon. Elbridge Gerry, one of the delegates from the state of Massachusetts in the late federal convention, containing his reasons for not signing the new constitution.  38 General Burgoyne's pompous proclamation.  39 Speech of governor Hancock, October 18, 1787.  40 Premiums offered by the board of managers of the Pennsylvania society for the encouragement of manufactures and the useful arts.  41 Resolutions of the assembly of Virginia relative to a paper currency.  42 ——— of respectable inhabitants of Berkeley county.  43 ——— of the inhabitants of Fredericksburg, Virginia.  44 ——— of the freeholders of Fredericksburg county, Virginia.  45 ——— of the inhabitants of Petersburg, Virginia.  46 Memorial of the college of physicians of Philadelphia. 
Interesting Laws.
 47 Act for the receipt of tobacco in payment of taxes.  48 Act for the establishing religious freedom in Virginia.  49 Act to prevent the further importation of slaves into Virginia.  50 Act to prevent the slave trade, and to encourage the abolition of slavery in Rhode-Island. 
Resolves of Congress.
 Resolve relative to the devices and inscriptions of the federal copper coin.  relative to the Indian war in Georgia.  relative to foreign consuls.  relative to the Hon. John Adams Esq.  relative to the chevalier John Paul Jones.  relative to the territorial claim of N. Carolina and Georgia.  relative to a complaint made the Dutch minister. 
Miscellanies.
 An oration delivered at Petersburg, Virginia, July 4, 1787, in commemoration of American Independence.  Account of the late revolution in Sweden.  Obs. on the means of extinguishing a debt.  Address to the ladies of America.  On the use of tobacco and fruit.  Account of three volcanos in the moon By W. Herschell.  Observations on the numb fish, or torporific eel. By H. C. Flagg.  Extract of a letter from the Hon. Thomas Jefferson, to Dr. Stiles.  Observations on the leech worm.  Letter relative to the devices and inscriptions of American medals. By Col. Humphreys.  Extract from an act to punish blasphemers. 
Poetry.
 Epistle to his excellency General Washington.  On the death of Col. John Laurens. By Philip Freneau.  Prospect of South-Carolina. By the late Dr. Ladd.  The man of sorrow. By William More Smith, Esq. 
The subscription for the American Museum is 18s. per annum, for two volumes, of 624 pages. This Work is also SOLD by Messrs. Berry and Rogers, Mr. Hodges, and Mr. Loudon, New-York, Dec. 17, 1787. 66— e.d.
By his EXCELLENCY, GEORGE CLINTON, Esquire, Governor of the state of New-York, general and commander in chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy thereof.
A Proclamation.
WHEREAS, pursuant to a law of this state the legislature are to meet at Poughkeepsie, in Dutchess County, on the first Tuesday in January next; I have therefore thought fit, by these presents, to proclaim the same, that all persons concerned may be apprized thereof, and govern themselves accordingly.
Given under my hand, and the privy seal, at the city of New-York, this third day of December, in the twelfth year of the independence of the said state, 1787.
GEORGE CLINTON,
The UNITED STATES In CONGRESS assembled, July 23, 1787.
RESOLVED, That all persons having unliquidated claims against the United States, pertaining to the late commissaries, quartermasters, clothiers, or marine departments, shall exhibit particular abstracts of such claims to the proper commissioner, appointed to settle the accounts of those departments, within eight months from the date hereof; and all persons having other unliquidated claims against the United States, shall exhibit a particular abstract thereof to the controller of the treasury of the United States, within one year from the date hereof; and all accounts not exhibited as aforesaid, shall be precluded from settlement at allowances.

THE ADDRESS AND REASONS OF DISSENT OF THE MINORITY OF THE CONVENTION OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO THEIR CONSTITUENTS.
[Continued from Saturday.]
THE celebrated Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws, vol. 1, page 12th, says, "That in a democracy there can be no exercise of sovereignty, but by the suffrages of the people, which are their will; now the sovereign's will is the sovereign himself; the laws, therefore, which establish the right of suffrage, are fundamental to this government. In fact, it is as important to regulate in a republic in what manner, by whom, and concerning what suffrages are to be given, as it is in a monarchy to know who is the prince, and after what manner he ought to govern." The time, mode and place of the election of representatives, senators and president general of the United States, ought not to be under the controul of Congress, but fundamentally ascertained and established.
The new constitution, consistently with the plan of consolidation, contains no reservation of the rights and privileges of the state governments, which was made in the confederation of the year 1778, by article the 2d, viz. "That each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled."
The legislative power vested in Congress by the foregoing recited sections, is so unlimited in its nature; may be so comprehensive and boundless in its exercise, that this alone would be amply sufficient to annihilate the state governments, and swallow them up in the grand vortex of general empire.
The judicial powers vested in Congress are also so various and extensive, that by legal ingenuity they may be extended to every case, and thus absorb the state judiciaries, and when we consider the decisive influence that a general judiciary would have over the civil polity of the several states, we do not hesitate to pronounce that this power, unaided by the legislative, would effect a consolidation of the states under one government.
The powers of a court of equity, vested by this constitution, in the tribunals of Congress; powers which do not exist in Pennsylvania, unless so far as they can be incorporated with jury trial, would, in this state, greatly contribute to this event. The rich and wealthy suitors would eagerly lay hold of the infinite mazes, perplexities and delays, which a court of chancery, with the appellate powers of the supreme court, in fact as well as law, would furnish him with, and thus the poor man being plunged in the bottomless pit of legal discussion, would drop his demand in despair.
In short, consolidation pervades the whole constitution. It begins with an annunciation that such was the intention. The main pillars of the fabric correspond with it, and the concluding paragraph is a confirmation of it. The preamble begins with the words, "We the people of the United States," which is the style of a compact between individuals entering into a state of society, and not that of a confederation of states. The other features of consolidation, we have before noticed.
Thus we have fully established the position, that the powers vested by this constitution in Congress, will effect a consolidation of the states under one government, which even the advocates of this constitution admit, could not be done without the sacrifice of all liberty.
3. We dissent, Thirdly, Because if it were practicable to govern so extensive a territory as these United States includes, on the plan of a consolidated government, consistent with the principles of liberty and the happiness of the people, yet the construction of this constitution is not calculated to attain the object, for independent of the nature of the case, it would of itself, necessarily produce a despotism, and that not by the usual gradations, but with the celerity that has hitherto only attended revolutions effected by the sword.
To establish the truth of this position, a cursory investigation of the principles and the form of this constitution will suffice.
The first consideration which this view suggests, is the omission of a BILL OF RIGHTS ascertaining and fundamentally establishing these unalienable and personal rights of men, without the full, free, and secure enjoyment of which there can be no liberty, and over which it is not necessary for a good government to have the controul. The principal of which are the rights of conscience, personal liberty by the clear and unequivocal establishment of the writ of habeas corpus, jury trial in criminal and civil cases, by an impartial jury of the vicinage or county, with the common law proceedings, for the safety of the accused in criminal prosecutions, and the liberty of the press, that scourge of tyrants, and the grand bulwark of every other liberty and privilege; the stipulations heretofore made in favor of them in the state constitutions, are entirely superceded by this constitution.
The legislature of a free country should be so formed as to have a competent knowledge of its constituents, and enjoy their confidence. To produce these essential requisites, the representation ought to be fair, equal, and sufficiently numerous, to possess the same interests, feelings, opinions, and views, which the people themselves would possess, were they all assembled; and so numerous as to prevent bribery and undue influence, and so responsible to the people, by frequent and fair elections, as to prevent their neglecting or sacrificing the views and interests of their constituents, to their own pursuits.
We will now bring the legislature under this constitution to the test of the foregoing principles, which will demonstrate, that it is deficient in every essential quality of a just and safe representation.
The house of representatives is to consist of 65 members; that is one for about every 50,000 inhabitants, to be chosen every two years. Thirty-three members will form a quorum for doing business, and 17 of these, being the majority, determine the sense of the house.
The senate, the other constituent branch of the legislature, consists of 26 members, being two from each state, appointed by their legislatures every six years—fourteen senators make a quorum; the majority of whom, eight, determines the sense of that body; except in judging on impeachments, or in making treaties, or in expelling a member,
when two thirds of the senators present, must concur.
The president is to have the controul over the enacting of laws, so far as to make the concurrence of two thirds of the representatives and senators present necessary, if he should object to the laws.
Thus it appears that the liberties, happiness, interests, and great concerns of the whole United States, may be dependent upon the integrity, virtue, wisdom, and knowledge of 25 or 26 men. How inadequate and unsafe a representation! Inadequate because the sense and views of 3 or 4 millions of people, diffused over so extensive a territory, comprising such various climates, products, habits, interests, and opinions, cannot be collected in so small a body; and besides, it is not a fair and equal representation of the people even in proportion to its number, for the smallest state has as much weight in the senate as the largest, and from the smallness of the number to be chosen for both branches of the legislature; and from the mode of election and appointment, which is under the controul of Congress; and from the nature of the thing, men of the most elevated rank in life, will alone be chosen. The other orders in the society, such as farmers, traders, and mechanics, who all ought to have a competent number of their best informed men in the legislature, will be totally unrepresented.
The representation is unsafe, because in the exercise of such great powers and trusts, it is so exposed to corruption and undue influence, by the gift of the numerous places of honor and emolument, at the disposal of the executive; by the arts and address of the great and designing; and by direct bribery.
The representation is moreover inadequate and unsafe, because of the long terms for which it is appointed, and the mode of its appointment, by which Congress may not only controul the choice of the people, but may so manage as to divest the people of this fundamental right, and become self-elected.
The number of members in the house of representatives may be increased to one for every 30,000 inhabitants. But when we consider, that this cannot be done without the consent of the senate, who, from their share in the legislative, in the executive, and judicial departments, and permanency of appointment, will be the great efficient body in this government, and whose weight and predominacy would be abridged by an increase of the representatives, we are persuaded that this is a circumstance that cannot be expected. On the contrary, the number of representatives will probably be continued at 65, although the population of the country may swell to treble what it now is; unless a revolution should effect a change. We have before noticed the judicial power as it would effect a consolidation of the states into one government; we will now examine it; as it would effect the liberties and the welfare of the people, supposing such a government were practicable and proper.
The judicial power, under the proposed constitution, is founded on the well known principles of the civil law, by which the judge determines both on law and fact, and appeals are allowed from the inferior tribunals to the superior, upon the whole question; so that facts, as well as law, would be re-examined, and even new facts brought forward in the court of appeals; and to use the words of a very eminent Civilian, "The cause is many times another thing before the court of appeals, than what it was at the time of the first sentence."
That this mode of proceeding is the one which must be adopted under this constitution, is evident from the following circumstances: 1st. That the trial by jury, which is the grand characteristic of the common law, is secured by the constitution only in criminal cases.—That the appeal from both law and fact is expressly established, which is utterly inconsistent with the principles of the common law and trials by jury. The only mode in which an appeal from law and fact can be established, is, by adopting the principles and practice of the civil law; unless the United States should be drawn into the absurdity of calling and swearing juries, merely for the purpose of contradicting their verdicts, which would render juries contemptible and worse than useless.—3d. That the courts to be established would decide on all cases of law and equity, which is a well known characteristic of the civil law; and these courts would have cognizance not only of the laws of the United States, and of treaties, and of cases affecting ambassadors, but of all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, which last are matters belonging exclusively to the civil law, in every nation in Christendom.
Not to enlarge upon the loss of the invaluable right of trial by an unbiased jury, so dear to every friend of liberty, the monstrous expence and inconveniences of the mode of proceedings to be adopted, are such, as will prove intolerable to the people of this country. The lengthy proceedings of the civil law courts in the chancery of England, and in the courts of Scotland and France, are such, that few men of moderate fortune can endure the expence of; the poor man must therefore submit to the wealthy. Length of purse will too often prevail against right and justice. For instance, we are told by the learned judge Blackstone, that a question only on the property of an ox of the value of three guineas, originating under the civil law proceedings in Scotland, after many interlocutory orders and sentences below, was carried at length from the court of sessions, the highest court in that part of Great-Britain, by way of appeal to the house of lords, where the question of law and fact was finally determined. He adds, that no pique or spirit could, in the court of king's bench or common pleas at Westminster, have given continuance to such a cause for a tenth part of the time, nor cost a twentieth part of the expence. Yet the costs in the courts of king's bench and common pleas in England are infinitely greater than those which the people of this country have ever experienced. We abhor the idea of losing the transcendent privilege of trial by jury, with the loss of which, it is remarked by the same learned author, that in Sweden the liberties of the commons were extinguished by an aristocratic senate; and that trial by jury and the liberty of the people went out together. At the same time we regret the intolerable delay, the enormous expences and infinite vexation to which the people of this country will be exposed from the voluminous proceedings of the courts of civil law, and especially from the appellate jurisdiction, by means of which a man may be drawn from the utmost boundaries of this extensive country to the seat of the supreme court of the nation, to contend
perhaps, with a wealthy and powerful adversary. The consequence of this establishment will be an absolute confirmation of the power of aristocratical influence in the courts of justice; for the common people will not be able to contend, or struggle against it.
Trial by jury in criminal cases may also be excluded by declaring, that the libeller, for instance, shall be liable to an action of debt for a specified sum, thus evading the common law prosecution by indictment and trial by jury. And the common course of proceeding against a ship for breach of revenue laws by information (which will be classed among civil causes) will, at the civil law, be within the resort of a court where no jury intervenes. Besides, the benefit of jury trial, in cases of a criminal nature, which cannot be evaded, will be rendered of little value by calling the accused to answer far from home; there being no provision that the trial be by a jury of the neighbourhood or county.—Thus an inhabitant of Pittsburgh, on a charge of a crime committed on the banks of the Ohio, may be obliged to defend himself at the side of the Delaware, and so vice versa. To conclude this head: we observe that the judges of the courts of Congress would not be independent, as they are not debarred from holding other offices, during the pleasure of the president and senate, and as they may derive their support in part from fees, alterable by the legislature.
The next consideration that the constitution presents, is the undue and dangerous mixture of the powers of government; the same body possessing legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The senate is a constituent branch of the legislature; it has judicial power in judging on impeachments, and in this case unites in some measure the characters of judge and party, as all the principal officers are appointed by the president-general, with the concurrence of the senate, and therefore they derive their offices in part from the senate. This may bias the judgments of the senators, and tend to screen great delinquents from punishment. And the senate has, moreover, various and great executive powers, viz. in concurrence with the president general, they form treaties with foreign nations, that may controul and abrogate the constitutions and laws of the several states. Indeed, there is no power, privilege or liberty of the state governments, or of the people, but what may be affected by virtue of this power. For all treaties, made by them, are to be the "supreme law of the land, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding."
And this great power may be exercised by the president and 10 senators, being two thirds of 14, which is a quorum of that body. What an inducement would this offer to the ministers of foreign powers to compass by bribery such concessions as could not otherwise be obtained. It is the unvaried usage of all free states, wherever treaties interfere with the positive laws of the land, to make the intervention of the legislature necessary to give them operation. This became necessary and was afforded by the parliament of Great-Britain, in consequence of the late commercial treaty between that kingdom and France.—As the senate judges on impeachments, who is to try the members of the senate for the abuse of this power?—And none of the great appointments to office can be made without the consent of the senate.
Such various, extensive, and important powers combined in one body of men, are inconsistent with all freedom. The celebrated Montesquieu tells us, that "when the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty, because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner."
Again; "there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary controul; for the judge would then be legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with all the violence of an oppressor. There would be an end of every thing, were the same man, or the same body of the nobles, or of the people, to exercise those three powers; that of enacting laws; that of executing the public resolutions; and that of judging the crimes or differences of individuals."
The president-general is dangerously connected with the senate: his coincidence with the views of the ruling junto in that body, is made essential to his weight and importance in the government, which will destroy all independence and purity in the executive department, and having the power of pardoning without the concurrence of a council, he may screen from punishment the most treasonable attempts that may be made on the liberties of the people, when instigated by his coadjutors in the senate. Instead of this dangerous and improper mixture of the executive with the legislative and judicial, the supreme executive powers ought to have been placed in the president, with a small independent council, made personally responsible for every appointment to office, or other act, by having their opinions recorded; without the concurrence of the majority of the quorum of this council, the president should not be capable of taking any step.
We have before considered internal taxation, as it would effect the destruction of the state governments, and produce one consolidated government. We will now consider that subject as it affects the personal concerns of the people.
The power of direct taxation applies to every individual, as Congress under this government is expressly vested with the authority of laying a capitation or poll-tax upon every person to any amount. This is a tax that, however oppressive in its nature, and unequal in its operation, is certain as to its produce, and simple in its collection; it cannot be evaded like the objects of imposts or excise, and will be paid, because all that a man hath will he give for his head. This tax is so congenial to the nature of despotism, that it has ever been a favourite under such governments. Some of those who were in the late general convention from this state, have long laboured to introduce a poll-tax among us.
The power of direct taxation will further apply to every individual, as Congress may tax land, cattle, traders, occupations, &c. to any amount; and every object of internal taxation is of that nature, that, however oppressive, the people will have but this alternative, either to pay the tax, or let their property be taken, for all resistance will be vain,
The standing army and select militia would enforce the collection.
For the moderate exercise of this power, there is no controul left in the state governments, whose intervention is destroyed. No relief or redress of grievances can be extended, as heretofore, by them. There is not even a declaration of RIGHTS, to which the people may appeal for the vindication of their wrongs in the courts of justice. They must, therefore, implicitly obey the most arbitrary laws, as the worst of them will be pursuant to the principles and form of the constitution, and that strongest of all checks upon the conduct of administration, responsibility to the people, will not exist in this government.
The permanency of the appointments of senators and representatives, and the controul the congress have over their election, will place them independent of the sentiments and resentment of the people, and the administration having a greater interest in the government than in the community, there will be no consideration to restrain them from oppression and tyranny. In the government of this state, under the old confederation, the members of the legislature are taken from among the people, and their interests and welfare are so inseparably connected with those of their constituents, that they can derive no advantage from oppressive laws and taxes, for they would suffer in common with their fellow citizens; would participate in the burthens they impose on the community, as they must return to the common level after a short period; and notwithstanding every exertion of influence, every means of corruption, a necessary rotation excludes them from permanency in the legislature.
This large state is to have but ten members in that Congress which is to have the liberty, property and dearest concerns of every individual of this vast country at absolute command, and even those ten persons, who are to be our only guardians, who are to supercede the legislature of Pennsylvania, will not be of the choice of the people, nor amenable to them. From the mode of their election and appointment they will consist of the lordly and high minded; of men who will have no congenial feelings with the people, but a perfect indifference for, and contempt of them; they will consist of those barons of power, that prey upon the very vitals; that riot on the miseries of the community. But we will suppose, although in all probability it may never be realized in fact, that our deputies in Congress have the welfare of their constituents at heart, and will exert themselves in their behalf, what security could even this afford; what relief could they extend to their oppressed constituents? To attain this, the majority of the deputies of the twelve other states in Congress must be alike well disposed; must alike forego the sweets of power, and relinquish the pursuits of ambition, which from the nature of things is not to be expected. If the people part with a responsible representation in the legislature, founded upon fair, certain and frequent elections, they have nothing left they can call their own. Miserable is the lot of that people whose every concern depends on the WILL and PLEASURE of their rulers. Our soldiers will become Janissaries, and our officers of government Bashiaws; in short, the system of despotism would soon be completed.
From the foregoing investigation, it appears that the Congress under this constitution will not possess the confidence of the people, which is an essential requisite in a good government; for unless the laws command the confidence and respect of the great body of the people, so as to induce them to support them, when called on by the civil magistrate, they must be executed by the aid of a numerous standing army, which would be inconsistent with every idea of liberty; for the same force that may be employed to compel obedience to good laws, might and probably would be used to wrest from the people their constitutional liberties. The framers of this constitution appear to have been aware of this great deficiency; to have been sensible that no dependence could be placed on the people for their support; but on the contrary, that the government must be executed by force. They have therefore made a provision for this purpose in a permanent STANDING ARMY, and a MILITIA that may be subjected to as strict discipline and government.
A standing army in the hands of a government placed so independent of the people, may be made a fatal instrument to overturn the public liberties; it may be employed to enforce the collection of the most oppressive taxes, and to carry into execution the most arbitrary measures. An ambitious man who may have the army at his devotion, may step up into the throne, and seize upon absolute power.
The absolute unqualified command that Congress have over the militia may be made instrumental to the destruction of all liberty, both public and private; whether of a personal, civil, or religious nature.
First, The personal liberty of every man probably from sixteen to sixty years of age, may be destroyed by the power Congress have in organizing and governing of the militia. As militia they may be subjected to fines to any amount, levied in a military manner; they may be subjected to corporal punishments of the most disgraceful and humiliating kind, and to death itself, by the sentence of a court-martial. To this our young men will be more immediately subjected, as a select militia, composed of them, will best answer the purposes of government.
Secondly, The rights of conscience may be violated, as there is no exemption of those persons who are conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms. These compose a respectable proportion of the community in the state. This is the more remarkable, because even when the distresses of the late war, and the evident disaffection of many citizens of that description, inflamed our passions, and when every person, who was obliged to risk his own life, must have been exasperated against such as on any account kept back from the common danger, yet even then, when outrage and violence might have been expected, the rights of conscience were held sacred.
At this momentous crisis, the framers of our state constitution made the most express and decided declaration and stipulations in favour of the rights of conscience; but now when no necessity exists, those dearest rights of men are left insecure.
Thirdly, The absolute command of Congress over the militia may be destructive of public liber-

for under the guidance of an arbitrary government, they may be made the unwilling instruments of tyranny. The militia of Pennsylvania may be marched to New-England or Virginia to quell an insurrection occasioned by the most galling oppression, and aided by the standing army, they will no doubt be successful in subduing their liberty and independence; but in so doing, although the majority of their minds will be extinguished, yet the meaner passions of resentment and revenge will be increased, and these in turn will be the ready and obedient instruments of despotism to enslave the others; and that with an irritated vengeance. Thus may the militia be made the instruments of crushing the last efforts of expiring liberty, of riveting the chains of despotism on their fellow citizens, and on one another. This power can be exercised not only without violating the constitution, but in strict conformity to it; it is calculated for this express purpose, and will doubtless be executed accordingly.
As this government will not enjoy the confidence of the people, but be executed by force, it will be a very expensive and burdensome government. The standing army must be numerous, and as a further support, it will be the policy of this government to multiply officers in every department; judges, collectors, tax-gatherers, excisemen, and the whole host of revenue officers will swarm over the land, devouring the hard earnings of the industrious, like the locusts of old, impoverishing and desolating all before them.
We have not noticed the smaller, nor many of the considerable blemishes, but have confined our observations to the great and essential defects; the main pillars of the constitution; which we have shown to be inconsistent with the liberty and happiness of the people, as its establishment will annihilate the state governments, and produce one consolidated government, that will eventually and speedily issue in the supremacy of despotism.
In this investigation we have not confined our views to the interests or welfare of this state, in preference to the others. We have overlooked all local circumstances; we have considered this subject on the broad scale of the general good; we have affected the cause of the present and future ages: the cause of liberty and mankind.
Nathaniel Breeding, John Smilie, Richard Baird, Adam Orth, John A. Hanna, John Whitehill, John Harris, Robert Whitehill, John Reynolds, Jonathan Hoge, Nicholas Lutz, John Ludwig, Abraham Lincoln, John Bishop, Joseph Heister, Joseph Powel, James Martin, William Findley, John Baird, James Edgar, William Todd.
Foreign Intelligence.
AMSTERDAM, October 11. A COMPLETE revolution has taken place in the political and civil government of this city. The magistrates, who had been removed from their offices by the party in opposition to the Stadtholder, were restored to their seats in the Senate and city council. On the 9th inst. the Grand Officers and Burgomasters, who had been expelled or secluded by the faction, resumed the exercise of their several stations; and on the following day the secluded counsellors were reinstated in their offices; the persons who had been appointed by the faction to supersede them, made a virtue of necessity; they resigned without any struggle, and gave up employments which they could no longer hold.
On Tuesday last, the Burgher masters received the following letter, from his Highness the Duke of Brunswick, dated Amsterdam the 9th inst.
"In order to secure the requisition of his Prussian Majesty, and the honor of his arms, of being assured of the disarming the auxiliaries and free corps that shall be found in Amsterdam, I demand of the Burgher masters and council of the city, for my entire satisfaction of the legal mode of their being disarmed, that the Leyden Port, or gate, be delivered to his Majesty's troops, that shall appear there to-morrow at noon; and I pledge myself no one shall come into the city; that the strictest discipline shall be observed, and that the troops shall stay no longer after the resolution of the state, with respect to their being disarmed, shall have been put in execution. You see, gentlemen, I ask no more than what the states require, and what other cities, such as Dordrecht and Rotterdam, desired of me. C. G. F. D. of BRUNSWICK"
In consequence of the above, on Wednesday morning, a deputation of two Burgher masters, and two of his council, waited on his Highness, who was near the Leyden port, or gate, in order to settle every thing relative to the present circumstances; and in the afternoon 150 of the Prussian troops came into the city, took possession of that port, and the following capitulation was agreed upon.
1st, That the Prussian troops shall take possession of the Leyden gate, with one hundred and fifty men and two pieces of cannon. 2d, That two squadrons of light horse should be quartered at Overtoom. 3d, That none of the King's troops come into the city without permission of the magistrates. 4th, That the Burgomasters and Council of the city shall take the necessary steps for the securing of the sluices, at Haarlem and Muiden ports. 5th, That the Burgomasters and Council shall give the Duke of Brunswick, a daily account how far the resolutions of the city are brought forward. 6th, That Monf. de Haaren, as commissioners on behalf of the Duke of Brunswick, shall be instructed to what extent they have proceeded in disarming the people.
On the day of the surrender, a skirmish took place in the city between the citizens of the two parties; it was occasioned by the faction placing wheel-barrows, covered with earth, in those streets through which the Stadtholder's friends were advancing on horseback. This, with some other insults, caused a battle to ensue, in which some Jews were killed and others wounded. Soon after, however, peace was entirely restored; and on the eleven, the Prussians took entire possession of Amsterdam.
HAGUE, October 12. Her Royal Highness delivered, on Saturday last, her complaint in writing to the commissioners of their Noble Mightinesses; which consists in declaring, that she did not require any corporal punishment against the authors and abettors of the insults offered to her, but only that they be dismissed from all their employments.
And upon the enquiry made by the Commissioners of their Noble Mightinesses, who were the authors, her Highness mentioned the following gentlemen.
M. Daniel Jacobus Canter, chamberlain of the council of the city of Haarlem.
M. Franciscus Guetherus Blok, magistrate of the city of Haarlem.
M. Jan De Witt, magistrate of the city of Amsterdam.
M. Martinus Van Toulon, of the council of the city of Gouda.
M. Cornelis Van Forcst, Lord of Schooal and Camp, of the council of the city of Alkmaar.
M. A. Cossers, secretary at Woerden.
M. Cornelis Johan Dedange, lord of the manors of Wyngaarden and Ruigbrocke, of the council of the city of Gouda.
M. Cornelius De Gyzelaar, pensionary of the city of Dordrecht.
M. Adriaen Van Zeeberg, and M. Pieter Leonard Van de Kastele, pensionaries of the city of Haarlem.
M. Engelbert Francois, Van Berkel, and M. Catal Wouter Niffler, pensionaries of the city of Amsterdam.
M. Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaar, of the Council of the city of Alkmaar; together with the house of the Defensie Wezen of the city of Amsterdam.
Adriaen Pompejus Van Leyden, Lord of Hardinxveld.
M. Balthazar Elias Abbema.
Lodewyk Hovy de Jonge.
Mr. John Bernard Bicker.
And their Noble Mightinesses, with most of the cities, resolved to give this satisfaction; mean while Amsterdam was to explain on Thursday, and some of their citizens concurred upon the approbation of their principals; so that this matter is as good as concluded.
L O N D O N, October 12-20.
Wednesday Mr. Pitt gave a cabinet dinner at his house adjoining the treasury, at which Mr. Grenville was also present.
Same day Mr. Grenville, who is lately arrived from Paris, had a conference of more than two hours with his majesty, in the closet at St. James's, attended by Mr. Dundas, who introduced him before the other cabinet ministers arrived.
Notwithstanding the levity which has been purposely, and indeed by command, shown to the deluded populace in Holland by the Duke of Brunswick, ample justice is to be done on some of the ringleaders of the conspiracies against the Stadtholder; to prevent which many of them, knowing how well they merit such an acknowledgment of services, have wisely taken their leave and repaired to Flanders.
By intelligence received by this day's post, it appears, that there is now more certainty of a war than ever.
Van Berkel, who has been particularly inimical to the cause of the Stadtholder, is at last in a fair way of meeting the reward due to his activity and zeal. This flaming patriot figured for some time among the Corps Diplomatique in America; and England and Holland have severally felt the effects of his labours in the cause of republicanism.
Yesterday afternoon a messenger arrived at the Marquis of Carmarthen's office, Whitehall, from Paris. The dispatches were sent to the King at Windsor. It is not mentioned that any thing like a satisfactory answer has been obtained by the Duke of Dorset from the French Cabinet; on the contrary, they complain loudly of being forced into expensive preparations for war in a manner hitherto unprecedented in the annals of the two countries. A foreign courier came over from Calais in the same packet, who arrived yesterday at Monf. de Barthelemy's house, near Hyde Park Corner.
The best advices from France, say, that they have thirty ships of the line ready for sea. By land they are not so well prepared. They have eight battalions of infantry, but they are in great disorder. The attention paid to the navy in the late war, and since the peace, has considerably affected their army. It was broken to pieces—Many of the nobility retired in disgust, and its discipline was ruined. They are now, however, taking the most effectual means for recruiting its strength, and certainly, as it is, it is more than a match for ours.
There has been a general embargo on all shipping in the ports of France, and they have swept their own sailors in every harbour.
According to letters from the continent, a triple alliance between Russia, the Emperor, and France, is said to be certainly on the tapis, and in great forwardness. France in this case gives up the Turks, for which she is to have a great share of the Levant trade guaranteed to her by the other contracting powers, when the Turk is driven out of Europe. The chief matter in question is, who shall possess the imperial city of Constantinople.
New-York, December 31.
ON Saturday last arrived in this port the ship George, Capt. Hunter, in 56 days from Grenoch, in Scotland, by whom Glasgow and Edinburgh papers are received to the 24th of October, and 28th from London; the most material paragraphs from these papers are extracted in this day's paper, which will be continued to-morrow.
No war is yet declared between the Courts of Versailles and London. Mr. Grenville's negotiation, it seems, has not been satisfactory. It appears, that the requisitions of the Court of London were, a dismemberment of the garrison at the Cape of Good Hope, and Trincomale, and the demolition of the works at Cherbourg. If this be the case, and France be not sunk to her lowest ebb, with respect to finance, the greatest presumption is, that a formal declaration of war will take place early in the spring.—As for Holland, an apparent pusillanimous surrender of all to the Prince Stadtholder has reinstated her in a kind of peace.
The OBSERVER, to DEMOCRITUS, and a FLAT-BUSH correspondent's COMMUNICATION, omitted this day for want of room, will be published next year, in No. 1, of the 42d volume of the New-York Journal.
City of New-York, ff.
At a Meeting of the Mayor and Aldermen of the said City on Saturday the twenty-ninth Day of December, 1787.
WHEREAS this city has, in time past, been exposed to the great danger of fires, and the inhabitants to hurt and injury, by discharging guns and other fire works in the streets of this city; and more particularly in the New-Year holydays—the mayor and aldermen, taking the same into consideration, have therefore directed the following clause of an act of the legislature, prohibiting those disorders under severe penalties, to be published for the information of the citizens; and the sheriff, deputy sheriffs, constables, marshals, and watchmen, are required to be vigilant in putting the said law into execution, and parents and masters are cautioned to be careful in restraining their children, apprentices, and servants, from offending against the said law, as the penalties will be rigorously exacted.
Extract from the law of this state, passed the 22d day of April, 1786, entitled, "An act for the more effectual prevention of fires in the city of New-York."
"And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That if any person or persons, of what age, sex, or quality soever, from and after the said first day of June next, shall fire and discharge any gun, pistol, rocket, cracker, squib, or other fire-works, in any street, lane, or ally, garden, or inclosure, or from any house, or in any other place where persons frequently walk, to the fowthward of Fresh-water, that then and every such person or persons so offending and being thereof convicted before one or more justice or justices of the peace for the said city and county of New-York, either by the confession of the party or parties so offending, or the oath of one or more witness or witnesses (which oath the said justice or justices of the peace is and are hereby empowered and required to administer) shall for every such offence forfeit the sum of twenty shillings; the said forfeitures to be levied by distress and sale of the goods and chattels of every such offender, by warrant under the hand and seal of the said justice or justices of the peace before whom said conviction or convictions shall be as aforesaid made; which forfeiture shall be paid to the said Chamberlain, for the use of the poor of the said city of New-York. And if the said offenders shall not pay the said forfeiture or forfeitures upon conviction as aforesaid, and want of sufficient distress whereon the same can be made, that then every such justice or justices of the peace is and are hereby empowered and required, by warrant, under his or their hands and seals, to commit every such person or persons, so as aforesaid offending, to the common goal of the city and county of New-York, there to remain without bail or mainprize for the space of ten days, unless such forfeiture or forfeitures be sooner paid; but in case such offender or offenders, in the premises last above mentioned, shall happen to be a slave or slaves, and the forfeiture or forfeitures shall not be forthwith paid, that then it shall and may be lawful to and for such justice or justices before whom the conviction shall be, to cause such slave or slaves to be publicly whipped on the naked back, such number of stripes as he or they shall think proper, not exceeding thirty-nine; which punishment shall be in lieu and stead of the said forfeiture."
Published by order of the Mayor and Aldermen. ROBERT BENSON, Clerk.
BY virtue of a writ of venditiona exponas, issued out of the court of chancery, will be sold at PUBLIVENDUE, at the Coffee-house, on Monday the tenth day of February next, at twelve o'clock, all that DWELLING HOUSE, and LOT OF GROUND, situated, lying, and being, in the fourth ward of the city of New-York, fronting north to a certain street, called White-Hall-street, and bounded north by said White-Hall-street, on the west by a lot of ground belonging to Edward Nichols, on the south, in the rear, by a lot of land belonging to James Brown, on the east by a lot belonging to Anthony Hunter, containing in breadth in front, and rear thirty feet, and in length, on each side, sixty feet, to satisfy a certain mortgage made by Israel Philips, of the city of New-York, merchant, to Joseph Nathan of the said city, merchant. M. WILLETT, Sheriff. New-York, Dec. 20, 1787. 78 m.6.w.
F R E I G H T, WANTED.
FOR a BRIG upwards of one hundred tons measurement, with an undeniable British Register and Mediterranean pass.—For either Spain, Portugal, the Streights, Western, Canary, or any of the West-India Islands.—For particulars enquire at No. 74, Water-street. New-York, Dec. 31, 1787. 78 e.d.
By Order of BENJAMIN BLAGGE, Esquire, one of the Aldermen of the City of New-York:
NOTICE is hereby given, by the petitioning creditors of Coonrod Weaver, an insolvent debtor, to all the creditors of the said insolvent, that they appear before the said alderman, at his office in Beckman-street, in the city of New-York, by the second day of January, 1788, to shew cause, if any they have, why an assignment of the said debtor's estate should not be made, for the benefit of all his creditors, and he thereupon discharged, in terms of, and pursuant to an act of the legislature of the state of New-York, entitled, "An act for the relief of insolvent debtors," passed the 13th day of April, 1786. COONROD WEAVER. Dated the 3th day of December, 1787. 78 80 e.d.
Petitioning Creditors. Nicholas Michel, George Watts, Henry Clubman, and Frederick Slicke.
MARSHALL'S
Porter and Oyster-House, Is now opened at the corner of Cortlandt and Greenwich-Streets, opposite Powles-Hook Ferry-House, at the North-River—where every exertion will be put in force to render those who will favor him with their commands agreeable. New-York, Dec. 12, 1787. 62 e.d.
T H E A T R E.
By the OLD AMERICAN COMPANY. THIS EVENING, Will be performed, A COMEDY, CALLED THE R I V A L S, To which will be added, A COMMIC OPERA, called, The POOR SOLDIER, With the Original Overtures, &c. BOX 8s.—PIT 6s.—GALLERY 4s. VIVAT RESPUBLICA.
ON TUESDAY next, the 1st of January 1788, Will be PUBLISHED in this City, The American Magazine, A MONTHLY PUBLICATION.
CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION, On education, Gen. Lincoln's letter on the ingrafting of trees, Anecdote of the Duke of Gordon, Advice to masters, and to husbands that have scolding wives, and wives that have peevish husbands, Principles of government and commerce, On bills of rights, Letter to Doctor Stiles, accounting for the fortifications west of the Allegany, Abridgment of Smith's History of Virginia. Letter from Jemima Loveleap, Floretta, or the Fountains, Life of Sir William Jones, Kt. Titus Blunt, on fashion, Anecdote of a sailor, Letter from Philander, on marriage, Dr. Dwight's valedictory address, &c. Mr. Pope's letter to the Bishop of Rochester, Letter from Guy Gumbleton, Curiosities, London review of Dr. Adams's defence.
P O E T R Y.
VERSES on the New Year, Lydia, The Virgin's first love, The seasons moralized, On a lady's striking a fly with her fan, The rare adventures of TomBrainless; shewing what his father said of him; how he went to college, and what he learned there; Subscriptions twenty shillings a year, ten shillings for six months advanced. how he took his degrees and went to keeping school; how afterwards he became a great man and wore a wig, and how any body else may do the same, Invocation to the Nightingale, Foreign intelligence, American intelligence, Marriages and deaths.
Subscriptions are taken by Mr. Loudon, Messrs Berry and Rogers, Mr. R. Hodge, Mr. S. Campbell, and Mr. T. Allen, Booksellers. New-York, Dec. 28, 1787. 75 e.d.
Garret Rapalie,
No. 2, opposite the Fly-Market, has FORSALE sundry sorts of
DRY GOODS.
Two NEGRO BOYS about 14 years old, One WENCH, a very good COOK, can wash and iron; sold for want of employ. Twenty FARMS of good LAND on the west side of the Delaware, about 50 miles west of Epsom, Who sells GOODS on Commission. Said RAPALJE has FOR SALE a number of
Walker's Certificates.
New-York, Dec. 29, 1787. 77 e.d.
Ran-away, from Cape Francois, A MULATTO MAN, Named JACQUES or JAMES, A CREOLE, from Martinico,
AN excellent kitchen and paltry COOK, 26 or 27 years of age, about 5 feet 9 inches high, middling thick, his legs are much warped, much pock-marked, a very large mouth, small eyes and funk, a large forehead and long necked; he has a kind of ring-worm on one of his arms, and has a difficulty in his speech, stammering a little—He left Cape Francois in the beginning of May last, and was supposed to have taken passage for this continent. Whoever secures said Mulatto Man, and gives intelligence, will be handsomely rewarded, and all reasonable charges paid. Enquire at No. 15, Queen-Street. 78—e.d.
NOTICE is hereby given by the petitioning creditors of DANIEL STRANG, of Rye, in the county of West Chester, and state of New-York, late merchant, an insolvent debtor, to shew cause to the said Chief Justice, at his chamber, situate in Nassau-street, in the city of New-York, on Thursday, the third day of January next, at ten o'clock in the forenoon of the same day, why an assignment of the said debtor's estate should not be made, and the said debtor discharged, according to the form of an act of the legislature of the state of New-York, entitled, "An act for the relief of insolvent debtors," passed the 13th day of April, 1786. DANIEL STRANG. Dated this 13th day of Dec. 1787. 65—e.d.
Masters & Owners of Vessels
Are hereby informed, THAT they may be supplied with cables, large or small of any length, and cordage of all sizes, made of Peterburg hemp, first quality, at Ivers's Rope-walk, at the head of Mulberry-street, the first left hand turn above the Tea-Water Pump, on such favorable terms as to merit the attention of any gentleman that would with to lay out his money to the best advantage. Cables spliced, with the addition of any length required, white rope of every sort for city or country use, hawser lines, deep sea lines, and lead lines, tog lines, houseline, and marine line, &c. &c. by H. IVERS, Ropemaker.
N. B. The above articles, whether in large or small quantities, will be delivered to any part of the city without expence of cartage to the buyer. New-York, Dec. 7, 1787. 58 e.d.

POET'S CORNER.
HYMN ON THE NATIVITY.
WHILE solemn founds salute our ears, An angel of the Lord appears: He brings us tidings from above, Of joy—of mercy—heav'nly love. Sinners rise with one accord, Hail your Saviour—hail your Lord, Humble adorations bring, Hail the spotless infant King; Hear the host of Heaven proclaim, Glory—glory—glory, To Jehovah's name. While earth rejoices with the sound Of peace—of pardon—and of grace: Immanuel's born, the Lord of Lords, The son of spotless holiness! The welcome morning chases night, And calls us to the heav'nly fight Of Jesus: mortals, ever sing, Glory—glory—glory, To our heav'nly King.
A N E C D O T E.
Extracted from St. John's Letters. GENERAL MORGAN , with 800 men, of whom one half were Militia, completely beat, at the battle of Cowpens, Col. Tarleton, who attacked him with 1000 regular troops. Two hundred dragoons of that Col. were put to flight, and briskly pursued by 60 Americans, under the command of Col. Washington. Some months after, Tarleton being in the house of a farmer, spoke with much vanity respecting himself, and lightly of Col. Washington, saying, "He wished extremely to know his face." "It is a great pity then," replied a girl of the house, "that Col. Tarleton had not taken the pains to turn his head at Cowpens."
Affixe of BREAD,
As Established December 5, 1787. A Loaf of infected Superfine Wheat Flour to weigh Two Pounds Five Ounces for Six-pence. A Loaf of Rye Flour to weigh One Pound Twelve Ounces for Three-pence.
HIGH WATER.
This Day, Dec. 31. at 40m. Morning.
Just PUBLISHED, and to be Sold at this OFFICE, No. 25, Water-street.
The American Calculator, or
Counting-House COMPANION,
CONTAINING, A TABLE, ascertaining the value of sundry coins in gold, as regulated by the Chamber of Commerce in this city, and shewing at one view, their value in the several currencies of New-York, North-Carolina, and Great-Britain. A Collection of Tables, shewing, at one view, the amount of any number (under 10,000) of Dollars, French and English Crowns, Half Joes, French and English Guineas, &c. as they pass through the United States. A Table of Guineas, as they pass in England and Ireland. Rules for the ready reducing the currencies of the United-States, from the currency of one state into the currency of any other of the United States; and for reducing the currencies of the United-States into Sterling, and Sterling into the currencies of the said States. Rules for reducing English Money into Irish, and Irish Money into English, according to the par of exchange between both kingdoms. Five different tables of the coins of the United-States of America, agreeable to a resolve of Congress of the 8th August, 1787, viz. a Table of Half Dollars, a Table of Dimes, a Table of Cents, and a table of Mills; calculated to render familiar the proper mode of counting said Money. This Book is intended for the convenience of Merchants, &c. in the United States, by Francis Healy , Accomptant.
Price 1f. 6d. single. The usual discount to Booksellers, and others, who may purchase by the Hundred, Dozen, &c. ** Also may be had of Messieurs Campbell, Reid, Allen, Macgill, and Mills, Booksellers.
Just PUBLISHED, and to be Sold, at
T. GREENLEAF'S
PRINTING-OFFICE, No. 25, Water-street. OBSERVATIONS , leading to a fair Examination of the Government proposed by the late CONVENTION, and to several essential and necessary Alterations.
A new, complete, and correct Edition of
Baron Steuben's Regulations
FOR THE
Order and Discipline
OF THE
Troops of the United States.
Part of this Edition is rendered conformable to the Military establishment of this State, [The only printed Edition with such Alterations] and the remaining Part correct Copies of the late Editions; each decorated with a half sheet Copper Plate Engraving. Price Three Shillings.
This Day PUBLISHED, And to be SOLD at this PRINTING OFFICE, [Price TEN PENCE.]
The Mother's Catechism.
THIS Catechism is designed for the First, and should be taught to infants as an Introduction to those Catechisms which are on so easily understood. It is universally recommended by Divines.
JUST IMPORTED,
In the Montgomery, Capt. Bunyan, from London, and other late vessels from Great Britain, and will be SOLD on very reasonable terms,
By Robert Hodge,
No. 237, Queen-street, the corner of King-street A large and choice collection of B O O K S;
Among which are, ELEGANT folio family bibles, with near 200 cuts in each, Burkitt on the new testament, Brown's self-interpreting bible, 2 vols, Cruden's concordance, Warden's system of divinity, Whitby's commentary, Blair's Carr's, Erkin's, Boston's, Willison's, Atterbury's, &c. sermons, Neilson's festivals, Cullen's, Duncan's, and Hoffman's, practice of physic, Van Swieten's, commataries, 18 vols, Boerhaave's aphorisms, 6 vols, Smellie, and Hamilton's midwifery, Leake on the diseases of women, 2 vols, Quincy's medical lexicon, Fourcroy's, chemistry, &c. Ainsworth's, Young's Cole's, and Besides the above, a great variety, Consisting of
History, Divinity, Law, Philosophy, Mathematics, Biography, Geography, Poetry, Phyfic, Surgery, Agriculture, Nautical Books, Dictionaries, Architecture, Novels, Miscellanies, Plays, &c. &c. Also an excellent Assortment of STATIONARY, Genuine Writing Paper of different sizes and prices, Ledgers, Journals, Waste, Letter, and Blank Books of all sizes, Receipt Books, Bonnet and Wrapping Paper, Sealing-Wax, Wafers, Quills, Slates, Lead and slate Pencils, Penknives, elegant Shoe Buckles, Message Cards, &c. &c. Commissions from the country are thank fully received, and carefully executed. 51—
THOMAS SMITH
BOOT and SHOE MAKER, LEATHER CUTTER, AND CURRIER, Queen-Street, No. 179, Corner of Beekman or Chapel Street,
BEGS
leave to inform his friends, and the public in general, that he carries on the above branches in an extensive manner. He makes an falls the following articles, wholesale and retail, viz.
   £. f. d.     Gentlemen's best boots with the best English legs and bend-foles, bound with Morocco, 2 12 0   Gentlemen's best boots turned down tops, best English legs and bend-foles, 2 10 0   Gentlemen's best boots with the best York legs and bend-foles, bound with Morocco, 2 8 0   Ditto best plain, ditto, York legs and bend-foles, 2 4 0   Ditto, ditto, with York legs and foles, 2 0 0   Best water boots with bend-foles, 2 0 0   Gentlemen's best calf-skin shoes with bound tops, 0 11 0   Mens strong shoes, from 8f. to 0 9 0   Ladies best silk shoes, 1 0 0   Ditto ditto, stuff-ditto fattenet or calimanco, 0 10 0   Ditto ditto leather lined and bound, 0 9 0   Ditto do. do. common, 0 8 0   Boys, Girls, and childrens shoes of all kinds.  
As also, all kinds of leather, whether for shoemakers, tanners, or harness-makers use.—English boot-legs, bend-foles as usual.
He wishes to inform the public, that, as he is determined to sell on the most reasonable terms, no credit on any account will be given, except to those of his former customers.
And likewise, that no shoes will be sent to any one for trial, except they be very well known, as he has already suffered too much loss on that account.
Country store-keepers, and others, will find it to their advantage to deal at the above store, as they can be supplied with upper leathers, foles, half foles, &c. by the dozen, on the most reasonable terms.
Black-ball of excellent quality for cleaning boots or shoes, wholesale and retail.
N. B. Rough leather taken in and curried on the most reasonable terms. 24—ed. 5w.
JUST PUBLISHED,
And to be SOLD, at this Office, By the Gros, Hundred, or Dozen, HUTCHINS's, and the UNITED STATES
ALMANACK,
For the Year of our Lord, 1788.
PUBLIC NOTICE
is hereby given, that by virtue of a writ to me directed, issued out of the court of chancery of this state, I shall expose to sale, at Public Vendue, on the twenty-first day of January next, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon of the same day, on the premises, all that certain Dwelling-House, Meffuage, and Tenement, and Lot of Ground thereunto belonging, situate, lying and being in the city of New-York aforesaid, in Montgomery-Ward of the said city, on the north west side of Queen-street, bounded on the north east by the house and ground then or late of Charity De la Montagne, on the south west by the house and ground late of John Varick, deceased, and on the north west by the piece of ground formerly part of the said lot, but late belonging to John Atkinson and John Lawrence, and by them laid out for and agreed to be a public street for ever, and on the south east to Queen-street aforesaid, containing in breadth, in front to Queen-street aforesaid, thirty feet, and in breadth in the rear about twenty-three feet and an half, and in length, on each side from Queen-street to extend one hundred and seventy-one feet, together with all and singular the appurtenances. Given under my hand, this sixth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven. 60 m 6w. M. WILLET, Sheriff.
WHITE TEETH!
I. Greenwood,
SURGEON DENTIST,
No. 199, Water-street, opposite the Coffee-house,
ENCOURAGED
by the success of his practice, begs leave to acquaint the public, that he preserves the TEETH and GUMS, by removing an infectious tartar that corrupts them, and renders the natural purity of the breath offensive, this tartar acquires a solidity equal to stone, the corrosive particles destroy the enamel of the teeth, the body of it causes an inflammation in the gums, and by degrees will strip them from the roots of the teeth, and if not removed, force them out of their sockets.—He cures the scurvy in the gums, fastens the teeth, extracts, replaces, transplants, and regulates, cleans the teeth and makes them white, substitutes artificial teeth in to neat a manner as not to be perceived from the natural without drawing the stumps, or causing the least pain; they help mastication, give a youthful air to the countenance, render pronunciation more agreeable and distinct; in a word, as there is nothing more beautiful, and of such real service as a good set of teeth, both natural and artificial are worthy the attention of every one.—His charges are low, to give every person an opportunity of being benefited by him.
Said GREENWOOD will with pleasure attend those ladies or gentlemen, who cannot conveniently wait on him, upon their sending directions.
FOR SALE,
At the STORE of
Mr. Barnt Deklyn,
No. 39, Maiden-Lane, near the FLY-MARKET
G O O D S,
Which will be SOLD at the most reduced Prices, to wit.
   A VARIETY of Cotton Checks,   Mantuas and other Spotted and plain Vel-   Gown Silks, verets,   Sarcenets, A variety of Gloves and   Peelongs, and Fans,   Modets, Linens,   Chintzes, Sheetings, and   Printed Linens, and Oznaburgs,   Cottons, Marblees Quilting,   Fancy Shawls and Fancy Jacket Patterns,   Handkerchiefs, A variety of Plumes   Jeans, and Ribbands,   Jeanetts, and Fancy Shoe Buckes and   India Dimities, Buttons.   A quantity of Linen and  
With a Variety of other Articles,
Which he is determined to SELL low, for Jersey (upon the face of the Bill) New-York, or Pennsylvania PAPER MONEY.
AT THE TANNERY,
Near the Fresh-Water Pond,
MAY
be had of the subscriber a quantity of excellent SOL and UPPER LEATHER, tanned in the English mode, equal to any manufactured in America. He proposes, for country dealers, to supply on terms that will enable them to make large profits;—for city consumption, such as will establish the Shoe Manufacturers, and procure them a run of custom—for ships use, as good in quality, as that imported from England, and at a much less price.
Calf, Bark, raw Hides or Calve Skins taken in exchange. ISAAC COULTHARD.
N. B. A Currier, Master of his Business, is wanted immediately—Apply as above. 40—w.f.
FLAX-SEED,
STORED, Cleaned, Pure and
Sold at HARTELL and WOODWARD's Flax-feed store, lately occupied by Mr. JACOB ARLY, last by Mr. Nalh, between Van Zandt's and Murray's Wharves. 38—e.d.
New-York RUM
Of excellent Flavour and good Proof FOR SALE,
By Charles Tillinghast,
At the DISTILLERY, near the New Market in Cherry-street, and nearest to the Ship-Yards.
October 3, 1787 35—m. th.
To be sold at this PRINTING-OFFICE,
BLANKS of all Sorts.
Morris-Town and Paules-Hook STAGE.
ON the 14th inst. the subscriber began to run his Stage-Waggon every Tuesday and Friday, from his house in Morris-Town, to Paules-Hook, by the way of Newark, starting at five o'clock each morning. The waggon generally arrives at Jacamiah Smith's, Paules-Hook, about one o'clock of the same day, where it remains until the next morning, nine o'clock, when it returns by the same route, and with all expedition. The FARE for a passenger, with seven pounds of baggage, is ONE DOLLAR, and the same for one hundred and fifty pound weight. The waggon, on its route to Paules-Hook, stops at Lawrence's tavern, Springfield, where the passengers may breakfast, if they choose; the next stage is at Major Sayre's, Newark, from whence they proceed to Paules-Hook. N. B. Letters, to be sent by the above stage, may be lodged at Capt. Crane's, a few doors above the Ferry-house, in Cortlandt-street, New-York, from whence they shall always be safely conveyed to the stage. All letters carried free. GEORGE OHARA. Morris-Town, August 23, 1787.
THE PROPRIETORS of the STAGE S,
Which ply between
New-York & Philadelphia,
Respectfully inform the PUBLIC, THAT, after this date, their stage will leave Paules-Hook at three o'clock in the afternoon, and proceed to Elizabeth-Town; and that in order to accommodate passengers, one stage will leave Elizabeth-Town at day-light; and another stage leaves Newark at eight o'clock, and both stages go as far towards Philadelphia as the weather and roads will permit, during the winter season. December — 3th, 1787 46
MR. HARDIN,
TEACHER OF LANGUAGES,
RETURNS his most grateful acknowledgements to his good friends, for their patronage, since he opened a public school.
At their request he will endeavour to introduce the practice of hearing his Latin Scholars occasionally read lessons in English; but finding it difficult to attend to a variety of branches at the same time, and wishing to do all in his power to promote the progress of the young gentlemen committed to his care, he has taken, as an assistant, Mr. Martin, a gentleman educated at the university of Glasgow, who, together with himself, will industriously instruct their Scholars in the following branches: viz. Writing, Arithmetic, Geography, Navigation, and the Greek, Latin, and English Languages grammatically. Particular attention will be also paid to train up the young gentlemen to a just and graceful mode of elocution; and some time will be daily spent in teaching orthography.—Apply to the school, next door to the Methodist Church in John-street.
NOTICE
is hereby given to all persons indebted to the estate of Gilbert Bryan, of Huntington, Long-Island, Suffolk county, yeoman, an insolvent debtor, that unless they make immediate payment to the subscriber, assignee of the estate of the aforesaid Gilbert Bryan, the accounts will be put into the hands of an attorney; and all persons, having claims against said Gilbert Bryan's estate, previous to his discharge under the act of insolvency, are requested immediately to present their accounts, properly attested, to JOHN ARDEN, Junior, Assignee. 42 m.w.f. 9m. New-York, November 15, 1787.
To the Afflicted with WORMS.
LATELY received from the western country, and may be had at No. 21, Beekman Street, an extraordinary and never-failing WORM POWDER.—From long experience it has been found, that three doses of these Powders will effectually destroy the Worms, either in children or grown persons. N. York Sept. 13, 1787. 22—e.d.
S H R U B,
Of the very best Quality, by the Hoghead, Barrel, or smaller Quantity,
FOR SALE, by
Charles Tillinghast,
At his House, nearly opposite the New Market in Cherry street.
A PERSON
perfectly acquainted with MERCHANT'S ACCOUNTS, would be glad of employ, in that line, either in Posting of Books, or adjusting intricate accounts. Enquire of the Printer. New-York, October 25 1787. 39—e.d.
— LETTERS of INTELLIGENCE—occasional PARAGRAPHS—speculative PIECES—ESSAYS, &c.—are gratefully received at this OFFICE.
For the greater CONVENIENCE and SAFETY of which COMMUNICATIONS, a LETTER-BOX is placed in the Window. SUBSCRIPTIONS for this PAPER (printed EVERY DAY, at Six, and ONCE a Week, at Two, Dollars per Annum) are also received here—and ADVERTISEMENTS, REASONABLY INSERTED.