Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1791-06-22 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 16, of Vol. III.]
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 22, 1791.
[Whole No. 224.]
FROM THE (BOSTON) COLUMBIAN CENTINEL.
MR. RUSSELL,
IN that part of Mr. PAINE's pamphlet which he has chosen to call the miscellaneous chapter, he observes that, "when a man in a long cause attempts to steer his course by any thing else than some polar truth or principle, he is sure to be lost." I have sought for the polar principle to which his exertions were directed in this publication, and I must acknowledge I have sought in vain. His production is historical, political, miscellaneous, satirical and panegyric. It is an ENCOMIUM upon the National Assembly of France. It is a commentary upon the rights of men, inferring questionable deductions from unquestionable principles. It is a severe SATIRE upon Mr. Burke and his pamphlet, upon the English government, upon Kings, upon Nobility, and Aristocracy; it is a narrative of several occurrences, connected with the French revolution, and it concludes with a kind of prophetic impulse, in the expectation of an "European Congress to patronize the progress of free government, and promote the civilization of nations with each other." The object which he promised to himself, in this publication, is not so dubious as the principle on which he wrote. His intention appears evidently to be, to convince the people of Great-Britain, that they have neither Liberty nor a Constitution—that their only possible means to procure these blessings to themselves, is to "topple down headlong" their present government, and follow implicitly the example of the French. As to the right, he scruples not to say, "that which a whole nation chooses to do, it has a right to do." This proposition is a part of what Mr. PAINE calls a system of principles in opposition to those of Mr. Burke, and it is laid down without any sort of qualification. It is not my intention to defend the principles of Mr. Burke—TRUTH is the only object of my pursuit, and I shall without hesitation refuse my assent to every principle inconsistent with that, whether it proceeds from Mr. Burke, Mr. Paine, or even from the illustrious National Assembly of France. This principle, that a whole nation has a right to do whatsoever it pleases, cannot in any sense whatever be admitted as true. The eternal and immutable laws of justice and of morality, are paramount to all human legislation. The violation of those laws is certainly within the power, but it is not among the rights of nations. The power of a nation is the collected power of all the individuals which compose it. The rights of a nation are in like manner the collected rights of its individuals; and it must follow from thence, that the powers of a nation are more extensive than its rights in the very same proportion with those of individuals. It is somewhat remarkable that in speaking of the exercise of the particular right of forming a constitution, Mr. Paine himself denies to a nation, that omnipotence, which he had before so liberally bestowed. For this same nation, which has a right to do whatever it pleases, has no right to establish a government in hereditary succession.—It is of infinite consequence, that the distinction between power and right should be fully acknowledged, and admitted as one of the fundamental principles of Legislators. A whole nation such as France, England, or America, can act only by representation; and the acts of the representative body must be considered as the acts of the nation. We must go farther, and say that the acts of the majority in the Representative Assembly are the acts of the whole body, and consequently of the whole nation. If therefore, a majority thus constituted, are bound by no law human or divine, and have no other rule but their sovereign will and pleasure, to direct them; what possible security can any citizen of the nation have for the protection of his unalienable rights? The principles of liberty must still be the sport of arbitrary power, and the hideous form of despotism, must lay aside the diadem and the sceptre, only to assume the party-coloured garments of democracy.
The system of principles upon which Mr. Paine advances this assertion is intended to prove that the English nation have a right to destroy their present form of government, and to erect another. I am not disposed to deny this right, nor is it at present necessary to examine whether Mr. Burke's opinions upon this subject, are not directed rather against the expediency than the abstracted rights of such a measure. It may,
however, not be improper to trace the origin of Mr. Paine's arguments against the principles maintained by Mr. Burke. Doctor Price had asserted, that "by the principles of the revolution, in 1688, the people of England had acquired the right, 1. To chuse their own governors. 2. To cashier them for misconduct; and 3. To frame a government for themselves." Mr. Burke endeavors to prove that the principles of the revolution in 1688, so far from warranting any right of this kind, support a doctrine almost diametrically opposite. Mr. Paine, in reply, cuts the gordian knot at once, declares the parliament of 1688 to have been down-right usurpers, censures them for having unwisely sent to Holland for a King, denies the existence of a British Constitution, and invites the people of England, to overturn their present government, and to erect another upon the "broad basis of national sovereignty, and government by representation." As Mr. Paine has departed altogether from the principles of the revolution, and has torn up by the roots, all reasoning from the British Constitution, by the denial of its existence, it becomes necessary to examine his work upon the grounds which he has chosen to assume. If we judge of the production from its apparent tendency, we may call it, an address to the English Nation, attempting to prove that they have a right to form a new constitution; that it is expedient for them immediately to exercise that right, and that in the formation of this constitution, they can do no better than to imitate the model set before them by the French National Assembly. However immethodical his production is, I believe, the whole of its argumentative part, may be referred to these three points. If the subject were to affect only the British Nation, we might leave them to reason and act for themselves; but, sir, these are concerns equally important to all mankind; and the citizens of America are called upon, from high authority to rally round the standard of this champion of revolutions. I shall therefore now proceed to examine the reasons upon which he founds his opinions relative to each of these points.—
The people of England have in common with every other nation, a natural and unalienable right to form a constitution of government, not because a whole nation has a right to do whatever it chooses to do, but because government being instituted for the common security of the natural rights of every individual, it must be liable to alterations whenever it becomes incompetent for that purpose. The right of a people to legislate for succeeding generations derives all its authority from the consent of that posterity who are bound by their laws, and therefore the expressions of perpetuity used by the Parliament of 1688, contain no absurdity—and expressions of a similar nature may be found, in all the constitutions of the United States.
But, sir, when this right is thus admitted in its fullest latitude, it must also be admitted that it ought never to be exercised, but in cases of extreme urgency: Every nation has a right as unquestionable to dissolve the bands of civil society, by which they are united, and to return to that state of individual imbecility in which man is supposed to have existed, previous to the formation of the social compact. The people of America have been compelled by an unaccountable necessity, distressing in its operation, but glorious in its consequences, to exercise this right, and whenever a nation has no other alternative but the degradation of slavery, or the formidable conflict of a revolution, the generous spirit of freedom will not hesitate a moment in the choice; whether the people of France were at the period of their revolution, reduced to that unhappy situation, which rendered it absolutely necessary to overthrow their whole system to its foundations, is a question, upon which the ablest patriots among themselves have differed, and upon which we are inadequate to decide. Whether the people of England are now in that calamitous predicament, is a question, more proper for our discussion, and upon which I shall take the liberty to examine the reasoning of Mr. Paine.
PUBLICOLA.
THE RETURN.
"KIND heav'n O send him safely back"—we pray'd— Nor was the intercession urg'd in vain— The tour perform'd, and millions happy made, His Vernon hails in health its Lord again.
FROM THE QUEBEC HERALD.
DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING CHEESE.
TO farmers who live in the country and keep many cows, it would doubtless be an advantage to know how to make their milk into good cheese; for through the want of that knowledge the dairy women are often at as much pains to spoil their milk by making it into very bad cheese, as they would then be to make it into that which is very good.
Much depends upon having a portion of salt-petre used with common salt in salting the cheese:—If the latter is only used, and a quantity sufficient to keep the cheese sweet is put in, the cheese is apt to be very hard, and to have a biting disagreeable taste; but if not so much is taken, then, when the cheese is drying a putrid fermentation comes on, and the cheese swells up much in the middle, often till it is twice as thick as it was before. If the cheese should now be cut it would be found to send forth a disagreeable stench, and could not be eaten; but if suffered to stand, the fermentation gradually abates, and the cheese falls even lower than it was at first, so as to be concave on both sides: By age such cheeses grow much sweeter than they were when fermenting, yet always retain something of the same disagreeable strong taste. Cheeses that are not salted enough, will be more or less, according to the above description, in proportion as they lack more or less of being salted enough; so that whenever the dairy woman perceives the above appearance in her cheeses, she may know that it is time for her to alter her hand in salting. The people of England have perhaps as many different ways of making cheese as there are different counties in England; which is sufficient to shew that cheese may be good, and yet differ in some respects as to the way of its being made; for the best of cheeses are made in divers parts of England; yet whatever particulars they differ in, they doubtless agree in adopting the use of salt-petre, though perhaps not in the same proportion; for it is well known that cheeses from different parts vary in quality, and yet are all very good.
Cheeses made according to the following recipe have by long experience been found to be of a very excellent quality, and perhaps inferior to none that are made in England:
Let the runnet be prepared by soaking the calve's bag in cold water, and salting it enough to keep it sweet; to the milk, first made blood warm, add enough of this to turn the milk into a curd in half an hour, which quantity will soon be found by experience; then heat it as hot as you can well bear your hand in it, and having strained the whey well from it, break or chop the curd to pieces, and to every five pounds of cheese put a tea-spoonfull of salt-petre, and a large table spoonfull of common salt; (it will soon be learned by experience how much milk or curd will produce five pounds of cheese) it must now be put in the press and turned within an hour; kept in the press two days—turn it twice the first day, and once the last.
They should while drying, keep it in a dark room, or otherwise keep it from flies.
If any cracks come in them when drying, let them be filled with a paste made of butter and flour to keep the flies from coming at them, if any should get into the room.
Extracts from the Directions of the Philadelphia HUMANE SOCIETY.
TO prevent the fatal effects of drinking cold Water, or cold Liquors of any kind in warm weather.
1st. Avoid drinking while you are warm, or, 2dly. Drink only a small quantity at once, and let it remain a short time in your mouth before you swallow it; or
3dly. Grasp the vessel out of which you are about to drink (provided it is made of glass, earthen ware, or metal) for a few minutes, with both your hands, for each of these substances convey off a portion of the heat of the body into the cold liquor, and thereby lessen the danger which arises from the excessive heat of the body, on the one hand, and the coldness of the liquor, on the other; or,
4thly. Wash your hands and face, and rinse your mouth with cold water before you drink. If these precautions have been neglected, and the disorder incident to drinking cold water hath been produced, the first, and in most instances, the only remedy to be administered is, sixty drops of liquid laudanum, in spirit and water, or warm drink of any kind.
If this should fail of giving relief, the same quantity may be given 20 minutes afterwards.
When laudanum cannot be obtained, rum and water, or warm water should be given. Vomits and bleeding should not be used without consulting a physician.

PHILADELPHIA CARPET MANUFACTORY.
AMONGST the many accounts of the flourishing state of the infant manufactures of America, it seems strange that the Carpet Manufactory has been hitherto so little noticed. A correspondent who has lately visited that establishment in the Northern Liberties, informs us, that he has seen some of the carpets manufactured there by William Peter Sprague, of those durable kind called Turkey and Axminster, which sell at 20 per cent. cheaper than those imported, and nearly as low as Wilton carpeting, but of double its durability.
The carpet made for the President, and others for various persons, are master-pieces of their kind, particularly that for the Senate chamber of the United States. The device wove in the last mentioned, is the Crest and Armorial Achievements appertaining to the United States. Thirteen Stars forming a constellation, diverging from a cloud, occupy the space under the chair of the Vice-President. The AMERICAN EAGLE is displayed in the centre, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, and in his beak, a scroll inscribed with the motto, E pluribus unum. The whole surrounded by a chain formed of thirteen shields, emblematic of each State.
The sides are ornamented with marine and land trophies, and the corners exhibit very beautiful Cornu Copias, some filled with olive branches and flowers expressive of peace, whilst others bear fruit and grain, the emblems of plenty.
Under the arms, on the pole which supports the cap of liberty, is hung the balance of Justice.
The whole being executed in a capital style, with rich bright colours, has a very fine effect, notwithstanding the raw materials employed, are of the refuse and coarser kind; so that this manufactory is an advantage to others by allowing a price for those articles which could not be used in the common branches of woolen and tow business.
Manufactures of all kinds will generally meet with the support of the friends of the country, and this in particular, which already gives employment to a number of poor women and children, will no doubt be encouraged. The article of carpeting is now imported in considerable quantities, for which, large sums are annually exported to Europe; but if due encouragement be afforded, there is every reason to believe that it may become an object of exportation.
M A D R I D, April 1.
THE Archbishop of Toledo, in quality of primate of Spain, has addressed a pastoral letter to all the Spanish Bishops, recommending to them to give the most generous reception to those French Prelates, whom persecution has already driven, or may hereafter drive into Spain. They already reckon here six refugee Bishops, and many Cures, Cannons, and Priests, who have been desirous of escaping from the Revolution in their country.
P A R I S, April 23.
Since the resignation of M. de la Fayette, the conversation of this capital has been engrossed solely by that subject. Deputations from different bodies have waited upon the general, to induce him to resume a situation in which he is thought necessary, if not for the maintenance of the Constitution, at least to frustrate the plans of the Aristocrats and demagogues. At present, hopes are entertained that M. de la Fayette will comply with a wish so honourable to him, and that he will resume his post.
L O N D O N, April 21.
Yesterday his Grace the Duke of Leeds resigned his office as Secretary of State for the Foreign department.
Oczakow, the Turkish town so much the object of the Russians, is the capital of a Sangiack, of the same name, inhabited by Tartars; it was taken by the Russians in 1737, and all those who resisted, put to the sword: the Russians themselves lost 18,000 men in the assault. The Turks returned the same year with 70,000 men to retake it, but were obliged to retire with the loss of 20,000.
The language of Mr. Fox on the Canadian Constitution, was certainly the most bold. Republican that had ever been spoken in the British Senate; and from the complexion of many circumstances, that cannot escape an observing mind, it should seem that the alarms of Mr. Burke for Democratic plots, would now be much better founded than they were in February, 1790, when he expressed them with so much energy.
Leopold has established a commission for the reform of the criminal code in Austrian Lombardy, and to the honour of his judgment and liberality let it be mentioned, that he has named as one of the members of that commission, the
celebrated Marquis Beccaria, so well known in the literary and political world, by his admirable "treatise on crimes and punishments."
APRIL 23.
Though the question for the total abolition of the slave trade is lost for the present, we are happy to hear it will be brought forward in another shape, so as to go to many interior regulations, before the close of this session.
The Gazettes by the last French mail affirm, that the Turks are to cede Egypt to England, in consideration of the interposition of our ministry, to oblige the Empress to accede to the terms of a reasonable peace!
A Society of Gentlemen of the Revolution and Constitutional Societies, have raised, by subscription, a sufficient sum for the purchase of 25,000 of that most admirable Treatise, written by Mr. Paine, "entitled the Rights of Man," which they mean to distribute gratis, viz. 7000 in this metropolis, 10,000 in England, Wales, and Scotland, and 8000 in Ireland.
The various states in Europe that groan under the tyranny of the Turks, formerly contained 20,000,000 of souls—oppression and savage barbarity hath reduced them to less than 7,000,000. Their whole government is one system of cruelty and enormity, from the Grand Seignior to the meanest Janissary.
APRIL 28.
The remains of Dr. Price were interred on Tuesday last, at the Burial Ground, in Bunhill Fields, between one and two at noon; the corpse in a hearse with six horses, was followed by 20 mourning coaches of his family and immediate friends, after which a train of thirty gentlemen's carriages followed, containing many public characters, who attended out of respect to his memory; among others were observed, the Rt. Hon. Earl Stanhope, Count Zenobio, W. Smith, Esq. Thomas Rogers, Esq. Samuel Vaughan, Esq. Samuel Baddington, Esq. John Hollis, Esq. Bays Cotton, Esq. William Stone, Esq. and many other gentlemen of the Revolution and Constitutional Societies.
The Pall was supported by—
 The Rev. Hugh Worthington,  The Rev. Samuel Palmer,  The Rev. Thomas Taylor,  The Rev. R. Harris, D. D.  The Rev. A. Rees, D. D.  The Rev. Joseph Priestly, L. L. D. 
And a discourse was delivered at the grave by the Rev. Andrew Kippis, D. D. but from the weakness of his voice was very imperfectly heard by the surrounding spectators.
The total amount of gold, coined during the present reign, in guineas, half guineas, and quarter guineas, is 45,639,269l. 8s. 6d. and in silver, coined during the same time, 68,609l. 9s. 2d.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
The following little Poem was written as a testimony of the Author's respect for the talents of Mr. RALPH EARL, a Painter of the school of WEST, and one whom nothing but misfortune has hindered from making a conspicuous figure among the great artists in the profession of Painting.
A FRAGMENT.
***** With steady hand, There EARL marks out the deep-expressive line. Fix'd o'er the work intent, the colours spread— Thro' the thin white deep blushes now the red; And here the violet, mingling with the blue, Spreads loose in flowing folds of azure-shining hue.  * With form embodied, Force, and Vigour stand; And Eloquence extends the hand; And sober Thought contracts his brow; And Sadnefs wipes the tears that flow In fofly-sympathetic woe.  Still at his touch new forms arise; The soul fits sparkling in the eyes; Speech opes the lips; the throbbing heart Seems thro' the fwelling breaft to ftart; The turgid mufcles and the vivid ftroke, And all the form burfts trembling into life.  + Simplicity, with ardent gaze, Stands fix'd in deep amazement; And agitated Rapture lifts his trembling hands; Bent o'er the piece young Genius ftands; While Tenderness, with tearful eye, Strives to fuppreff the rifing figh; And Superftition lifts the affrighted cry.
ELLA.
* Referring to several Paintings by Mr. EARL.
+ The effect which the sight of them produces on different characters.
B O S T O N, June 11.
At a Meeting of the SOCIETY for CONSTITUTIONAL INFORMATION, held in London, March 23, 1791.
"RESOLVED,
"THAT the thanks of this Society be given to Mr. THOMAS PAINE, for his most masterly Book, intitled The Rights of Man; in which not only the malevolent sophistry of hireling scribblers is detected and exposed to merited ridicule, but many of the most important and beneficial political truths are stated, in a manner so irresistably convincing, as to promise the acceleration of that not very distant period, when usurping Borough Sellers, and profligate Borough Buyers,
shall be deprived of what they impudently dare to call their property; the choice of the Representatives of the People.
"The Constitutional Society cannot help expressing their satisfaction, that so valuable a publication has proceeded from a Member of that Society; and they sincerely hope, that the people of England will give that attention to the subject discussed in Mr. Paine's Treatise, which their manifest importance so justly deserves.
"Resolved, That the foregoing Resolution, and all future proceedings of this Society, be regularly transmitted by the Secretary, to all our corresponding Constitutional Societies in England, Scotland, and France.
"DANIEL ADAMS, Secretary."
FLEMINGTON, Hunterdon County, (N. J.) June 1, 1791.
This day the High Sheriff of the county assisted by the managers, viz. Messrs. William Chamberlin, Thomas Stout, Esq. and Joseph Atkinson, and a very great number of inhabitants from all parts of the country assembled on the occasion—with sentiments of real joy, laid the first stone of Hunterdon County Court House, appointed by law to be erected in this town: M. James Alexander generously made a donation of the ground to the public to establish this much desired building—and the following is a copy of the inscription on the foundation stone.
IN THE YEAR OF CHRIST,
1791.
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
PRESIDENT
of the United States of
AMERICA:
happily ruling with the esteem of
ALL MEN.
WILLIAM PATERSON, Esq.
Governor
of the State of
New-Jersey.
With the concurrence of the
Council and Assembly,
and the unanimous voice of the free citizens of
HUNTERDON COUNTY,
have generously founded this
BUILDING,
for the administration of justice, the
protection of innocence, and
upholding the rights of mankind.
JAMES KINSEY, Esq.
Chief Judge.
ISAAC SMITH and JOHN CHETWOOD, Esq's.
Associate Judges.
JOSEPH BLOOMFIELD Esq.
Attorney-General.
ELISHA BOUDINOT, Esq. Clerk
of the Circuits.
JOSEPH READING, Esq. one of the Justices
of the Court of Common Pleas.
SAMUEL W. STOCKTON, Clerk of the Court.
WILLIAM LOWREY, Esq. Sheriff.
May the Almighty God prosper
This undertaking,
and influence the hearts of all ruling with
mercy, justice and equity,
and bless
the inhabitants of
HUNTERDON COUNTY.
WINCHESTER, June 11.
A letter from a gentleman in the territory of the United States, south of the Ohio, dated May 19, 1791, says, "Governor Blount is very industrious, and leaves no stone unturned to bring on a treaty with the Cherokee Nation of Indians.
Should it take place, it will be the largest and most general treaty that has been held with them since the revolution, as the heads of the whole nation have promised to attend. There has just been held one of the longest Talks; on the subject of the treaty, that has been for a number of years. M c Gillivray has been consulted much on this business—his yellow brethren consider him as one of the greatest and wisest of men—he advises them strongly to treat; but, in the midst of these favorable appearances, some recent depredations have been committed on the frontiers—two men on Beaver-Creek, who were out in search of their horses, and two miners on Cumberland mountain, have lately fallen victims to savage barbarity.—Nineteen horses have also been stolen out of Cumberland settlement. It is not known to what nation the Indians who committed these depredations belong."
MR. FENNO,
I have the pleasure to enclose to you an account of the attentions paid to the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, by the Citizens of the Village of Salisbury, North-Carolina, which please publish in your paper, and oblige,
Sir, your obedient servant,
A. T.
SALISBURY, May 30.
THIS morning the President of the United States arrived in this town, on his return from the state of Georgia. He was met at the county line, and conducted to his lodgings by a large number of the most respectable gentlemen of the town and country, together with Capt. Stokes's company of cavalry, completely equipped and uniformed. At the Court-house he was saluted by the artillery company as he passed, and when it was announced that he had entered his lodgings, the brass six pound pieces were discharged fifteen times. He entered the town on horseback, and frequently, in the course of the day, gave the people opportunities of seeing him. After he had taken some refreshment, he was waited upon by the Hon. Mr. Steele, the Hon. Judge Macay, and Max. Chambers, Esq. magistrate of police, with a number of other gentlemen, who presented him with the following Address:
The ADDRESS of the INHABITANTS of SALISBURY, TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
SIR,
WE have the honor to signify to you the joy which your presence, after a tedious journey, affords to the inhabitants of this place. Words are wanting to express the gratitude we owe to heaven for continuing your life, on which our national glory and

domestic tranquility, even at this day, seem suspended. Situated at a remote distance from the seat of government, deriving no advantage from the establishment of post-roads, and destitute of regular information, we are sometimes at a loss to form proper opinions of national measures; but we nevertheless boast, that we have been and still are zealously attached to order, and effective government. And having been ranked with those who suffered in the late war, we pledge ourselves to be amongst the foremost to maintain and perpetuate the federal government. That your life, justly dear to the people of this country, a life precious, an ornament to human nature, and a blessing to the United States of America, may long be preserved, is the fervent and unanimous prayer of the people of this village.
To which the President was pleased to return the following Answer:
To the INHABITANTS of the TOWN of SALISBURY.
GENTLEMEN,
YOUR expressions of satisfaction on my arrival in Salisbury, are received with pleasure, and thanked with sincerity. The interest which you are pleased to take in my personal welfare, excites a sensibility proportioned to your goodness. While I make the most grateful acknowledgment for that goodness, allow me to observe that your own determination, co-operating with that of your fellow-citizens throughout the union, to maintain and perpetuate the federal government, affords a better assurance of order and effective government with their concomitants private and public prosperity, than the best meant endeavors of any individual could give. Our national glory, and our domestic tranquility, can never be tarnished or disturbed, while they are guarded by wise laws founded in public virtue. Among the measures which an enlightened and patriotic legislature will pursue to preserve them, I doubt not the means of diffusing useful information will be duly considered. My best wishes for the prosperity of your village, and for your individual happiness, are sincerely offered.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
After the President had delivered the answer, the gentlemen of the town conducted him to Mr. Hughes's, where an elegant dinner was prepared for the occasion. On his way to dinner, he passed through great crowds of people who had collected for the purpose of seeing their illustrious and revered Chief Magistrate. He bowed respectfully to the people, and passing the artillery company he was again saluted with a discharge of the pieces, followed by three cheers—Long live the President! Long live the President! Long live the President!—At dinner the President was cheerful, and appeared highly pleased with the appearance of the upper country.
After dinner the following toasts were given, and every toast accompanied by a discharge of the artillery.
 1. The government of the United States.  2. The Governor and State of North-Carolina. (By the President)  3. The constitutional liberty of the people.  4. The committee of Congress who reported the declaration of Independence.  5. May Congress take effectual measures to keep alive the military spirit of America.  6. May Congress take early and effectual measures to disseminate political knowledge.  7. May harmony subsist between the federal and state governments.  8. The agriculture, manufactures, and commerce of the United States.  9. The European powers in alliance with the United States.  10. May the French revolution terminate favorably to liberty.  11. May the services of General Greene be remembered with gratitude by the people of the Southern States.  12. May reason, and not the sword, terminate all national disputes.  13. May the officers in every department have a sacred regard to national justice.  14. The friends of religion, morality and useful knowledge. (Here the President retired—and the next toast was,)  15. GEORGE WASHINGTON—Long may he live. 
The whole was conducted with decorum; and festivity and joy were seen on every face. He was escorted to the river next morning by the gentlemen who dined with him, and the company of cavalry. At parting he made a short address to the military company, and took leave of the other gentlemen in the most polite and affectionate manner. That evening (Tuesday, 31st May) at four o'clock, he reached Salem*. He was received at the bridge by the people of the place, and conducted into town with a complete band of music playing before him. On his arrival the bells rung, and the church organs played almost the whole of the night. Next day he set out to view the battle ground at Guilford Court-house.
* Moravian-Town.
Philadelphia, June 22.
The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, arrived in perfect health at Mount Vernon on Sunday the twelfth instant.
M. de TERNANT, an officer of distinguished merit, who served in America the last war, it is said, is appointed minister plenipotentiary from the Court of France to the United States, and may be expected here in a few weeks.
The Hon. THOMAS JEFFERSON, Secretary of State, arrived in town on Sunday last, from a tour to the Eastward.
By an arrival at New-York accounts are received from Europe to the 2d May; They state that the victorious army of the Empress of Russia is within a few days march of Constantinople.
There has been a strong rumour of peace; in consequence of which the British funds got up—but the general tenor of the speculations on the subject abate that idea, and speak confidently of war with Russia. The Spanish navy is said to be in the highest order, and they are getting their galleys ready—the English say, to assist them against Catharine;—who, they also say, is manoeuvring to patch up a separate peace with the Porte. The head of the late Grand Vizir was, on the 19th of February, stuck upon a pole, and publicly exposed—a pleasant circumstance for a British pun.
The Royalists of Paris, the English say, lament the death of Mirabeau; if there is any truth in this, it is at least enigmatical.—The King of France, who intended to pass Easter at St. Cloud, was stoop in his carriage as he was setting out, by the populace, and forced to return—Upon this he wrote a letter to the National Assembly, requesting admittance to the house, which being granted, he delivered a speech, which was replied to in an affectionate manner, by the President. It was said the King had post-
poned his intended journey to St. Cloud, altho he persisted in his speech in going there—It is further said he has dismissed several persons about him, that were inimical to the Revolution—M. de la Fayette has actually resigned, and it was feared other resignations would take place in consequence. Still all was peace and tranquility at Paris when the last accounts arrived.
Other accounts, by the same channel, further inform—That the Russian cabinet wishing to be assured of the disposition of Spain at the present juncture, sent a courier extraordinary to Madrid for that purpose; the answer from Spain was satisfactory, and attended with promises of every good office in favor of Russia; that fourteen millions of piasters in gold and silver are expected by Spain, to arrive from Mexico and Peru—That the Turks are making vigorous preparations for a fourth campaign; the talk of a separate peace between Russia and the Porte still continues—the private baggage of the King of Prussia is sent off to his army—the duke of York was on the point of setting out for the continent to join the Prussian forces; that insurrections have taken place in Macedonia and Epirus, the inhabitants endeavoring to throw off the Turkish yoke; that the last division of the Turkish fleet consisting of 36 sail took its departure from Constantinople the 17th March; that his Gallic Majesty has chosen Count Montmorency, an avowed enemy to the present constitution, to be his confessor.
M. de la Fayette continues inflexible as to his resignation—tho' fifty-four, out of the sixty battalions of the national guards have urged him to resume the command. Great disturbances have taken place in the country of Avignon.—The Danish East-India company like all others on the continent has failed.
The newspapers have given accounts of a league of German Princes that made certain representations to the National Assembly to obtain a modification of some decrees which, they complained, infringed on their rights. Commissioners we now hear from undoubted authority were appointed by the National Assembly to confer with these German Princes, and amicably settle their claims. The commissioners have been successful in their negotiations, and fulfilled the object of their appointment. The Princes on certain stipulated terms have agreed to give up their claims. Mr. de Ternant, the gentleman who is appointed Minister Plenipotentiary from the Court of France to the United States, was one of the commissioners. Gen. Adv.
Knowledge or education is to the mind, what the natural sun is to the world—it enlightens, improves, and expands the human soul. If education then may be justly compared to that glorious luminary who sheds his benignant influences on all, what a forcible idea is impressed on the contemplative benevolent bosom, of the justice, and indispensable necessity and importance of diffusing the rays of instruction and knowledge on all the members of the community. The gospel is preached to all, and whosoever will may come and partake of the blessing—but may not this be justly compared to building without laying a proper foundation? If the basis of a good constitution of body is laid in infancy, how much more requisite is it that the foundation of virtue should be laid by an early education. Learning, like liberty, should be the natural inheritance of our children, whether rich or poor. This can only be the case to a competent degree, by ordaining that schools and instructors shall be appointed sufficient to instruct all, and paid out of the treasury of the corporation. The town of Providence, in the State of Rhode Island, has lately set an example which is worthy of the imitation of every community, whether large or small, viz.
“That a sufficient number of schoolmasters, to instruct all the children in town, should be appointed, and that their salaries should be paid out of the town treasury; a proposition that received an almost unanimous approbation—and a number of the most opulent gentlemen who will pay largely to the support of this establishment, have interested themselves warmly in its favor.”
Can any thing reflect higher honor on the human character, than such benevolence and genuine patriotism?
ADVICES FROM QUEBEC.
On the 30th April, his Excellency the Governor of Quebec gave his assent to an act to reward Samuel Hopkins, Angus Macdonnell, and others, for their inventions of two new and improved methods of making Pot and Pearl Ashes.
The Bishop of Canada, and his Clergy, for the encouragement of industry, have abolished holidays.
The new constitution for Canada appears to be a popular measure in that province.
On the 22d May none of the constant trading vessels had arrived at Quebec.
Notwithstanding the Decree of the National Assembly, the duty on our oil to be paid in France, will prove a complete prohibition.
The motion made in the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, to subscribe to the Bank of the United States, has been negatived by a large majority.
A PREDICTION.
In the 54th letter of Doctor Goldsmith's Citizen of the World , is the following memorable remark:
“As the Swedes are making concealed approaches to despotism, the French on the other hand, are imperceptibly vindicating themselves into Freedom, I cannot help thinking that the genius of Liberty has entered that kingdom in disguise. If they have but two or three weak Monarchs more successively, the mask will be laid aside, and the country will once more be free!”
One, among a thousand instances which may be produced, of that superior combination of causes and effects, which are almost appropriate to an observing, penetrating mind.—If men will but think, they will think out their political salvation.
THE PATRIOT.
TRUTH for his motto, Virtue for his friend, His Country's happiness his only end— To Freedom, and her friends he'll firm adhere, Tho' frauds and factions shake the solid sphere.
YALE-COLLEGE, June 14th, 1791.
THE Public are hereby informed, that the annual Prize of NOAH WEBSTER, jun. Esq. is adjudged to a Composition entitled, “An Essay on the religious Opinions of Mankind, and their Effects on Manners and Morality,” written by SAMUEL M. HOPKINS, a Senior Sophister in this College.
EZRA STILES, President.
From PELOSI'S MARINE LIST.
ARRIVALS at the PORT of PHILADELPHIA.
  Schooner James, Darrell, Charleston,   Brig Maria, Hopkins, Boston,   — Peggy, Dessart, Coruna,   — Betsey, Watson, Gibraltar,   Ship Rising Sun, Decaton, Madeira,   Brig George, Fowler, ditto. 
TO A CORRESPONDENT.
The concluding lines in the Sonnet handed us last week are obscure—the author is requested to remove that objection, and they shall appear.
Securities as in our last.
Intelligence-Office,
IN FOURTH-STREET, second Door below Market-Street.
FRANCIS WHITE
BUYS and Sells on Commission all kinds of Public Securities and Paper Monies.
Transacts business for those who have claims on the United States, or against either of the States, particularly for the Officers, Soldiers and Mariners, and others who have served in or about the late American Army, or for their legal Heirs, Administrators, Attorneys, &c.
Certificates and such Paper Monies furnished for country people and others, who have to make payments to the Pennsylvania Loan or Land Offices, as will pass equal to specie, and their warrants, patents, &c. passed through the different offices.
Money borrowed or loaned, and discounts procured for bills, bonds, and notes of hand, with or without depositors.
Houses, Farms, Lands, Lots, bought and sold, and Houses, Rooms, Boarding and Lodging, rented or let, or procured for Strangers or others.
Reputable Characters of either sex, and of any profession, out of Place, may hear of Employ—and Families, Merchants, Travellers and others, be supplied with suitable domestics.
Those at a distance who may address on either the above subjects, their letters being post paid, will be duly attended to, by
FRANCIS WHITE,
Philad: June 22, 1791.
(cp ti)
Public Notice is hereby given,
to all whom these presents shall come, or in any wise concern, That JAMES GARDNER, late of Wilmington, North-Carolina, deceased, did make four promissory notes payable to SAMUEL JACKSON, of Philadelphia, Merchant, all bearing date the 19th July, 1785, one for three hundred and seventy-one pounds, payable in six months—one for seven hundred and forty two pounds, in nine months—one for seven hundred and forty pounds, in twelve months—and one for seven hundred and forty-five pounds thirteen shillings and three-pence, in fifteen months, amounting in the whole to two thousand five hundred and ninety-eight pounds thirteen shillings and three-pence, and payable in produce at Wilmington:—Which said notes have been assigned by the said Samuel Jackson to THOMAS MACKIE and Co. and JAMES HOOD, Merchants, Philadelphia, and have since, in the life-time of the said Gardner, by him been accounted for and paid in part to the amount of two thousand and forty-seven pounds fifteen shillings and six-pence, to the said THOMAS MACKIE, and Co. in proof of which the subscribers have sufficient vouchers.
These are therefore to caution all persons from purchasing said notes as they will not be taken up.
THOMAS WRIGHT, } ROBERT SCOTT, } Executors. M. R. WILLKINGS, }
Wilmington, North-Carolina, 27th May, 1791. (e p 3m.)
Published, and to be sold by the Editor, price 1/4th of a Dollar,
TWENTY-SIX LETTERS,
On the most important Subjects,
Respecting the REVOLUTION of AMERICA.
Written in Holland in the year 1780.
By the VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States.
Handwritten notes: Mason Thomas Lewis Gardner

ON PITY. BY GENERAL BURGOYNE. SOFT PITY never leaves the gentle breast, Where LOVE has been receiv'd the welcome guest...
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE, ON THE SUBJECT OF THE COD AND WHALE FISHERIES. [CONTINUED.]
No. X. ARRET of the King's Council of State, prohibiting the importation of foreign whale and spermaceti oil into his kingdom, 28th September, 1788.
Extract from the Registers of the Council of State. THE King having taken information on the success attending the whale fishery, and the prospect of its greater prosperity within his kingdom...
No. XI. ARRET of the King's Council of State, excepting whale and other fish oil, and also whalebone, the product of the fisheries of the United States of America...
December 7th, 1788. Extract from the Registers of the Council of State. THE King having taken information on the arrest pronounced in his council the 28th December last, prohibiting the importation of whale oil and spermaceti...
His Majesty commands and orders the Duke de Penthièvre, Admiral of France, the Intendants and Commissaries throughout the provinces, the Commissary appointed to observe the ordinances of the Admiralty...
Done in the King's Council of State, his Majesty being present, held at Versailles the seventh of December, 1788. (Signed) LA LUZERNE. (To be continued.)
Table with 2 columns: Vessel Type, Count. Rows include Ships (37), Packets (6), Brigs (105), Snows (4), Schooners (61), Sloops (55), Coasters (268). Total: 636.
ANECDOLE. An Irishman, at an assize in Cork, was arraigned for felony before Judge Montenev—He was asked who he would be tried by—“By no one, by J—s,” said he. The Jailor told him he must say “By God and his Country.” “Faith that I wont (replied Paddy) I do not like that at all at all, for God knows all about the matter, and so my dear I will be tried by his Lordship the Judge, and my Country.”
ADVERTISEMENT.
HAVING completed the second volume of this Gazette, its patrons, and the public at large, are informed that it will be prosecuted on its original plan, with every improvement that friendship and ingenuity may suggest.
The price of this Gazette, (published Wednesdays and Saturdays,) is Three Dollars per annum—one half to be paid at the time of subscribing.
The utmost punctuality is observed in transmitting the papers to subscribers: The Editor thinks there is the fairest prospect that Information from the seat of government, to the extremes of the Union, will in future circulate with greater facility and certainty...
This volume contains the laws of the two last sessions of Congress—the journal and debates of the house of Representatives—reports of the heads of departments—besides a greater variety of original communications immediately connected with the interests of the United States...
The Editor acknowledges with gratitude the punctual payments received from a great proportion of his subscribers—some arrearages remain—which he is confident will very speedily be discharged.
Payments may be made to the several persons of whom the papers are received.
Advertisements of one square, or less, will be inserted in this Gazette, three times, for one dollar—Subsequent insertions, twenty-five cents each; larger advertisements in proportion: No vehicle in the United States gives so immediate a circulation—and the number of each impression is at present fourteen hundred.
THIS DAY IS PUBLISHED, (Price Six Shillings) BY CAREY, STEWART, & Co. No. 22, North Front-Street,
A TREATISE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF RELIGIOUS OPINIONS. BY M. NECKER.
Extracts from the Monthly Review, vol. 78, page 598. De l'importance des opinions religieuses. By M. NECKER.
THE offering here made at the shrine of religion, by a man of business, a man of true political wisdom, and a man of the world, in the city of Paris, is a curious phenomenon. It is also a noble one—and gives M. Necker, who has been long esteemed for his great capacity, literary merit, and eminent virtues, a new and distinguished title to the veneration of the public.
“We rejoice to see this excellent work naturalized here—and it ought to be translated into every European language.” (41)
TO BE disposed of, BY PRIVATE SALE, A COLLECTION OF Scarce and Valuable BOOKS.
In various LANGUAGES—being part of a private Library; Among which are the following: F LUCIAN, Euripides, Homer, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Plato, Lucian, Plutarch, Pausanias, Procopius, Eusebius, Nicephorus, Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Livy, Tacitus, Seneca, Pliny, &c. Quarto. Pindar, Aristotle, Terence, Ovid, Cæsar, Suetonius, Juvenal, Manilius, &c.
PUBLIC SECURITIES, Bought and Sold, on COMMISSION, by SAMUEL ANDERSON, Chesnut-Street, next door to the Bank, No. 97.
MASSACHUSETTS SEMI-ANNUAL Lottery Tickets, Class SECOND, to be had at the same place. May 28, 1791. (edtf)
ADVERTISEMENT.
THE Subscriber, who served a regular apprenticeship to the business of VENDUE-MASTER, under Mr. GEORGE KELLY, has just opened an OFFICE in the Borough of NORFOLK, Virginia, in a good and convenient House, situated near the County Wharf...
ADVERTISEMENT.
WHEREAS by the death of JOHN GEBBE, the Partnership of GEBBE and ELLIS is dissolved. The subscriber, surviving co-partner and administrator of said deceased, requests all persons who have any demands against their late firm, to send forward their accounts for settlement as soon as convenient...
This day published, Price 6d. And to be sold by the EDITOR, and the Booksellers of this City, AN ADDRESS TO THE STOCKHOLDERS OF THE BANK OF NORTH-AMERICA, On the Subject of the old and new BANK.
MATTHEW M'CONNELL,
IN CHESNUT-STREET, No. 66, BUYS and SELLS all kinds of THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNION; has frequently occasion to NEGOTIATE INLAND BILLS OF EXCHANGE—and will receive Orders for making SUBSCRIPTIONS to the BANK of the UNITED STATES. Philadelphi, March 30, 1791. (96 tf)
A CARD.
JOSEPH WHEATON
P RESENTS his compliments to his old Military Friends, the Gentlemen of the Civil List, and the Public—with they may be informed that he has received a very handsome ASSORTMENT of the best chosen
SPRING GOODS,
By the PIGOU, and other late arrivals, which are now opening at his KNOWN CHEAP STORE, No. 38, Third-Street, North, and which he is determined to dispose of (at wholesale or retail) on so low terms as must make it an object to customers. Orders from his friends will be attended to with punctuality and dispatch, and the time of payment made convenient. Philad. May 2, 1791.
PINTARD and BLEECKER, PURCHASE and SELL all kinds of Certificates & Public Securities,
On COMMISSION, at public and private sale, on the following terms:
ON the specific amount of all sales or purchases at auction, one eighth per cent. On ditto of all sales or purchases at private sale, on all sums below 5000 nominal dollars, one-half per cent.; and on all sums above 5000 nominal dollars, one-fourth per cent. For receiving interest at the Loan-Office, one per cent. For making transfers at ditto, one dollar each transfer.
Such persons throughout the United States, as may be pleased to favor the subscribers with their orders, may rely on their being executed with punctuality, fidelity and dispatch, as considerable experience in the public stocks, together with extensive connections in the city of New-York and different parts of the continent, enable them to conduct their operations with peculiar advantages. PINTARD & BLEECKER, New-York, No. 57, King-Street. March 15, 1791. (97. 1aw 6m)
New-Haven Wharf Lottery.
THE Legislature of the State of Connecticut, at their session December last, granted a Lottery for the purpose of extending Union Wharf, in the harbour of New-Haven, to the channel; and appointed the subscribers managers, who having given bond for the faithful discharge of their trust, present the public with the following
Table with 4 columns: Prize of, Dollars, are, Number. Rows include 10,000 (1), 5000 (1), 4000 (1), 2000 (2), 1000 (4), 500 (5), 200 (12), 100 (39), 50 (45), 40 (50), 30 (61), 20 (100), 10 (140), 8 (539).
5842 Prizes. 11658 Blanks. 17500 Tickets, at Five Dollars each, is 87500. NOT TWO BLANKS TO A PRIZE. Subject to a deduction of twelve and a half per cent.
The public utility of extending this wharf, is too evident to require any comment, to those who are acquainted with the town and harbour of New-Haven; to those who are not, suffice it to say, that its beautiful situation is not surpassed, if equalled by any; being in the heart of a country, which may, with propriety, be said to be the garden of America. The harbour lays open to the sound but by reason of the flats, this wharf is necessarily extended to the channel, where ships can load and unload; and when compleated, will be the most extensive and commodious wharf in America, the whole extent being about 3/4ths of a mile; and not only the mercantile interest of New-Haven and the towns adjacent, but the maritime interest of all the States will be benefited by it. The general wish that prevails in the minds of all classes of people, for the success of this enterprize, together with the very great advantage which this scheme holds out to adventurers (there being more capital prizes for the number of tickets than any yet published in America) induce the managers to believe the tickets will meet with a speedy sale.
The drawing will positively commence at the State-House, in New-Haven, on the 13th of September next, or sooner, if the tickets are sold.
A list of the fortunate numbers will be published, and the prizes paid on demand, by the managers. Those prizes not called for in nine months after drawing, will be deemed as generously given for the use of the wharf, and appropriated accordingly.
MANAGERS:
JAMES RICE, MICHAEL TODD, JEREMIAH ATWATER, ELIJAH AUSTIN, JOSEPH DRAKE, JOSEPH HOWELL. New-Haven, April 14, 1791.
TICKETS in the above Lottery may be had at the Compting-house of Messrs. STEPHEN AUSTIN, and Co. corner of Front and Pine-Streets.
Who will pay the prizes which may be drawn by Tickets purchased of them in said Lottery.
Tickets in the Massachusetts Lottery that have drawn prizes, will be received in payment for the above tickets.
This day is published, By THOMAS LANG, No. 21, Church-Alley, and sold by all the Booksellers, (Price 3-8 of a Dollar)
The Catechism of Nature;
For the Use of CHILDREN. By DOCTOR MARTINET, Professor of Philosophy at Zutphen. TRANSLATED FROM THE DUTCH. “Read NATURE—Nature is a friend to TRUTH.”
Blank Powers to receive the Interest, and for the transfer of the principal of public debt, agreeable to the Rules established in the Treasury Department: Also Blanks for abstracts of Certificates, to be sold by the Editor.
A few copies of the CONSTITUTION of the United States, printed with Notes, may be had of the Editor.