Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1789-04-22 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
No. III.
From SATURDAY, APRIL 18, to WEDNESDAY APRIL 22, 1789.
PRICE SIX PENCE.
EUROPEAN ARTICLES.
FRANCE.
THE French nation prosecuting with ardour their plans of reformation in Legislation and Jurisprudence.—The Commons resolute for their rights—the Nobility jealous of the consequences—the patriot King balancing the contending interests, by raising a depressed Democracy.
SPAIN.
The people of this fertile and delightful region, have long laboured under the fatal influence of bigotry and blind zeal—The effects have been answerable—They are now emerging from darkness. By recent accounts, the arts begin to assume a respectable form among them—and as the rays of knowledge beam upon their minds, they will avail themselves of the advantages with which they are favoured by nature.—Charles the IIId. who lately deceased, has been succeeded by his Son, Charles the IVth. from whose administration the nation have very agreeable anticipations.
It is said, that the new King has introduced his Queen into his councils, and that she assists at the opening of all the dispatches. The Spanish nation has long been celebrated for its gallantry. —It seems the new King is determined not to depreciate the national character.
UNITED NETHERLANDS.
Our allies, the Dutch, according to some late accounts, appear to be in an uneasy situation. The Prince of Orange, aided by the King of Prussia, has however, so effected his design, that the Province have very little left, but the power of complaining.
PRUSSIA.
The Monarch of this warlike Kingdom, like his predecessor, is active and enterprising—as his late movements, with respect to the Dutch, and more recently in regard to the Poles, sufficiently testify—and it appears from the publick documents, that Poland will find her interest in conceding to his demands, in not complying with the requisitions of the Empress of Russia.
GERMANY.
This Empire appears to be tired of the projecting spirit of its Sovereign.—The Emperor after a tedious, and by most accounts, vexatious, and not very glorious campaign, against the Turks, is returned to his capital—and if the latest accounts are true, the Musselmans appear to have no disposition to abate of their ardour in prosecuting their advantages. The capture of Choczin, by the Empress, is the only event, which renders it probable that a peace may be speedily restored.—The Emperors dominions in the Netherlands, are yet in a fervent.
HUMANITY.
Emancipated Africans have been complained of as defeating the benevolent designs of their friends, by unworthy conduct in a state of freedom: Admitting the fact, in some instances, the following is an attempt to assign the cause.
TO the enquiry upon the subject of the Africans, principally with respect to the behaviour of those who have been emancipated:—
It may be observed, That all circumstances considered, their conduct is as irreproachable, as could reasonably be expected—and notwithstanding what has been asserted, but few instances have occurred, of flagrantly bad characters: It is however granted, that many having obtained their freedom, become idle, vicious, and poor, and so a burthen to society; but all this is to be accounted for, from their former situation in life.
It is a general opinion among those who keep Slaves, that ignorance is the best security for obedience—hence these children of misfortune, are brought up in an alienation from all instruction and knowledge—and at an age, when the human mind is found incapable of imbibing ideas, or receiving instruction, have been sent adrift, as it were without oars, sails, rudder, or compass to assist their progress in the voyage of life—or with little more to distinguish them from irrational animals, than their shape. I say they are turned out to get their living, in an inhospitable world, entirely destitute of that knowledge, which is absolutely necessary to enable them to stand a common chance for a livelihood.—Not only destitute of this knowledge, but arrived to that advanced period of life, when experience testifies it is too late to learn.
This incapacity is not a circumstance peculiar to the Africans: A gentleman of my acquaintance, who was, at a former period, engaged in the business of a publick Instructor, has assured me, that he had both black and white scholars, who were men grown—and in proportion as they had been neglected in the early part of life, in that proportion
it was found equally difficult to instruct either.—These unhappy persons therefore ought not to be arraigned upon the principles that apply to those who have enjoyed the blessing of an early education—for how can fruit be expected, where no preparation was made for the harvest?
The least attention to the conduct of white persons, who labour under the disadvantages of ignorance, will shew, that vice, indolence, and wretchedness, are not confined to the colour of the skin.—
It may be asked, Whether there is reason to suppose, that, enjoying equal advantages, in point of education, with the whites, they would make equal improvements?—Unfortunately, experience does not at present furnish us with documents to decide the question upon a general scale; but nevertheless, there are a great many instances to prove, that blacks, who have had their education begun at a proper period, have proved good mechanicks, farmers, traders, and respectable members of society. A variety of particulars in point might be enumerated, especially in the country towns.
This information applies both to those who were imported young, and to those born in the country—with this difference however, against the kidnapped Africans, that they are, in general, past the age when impressions are made to the greatest advantage, when first sent into slavery. C.
MR. ADAMS.
[The following letter, together with 25 others, was written in Holland, in the year 1780, by His Excellency the Vice-President of the United States, in answer to 29 questions proposed to him, by a Society of gentlemen in Amsterdam.—The advertisement annexed to them, will give the best idea of their nature and operation.]
ADVERTISEMENT.
“Dr. CALKOEN, an eminent civilian at Amsterdam, to whom these Letters were written, composed, by the means of them, a comparison between the revolt of the Low Countries from Spain, and the revolution of the United States of America; in which he concluded, upon the whole, that “as it was a kind of miracle that the former succeeded, it would be a greater miracle still if the latter should not.” This composition was read by him to a Society of gentlemen of letters, about forty in number, who met sometimes at Amsterdam; and by its means, just sentiments of American affairs began to spread in that country, and to prevail over the continual misrepresentations of certain Gazettes and emissaries. The publications of Gen. HOWE, and Gen. BURGOYNE, in vindication of themselves, were procured to be translated into French, and propagated, together with many other pamphlets, which assisted in the same design, and contributed to excite the citizens to those applications, by petitions to the regencies of the several cities, which finally procured the acknowledgment of American independency, the treaty of commerce, and a loan of money.”
Extract from a printed Pamphlet,
LETTER VI.
Amsterdam, October 10, 1780.
SIR,
THE sixth task is to shew, “That no person, in America, is of so much influence, power, or credit, that his death, or corruption, by English money, could be of any nameable consequence.”
This question is very natural for a stranger to ask; but it would not occur to a native American, who had passed all his life in his own country; and upon hearing it proposed he could only smile.
It should be considered, that there are in America no Kings, Princes or Nobles; no Popes, Cardinals, Patriarchs, Archbishops, Bishops or other ecclesiastical dignitaries. They are these, and such like lofty subordinations, which place great bodies of men in a state of dependence upon one, which enable one or a few individuals, in Europe, to carry away after them large numbers, wherever they may think fit to go.—There are no hereditary offices, or titles, in families; nor even any great estates that descend in a right line to the eldest sons. All estates of intestates are distributed among all the children; so that there are no individuals, nor families, who have, either from office, title, or fortune, an extensive power or influence. We are all equal in America, in a political view, and as much alike as Lycurgus's hay-cocks. All public offices and employments are bestowed by the free choice of the people, and, at present, throughout the whole continent, are in the hands of those gentlemen who have distinguished themselves the most, by their counsels, exertions, and sufferings, in the contest with Great-Britain. If there ever was a war, that could be called the people's war , it is this of America against Great-Britain; it having been determined on by the people, and pursued by the people, in every step of its progress.
But who is it in America, that has credit to carry over, to the side of Great-Britain, any number of men?—General Howe tells us, that he employ-
ed Mr. Delancy, Mr. Cortlandt Skinner, Mr. Chambers, and Mr. Galloway, the most influential men they could find; and he tells you their ridiculous success.
Are they members of Congress, who, by being corrupted, would carry votes in Congress in favor of the English.—I can tell you of a truth, there has not been one motion made in Congress, since the declaration of independency, on the 4th of July, 1776, for a reconciliation with Great-Britain; and there is not one man, in America, of sufficient authority, or credit, to make a motion in Congress, for a peace with Great-Britain, upon any terms short of independence, without ruining his character for ever. If a delegate from any one of the Thirteen States, were to make a motion for peace, upon any conditions short of independence, that delegate would be recalled with indignation by his constituents, as soon as they should know it.—The English have artfully represented in Europe, that Congress has been governed by particular gentlemen; but you may depend upon it, it is false. At one time, the English would have made it believed that Mr. Randolph, the first President of Congress, was its soul. Mr. Randolph died, and Congress proceeded as well as ever.—At another time Mr. Hancock was all and all. Mr. Hancock left the Congress, and has scarcely been there for three years; yet Congress has proceeded with as much wisdom, honor and fortitude as ever.—At another time, the English represented that Mr. Dickinson was the ruler of America. Mr. Dickinson opposed openly, and upon principle, the declaration of independency; but, instead of carrying his point, his constituents differed with him so materially, that they recalled him from Congress, and he was absent some years; yet Congress proceeded with no less constancy; and Mr. Dickinson lately, finding all America unalterably fixed in the system of independency, has fallen in, like a good citizen; and now supports it in Congress with as much zeal as others.—At another time, the English have been known to believe that Dr. Franklin was the essential member of Congress; but Dr. Franklin was sent to France in 1776, and has been there ever since; yet Congress has been as active and as capable as before.—At another time Mr. Samuel Adams was represented as the man who did every thing; yet Mr. Samuel Adams has been absent for the greatest part of three years, attending his duty as Secretary of State in the Massachusetts's Bay; yet it does not appear that Mr. Adams's absence has weakened the deliberations of Congress in the least.—Nay, they have sometimes been silly enough to represent your humble servant, Mr. John Adams, as an essential member of Congress; it is now, however, three years since Congress did him the honour to send him to Europe as a Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Versailles, and he has never been in Congress since: Yet Congress have done better since he came away, than they ever did before.
In short, Sir, all these pretences are the most ridiculous imaginable. The American cause stands upon the essential, unalterable character of the whole body of the people; upon their prejudices, passions, habits, and principles, which they derived from their ancestors, their education; drew in with their mothers' milk, and have been confirmed by the whole course of their lives: And the characters whom they have made conspicuous, by placing them in their public employments,
Are but bubbles on the sea of matter borne; They rise, they break, and to that sea return.
The same reasoning is applicable to all the Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Secretaries of State, Judges, Senators, and Representatives of particular States. They are all eligible, and elected every year by the body of the people; and would lose their characters and influence the instant they should depart, in their public conduct, from the political system that the people are determined to support.
But are there any officers of the army, who could carry over large numbers of people?—The influence of these officers is confined to the army: They have very little among the citizens. But if we consider the constitution of that army, we shall see, that it is impossible that any officer could carry with him any numbers, even of soldiers. These officers are not appointed by a King, or a Prince, nor by General Washington: They can hardly be said to be appointed by Congress. They have all commissions from Congress, it is true; but they are named and recommended, and are generally appointed, by the executive branch of government in the particular state to which they belong, except the general officers, who are appointed by Congress. The continental army consists of the quotas of officers and troops furnished by thirteen States. If an officer of the Massachusetts's Bay forces, for example, should go over to the enemy, he might, possibly, carry with him half a doz. soldiers belonging to that State; yet I even doubt whether any

officer whatever, who should desert from that State, could persuade so many as half a dozen soldiers to go with him.
Is it necessary to put the supposition, that General Washington should be corrupted? Is it possible that so fair a fame as Washington's should be exchanged for gold, or for crowns? A character so false, so cruel, so blood-thirsty, so detestable as that of Monk, might betray a trust; but a character so just, so humane, so fair, and amiable as Washington's, never can be stained with so foul a reproach.
Yet I am fully of opinion, that even if Mr. Washington should go over to the English, which I know to be impossible, he would find none, or very few, officers or soldiers to go with him. He would become the contempt and execration of his own army, as well as of all the rest of mankind.
No, Sir! the American cause is in no danger from the defection of any individual. Nothing short of an entire alteration in the sentiments of the whole body of the people, can make any material change in the councils or in the conduct of the arms of the United States: And I am very sure that Great-Britain has not power or art sufficient to change essentially the temper, the feelings, and the opinions of between three and four millions of people, at three thousand miles distance, supported, as they are, by powerful allies.
If such a change could ever have been made, it would have been seven years ago, when officers, employments, and power, in America, were in the hands of the King. But every ray of royal authority has been extinguished now between four and five years, and all civil and military authority is in hands determined to resist Great-Britain to the last.
I have the honour to be, &c. JOHN ADAMS.
Mr. CATKOEN.
MR. EDITOR,
In your last you gave us the export of Furs from Canada: I now send you an account of the EXPORTS in general from that Province.
Table with 4 columns: Year (1786, 1787, 1788), Quantity, Description, Value. Rows include: 203824 227931 200358 bushels Wheat, Ster. J. 40071 12; 10476 12709 9886 barrels Flour, 1h. 39; 9317 11060 15775 ct. Bicket, 12/6; 314 6172 881 bushels Peas, 3/4; 4815 1025 1779 do Oats, 1/3; 10171 4445 11972 do. Flax Seed, 4/; 76794 993 5987 pine and oak Planks, 20 feet, 3d; 38647 144015 401792 oak Staves and Headg, pr. Long M. f. 20; 112396 44780 211310 Shingles, pr. M. 10/; 44800 19000 13700 Hoops, pr. hd. 10/; 2065 866 1528 shaken Casks, pr. P. 3/; 1632 610 1229 ps. oak Timber, p.c.b.f. 541024 3; 43 4 80 Malt and Bowspits, pr. piece, f. 16; 253 251 660 Tierces Salmon, 50/; 67 24 24 Horses, L. 8; 2 7 casks Canada Balsam, 40; 141 102 77 casks & boxes El. of Spruce, 800; 24 casks 22536lb 8699 Ginseng, 2/6; 185 395136 ton gal Adianthum Nigrum, 6d; 1724ct. 1622ct. 2123ct. Seal Oyl, pr. ton, f. 18; 09. 17l. 24. 16l. 09. 12l. Pot and Pearl Ashes, J. 22; 885 1166lb. Whalebone, 2/; 41000 705000 220000 bushels Potatoes, 20d; 182 295 200 do. Cras, 3/; 20000 Onions, pr. thousand, 8/6; 100 gr. casks Handspikes, f. doz. 15/.
Bills of Exchange, supposed to be about £. 248296 19 3 191703 9 Sterling, £. 370000 N. B. The annual Remittances from Quebec, £. 400000 Sterling may be computed at - at least. Exported from Gaspee and Labrador, annually, About 60000 Cwt. Codfish, 5000 tierces Salmon, 2000 tons Oyl from Labrador. Also, a very considerable quantity Furs, and some Whalebone. Imported, 2 a 3000 puncheons Rum, 2000 do Molasses, 2 a 3000 hds. Wines, 500 pipes, 100 gr. casks
NEW-YORK.
PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.
In the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the UNITED STATES. SATURDAY, APRIL 18, 1788.
MR. LAWRENCE introduced a petition from the Mechanicks, and Manufacturers of the city of New-York, praying the attention of Congress to their interests—referred to a committee of the whole.
The committee of Elections reported, that the Certificates of the Members attending had been examined by them, and were sufficient to entitle the gentlemen to their seats. The Hon. Mr. SMITH's case was however postponed.
In Committee of the whole. The state of the Union was resumed, by taking up the Resolve upon Revenue.
An Impost was voted upon the following articles, viz. On Anchors, 7 1/2 pr. cent. ad valorem. Wool Cards, 50 cents, pr. dozen. Wrought Tin Ware, 7 1/2 pr. cent. ad valorem. Coal, 3 cents, pr. bushel. Every barrel Salmon, do. Mackarel, 7 1/2 cents. do. Shad, 50 cents. Quintal Fish, 50 cents. Teas imported direct from India or China, in American ships. Bohea Tea, pr. lb. 6 cents. Souchong and black do. 10 cents.
Superior Green, do. 20 cents. All other Green do. 12 cents. Teas imported from any other country, or in foreign ships from India or China. Bohea Tea, pr. lb. 8 cents. Souchong and black do. 15 cents. Superior green do. 30 cents. All other green do. 18 cents.
Some of the above articles, it was proposed by particular Members, should be struck out, for reasons which had been assigned to have other articles expunged. Wool-Cards were objected to—but the Members from the Eastward satisfied the committee, that the American Manufacture of that article was carried to great perfection, and there was no doubt but such a supply could be obtained, of every species of cards, made in a superior manner, as was more than adequate to the consumption of the States.
One gentleman observed, that he supposed the preference given to Teas imported in American vessels, was to encourage our shipping. So far as the measure conducted to that object, he was satisfied, and he was ready to hear arguments in favour of the trade to India—the advantages of which were doubted by some persons. The trade it was observed, was flattering to the pride of America—but it was not for revenue—it was not for necessaries—not to export superfluities—but to export the specie of our country, &c.
To these remarks it was replied, That since the revolution, the trade to India had commenced, that it had been prosecuted to advantage, and was an extensive mart for a great variety of our superfluous articles—that from our local situation, we were enabled to prosecute the trade with many advantages—that it was evident, that our success had excited the jealousy of European powers, who would avail themselves of every circumstance to ruin our speculations to that quarter of the world—that therefore it was the duty of the National Legislature, to hold out every possible encouragement, to counteract the machinations of our rivals, and prevent the ruin of the trade.
It was further observed, that cash was not the only remittance to India—that immense quantities of produce were shipped, Ginseng, Lumber, Provisions, &c. &c.
Some objections were made to a tax on Coal, but this duty was advocated from the policy of the measure, as conducing to the promotion of Navigation, increase of seamen, and exploring the earth in search of additional mines—for it was highly probable, that the country abounded with that article.
Adjourned. MONDAY, APRIL 20. Met agreeably to adjournment. Committee on JOHN CHURCHMAN's, and Dr. RAMSAY's petition, reported.
Mr. SHERMAN called for the order of the day—the House then resolved itself into a committee of the whole, on the state of the Union. Mr. PAGE in the chair. The Resolve upon the Revenue was resumed.
On motion, it was voted, that the Impost on all goods imported, not specified in the foregoing enumeration, excepting the following, viz.
Tin in pigs, and Tin Plates, Lead, Pewter, Wool, Raw Hides, Brass, Copper in Plates, Beaver, and other Furs, Dying Woods, and dying Drugs, (other than Indigo,) should be 5 pr. cent. ad valorem.
Article of Tonnage was the next in order—previous to entering upon which, Mr. FITZSIMONS moved, that a draw back should be allowed upon all Rum, distilled from Molasses in the States, and exported to any foreign port.
Mr. MADDISON objected to draw backs, as opening a wide door to defrauding the revenue—wished the gentleman to offer his reasons for the measure.
Mr. FITZSIMONS suggested, among other reasons, that it would ease the minds of our brethren of the Eastern States, who were so largely concerned in the Distilling business—that rum distilled in the country could not be exported, if loaded with a tax—that it would materially affect an important branch of business, in a way, that no other article would be affected. The gentleman further observed, that it was more easy, in his opinion, to provide checks to prevent frauds, than to devise methods to ensure the collection of the duties.
Mr. LAWRENCE spoke in favour of the draw back. Mr. MADDISON then read a passage from the account of exports from Massachusetts, by which he said it appeared, that but a small proportion of the Rum distilled there, was exported to foreign markets, and of that proportion, the greatest part was sent to the coast of Africa—with the duty, the sale had been great—too great through the States—and if now allowed a draw back, the consequences were to be deprecated. The exportation of it, to the only foreign part that received any considerable quantity, the gentleman reproposed.
Mr. BLAND observed, that the other day gentlemen were so strenuous for the encouragement of Manufactures, that Commerce appeared an inferior object—now they appeared equally zealous, to extend and protect Commerce—He was opposed to a draw back.
Upon the votes being taken, it passed in the negative—so no draw back was allowed.
Mr. FITZSIMONS then introduced a motion, that a draw back should be allowed on merchandise that may be exported within a limited time, the impost of which had been paid, or bonded,—the gentleman assigned various reasons for the motion.
Mr. HARTLEY, proposed that the vote against the draw back on Rum, should be reconsidered for the present.
Mr. WHITE was opposed to a Drawback, it appearing to him, conducive to no advantage, and operating against the Revenue, by affording great opportunities for fraud.
Mr. MADDISON observed, that when the intercourse between the States should become more intimate and general, it would encrease the opportunities for frauds, and render it extremely difficult to provide a sufficient remedy, upon the most simple plan of Revenue, for the evil.
Mr. LEE said something upon the trade to India, which we did not hear distinctly. Mr. WHITE observed, that it was evident the trade to India did not need encouragement—He had been informed, that there were near forty fail in that line only from Massachusetts—an evidence that the trade was flourishing.
Mr. BOUNDINOT—Sir, I am averse to restrictions upon Commerce, and think it found policy, that no duties should be laid, but such as are absolutely necessary—but the present plan of raising a revenue upon importations, renders a deviation from such a System necessary. Articles, however, that are not consumed after importation, should not certainly be subjected to a duty—this would be a fatal blow to Commerce, for it is within my knowledge, Sir, that large quantities of Madeira Wine were imported, for the express purpose of exportation. Not to allow of a Drawback in this and other similar cases, would clog trade excessively. Checks, Sir, may be easily provided to defeat fraudulent designs—I must therefore be in favour of the Drawback.
It was moved, that the Resolution on Drawbacks be postponed. On motion the committee rose—and the Speaker resumed the chair. Took up report on CHURCHMAN's petition.
Mr. MADDISON expressed a wish, that adequate ideas of Mr. Churchman's Theory might be obtained, not only that full justice might be done him—but that the publick approbation and countenance might be bestowed with dignity to government. Publick Bodies were liable to be assailed by ignorant projectors. He was aware, however, that unpromising appearances had sometimes issued in important discoveries.
Mr. WHITE was in favour of the Report. Mr. HUNTINGDON entered into an extensive examination of the subject, and concluded by giving his opinion in favour of accepting the Report.
On motion the report was divided, and the first part, giving to Mr. Churchman the sole and exclusive right of making and vending his tables, plans, and charts, was accepted—the other, respecting a projected voyage was re-committed.
The Report on Dr. RAMSAY's petition was next taken up—upon which,
Mr. JACKSON (of Virginia) arose and objected to the report. Dr. Ramsay, he observed, had given a partial account of some transactions, that respected the State of Georgia; and if so respectable a body as Congress, should sanction the work by making it the subject of a legislative act, it would so far confirm his relations as to deter some other historian from taking up the subject, and do justice to the State of Georgia; he would therefore move for an act upon general principles. A committee was then appointed to prepare a bill upon general principles, to secure to authors, &c. &c.
The bill prescribing the oath required by the 6th article of the constitution was read—after some debate, the committee rose without coming to a determination upon the subject—Chairman reported progress, and Wednesday next is appointed for the committee to sit again upon this bill. The Speaker resuming the chair.—The house adjourned.
TUESDAY, APRIL 21. House met agreeably to adjournment, and having resolved itself into a committee of the whole, took into consideration the State of the Union by resuming the subject of the revenue.
On all vessels built in the United States, and owned by a subject or subjects of the same; it was voted that six cents per ton should be laid.
On all vessels not built in the United States, belonging to a citizen or citizens thereof, six cents per ton.
On all vessels belonging to a subject or subjects of any foreign state, with whom treaties had been formed, or partly to such and partly to citizens of the United States, thirty cents per ton.
On all vessels belonging in part, or wholly to the subjects of other powers, fifty cents per ton.
Vessels built in the United States, belonging to a citizen or citizens thereof, while employed in the coasting trade; also vessels employed in the fishery to be exempted from tonnage.
No ship or brig built in the United States, to pay tonnage first voyage.
The resolution as amended was then read, and accepted by the committee. The committee then rose, and the chairman reported, that the committee had agreed to sundry resolutions to be submitted to the house, After which the house adjourned.
[The Debates upon the subject of Tonnage were ingenious and interesting, but we have not time nor room to insert them this day.]
NEW-YORK, APRIL 22, 1789.
Extract of a letter from Boston, dated April 12.
“ THIS day, at 10 o'clock, His Excellency JOHN ADAMS, Esq. Vice-President of the United States, sat out from his seat in Braintree, to take the chair at New-York, as President of the Most Hon. Senate. Previous to his setting out, the Roxbury Troop of Horse, under the command of Col. JOHN TYLER, waited at his house and escorted him into town. On his arrival at the fortification gates, the bells rung a peal, and, amidst the shouts of the assembled citizens, he was escorted to His Excellency the Governor's, where the principal Officers of the State, and gentlemen of the town being assembled, he partook at an elegant Collation, provided by the Governor.—He was saluted on his arrival by a federal discharge from a detachment of Major JOHNSON's Artillery—and also by a discharge on his taking leave of our Chief Magistrate. During the time the Vice-President was at His Excellency the Governor's, the Middlesex Horse, under the command of Capt. FULLER, arrived—which, joining that of Col. TYLER's, formed a very elegant escort—both Corps being in blue, faced with white, and the horses mostly of one colour, and very handsome. By these corps, and better by his fellow citizens, he was accompanied to Charlestown, where, on his arrival at the square, he was again saluted by a federal discharge, from Major CALDER's Artillery, and escorted, by the two companies of horse their leave of His Excellency—who, escorted by the Middlesex corps, continued his journey. Mr. ADAMS will be met at Marlborough by Col. NEWELL's regiment of Horse, who will relieve Capt. FULLER—and in like manner, will this great and good man be accompanied to New-York—Not with the servile attentions of slaves and subjects—but by the voluntary honours of his fellow citizens.”
On Monday last arrived in this city, amidst the acclamations of all ranks of citizens, His Excellency JOHN ADAMS, Esq. VICE-PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES,—The Cavalcade which escorted His Excellency into the city, was numerous, and truly respectable. From the Connecticut line to Kingsbridge, he was attended by the Light Horse of West-Chester county, under the command of Major PINTARD. At Kingsbridge he was met by Gen. MALCOM, with the officers of his brigade, and the City Troop of Horse, commanded by Captain STAKES. Also by Officers of distinction—many Members of Congress—and a large number of Citizens.

tizens in carriages and on horseback. On passing the Fort, a federal salute was fired. His Excellency alighted at the house of the Hon. JOHN JAY, Esq.
A Committee of both Houses of Congress, specially appointed for that purpose, attended to congratulate his Excellency on his arrival.
Yesterday a committee of the Senate, consisting of Mr. STRONG, and Mr. IZARD, conducted the VICE-PRESIDENT to the Senate-Chamber, and Mr. LANGDON, the President, pro tempore, left the chair, and addressing the VICE-PRESIDENT, said, "That he had it in charge from the Senate, to introduce him to the Chair of the House, and to congratulate him on his appointment to the office of VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States of America. He then conducted the VICE-PRESIDENT to the Chair, who addressed the Senate to the following purport."
GENTLEMEN OF THE SENATE,
INVITED to this respectable situation by the suffrages of our fellow-citizens, according to the Constitution, I have thought it my duty, cheerfully and readily to accept it. Unaccustomed to refuse any publick service, however dangerous to my reputation, or disproportioned to my talents, it would have been inconsistent, to have adopted another maxim of conduct, at this time, when the prosperity of the country, and the liberties of the people, require perhaps as much as ever, the attention of those, who possess any share of the publick confidence.
I should be destitute of sensibility, if, upon my arrival in this city, and presentation to this Legislature, and especially to this Senate, I could see, without emotion, so many of those characters, of whose virtuous exertions I have so often been a witness—from whose countenances and examples I have ever derived encouragement and animation—whose disinterested friendship has supported me, in many intricate conjunctures of publick affairs, at home and abroad:—Those celebrated defenders of the liberties of this country, whom menaces could not intimidate, corruption seduce, nor flattery allure: Those intrepid assertors of the rights of mankind, whose philosophy and policy, have enlightened the world, in twenty years, more than it was ever before enlightened in many centuries, by ancient schools or modern universities.
I must have been inattentive to the course of events, if I were either ignorant of the fame or insensible to the merit of those other characters in the Senate, to whom it has been my misfortune to have been, hitherto, personally unknown,
It is with satisfaction, that I congratulate the people of America on the formation of a National Constitution, and the fair prospect of a consistent administration of a government of laws. On the acquisition of an House of Representatives, chosen by themselves; of a Senate thus composed by their own State Legislatures, and on the prospect of an executive authority, in the hands of one whose portrait I shall not presume to draw.—Were I blessed with powers to do justice to his character, it would be impossible to increase the confidence or affection of his country, or make the smallest addition to his glory. This can only be effected by a discharge of the present exalted trust on the same principles, with the same abilities and virtues, which have uniformly appeared in all his former conduct, public or private. May I nevertheless, be indulged to enquire, if we look over the catalogue of the first Magistrates of nations, whether they have been denominated Presidents or Consuls, Kings or Princes, where shall we find one, whose commanding talents and virtues, whose overruling good fortune have so completely united all hearts and voices in his favour? Who enjoyed the esteem and admiration of foreign nations and fellow citizens with equal unanimity? Qualities so uncommon, are no common blessing to the country that possesses them. By those great qualities, and their benign effects, has Providence marked out the head of this nation, with an hand so distinctly visible, as to have been seen by all men, and mistaken by none.
It is not for me, to interrupt your deliberations by any general observations on the state of the nation, or by recommending, or proposing any particular measures. It would be superfluous, to gentlemen of your great experience, to urge the necessity of order. It is only necessary to make an apology for myself. Not wholly without experience in publick assemblies, I have been more accustomed to take a share in their debates, than to preside in their deliberations. It shall be my constant endeavour to behave towards every Member of this Most Honourable Body, with all that consideration, delicacy, and decorum, which becomes the dignity of his station and character:—But, if from inexperience, or inadvertency, any thing should ever escape me, inconsistent with propriety, I must entreat you, by imputing it to its true cause, and not to any want of respect, to pardon and excuse it.
A trust of the greatest magnitude is committed to this Legislature—and the eyes of the world are upon you. Your country expects, from the results of your deliberations, in concurrence with the other branches of government, Consideration abroad, and Contentment at home—Prosperity, Order, Justice, Peace and Liberty:—And may God Almighty's Providence assist you to answer their just expectations.
APRIL 21.
WHEN Heaven resolv'd COLUMBIA should be free, And INDEPENDENCE, spake the great decree, Lo, ADAMS rose! a giant in debate, And turn'd that vote* which fix'd our empire's fate. In Europe next, the Minister behold, Who Treaties form'd—and melted hearts of gold:† Maintain'd the honour of our rising name, And as a NATION, gave us RANK and FAME! When ally'd Armies triumph'd in the field, And full plum'd Victory made Great-Britain yield, When WASHINGTON commanded 'wars to cease,' HE crown'd our triumphs, by a glorious Peace. For THESE, his country pours its honours down, And ranks him next—her first, her darling Son. Long may they reign, in sentiment ally'd, COLUMBIA'S SAFEGUARD, GLORY, BOAST, and PRIDE. C—
* Vote of Independence. † Loans effected with Holland.
From the first appearance of the New Constitution, the sentiments of the citizens of New-York were decidedly in favour of its adoption—In confirmation of this, an uninterrupted series of facts has occurred: The following Arrangement for the reception of the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES, is an additional evidence of their attention to the real dignity of the city—and the high veneration in which the illustrious character it refers to, is held.
ARRANGEMENT.
The following Arrangement is agreed upon by His Excellency the Governor, and the principal Officers of the state and City, for the reception of the President of the United States.
 1. A Deputation of the State Officers, to consist of His Honour the Chancellor and the Adjutant General, accompanied by a Deputation from the Corporation of the city of New-York, to consist of the Recorder, will receive his Excellency the President of the United States, on the Jersey shore.  2. A salute will be fired from the battery immediately on the President's embarkation.  3. Should he pass the battery, a second salute will be fired on his passing; and should he land in the city without passing the battery, the second salute will be fired on his landing.  4. His Excellency the Governor, and the principal officers of the state, and  5. The Mayor and principal Officers of the Corporation will attend and receive the President on his landing; and thence accompany him to his house. The citizens who attend on the occasion, will form in such manner, as that the President and his attendants may conveniently pass through their ranks.  6. The Volunteers of the Legion of Gen. MALCOM's brigade, and Col. BAUMAN's regiment of Artillery will parade in their uniforms.  7. Immediately after the salute on the President's landing, the bells of the several churches, &c. will ring, and continue ringing half an hour.  8. The colours of the Fort, and of the vessels in the harbour, will be displayed on firing the first salute.  9. The city will be illuminated from seven to nine o'clock in the evening. 
The following articles are in the resolutions, but omitted in the debates that have appeared in our paper, viz.
 All candles of tallow per lb. 2 cents.  All candles of wax or spermaceti 6 do  All cheese per lb. 4 do  Soap per lb. 2 do  Boots per pair 50 do  On all shoes, slippers or galoshes made of leather 10 do  All shoes or slippers, made of silk or Stuff 10 do  Every 112lb of unwrought steel 56 do  On all cabinet ware  On all buttons of metal  On Saddles  On all gloves of leather  On hats of beaver, fur, wool, or mixture of either  On all millenary  On all castings of iron slit or rolled iron  On all leather tanned or tawed  And upon all manufactures of leather, except such as are otherwise rated, 7 1/2 pr cent ad valorem. 
The most distinguished among the sages of antiquity, have left it upon record, as the dictate of reason and the result of experience "that the only solid basis on which to establish the public happiness, is a REFERENCE FOR THE DEITY." May the People of the UNITED STATES, imbibe this sentiment, with all the additional force with which it comes attended from the SACRED ORACLES. It is devoutly to be wished that the United States in their revenue system, may avoid the introduction of what, in cant phrase, are termed "Custom House Oaths" such swearing being often found the most convenient passport for contraband goods. Our allies the French and Spaniards let us an example in this business worthy of imitation.
It is an object of the greatest importance, that an uninterrupted series of federal sentiments should be disseminated through the American nation—Our political connection with each other becomes daily more intimate and interesting: This will, in time assimilate our minds, our habits, our manners, our objects, till we become one great People, cemented by national ideas, national spirit, and national glory.
Never since the formation of government and civil society, were the great body of a people, so universally solicitous and engaged about these important subjects, as the citizens of the United States, at the present moment.—Every ear is open! every mind is full!—Surely as the great Mr. ADAMS said of the American war—"If ever there was a Government of the People, this is the government."
The great objects which have arrested the attention of our country since the Constitution came upon the carpet, seem to have called up the most latent and astonishing powers of the human mind, which have discovered themselves in a great variety of instances—in Processions—Publications—Inventions of Machines—Military Improvements and Mechanical Excellences.
In a late Boston paper is the following paragraph, viz. An elegant Barge is now building in New-York, to waft the great WASHINGTON across the Hudson, to be rowed by ten SEA-CAPTAINS, and one to act as cockswain.
The above Barge is now compleated, and is a most masterly construction in its line—it is between forty and fifty feet long, and moulded upon the finest model.
The laudable curiosity of the publick is daily gratified by a free accession to the Galleries of the Hon. House of Representatives, where it is not doubted that the most profound attention and perfect decorum will continue to be exhibited by the spectators and auditors.
A correspondent would enquire, if it is an Order or Rule of the Gallery, to be covered when the Speaker of a certain Hon. House is in the chair?
One day last week a Bevy of Ladies appeared in the Gallery of the Hon. House of Representatives—a most laudable curiosity is a sufficient reason for the novelty of the circumstance.
Arrived in this city since our last, the Most Hon. Mr. Henry, from Maryland, and the Most Hon. Mr. Gunn, from Georgia, Senators of the United States.
The illustrious PRESIDENT of the United States will arrive in this city to-morrow.
The Eagle in the front of the Federal State House is now displayed; the general appearance of this front is truly august.
The Federal Barge was launched yesterday. It should have been noticed in our first number, that SAMUEL ALLEN OTIS Esq. of Massachusetts, is appointed Secretary, to the Most Hon. Senate of the United States, and JOHN BECKLEY, Esq. of Virginia,, Clerk to the Hon. House of Representatives.
Extracts from a Madrid paper, January 20.
The King of Spain was proclaimed in this capital on Saturday the 17th inst. with all customary ceremonies. The Conde de Altemira, as Alférez Mayor of Madrid, bore the Royal Standard, and was accompanied in the procession by a great number of grandees on horses very richly caparisoned, and also by the Corregidor, Alguazil, Heralds, and others. The Proclamation was repeated in different parts of the city, and silver and gold coins, prepared for the occasion, were thrown by the Heralds among the people. The first Proclamation was made in the great square, in front of the palace. Their Catholick Majesties were present, seated in a balcony, and attended by the Ambassadors, and other foreign ministers, and by the principal officers of State. The acclamations of the people were great and expressive of much loyalty and affection to their Sovereign. The publick mourning was suspended during three days, a very large list of promotions was published, various entertainments and balls were given, and there was a general illumination on each of the three evenings.
A royal order has been published at Malaga, permitting for the present, and only at the custom house of that port, the free transshipping and deposit of such produce, goods and merchandize, as may be entered there and destined for the Barbary or other foreign ports; as also of such as may arrive from those countries, and be destined for the Northern or other ports, including silver in coin, in bars, or wrought; which as well as all other goods, is to pay, on being re-shipped, one pr. cent. on the value, according to the invoice; and gold ingots, on dust, and all kinds of articles of silver and gold, set or unset with pearls or precious stones, are to pay half pr. cent. The goods may remain in deposit, till it may be convenient to ship them, on paying warehouse rent, as there is not sufficient room for them in the Custom-house.
WANTED IMMEDIATELY,
A JOURNEYMAN PRINTER. Good wages will be given. Enquire at No. 3, Peek's Slip. APRIL 22.

"Debate and Dissention not only flow from civil liberty, but contribute to preserve it."
IN my last No. I mentioned having passed an evening with two foreigners. The remarks, made by one of them, have been communicated. The reply of the other equally deserves notice. It is to the following effect.
"I confess that your observations appear to be founded in fact. No inference, however, to the discredit of this country, can be drawn from such circumstances. There may be assigned two reasons why the citizens of the United States are prone to speculative controversy. One of them proceeds from the nature of their government, and acts as a permanent cause. The other results from particular incidents, which may be considered adventitious; but which unites its influence in producing the general effect."
"In a despotic government, where the subject has no voice in making the laws, or in establishing modes of religion, he has little occasion to be a disputant. His whole attention is employed, in performing the duties that are laid upon him. The case is totally the reverse in a country of freedom. Every man knows that he may be eligible to legislation. Every man feels a pride and independence of spirit, that he can choose his own religion. This operates as an established cause of speculative enquiry and investigation. No restraint can safely be put upon an indulgence, which is in itself so salutary. There is less danger from excess than from restriction."
"The peculiar situation of this country has afforded great scope for the discussions of theoretick men. It has infused a spirit of altercation into all ranks of people. Time and experience will correct those extremes of such a temper, which have been excited by special causes. It must have its own course, and work its own remedy. The love and the practise of dispute, strike out light upon the various subjects, relative to government. It habituates men to reflection. I acknowledge it has been carried so far, as to militate with useful operations, and prevented acts of real utility being introduced. Many of the States have totally new modelled their governments. This could not be produced without great deliberation. The fervour has hardly yet subsided."
"The entire toleration of religion has given a large range to persons prone to controversy. Each sect naturally wishes to extend its influence. The forms of government and religion will be better ascertained, and men will have determined what side to take, in both. When this happens, the evil you complain of, will in part be removed. But while the spirit of liberty exists, controversy is unavoidable."
Thus spoke my two companions. The one pointed out errors, and the other accounted for them. Their observations, whether they are new or not, appear to be just. Such hints amuse some people, while they do injury to none.
A HINT.
ONE striking feature in the political complexion of the Dutch Republic is, that the children of both sexes are, from the moment of the earliest capability, initiated in some line of industrious avocation among them. Solon and Lycurgus could not have chalked out a wiser line for the service of the Grecian States. It was an opinion with Alexander the Great, that boys nurtured and bro't up in the camp, were ever after fond of arms—and practice gave sanction to the theory. It holds equally good, that children, early trained up to industry, ever incline to it in maturity—for, in the language of the poet, "it grows with their growth, and strengthens with their strength." To our countrymen, we hope the application is evident. If they accustom their little ones to honest employments (such as will suit their years, constitutions and choices) they will thereby render them virtuous and independent citizens, a credit to themselves, and an ornament to society. The consequences of a different conduct are evident.
ANECDOTE OF LORD MANSFIELD.
THIS Judge being in one of the counties, on the circuit, a poor woman was indicted for witchcraft. The inhabitants of the place were exasperated against her. Some witnesses deposed, that they had seen her walk in the air, with her feet upwards. Lord Mansfield heard the evidence with great tranquillity, and perceiving the temper of the people, whom it would not have been prudent to irritate, he thus addressed them. "I do not doubt that this woman has walked in the air, with her feet upwards, since you have all seen it; but she has the honour to be born in England, as well as you and I, and consequently, cannot be judged but by the laws of the country, nor punished but in proportion as she has violated them. Now I know not one law that forbids walking in the air with the feet upwards. We have all a right to do it with impunity. I see no reason, therefore, for prosecution; and this poor woman may return home when she pleases."
GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES.
A NATIONAL PAPER.
To be published at the SEAT of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, and to comprise, as fully as possible, the following Objects, viz.
I. EARLY and authentick Accounts of the PROCEEDINGS of CONGRESS—its LAWS, ACTS, and RESOLUTIONS, communicated so as to form an HISTORY of the TRANSACTIONS of the FEDERAL LEGISLATURE, under the NEW CONSTITUTION.
II. IMPARTIAL SKETCHES of the DEBATES of CONGRESS.
III. ESSAYS upon the great subjects of Government in general, and the Federal Legislature in particular; also upon the national and local Rights of the AMERICAN CITIZENS, as founded upon the Federal or State Constitutions; also upon every other Subject, which may appear suitable for newspaper discussion.
IV. A SERIES of PARAGRAPHS, calculated to catch the "LIVING MANNERS as THEY RISE," and to point the publick attention to Objects that have an important reference to domestic, social, and publick happiness.
V. The Interests of the United States as connected with their literary Institutions—religious and moral Objects—Improvements in Science, Arts, EDUCATION and HUMANITY—their foreign Treaties, Alliances, Connections, &c.
VI. Every species of INTELLIGENCE, which may affect the commercial, agricultural, manufacturing, or political INTERESTS of the AMERICAN REPUBLICK.
VII. A CHAIN of DOMESTICK OCCURRENCES, collected through the Medium of an extensive Correspondence with the respective States.
VIII. A SERIES of FOREIGN ARTICLES of INTELLIGENCE, so connected, as to form a general Idea of publick Affairs in the eastern Hemisphere.
IX. The STATE of the NATIONAL FUNDS; also of the INDIVIDUAL GOVERNMENTS—Courtes of Exchange—Prices Current, &c.
CONDITIONS.
I.
THE GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES shall be printed with the same Letter, and on the same Paper as this publication.
II.
It shall be published every WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and delivered, as may be directed, to every Subscriber in the city, on those days.
III.
The price to Subscribers (exclusive of postage) will be THREE DOLLARS pr. annum.
IV.
The first semi-annual payment to be made in three months from the appearance of the first number.
SUBSCRIPTIONS
Will be received in all the capital towns upon the Continent; also at the City-Coffee-House, and at No. 86, William-Street, until the 1st of May, from which time at No. 9, Maiden-Lane, near the Olwego-Market, New-York.
N. B. By a new Arrangement made in the States, Subscribers at a distance will be duly furnished with papers.
POSTSCRIPT.—A large impression of every number will be struck off—so that Subscribers may always be accommodated with complete Sets.
To the PUBLICK.
AT this important Crisis, the ideas that fill the mind, are pregnant with Events of the greatest magnitude—to strengthen and complete the UNION of the States—to extend and protect their COMMERCE, under equal Treaties yet to be formed—to explore and arrange the NATIONAL FUNDS—to restore and establish the PUBLICK CREDIT—and ALL under the auspices of an untried System of Government, will require the ENERGIES of the Patriots and Sages of our Country—Hence the propriety of encreasing the Mediums of Knowledge and Information.
AMERICA, from this period, begins a new Era in her national existence—"THE WORLD IS ALL BEFORE HER"—The wisdom and folly—the misery and prosperity of the EMPIRES, STATES, and KINGDOMS, which have had their day upon the great Theatre of Time, and are now no more, suggest the most important Mementos—These, with the rapid series of Events, in which our own Country has been so deeply interested, have taught the enlightened Citizens of the United States, that FREEDOM and GOVERNMENT—LIBERTY and LAWS, are inseparable.
This Conviction has led to the adoption of the New Constitution; for however VARIOUS the Sentiments, respecting the MERITS of this System, all GOOD MEN are agreed in the necessity that exists, of an EFFICIENT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
A paper, therefore, established upon NATIONAL, INDEPENDENT, and IMPARTIAL PRINCIPLES—which shall take up the premised Articles, upon a COMPETENT PLAN, it is presumed, will be highly interesting, and meet with publick approbation and patronage.
The Editor of this Publication is determined to leave no avenue of Information unexplored:—He solicits the assistance of Persons of leisure and abilities—which, united with his own assiduity, he flatters himself will render the Gazette of the United States not unworthy general encouragement—and is, with due respect, the publick's humble servant,
JOHN FENNO.
New-York, April 15, 1789.
HIGH WATER.
AT NEWYORK TO-MORROW. MORNING, — 2 minutes after 7.
ADDRESS.
THE Publick approbation alone can give stability and success to any undertaking which must ultimately depend upon public opinion: This idea has generally induced the Editors of new publications to attempt anticipating that approbation through the medium of professions, which, to say the least, are, too seldom realized: The Editor of the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES would avoid, as far as possible, the imputation that has been frequently and justly incurred upon account of professions never substantiated.
Should the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES prove a faithful register of publick transactions, especially those of the great council of the nation, the FEDERAL LEGISLATURE; he HOPES it will be patronized by those who feel interested in the welfare of the union; the patriots and independent freemen of our country.
Should it contain a competent detail of foreign and domestic intelligence; revolutions in commerce; discoveries in various parts of the globe, opening new sources of wealth to enterprising adventurers; rise and fall of stocks; prices current, &c. he HOPES it will receive the support of mercantile characters.
Should the great body of mechanics find that their important interests are attended to; that improvements and discoveries in their several branches claim an early and constant insertion.
Should this Gazette be the happy instrument of pointing out various plans, by which the music of the AX and HAMMER may again be heard in our cities, the Editor cannot but HOPE for their generous encouragement.
Should something worthy the notice of the great farming interest of our country (the bulwork of freedom and equal laws) be exhibited from time to time, the editor HOPES for their patronage. Improvements in agriculture are of the first consequence to our young, our rising country; and the labours that tend to affect this desirable object, are the result of the purest patriotism, and should demand the constant attention of the Editors of periodical publication.
The Editor HOPES that the wealthy part of the community will become patrons of this publication, as it is but just to say, that every project, which has been obviously calculated for publick utility, has met with prompt and generous encouragement from those whom Providence has blessed with affluence; without their assistance, the noble plans now on foot for the promotion of MANUFACTURES, ARTS and SCIENCES, must have proved abortive; their liberal efforts on many recent occasions, have given a spring to the publick mind. Should the Gazette of the United States suggest improvable hints, or feasible projects, which must depend upon the PURSE for their maturity, it cannot fail of being countenanced by the RICH and public spirited.
The great and momentous subject of Education is hourly appreciating in its importance: That part of the NEW CONSTITUTION, which opens the door to every man of every rank, possessing VIRTUE and ABILITIES, to the highest honours in the great American Republick, has expanded the views of every American.
This idea, places the business of Education in a point of light, in which it never has before been viewed; a point in which it cannot be considered in any other country upon the face of the earth. The MIDDLING and LOWER CLASS of CITIZENS will therefore find their account in becoming subscribers for this Gazette, should it pay a particular regard to this great subject. Full justice cannot perhaps be done to it; but every attempt to illustrate and enforce its importance, must insure the applause of every person who feels the dignity of a rational being, or who prizes the birthright of an American.
Ignorance is the parent of all human degradation; every attempt therefore to disseminate the rays of knowledge will receive the applause of the truly benevolent. The happiness of mankind being inseparably connected with the practice of religious, moral and social duties, it becomes obligatory upon the Editors of publick papers, to pay a distinguished regard to every idea that may be suggested upon these important points, upon general principles, avoiding tedious dissertations upon abstruse and metaphysical subjects: Those essays that have a natural tendency to refine our manners, humanize the heart, and exalt our natures, should claim a distinguished attention. So far as the Gazette of the United States shall be instrumental in diffusing sentiments of justice, humanity and benevolence—those great moral virtues, it will doubtless receive the support of the Reverend Clergy.
In short, should this Gazette support the character of a NATIONAL, IMPARTIAL and INDEPENDENT CONVEYANCER to all parts of the Union, of News, Politics, and Miscellanies, the approbation and patronage of a generous publick will doubtless reward the exertions of
The EDITOR.
TWO YOUNG SPRIGHTLY LADS
ARE wanted, as APPRENTICES to the Business of Printing.
Enquire at No. 86, William-Street.
Published by JOHN FENNO, No. 86, WILLIAM-STREET, NEW-YORK.