The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1801-08-10 00:00:00

The National Intelligencer,
AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
VOL. I. WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, NEW-JERSEY AVENUE, NEAR THE CAPITOL.
No. CXXI.
FIVE DOLLS. PER ANN.
MONDAY, AUGUST 10th, 1801.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
A great revolution in the government of St. Domingo has been effected, subject to the ratification of the French Republic. In our last we stated this event. We have now the pleasure of presenting to our readers the following interesting details. In our next paper we shall publish the new Constitution, whose length has prevented its translation for this day's paper.
TRANSLATED
FOR THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER. From the Bulletin Officiel de Saint Domingo.
PROMULGATION OF THE COLONIAL CONSTITUTION.
Cape-Francois, July 8.
The government announced some days since, in a hand-bill distributed through the town, that the central assembly had fixed on the 7th of this month, as the day on which the Colonial Constitution should be promulgated; and to render this ceremony as splendid as it is impressive, the General himself had settled the details. In consequence of his orders, the generale was beat yesterday at 3 o'clock in the morning through all the sections of the town, and bands of music, intermixed with drums, alternately mingled their melodious sounds with those instruments that war has adopted to proclaim its terrors. At 5 o'clock, the troops of the line and of the national guard met at the Place d'Armes, where they appeared in good order and made a handsome display.
All the civil and military authorities, in their appropriate dresses, attended at the government house; on leaving it, they observed the arrangements prescribed in the hand-bill, and marched in the following order to the Place d'Armes.
 The commission of Commerce,  The administration of the Marine,  The Municipality,  The tribunal of Commerce,  The tribunal of Peace,  The civil Tribunal,  The central Assembly. 
The general in chief, accompanied by two generals, and all the military officers, who were attached to no particular corps, but were out of service.
Arrived at the Place d'Armes, the civil and military authorities formed a circle round a tribune, which had been raised, in order to give dignity to the scene, and that the promulgation of the constitution should be solemnly and distinctly made.
The concourse was immense. The most profound silence reigned, and each one awaited with impatience, the reading of a work, which was to fix the destinies of St. Domingo.
At this moment Citizen Borgella, President of the central Assembly, appeared in the tribune and prefaced the announcement of the Constitution by an elegant discourse.
We are afraid of impairing the interest it excited by an abridgment, and therefore present it as it was delivered.
French Colonists, and brave soldiers!
"It is long since St. Domingo aspired to the inappreciable happiness of having a local Constitution.
"The factions which have succeeded each other in the government of France in propagating their anarchical principles in this distant island, had silenced the just complaints of its unfortunate inhabitants, had degraded them from the dignity of freemen, had robbed them even of those precious emotions, inspired by sentiments which elevate and ennoble the soul, and had forced them to receive laws which they had neither made, or consented to.
"The French Colonies, said the Constitution of the year 3, (art. 6.) are integral parts of the Republic and are subject to the same Constitutional laws.
"Thus by the most terrible fatality the destinies of St. Domingo have been associated with those of France. It is thus that that spirit of party, which has desolated France, has extended its ramifications, across the immensity of the Ocean,
and has made St. Domingo bow under the enormous weight of its corrupt influence. At length, Buonaparte flew from the confines of Egypt to the heart of France; in a moment faction vanished and social order succeeded to the convulsions of anarchy.
"The Republic tasted the sweets of peace within, and prepared itself to reap its fruits without.
"A new Constitution is formed; free from that complexity of powers, which, interfering with each other, are calculated to produce popular cabals, diversity of opinions, and public calamities.
"But this new Constitution, has it been made for you, insolated inhabitants of a region so remote and so different from the parent nation? Have your Representatives, like those of the other French departments, concurring and participating powers? No. The wisdom, and accompanying virtues which have presided at the formation of this constitutional act, have consecrated your rights, and secured your interests.
"From this moment justice has declared for you, the powerful and generous nation, whose taste and character you participate, and of which you form a part, has broken the shameful chains which the spirit of party and of anarchy had forged for you.
"It has acknowledged the rights which you inherit from nature. Henceforth, you will not be exposed to those terrible commotions, those violent convulsions, those political storms which arise from the execution of laws, made without your approbation, made far from you, and which consequently cannot accord with your manners, your customs, nor with the climate you inhabit.
"Thanks be rendered to the new French Constitution! French Colonists, you have been awakened by the 91st article; the want of laws has at last been felt and you have expressed your wishes to the general, who governs this colony, to the general who so often has snatched you from the edge of a precipice, and who has so successfully defended you from the attempts of French enemies, and from the influence of every faction. Ah, you could not be deaf to the man, who has devoted his life in binding up the wounds of this suffering colony, and in pouring on them a healing and consoling balm.
"Toussant Louverture, this extraordinary man, whose noble actions command your admiration and your gratitude, has risen like a Phœnix from the midst of ashes, and has wholly devoted himself to the defence of your country, of your persons and property.
"In the midst of the convulsive throes of anarchy he has had the generosity and the courage to assume the government of an abandoned colony, without any defence but that given by nature, and destitute of every means to protect agriculture and commerce.
"You know, he has everywhere upheld the French character by causing the French flag to be respected.
"He has filled your ports with provisions he has enlivened your agriculture, he has rebuilt your cities, and disciplined your troops.
"He has done still more—he has conquered inveterate prejudices, he has strengthened the bonds of the tenderest fraternity, those bonds which the old colonial system had so cruelly broken, and which anarchy, in order to maintain its odious empire, so inhumanly sported with. The proclamation of the general in chief, who has convoked your representatives, proves to you his desire for your happiness; it announces to you that the period of convulsion is passed. It demonstrates to you the necessity of forming proper laws, and adopting this constant maxim that laws are conventions established by men, who ought to conform themselves thereto, to regulate the order of society; it discovers to you, that it is with laws as it is with the productions of the earth, that each country has its peculiar manners and its statutes, as it has its peculiar productions.
"According to these principles, an assembly of the inhabitants have received from you the important task of laying the constitutional foundation of an interior system
for this colony, and faithful to the mother country, the General, who has authorised this assembly, has proclaimed that this system shall be submitted to the sanction of the French government.
"Considering the distance of France, and the wars in which she is now engaged, your representatives should not interpret unfavorably her long silence; but alarmed by your want of laws in this perilous moment, they should dissipate every inquietude, and re-assure every mind. Acknowledging that the safety of the whole is the supreme law, they have believed it their duty to invite the General who watches over the destinies of St. Domingo, to carry into effect the basis of legislation which they have laid. It is now that this system is offered to you; your present and future happiness has incessantly occupied the attention of your deputies; they have made every effort to render it durable. May they not be disappointed!
"French colonists and brave soldiers! never forget, but impress it deeply on your minds, that it is time and experience alone which can consolidate human institutions. Rally around this family compact which is presented to you; your deputies deposit it in your bosoms as the palladium of your civil and political liberty, as the pledge of their affection for you, and of their devotion to the republic.
"Long live the republic, which reforms and which protects its colonies!"
Citizen Borgella then read another discourse in the form of an introduction to the constitution. Although this preliminary discourse appears to us inseparable from the constitution, of which it is only the development, we think it proper to insert it for the satisfaction of our distant subscribers.
"The colony of St. Domingo existed many years without any positive laws. For a long time governed by ambitious men, its annihilation would have been inevitable, had not the just and equitable mind of the general in chief Toussant Louverture, by combinations the most just, plans the best formed, and actions the most energetic, delivered it, nearly at the same time, from its interior and exterior enemies, and successfully extinguished every spark of discord; rescued it from the bosom of anarchy, made abundance succeed to misery, the love of labour and of peace to civil war and idleness, security to terror, and in a word, insured its entire submission to the French empire. The revolution had violently overthrown all which constituted the system by which the island of St. Domingo had been anciently administered.
"The different legislative assemblies of France, in its room, had substituted new laws at different epochs; but as soon as reported, their incoherency and insufficiency were acknowledged even by those who had formed them—and the manner in which they were executed by factious and disorderly men, who interpreted them as best suited their interests, contributed rather to produce than to prevent disorder. The natural consequences of this order of things has been, to make those laws which ought to have been received only with sentiments of respect, regarded as objects either of alarm or contempt. The wise men who have co-operated in the formation of the constitution of the year 3, have without doubt felt the necessity of forming a new system for the distant colonies, and in its formation, of consulting the manners, the customs, and the wants of the Frenchmen who inhabit them, and the circumstances in which at present they are found. Can it be an easy matter to weigh all these considerations, when their information is so frequently inaccurate or unfaithful? At such a distance can they discover the changes of public opinion; can they know the sufferings of the people, and if known, could they apply those remedies which are most efficacious and necessary, especially in time of war?
"Even if past experience had not made it an imperious duty, the 91st article of the French constitution would authorise the inhabitants of St. Domingo to indicate to the French government, the laws by which they would wish to be governed—and what more propitious moment could we seize
for laying the foundations of this important work, than the present, when the ancient edifice is cleared of its ruins—when its intricacies are unfolded—when prejudices are subdued, and when the passions are calmed.
"Circumstances so favorable for fixing the destiny of a nation, can occur but seldom in the lapse of many ages; if we neglect this opportunity, another may never be found.
"To the fundamental causes, which render a local constitution necessary for St. Domingo, besides the interests of the inhabitants, (which are intimately connected with those of the mother country) are added other motives equally powerful.
"The just claims of the departments of the colonies to enjoy the advantages of the tribunals of Justice.
"The necessity of introducing new planters, in order to extend and improve agriculture, of reviving commerce and re-establishing manufactures.
"The utility of cementing the union of the ci-devant Spanish inhabitants with the antient French inhabitants.
"The impossibility of the mother country's succouring or providing for this immense colony during the war with the maritime powers.
"The necessity of establishing a simple and uniform system for the administration of the finances of the colony, and for correcting existing abuses.
"The obligation of satisfying absent proprietors, as to the safety of their property.
"In a word, the importance of maintaining and consolidating internal peace, of augmenting that prosperity, which this colony begins to enjoy after the storms by which it has been torn and distracted; of reaching to each individual his rights and his duties, and of extinguishing all distrusts and suspicions by presenting a code of laws which will inspire confidence, and harmonise contending interests.
"Such have been the motives which have determined the general in chief, to convoke a legislative assembly, charged with proposing to the French government, a constitution the best calculated for the colony of St. Domingo. This work, will add another benefit to those we have already received from him.
"The few members, of whom this assembly is composed, have declared that while they wished to free their discussions from all tumult and passion, they desired to be acquainted with the ideas and opinions of all intelligent men, so that this important work might be the result of the united labors of the whole colony.
"If the central assembly has not completely fulfilled the expectations of its constituents, if it has not attained the end designed by the general in chief, it has at least done all that circumstances allowed; at the same time that it has proposed all the changes, which are desirable. It will require much time, for the colony to arrive at its greatest prosperity, that can only be reached by gradual progress. Wealth to be durable, can increase but slowly; in this respect we must imitate nature, who never acts with precipitation, but who gradually though surely matures its beneficent productions.
"The assembly will rejoice if its first attempt shall, in any degree, ameliorate the state of its fellow citizens, and if it shall have gained their esteem and indulgence, as well as the approbation of France, although it may not have attained any great perfection.
"Every article of the constitution was discussed and determined without passion, without prejudice, without partiality; and that mode of government has been adopted, which they thought was best calculated to preserve our tranquility and to raise us to our ancient splendor. In the two succeeding years, the central Assemblies will make those alterations which time and experience shall shew to be necessary.
"The central assembly has not the vanity to believe that it has proposed the best possible constitution; but it can assure its fellow-citizens, that the most ardent desires have been felt and the greatest exertions made to ensure the present tranquility of

the colony, to confirm & increase its prosperity, and to prove their attachment to the French government.
After this discourse was finished, citizen Bergella announced the reading of the constitution. On this the most profound silence reigned through all the ranks. Each individual listened to the promulgation with that interest which an act that was to determine their privileges and duties, naturally inspired. After the constitution was read, general Toussaint took the place of the President of the central assembly and pronounced the following discourse.
PEOPLE OF ST. DOMINGO! "The Colonial Constitution, for this important island, has been transmitted to me by the central assembly, composed of legislators, who by virtue of my proclamation of the 16th Pluviose last, assembled to form the laws by which we are to be governed."
"I have read it with attention, and am persuaded that it will produce the happiness of my fellow-citizens, since it is suited to our local circumstances, and is founded on good morality and pure religion. I approve it. But when I consider that I am charged with the execution of these constitutional laws, I discover my task to be more difficult than that of legislators. Nevertheless, I promise that however vast and extensive this career may be, every exertion shall be made to sustain it well."
"Oh you, my fellow-citizens, of every age, of every rank, and of every colour, you are free; and the constitution which is given you, shall immortalise your liberty."
"Let us prostrate ourselves before the Creator of the Universe and render him thanksgiving for so inappreciable a blessing."
"I ought to address you in the language of truth. This constitution insures to every individual the enjoyment of his rights; and requires of every citizen the practice of virtue, while it recognises among us, the dominion of pure morality and the divine Religion of Jesus Christ. Thus then, Magistrates! follow the example of a people, whose fathers and defenders you should always be. Let probity and justice direct your actions and dictate your decrees; thus will you engage the esteem of your fellow citizens, which is the sweetest consolation and best reward that await a man in Power."
"Brave warriors, generals, officers and soldiers! observe discipline and inordination, obey your chiefs, defend and support the Constitution, against the internal and external enemies who may seek to destroy it."
"Let your motto be bravery , your guide honour . You deserve well of your country."
"Planters! Fly from idleness; it is the parent of every vice, and avoid those malevolent and unprincipled men, who may seek to mislead you. In me and in the generals, my representatives, you will ever find the repressor of abuse and injustice."
"Industrious inhabitants of the Cities! Be submissive to the laws, they will ever prove your protection and defence."
"People, Magistrates and Soldiers! I unfold to you your duties and mine; for me, I promise in the face of Heaven, as far as it depends on me, to make every exertion, under the divine permission, to preserve peace, union and tranquility, and the consequent happiness of my fellow citizens; and I promise to execute those duties prescribed by the colonial Constitution. Do you too, swear before the supreme Being and on my hands, that you will submit to these laws, which are calculated to secure your happiness and to confirm your liberty."
"Citizens! I repeat to you that the constitution is the compass of every description of citizens; when it speaks let every one bow submissive to its requisitions. The civil and military power should be the first to set an example of obedience to the people; follow in all its parts, the constitution, the legislature and central assembly have presented to you, and let the sublime principles which it has consecrated, remain indelibly engraved upon your hearts."
"In every moment of my life, my dear fellow-citizens and friends, my desire, my wishes, my ambition, will consist in discovering and preparing the means of rendering you free and happy. If I attain an end so dear to my heart, I shall not regret the loss of life, but shall go, free from any remorse, to render an account of my actions to the all powerful God and supreme Author of the Universe."
"Live forever the French Republic and the colonial Constitution!" At this moment a four pounder at the Place D'Armes was discharged, as a signal to all the forts of the town to begin a discharge of twenty-one rounds, and to each of the vessels of war in port.
General Toussaint, who had quitted the
tribune, then received the fraternal embrace from all the civil and military authorities, and the President of the civil Tribunal of this department, citizen Fongneau became the interpreter of the general satisfaction, and mounting the tribune, thus expressed himself.
Citizen General! "The greatest misfortune to which any nation can be exposed, is to be deprived of the restraints of law, and involved in the confusion of anarchy. Such however has been the state of St. Domingo during many years, and it required all your talents and all your virtues, to snatch it from the certain ruin by which it was menaced."
"From the commencement of the revolution, this colony had attracted the attention of the enemies of France. This important establishment, threw on the side of the mother country a balance of many millions, and it was its importance, which caused its ruin."
"Within our very bosom we saw a number of factions arise, whose contentions better served the designs of our enemies, than all the exertions of their corrupt agents. Divisions were fomented that power might be usurped."
"France was deceived; for it was the interest of anarchy to conceal our true condition; incoherent laws were formed, which far from uniting the different parties, served only to inflame and reanimate their animosities."
"Colonial Assemblies rapidly succeeded each other; but their labours, the offspring of passion and prejudice, served only to hasten the instant, which was completely to ruin the colony."
"These Assemblies gave place to men who called themselves envoys from France, to re-establish tranquility in St. Domingo."
"I will spare my fellow citizens the recollection of those miseries, which their presence inflicted on the unhappy land; I will not speak of the tormenting anxiety, which every friend of order and of the Colony of St. Domingo felt, amidst the dreadful chaos which reigned around."
"France, at last determined irrevocably to fix the destiny of St. Domingo; she has made its enemies tremble. The immortal decree of the 16th Pluviose, has bestowed the blessings of liberty on a people, to whom faction would not allow even the rank of men."
"Still however, factions sought to kindle anew the flames of civil war; some even dared to call to their aid the most cruel enemies of liberty. But the fatal crisis has been founded in their ear—every heart was inflamed with the sacred fire of Liberty, and henceforth France may count not only on new children, but likewise on new defenders."
"It was to your hands, Citizen General! that this precious deposit, was confided; you have preserved it inviolate to this day, and you have discovered ever since the first dawning of the revolution, all that greatness of soul which characterises a French officer."
"It is useless now to repeat all that you have done for this interesting colony. One thing would have been wanting to your glory, if you had not acknowledged the necessity of supporting upon a solid foundation, the great work which you had so happily commenced."
"You have judged rightly, citizen General, that the colony had need of a special constitution adapted to its local situation, and to the manners of its inhabitants. You have concluded with justice, that no government can exist without a just distribution of its powers; you have therefore fixed in an invariable manner the rights and the duties of each citizen, and to obtain a result agreeable to your views, you ordained the formation of a central Assembly, composed of wise, honest and intelligent men. The choice of these men you have left to electors, legally nominated by all the municipal administrations of the Colony; and you may boldly say that the choice has fallen on men, rendered worthy equally by their talents and their virtues. These Representatives have endeavoured to justify your expectation, and to merit the confidence of their fellow citizens. They devoted themselves to fulfil their honorable mission with all the fidelity it required, and they have laboured in silence to give this Colony a constitution worthy of it."
Citizen General! "This epoch, so long desired, has at length arrived; this epoch which it is hoped will forever fix the empire of liberty and the destinies of St. Domingo—The constitution, which has just been read, is and will be accepted by every citizen with sentiments of gratitude and admiration."
"Never, since the existence of nations and of empires, has a social act, more important and impressive, received its accomplishment, at a festival so august or so as-
fecting. Never, beneath the eye of the Eternal, has the earth displayed a scene more tender or more sublime!"
"Thanks be rendered to you, citizen general; we have reached the point of national felicity, and it will not be long ere this colony with rapid strides shall attain that summit of glory and prosperity, which so long has been the object of your most ardent wishes and unceasing solicitude."
"Enjoy then Citizen general, enjoy, in anticipation all the good which you are about procuring for us. Your name will be engraved on the Temple of Glory, in the list of those who have ennobled their country, and who like you, generously devoted themselves to its defence."
"Behold the recompence of all great men! Like them you will live in every heart, and the most remote posterity shall never speak of St. Domingo, without repeating at the same time that Toussaint Louverture, was the reformer and the saviour of his country."
After this discourse was finished, the civil and military authorities, the instructors, instructresses and their pupils attended at the cathedral to return thanks to God, and to ask his blessings on the colony of St. Domingo.
When Mass was over, the civil and military authorities reconducted the general in chief to his house, where a splendid repast was given.
In the evening the town was illuminated.
TO BE SOLD. NINE Lots on square 693, on each of which is one two story brick house, six fronting on New-Jersey Avenue, and three on E Street south.
Also, One lot on square 802, fronting on 3d street, on this lot there is a cellar dug and walled up, and the first floor of Joists laid, designed for a house 23 feet 7 inches front, by 36 feet deep—An indisputable title will be given. Terms of payment one fourth part cash on the day of sale, the remainder in three equal annual payments, with interest. For further particulars enquire of MOFFAT & NESMITH. New-Jersey Avenue, June 12, 1801. 12W.N.J.&U.Af
BROHAWN AND BOYS, BEG leave to inform the citizens of Washington, that they have taken Mr. N Young's wharf, very conveniently situated to the Capitol and President's Square; where they have opened a LUMBER YARD, and expect to go pretty largely in that line of business; and in about two or three weeks will have a general assortment of the first quality of groceries that can be procured in Baltimore.
Washington June 24, 1801. N. B. Any gentleman wishing to apply for bills of scantling of any size or dimensions, may obtain them at the shortest notice by applying as above.
NOTICE. THE following Slaves have been committed to the prison of Washington county, as runaways. WILL, who says he is the property of Jesse Robinet, has on light cot on cloaths, appears to be about 26 years of age, well made, of light complexion, and is about five feet five or six inches high.
DEBBY WILLIAMS, alias PARKER, who says she belongs to Mrs. Pinckney, Old Town, Baltimore, about 22 years of age, of light complexion, and five feet 3 or 4 inches high; had on when committed an old dark calico gown.
The owners of the above slaves are requested to take them away, or they will be sold according to law, to pay their prison fees.
DANIEL CARROLL BRENT, Marshal of the District of Columbia. July 17. w.t.f.
CONVEYANCERS OFFICE, AND
OFFICE FOR SALE OF CITY LOTS, On the Pennsylvania Avenue fronting the President's Square, near Rhodes's tavern, City of Washington.
THOMAS HERTY has connected with the business of drawing Conveyances of Land, Wills, Mortgages, Leases, Bonds, Assignments powers of Attorney, petitions, and every other species of deed or contract in the profession; that of buying, selling and leasing lots and houses in the City, negotiating loans, &c.
His long experience as a draftsman, and knowledge of the laws relative thereto—the knowledge which he has acquired by residence of the situation of City Lots, and how their titles have been acquired, or are liable to be affected; together with his impartial and strict regard to the interest of those who may be pleased to employ him, will, he hopes, secure to him a continuance of public patronage.
Titles to real property investigated, and opinions given thereon when required. For sale a great variety of Lots, in desirable situations in the City.
N. B. At the above office may be had, his Abridgement of the Laws of Maryland, price 6 dollars. Also his Digest of the Laws of the United States, price 3 dollars. As the Laws of Maryland are in full force on this side the Potomac, it behoves settlers to avail themselves of that information which affects their lives, liberties and property. He who is without a knowledge of his "rule of conduct" is like a stranger in his native land.
May 4. 22W4W. 2awa
WASHINGTON CITY.
MONDAY, AUGUST 10, 1801.
OFFICIAL.
Appointments by the President of the United States.
JAMES FINDLAYE, to be Marshal of the district of Ohio.
DOMINIC A. HALL, Esq. to be Chief Judge of the Fifth Circuit of the United States.
Our readers will find in our preceding columns ample details of an event, which may be classed among the most extraordinary of the present age. Toussaint Louverture, so well known for his military spirit, has assumed the arduous character of a legislator, and obtained to be formed for the people of St. Domingo a constitution, which if it does not render that Island absolutely independent, leaves to France scarcely any thing but the name of authority. Whether the measure is achieved with, or without the approbation of France, it must be considered as furnishing a most interesting example. For if it be done with her approbation, it announces the birth of a new colonial policy in that country, or the conviction of the necessity of relaxing the old policy; and if it be done without the approbation of France, scarcely a doubt can be entertained of the sufficiency of the power of Toussaint to sustain for a time a struggle with her, whatever may be the ultimate issue.
We shall in our next paper give the constitution entire. At present we confine ourselves to a statement of its leading articles.
1. The supreme executive power is confided to a governor elected for 5 years by the Central Assembly, the generals of the army, and the commanders in chief of the departments.
Toussaint Louverture is declared by the constitution governor for life, with the right of nominating his successor for 5 years after his death, when the above mode of election is to take effect.
The governor, in addition to the usual executive powers, has the absolute command of the land and sea forces, and proposes all laws to the Central Assembly.
2. The legislative power is confided to a Central Assembly, composed of two deputies from each department, chosen for four years in the following way: each municipality shall name a deputy, and all the municipal deputies in a department shall choose one deputy to the Central Assembly.
The Central Assembly confirms all acts presented by the governor before they become laws.
3. All slavery is prohibited. All men are declared free.
4. All men enjoy equal rights, and all are equally eligible to office.
All the information we possess justifies us in considering Toussaint as a truly great man. Without education and the acquisitions of science, he is represented to possess a sound judgment, a penetrating mind, a correct observation, great industry, and unbounded energy. His plans are formed in his own mind, and what he wills he himself executes. Public opinion is all in his favor; and he is no less beloved than respected. By the blacks he is considered as their liberator and protector. Such a man with such a nation, animated by the most ardent enthusiasm and gratitude, can command, especially for defence, a mighty power.
We confess that, notwithstanding the studied respect paid to the French government by the new constitution, in our opinion it is formed as the basis of independence. The establishment of a system, without recognising any French agent, creating a governor, and that governor not only for life, but giving him the right of nominating a successor, and investing him with the absolute command of the armed force both by land and sea, cannot easily be viewed in any other light than that of creating a sovereign power with all the attributes of an independent government. It is true that this system is to be submitted to the French government for their sanction. But as if a dread were entertained of the result, it is put into immediate operation on the plea of the perilous state of the colony.
Whatever may be the issue of these events they undoubtedly present a sublime spectacle to the world, a dear one to humanity. They demonstrate the progress of moral principles among all descriptions of men. They exhibit men, hitherto disgraced by their color, throwing off their chains, and advancing to the enjoyment of freedom.

Though the system formed is not a republican system, it may fairly be considered as the parent of one. It tends as far it goes, to advance the general interests, by protecting the persons, the properties, and consciences of men from wanton invasion. In short it establishes a system of laws and self-government.
How far the experiment may succeed, time only can demonstrate. At any rate it is calculated to engage a large portion of our solicitude and reflection.
BRITISH PRIZE COURTS.
The bill for regulating these courts was debated in the British House of Commons, in committee of the whole, on the 15th June, and the provisions agreed to.
FLOUR —The average price of American flour, in Liverpool, June 18, was 65s. per barrel.
The population of New-Hampshire is 183,858—having increased 41,973 in ten years.
Accounts from Havanna, received at Charleston (S. C.) state, that the minister of marine at that port had been arrested at midnight, leals put on his papers, and himself closely confined in the Moro castle. Two Admirals and a captain of a ship of the line, had also been put under arrest. These proceedings were said to have taken place in consequence of some disagreement with the comptroller of the Spanish navy.
DIED , in England, Brigadier General BENEDICT ARNOLD .
Extract of a letter from Barcelona, dated 29th of April, 1801, to a merchant in Philadelphia.
"We are sorry to have to impart to you that the misunderstandings subsisting between your government and the pacha of Tripoli, have at last involved you in a war with said Barbary state; and that the intelligence has been received here of several of its cruisers having already failed, with the view of capturing all the American vessels they can meet with. We lament the fate of the crews of those who will be so unfortunate as to become a prey to these pirates. As the congress have been advised since January last of the hostile measures of the said powers, we are in full hopes it will have immediately adopted such plans as to re-establish the good harmony with it; or lend out some of your frigates to protect the navigation of your merchantmen in the Mediterranean, which is the most urgent, as it is reckoned upwards of 100 American vessels are actually in this sea. The masters of those lying here and on the coast are determined not to sail before some frigate should come this way to convoy them out of the Straights, after the passage whereof they will have no further risk to run from Tripolitan cruisers."
"American wheat would fetch, per Winchester bushel, 1 dol. 75c. Indian corn, do. 1 d. 2 c. American superfine flour, 11 d. 14 c. for 225lb. English weight. Havanna sugar, 3s 5 white, 2s 5 brown, 16 d. 83 c. per 112lb English."
COMMERCIAL.
Extract of a letter from Bordeaux, dated 8th, June.
"Fifteen cargoes of colonial and American produce have arrived here, from the United States since the intercourse has been re-opened; which generally met with quick sales—and in some cases advantageous ones. The interior of the republic is so thinly provided, with the necessary foreign products, that large supplies will be required for the ordinary consumption which, henceforward it is to be presumed, will encrease by the revival of our manufactures, and internal commerce, and if, as it is expected, the direct intercourse from the United States to the Mediterranean will be suspended, in consequence of a disagreement with some of the Barbary powers, our markets will offer greater encouragement for your exports than any other in France, being the most commodiously situated for supplying the wants, not only of this country, but also of Italy and Spain. Among the articles we stand in need of, East-India white goods, for printing, may be reckoned in the first rank; the demand thereof is immense; and no quantity hardly could materially diminish their value; from the diversity of their qualities it is impossible to quote precise prices for each; but a large parcel was sold a few days since, by public sale, and Guernsey brought 6 a 8 dollars per piece, which was proportionate to what was given for the other kinds. Fine Cottons and muslins, however, pay a heavy duty, and are but little demanded. Teas we think would do
well, they would readily fetch the prices stated annexed.
Our exports are on the rise, for the holders of Wines and Brandies calculate on a large demand from your side; and their pretensions have encreased in consequence of the new grapes being injured by some late heavy rains.
RED STRAW WHEAT.
This celebrated wheat has been reaped in considerable quantities this harvest on the Mount Vernon estate. Its excellence consists in its repelling the fly, and suiting the most indifferent soils better than the generality of wheat. Its produce is likewise abundant. Gentlemen wishing to try this wheat on their estates, may be supplied by applying to the subscriber, and are requested to send their orders as soon as possible, specifying the quantity and time when wanted. There will be an additional charge of ten cents more than the price of common wheat.
GEORGE W. P. CUSTIS.
Mount Vernon, July 30.
RALEIGH, July 28.
We learn that General Davie does not accept of the appointment of Commissioner to treat with the several nations of Indians east of the Mississippi—The time allotted for holding the treaty requiring his immediate departure, and sufficient notice not being given to enable him to make the necessary arrangements previous to leaving his family, has been suggested to be the cause of his non acceptance.
Extract of a letter dated Lisbon, June 26th, 1801.
The last accounts from Egypt announce the arrival of general CRAIG at Suez, with 10,000 Sepoys and European troops.
LONDON, June 11.
American papers have been received to the 10th of last month.
Mr. Jefferson has not hitherto shown any want of that moderation, equally to the federalists and the anti-federalists, which alone becomes the high office to which he has been elected. It does not appear that he is so eager as some of the anti-federalists leaders would desire, to displace the federalists from all the official employments in the general government of the United States. Some difficulties have occurred in finding proper persons to fill the vacant offices.
General Smith refused the appointment of secretary to the navy, but consented to do its duties for a single month.
Mr. James Madison is secretary of state. Mr. Pickering had 10,000 acres of different land. To compensate his services, the federalists of the north-east Provinces, have by a subscription purchased it from him at five or six times its value. He is now independent, and intends to settle in the county of Essex.
Mr. Oliver Wolcott, late secretary to the treasury, has also retired poor from office. He has been presented by the federalists with many thousands of acres of land, in testimony of their esteem for his character, and gratitude for his services.
District of Columbia, Washington County, ff.
BROUGHT before me, one of the justices of the peace for the county aforesaid, by Richard Spalding and Hezekiah Robinson, a brown horse, taken as a stray and trespasser. He is about fourteen hands and an half high, seven or eight years old, shod all round, shoes much worn, a round scar on the off side of his neck, under his mane, a narrow blaze and hip, a lump or hard swelling on his off knee, very strong marks of a collar and of his having been in hard service.
BENJAMIN MOORE.
Washington City, August 8, 1801.
The owner of the above horse is desired to prove his property, pay charges and take him away.
RICHARD SPALDING, HEZEKIAH ROBINSON
August 10.
1aw3t
The Schooners Dolphin & Kitty
now lying at Mr. Young's Wharf will constantly take freights every three weeks from this to Annapolis or Baltimore. For terms apply to BRO. HAWN and BOYS ,
Washington July 15, 1801.
Nail Manufactory,
ALL kinds of Cut Nails for Sale by Wholesale and Retail at the Factory on F Street and at the Hardware Store of the Subscriber where persons building and all others wishing to purchase may be supplied with any quantity at the most reasonable rates.
JOHN JACK
Washington Feb. 4, 1801.
ON SLAVERY.
FROM ROUSSEAU'S SOCIAL COMPACT.
[CONCLUDED]
The quarrels, encounters, and duels of individuals, are not sufficient to constitute such a state of war; and, with regard to the particular combats authorised by the institutions of Lewis XI. king of France; they were only some of the abuses of the feudal government; a system truly absurd, as contrary to the principles of natural justice, as of good policy.
War is not, therefore, any relation between man and man, but between state and state; in which individuals are enemies only accidentally, not as men, or even as citizens, but as soldiers; not as members of their particular community, but as its defenders. In short, a state can have for its enemy nothing but a state, not men; as between things essentially different there can be no common relation.
This principle is, indeed, conformable to the established maxims of all ages, and the constant practice of every civilized people. Declarations of war are made less to give notice to sovereigns, than to their subjects.
The foreigner, whether a sovereign, an individual, or a people, who plunders, kills, or takes prisoner a subject, without declaring war against his prince, is not an enemy, but a robber. Even in a time of war, a just prince may make himself master, in an enemy's country, of whatever belongs to the public; but he will respect the persons and private properties of individuals, he will respect those rights on which his own are founded. The design of war being the destruction of an hostile state, we have a right to kill its defenders while they are in arms; but as, in laying down their arms, they cease to be enemies, or instruments of hostility, they become in that case mere men, and we have not the least right to murder them. It is sometimes possible effectually to destroy a state, without killing even one of its members; now, war cannot confer any right or privilege, which is not necessary to accomplish its end and design. It is true, these are not the principles of Grotius, nor are they founded on the authority of the poets; but they are such as are deduced from the nature of things, and are founded on reason.
With regard to the right of conquest, it has no other foundation than that of force, the law of the strongest. But, if war doth not give the victor a right to massacre the vanquished, this pretended right, which does not exist, cannot be the foundation of a right to enslave them. If we have no right to kill an enemy unless we cannot by force reduce him to slavery, our right to make him a slave never can be founded on our right to kill him. It is, therefore, an iniquitous bargain, to make him purchase, at the expence of liberty, a life, which we have no right to take away. In establishing thus a right of life and death over others, on that of enslaving them; and, on the other hand, a right of enslaving them on that of life and death; we certainly fall into the absurdity of reasoning in a circle.
Let us suppose, however, that this shocking right of general massacre existed. I still affirm, that a slave, made so by the fortune of war, or a conquered people, so reduced to slavery, lie under no other obligations to their master, than to obey him so long as he hath the power to compel them to it. In accepting of an equivalent for their lives, the victor confers on them no favour; instead of killing them uselessly, he hath only varied the mode of their destruction to his own advantage. So far, therefore, from his having acquired over them any additional authority, the state of war subsists between them as before; their relation to each other is the evident effect of it, and his exertion of the rights as of war is a proof, that no treaty of peace hath succeeded. Will it be said, they have made a convention? Be it so: This convention is a mere truce; and is so far from putting an end to the state of war, that it necessarily implies its continuation.
Thus, in whatever light we consider this affair, the right of making men slaves is null and void, not only because it is unjust, but because it is absurd and insignificant. The terms slavery and injustice are contradictory, and reciprocally, exclusive of each other. Hence the following proposal would be equally ridiculous, whether made by one individual to another, or by a private man to a whole people. I enter into an agreement with you, altogether at your own charge, and solely for my own profit which I will observe as long as I please, and which you are to observe also as long as I think proper.
HORSES STOLEN.
50 DOLLARS REWARD
Stolen from the subscriber in
the night of the 25th of July last two Horses—One of which has been found at Hagerstown in the state of Maryland; the horse yet missing may probably be in the neighborhood of Baltimore or the City of Washington in which city he was seen on the morning of the 30th—he is about 15 hands high, a bright bay, 8 years old, a small star in his forehead, white on one or probably both hind feet, the marks of geers appear on him—he is a good chair horse, trots fast, and accustomed to draw in a team.
The thieves it is said are known in Baltimore and George-Town by the names of THOMAS WATERS and ROWLAND ROGERS, and that Waters dwells near the road which leads from Baltimore to Frederick Town. Waters is a stout fellow about 6 feet high, the other about the same height, but not so lusty, as they are known to change their cloaths with a view to deceive, a description of them is unnecessary. Whoever will give information by which the horse may be got again shall receive Ten Dollars, and for the thieves on conviction Forty dollars.
JOHN PEARSON.
Darby, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, August 6th, 1801.
4t
To be sold or Exchanged
For improved lots in the city of Washington,
A VALUABLE FARM,
In Frederick County, Virginia, CONTAINING three hundred acres; 60 acres at present in thriving CORN—it is situated in a genteel neighbourhood, and contiguous to a Mill and Black-smith. The improvements are a handsome and convenient Dwelling House, Kitchen, Store house, Smoke-house, tables, Corn-house, Hen-house, Overseer's house, and necessary Negro Quarters. The whole of these buildings are new and complete.
Will be sold with it, if required,
Negroes, Horses, Cattle, Hogs, Farming utensils, &c. &c. Likewise, fifty barrels of CORN on hands.
Any person desirous of possessing this valuable tract of land, by purchase or exchange, will apply to ROBERT W. PEACOCK ,
Attorney at Law, and Conveyancer. August 7, 1aw3t
City of Washington, July 24, 1801.
The Subscribers
HAVING on hand a number of house frames of different dimensions, also, a large quantity of the various kinds of lumber requisite for building, and having made such arrangements as will ensure a constant supply thereof, and enable them to sell the same on very advantageous and moderate terms to the purchasers, hereby give notice, that on application, accompanied by a memorandum or bill of the frames or lumber wanted, they will cause the same to be delivered as soon as may be, at any of the wharves in the city of Washington, George-Town or Alexandria. The circumstances under which the subscribers enter into this business, authorize an assurance that the strictest punctuality in their engagements may be relied on. They are therefore induced to believe, that many persons who are engaged in building, or who may intend to build, will find a great convenience and advantage in making timely application, and being thus supplied with the whole of the lumber necessary for their buildings by the time it may be wanted for use.
JOHN CONNER,
Somerset County, near Princess Ann, Maryland.
THOMAS MUNROE,
City of Washington.
July 27.
1w4t
A GREAT BARGAIN.
I WILL sell or lease for ten years, a valuable Farm, in the county of Culpepper, and state of Virginia, on Flat Run, containing 750 acres the land is extremely fertile, and yields abundantly in the production of corn, wheat, and tobacco; there are about 100 acres of meadow land, 50 or 60 of which are cleared, and 35 acres well set in Timothy, about 350 acres of the tract are cleared and well inclosed. This land is distant from Fredericksburg about 28 miles, and 55 miles from Alexandria and the City of Washington. There are several valuable merchant mills; in the vicinity, one within the distance of a mile, where the Fredericksburg prices are given for all kinds of grain.
I will also sell the Reversion of 250 acres of land adjoining the above, on which are erected a number of valuable buildings, among them a large dwelling house of 60 feet by 40, with four rooms on a floor, with fireplaces, and every necessary out-houses—A valuable peach and apple orchard.
A further description is deemed unnecessary, as any persons desirous of purchasing or leasing, will doubtless wish to view the premises. For terms apply to Robert Brooke Voss, Esq. who lives adjoining the premises, or to the subscriber.
I will also Sell or Rent,
Two three story brick houses in Alexandria, completely finished, on King and Columbia Street, with sundry valuable property near the same, possession whereof may be had immediately. The situation for the flour and grocery business is equal to any in Alexandria.
For terms apply to Henry Thomas Moore, Alexandria, or to the subscriber.
NICHOLAS VOSS.
City of Washington, July 13, 1801.
N. B. I wish to hire by the month, or until the 1st day of November, ten or twelve labourers, for whom liberal wages will be given,—Apply to N. Voss, on F Street, or W. T. Voss, at the Navy-Yard. 2aw4t

A LIST  Of American Seamen at Kingston Jamaica, on board the British Navy, or that have been on board and have been discharged or dead. [Referred to in our last in a letter from WILLIAM SAVAGE, Esquire. ]
  John Atkinson, has a protection from Randolph M c Gill; has a wife and children in Charleston, (S. C.) on board Calypso.   James Alexander, of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Surprize.   Samuel M c Averhill, of New-Bedford, Connecticut, Mufquito.   John Atkinson, of Salem, Massachusetts, died at Kingf- ton hospital, sent there by me.   Somer Adams, of Boston, discharged in May from Abergavenny.   George Arbuckle, of Beverly, Massachusetts, on board Cierce.   Isaac Bavington, citizen, taken out of Schooner Polly, of Bourdelaïs.   John Bevan, Bath, Wilscasset, District of Maine,   William Brown, of Norfolk, Virginia, discharged from Thunderer.   William Brackman, Naval Hospital, February 27, 1801,   James Bland, of Baltimore, taken from brig Mercury,   James Brown, of Burlington county, New-Jersey, dis-   Daniel Caldwell, charged April 24, 1801,   James Conwell, of Philadelphia, discharged April 24, 1801.   Peter Cook, of Hartford, Vermont, discharged June   John Chamberlain, 9, 1801, from   Samuel Caswell, Lowstafte.   John Choate, of Hartford, Connecticut, has a wife and   John Kerr, seven children,   David Cairnes, Nimrod.   James Calbert, of Alexandria, Virginia,   William Cornell, Merlin.   Ezra Crocker, of Baltimore,   Charles Dudley, Surprize.   Abraham Day, Do.   John Davis, La Ciene.   Daniel Done, of Massachusetts, discharged April 1801,   Samuel Dunham, of Boston, 16 years, taken from Schooner   Christopher Davis, Edward and Edmund,   Philip David, Lark.   John Elsdune, Topaze.   Enoch Edwards, of New-York,   Thomas Edwards, of Prince William county, Virginia,   James Elmes, La Magician.   David Eldridge, La Ciene.   William Floyd, of Philadelphia, discharged May 6;   Jacob Fleetwood, of Barnstable, Massachusetts, discharged   William Ford, June 10,   Warren Foster, Lowstafte.   John Fitzpatrick, Bonetta.   Nicholas Freeman, Lark.   John Fosset, Brunswick.   Samuel Follet, Echo.   Thomas Fleming, Nimrod,   Peter Forrester, Surprize,   James Golding, La Neriade.   Joseph Goodwin, Thunderer.   Barney Galey, Unknown.   John Gardiner, Apollo.   Stephen Griffin, Tiliphone.   John Green, Lowstafte.   Thomas Graham, Meleager.   George Hall, Unknown.   Benjamin Haincock, Echo.   William Hill, Tiliphone.   Leavin Heatly, Lowstafte.   Thomas Hunter, Lenengener Acustia.   William Halliday, William Brinton,   John Hamilton, John Brookes,   Stephen Howell, Samuel Brown,   David Holbrook, Daniel M c Larty,   James Junior,   John Johnson,   John Jennet,   Abraham Jennet,   James Jones,   James Jackson,   Simon Jorden,   Reuben James,   Levy James,   Henry Johnson,   Edward Kennz,   William Mosely Keeling,   John Ketman,   Liborn Lockwood,   Benjamin Littlefield,   James Low,   Henry Lively,   John Leonard,   Martin Lawrence,   John Mulbrea,   Major M c Donald,   George M c Kenney, 
  Thomas Moore, Pennsylvania, Echo, or Cierce.   Jonathan Martin, Baltimore, discharged April 22, 1801, Cierce.   Samuel Martin, born in Georgia, served his time in Balti-   William Nevan, more, to James Stone, a shoe-maker,   George North, on board   John Petis, Scituate, Massachusetts,   Peter Paine, place of nativity unknown, disch. from   John Pelt, Brattleborough, District of Maine,   John Pitt, Cape Ann, Massachusetts,   John Parker, New-London, Connecticut,   George Peal, Lyme, Connecticut,   John Pousfelding, New-York, the father called on W. S.   Lewis Paterson, who gave him a line to the Admiral,   William Prew, who in reply desired W. S. to inti-   William Reed, mate to Peter Parker, the father, that   John Peice, he had sent the affidavit to the captain   Archibald Richardson, of the Bonetta. W. S. has not   Benjamin Reynold, seen the father since, nor heard since   William Randall, from the Admiral,   Stanford Stodderd, New-Castle, Delaware,   Francis Sampson, Beverly, Massachusetts,   James Shields, Philadelphia, discharged April 23,   Christian Staler, Newport, Rhode-Island, has a wife and   James Stewart, 2 children, discharged June 4, 1801,   John Sewall, South-Carolina,   William Stanfard, Wareham, county of Plymouth, Massa-   William Serivern, chusetts,   Stephen Stitwell, Patuxent, Maryland, discharged April 23,   Timothy Sharler, native of Philadelphia, discharged April   John Stafford, 24, from   Israel Smith, New Windsor, New-York,   William Thompson, New-London, run-away from   David Tyler, Cape Ann, ditto,   William Wakefield, Baltimore, discharged April last   Robert Walker, New-London,   William Wickham, Salem, Massachusetts,   John Willon, Providence, Rhode-Island,   John Williams, Caroline county, Maryland,   John Wade, Queen Anne's county, Maryland,   Isaac Wartman, Long-Island,   Thomas Wilson, Middletown, Connecticut,   Benjamin Wetheral, Charleston, Massachusetts, discharged   William Brinton, June 17,   John Brookes, Roxbury, Massachusetts, do.   Samuel Brown, Philadelphia, run-away from   Daniel M c Larty, Baltimore, discharged April 22,   Baltimore,   
Intending to leave the city in October next, I am desirous of disposing of my Furniture, two Negro Men, one a cook, the other an oiler and coachman, and a pair of very well gaited Riding Horses. It may be a convenience to any family removing here, and taking the house I now occupy upon rent, to take the Furniture (which is but little worn) by purchase. The house, one of the six buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue, is pleasantly and conveniently situated, and the furniture, which is tolerably well fitted to it, will be reduced in price in proportion to the wear and tare, and change of fashion, shall have made right. ENJAMIN GRAYSON ORR. July 20, 1801. ep4w
The subscriber respectfully ac- quaints the public, that he has removed to the corner of Ninth and E streets, where he continues to manufacture and sell all kinds of Ornaments for Chimney pieces, Door Caps, Frontispieces Metal Sashes, &c. which may also be had at his store No. 57, Barclay street, New-York, and at Mr. Wild's store, Market street, Baltimore. GEORGE ANDREWS. Who has gold leaf for sale by the package or book. May 8, 1801. iy
Conrad & M c Munn HAVE opened houses of entertainment in the range of buildings formerly occupied by Mr. Law, about two hundred paces from the Capitol, in New Jersey avenue, leading from thence to the Eastern Branch. They are spacious and convenient, one of which is designed for stage passengers and travellers, the other for the accommodation of boarders. There is stable sufficient for 60 horses—They hope to merit public patronage. City of Washington, Nov. 24, 1800. tf
TO BE RENTED, THE store lately in the tenure of Doctor Galt,assy and Co. Its situation for business is preferable to any other in the City, being on the Pennsylvania Avenue, between the President's House and the Capitol, and within a few yards of the spot on which is to be immediately erected the market house. JOSIAS W. KING. At the Capitol. May 29, 1801. ept
Fifty dollars Reward. TWO daring villains on the night of the 29th inst. between the hours of 11 and 12 o'clock, entered my house, with arms, and compelled me to give them upwards of 400 dollars—35 dollars in notes, two of 20 dollars, and three of 5, all on the bank of Columbia. The balance in silver dollars. The above when taken away was in an old oznaburg bag. Fifty dollars reward will be given to any person for securing the villains who committed the robbery. It is suspected that a certain O'Riley, a schoolmaster, lately living in this neighbourhood, was one of the persons. HARRISON PELLY, Montgomery county, Maryland, near Seneca, July 31, 1801. August 5. 3t.
For Sale and to Rent, TWO elegant two story Brick DWELLING HOUSES, situate on the south side of Pennsylvania Avenue, a little to the west of the President's Square. Each house contains two parlours and passage on first floor; on second, two rooms with fire-places, and well finished garrets, cellars, and kitchens. In the front of the buildings extending to the avenue, is a neat yard planted with trees, palisaded, &c. The situation, in point of health and contiguity to the public buildings, is equal to any in the city, and is well adapted for private families, or to accommodate genteel Boarders. The title is indisputable. The terms will be moderate for part cash or slaves. For particulars inquire of OWEN ROBERTS, on the premises, or of THOMAS HERTY, Conveyancer City of Washington, May 25, 1801. iy
VARDEN & CARPENTER,  TAYLORS, Gratefully acknowledge the favors of the public, whilst carrying on business opposite Mr. Stille's Tavern, and inform, that they have removed to the next house east of Mr. Lunicliff's Hotel, where gentlemen and ladies will be served in a stile of fashion and elegance which it has ever been, and ever will be, their study to execute, and they presume, equal to the most populous cities in the Union. Regimental and Ladies Habits made in the neatest manner. May 15, 1801. wtf