Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1792-01-18 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 76, of Vol. III.]
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 18, 1792.
[Whole No. 284.]
PREMIUMS.
THE Pennsylvania Society for the encouragement of Manufactures and the useful Arts, taking into their consideration the Premiums proper to be offered for the ensuing year, agreed upon the following:
THE CONDITIONS ARE,
That the specimens on which the premiums shall be claimed, must be the produce or manufacture of Pennsylvania, Jersey, or Delaware, and that they be exhibited to the board on or before the first day of December 1792. That those who may become candidates, will be expected to prepare clear and satisfactory proofs, such as their cases may require; and that the Society reserve to themselves the right to determine, not only the comparative, but the absolute merit of the specimens produced by the different candidates, and of giving or withholding their premiums accordingly.
1. To such person as shall exhibit the best specimen of Earthenware or Pottery, approaching nearest to Queen's Ware, or, the Nottingham or Delft Ware, of the marketable value of fifty dollars—a Plate of the value of fifty dollars, or an equivalent in money.
2. To such person as shall exhibit the best specimen of Stone Ware, or that kind of Earthen Ware which is glazed with salt, of the marketable value of 50 dollars—a Plate of 50 dollars value, or that sum in specie.
3. To such person as shall exhibit the largest quantity of Wool, not less than 500lbs. wt. the produce of one farm—a Plate of the value of 50 dollars, or the amount in specie.
4. To such person as shall produce the largest quantity of bleached Wax, fit for candles, or exportation, not less than 500lbs. wt.—a premium of 50 dollars.
5. To such person as shall produce the greatest quantity of painters' colours, manufactured from materials found in Pennsylvania, New-Jersey, or Delaware—a premium of 50 dollars.
6. To such person as shall make and exhibit the largest number of Smiths' Anvils, not less than 20 of 100lbs. wt. each, equal in quality to those imported—a premium of 50 dollars.
7. To such person as shall make and exhibit the best specimen of Stoves of cast iron, at least 400wt. approaching nearest to the quality of Bath Stoves, in smoothness and evenness of the surface, and relief and elegance of the figures—a premium of 80 dollars.
8. For the best specimen produced of small hollow iron Ware, three tons wt. approaching nearest in lightness, elegance, &c. to the imported—a premium of 50 dollars.
9. For the best specimen of Stone or Marble Slabs, not less than 2000 square feet, sawed by machinery, moved by horses or water—a premium of 50 dollars.
10. To the person who shall produce the next greatest quantity of Stone or Marble Slabs, not less than 1000 square feet, sawed by machinery moved by horses or water—a premium of 25 dollars.
11. For the best specimen of Stone or Marble polished by machinery moved by horses or water, not less than 100 square feet—a premium of 50 dollars.
12. For the best specimen of red leather, at least 100 skins, approaching nearest in fineness of colour and dressing to the Morocco leather—a premium of 50 dollars.
Published by order of the Board, THOMAS M. WILLING, Sec'ty. Philadelphia, Dec. 9, 1791.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE present posture of our national affairs having become a matter of such general contemplation, a few observations may perhaps be offered to the public (more especially should they agree with those of many judicious minds) without being thought obtrusive. All those who assisted in the undertaking and establishing of the independency and freedom of this country, have acquired certain indisputable rights, which rights are deposited, in trust, in the hands of a number of directors, so to manage, as may best conduce to the interest of the whole; and therefore it cannot be understood as improper for any one who has an interest in this common stock, at any time to offer such hints as may tend to aid
the directors in conducting their measures to the true point. From this view of matters, I am emboldened to offer the following remarks respecting the Indian war.
The principles on which this war has been carried on, no one will say are unjust, who has any knowledge of the measures taken by government, to cultivate peace and a good understanding between the United States and the Indian tribes. That peace would have been effected with many of the tribes, is apparent, were it not for the Wabash nation in particular; they being numerous, and the great possessors of the Western Country, and admitting other tribes to live, and hunt on their grounds only on sufferance, could prevent those from treating of peace, and oblige them to assist in war;—this being the case, and the Wabash generally inclined to war, coercive measures have long since become indispensable. These circumstances have perhaps led the chief magistrate to intimate the necessity of force in some of his speeches to Congress at the opening of their sessions. We now discover, from two fruitless campaigns, what might have been done the first, had that information been obtained which is but lately received. We know the force to be contended with; we know the firmness with which they have, and will dispute the ground; and we know that a force but little superior to our enemy, will be obliged to procrastinate, or great sacrifices must be made, and great hardships imposed on our troops. Then if we value the lives of our fellow-citizens, if we wish to support our rights which we have purchased heretofore at so dear a rate, and at the same time to spare the blood of those aboriginals, it must be by a well appointed army, which, in the opinion of the writer, ought not to consist of less than eight thousand men—these, with proper compensations while in service, and proper rewards for their services when they may be dispensed with, will give the necessary stimulus and exertion in the operations. Of this number, when appointed, and every possible exertion used, more than three-fourths will never be collected at any one given place. These troops must be taught to act in three different capacities, say 1000 cavalry, 1000 rangers, and 4000 infantry, in the whole 6000—which number, perhaps, might be got together in the Western Country, by the latter part of the present year; they, at the same time, might give protection to our frontiers, and, by the summer of 1793, may take the field offensively. On these conditions, and with such a force, we might promise ourselves, by establishing proper posts in the Indian country, and by harassing them in their settlements by our horse and rangers, that we should soon experience the happy effects of peace without the shedding of much blood—on the contrary, our little armies will be cut up in detail, our best patriots fall a sacrifice to the tomahawk, and an almost endless expence accumulate.
A CITIZEN.
NEW-LONDON, January 5, 1792.
THE number of inhabitants within the city of New-London, taken from the Marshal's Schedule, in the Census of the United States, 1791.
  Males, 1177 } Total 2465   Females, 1288   Of the above 138 are Blacks.
Bill of Mortality within the City of New-London, in the Year 1791.
  2 between 86 and 90 years.   1 — 70 — 75   4 — 55 — 60   2 — 35 — 40   2 — 30 — 35   1 — 25 — 30   4 — 16 — 20   1 — 11 — —   1 — 6 — —   19 — birth — 2   Males, 20 } Total 37   Females, 17 
Diseases. 1 Bilious-Cholic—4 Dropsy—1 Inflammation of Bowels—1 Pleurisy—2 Peripneumony—6 Consumption—6 Convulsions—6 Diarrhæa—1 Dysentery—3 Canker—1 Gravel—2 Old Age—1 Drowned.
BIRTHS.
  Males, 90 } Total 159   Females, 69 
LONDON, October 10.
An Address to Dr. Priestley, agreed upon at a meeting of the Philosophical Society at Derby, Sept. 3.
SIR,
WE condole with yourself, and with the scientific world, on the loss of your valuable library, your experimental apparatus, and your more valuable manuscripts; at the same time we beg leave to congratulate you on your personal safety, in having escaped the sacrilegious hands of the savages at Birmingham.
Almost all great minds, in all ages of the world, who have endeavoured to benefit mankind, have been persecuted by them; Galileo, for his philosophical discoveries, was imprisoned by the inquisition; and Socrates found a cup of hemlock his reward for teaching, "there is one God." Your enemies, unable to conquer your arguments by reason, have had recourse to violence; they have halloo'd upon you the dogs of unfeeling ignorance, and of frantic fanaticism; they have kindled fires, like those of the inquisition, not to illuminate the truth, but, like the dark lantern of the assassin, to light the murderer to his prey. Your philosophical friends therefore hope, that you will not again risk your person amongst a people whose bigotry renders them incapable of instruction: they hope you will leave the unfruitful fields of polemical theology, and cultivate the philosophy of which you may be called the father; and which, by inducing the world to think and reason, will silently marshal mankind against delusion, and with greater certainty overturn the empire of superstition.
In spite of the persecution you have sustained, we trust, that you will persevere in the exertions of virtue and the improvements of science. Your fame, already conspicuous to every civilized nation of the world, shall rise like a phoenix from the flames of your elaboratory with renovated vigour, and shine with brighter coruscations.
R. ROE, Secretary.
Reply to the Members of the Philosophical Society at Derby.
GENTLEMEN,
I FEEL myself greatly encouraged, in my present sufferings from the effects of bigotry, by the sympathy expressed by you, and by other liberal friends of science here and abroad.
It will be a new thing in the world, if anything truly valuable lose credit, or have a less rapid spread, in consequence of persecution. If any thing will bear to be viewed and examined, it must derive advantage from whatever draws attention to it; and such I am confident is the cause in which I suffer.
In consequence of this, far from being discouraged, I feel myself more animated than ever; and I am at this very time setting about the re-establishment of my philosophical apparatus, and resuming all my former pursuits.
Excuse me, however, if I still join theological to philosophical studies; and if I consider the former as greatly superior in importance to mankind to the latter. But as these different pursuits have never yet interfered with, but promoted each other, be persuaded that this will continue to be the case.
I am, Gentlemen, Your very humble servant, London, Sept. 21. J. PRIESTLEY.
A Writer in an English Paper on the Subject of FIRES says,
WE may even now, here and there, meet with a master, or by rare chance with a mistress, whose mind is not altogether so shattered by the current habits of dissipation, but that they constantly walk the round of the house every night before they retire to bed, to see that doors, windows, fires, and candles, are all safe. Those who expect that money is to do every thing, and that the services they pay for, is to exonerate them from all domestic cares, which are left to vulgar minds, must run the hazards they wilfully incur from servants, who are full as careful to avoid vulgarity as themselves.
ANECDOLE.
A CHAP once asked of a close old Grifer To buy his grindstones; adding they were low. "I grindstones!" cried old Square Toes; "no, you viper! What made you think of me? I tell you no!" "Sir," said the man, "no evil was intended; An offer of my grindstones is not binding; Nor should I thus your worship have offended, Had I not known you very fond of grinding."

CONGRESS.
PHILADELPHIA.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FRIDAY, December 23.
IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.
On the Post-Office Bill.
The 8th section, which had been postponed, and which regulates the rates of postage, was taken into consideration.
MR. FITZSIMONS offered a sketch of rates of postage, by way of amendment, different from that reported in the bill, and the rates now paid—his plan was a general reduction of the rates.
Mr. Goodhue said, he did not believe that the revenue from the post-office, any more than that from the impost, would be increased by establishing an high rate of postage.
He was pleased with the sketch offered—and wished it might be agreed to as an amendment—he had no doubt of its increasing the revenue of the department.
Mr. Livermore was in favor of the original rates reported in the bill—he conceived that the reduced rates would be so low, as materially to injure the income of the department. He said, that he did not conceive why the rate of postage for 100 miles, in one part of the United States, should be greater than for 100 miles in another part—he referred to the diminished rates for great distances.
Mr. Williamson was in favor of reducing the rates—He observed, that though our experience in this business was not great, yet it was sufficient to show that a reduction of the rates of postage tended to increase the income of the department. And the experience of European countries was incontrovertibly in favor of the idea of a reduction.
Mr. Baldwin replied to Mr. Livermore, and observed that the amendment recognized the same principle in respect to great distances, which is contained in the bill as reported.
On motion of Mr. Williamson, the amendment was altered, so that the rate of postage for a single letter to the greatest distance, should not exceed 25 cents.
Mr. Fitzsimons' amendment was then adopted.
The section which makes it death for persons employed in the post-office department to rob the mail, occasioned considerable debate—the words, "shall suffer death," were struck out, and it was then moved to insert imprisonment for life, or for a term which the court may think proper—This motion occasioned further debate, on its being moved to amend it, by striking out imprisonment for life—
Mr. Murray entered into a general consideration of the subject—He was clearly of opinion that if the punishment was not loss of life, it ought to be the next in point of severity—He enlarged on the enormity of the crime, and inferred that a person who was so depraved as to be guilty of it, ought to be forever deprived of the power of injuring society again—He adverted to the principles advanced by Montesquieu, Beccaria, and others, who had wrote so ably on crimes and punishments; but with all their refinements, he said, they were obliged to acknowledge that as there were grades in guilt, so there should be degrees of punishment. He adverted to the regulations of Pennsylvania, he said their gaol was more properly a school of morality, than a place of punishment—It may reform, but it will never deter the abandoned from the perpetration of crimes—It might answer, he observed, the present state of society in the commonwealth, but he doubted whether it would not invite to the commission of crimes, and accelerate the period when they must have recourse to a more severe system of jurisprudence. He concluded by saying, that as imprisonment for life was the next severest punishment to loss of life, he should vote against the last amendment.
Mr. Hartley defended the system of punishment and reformation adopted by Pennsylvania—He said, experience was in its favor—The gentleman has carried our ideas to European countries, but he thought that examples from our own country were more in point—He objected generally to sanguinary punishments; and the punishment now proposed he thought would be too severe, if generally incurred for the crime under consideration.
MONDAY, December 26.
Debate on the Post-Office Bill continued.
On the subject of newspapers, Mr. Williamson suggested the propriety of their being so packed that they may be easily inspected by the Post-
masters—that there should be separate accounts, and a separate mail or portmanteau for them—and that the rate of postage should be in proportion to the distance they are carried—those sent 100 and not exceeding 200 miles, \frac{1}{2} cent—those above 200 and not exceeding 300 miles, 1 cent—those above 350 miles, 1\frac{1}{4} cent. He moved to strike out the 23d section, and to insert the above as a substitute.
Mr. Clark proposed to amend the clause by a proviso—that the papers shall be dried.
Mr. Fitzsimons doubted whether it would be proper to agree to the amendment—he was of opinion that the consequence would be, very few papers would be sent by the mail. He enquired who is to pay the postage?—The Printers will not pay it—they are sufficiently out of pocket by distant subscribers. Is it to be defrayed by the subscribers weekly?—there is no coin of the description mentioned. He observed that difficulties would result from the mode which is necessarily adopted for great part of the year of sending the mail on horseback. Should the papers increase, as is supposed, it would be impossible to send them. There were difficulties in the business; the Printers had been called on to declare what would be convenient and agreeable to them—but there was so little concert among them that they had not given any intimation to the department of what would please them.
Mr. Williamson replied to Mr. Fitzsimons, and obviated some of the difficulties he suggested.—He observed that a certain weight ought to be specified, which the Postmaster ought not to exceed when the mail is sent on horseback.
Mr. Clark said he thought the most eligible method would be to make the Printers accountable for the postage—this, he said, had been proposed by a Printer, who, he said, printed a larger number of papers than any other Printer in the United States. This, he thought, would simplify the business, and prevent trouble in the different post-offices.
Mr. Bourne objected to different rates of postage for newspapers. He believed it was not customary with the post-riders. He observed that newspapers contained general information, and ought to come to the subscribers in all parts of the Union on the same terms—the \frac{1}{2} cent would indemnify for the charge. He moved that such parts of the motion as proposes a different rate, should be struck out.
Mr. Boudinot said that he believed the gentleman was mistaken in respect to expence of carriage to a great distance.—He further observed, that the rates being the same to all parts of the Union, would operate as a bounty to the Printers at the seat of government; for it was well known that the Printers at the southward could not afford to sell their papers at the same rate with those at the northward.
Mr. Williamson enlarged on these ideas. Mr. Steele said that the amendment of his colleague, instead of giving facility to the circulation of newspapers, tended only to give a discount to the Printers of particular states. He could have wished that the privilege of franking had been struck out, and the supposed amount thereof applied to defray the expence of transporting the newspapers—it would conduce to opening a larger channel of information, and would in an easy way bring intelligence to the door of every citizen in the United States. He preferred the bill without the amendment, as more competent to the great object.
Mr. Parker observed that every law ought to be founded on a principle of equality—and on this idea, supposed the postage ought to be augmented in some proportion according to the distance.
Mr. Hillhouse advocated an increase of the postage. He said the rates proposed were not competent to discharging the expence.
Mr. Williamson said that the half cent for a great distance would not defray the expence—he had authority for the assertion—and if the rate is reduced, it will operate to discourage the private stages, and all communication on those roads supported by private subscriptions, will be cut off.
Mr. Hartley was in favor of one rate—He observed that the rates demanded by private posts was so high, as to amount to an interdiction of the papers almost entirely.
Mr. Barnwell was in favor of Mr. Williamson's motion; an half cent, he said, would not be sufficient to defray the expences.—He enlarged on the bad policy of giving a monopoly to the printers at the seat of government—country papers are important on many accounts, and ought to be encouraged. He said it was the opinion of the post-master general, that a half cent was not a sufficient postage.
Mr. Bourne's motion for striking out was negatived.
On motion of Mr. Hillhouse, the postage for 100 miles was raised from an half to a whole cent, and one cent and an half for any greater distance.
Mr. Clark moved to add this clause, "to be paid by the printers sending the same, at the ex-
piration of every three months"—this was not carried. The section was further amended by saying that the newspapers shall be under cover opened at one end—the post-masters to receive 50 per cent of the postage.
The residue of Mr. Williamson's amendment was agreed to.
Mr. Livermore moved that the proviso, which empowers the contractors to carry newspapers, should be struck out.
Mr. Page observed, that in disposing of this business, the utmost caution ought to be used, lest some infringement of the liberty of the press should be the consequence.—We have subjected the printers of papers to a certain tax for sending their papers by the mail; and now it is proposed to cut them off from all opportunity of making their own contracts—He thought the business ought to be simplified as much as possible—and the printers left to themselves to dispose of their publications as they think proper, independent of the mail.
Mr. Barnwell supported the motion, he said that by retaining the clause, the post-office would be subjected to innumerable impositions.
The proviso was struck out—and another proposed by Mr. Boudinot, to the same purpose, with an addition, subjecting papers sent by contract, to the inspection of the post-masters.
This motion was objected to, as it would operate against the revenue of the post-office.
Mr. Boudinot observed, that in forming the contracts, the contractors always agreed for a less consideration, on account of the advantage derived from carrying newspapers.
This motion was also disagreed to. The committee then rose and reported the bill with amendments to the House.
MONDAY, January 16.
The message from the President of the United States, relative to the situation of the Western Frontiers, being the Order of the Day, after reading petitions, the House went into a committee of the whole, and the galleries were cleared.
TUESDAY, JANUARY 17.
A bill to reimburse certain extra expences incurred by the late commissioners for treating of peace with the Creek Indians, was read the first time.
A representation and memorial of Christopher Junior, and Charles Marshal, stating that they have established a chemical laboratory in the city of Philadelphia, for the manufacture of Sal-Armoniac, Glauber Salts, &c. and praying the patronage of Congress, by laying extra duties on those articles imported from abroad—was read and laid on the table.
Several petitions for pensions and compensations were read, and referred to the Secretary of war.
A petition of Henry Lee was read, praying the renewal of a certificate of public debt, which had been destroyed—referred to the Secretary of the Treasury.
Mr. Murray moved that the petition of John F. Amelung should be taken up in order to its being referred to the Secretary of the Treasury.
Mr. White objected to going into the discussion of any business of a private nature, while public concerns of the first importance demand the immediate attention of the House.
The question being put for taking up the petition, it was negatived.
Mr. Dayton laid the following resolution, in substance, on the table, that the President of the United States be requested to cause to be laid before the House copies of the official communications which have taken place between the Supreme Executive of the State of Pennsylvania, and the Secretary of War, relative to a plan of military operations—also such documents as may have been received respecting an invasion of the frontiers of this State.
The order of the day on the President's message respecting the western frontiers, being called for, the galleries were shut.
BOSTON, January 2.
Capt. Clap, in the brig Lion, arrived at Portland on Saturday, the 24th ult. from Port-au-Prince, and informs, that on the 22d of November, that place was set on fire by the Mulattoes, and almost entirely destroyed.
Immediately after the town was destroyed, the Whites (on the idea that the Blacks were accessory to its destruction) formed the horrid design of putting to death all the Negro and Mulatto women and children, who remained in the town. And this design, to the eternal infamy of the perpetrators, was put immediately into execution. An indiscriminate slaughter took place; and not one who could be found during that day—whether innocent or guilty, but was instantaneously butchered, either by a bullet through the head, or a bayonet into their bowels.
Capt. Clap left Port-au-Prince the 25th of November; at which time the town was still surrounded by the Mulattoes and Negroes. The Whites were greatly discouraged, and were disposed to make peace on any terms.

Philadelphia, January 18.
The late accounts from Europe inform us of a very great storm or hurricane on the coast of England, Ireland, &c. about the 20th Oct. great damage and loss were sustained both by land and sea.
A manifesto against the new Constitution of France, signed by the refugee Princes, has been published—the leading sentiment of which is, that the King was not free when he accepted it.
Mirabeau having died insolvent, the National Assembly has voted unanimously to defray the expences of his funeral.
An English paper of the 24th Oct. contains the following article, viz.
"It is laid that one of the first acts of Colonel Simcoe's Government in Canada will be, to deliver up the British Posts situated on the east of the River St. Lawrence, and to the south of Nova-Scotia, according to certain articles in the peace with America."
THOMAS WILLING, Esq. was unanimously re-elected President of the Bank of the United States on the 4th inst.
The members of the North-Carolina legislature, which is now in session, have taken the oath to support the constitution of the United States.
Proposals have been published for establishing a second bank in the city of New-York, under the name of the "Million Bank of the State of New-York," and we hear upwards of 15,000 shares were subscribed in a few hours.
Extract of a letter, (dated Bourdeaux, Sept. 25, 1791) to a gentleman in this city.
"Exchange is rising a little, and specie coming into circulation, tho' yet at an advance of five to fifteen per cent. As confidence gains, it will become more abundant, which will operate in favor of the intercourse with America, heretofore greatly interrupted by the low exchange and scarcity of specie. Was exchange near par, this country would now pay ten or twenty per cent. higher for tobacco, rice, indigo and grain, than any of its neighbors, and this year would take a considerable quantity of the last mentioned article; the late crops having proved very short, considerable supplies will be wanting in all the south of France."
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.
A correspondent says he was greatly pleased at hearing a member of the House of Representatives of the United States say in his place, the other day, that he hoped the time would soon arrive when Turnpike Roads would be opened in every part of the Union.
The interest of individuals, of farmers, mechanics, merchants, and of all others whose business obliges them to travel, would be essentially promoted by improved roads—the expence would be repaid an hundred fold, if that can be called an expence, which is absolutely nothing more nor less than converting property to the best purpose, combining private emolument with public benefit, on the most extensive plan possible.
Should ignorance, prejudice or wickedness, find ways to check the ardor of the present moment to engage in the improvement of roads and inland navigation, it would be a very great public injury, and evince that even in this enlightened age the reliques of barbarism are to be found.
The general government of the United States, pursuing the obligation of the federal constitution, have honestly determined, that those who could prove themselves the public creditors should be paid a just equivalent for their demands. The new "morality" of some folks would have taught them how to discharge the principal of their debts for a quarter of their value; they have given sketches of a system of Ethics, which would have enabled the public to issue a certificate for the payment of interest at a remote period without any compensation for the use of the money in the mean time! What would have been "the tendency" of such measures? How pure would have been the public and private virtue of such a country; how respectable their name among the honest nations of the world; how promising of prosperity their future prospects? The old world (their senses being lost in the admiration of our transcendent virtue) would probably have made loans to us without interest, nay they might possibly have paid us for borrowing money from them!
There are not wanting persons in the United States, who affect to consider the general government in the light of a foreign one. Blinded by the love, not of state systems in general, but of the particular state system to which they belong, they consider a general controuling national power, as an alien force, although they have participated in the election and appointment of those who execute it, as fully as in the election and appointment of the administrators of the
state government. These persons cannot be said to love their country, but the spot they live on. They do not embrace in their affections the whole body of the people, but the little circle of their immediate connexions. To the United States they are not patriots or friends to their country. To the people of America they do not hold themselves fellow citizens.
The following ideas on account of their intrinsic value deserve to be selected from the report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the subject of manufactures.
 1. That the promotion of manufactures (that is our home trade) is rendered necessary by the restrictions of foreign nations on our navigation and external commerce.  2. That there is an absolute necessity to provide a home market for the increasing produce of our farms and plantations.  3. That the United States sustain an immense burden in the charges of importing foreign manufactures, which amounting to twenty per cent. upon fifteen millions of dollars is not less than three millions pr. annum in peace, and more in war.  4. That no country, however fertile has retained its gold and silver, if it has not manufactured.  5. That by the intervention of women and children, and machinery, manufactures have been brought to require a small portion of the labor of men, and that these may be obtained from abroad.  6. That a judicious system of measures to encourage manufactures will draw capital from foreign countries to be employed in the United States in working up and consuming our raw materials and provisions.  7. And lastly, that manufactures will succeed in the United States, because they have been incessantly springing up, and increasing for many years. 
Some political writers have censured the Secretary of the Treasury, for proposing too much in favor of the public creditors. These, it is probable, have no interest in the debt. Other political writers have censured him for proposing too little in favor of the public creditors. These, it is probable, have bought largely of the debt. Such being the two extremes dictated by self-interest, it would seem probable that justice and sound policy were to be found between them. That Congress have hit this middle line, is proved by the value of the public stock, and the credit of the country abroad and at home.
We frequently hear the general government blamed for exposing those, who held the public securities, to speculators. Every advantage offered to public creditors, was recommended to Congress by the report on the debt, on the 9th of January, 1790. The proposition of the assumption was contained in the same paper. This report was published and re-published throughout the United States. Thirty days carried it to every state. The holders in all states were put upon their guard, for the funding law did not pass till six months and twenty-six days after. Were the people then taken by surprise? No.—The truth is, that the state governments had so long neglected to provide funds to pay the interest, and so long refused to empower Congress to do it, that their constituents, in too many of the states, did not believe an adequate provision would or could be made. It was therefore the former conduct of many of the states that exposed their citizens to the speculators, and not the present honest system of Congress. If the states had made provision from 1783 to 1789, the debt would have been worth twenty shillings in the pound, and speculators could not have got the people's certificates but by paying that value for them. Every state government knew of the proposition to fund in the month of February, 1790. If the people were uninformed, measures could have been then taken to apprise them at that time, when the continental securities were worth no more than seven or eight shillings in the pound, with two years interest due upon them.
It is a remark frequently made, that the enemies of a government are more diligent and alert than its friends—Were it necessary, the reasons might be readily assigned.
The most effectual defence of any administration arises from conscious honor and honesty—these constitute a shield of defence which must repel the shafts of every assailant. But to be successful, these virtues must be known—for the knowledge of the people is the support of a good government—but their ignorance is the strong tower of those who deal in lies and misrepresentations.
A fair prospect appeared lately to dawn upon the public in respect to the general diffusion of that information among the people which is the life blood of a free republic—but, alas, is it not at present overcast?—Better for the government to expend an hundred thousand dollars an-
nually, than to defeat the public expectation, as will be the case should the present imperfect, uncertain and vexatious system, respecting the circulation of intelligence, continue.—If it is a conceded point that the newspapers cannot be sent but by stages, and it is left discretionary with the Postmaster-General to send the mail either on horseback or in a carriage, and at the same time it is thought necessary to send it by the former, for several months in the year—what alteration, for the better, will take place, even should the law now on its passage be finally enacted?—The mail, from December to April, is dispatched from this city, to New-York and Baltimore, on horseback;—the consequence is, that newspapers, except for Printers, must be risked in the stages—and the security derived from going under the sanction of the mail, is lost.
Security and dispatch are essential in transacting the business of a post-office—the former is undoubtedly the most important—and if they cannot both be obtained at once, the mind does not balance which to prefer; but that mode which comprizes both, is surely the most eligible—and this, on a proper arrangement, will probably be found in the use of light stage waggons for a given length of time; but if not, their superior security renders them decidedly the most proper—and when their necessity to the transportation of newspapers is considered, it seems to follow, that if there is any serious determination to circulate those immensely important vehicles among the people, and to carry the provisions of the law for that purpose into execution, that the mail should always be dispatched from the seat of government in carriages.
At a meeting of the Directors of the Bank of the United States, January 12, 1792, the following election of Directors for the Offices of Deposit and Discount, in the Cities of Charleston and New-York, and Town of Boston, were made:
CHARLESTON.
 Daniel De Saussure Thomas Jones  Nathaniel Russell John F. Grimke  Rawlins Lowndes Edward Blake  Henry Laurens Robert Hazlehurst  Edward Rutledge William Thayer  Arnoldus Vanderhorst Adam Gilchrist  Adam Tunno Josiah Smith, Cashier. 
NEW-YORK.
 Richard Harrison Alexander Macomb  Gerard Bancker John Delafield  Nicholas Hoffman Matthew Clarkson  Philip Livingston Edmund Prior  William Laight David Gelfton  Thomas Buchanan George Service  John Atkinson Charles Wilkes, Cashier. 
BOSTON.
 Thomas Russell Joseph Russell, jun.  Christopher Gore Caleb Davis  Joseph Barrell Israel Thorndike  Jonathan Mason, jun. William Wetmore  David Sears John Lowell  John Codman, jun. Theo. Lyman  John C. Jones Peter Roe Dalton, Cashier. 
APPOINTMENT—BY AUTHORITY.
RICHARD PETERS, to be Judge of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Pennsylvania—in the room of William Lewis, who has resigned.
PRICE CURRENT.—PUBLIC SECURITIES.
   FUNDED DEBT.     6 pr. Cents 24/9 pr. £. 123 3/4 pr. cent.   3 pr. Cents 15/ 75 do.   Deferred 6 pr. Cents 15/3 76 1/4 do.   UNFUNDED DEBT.   Final Sett. and other Certificates 21/6 107 1/2 do.   Indents 14/6 72 1/2 do.   Bank Stock—half shares 118 per cent premium. —whole shares 60 per cent.  
S A L E S
Of the real Estate of JOHN KIDD, late of the Township of Bensalem, in the County of Bucks, Esquire, deceased, pursuant to the Directions of his last Will and Testament.
ON Tuesday the 27th of March next will be exposed to Sale, by way of Public Vendue, on the premises—One exceedingly valuable and highly improved Farm, containing about two hundred and ninety-nine acres, situate on the river Delaware; on which is erected a handsome two-story brick house, with a new piazza in the front, two kitchens, a good barn, stables, hay-house, and other convenient outhouses. A good orchard of the best kind of grafted fruit, now in its prime; a large garden well fenced in, and in good order; and a shad and herring fishery before the door. This place is remarkably well timbered, has a sufficiency of meadow, a large front on the river, and runs back to the post-road.
One other very valuable Farm, adjoining the above; containing about two hundred and seven acres, the greatest part of which is wood-land. There are on this farm a good house, barn, stables, and other outhouses, with a young thriving orchard of the best grafted fruit, and a shad and herring fishery. It has long been a well accustomed tavern; and the ferry belonging to it, known by the name of Dunks's, is noted for being well kept and much frequented. Both the above places afford the best prospects on the river, and are remarkably healthy.
One other small Farm, containing about sixty-three acres, situate in the township of Southampton, in the county aforesaid; on which are erected two log-houses. There is a small orchard, and a great sufficiency of wood-land and meadow ground.
One Lot, containing four acres, situate on the great post-road leading from Philadelphia to New-York, and ten miles from the former. On it is a good log dwelling-house, and work-shop adjoining, with a well of excellent water at the door: now in the tenure of the Widow Ward.
Also, at the same time and place, will be sold all the remaining Stock, Household-Furniture, Farming Utensils, and Wheat in the ground.
N. B. The conditions of sale will be, one-third of the purchase money to be paid down, and the remainder in two yearly payments with interest.
JOHN SWIFT, JOHN M. NESBIT, } Executors. SAMUEL BENEZET, }

AN ADDRESS TO THE CITIZENS OF WESTMORELAND, WASHINGTON, FAYETTE AND ALLEGHANY COUNTIES, ON THE REVENUE LAW. BY JOHN NEVILLE, INSPECTOR OF THE REVENUE SURVEY NO. 4, DISTRICT PENNSYLVANIA. (CONCLUDED.)
WILL any sober citizen among us look forward, to the latter with approbation? Will he believe that a CONSTITUTIONAL LAW of his country, laying a moderate duty upon spirits, the lowest we know of any where, affords sufficient cause for disturbing the tranquility of the community, for involving a civil commotion, for hazarding a trial of strength with the government of the nation.
These, fellow-citizens, are serious considerations. They address themselves to your calmest and soberest considerations. They make a solemn appeal to your true interests, to your patriotism, to your prudence.
You are told, as if to sharpen your resentment against the law, that it is in support of a system, which has taken away all republican equality in fortune, weakened industry, shaken morality, introduced corruption, and laid the foundation of a dissolution of the government itself.
But where are the proofs of all this? what are the symptoms or appearances of these dreadful effects attributed to that system?
It will not be denied that there are some persons who have made fortunes by the provision for the debt; but neither are their number so great, nor their fortunes so considerable, as in any degree to effect the balance of republican equality. The whole debt bears too small a proportion to the aggregate property of the community, to occasion any such effect, if even the whole of it were accumulated in a few hands; but the truth is otherwise, it is still subdivided among a great number, and a great proportion of it is in small sums. The alteration, which is made in the relative state of property of the whole society, is as a drop in the ocean.
Industry, too, it is said is weakened. Look around you, fellow-citizens, and inquire of all those who come from other parts of the country, and you will learn, that there never was a period in its affairs, when speaking of the United States collectively, the industry of the community was greater or more productive. It will be a full answer to this suggestion to tell you, that the greater part of half a million of dollars has been lately subscribed, payable in the public debt, for the purpose of establishing manufactories, which will probably give bread to the industrious poor throughout an extensive scene, and be felt by the agriculture of several States.
Morality, it is said, is shaken, does the payment of just debts, does the performance of the most solemn engagements, through the means of the greatest source of intemperance and immorality, shake morality itself? what is meant by this assertion?
Corruption is introduced, where? among whom? in what manner? let the corrupters and the corrupted be pointed out. 'Tis no where fellow-citizens, the thing does not exist; and those who make the charge may be firmly called on to bring a shadow of proof of it.
But a foundation has been laid by this pernicious system for a DISSOLUTION OF THE GOVERNMENT ITSELF. This, fellow-citizen is an alarming declaration. Has the standard been erected and the signal for that dissolution given? who will fly to it? who would wish to see the government of the country dissolved? who would desire to see the bands of the union and of society cut asunder?
But, fellow-citizens, a government erected by the people of America will be supported by that people. It is not a house built on the sand. It is the temple of the happiness and safety of America, reared on an immovable rock.
Fellow-citizens, lend me an attentive and dispassionate ear. Hear the admonition of an old, affectionate and faithful servant and friend. Listen to the words of soberness and truth.
You are told that the government of the union have in a very short time, made hasty strides to all that is UNJUST and OPPRESSIVE. I tell you that it has already done you much good; that many blessings have already flowed from it, and that many more are likely to flow from it.
The present government of the United States has restored confidence (which was wanting before) between individuals and the public. This has unlocked the secret stores which were before hoarded up in different places, and has thrown them into circulation for the benefit of industry. Industry has accordingly in every branch of business revived, and flourishes beyond the example of any former time.
There are few who have sufficiently appreciated the value of confidence. It is truly the animating principle of the body politic. It brings into activity all the resources of the community, for the purpose of private and public exertion, wealth and strength. This precious confidence has been produced in two ways, by the provisions of the constitution against laws impairing the obligations of contracts and the rights of property, and by the measures which have been taken for the restoration of public credit.
Accordingly the government has restored public credit, the new of war, and the great instrument of economy, in peace. A nation in full credit may defy all its enemies; a NATION without CREDIT has every thing to Fear. A nation, like an individual, in full credit, purchases cheap whatever it cannot immediately pay for. A nation, like an individual, in bad credit, must give an excessive price for whatever it is obliged to buy on credit.
The government has introduced order and vigor into the public finances. The interest of the public debt is paid with exact punctuality each quarter. All other engagements of the public are fulfilled to a day. The late government could not maintain the persons necessary for its ordinary business. The present government can pay and subsist armies for the defence of the citizens.
The government has not only made provision for the interest of its debt; but has actually absorbed by purchase more than a million of dollars.
The present government has restored the reputation of the country abroad as well as at home. Before its establishment, the name of an American was a reproach in foreign countries. Now, it is one of the best titles which a man can have. Our government and country are celebrated as models for the imitation of mankind. The measures, as well as the constitution of the government, have excited general applause; and among its measures, those for the establishment of public credit have been the most approved.
The government has not only improved its own finances, but has bettered those of several of the States. You are told by the governor of your own State, in his last speech to the legislature, that "the beneficial effects of the establishment of the public credit of the United States are a conclusive evidence of national prosperity;" that "a sum of 60,000 pounds borrowed for the use of the State from the bank of North America might be conveniently discharged by a sale of a part of the public debt of the union owned by this commonwealth;" that the claims of the State, upon the Treasury of the United States, would probably produce a supply in "SEASON, to answer the expenses of government; and that, according to a representation of the register general; a sale of the DEFERRED STOCK of the United States alone, which was owned by the State, would FREE Pennsylvania from every pecuniary embarrassment, completely and honorably satisfy her creditors of every description, and"
"leave her in possession of an unincumbered revenue, amply sufficient for the support of government, and the prosecution of every useful and patriotic undertaking."
The government has not only effected these great things, but, in the mode of doing it, has lightened the burthens of the people. 'Tis certain that, in most parts of the union, the burthen of taxes is lighter than it was under the former State of things. All this is the effect of more order and energy, and of more judicious arrangements of the public resources.
Lastly, under the operation of the present government the agriculture, commerce, manufactures and navigation of the United States, have been extended. The navigation of the country has of late taken a spring, which must afford great pleasure to all its true friends. This has proceeded from three causes; the confidence already taken notice of, the encouragement resulting from the laws which have been passed, and the increase of active capital from the funding of the public debt, of the operation of the latter a striking instance has already been mentioned.
But we are threatened, alas, that these great things are to be undone. That inestimable confidence and credit, which have been established, are to be subverted. Distrust, disorder and commotion are to be substituted to confidence, order, and industrious repose.
You may be told, that nothing of this kind is meditated. I affirm, that the doctrines which have been promulgated, the measures recommended by the committee, and those which have begun to be put in practice as auxiliary to them [allude to the late outrage against an officer of the revenue] will, unless relinquished or over-ruled, inevitably be productive of all the evils which have been mentioned, and others equally alarming in their nature.
Fellow-citizens, I know you do not intend to expose your country or yourselves to the unhappy consequences which await a pursuit of the advice given to you. It is therefore I exhort you to exercise your own judgments, to think and act for yourselves. I should be sincerely sorry to give offence to any; but I prefer MY DUTY and YOUR GOOD to all other considerations.
Fellow-citizens, I have one thing more to say to you. That government which you are in fact, however it may be in form, advised to oppose, is at this instant, affording you, and all those who are called upon to combine against it, the most liberal protection. The whole monies which will arise throughout the union, during the present year, from the duty complained of, those very monies will have been sent on to the militia who have been called out as guards, and in the expeditions which have been carried on and are carrying on against the savages who infest the frontiers. And whether there be peace or war A SUM BEYOND COMPARISON GREATER will be spent each year on the establishments requisite for the security of the western country, than will be collected among them. Thus not only the duty you pay will be spent among you, but you will be enriched by a considerable part of that which is paid by your fellow-citizens.
Is it then generous, is it either just or wise to resist or embarrass a government from which you derive such immediate advantages? Can all these things be done without revenue or without credit? You, I am sure, will answer as I wish.
POST-OFFICE,
PHILADELPHIA, January 9th. 1792. ESTABLISHMENT of the MAILS for the Year 1792. WHICH IS TO COMMENCE THE SIXTEENTH INSTANT. THE EASTERN MAIL will be closed on
Mondays } at half past eight o'clock in the morning, and Tuesdays } reach New-York at two o'clock, P. M. on Wednesdays } Thursdays and } each succeeding day. Fridays }
The Mail from New-York will be closed there on the same days, and at the same time in the morning; and Arrive at Philadelphia on
Tuesdays } Wednesdays } Thursdays } at one o'clock, P. M. Fridays } Saturdays }
The SOUTHERN MAIL will be closed on Mondays } at half past nine o'clock, A. M. (reaching Baltimore on each succeeding day at 3 o'clock, P. M.) and Wednesdays and } Fridays }
Arrive at Philadelphia on Tuesdays } Thursdays and } at one o'clock, P. M. Saturdays }
The MAIL for the EASTERN SHORE of MARYLAND, as far as CHESTERTOWN, will be closed on
Mondays } at eight o'clock in the morning, (reaching Wednesdays and } Chestertown each succeeding day) and Fridays }
Arrive at Philadelphia on Tuesdays } Thursdays and } at one o'clock, P. M. in summer, and at two o'clock, P. M. in winter. Saturdays }
The MAIL for CHESTER-MILLS and EASTON, will leave Philadelphia every Monday with the other Mails for the Eastern Shore, and return with the same every Saturday from November 1st to May 1st, and every Thursday the rest of the year.
The MAIL for DUCK-CREEK CROSS-ROADS & DOVER, will also leave Philadelphia every Monday with the Eastern Shore Mail, and return with the same every Thursday throughout the year.
The MAIL for PITTSBURG, will leave Philadelphia every Saturday at ten o'clock, A. M. and the Mail from Pittsburg will arrive at Philadelphia every Friday at noon.
That there may be time to make up the numerous Mails destined for each route above mentioned, all letters must be left at the post-office half an hour before the times of closing the respective Mails in which they are to be sent.
As there are several places of the same name in the United States, the merchants and others are requested to be very particular in the direction of their letters; and when letters are not for a post town, the nearest post town to the place ought to be mentioned. ROBERT PATTON, Post-Master.
TO BE SOLD,
THAT beautiful and elegant situation on the banks of the Potomac, adjoining the town of Alexandria, whereon the subscriber now resides; about 25 or 30 acres will be sold with the improvements, which are a neat and commodious two story house, completely finished from the cellar to the garret, a kitchen, laundry, meat-house, dairy, two story barn, and ice house, all finished in the best manner, together with several other necessary out-houses, the yard and garden neatly paled, and a skillful gardner now employed in putting it in fine order; the land well enclosed with a post and rail fence; a well, and springs of excellent water—the its contiguity to Alexandria, the Federal Town, and George-Town, having a fine and full view of each place, must render it in a few years of great value, being directly in a line of communication from Alexandria to the other two towns. Should a purchaser offer before the 15th of February next, a cheap bargain may be had. An indisputable title, clear of all encumbrances, will be made by the subscriber. I will also sell with this place, 220 Acres of Wood Land, about 3 miles distant, which will suit well to support the above in wood and timber. December 14, 1791. (ii) BALDWIN DADE.
War Department.
JANUARY 2, 1792.
INFORMATION is hereby given to all the military invalids of the United States, that the sums to which they are entitled for six months of their annual pension, from the 4th day of September, 1791, and which will become due on the 5th day of March, 1792, will be paid on the said day by the Commissioners of the Loans within the states respectively, under the usual regulations, viz.
Every application for payment must be accompanied by the following vouchers.
1st. The certificate given by the state, specifying that the person possessing the same is in fact an invalid, and ascertaining the sum to which as such he is annually entitled.
2d. An affidavit, agreeably to the following form:
A. B. came before me, one of the Justices of the county of in the state of and made oath that he is the same A. B. to whom the original certificate in his possession was given, of which the following is a copy (the certificate given by the state to be recited) That he served (regiment, corps or vessel) at the time he was disabled, and that he now resides in the and county of and has resided there for the last years, previous to which he resided in
In case an invalid should apply for payment by an attorney, the said attorney, besides the certificate and oath before recited, must produce a special letter of attorney agreeably to the following form:
I, A. B. of county of state of do hereby constitute and appoint C. D. of my lawful attorney, to receive in my behalf of my pension for six months, as an invalid of the United States, from the fourth day of September, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one, and ending the fourth day of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two.
Signed and sealed in the presence of {Witnesses.
Acknowledged before me,
Applications of executors and administrators must be accompanied with legal evidence of their respective offices, and also of the time the invalids died, whose pension they may claim.
By command of the President of the United States, H. KNOX, Secretary of War.
The Printers in the respective states are requested to publish the above in their newspapers, for the space of two months.
ANNAPOLIS, January 1, 1792.
At a Meeting of the Visitors and Governors of ST. JOHN'S College, in the State of Maryland, on Thursday the 10th of November last,
RESOLVED, THAT this Board, at the quarterly meeting in May next, proceed to elect a Vice-Principal of St. John's College.
That it be the duty of the Principal and Vice-Principal, to teach some of the higher Authors in Latin and Greek, certain parts of the Mathematics, Logic, and Moral and Natural Philosophy; and that the departments of the said Principal and Vice-Principal shall hereafter be alternated with precision, on considerations of their mutual convenience and respective qualifications.
That the Vice-Principal shall be entitled to receive, for his services, a salary of three hundred and fifty pounds, current money, rating dollars at 7/6 each, to be paid quarterly.
That persons desirous of, and qualified for the appointment of Vice-Principal, be, by public advertisement, requested to make application to Mr. Charles Wallace, Mr. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and Mr. Alexander Contee Hanlon, all of the city of Annapolis.
By order of the Board, JOHN THOMAS, President.
N. B. The fundamental Laws of St. John's College prohibit all preference on account of religious tenets or opinions.
As the appointment of a Vice-Principal is alone wanted, to compleat the plan of this rising seminary, the Board will certainly proceed to the election at the stated time; provided a person qualified, in their judgment, for this important station, can be procured. The personal attendance of the candidates, although not positively required, will be obviously proper.
It may be useful to remark, that the salaries of all the professors and teachers have hitherto been paid with entire punctuality; and that the funds of St. John's College produce a certain annual income, superior to all the appropriations, which have been, or probably will be made.
The Printers of newspapers throughout the United States, are earnestly requested to insert the above resolve and remarks—and to repeat the publication as often as convenience will permit.
PUBLIC SECURITIES,
BOUGHT and SOLD, on COMMISSION, by SAMUEL ANDERSON, Chesnut-Street, next door to the Bank, No. 97.
IMPERIAL HYSØN, SOUCHONG, and BOHEA
TEAS,
REFINED SUGARS, COFFEE, & SPICES, &c. &c. Of the first quality—by retail,
No. 19,
Third-Street, between Chesnut and Market Streets.
A few TICKETS in 3d and last Class of the NEW-JERSEY LOTTERY.
American Lead Manufactory.
STEPHEN AUSTIN, & Co.
HAVE just now opened their LEAD-WAREHOUSE, two doors south of Walnut-Street Wharf, adjoining their New Factory—where they have now made, and ready for sale, a general assortment of SHOT of all sizes, with SHEET and BAR LEAD, the production of the Mines in Virginia. As they have employed a number of experienced English workmen, they warrant it to be equal in quality to any manufactured in Europe, and at a reduced price from the cost of imported.
They also continue to manufacture all the above articles at Richmond, in Virginia. All orders addressed to either of the above Factories, will be thankfully received, and executed on the shortest notice.
N. B. Wanted, industrious, sober, Labouring Men, at the said Mines, where constant employ, good wages, and other encouragements will be given, means of conveyance being provided, and houses for their reception.
For further particulars enquire of Messrs. Moses Austin & Co. at their Factory in Richmond, or as above. Philadelphia, December 3, 1791.
TO BE SOLD BY THE EDITOR,
A TABLE for receiving and paying Gold at the Bank of the United States, shewing the Value of Gold in Dollars and Cents, from One to a Thousand Pennyweights—according to the Act of Congress, ascertaining the Standard and Value of Gold.
The JOURNAL of the THIRD SESSION of the SENATE of the UNITED STATES, may be had of the Editor hereof.