Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1791-05-25 00:00:00

Moses 1000 advices americans with the Common sense Bowling Green (-29-) price of wheat in England  Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 8, of Vol. III.]
WEDNESDAY, MAY 25, 1791.
[Whole No. 216.]
TRANSLATED For the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES.
A DISCOURSE OF STEPHEN BOETIUS, Concerning voluntary Servitude: Or the Anti-One.
(Continued from No. 6 of this Gazette.)
B UT in truth, it is idle to debate, whether liberty is natural since we cannot hold any one in servitude, without doing him wrong: and there is nothing in the world so contrary to nature, which is all reasonable, as injustice. It remains then to say that liberty is natural, and for the same reason in my opinion, that we are not only born in the possession of our freedom, but also with affection to defend it. But if you are in doubt of this and are so far bastardized, that you cannot recognize your property, nor indeed your natural affections, I must do you the honor which belongs to you, and raise up the brute beasts into the pulpit, to preach to you, your own nature and condition. The brutes (God bless me) if men are not deaf, cry out to them, 'Liberty forever!' Several among them die as soon as they are taken; as the fishes which lose their lives as soon as their water, quit the light and will not survive their natural liberty. If the animals had among them their ranks and pre-eminences, they would make their nobility, in my opinion, consist in freedom. The others from the greatest to the least, when we take them, make so great a resistance with their nails, their horns, their hoofs and their bills, that they declare, loudly enough, how dearly they hold that which they lose. Being taken, they give us so many apparent signs of the knowledge they have of their misfortune, that it is beautiful to see that from that time, it is rather languishing than living; and that their lives are continued more to bemoan their lost liberty, than to take pleasure in servitude. What less than this is the language of the elephant, who, having defended himself, as long as he could, seeing no longer any remedy, and being on the point of being taken, he seizes a tree with his jaws, and breaks out his teeth: His great desire to remain free, as he was born, gives him wit and invention, and instigates him to bargain with the hunters, to be quitted for his teeth, and to pay with his ivory the ransom of his liberty. We pamper the horse as soon as he is born, in order to tame him to the service: and although we know the art of flattering him, and succeed in taming him, yet he champs at the bit, and he flings at the spur, as if to show his nature, and testify at least by this impatience, that although he serves, it is not with his consent but by our constraint. What shall we say then? Even the oxen groan in the yoke and the birds complain in the cage, as I have said heretofore elsewhere in some of my amusements in French rhymes, for I am not afraid, in writing to you (O'Longa) to intermix my own verses, which however I never read but when you make me vain by pretending to be pleased with them. Since therefore all things which have sentiment, or sensibility, feel the evil of subjection and pant after liberty: Since the beasts, which are made for the service of man, cannot accustom themselves to service, without frequent protestations of a contrary desire: What marvellous absurdity, is that which has been able so to unnaturalize man, who in truth was alone born to live in freedom, as to make him lose the memory of his primitive condition, and the desire of regaining it?
There are three sorts of tyrants. I speak of wicked Princes. Some have their Kingdoms by the election of the people—others by force of arms, and others by succession of consanguinity. Those who have acquired it, by the right of war, we know very well how they behave in it. They are, as we say, in the land of conquest. Those who are born Kings, are not commonly much better: being born and nourished in the blood of the tyranny, they draw in with their milk the nature of the tyrant, and make a property, an estate of the people who are under them, as of their hereditary villaines: and according to their complexions, by which they are more inclined to be avaricious or prodigal, they behave in their kingdoms as in their inheritances. He to whom the people have given the State, ought to be, I should think more supportable: and would be so, as I believe, were it not that, as soon as they see themselves elevated above others, flattered by something, I know not what which is called grandeur, he deliberates on the means of holding his preeminence. Commonly such an
one makes an estate of the power which the people have deposited in him to transmit it to his children. But, from the time that these have taken such an opinion, it is a strange thing, how much they surpass in all sorts of vices, and even in cruelty, the other tyrants. They see no other means, of assuring the new tyranny, than by extending far and wide, the servitude, and estrange their subjects so far from liberty, even while the memory of it, is still fresh as to make them wholly lose it. Thus to the truth, I see very well that there is some difference between them; but I see no choice—and although the means of arriving at kingdoms are different, still the manner of reigning, is very much alike. The elected as if they had taken bulls to tame, treat them accordingly. The conquerors think they have a right, as to their prey: The successors, think they have a right, as to their natural slaves.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
ODE TO HENRY.
WITH what an anxious, trembling joy, Doth Modesty his powers employ! While earnest pantings fill his breast, He shrinks with shadowy fears distressed.
Warm'd with Fancy's glowing fire, HENRY can thy foul desire Far from Virtue's aid to fly? Virtue daughter of the sky.
C I had hoped, with fond delight, With thee, ambitious, to unite; With thee to wake the answering lyre; With thee the strength of truth inspire.
Now thou di'st the doubtful field; Yet untried, I see thee yield; Shun the stormy face of day, Which to glory points the way.
We might have join'd, with studious care, To chase from earth the fiend Despair. To wake new tenderness and truth, New virtue, in the soul of Youth.
Might here-bade true friendship rise: Love regardless of disguise; Merit garb anew the mind; Worth the glory of mankind.
To us the Muse have oped her store With luxury unknown before; Our fainting souls with strength have fired; Our song with energy inspired.
Now a tear her cheek bedews— "Henry hath forgot the Muse." "Slighted the power whose constant care "Makes him lovely to his fair."
"Tell him, altho' the fires of even, "Before the Sun, are lost in heaven; "Like, are the Muse's splendid rays, "The glory of the latter days."
"Radiance gilds the Poet's sky; "Heavenly visions fill his eye; "Time's dominions uncontrol'd, "All Creation lies reveal'd."
E L L A.
GEORGETOWN, (S. C.) April 30.
To the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES.
The address of the inhabitants of Georgetown, and its vicinity.
SIR,  W E, the inhabitants of Georgetown, and of its vicinity, beg leave to congratulate you upon your safe arrival in South-Carolina, and to assure you, that having ever entertained a high sense of the obligations which you have conferred upon your fellow-citizens in general, we are happy to embrace this opportunity of testifying to you our particular sentiments of gratitude and of affection: We are no less happy, Sir, at being called upon by the laws to obey, and to respect as first Magistrate of the Federal Republic, that person, whom of all men we were most disposed to revere as our benefactor, and to love as the father of his country. Having shared in the distresses of the war, and been exposed to those calamities, and to that loss of property, which were the consequences of it, we have been taught to set a proper value upon the exertions which were made in our behalf, we have experienced the happy influence of your councils, Sir, and have distinguished you as the guardian of our laws, and of our liberties, as an instrument in the hands of providence to protect our dearest rights, and to save us from oppression. The breath of popular applause is fleeting, but the merit of such illustrious actions can never be effaced; they carry along with them their best reward, and we trust, Sir, that in pursuing your progress through this state, you will have the satisfaction to perceive a spirit of freedom, which your services during the war enabled us to maintain; a degree of order and tranquility, which your administration has diffused, and a growing prosperity, than which no better proof could exist, of the goodness and efficacy of that government, over which you preside.
Such, Sir, are the sentiments with which we approach you upon this occasion, and such the sentiments which we shall in honor, and in gratitude transmit to our latest posterity.
Signed by order of the inhabitants of Georgetown, and its vicinity.
HUGH HORRY, JOSEPH BLYTH, E. ROTHMALER, F. KINLOCH, GEORGE KEITH, MATTHEW IRVINE, R. BROWNFIELD, SAMUEL SMITH.
THE ANSWER.
To the INHABITANTS of GEORGE-TOWN, and of its VICINITY.
GENTLEMEN, I RECEIVE your congratulations on my arrival in South-Carolina with real pleasure, and I confess my obligations to your affectionate regard with sincere gratitude.
While the calamities, to which you were exposed during the war, excited all my sympathy, the gallantry and firmness with which they were encountered, obtained my entire esteem—to your fortitude in those trying scenes our country is much indebted for the happy and honorable issue of the contest—from the milder virtues, that characterize your conduct in peace, our equal government will derive those aids, which may render its operations extensively beneficial.
That your participation of every national advantage, and your prosperity in private life, may be amply proportioned to your past services and sufferings, is my sincere and fervent wish.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
To our Illustrious Brother, GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States.
SIR, AT a time when all men are emulous to approach to, to express the lively sensations you inspire as the father of our country, permit us, the brethren of Prince George's Lodge, No. 16, to have our share in the general happiness, in welcoming you to Georgetown; and the pleasure of reflecting that we behold in you the liberator of our country—the distributor of its equal laws—and a brother of our most antient and most honorable institution.—At the same time indulge us in congratulating you on the truly honorable and happy situation, in which you now stand, as the grand conductor of the public interest of these United States.
Having by your manly efforts caused the beauteous light of liberty to beam on this western hemisphere, and by the wisdom Heaven has graciously endowed you with, established the liberties of America on the justest and firmest basis that was ever yet recorded on the annals of history, you now enjoy the supremest of all earthly happiness, that of diffusing peace, liberty, and safety to millions of your fellow-citizens.
As a due reward for your patriotic, noble and exalted services, we fervently pray the grand architect of the universe long to bless you with health, stability, and power—to continue you the grand pillar of the arch of liberty in this vast empire, which you have been so eminently distinguished in raising to the pitch of perfection at which we now behold it.
May the residue of your life be spent in ease, content and happiness—and as the great parent of these United States, may you long live to see your children flourish under your happy auspices, and be finally rewarded with eternal happiness.
We conclude our present address with a fervent wish that you will continue as you have hitherto been the friend of our antient and honorable order and of all worthy masons.
J. WHITE, R. GRANT, A. COHEN, J. BLYTH, J. CARSON, } COMMITTEE, from Prince George's Lodge.
Georgetown, April 30, 1791.
To the BRETHREN of PRINCE GEORGE'S LODGE No. 16.
GENTLEMEN, THE cordial welcome which you gave me to Georgetown, and the congratulations you are pleased to offer on my election to the Chief Magistracy of the United States receive my grateful thanks.
I am much obliged by your good wishes and reciprocate them with sincerity—assuring the society of my esteem, I request them to believe that I shall always be ambitious of being considered a deserving brother.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
CHARLESTON, May 5, 1791.
To the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES.
SIR, THE intendant and wardens, representatives of the citizens of Charleston, find themselves particularly gratified by your arrival in the metropolis of this State.
It is an event, the expectation of which they have, for some time, with great pleasure indulged.
When in the person of the supreme magistrate of the United States, they recognize the father of the people, and the defender of the liberties of America, they feel a peculiar satisfaction in declaring their firm persuasion, that they speak the language of their constituents, in asserting that no body of men throughout this extensive continent can exceed them in attachment to his public character, or in revering his private virtues: and they do not hesitate in anticipating those blessings which must ultimately be diffused among the inhabitants of these States, from his exertions for their general welfare, aided by those in whom they have also reposed a share of their confidence.
Go on, Sir, as you have done.—Continue to possess as well as to deserve the love and esteem of all your fellow-citizens! while millions in other parts of the globe, though strangers to your person, shall venerate your name.
May you long be spared to receive those marks of respect, which you so entirely merit from a grateful people, and may all who live under your auspices, continue to experience that freedom and happiness which is so universally acknowledged to have proceeded from your wise, judicious and prudent administration.
ARNOLD VANDERHORST, Intendant.
THE ANSWER.
To the INTENDANT and WARDENS, Representatives of the citizens of Charleston.
GENTLEMEN, THE gratification you are pleased to express at my arrival in your metropolis, is replied to with sincerity, in a grateful acknowledgement of the pleasing sensations which your affectionate urbanity has excited.
Highly sensible of your attachment and favorable opinions, I intreat you to be persuaded of the lasting gratitude which they impress, and of the cordial regard with which they are returned.
It is the peculiar boast of our country that her happiness is alone dependant on the collective wisdom and virtue of her citizens, and rests not on the exertions of any individual. While a just sense is entertained of our natural and political advantages, we cannot fail to improve them; and, with the progress of our national importance, to combine the freedom and felicity of individuals.
I shall be particularly gratified in observing the happy influence of public measures on the prosperity of your city, which is so entitled to the regard and esteem of the American Union.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.

SONNET TO REFLECTION.
THE Lord of light has journey'd down the sky, And bath'd his couriers in the foaming wave; The twinkling star of Ev'n too, hastes to lave, Her silver form, and vanish from my eye. Now dusky twilight flings her sombre shade, O'er the bright beauties of the silent vale, The aspen trembles not, the verdant blade, No longer nodding answers to the gale. Come sweet Reflection! hither pensive Maid! Direct thy wandering steps, and on this stone, Worn by no travellers feet, with moss o'ergrown, R-pose with me in solitude's deep shade. Then shall I know the height of human bliss, And taste the joy of other worlds in this.
BIRTHA.
CONSTANTINOPLE, Jan. 11.
THE massacre of the brave garrison of Ismael by the Russians has so enraged the grand Seigneur that he has sworn to pursue the war against the Russians to the utmost extremity, and never to pardon the useless cruelty exercised by that nation, even in the midst of its victories, and after so many conquests. We therefore do not think that the Sultana mother will be able to persuade her son to participate in the universal dread and consternation that reigns in the capital.
The Sultan, who seems assured of a peace with the House of Austria, is preparing to direct all his forces against Russia.
In the mandates which he has sent to all the Governors, Pachas, and Cadies, throughout his estates, he breathes nothing but vengeance, ordering them to enrol all his subjects, who are able to bear arms, from fifteen to sixty years of age; but the general consternation seems contrary to these measures: Peace or war can no longer depend either on the forces or the decrees of the Divan. The destiny of the Turkish empire depends entirely on the mediating powers, by their putting a stop to or prolonging hostilities, or by their giving or refusing peace. There is, however, some likelihood, that the Porte, upon reflection, will, after having made peace with the House of Austria, conclude one with the Empress of Russia.
VIENNA, Feb. 23.
We are assured, that England has demanded a categorical answer from our Court as to what his Imperial Majesty will do if the Empress will not conclude a peace, and the allied Courts should find it necessary to oblige her to it.
LEYDEN, March 3.
In these times of trouble and agitation the contagion had reached Switzerland, but the prudent firmness of its government, particularly that of the Canton of Berne, stopped the fermentation in its beginning, but it exists strongly on the frontiers, particularly in the Bishoprick of Basle, and at Geneva, which latter place suffered a kind of assault on the part of the peasantry, who pretended they ought to be admitted to the privileges of citizens gratuitously; and who, in that enterprise were seconded by the French of the county of Gex, whilst the populace favored them within the city.
The true purport of all this seems to be to make Geneva a French municipality.
PARIS, March 10.
No sooner is the spirit of insurrection quelled in one province, than it appears in another with redoubled mischief. Blois and the circumjacent towns are a prey to all the horrors attendant on fanaticism. The ex-prelate WILL, in despite of the law, continue in the see; the priests and devotees of both sexes identify themselves by the crozier and mitre; they inflame the minds of the more ignorant, and are ingenious in fomenting discord, and breathing execration against the proceedings of the Assembly. COMPTE DE LA TOUR, known by his unmilitary exploits at Bifort in Alsace, which place he was obliged to quit, is now at Metz; he was the person commissioned by the Prince of Conde, to ask the elector for the use of his palace at Worms—it is very generally imagined that M. Artois, M. de Calonne, and the chief of the French fugitives will soon meet there.
The King is now considered to be the most decidedly for the New Constitution—every act of his goes to prove it; and so convinced are the National Representatives of what we advance, that yesterday, when it was in agitation to know whether or not the administrator of the public treasure should be named by the King, it was decreed in the affirmative.
It is somewhat singular that Britons, who come to France to view the Aurora of liberty, soon become wedded to the aristocratic principles—we know many who, at home, are columns of the opposition, but are here friendly to the unpopular cause.
The King lies dangerously ill. The late troubles have altered the state of his health: He spits blood and has a most violent cough. He is confined to his bed.
A letter from Lyons informs us, that the Mesdames passed through that city without any opposition. They must consequently be now out of the power of the National Assembly and of the Fish-women of Paris.
Compte de Mirabeau was the highest bidder for the Abbey of Argenteuil, so celebrated for the tears of the too tender Eloisa when she received the veil from the hands of her unfortunate husband. The Comte is sending thither the elegant library of the late Mr. Buffon, which he has also bought.
The Duke de Richelieu died the 12th of this month after a long illness; he leaves one son, who is at present in the Russian service, and who distinguished himself at the taking of Ismael.
The ladies of Thoulouze assembling in great bodies to hinder the Clergy from taking the civic oath, the municipality ordered the pumps to be worked, and actually washed away all their opposition.
P E T E R S B U R G H, Feb. 22.
Major-General Popow, is arrived here with dispatches from Prince Potemkin. He has delivered up to the Empress the keys of Ismael, together with the particulars of the siege which have been published by order of the court. The whole narrative takes up three sheets of paper. There were in the fortress 42,000 regular troops, besides the inhabitants; 30,876 men were killed; 14,000 were taken prisoners—2,000 Turkish soldiers died the next day of the wounds they had received, and 1000 more were distributed among the conquerors, to be supported by them.
The Empress intends to make Prince Potemkin a present, as soon as he arrives, of a magnificent and superb suit of clothes, adorned with diamond buttons, epaulets, and loops, worth between two and three hundred thousand roubles. Her Majesty has also purchased for him the Palace of Stuckhoff for 400,000 roubles, which is to be fitted up and furnished in the most superb stile.
All the frontiers are lined with troops, artillery and ammunition, just as if an invasion was threatened.
L O N D O N, March 15.
An attempt had been made through the ladies of the Seraglio, with the Empress Mother at their head, to induce the Sultan, on account of the late very ill success of his troops, to come into a peace on any terms. These were seconded, or more properly set on by six thousand Grandees of the empire, who had all put their hands to a petition for that purpose. But the Sultan, on receiving advice of the capture of Ismael, and the cruelties practised there by the Russians, most gallantly swore, that he would sooner be buried under the ruins of Constantinople, than make peace with so brutal an enemy.
Ever since that period it has been publicly proclaimed at Constantinople, that it shall be death for any one to talk of peace; and the ladies of the Seraglio have been enjoined under threats of the same punishment, not to intermeddle again in any thing of the like tendency. The Emperor, no doubt, finds himself strengthened by the exhortations of the British and Prussian ambassadors, who have certainly promised him assistance from their masters, should their offers of mediating a peace be rejected. The Emperor of Germany, too, it is not doubted, will give assistance to the mediation, the moment his own peace with the Turks is concluded, which is allowed to be in the most favorable train.
In the mean time Catharine still remains stubborn. Proud and imperious, and unaccustomed to controul, she will not allow of any mediation, nor admit of peace at all, unless dictated by her; or rather means perhaps entirely to defer it, till her favorite General shall have planted her ensigns on the walls of Constantinople.
To oppose any attempt which the Prussians may intend to make in favor of the Turks, her armies in Livonia are perpetually increasing. To oppose the English, should they offer to enter the Baltick, orders are given to fit and immediately draw out her whole fleet, consisting of thirty-six ships of the line, and several frigates, the command of which is entrusted to Prince Alexis Orlow, who performed so many gallant things in the course of the last war, on the coasts of Egypt, and several parts of the Levant and Greece and was afterwards some time resident here in England.
The American PAYNE over-stepped the bounds of prudence, and his publisher shrunk from the danger; but another has been found more hardy. That publisher has escaped for the 'Lessons to a Prince;' the principles of which work, respecting our having 'no political constitution,' no representation, &c. are literally adopted and copied by PAYNE.
Sunday a messenger at Lord GRENVILLE'S Office from Sir ROBERT AINSLIE, our Minister at the Porte, with advice that some fresh impediments had been recently thrown in the way of the negotiation for peace between the Turks and Russians; and that, in consequence thereof, the Grand Signior had issued orders for recruiting his forces with the utmost celerity and vigor.
MARCH 23.
A child of fourteen years of age, cloping with a gallant, is a fine panegyric on modern education.
A Fast.—The Porter at a capital inn in the city, got the half of a 20,000. prize some years ago. He commenced gentleman; kept horses, dint of galloping, arrived at his last guinea. He is now porter at the very inn where he formerly plied, and as to happiness, "is as well as can be expected."
On the 17th inst. about 7 o'clock in the morning, a fire was discovered in the Great Distillery at Canon-Mills, Edinburgh, occupied at present by Messrs. Steins. The damage is computed at 2000. but the premises are insured.
The quackery of Animal Magnetism still has its votaries even among persons of reputed sense. The Empress of Russia acted wisely when she banished impostors of all kinds from her dominions. Magnetism, we believe, was also banished from France, after being detected and proved a gross fraud on the understanding.
The transports, with provisions, and 220 convicts bound to Botany-Bay, failed from Ireland the 10th inst. They are to call at Madeira, and remain for the ships from England, with a still larger freight.
Several of the French refugees intend to apply for bills of naturalization, with a view of establishing themselves in this country. One for the Marquis of Choiseul is now before the House of Lords.
MARCH 25.
The majority in favour of the bill for applying 500,000. of unclaimed dividends to the public use, is much more in argument for the bill than we are used to consider majorities in general. Only fifty-four could be found who would vote against it.
The squadron destined for the Baltic will consist of eight line of battle ships, two forty-four gun frigates, and four cutters. Lord Hood will probably be appointed to its command.
The petition against the unclaimed dividends lying at the London Tavern to be signed by the stockholders, fills very slowly.
The aggregate number of stockholders, as lately stated, amounts to one hundred and twenty-nine thousand persons.
The company of booksellers of Dublin, have resolved on giving a considerable bounty for an improvement in the manufacture of paper in that country.
HOUSE OF COMMONS.
WEDNESDAY, March 23.
The Speaker and several members attended in the House of Lords, to hear the royal assent given by commission to the Indemnity bill, American Intercourse bill, Mutiny bill, and several private bills.
Roman Catholic Bill.
Mr. Pitt gave notice, that he should to-morrow move for the postponing of the commitment of this bill for a few days longer.
From the CONNECTICUT COURANT.
THE PATRIOT.
THE constant cry of the British merchants to the Americans is, you are by nature designed for an agricultural society: You have an abundance of land; an extensive country adapted to the culture of almost every kind of valuable productions: To the multiplying these productions you should bend your whole united efforts, and leave to Europeans the trouble of transporting these products to foreign markets—working up into the various manufactures that part which are designed for such improvements, and returning you such of them as are suited to your markets. But why, I ask, do they constantly ring this peal in our ears? Is it because that manual labor, applied to the production of raw materials, will procure the person who performs it more of the conveniencies of life than the same quantity of labor employed in manufactures?—Certainly not; otherways common laborers in the field would get better monthly wages than tradesmen, which every one knows is not the case.—Would it not therefore be quite as wise and economical for the Americans to send their wheat to London to be made into flour, and returned for their consumption, as to sell the British merchant their tobacco, and import from Great-Britain their snuff—and so on their iron, &c. These foreign counsellors, aided by ill-informed and interested Americans, urge us to labor in the field altogether, and leave it to the Britons, the Persians, and the Chinese, to cloath us for feeding them. Let us examine this matter, and see if this advice be the result of friendship for us, or from an insidious plan, long since laid, of keeping us always dependant on them, and subjected to their domination.
It is true we have, at much expence and hazard, set ourselves free from the dominion of their government—we have set their armies at defiance—but not their artisans. We are not in reality

Independent whilst we are obliged to look to them for our necessary cloathing, or even superfluous ornaments.
Suppose the whole population of this country, which is so rapidly increasing, were devoted to husbandry—what depredations would be made in our forests! How soon would our fields be clothed with every kind of grain—and our pastures filled with cattle, feeding on a thousand hills! This would be charming—no fear of a famine—every one would have food for asking for it—but what price would our provisions bring, and what is to be done with the surplus of them? Why say these wise men from the East, (and their humble retainers of this country) let the Europeans come and fetch them away, or starve.—This is very good—and pray what are we to do if their crops should not happen to fail them—or when their kings should be tired of war, and consent that their subjects be permitted to cultivate their own fields in safety; will these foreigners, out of mere charity, come and take your superfluous crops off your hands? Will they give you a generous price for your wheat, &c.? I presume not. Pray let me ask these politicians, these friends from the other side the water, who are so alarmed lest we injure ourselves, by engaging improvidently in manufactures, why grain is dearer in England than in America.—Our lands do not produce so many bushels on the acre as theirs—we give higher for labor, and yet we undersell them so much in market, that their farmers would be ruined if a free importation from this country was admitted. I shall probably be told that rents in that country are higher, and that causes the difference; but I demand, why are rents higher there than here? Why because the products of land will sell so much higher there than here. And why do they sell so much higher there than here? Is it for exportation? No such thing—it is because of the multitude of their mechanics and artizans, who create a constant demand for home consumption.
A home market is always the best, abating extraordinary demands that may arise from the accidental failure of crops in a foreign country; or the ruinous depredations of an enemy. The average price of wheat in England, I suppose may be stated at 6s. to 6s. 6d. sterling the bushel. When it ariseth to 7s. the bushel, their ports are opened for importation, least the dearness of bread should injure their manufactures; but when it falls to the usual standard, their importations are prohibited, lest the farming interest should suffer.
The average price of wheat in America, taken at the farmers' houses, may be rated at 3 to 50 of a dollar; tho' at the ports of exportation it may average one dollar. But if our country was as full of manufacturers as Great-Britain, our grain would be principally wanted for home consumption, and the price would be raised to 5s. 3d. or even 6s. sterling the bushel. The farmer would then save not only the transportation to the seaport towns; but the subsequent storage, shipping coastwise, freight, insurance, &c. to Europe; and the price and rent of lands would rise in proportion. But this is not the whole advantage—if we can make our own cloathing, it will soon reduce the price materially, and enable them to make a saving in their purchases as well as on the sales of their crops, so that the farming interest is most intimately concerned in the success of our manufactures. Whenever wool becomes as plenty in this country as it is in England, the price of woolen goods made here will be as low as those of the same quality are in that country; and the expence of purchasing, packaging, storage, shipping charges, freight and insurance will be a clear saving to this country. This cannot be rated at less than 20 per cent. on all our importations.—Think of these things my countrymen, and let your Patriotism appear by your conduct.
Utility of planting Willow Trees in Burying Grounds.
FOR many years past, the philosophers and physicians of Europe have borne a testimony against the interment of the dead in the centre of large cities. But since the discovery of the usefulness of trees in absorbing putrid air, and discharging it in a pure state, much less evil than formerly is to be apprehended from this practice. To derive and extend the utmost possible benefit from this discovery, would it not be an act of humanity in each of our religious societies, to surround their grave-yards with trees? They would afford a shade to a considerable part of our city, and add to its coolness and ornament in the summer. The weeping willow would accord most with the place. It puts forth its leaves early in the spring, and returns them late in the fall. Besides, Doctor Priestly has demonstrated, that it is the best and quickest corrector of impure air, of any tree that grows. Its rapid growth will moreover, in a few years, give us all the advantages we expect from it. Museum.
PORTLAND, May 9.
We have heard from Falmouth, that at a late meeting of that town, the inhabitants were all, except four, in favour of a separation from the other part of the Commonwealth.
At Standish, 46 were for, and 16 against the measure. At Hallowell and Vassalborough, they were all in favour of a separation.
The inhabitants of Portland are on Wednesday next to consider, and decide upon the question.
NEW-YORK, May 20.
The St. James's Chronicle of the 15th March, says, the total average price of wheat in England, and Wales, per bushel is 6s. 4d.
Price of wheat
LANSINGBURGH, May 13. The Hon. Oliver Phelps and Israel Chapin, Esquires, are appointed the judges of the court of common pleas of the county of Ontario; Judah Colt, Esquire, sheriff, and Nathaniel Gorham, jun. Esquire, Clerk.
The road from the west branch of Mohawk river contracted for by Messrs. Pepoon and Edwards, mentioned in a late paper, is found to be a mistake; it ought to read from the western branch of the Delaware.
BOSTON, May 14.
On Thursday the Circuit Court of the United States was opened in this town. The procession was formed at the Senate-Chamber, and proceeded therefrom in the following order:
Eight Constables, with staves. Deputy Marshals BRADFORD and THOMAS. Marshal JACKSON. Chief Judge JAY. Judge CUSHING—Judge LOWELL. Attorney of the United States—Attorney-General of this State. Clerk—Rev. Mr. WEST. Barristers, Counsellors, other Gentlemen of the Bar, and Citizens, two and two.
The procession having arrived at the Court-House, and the usual Proclamations being made, a very respectable Grand Jury was sworn, (of which Mr. THOMAS HARRIS, of Charlestown, was appointed Foreman)—After which the Chief Justice delivered to them a short and elegant extempore Charge.
From a Bristol paper of the 26th March, brought by Capt. Wilder, we have extracted the following:—
PARIS, March 20. A messenger extraordinary sent from the Northern Department has brought to the National Assembly intelligence of the most afflicting kind from Douay. The seizure of a boat full of corn gave rise to a dreadful commotion; and to quell which the troops of the line being brought out, refused to obey their commander. The municipality being unwilling to declare the martial law, the fury of the insurgents had full scope for its execution; and two of the national guards, who wished to interfere in the riot, were suspended at the fatal lantern post. The members of the department, terrified at these proceedings, would not stay any longer in the town, but set off to hold their sittings at Lisle.
Philadelphia, May 25.
In arbitrary governments, there are no "fixed principles," whether the administration be in the hands of the one, the few, or the many. It is essential to a free government that there should be "fixed principles" in its constitution: The form of the Constitution may be altered, modified, and adapted to particular circumstances; but the great principles always remain—they are unchangeable: These principles respect the unalienable rights of man in all possible situations, whether in a civil or savage state: They exist independent of government, or society—are inseparable from a state of freedom, and are therefore the basis of every free Constitution—they respect the rights of the minority as well as the majority, and cannot be "annihilated" without the interposition of despotic power.
With all the guards to liberty that can possibly be devised, such is the prevailing influence of riches, honors and pleasures, that mankind in all ages have sacrificed their precious rights and privileges to gratify their appetites for these baubles: And it is in vain to talk of equal rights, and of constitutions, to a people who are uninformed—for as an enlightened people can never be enslaved—so it is impossible that an ignorant people can long continue free.—What is the duty then of real patriotism? Is it to cry aloud that Liberty is in danger, when every man sits quietly and securely under his own vine and fig-tree, having none to make him afraid? Is it to pretend extraordinary zeal in the cause of freedom, while no exertions are made to place the people out of the reach of tyranny, by adding to the blessings of liberty, the means of perpetuating the invaluable inheritance? The following extract from Dr. Adams' Defence of the American Constitutions, on this point, will remain a monument of his penetration and philanthropy, so long as genuine patriotism is considered a virtue.—He observes, "The instruction of the people in every kind of knowledge that can be of use to them in the practice of their moral duties as men, citizens and christians; and of their political and civil duties as members of society and freemen, ought to be the care of the public, and of all who have any share in the conduct of its affairs, in a manner that never yet has been practiced in any age or nation: The education here intended, is not merely that of the children of the rich and noble, but of every rank and class of people, down to the lowest and poorest: It is not too much to say, that schools for the education of all should be placed at convenient distances, and maintained at the public expence." In this way, and this only, can we provide sufficient checks to a baneful aristocracy, which is always disposed to monopolize the avenues of knowledge to the exclusion of the great mass of the people. No greater folly can exist, than that a man should be a friend to Freedom, and at the same time opposed, or indifferent to diffusing the means of learning among the people, except it be this, That a friend to an universal instruction of the people, in the knowledge of their sacred, civil, and political rights, should at the same time, be an enemy to public liberty!
On Friday the 20th inst. the Hon. THOMAS JEFFERSON, Esq. Secretary of State, and the Hon. JAMES MADISON, Esq. arrived at New-York, from the Seat of Government, on a tour to the Eastward.
The Grand Vizir Hassan Pacha has been deposed and beheaded.
Papers from London, received by a late arrival at New-York, inform, that there is not the least idea of peace at Petersburg, Russia—but on the contrary, every thing wears the appearance of war.
On the question for committing the bill on the unclaimed dividends, in the House of Commons, March 15, there appeared in favor of the commitment 191—against it 83.
London papers of a late date, say, that the Pope has disowned and excommunicated all the new Bishops of France.
Extract of a letter from a lady in Charleston, to her friend in this city, May 7.
"Our city has been in such a bustle all this week, and every body so much taken up with our beloved President, that little or nothing like business has been done, as you will see by the newspapers I send you. He arrived last Monday—and was received with every possible demonstration of joy; almost every body went to see him, eager to have a sight of a man they so much love—I went among the rest; tho' I had seen him so often, I wished to have one more look, as tis probable it will be the last time.
On Wednesday evening he honored the corporation ball with his company; the collection was very large and brilliant indeed—nearly 250 ladies, elegantly dressed—many wore fastes and ribbons on their heads with his picture painted on them, and different inscriptions in gold and silver letters, pertinent and sentimental.
When he entered the room joy sparkled in every countenance; but more so when, after being seated a few minutes, he rose, went all round the room and bowed to every lady—this gave particular satisfaction, as every one was anxious to have a good view of him. The city hall was elegantly prepared for this occasion; The pillars were all entwined with laurel and flowers. On Thursday the Governor gave a public dinner, and in the evening there was a concert, given by the St. Cecilia Society—at which the number of ladies exceeded those at the ball. The President dined with the Governor,—and passed the whole evening at the concert—he gratified the company greatly by frequently standing up, and with charming ease and dignity walked about the room anticipating the wishes of every spectator. On his entrance, and at his retiring, pieces prepared for the occasion were performed. The heartfelt satisfaction depicted on every countenance, was reflected from one which beams with benignity on all.
The bells have been ringing and guns firing every day since his arrival; yesterday however, was pretty quiet as he dined at a private dinner with Major Butler. This day he is to dine with the merchants—and on Monday next he takes his departure for Savannah; May every protecting angel be his guardian."
As a symptom that a more enlarged plan of policy will in future be adopted by the British government, leave has been given to bring a bill into the House of Commons, for the relief of the protesting Roman Catholics, by a repeal of the several penal laws against them now in existence. This motion met with little or no opposition even from the minister.
We are left, by the latest foreign prints, to wander in the wilds of conjecture as to European news and politics. It seems the Grand Seignior has sworn that he will not make peace with Catharine, till she has expiated for her cruelties at Ismael; we do not learn whether his subjects have sworn to support the oath taken by Achmet; some accounts wear a different appearance—so that as to peace between Russia and the Porte, we are just at the point we sat out from months ago—uncertain.
It seems to be very problematical what part Great-Britain means to take in this war—whether coercive, mediatorial, or neutral; it is probable that Catharine will pursue her object without consulting any of the other powers—meantime the stock-jobbers must have something to form the basis of speculation, and whether Great-Britain shall interfere or not? appears the most obvious question for the moment—this being the case, nothing but positive facts can be depended upon in all that we read on the subject.
With respect to French affairs, the English papers give accounts of various insurrections in the provinces—but they appear to be merely local and temporary—and have no important aspect on the revolution—so far from this, it does not appear that there has ever been in contemplation any serious plan of a counter-revolution—and perhaps to this hour all the opposition that has been made to the decrees of the national assembly, has not been more than was necessary to keep alive the fire of patriotism. This was remarkably the case in these United States at the commencement of the contest with Great-Britain—In some States there was a greater proportion of disaffection to the cause of liberty, than in others, but the whole quantum produced and kept alive, a watchful, vigorous and animated opposition, which finally carried us to the consummation of our wishes. It is the prayer of all good men, and of Americans in particular, that the cause of freedom in France may obtain a compleat and glorious triumph, and that the establishment of a free and equal constitution in that great empire may forever blast the hopes of despotism both in Church and State.
PRICE CURRENT.—PUBLIC SECURITIES.
   FUNDED DEBT.     6 pr. Cents 17 1/2 pr. £. 86 pr. cent.   3 pr. Cents 9 1/2 46 do.   Deferred 6 pr. Cents 9 1/2 45 do.   UNFUNDED DEBT.   Final Sett. and other Certificates 16 80   Indents 9 1/2 45 do.   N. and S. Carolina debts, 12 3/4 15/ do.  

R E P O R T OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE, On the subject of the COD AND WHALE FISHERIES, [CONTINUED.]
No. I.
An historical View of the COD-FISHERIES of France, England and the United States.
Table with 3 main columns: FRANCE, ENGLAND, UNITED STATES. Sub-columns include Vessels, Tonnage, Men, Kents, Value Dollars. Rows show data from 1577 to 1790.
ADVERTISEMENT.
HAVING completed the second volume of this Gazette, its patrons, and the public at large, are informed that it will be prosecuted on its original plan, with every improvement that friendship and ingenuity may suggest.
The price of this Gazette, (published Wednesdays and Saturdays,) is Three Dollars per annum—one half to be paid at the time of subscribing.
The utmost punctuality is observed in transmitting the papers to subscribers: The Editor thinks there is the fairest prospect that Information from the seat of government, to the extremes of the Union, will in future circulate with greater facility and certainty, than through the past winter.—Additional subscriptions from all parts of the Union are therefore solicited.
An index to the second volume is preparing for the press.
This volume contains the laws of the two last sessions of Congress—the journal and debates of the house of Representatives—reports of the heads of departments—besides a greater variety of original communications immediately connected with the interests of the United States, than any other periodical publication.
The Editor acknowledges with gratitude the punctual payments received from a great proportion of his subscribers—some arrearages remain—which he is confident will very speedily be discharged.
Payments may be made to the several persons of whom the papers are received.
Advertisements of one square, or less, will be inserted in this Gazette, three times, for one dollar—subsequent insertions, twenty-five cents each; larger advertisements in proportion: No vehicle in the United States gives so immediate a circulation—and the number of each impression is at present fourteen hundred.
MASSACHUSETTS SEMI-ANNUAL
Lottery Tickets,
Class SECOND, sold at the Office of SAMUEL ANDERSON, Chesnut-Street.
May 18. 1791. (11)
A CARD.
JOSEPH WHEATON
P RESENTS his compliments to his old Military Friends, the Gentlemen of the Civil List, and the Public—wishes they may be informed that he has received a very handsome ASSORTMENT of the best chosen
SPRING GOODS,
By the PIGOU, and other late arrivals, which are now opening at his KNOWN CHEAP STORE, No. 38, Third-Street, North, and which he is determined to dispose of (at wholesale or retail) on so low terms as must make it an object to customers.—Orders from his friends will be attended to with punctuality and dispatch, and the time of payment made convenient.
Philad. May 2, 1791.
MATTHEW M'CONNELL,
IN CHESNUT-STREET, No. 66,
BUYS and SELLS all kinds of THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNION; has frequently occasion to NEGOTIATE INLAND BILLS OF EXCHANGE—and will receive Orders for making SUBSCRIPTIONS to the BANK of the UNITED STATES.
Philadelphia, March 30, 1791. (96 tf)
ADVERTISEMENT.
THE Subscriber, who served a regular apprenticeship to the business of VENDUE-MASTER, under Mr. GEORGE KELLY, has just opened an OFFICE in the Borough of NORFOLK, Virginia, in a good and convenient House, situated near the County Wharf, where he is in hopes of giving general satisfaction to all those that may be pleased to favor him with their commands.
JOHN H. HALL. Norfolk, Virginia, April 21, 1791. (1 ep 7w)
Blank Powers to receive the interest, and for the transfer of the principal of public debt, agreeable to the Rules established in the Treasury Department: Also Blanks for abstracts of Certificates, to be sold by the Editor.
New-Haven Wharf Lottery.
THE Legislature of the State of Connecticut, at their session in December last, granted a Lottery for the purpose of extending Union Wharf, in the harbour of New-Haven, to the channel; and appointed the subscribers managers, who having given bond for the faithful discharge of their trust, present the public with the following
S C H E M E.
Table with 3 columns: Prize of, 10,000 Dollars, is, 10,000. Rows show various prize amounts and counts.
5842 Prizes. 11658 Blanks. 17500 Tickets, at Five Dollars each, is 87500 NOT TWO BLANKS TO A PRIZE.
Subject to a deduction of twelve and a half per cent.
The public utility of extending this wharf, is too evident to require any comment, to those who are acquainted with the town and harbour of New-Haven; to those who are not, suffice it to say, that its beautiful situation is not surpassed, if equalled by any; being in the heart of a country, which may, with propriety, be said to be the garden of America. The harbour lays open to the sound but by reason of the flats, this wharf is necessarily extended to the channel, where ships can load and unload; and when compleated, will be the most extensive and commodious wharf in America, the whole extent being about 3/4ths of a mile; and not only the mercantile interest of New-Haven and the towns adjacent, but the maritime interest of all the States will be benefited by it. The general wish that prevails in the minds of all classes of people, for the success of this enterprize, together with the very great advantage which this scheme holds out to adventurers (there being more capital prizes for the number of tickets than any yet published in America) induce the managers to believe the tickets will meet with a speedy sale.
The drawing will positively commence at the State-House, in New-Haven, on the 13th of September next, or sooner, if the tickets are sold.
A list of the fortunate numbers will be published, and the prizes paid on demand, by the managers. Those prizes not called for in nine months after drawing, will be deemed as generously given for the use of the wharf, and appropriated accordingly.
MANAGERS:
JAMES RICE, MICHAEL TODD, JEREMIAH ATWATER, ELIJAH AUSTIN, JOSEPH DRAKE, JOSEPH HOWELL.
New-Haven, April 14, 1791.
TICKETS in the above Lottery may be had at the Compting-house of Messrs. STEPHEN AUSTIN, and Co. corner of Front and Pine-Streets.
Tickets in the Massachusetts Lottery that have drawn prizes, will be received in payment for the above tickets.
TO be disposed of, BY PRIVATE SALE, A COLLECTION OF
Scarce and Valuable BOOKS,
In various LANGUAGES—being part of a private Library; Among which are the following:
FOLIO. Euripides, Homer, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Plato, Lucian, Plutarch, Pausanias, Procopius, Eusebius, Nicephorus, Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Livy, Tacitus, Seneca, Pliny, &c. Quarto. Pindar, Aristotle, Terence, Ovid, Cæsar, Suetonius, Juvenal, Manilius, &c.
Octavo & infra. Septuagint, Aristophanes, Longinus, Theophrastus, Epicurus, Hesiod, Orpheus, M. Antoninus, Phalaris, Isocrates, Polyænus, Lucretius, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Paterculus, Florus, Lucan, Statius, Gellius, Ausonius, Vida, Buchanan, Boëtius, Poëtæ minores Latini, Callimachus, Strabo, L. Valla, &c.
Catalogues may be had, and further particulars learned, at the Book-Store of Messrs. Rice and Co. Market-Street. Catalogues are also stitched up with the AMERICAN MUSEUM, for April.
A few copies of the CONSTITUTION of the United States, printed with Notes, may be had of the Editor.
All persons concerned will be pleased to take notice that the following advertisement has been varied from that published in our paper of the 23d of March.]
Treasury Department.
MARCH 22, 1791.
NOTICE is hereby given, that Proposals will be received at the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, until the first Monday in September next inclusive, for the supply of all rations, which may be required for the use of the United States, from the first day of January to the thirty-first day of December, 1792, both days inclusive, at the places, and within the districts herein after mentioned, viz.
At any place or places, betwixt Yorktown in the state of Pennsylvania and Fort Pitt, and at Fort Pitt.
At any place or places, betwixt Fort Pitt and Fort McIntosh, on the River Ohio, and at Fort McIntosh.
At any place or places, betwixt Fort McIntosh and the mouth of the River Muskingum, and at the mouth of the River Muskingum.
At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of the River Muskingum, and up the said River to the Tuscarawas, and at the Tuscarawas, and thence over to the Cayoga River, and down the said River to its mouth.
At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of the River Muskingum, and the mouth of the Scioto River, and at the mouth of the said River Scioto.
At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of Scioto River, and the mouth of the great Miami, at the mouth of the great Miami, and from thence to the Rapids, on the Falls of the Ohio, and at the said Rapids.
At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of the great Miami, up the said Miami, to and at Piquetown, and thence over to the Miami Village, on the river of the same name which empties into Lake Erie.
At any place or places, from the rapids of the Ohio, to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up the said Wabash to Post St. Vincennes, and thence up the said river Wabash, to the Miami village, before described.
At any place or places, from the mouth of the Wabash river to the mouth of the river Ohio.
At any place or places, on the east side of the river Mississippi, from the mouth of the Ohio river, to the mouth of the Illinois river.
At any place or places, from the mouth of the Miami river to the Miami Village.
At any place or places, from the Miami Village to Sandusky, and at Sandusky, and from Sandusky to the mouth of Cayoga river.
At any place or places, betwixt Fort Pitt and Venango, and at Venango.
At any place or places, betwixt Venango and Le Beuf, and at Le Beuf, betwixt Le Beuf and Presq' Isle, at Presq' Isle, and betwixt Presq' Isle and the mouth of Cayoga river.
At the mouth of Cayoga river, and at any place or places, on the route from Fort Pitt, to the mouth of Cayoga river, by the way of Big Beaver creek.
At any place or places, on the east side of the Mississippi, between the mouth of the Ohio and the river Margot inclusively.
At any place or places, from the said river Margot, to the river Yazous inclusively.
At any place or places, from the mouth of the river Teneche, to Ocochappo or Bear creek, on the said river inclusively.
Should any rations be required at any places, or within other districts, not specified in these proposals, the price of the same to be hereafter agreed on, betwixt the public and the contractor.
The rations to be supplied are to consist of the following articles, viz.
One pound of bread or flour, One pound of beef, or 3/4 of a pound of pork, Half a jill of rum, brandy or whisky, One quart of salt, Two quarts of vinegar, Two pounds of soap, One pound of candles, per 100 rations.
ALSO, That Proposals will be received at the said office until the first Monday in September next, inclusive, for the supply of all rations which may be required for the use of the United States, from the first day of January to the thirty-first day of December, 1792, both days inclusive, at Springfield, in the state of Massachusetts, and the Post of West-Point, in the state of New-York.
The rations to be supplied, are to consist of the same articles as are above mentioned.
ALSO, That proposals will be received at the said office, until the 1st Monday in September next inclusive, for the supply of all rations, which may be required for the use of the United States, from the 1st day of January to the 31st day of December, 1792, both days inclusive, at the places, and within the districts herein after mentioned.
At the post on the river Saint Mary, at present commanded by Capt. Henry Burbeck.
At the post on the river Altamaha, at present commanded by Capt. John Smith.
At the post on the river Oconee, at present commanded by Capt. Joseph Savage.
At the post on the river Apalachee, at present commanded by Capt. Michael Rudolph.
At any place or places from the Rock Landing on the Oconee, up to the mouth of the main south branch of the said river, from the said mouth up to the source of the said main south branch, and from thence to the Currahee mountain.
At any other place or places within the state of Georgia which may hereafter be occupied as permanent posts by any troops of the United States.
And for rations deliverable on the march to such future posts.
The rations are to be furnished in such quantities as that there shall at all times, during the said term, be sufficient for the consumption of the troops at each of the said posts, for the space of at least two months in advance, in good and wholesome provisions.
The rations to be supplied are to consist of the same articles, as are abovementioned.
It is to be understood in each case, that all losses sustained by the depredations of the enemy, or by means of the troops of the United States, shall be paid for at the prices of the articles captured or destroyed, on the depositions of two or more credible characters, and the certificate of a commissioned officer, ascertaining the circumstances of the loss, and the amount of the articles for which compensation is claimed.
The contracts for the above supplies will be made either for one year, or for two years, as may appear eligible. Persons disposed to contract will therefore confine their offers to one year, or they may make their propositions so as to admit an election of the term of two years.
The proposals may be made for the whole of the above posts together, or separately for Springfield, for West-Point, for Yorktown, and the seventeen places following it, and for the posts in Georgia; and they must specify the lowest price per ration, for prompt payment.
The Printers who have published the above advertisement, are requested to reprint it with the alterations.
PHILADELPHIA, May 3.
WE, the Commissioners, appointed to receive subscriptions to the Bank of the United States, do hereby give public notice, that the Books will be opened by us for that purpose at the Bank of North-America, on Monday the 4th day of July next.
THOMAS WILLING, SAMUEL HOWELL, BRACE BORDLEY, LAMBERT CADWALADER, DAVID RITTENHOUSE,
All the Printers in the United States are requested to publish the above.