The New-York journal, and weekly register (New-York [N.Y.]), 1787-10-18 00:00:00

The New-York Journal, and Weekly Register.
HERE TRUTH UNLICENSED REIGNS; AND DARES ACCOST—EVEN KINGS THEMSELVES, OR RULERS OF THE FREE! Thompson's Liberty.
NUMB. 42, of VOL. XLI.]
THURSDAY, October 18, 1787.
[Total NUMB. 2137.]
NEW-YORK: Printed and Published by THOMAS GREENLEAF, at the PRINTING-OFFICE, No. 25, WATER-STREET.
State of New-York, Court of Admiralty. Charles March, Timothy Penny, Abraham P. Mendes, John Thompson, Gad Wells, and others, Libellants.
Sundry goods, Wares and Merchandize, saved out of a vessel having no person on board, by John Shannon and others, and claimed by Gibbon Bourke, John Donnann and the said John Shannon and others, and claimed in part by Daniel M'Cormick for Hyem Cohen, and by William Cook for Richard Hall.
WHEREAS Charles March, Timothy Penny, Abraham P. Mendes, John Thompson, Matthew Fergo, John Howard, Gad Wells, Samuel Eells, and Peter Noyes, junior, as passengers, and Malcom Taylor, and Henry Harris, as mariners on board of the brigantine Port-Roseway, have filed a libel in the said court, setting forth that in and with the said brigantine, in a voyage from the island of Jamaica to New-London, in Connecticut, on or about the first day of August, in the year 1784, in the latitude of 23 degrees and 30 minutes north, on a bare abouts, they discovered, and went to a vessel with only her foremast standing, and having no living creature on board, and five feet water in her hold; and that they saved and took out of the said brigantine, sundry goods, wares, and merchandize, which were by them brought to the port of New-York, and there sold at public vendue, by order of Gibbon Bourke, and John Donnann, of the said city, merchants: And whereas it appears by return of sales of Anthony L. Bleeker, that the said merchandize so saved and brought to the port of New-York, consisted of the following articles, viz. Six hogheads of sugar, the marks & numbers whereof were defaced, one hoghead of sugar marked F. No. 102, one other hoghead of sugar marked WB. No. 185, one other hoghead of sugar, marked F.S. one hoghead of spirits, marked E. [enclosed by a diamond] No. 6, one other hoghead of spirits, marked B. E. No. 4, one other hoghead of spirits, marked B. E. No. 5, one other hoghead of spirits, marked B. R. No. 3, one other hoghead of spirits, marked WB. No. 7, one other hoghead of spirits, marked WB. No. 8, and one other hoghead of spirits, marked WB. No. 9, thirteen bales of cotton wool without mark or number, 1 bale of cotton wool, marked B. three other bales of cotton wool, marked H.C.C. fifteen other bales of cotton wool, the marks & numbers whereof were defaced; four whole bales, four half bales, four broken bales, and four bundles of cotton wool, the marks whereof, if any had been, could not be discovered, a quantity of logwood, and five hundred and fifty-one rees of mahogany. And whereas, by an advertisement formerly published in one of the news papers printed in New-York, the said goods and merchandize were said to have been saved and taken on board of the said brigantine Port-Roseway, on Thursday the 5th day of Aug. 1784. And whereas, Gibbon Bourke and John Donnann, on behalf of John Shannon, master, and Samuel Nesbitt, mate, Malcom Taylor, Martin George, John Harper, Swiney Wilson and Alexander M'Kenzie, mariners, and Richard Hall, owner of the said brigantine Port-Roseway, have filed a claim in the said court, praying a decree for their proportional shares of the net proceeds of the said goods: and whereas, Daniel M'Cormick, of the city of New-York, merchant, for and on behalf of Hyem Cohen, of the island of Jamaica, hath filed a claim in the said court, to the monies which have arisen from the sales of the said cotton wool, or part thereof, after the payment of salvage: and whereas William Cook, of the city of New-York, Esq. for and in behalf of Richard Hall, of Shelburne, in Nova-Scotia, as sole owner of the said brigantine Port-Roseway, hath also filed a claim in the said court, praying an allowance for salvage out of the monies arising by the sale of the said goods, wares and merchandize. And whereas, it appears by the depositions of William M'Kenzie and Malcom Taylor, two of the persons on board the brigantine Port-Roseway, at the time the said goods and merchandize were so saved and taken on board; that the deserted vessel out of which the said goods were saved, were generally supposed by themselves and others then present, to have been a brigantine; and it further appears by the said depositions, and the deposition of Swiney Wilson, which depositions were severally taken in open court, that the said deserted vessel was a flat vessel (perhaps about three hundred tons burthen) with a woman's head, with guard-irons round it, that she had black sides, and yellow mouldings; that she had either three or four ports on each side about her chains, that she had a double deck as far as her main-mast, and had deck-beams but no plank on them before her main-mast as part of her lower deck, that she had quarter-barges, but no quarter-galleys, and was plain behind, and that her quarter-deck was raised about three feet above her main-deck. — Therefore, pursuant to an order of the said court, public intimation and notice is hereby given to all persons interested, or claiming to be interested, in the said goods, wares and merchandize, so saved, or any part thereof, to put in a claim in the said court for the same, within one year and a day, from the day of the date of this intimation and notice. Dated the eighth day of October, in the twelfth year of the Independence of the state of New-York, and the year of our Lord, 1787.
By order of the court of Admiralty, JONH GRAHAM, Marshal. 36—48
To the Affiliated with WORMS. LATELY received from the western country, and may be had at No. 21, Beekman-street, an extraordinary and never-failing WORM POWDER. — From long experience it has been found, that three doses of these Powders will effectually destroy the Worms , either in children or grown persons. N.York, Sept. 23, 1787. 32—
Just imported in the Jeane, Captain Martin, from Glasgow, by:
Samuel Campbell's
No. 44, Hanover-square, Corner of the Old-Slip, A large Assortment of B O O K S.
Among which are, THE present state of Nova-Scotia, with an account of Canada; Whitaker's vindication of Mary, Queen of Scots, 3 vol. Miss Grenville, a new novel, 3 vol. Maria, or the Generous Ruffian; Alexander's history of women; Bolinbroke's Miscellanies; Blair's Lectures, 3 vol. Sully's Memoirs, 5 vol. Cullen's Practice, 4 vol. New-Edinburgh Dispensary; Smith's Cookery; Martin's Young Gentlemen and Ladies Philosophy, 3 vol. A variety of the best Classics now in use.
S. CAMPBELL has this day published, GULLIVER REVIVED, CONTAINING singular travels, campaigns, voyages and adventures, in Russia, Iceland, Turkey, Egypt, Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean, and on the Atlantic ocean: Also an account of a voyage into the moon, with many extraordinary particulars relative to the cooking animal in that planet, which are here called the human species, by Baron Munchausen; the 4th edition, considerably enlarged.
DR. SPEDIAUR'S PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS on the VENEREAL DISEASE; describing the various symptoms, and method of cure in every different state. The third edition, corrected. Price only five shillings sewed.
N. B. The great demand for this treatise, the account of it giving by the Reviewers, and the large extracts made from it by Dr. Duncan, in his medical commentaries, with the recommendation of several eminent Doctors of this city, has induced the editor to prevent the public with an American edition of the work, printed correctly from the last London edit. and reduced to less than two thirds of the price.
With a great variety of STATIONARY , in particular, pocket-books, ink-holders, paper, blank books, quills, wax, wafers, &c.
N. B. SAMUEL CAMPBELL returns his sincere thanks to his customers, and those who have purchased Books or Stationary at his store, and hopes, by his assiduity and attention in keeping an universal assortment of books, and the reasonable prices he sells at, will insure a further continuance of their favors. The European, Political, Edinburgh, and Scotch MAGAZINES.
Garret Rapalje,
BEGS leave to inform his friends, and the public in general; that he hath opened a commission store, at his former dwelling-house No. 2, on the east side of the Fly-Market, where he receives, and disposes of all sorts of merchandize, upon commission. He has very convenient cellars, and excellent store room for wet or dry goods, and the utmost attention shall be paid to the interest of those who may be pleased to favour him with their business.
He has loan-office certificates to sell; and two negro wenchies, which can be well recommended. New-York, October 10, 1787. 36—
Five Dollars Reward.
STOLEN, on the night of the third instant, out of the house of the subscriber, the following articles, viz. one purple silk gown, two white muslin ditto, two pair of sheets; one old suit of blue and white, curtains; and sundry caps, handkerchiefs, and ruffles. The above reward will be given for the thief and goods, by GARRET RAPALJE.
New-York, Oct. 10, 1787. 36—
New-York RUM,
Of excellent Flavour and good Proof, FOR SALE,
By Charles Tillinghaft,
At the DISTILLERY, near the New-Market, in Cherry-street, and nearest to the Ship-Yards. October 9, 1787. 35—
The CO-PARTNERSHIP of
BREBNER and BROWN, New-York, and JAMES BREBNER and Comp. Kinderhook, is this day dissolved by mutual consent. — All those who have any demands against either of the co-partners are requested to send in their accounts for settlement, and those who are indebted to the above company will please to call and settle the same, otherwise they will be put into the hands of an attorney for collection.
JAMES BREBNER, ANDREW BROWN. New-York, 4th Sept. 1787. 31—
R A G S.
FOR the Encouragement of the PAPER MANUFACTURES in America, the Printer hereof pays CASH, and the highest Price, for LINEN, and COTTON and LINEN, RAGS.
A LARGE quantity of excellent WRAPPING PAPER, to be SOLD by the Printer hereof; superior in quality to, and cheaper than the common brown fort. A L S O,
BLANKS of ALL KINDS.
JUST PUBLISHED, [PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS,] And to be SOLD by
HUGH GAINE,
At his Book-Store and Printing-Office, at the Bible in Hanover-Square;
AN AMERICAN EDITION
OF THE
YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADY'S
M O N I T O R,
AND
ENGLISH TEACHERS ASSISTANT;
BEING
A COLLECTION OF SELECT PIECES from our
Best MODERN WRITERS:
Calculated to eradicate vulgar Prejudices and Ru-
sticity of Manners; improve the Understanding;
rectify the Will; purify the Passions; direct the
Minds of Youth to the Pursuit of proper Ob-
jects; and to facilitate their Reading, Writing,
and Speaking the English Language, with El-
egance and Propriety.
Particularly adapted for the Use of our eminent
Schools and Academies, as well as private Per-
sons, who have not an Opportunity of perusing
the Works of those celebrated Authors, from
whence this Collection is made.
Divided into small Portions for the Ease of read-
ing in Classes.
The FIFTH EDITION.
By J. HAMILTON MOORE,
Author of the PRACTICAL NAVIGATOR and
SEAMAN'S NEW DAILY ASSISTANT.
To which is added,
AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING,
SPEECH of Romulus, On Happiness.
after founding Rome. Speech of Adam to Eve.
Speech of Quintus Cincinnatus. Soliloquy and Prayer of
Caius Marius to the Romans. Edward the Black
Demosthenes to the Athenians. Prince, before the Bat-
The Perfect Speaker. Invocation to Paradise
On the Duties of School- The Hermit, by Doctor
boys, from the pious Beattie.
Hymns and Prayers. Compassion.
Character of Man. Advantages of Peace.
Winter. The Progress of Life.
Douglas's Account of Speeches in the Roman
himself. Senate.
Douglas's Account how Cato's Soliloquy on the
he learned the Art of Immortality of the Soul.
War. Hamlet's Meditation on
Baucis and Philemon. Death.
SELECT PASSAGES from DRAMATIC WRITERS
JOY, — Distressed Mother.
Grief, — Distressed Mother.
Pity, — Venice Preserved.
Fear, — Lear.
Awe and Fear, — Mourning Bride.
Horror, — Scanderbeg.
Anger, — Lear.
Execution, — Venice Preserved.
Revenge, — Merchant of Venice.
Admiration, — Merchant of Venice.
Haughtiness, — Tamerlane.
Contempt, — Fair Penitent.
Resignation, — Jane Shore.
Impatience, — Valpone.
Melancholy, — Fair Penitent.
Remorse & Despair, — Othello.
Distraction, — Jane Shore.
Gratitude, — Fair Penitent.
Integrity, — Jane Shore.
Commanding, — Rinaldo and Armida.
Courage, — Alfred.
Boasting, — Every Man in his Humor.
Perplexity, — Tamerlane & Sigismunda.
Suspicion, — Julius Cæsar.
Wit and Humour, — 2d Part Henry the IVth.
Perturbation, — Lear.
By Order of STEPHEN WARD, Esquire, First
Judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas
for the County of Westchester.
NOTICE is hereby given to
WILLIAM BROWN, now or late of the
township of Bedford, in the county of Westchester,
and all others whom it may concern; that on ap-
plication and due proof made, the said justice, pur-
suant to the directions of one certain act of the le-
gislature of the state of New-York, in such case
lately made and provided, entitled, "An act for
relief against absconding and absent debtors," has
issued his warrant to the sheriff of the county of
Westchester, commanding him to attach, seize, and
safely keep, all the estate, both real and personal, of
the said William Brown, an absconding or con-
cealed debtor; and that unless the said William
Brown, shall in three months, from the date hereof,
return and discharge his debts, all his estate, both
real and personal, will be sold for the payment and
satisfaction of his creditors.
STEPHEN WARD.
Dated this 28th day of July, 1787. 26—38
S H R U B,
Of the very best Quality, by the Hoghead, Bar-
rel, or smaller Quantity,
FOR SALE, by
Charles Tillinghaft,
At his House, nearly opposite the New-Market,
in Cherry-street.
October 3, 1787. 35—
N O T I C E.
IN CHANCERY. PURSUANT to a de-
Michael Price and Jacob crec of the honorable
Dennis, Executors of the court of chancery for the
of the last will and testa- said state, made the fif-
ment of Edward Price, teenth day of August 1787,
deceased, complainants vs.
Catharine Everith, Tho- ate in Brooklyn, and in
mas Everith, Richard King's county, on Long-
Everith, Abraham Al- Island, on Saturday the
berts, and Jane his 10th day of November
wife, and Hannah next, at ten o'clock in the
Poff, defendants. forenoon of the same day,
all that certain LOT OF GROUND, and premises
thereto belonging, situate lying and being at Brook-
lyn Ferry, bounded and situated as follows, to wit:
beginning on the south west corner of a certain
rock, and from said rock with a south easterly line
along a fence, the corner post of said fence eighty-
two feet and an half, and from thence with a north
west line along the fence and barn, with a straight
line to the slaughter-house, now or late of Israel
Horsfield, at a place marked H. S. and from said
mark south westerly along the said slaughter-house,
two feet, and from said place with a north west
line to a certain stone seventy feet, all English
measure, and from thence with a south easterly
line into the hill to the place where it first began;
bounded south west, south east, and north easterly,
by the land now or late of said Israel Horsfield,
and north westerly by the river, as the said premi-
ses are mentioned and described in the bill of com-
plaint of the said complainants.
Conveyances for the above premises will be
executed by the subscriber, and delivered to the
purchaser on the payment of the purchase money.
JAMES M. HUGHES,
Master in Chancery.
33—40
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's
Chambers, in the City of New-York, the tenth day of
March, one Thousand seven Hundred and Eighty-six.
P R E S E N T,
The Hon. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, Esq.
CHANCELLOR.
IN CHANCERY. FORASMUCH as it
Augustus Van Cortlandt, appeared to this court
Complainant, that a suit hath been com-
vs. menced herein, by Augus-
Jacob Milligan, tus Van Cortlandt, mort-
Defendant. gagee, against Jacob Mil-
ligan, heir at law of John Milligan, mortgagor;
whereupon process of subpoena to answer, hath been
duly issued and returned, and the said mortgagor
hath not caused his appearance to be entered, as ac-
cording to the rules of this court the same ought
to have been entered in case the said process had

WHEN the public is called to investigate and decide upon a question in which not only the present members of the community are deeply interested, but upon which the happiness and misery of generations yet unborn is in great measure suspended, the benevolent mind cannot help feeling itself peculiarly interested in the result.
In this situation, I trust the feeble efforts of an individual, to lead the minds of the people to a wise and prudent determination, cannot fail of being acceptable to the candid and dispassionate part of the community. Encouraged by this consideration, I have been induced to offer my thoughts upon the present important crisis of our public affairs.
Perhaps this country never saw so critical a period in their political concerns. We have felt the feebleness of the ties by which the thirteen United States are held together, and the want of sufficient energy in our present confederation, to manage, in some instances, our general concerns. Various expedients have been proposed to remedy these evils, but none have succeeded. At length a Convention of the states has been assembled, they have formed a constitution which will now, probably, be submitted to the people to ratify or reject, who are the fountain of all power, to whom alone it of right belongs to make or unmake constitutions, or forms of government, at their pleasure. The most important question that was ever proposed to your decision, or to the decision of any people under heaven, is before you, and you are to decide upon it by men of your own election, chosen specially for this purpose. If the constitution, offered to your acceptance, be a wise one, calculated to preserve the inalienable blessings of liberty, to secure the inestimable rights of mankind, and promote human happiness, then, if you accept it, you will lay a lasting foundation of happiness for millions yet unborn; generations to come will rise up and call you blessed. You may rejoice in the prospects of this vast extended continent becoming filled with freemen, who will assert the dignity of human nature. You may solace yourselves with the idea, that society, in this favoured land, will fall advance to the highest point of perfection; the human mind will expand in knowledge and virtue, and the golden age be, in some measure, realised. But if, on the other hand, this form of government contains principles that will lead to the subversion of liberty—if it tends to establish a despotism, or, what is worse, a tyrannic aristocracy; then, if you adopt it, this only remaining asylum for liberty will be shut up, and perishing will execrate your memory.
Momentous then is the question you have to determine, and you are called upon by every motive which should influence a noble and virtuous mind, to examine it well, and to make up a wise judgment. It is insisted, indeed, that this constitution must be received, be it ever so imperfect. If it has its defects, it is said, they can be best amended when they are experienced. But remember, when the people once part with power, they can seldom or never resume it again but by force. Many instances can be produced in which the people have voluntarily increased the powers of their rulers; but few, if any, in which rulers have willingly abridged their authority. This is a sufficient reason to induce you to be careful, in the first instance, how you deposit the powers of government.
With these few introductory remarks, I shall proceed to a consideration of this constitution.
The first question that presents itself on the subject is, whether a confederated government be the best for the United States or not? Or in other words, whether the thirteen United States should be reduced to one great republic, governed by one legislature, and under the direction of one executive and judicial; or whether they should continue thirteen confederated republics, under the direction and control of a supreme federal head for certain defined national purposes only?
This enquiry is important, because, although the government reported by the convention does not go to a perfect and entire consolidation, yet it approaches so near to it, that it must, if executed, certainly and infallibly terminate in it.
This government is to possess absolute and uncontrollable power, legislative, executive and judicial, with respect to every object to which it extends; for by the last clause of section 8th, article 1st, it is declared "that the Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution, in the government of the United States; or in any department or office thereof." And by the 6th article, it is declared "that this constitution, and the laws of the United States, which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and the treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution, or law of any state to the contrary notwithstanding." It appears from these articles that there is no need of any intervention of the state governments, between the Congress and the people, to execute any one power vested in the general government, and that the constitution and laws of every state are nullified and declared void, so far as they are or shall be inconsistent with this constitution, or the laws made in pursuance of it, or with treaties made under the authority of the United States. The government then, so far as it extends, is a complete one, and not a confederation. It is as much one complete government as that of New-York or Massachusetts, has as absolute and perfect powers to make and execute all laws, to appoint officers, institute courts, declare offences, and annex penalties, with respect to every object to which it extends, as any other in the world. So far therefore as its powers reach, all ideas of confederation are given up and lost. It is true this government is limited to certain objects, or to speak more properly, some small degree of power is still left to the states, but a little attention to the powers vested in the general government, will convince every candid man, that if it is capable of being executed, all that is reserved for the individual states must very soon be annihilated, except so far as they are barely necessary to the organization of the general government. The powers of the ge-
neral legislature extend to every case that is of the least importance—there is nothing valuable to human nature, nothing dear to freemen, but what is within its power. It has authority to make laws which will affect the lives, the liberty, and property of every man in the United States; nor can the constitution or laws of any state, in any way prevent or impede the full and complete execution of every power given. The legislative power is competent to lay taxes, duties, imposts, and excises;—there is no limitation to this power, unless it be said that the clause which directs the use to which those taxes, and duties shall be applied, may be said to be a limitation: but this is no restriction of the power at all, for by this clause they are to be applied to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but the legislature have authority to contract debts at their discretion; they are the sole judges of what is necessary to provide for the common defence, and they only are to determine what is for the general welfare: this power therefore is neither more nor less, than a power to lay and collect taxes, imposts, and excises, at their pleasure; not only the power to lay taxes unlimited, as to the amount they may require, but it is perfect and absolute to raise them in any mode they please. No state legislature, or any power in the state governments, have any more to do in carrying this into effect, than the authority of one state has to do with that of another. In the business therefore of laying and collecting taxes, the idea of confederation is totally lost, and that of one entire republic is embraced. It is proper here to remark, that the authority to lay and collect taxes is the most important of any power that can be granted; it connects with it almost all other powers, or at least will in process of time draw all other after it; it is the great mean of protection, security, and defence, in a good government, and the great engine of oppression and tyranny in a bad one. This cannot fail of being the case, if we consider the contracted limits which are set by this constitution, to the late governments, on this article of raising money. No state can emit paper money—lay any duties, or imposts, on imports, or exports, but by consent of the Congress; and then the net produce shall be for the benefit of the United States; the only means therefore left, for any state to support its government and discharge its debts, is by direct taxation; and the United States have also power to lay and collect taxes, in any way they please. Every one who has thought on the subject, must be convinced that but small sums of money can be collected in any country, by direct tax, when the federal government begins to exercise the right of taxation in all its parts, the legislatures of the several states will find it impossible to raise monies to support their governments. Without money they cannot be supported, and they must dwindle away, and, as before observed, their powers absorbed in that of the general government.
It might be here shewn, that the power in the federal legislature, to raise and support armies at pleasure, as well in peace as in war, and their control over the militia, tend, not only to a consolidation of the government, but the destruction of liberty.—I shall not, however, dwell upon this, as a few observations upon the judicial power of this government, in addition to the preceding, will fully evince the truth of the position.
The judicial power of the United States is to be vested in a supreme court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may, from time to time ordain and establish. The powers of these courts are very extensive; their jurisdiction comprehends all civil causes, except such as arise between citizens of the same state; and it extends to all cases in law and equity arising under the constitution. One inferior court must be established, I presume, in each state, at least, with the necessary executive officers appendant thereto. It is easy to see, that in the common course of things, these courts will eclipse the dignity, and take away from the respectability, of the state courts. These courts will be, in themselves, totally independent of the states, deriving their authority from the United States, and receiving from them fixed salaries; and in the course of human events it is to be expected, that they will swallow up all the powers of the courts in the respective states.
How far the clause in the 8th section of the 1st article may operate to do away all idea of confederated states, and to effect an entire consolidation of the whole into one general government, it is impossible to say. The powers given by this article are very general and comprehensive, and it may receive a construction to justify the passing almost any law. A power to make all laws, which shall be necessary and proper, for carrying into execution, all powers vested by the constitution in the government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof, is a power very comprehensive and definite, and may, for ought I know, be exercised in such manner as entirely to abolish the state legislatures. Suppose the legislature of a state should pass a law to raise money to support their government and pay the state debt, may the Congress repeal this law, because it may prevent the collection of a tax which they may think proper and necessary to lay, to provide for the general welfare of the United States? For all laws made, in pursuance of this constitution, are the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of the different states to the contrary notwithstanding.—By such a law, the government of a particular state might be overturned at one stroke, and thereby be deprived of every means of its support.
It is not meant, by stating this case, to insinuate that the constitution would warrant a law of this kind; or unnecessarily to alarm the fears of the people, by suggesting, that the federal legislature would be more likely to pass the limits assigned them by the constitution, than that of an individual state, further than they are less responsible to the people. But what is meant is, that the legislature of the United States are vested with the great and uncontrollable powers, of laying and collecting taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; of regulating trade, raising and supporting armies, organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, instituting courts, and other general powers. And are by this clause invested with the power of making all laws, proper and necessary, for carrying all these into execution; and they may so exercise this power as entirely to annihilate all the state governments, and reduce this country to one single government. And if they may do it, it is pretty certain they will; for it will be found that the
power retained by individual states, small as it is, will be a clog upon the wheels of the government of the United States; the latter therefore will be naturally inclined to remove it out of the way. Besides, it is a truth confirmed by the unerring experience of ages, that every man, and every body of men, invested with power, are ever disposed to increase it, and to acquire a superiority over every thing that stands in their way. This disposition, which is implanted in human nature, will operate in the federal legislature to lessen and ultimately to subvert the state authority, and having such advantages, will most certainly succeed, if the federal government succeeds at all. It must be very evident then, that what this constitution wants of being a complete consolidation of the several parts of the union into one complete government, possessed of perfect legislative, judicial, and executive powers, to all intents and purposes, it will necessarily acquire in its exercise and operation.
Let us now proceed to enquire, as I at first proposed, whether it be best the thirteen United States should be reduced to one great republic, or not? It is here taken for granted, that all agree in this, that whatever government we adopt, it ought to be a free one; that it should be so framed as to secure the liberty of the citizens of America, and such an one as to admit of a full, fair, and equal representation of the people. The question then will be, whether a government thus constituted, and founded on such principles, is practicable, and can be exercised over the whole United States, reduced into one state?
If respect be paid to the opinion of the greatest and wisest men who have ever thought or wrote on the science of government, we shall be constrained to conclude, that a free republic cannot succeed over a country of such immense extent, containing such a number of inhabitants, and these increasing in such rapid progression as that of the whole United States. Among the many illustrious authorities which might be produced to this point, I shall content myself with quoting only two. The one is the baron de Montesquieu, spirit of laws, chap. xvi. vol. 1. "It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory; otherwise it cannot long subsist. In a large republic there are men of large fortunes, and consequently of less moderation; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject; he has interest of his own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country. In a large republic, the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views; it is subordinate to exceptions, and depends on accidents. In a small one, the interest of the public is easier perceived, better understood, and more within the reach of every citizen; abuses are of less extent, and of course are less protected." Of the same opinion is the marquis Beccaria.
History furnishes no example of a free republic, any thing like the extent of the United States. The Grecian republics were of small extent; so also was that of the Romans. Both of these, it is true, in process of time, extended their conquests over large territories of country; and the consequence was, that their governments were changed from that of free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world.
Not only the opinion of the greatest men, and the experience of mankind, are against the idea of an extensive republic, but a variety of reasons may be drawn from the reason and nature of things, against it. In every government, the will of the sovereign is the law. In despotic governments, the supreme authority, being lodged in one, his will is law, and can be as easily expressed to a large extensive territory as to a small one. In a pure democracy the people are the sovereign, and their will is declared by themselves; for this purpose they must all come together to deliberate, and decide. This kind of government cannot be exercised, therefore, over a country of any considerable extent; it must be confined to a single city, or at least limited to such bounds as that the people can conveniently assemble, be able to debate, understand the subject submitted to them, and declare their opinion concerning it.
In a free republic, although all laws are derived from the consent of the people, yet the people do not declare their consent by themselves in person, but by representatives, chosen by them, who are supposed to know the minds of their constituents, and to be possessed of integrity to declare their mind.
In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconvenience of a democratic government.
The territory of the United States is of vast extent; it now contains near three millions of souls, and is capable of containing much more than ten times that number. Is it practicable for a country, so large and so numerous as they will soon become, to elect a representation, that will speak their sentiments, without their becoming so numerous as to be incapable of transacting public business? It certainly is not.
In a republic, the manners, sentiments, and interests of the people should be similar. If this be not the case, there will be a constant clashing of opinions; and the representatives of one part will be continually striving against those of the other. This will retard the operations of government, and prevent such conclusions as will promote the public good. If we apply this remark to the condition of the United States, we shall be convinced that it forbids that we should be one government. The United States includes a variety of climates. The productions of the different parts of the union are very variant, and their interests, of consequence, diverse. Their manners and habits differ as much as their climates and productions; and their sentiments are by no means coincident. The laws and
customs of the several states are, in many respects, very diverse, and in some opposite; each would be in favor of its own interests and customs, and, of consequence, a legislature, formed of representatives from the respective parts, would not only be too numerous to act with any care or decision, but would be composed of such heterogeneous and discordant principles, as would constantly be contending with each other.
The laws cannot be executed in a republic, of an extent equal to that of the United States, with promptitude.
The magistrates in every government must be supported in the execution of the laws, either by an armed force, maintained at the public expense for that purpose; or by the people turning out to aid the magistrate upon his command, in case of resistance.
In despotic governments, as well as in all the monarchies of Europe, standing armies are kept up to execute the commands of the prince or the magistrate, and are employed for this purpose when occasion requires: But they have always proved the destruction of liberty, and are abhorrent to the spirit of a free republic. In England, where they depend upon the parliament for their annual support, they have always been complained of as oppressive and unconstitutional, and are seldom employed in executing of the laws; never except on extraordinary occasions, and then under the direction of a civil magistrate.
A free republic will never keep a standing army to execute its laws. It must depend upon the support of its citizens. But when a government is to receive its support from the aid of the citizens, it must be so constructed as to have the confidence, respect, and affection of the people. Men who, upon the call of the magistrate, offer themselves to execute the laws, are influenced to do it either by affection to the government, or from fear; where a standing army is at hand to punish offenders, every man is actuated by the latter principle, and therefore, when the magistrate calls, will obey: but, where this is not the case, the government must rest for its support upon the confidence and respect which the people have for their government and laws. The body of the people being attached, the government will always be sufficient to support and execute its laws, and to operate upon the fears of any faction which may be opposed to it, not only to prevent an opposition to the execution of the laws themselves, but also to compel the most of them to aid the magistrate; but the people will not be likely to have such confidence in their rulers, in a republic so extensive as the United States, as necessary for these purposes. The confidence which the people have in their rulers, in a free republic, arises from their knowing them, from their being responsible to them for their conduct, and from the power they have of displacing them when they misbehave: but in a republic of the extent of this continent, the people in general would be acquainted with very few of their rulers: the people at large would know little of their proceedings, and it would be extremely difficult to change them. The people, in Georgia and New-Hampshire would not know one another's mind, and therefore could not act in concert to enable them to effect a general change of representatives. The different parts of so extensive a country could not possibly be made acquainted with the conduct of their representatives, nor be informed of the reasons upon which measures were founded. The consequence will be, they will have no confidence in their legislature, suspect them of ambitious views, be jealous of every measure they adopt, and will not support the laws they pass. Hence the government will be nerveless and inefficient, and no way will be left to render it otherwise, but by establishing an armed force to execute the laws at the point of the bayonet—a government of all others the most to be dreaded.
In a republic of such vast extent as the United States, the legislature cannot attend to the various concerns and wants of its different parts. It cannot be sufficiently numerous to be acquainted with the local condition and wants of the different districts, and if it could, it is impossible it should have sufficient time to attend to and provide for all the variety of cases of this nature, that would be continually arising.
In so extensive a republic, the great officers of government would soon become above the control of the people, and abuse their power to the purpose of aggrandizing themselves, and oppressing them. The trust committed to the executive officers, in a country of the extent of the United States, must be various and of magnitude. The command of all the troops and navy of the republic, the appointment of officers, the power of pardoning offences, the collecting of all the public revenues, and the power of expending them, with a number of other powers, must be lodged and exercised in every state, in the hands of a few. When these are attended with great honor and emolument, as they always will be in large states, so as greatly to interest men to pursue them, and to be proper objects for ambitious and designing men, such men will be ever restless in their pursuit after them. They will use the power, when they have acquired it, to the purposes of gratifying their own interest and ambition, and it is scarcely possible, in a very large republic, to call them to account for their misconduct, or to prevent their abuse of power.
These are some of the reasons by which it appears, that a free republic cannot long subsist over a country of the great extent of these states. If then this new constitution is calculated to consolidate the thirteen states into one, as it evidently is, it ought not to be adopted.
Though I am of opinion, that it is a sufficient objection to this government, to reject it, that it creates the whole union into one government, der the form of a republic, yet if this objection was obviated, there are exceptions to it, which are so material and fundamental, that they ought to determine every man, who is a friend to the liberty and happiness of mankind, not to adopt it. I beg the candid and dispassionate attention of my countrymen while I state these objections—they are such as have obturated themselves upon my mind upon a careful attention to the matter, and such as I sincerely believe are well founded. There are many objections, of small moment, of which I shall take no notice—perfection is not to be expected in any thing that is the production of man—and if I did not in my conscience believe that this theme was defective in the fundamental principles—in the foundation upon which a free and equal government must rest—I would hold my peace.

WHAT makes you laugh so immoderately, said I to my eldest daughter, Lavinia, who sat at the farther end of the room giggling over a scrap of paper, which she held in her hand. I cannot help it papa, says she, whenever I read this pedantic letter, sent to me this morning, by my coxcomical sweetheart, Oliver Switcher, the school-master. Please to listen to a part of it, and then forbear if you can, with all your gravity.
"Celestial and most archangelic Fair One, If it were possible, that in benediction consideration of the extreme favour, the preternatural equableness of the sublimest passion that ever invaded mortal heart with its energetic force—were it possible I say, from this or other condescending motives, actuating and influencing the breast of the most resplendent emblem of the spherical luminations, and that she would graciously vouchsafe to admit a comparative nonentity amongst her multiplied vassals—how readily would I encounter the most lethiferous tornadoes, and undergo a quintilian of labours, exceeding, and infinitely surpassing those performed by the justly celebrated, but comparatively languid and inanimate Hercules, for your amiable sake." Did you ever in your life papa meet with nonsense to be compared with this?
Yes my dear, replied I, shewing her a letter I had just received, from Don Lingo Sporus Trumpeter; here is a morsel of obumbratory full as laughable as yours.
You know Tom S**t I suppose? Very well papa, he and Oliver belong to the same club.
And so does Lingo I suppose my dear, said I, for his stile and manner of composition are so nearly similar to Tom S**t's that to prevent mistakes he wisely tells me Tom is out of town.
Don Trumpeter has pitted himself as Tom's champion, and has availed himself of Tom's usual method of cloaking ignorance in pomp, and obscuring a plain subject with unintelligible jargon. Thus it is that Tom passes amongst the undeceiving for a man of mysterious knowledge and profound research.
To this invulnerable character (says our homobalic hero) the state and the union at large owe some weighty obligations."
That is very true cries Lavinia, the state owes him many obligations for discovering that horrid plot of George Steward, which but for Tom S**t would have remained a profound secret to this day; nay, perhaps it would never have been found out at all, had not Tom's patriotic desire of "advancing the national interest, and throwing light on political controversy," led him to unfold the whole conspiracy to the public eye. Don't interrupt me child, said I, for you make me skip, thus he goes on.
"Is it honest to torture his able well intended, and patriotic exertions to subserve the common interest of this young Empire into a disposition hostile to liberty, and promotive of his own personal aggrandizement.—Has any act of his military profession or political career been substantiated by credible or avowed testimony as a deviation from the nicest rectitude."
Papa, says Lavinia, shall I fetch the dictionary? No my dear it is not worth while, for you would be no gainer were you mistress of all these hard words, which our artist has selected to make his flimsy materials hang together; but to proceed,
"What avail the late Synonymous, and miserable Epedients to violate his fame? what triumph have the Libels so plenteously disgorged obtained in the eyes of the generous and independant part of the community whose object was not less weak than flagitious.—What has it profited those rascals in scandal, and retailers of unrighteousness, whether the poison was prepared by Sporus at court or Jeppet from a jail, while our state empiric, Tom S**t, can send an antidote along with it. I am but the echo of the general approbation of his professional and political conduct; had he been present I should have been silent."
What a crack'd brain performance this is! exclaimed Lavinia in a burst of laughter, what a pity it is that Tom S**t is out of the way, I really think he would have managed the subject better; but good foul, he is out of town acquiring honourable popularity by his important discoveries!—may hap he is gone to Baltimore, endeavouring to find out those jail Jephers, who wrote the incendiary letters which so terrified all the old women!
My dear, said I, whenever Tom makes a meritorious discovery, I shall be one of the first to applaud him for it.
The Editor, having been obliged to omit a number of Pieces, &c. last week—and from a further consideration, of the expediency, in a free and independent country, of transmitting to the public cool and well written discussions on both sides of a subject that is closely connected with that freedom and independence—has judged it his duty, this week, to present his generous patrons, and the public, with a JOURNAL EXTRAORDINARY.—It was his intention to have subjoined to the Centinel the Address of Mr. WILSON, to his fellow citizens assembled at Philadelphia, which was intended as a refutation to the objections of the Centinel (and other writers) to the federal constitution—but, as a REPLY to Mr. WILSON is expected, it was thought best that they should both be inserted together in the same paper.—Fortunately there is a dearth of news this week—for the few paragraphs prepared for this paper have also given place to more important political animadversions.
CENTINEL, CÆSAR, RESOLVE of CONGRESS, of the 11th inst. SIDNEY, &c. see Journal Extraordinary.
A few of the Annual Commencement SERMONS, delivered by JOHN WITHERSPOON, D. D. L. L. D. President of the College of New-Jersey; together with the Address to the Senior Class; to be had at ROBERT HODGE's Store, No. 237, Queen-street.
New-York, October 4, 1787. 35
Tuesday last, Congress appointed the hon. Samuel Holden Parsons, John Armstrong, jun. and James M. Varnum, esquires, to be judges in the western territory of the United States.
On Sunday evening last was married, JAMES NEILSON, esquire, of Dominica, to Miss POLLY AUDIBERT, daughter of Philip Audibert, esq. of this city.
Should any errors, in this day's Journal, escape the corrector's eye, the reader will kindly attribute it rather to haste than negligence.
New-York Air Furnace.
PETER T. CURTENIUS, & Co. HAVE repaired the New-York Air Furnace, and have procured the best workmen, together with the necessary apparatus to carry on the Manufactory of Cast Iron in the completest and best manner.
Casings made in an Air Furnace, are allowed by all who are acquainted with the nature of Foundries, to be better than what is made in a Blast Furnace; because, in an Air Furnace the wire is made out of the softest and best Pig Metal, and, by its being melted a second time, the scoria, or dross, is expelled, and nothing but the pure Metal remains. In a blast Furnace, the Casings are made out of the first melting of the crude Ore, and are more or less mixed with dross, which subjects the ware to be rough and spongy, and often full of cold shuts: the difference, in short, is nearly the same as that between refined and Bloomery Iron.—The ware they have made is allowed, by good judges to be as light, as smooth, and as good as any imported from Europe. This consideration alone, of the ware being as good as the foreign, is a sufficient inducement for an American, to give the preference to the manufactures of his own country; but a more powerful argument for the purchaser to give it a preference is, that it can be afforded (and will be sold) cheaper than the imported ware, all foreign casings being subject to a duty of six per cent. on importation.
The WARE, manufactured at this FURNACE, consists of the following Articles, viz.
  POTS and Kettles of various sizes, from one to fifteen gallons,  Ships Cabouces of the new construction,    Tea Kettles,  with bake ovens in them, in which the same fire that roasts and boils the meat, bakes the bread,    Pye Pans,  Mill Rounds and Gudgeons,    Skillets,  Saw-Mill Cranks,    Griddles,  Calcining Plates for making pearl-ashes,    Pot-Ash Kettles and Coolers,  Cast Iron Screws for fulling and paper-mills,    Whaling Kettles,  Fullers Plates cast to any size that may be wanted,    Boilers for tallow-chandlers and sugar-works,  Sash-Weights,    Stoves for sugar-bakers,  Forge-Hammers and Anvils,    Mill-Cafes,  Plow Plates,    Cast Bars for sugar-works and distilleries,  Half-Hundreds,    Rollers and Shears for flitting-mills,  Quarters,    Hearth and Jam Plates, cast agreeable to any pattern that may be sent;  Fourteen and seven Pound Weights,    Close Stoves for workshops,  Cart, Waggon, Coach, Phaeton, Chair, and Sulkey Boxes, &c. &c.    Franklin Stoves neatly decorated with carved work,  N. B. Persons who want any Backs or other Ware, cast agreeable to particular patterns, will please to send their patterns and orders to the FURNACE, near Mr. Atlee's Brewery, or leave them at the house of Peter T. Curtenius, No. 48, Great Dock-street, near the Exchange.    Bath Stove-Grates elegantly ornamented with carvings,  New-York, October 18, 1787. 37-42  
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the City of New-York, the tenth Day of October, in the Year of our Lord one Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-seven.
P R E S E N T, The Hon. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, Esq. Chancellor.
IN CHANCERY. FORASMUCH as it appears to this court, that a bill has been filed therein by Dirck Lefferts, Complainant, vs. Abel Jennings, George Wakeman, Daniel Campbell, and others, Defendants. mortgagees, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned to have been mortgaged by the defendants to the said Dirck Lefferts, whereupon process of subpoena to appear, and answer, hath been duly issued and returned; and that the said Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, have not entered their appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this court the same ought to have been entered, in case the said process had been duly served; and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this court, that the said defendants, Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, have withdrawn themselves out of this state, and cannot upon due enquiry be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process, which issued on the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause; wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainant, that the said Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, appear to the said bill on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainants said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns them the said Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof as to this court shall appear just and right; and it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within twenty days from the date hereof, be inserted in, at least, two of the public newspapers printed in the state of New-York, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the Minutes, W. COCK, Register.
A few Copies of the FEDERAL CONSTITUTION, in Pamphlets, with the Resolve of Congress annexed, to be had of the Printer hereof.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the City of New-York, the tenth Day of October, in the Year of our Lord one Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-seven.
P R E S E N T, The Hon. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, Esq. Chancellor.
IN CHANCERY. FORASMUCH as it appears to this court, that a bill has been filed therein by Dirck Lefferts, Complainant, vs. Stephen Tuttle, and Philip Van Renselaer, Defendants. mortgagees, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned to have been mortgaged by the said defendants, Stephen Tuttle and Philip Van Renselaer, to the said Dirck Lefferts; whereupon process of subpoena to appear, and answer, hath been duly issued and returned, and that the said Stephen Tuttle hath not entered his appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this court the same ought to have been entered, in case the said process had been duly served on him the said Stephen Tuttle; and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this court, that the said defendant, Stephen Tuttle, has withdrawn himself out of this state, and cannot upon due enquiry be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process, which issued on the filing of the said bill of complaint in this cause; wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainant, that the said Stephen Tuttle appear to the said bill on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainants said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns him the said Stephen Tuttle, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof as to this court shall appear just and right; and it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within twenty days from the date hereof, be inserted in, at least, two of the public newspapers printed in this state, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the Minutes, W. COCK, Register.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the City of New-York, the tenth Day of October, in the Year of our Lord one Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-seven.
P R E S E N T, The Hon. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, Esq. Chancellor.
IN CHANCERY. FORASMUCH as it appears to this court, that a bill has been filed therein by Dirck Lefferts, and Gerard G. Beekman, Complainants, vs. James Atlee, Defendant. mortgagees, against James Atlee, mortgagee, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned, to have been mortgaged by the said defendant, James Atlee, to the said Dirck Lefferts, and Gerard G. Beekman; whereupon process of subpoena to appear and answer hath been duly issued and returned; and that the said James Atlee, hath not entered his appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this court the same ought to have been entered, in case the said process had been duly served; and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this court, that the said defendant, James Atlee, hath withdrawn out of this state, and cannot upon due enquiry be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process which issued on the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause; wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainants, that the said James Atlee appear to the said bill on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainants said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns him the said James Atlee, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof as to this court shall appear just and right; and it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within twenty days from the date hereof, be inserted in, at least, two of the public newspapers printed in this state, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the Minutes, W. COCK, Register.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the City of New-York, the tenth Day of October, in the Year of our Lord one Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-seven.
P R E S E N T, The Hon. ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, Esq. Chancellor.
IN CHANCERY. FORASMUCH as it appears to this court, that a bill has been filed therein by Dirck Lefferts, and Gerard G. Beekman, Complainants, vs. Andrew Liddle, and Jonathan Filer, Defendants. mortgagees, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned to have been mortgaged by the said Andrew Liddle, to the said Dirck Lefferts and Gerard G. Beekman, whereupon process of subpoena to appear, and answer, hath been duly issued and returned, and that the said defendant, Andrew Liddle, hath not entered his appearance in this suit, according to the rules of this court the same ought to have been entered, in case the said process had been duly served on him, the said Andrew Liddle; and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this court, that the said defendant, Andrew Liddle, hath withdrawn himself out of this state, and cannot upon due enquiry be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process, which issued on the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause; wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainants, that the said Andrew Liddle appear to the said bill on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainants said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns him the said Andrew Liddle, to the end, that a decree may be made for the sale of the said premises, or such part thereof as to this court shall appear just and right; and it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within twenty days from the date hereof, be inserted in, at least, two of the public newspapers printed in this state, for the term of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the Minutes, W. COCK, Register.
ENTERTAINMENT.
On Friday Evening, the 19th of Oct. 1787, At Major Pendleton's Commodious Room, No. 32, Water-street, near Peck-Ship, Will be performed,
A MEDLEY of Theatrical Entertainments,
Consisting of Prologues, Epilogues, Music, and
S I N G I N G, With an INTERLUDE (by desire) called The Devil on Two Sticks.
By a Performer from the Real American Company of Comedians.
TICKETS Three Shillings each may be had at the Place of Performance, and of the Printer hereof.
The Performance will begin precisely at Seven o'Clock. VIVAT RES PUBLICA.
Craigie, Wainwright, & Co. DRUGGISTS,
No. 37, Wall-Street, Corner of Hanover-Square, Have imported in the last SHIPS from Europe,
A General Assortment of DRUGS, MEDICINE, and
SURGEON'S INSTRUMENTS, which they will dispose of on very reasonable terms, for Cash, Bees-Wax, Snake-Root, Pot or Pearl-Ashe.
The following are Part of their Assortment;
  Genuine red Peruvian Bark,  Glauber Salts,    Peruvian Bark,  Opium,    Campbor,  Spanish Flies,    Calomel,  Manna,    Antimony,  Aloes,    Cream of Tartar,  Aqua Fortis,    Flower of Sulphur,  Borax,    Tartar Emetic,  Gentian Root,    Ippacuanha,  Flowers of Lavender,    Jalap, Rhabarb,  Flowers of Camomile,     Senna, &c.  
Surgeons Instruments.
  Pocket Instruments,  Lythotomical ditto,    Dissecting Knives,  Cupping ditto,    Crooked Needles,  Lint,    Teeth Instruments,  Tow,    Lancets,  Sponge,    Mortars, and Pestles,  Pill Boxes,    Spatulas and Bolus  Phials,    Knives,  Gallipots, &c.    Amputating Instru-     ments.   
At the same place may be had, a great variety of Genuine PATENT MEDICINE.
Practitioners and Country Store-keepers may depend upon being well supplied at the above Store.
Medicine chests for shipping, plantations, or iron works, with directions suited to the disorders of the country, are made up on the lowest terms.
SALT-PETRE,
Very low, by the hundred, to be had at the above
STORE. 37
Just imported from AMSTERDAM, And FOR SALE,
By Jacob Le Roy, & Sons,
No. 52, Queen-Street, opposite Chapple-Street,
RUSSIA Duck, Hard and soft Wall-
Russia Sheeting, Irons,
Oznaburghs and Skates,
Ticklenburghs, Iron Pots and Kettles,
Writing-Paper, Dutch Gin in cases,
Pepper in large and Ditto in chests, of forty
small bales, gallons,
Copper Tea-Kettles, Powder in quarter-casks,
Riveted Spoons, A quantity of coarse
Frying-Pans, long and Salt.
short handles, Oct. 18, 1787. 37-40
The public are respectfully informed, that the Northern line of Stages, from the date hereof, and during the winter season, will start from Mr. David Osburn's, No. 138, Water-street, near Peck-Ship, on Mondays and Thursdays, and from Lewis's tavern, in Albany, on the same days, precisely at four o'clock in the morning.—The stages will be three days in performing their tour, during the fall and winter seasons. In order to render the journey of those who please to favor the proprietors with their custom, as agreeable as possible—the price will be four-pence per mile, per passenger, each of whom will be allowed fourteen pounds of baggage.
New-York, October 18, 1787. 37
NOTICE is hereby given to all persons indebted to PETER BERRIAN, of the city of New-York, an insolvent debtor, that unless they make immediate payment to the subscriber, assignee of the estate of the aforesaid Peter Berrian, their accounts will be put into the hands of an attorney; and all persons having claims against the said Peter Berrian, previous to his discharge, under the act of insolvency, are required immediately to present their accounts, properly attested, to PETER BERRIAN, or to JOHN LOVETT, Assignee.
New-York, October 16, 1787. 37-40
NOTICE is hereby given to all persons indebted to THOMAS WHITE, of the city of New-York, an insolvent debtor, that unless they make immediate payment to the subscriber, assignee of the estate of the aforesaid Thomas White, their accounts will be put into the hands of an attorney; and all persons having claims against the said Thomas White, previous to his discharge, under the act of insolvency, are required immediately to present their accounts, properly attested, to Thomas White, or to JOHN LOVETT, Assignee.
New-York, October 16, 1787. 37-40
NOTICE is hereby given to all persons indebted to JAMES MYER, jun. of the city of New-York, an insolvent debtor, that unless they make immediate payment to the subscriber, assignee of the estate of the aforesaid James Myer, jun. their accounts will be put into the hands of an attorney; and all persons having claims against the said James Myer, jun. previous to his discharge, under the act of insolvency, are required immediately to present their accounts, properly attested, to the subscriber. JOHN LOVETT, Assignee.
New-York, October 16, 1787. 37-40

POET'S CORNER.
The following address to Conjugal Love , a subject too much neglected by the libertine muses, is printed in some modern collections, and thus translated from the antient British language.
A WAY! let nought to love displeasing, My Winifred , move your care; Let nought delay the heavenly blessing, Nor squeamish pride, nor gloomy fear. What tho' no grants of royal donors With pompous titles grace our blood! We'll thine in more substantial honors, And to be noble we'll be good. Our name, while virtue thus we tender, While sweetly found where e'er 'tis spoke: And all the great ones, they shall wonder How they respect such little folk. What tho' from fortune's lavish bounty No mighty treasures we possess, We'll find within our pittance plenty, And be content without excess. Still shall each returning season Sufficient for our wishes give; For we will live a life of reason, And that's the only life to live. Through youth and age, in love excelling, We'll hand in hand together tread; Sweet smiling peace shall crown our dwelling, And babes, sweet smiling babes, our bed. How should I love the pretty creatures, While round my knees they fondly clung, To see them look their mother's features! To hear them lisp their mother's tongue! And when, with envy time transported, Shall think to rob us of our joys, You'll in your girls again be courted, And I'll go wooing with my boys.
Affixe of BREAD,
Established August 18, 1787.—Flour at 42 1/2 per Barrel. A Wheaten Loaf of fine Flour, to weigh Two Pounds One Ounce, for SIX-PENCE.—A Loaf of like Flour to weigh One Pound and Half an Ounce, for Three-Pence.
THOMAS SMITH, BOOT and SHOE MAKER, LEATHER CUTTER, AND CURRIER,
Queen-Street, No. 179, Corner of Beekman or Chapel Street,
BEGS leave to inform his friends, and the public in general, that he carries on the above branches in an extensive manner. He makes and sells the following articles, wholesale and retail, viz.
Gentlemen's best boots and shoes, Ditto Morocco slippers, Ladies silk shoes, Ditto Calimanco, or fatinet, Men's strong shoes and pumps, Boys, girls, and childrens shoes of all kinds; As also, all kinds of leather, whether for shoemakers, saddlers, or harness-makers use.—English boot-legs, bend soles as usual.
He wishes to inform the public, that, as he is determined to sell on the most reasonable terms, no credit on any account will be given, except to those of his former customers.
And likewise, that no shoes will be sent to any one for trial, except they be very well known, as he has already suffered too much loss on that account.
Country store-keepers, and others, will find it to their advantage to deal at the above store, as they can be supplied with upper leathers, soles, half soles, &c. by the dozen, on the most reasonable terms.
Black-ball of excellent quality for cleaning boots or shoes, wholesale and retail.
N. B. Rough leather taken in and curried on the most reasonable terms.
New-York, August 30, 1787.
Furniture Ware-House,
INDIA Paper Hangings,
Striped Sattin Hair Cloth, Plain ditto, ditto, Figured ditto, ditto, Wilton Carpets, Elegant Looking Glasses, Fringes, Tassels, Cord, and Laces.
Some of the above articles are just received, and are for SALE, by
William Mooney,
UPHOLSTERER,
At his Furniture Warehouse, Nassau-street, where the Upholstery Business is carried on in the most extensive Manner.
A general Assortment of common Paper Hangings.
*** Paper Hangings put up in the best Manner, as usual.
WANTED , by the Printer hereof, an APPRENTICE —a Lad of 14 Years, who is Smart, and well brought up, and has been through the School Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Grammar Classes .—None other need apply.
Just Published,
(Neatly PRINTED in one Volume, and handsomely BOUND)
And to be SOLD ,
By Robert Hodge ,
No. 237, Queen-street, the corner of King-street; likewise by the other Booksellers,
A TREATISE
CONCERNING
Religious Affections.
IN THREE PARTS.
Part I. Concerning the Nature of the Affections, and their Importance in Religion. Part II. Shewing what are no certain Signs that Religious Affections are Gracious, or that they are not. Part III. Shewing what are distinguishing Signs of truly Gracious and holy Affections. By the late Rev. JONATHAN EDWARDS , President of the College of New-Jersey. To which is prefixed, the Life of the Author, his Religious Experiences, &c. which makes it a large and an interesting Volume to the Lovers of Religion of every Denomination. *** The Subscribers are requested to send for their BOOKS.
ALSO,
May be had at the above STORE, a great variety of BOOKS ,
Consisting of
HISTORY, Divinity, Physic, Philosophy, Mathematics, Biography, Geography, Poetry, Agriculture, Nautical Books, Dictionaries, Architecture, Novels, Miscellanies, Plays, &c. Family, Pocket and common Bibles, And small entertaining Books for Children.
LIKEWISE,
Just imported in the Ship America , Capt. Allen, An excellent Assortment of
STATIONARY,
PARTICULARLY Genuine Writing Paper, and Blank Books of different sizes and prices; Moor's Charts of the Coast of North-America, &c. N. B. Good American manufactured Spelling-Books, cheaper than any can be imported. *** Commissions from the country are thankfully received, and carefully executed. 15—
TO BE LET by Moses Gomez,
And entered into immediately, THAT elegant HOUSE, No. 27, Queen-street, late in the tenure of Messieurs Robert and George Service. The house is well situated, either for a gentleman, or for any kind of business whatever.—The said house has nine rooms, with fire places in each; three of which are elegantly finished. For further particulars enquire of said Gomez, No. 203, Water-street.
TO LET,
A VACANT LOT, for one or a term of years, in Hage-street; 45 feet in length, and 21 feet six inches in front, and 19 feet in the rear.
Also, TO LET,
For one or a Term of YEARS, A VACANT LOT, in Ferry-street, seventy-five feet wide, and one hundred feet long. It faces Cliff and Chapple-streets. The said Lot will be let, either whole or in three separate Lots, as best suits the applicant.
MOSES GOMEZ.
New-York, May 3, 1787. 13—
WHITE TEETH!
I. Greenwood,
SURGEON DENTIST,
No. 199, Water-street, opposite the Coffee-house, ENCOURAGED by the success of his practice, begs leave to acquaint the public, that he preserves the TEETH and GUMS, by removing an infectious tartar that corrupts them, and renders the natural purity of the breath offensive, this tartar acquires a solidity equal to stone, the corrosive particles destroy the enamel of the teeth, the body of it causes an inflammation in the gums, and by degrees will strip them from the roots of the teeth, and if not removed, force them out of their sockets.—He cures the scurvy in the gums, fastens the teeth, extracts, replaces, transplants, and regulates, cleans the teeth and makes them white, substitutes artificial teeth in so neat a manner as not to be perceived from the natural, without drawing the stumps, or causing the least pain; they help mastication, give a youthful air to the countenance, render pronunciation more agreeable and distinct; in a word, as there is nothing more beautiful, and of such real service as a good set of teeth, both natural and artificial are worthy the attention of every one.—His charges are low, to give every person an opportunity of being benefited by him.
Said GREENWOOD will with pleasure attend those ladies or gentlemen, who cannot conveniently wait on him, upon their sending directions. New-York, July 12, 1787. 23—
TO BE SOLD,
A very fine young BAY GELDING, HE is almost full blooded, about 15 hands high, strong and bonny, and of a remarkable lofty carriage. To avoid unnecessary applications, it may be added, that his price is sixty pounds.—Enquire at Henry Titus's Livery Stable, No. 139, Queen-street.
WHEREAS Nicholas Bayard, Esq.
of the city of New-York, by his certain indenture of lease, under his hand and seal, duly executed, bearing date the sixteenth day of September, in the ninth year of the independence of the United States of America, and in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four, for the consideration therein mentioned, did demise and to farm let unto John Calling, all those three LOTS OF GROUND, No. 279, 280, and 281, situate in the outward, at the corner of Moll-street, and Bayard-street, to have and to hold the said three Lots unto the said John Calling, for and during and until the end and term of twenty-one years from thence next ensuing: and whereas the said John Calling had erected on said three Lots of Ground a dwelling house; and whereas the said John Calling, on the twenty-eighth day of February, in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, by indenture of mortgage, did convey unto John Egberts, of the said city of New-York, house-carpenter, all the beforementioned Lots, No. 279, 280, and 281, with the buildings thereon erected, to hold for and during the residue and remainder of the said term of twenty-one years then to come, and, unexpired, to secure the payment of fifty pounds, with the lawful interest:—NOTICE is hereby given, that in pursuance of an act of the governor, council, and general assembly of the late colony of New-York, passed the nineteenth day of March, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, entitled, "An act for the more effectual registering of mortgages, and for securing the purchases of mortgaged estates,"—the residue and remainder of the term of years yet to come, and unexpired, of, and in the said three Lots of Ground, with the buildings thereon erected, will be SOLD at PUBLIC VENDUE, to the highest bidder, on the premises, on the twenty-fifth day of February next.—The sale to begin at twelve o'clock. The condition of sale will be made known at the time of the vendue, and a deed executed to the purchaser or purchasers, subject to the proviso, in the said act, in favor of other mortgages, judgments at law, and decrees in equity, prior to the said sale.
JOHN EGBERTS.
New-York, August 23, 1787. 29—54
FOR SALE,
At the STORE of Mr. Barnt Deklyn, No. 39, Maiden-Lane, near the FLY-MARKET, the following
GOODS,
Which will be SOLD at the most reduced Prices, to wit.
A VARIETY of Mantuas and other Gown Silks, Saracens, Peelongs, and Modes, Chintzes, Printed Linens, and Cottons, Fancy Shawls and Handkerchiefs, Jeans, Jeanetts, and India Dimities, A quantity of Linen and Cotton Checks, Spotted and plain Velvets, A variety of Gloves and Fans, Linens, Sheetings, and Oznabrugs, Marceilles Quilting, Fancy Jacket Patterns, A variety of Plumes and Ribbands, Fancy Shoe Bucs and Buttons.
With a Variety of other Articles, Which he is determined to SELL low, for Jersey (upon the face of the Bill) New-York , or Pennsylvania PAPER MONEY. New-York, July 19, 1787. 24—
The PROPRIETORS of the STAGES,
Which ply between New-York, and Philadelphia, Inform the PUBLIC,
THAT on the first day of May next they will start one Line of Stages, from Powles-Hook, every afternoon at 4 o'clock, and proceed to Elizabeth-Town, from whence they will start every morning (Sundays excepted) at four o'clock—and from Philadelphia, every morning (Sundays excepted) at three o'clock.
The Mail Line will start from Powles-Hook and Philadelphia, every morning (Sundays excepted) precisely at nine o'clock.—No delay, after the hours appointed, can be admitted.
The Stages start from Michael Dennison's, corner of Arch and Second-streets, Philadelphia.
*** No Mail Stage starts on Saturday. The Stage that leaves Powles-Hook at four o'clock, P. M. in future will start at five o'clock, until the first of November. New-York, April, 25, 1787. 12—
THE Public are respectfully informed, that the subscriber has agreed with the proprietors of the Boston and Albany Stages, to make his house, No. 138, near Peck-slip in Water-street, the Public Stage House. Those gentlemen who wish to take passages in either of the Stages, will please to leave their names with the subscriber the evening before the stages departure. The gentlemen passengers are informed, that the subscriber keeps a Boarding and Lodging-House, and that every attention will be paid to those who favor him with their custom.—The stages commence running from my house this day. DAVID OSBORN.
New-York, September 5, 1787. 31—
Morris-Town and Paules-Hook
STAGE.
ON the 14th inst. the subscriber began to run his Stage-Waggon every Tuesday and Friday, from his house in Morris-Town, to Paules-Hook, by the way of Newark, starting at five o'clock each morning. The waggon generally arrives at Jacamiah Smith's, Paules-Hook, about one o'clock of the same day, where it remains until the next morning, nine o'clock, when it returns by the same route, and with all expedition.
The FARE for a passenger, with seven pounds of baggage, is ONE DOLLAR, and the same for one hundred and fifty pound weight.
The waggon, on its route to Paules-Hook, stops at Lawrence's tavern, Springfield, where the passengers may breakfast, if they choose; the next stage is at Major Sayre's, Newark, from whence they proceed to Paules-Hook.
N. B. Letters, to be sent by the above stage, may be lodged at Capt. Crane's, a few doors above the Ferry-house, in Cortlandt-street, New-York, from whence they shall always be safely conveyed to the stage. *** All letters carried free.
GEORGE OHARA.
Morris-Town, August 28, 1787. 30—
STAGE.
THE subscriber informs the public, and his friends in particular, that he now runs the STAGE from this to RYE, which Mr. HALL formerly ran; which stage starts from Mr. OSBORN's, at Peck-slip, No. 138, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, at five o'clock in the morning, and returns on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at six o'clock in the evening.—As the subscriber has furnished himself with a very convenient new Waggon, and good Horses, for the purpose, he flatters himself, that he shall be able to give those Gentlemen and Ladies, who please to favor him with their custom, universal satisfaction.
N. B. The subscriber likewise keeps a very genteel COACH, with a good pair of HORSES, TO LET; likewise, Horses and Chais, and Saddle Horses. Any order, left with Mr. Osborn, at Peck-slip, or at his stable, in Cortlandt-street, will be immediately attended to, by the public's most humble servant, OBADIAH WRIGHT. New-York, Sept. 27, 1787. 34—
Just PUBLISHED, and to be Sold at this OFFICE, No. 25, Water-street.
The American Calculator, or Counting-House COMPANION,
CONTAINING, A TABLE, ascertaining the value of sundry coins in gold, as regulated by the Chamber of Commerce in this city, and shewing, at one view, their value in the several currencies of New-York, North-Carolina, and Great-Britain. A Collection of Tables, shewing, at one view, the amount of any number (under 10,000) of Dollars, French and English Crowns, Half Joes, French and English Guineas, &c. as they pass through the United-States. A Table of Guineas, as they pass in England and Ireland. Rules for the ready reducing the currencies of the United-States, from the currency of one state into the currency of any other of the United-States; and for reducing the currencies of the United-States into sterling, and sterling into the currencies of the said states. Rules for reducing English Money into Irish, and Irish Money into English, according to the par of exchange between both kingdoms. Five different tables of the coins of the United-States of America, agreeable to a resolve of Congress of the 8th August, 1786, viz. a Table of Half Dollars, a Table of Dimes, a Table of Cents, and a Table of Mills; calculated to render familiar the proper mode of counting said Money. This Book is intended for the convenience of Merchants, &c. in the United-States, by Francis Healy, Accomptant.
*** Price 1s. 6d. single. The usual discount to Booksellers, and others, who may purchase by the Hundred, Dozen, &c.
*** Also may be had of Messieurs Campbell, Reid, Allen, Macgill, and Mills, Booksellers. 31
Just PUBLISHED, and to be SOLD, at T. GREENLEAF's
PRINTING-OFFICE, No. 25, Water-street. A new, complete, and correct Edition of
Baron Steuben's Regulations
FOR THE Order and Discipline OF THE Troops of the United States.
Part of this Edition is rendered conformable to the Military establishment of this State, [The only printed Edition with such Alterations.] and the remaining Part correct Copies of the late Editions; each decorated with a half sheet Copper Plate Engraving. Price Three Shillings single.
*** A generous Consideration to those who purchase by the Gross, Hundred, or Dozen.
M A P S By THOMAS HUTCHINS, Esq.
—LETTERS of INTELLIGENCE—occasional PARAGRAPHS—speculative PIECES—ESSAYS, &c.—are gratefully received at this OFFICE—
For the greater CONVENIENCE and SAFETY of which COMMUNICATIONS, a LETTER-BOX is placed in the Window.
*** SUBSCRIPTIONS for this PAPER (printed but ONCE a WEEK, at only TWO DOLLARS per Annum) are also received here—and ADVERTISEMENTS, REASONABLY INSERTED.
*** PRINTING, in all its Variety, performed with NEATNESS and DISPATCH.