The national intelligencer and Washington advertiser. (Washington City [D.C.]), 1801-05-27 00:00:00

The National Intelligencer,
AND WASHINGTON ADVERTISER.
VOL. I. WASHINGTON CITY, PRINTED BY SAMUEL HARRISON SMITH, NEW-JERSEY AVENUE, NEAR THE CAPITOL. No. LXXXIX.
FIVE DOLLS. PER ANN.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 27th, 1801.
PAID IN ADVANCE.
BUILDERS.
WILLIAM LOVERING , of George-Town, and WILLIAM DYER , of the City of Washington, having commenced partnership in the Architectural and Carpenter line of business, which they are determined to carry on with affability, integrity and dispatch, hope for the patronage of their friends and the public.
Having a number of the best workmen now employed, are ready to execute any orders which they are determined shall be done in the best workman like manner for those who will please to favor them with their commands.
Orders directed to W. LOVERING , Gay street near the Union Tavern, George Town, or to W. DYER , 1 Street, North of the new War Office, City of Washington, will be punctually attended to.
N. B. WM. LOVERING has been in the practice of drawing for and superintending great part of the Buildings in the City of Washington and its Vicinity. Washington, April 1. tf.
Port Wine, first quality, just received and for sale at the store of the subscriber near the President's Square, next Mr. Rhodes's Tavern.
ROBERT ELLIS , Washington City.
Also a general assortment of Liquors, Meas. Groceries, Spanish and East-India Segars, and a trunk of Kid morocco and leather Shoes, &c. dtf.
Recived by the Lucinda from Bristol, via Philadelphia, three cases Kertland's fowling guns, tin in boxes, brass kettles, frying pans, &c.
Also on hand, Nails in casks, and a general assortment of Ironmongery, Cutlery, saddlery, and brass wares, which will be sold by the quantity or otherwise, on reasonable terms at the subscriber's store on Jersey Avenue Capitol Hill.
HENRY INGLE.
May 22, 1801. ep4w
LOTS FOR SALE,
In the City of Washington.
THE SUBSCRIBER offers for Sale a number of valuable Lots beautifully situated between the Capitol and the Eastern Branch. Also a few Lots to be let on lease for ninety nine years in the vicinity of the Navy yard.
WILLIAM PROUT.
City of Washington. December 12, 1800 tf N. B. A few Tons of good Meadow Hay, one Kiln of Bricks, and some Cord Wood.
W. P.
LONDON & PHILADELPHIA
Bottled Porter of an excellent quality, for sale by the Subscriber, at the cellar under the house occupied by Mrs. Sweeney, and near to Mr. Rhodes's City Tavern.
HENRY LEWIS.
May 20. tf.
FOR SALE OR RENT,
Two elegant brick Houses, 40 by 20 feet, SITUATE on King and Columbia Streets Alexandria, as well calculated for the grocery and flour business as any in the city; also two large stores adjoining the above houses, 25 feet front, by 36 feet deep, and I will likewise lease or sell, 7 or 8 valuable lots on King and Patrick Streets, subject to a small ground rent. Possession will be given of one of the houses immediately, and the other in 30 days. Any person wishing to purchase, one fourth of the purchase money will be required in hand, one fourth in 3 months, and the balance in 12 months, by paying interest and giving a security on the property.
I will also sell,
Six or eight thousand acres valuable Kentucky land. The terms of payment will be required as above-mentioned.
The subscriber intends carrying on the brick-laying and plastering business extensively, and will keep a constant supply of bricks and lime for sale, he will also undertake to furnish all materials to any person disposed to build in the City, on the most reasonable terms for cash. Application to be made to Francis Peyton, Esq. for the property in Alexandria, or to
N. VOSS.
City of Washington, April 8 1801. 2M
Nail Manufactory,
ALL kinds of Cut Nails for Sale by Wholesale and Retail at the Factory on F Street, and at the Hardware Store of the Subscriber where persons building and all others wishing to purchase may be supplied with any quantity at the most reasonable rates.
JOHN JACK.
Washington Feb. 4, 1801.
WASHINGTON CITY.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 27, 1801.
Correspondence of Mr. KING with Lord HAWKESBURY. [COPIES.]
Great Cumberland Place, 13th March, 1801.
MY LORD, THE decree of the vice-admiralty court of Nassau, a copy of which is annexed,* condemning the cargo of an American vessel going from the United States to a port in the Spanish Colonies, upon the ground that the articles of innocent merchandise composing the same, though bona fide neutral property, were of the growth of Spain, having been sanctioned, and the principle extended by the prize courts of the other British islands, and particularly by the court of Jamaica, has been deemed sufficient authority to the commanders of the ships of war and privateers cruising in those seas, to fall upon and capture all American vessels bound to an enemy's colony, and having on board any article of the growth or manufacture of a nation at war with Great-Britain.
These captures, which are vindicated by what is termed the belligerent's right to distress his enemy by interrupting the supplies which his habits or convenience may require, have produced the strongest and most serious complaints among the American merchants—who have seen, with indignation, a reason assigned for the capture and confiscation of their property, which is totally disregarded in the open trade carried on between the British and Spanish colonies, by British and Spanish subjects, in the very articles, the supply of which, by neutral merchants, is unjustly interrupted.
The law of nations, acknowledged in the treaty of amity, commerce and navigation, between the United States and Great Britain, allows the goods of an enemy to be lawful prize, and pronounces those of a friend to be free.
While the United States take no measures to abridge the rights of Great Britain, as a belligerent, they are bound to resist with firmness every attempt to extend them, at the expence of the equally incontestible rights of nations, which find their interest and duty in living in peace with the rest of the world.
So long as the ancient law of nations is observed, which protects the innocent merchandise of neutrals, while it abandons to the belligerent the goods of his enemy, a plain rule exists and may be appealed to, to decide the rights of peace and war—the belligerent has no better authority to curtail the rights of the neutral than the neutral has to do the like in regard to the rights of the belligerent; and it is only by an adherence to the ancient code, and the rejection of modern glosses, that fixed and precise rules can be found, defining the rights, and regulating the duties, of independent states.
This subject is of such importance, and the essential interests of the United States, whose policy is that of peace, are so deeply affected by the doctrines which, during the present war, have been set up, in order to enlarge the rights of belligerents, at the expence of those of neutrals, that I shall, without loss of time, submit to your Lordship's consideration such farther reflections respecting the same, as its great importance appears to demand.
In the mean time, as the decisions referred to cannot, from the unavoidable delay which attends the prosecution of appeals, be speedily reversed, and as the effect of those decrees will continue to be the unjust and ruinous interruption of the American commerce in the West-India seas, it is my duty to require that precise instruction shall, without delay, be dispatched to the proper officers in the West-Indies and Nova-Scotia, to correct the abuses which have arisen out of these illegal decrees, and put an end to the depredations which
are wasting the lawful commerce of a peaceable and friendly nation.
With great consideration and respect, I have the honor to be, Your Lordship's most obedient And most humble servant, RUFUS KING.
LORD HAWKESBURY, &c. &c.
* In the case of the American brigantine Leopard , Ropes, master, laden in part with Malaga wines. The cargo, so far as it consisted of wines, though regularly imported into the U. States, was condemned by Judge Kenfal, 20th October, 1800, "the same being productions of the Spanish Territory in Europe, and bound to the transatlantic parts of that empire."
Downing Street, April 11, 1801.
SIR, I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th of last month, and to inform you, that in consequence of the representation contained in it, a letter has been written, by his Majesty's command, by his grace the Duke of Portland, to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, a copy of which letter I herewith inclose to you for the information of the government of the United States.
I have the honor to be, with great truth, SIR, Your most obedient humble servant, (Signed) HAWKESBURY. RUFUS KING, Esq. &c. &c.
Whitehall, 30th March, 1801.
MY LORDS, I TRANSMIT to your Lordships herewith a copy of a decree of the vice-admiralty court of Nassau, condemning the cargo of an American vessel going from the United States to a port in the Spanish colonies, and the said decree having been referred to the consideration of the King's Advocate General, your Lordships will perceive from his report, an extract of which I inclose, that it is his opinion that the sentence of the vice-admiralty court is erroneous, and founded in a misapprehension or misapplication of the principles laid down in the decision of the high court of admiralty referred to, without attending to the limitations therein contained.
In order, therefore, to put a stop to the inconveniences arising from these erroneous sentences of the vice-admiralty courts, I have the honor to signify to your Lordships the King's pleasure, that a communication of the doctrine laid down in the said report should be immediately made by your Lordships to the several judges presiding in them, setting forth what is held to be the law upon the subject by the superior tribunals for their future guidance and direction.
I am, &c.
PORTLAND.
The Lords Commissioners of Admiralty.
Extract of the Advocate General's Report, dated the 16th March, 1801.
I have the honour to report that the sentence of the Vice-admiralty court appears to me to be erroneous, and to be founded in a misapprehension or misapplication of the principles laid down in the decision of the court of admiralty referred to, without attending to the limitations therein contained.
The general principle respecting the colonial trade has in the course of the present war been to a certain degree relaxed in consideration of the present state of commerce. It is now distinctly understood, and it has been repeatedly so decided by the high court of admiralty, and the court of appeal, that the produce of the colonies of the enemy maybe imported by a neutral into his own country, and may be re-exported from thence even to the mother country of such colony; and in like manner the produce and manufactures of the mother country may in this circuitous mode legally find their way to the colonies. The direct trade, however, between the mother country and its colonies as not, I apprehend, been recognised as legal either by his majesty's government or by his tribunals.
What is a direct trade, or what amount to an intermediate importation into a neutral country, may some time be a question of some difficulty: A general definition of either, applicable to all cases cannot
well be laid down. The question must depend upon the particular circumstances of each case. Perhaps the mere touching in the neutral country to take fresh clearances may properly be considered as a fraudulent evasion, and as, in effect, the direct trade; but the high court of admiralty has expressly decided (and I see no reason to expect that the court of appeal will vary the rule) that landing the goods and paying the duties in the neutral country breaks the continuity of the voyage, and is such an importation as legalises the trade, although the goods be re-shipped in the same vessel, and on account of the same neutral proprietor, and be forwarded for sale to the mother country or the colony.
A true copy from the files of the Department of State.
JACOB WAGNER, Ch. Clk.
Extract of a letter from General WILKINSON, dated Greensburg, Pennsylvania, April 24, 1801.
"I turned my back on Hager's-town the 21st inst. and was refreshed by gentle showers until 4 o'clock, when I found myself near the foot of Siding Hill, which I discovered to be capped with snow—Ascending this height, at six hundred computed feet from its base, I entered a wintry region, the surface being covered several inches, and my right cheek and ear smarting, from the pelting of the fleeting frost from the north-east. Passing this hill and its rival neighbour, called the Town Mountain, I escaped the icy elements, and reposed at the crossing of Juniata. The morning of the 22d presented all nature clad in white; but bound "to think nothing a hardship which duty commands," I prosecuted my journey over beds of snow, which continued to fall in heavy fleeces, while the branches of the trees were bending and breaking under their loads. At 4 o'clock I passed Miller's, and half an hour after I stood upon the National Spine, where I found the snow, by several measurements, to be two feet deep in general. I reached Stoy's-town at 7 o'clock, after a ride of forty-three miles, over roads belly deep, and, with my poor horses, I felt no repugnance to rest. This day was calm and mild, and the vallies streamed in torrents, yet I discovered on the summit of the Allegany, from the twigs which bordered the road, many pendulous icicles. Yesterday about noon I took leave of the snow (for the season I hope) at the western foot of the Laurel Hill, and in my approach to this place, I find the fields and the meadows verdant, but the forests still in gloom, and exhibiting few marks of vegetation.
"This singular vicissitude of season appears to me worthy of record; but I doubt whether the caprice of our climate may recommend it—for my part it is the single exception I have to my native country."
From a London paper of April 18.
NEW PRESIDENT OF AMERICA.
From the American papers, which we have received down to the date of the 9th of March, we have given a correct copy of the speech of Mr. Jefferson on entering his new office, which we have no doubt will be considered as extremely interesting. Notwithstanding what violent partisans have said, and continue to say respecting the Anti-Anglican politics of this gentleman, we can trace nothing in his speech (in a part of which he declares his political creed) that manifests an attachment to any one European nation more than another. The language it breathes is purely American, and so far as language may be considered a criterion by which to judge of a man's character, it bespeaks the new President as attracted by no external systems of government, no foreign influence, but acting solely from the impulse of a mind fully satisfied in the enjoyment of a great national good, and deeply apprehensive of the consequences likely to result from any experimental change.
Such is the medium through which we contemplate the present executive head of the American government: If it gives a false tincture to the object, our organs have been deceived, profession is nothing and Mr. Jefferson is a hypocrite!

Extract of a letter from Liverpool, dated March 4, 1801.
I am concerned to observe to you, that the annexed vessels have lately been seized in this port for having on board parcels of tobacco with the view of smuggling. Four of them have been restored, two of which paid a fine to the seizing officers. The others remain under seizure, and I with they may also be released on as easy terms; but this practice is so much increased of late, that I have good reason to believe, in future similar cases, they will be proceeded against with much greater rigour. I would therefore wish all our ship-owners and masters to be apprised of the necessity of guarding against the consequences.
RESTORED.
Columbus, John Dithon, Baltimore, Rose, Reuben Jones, New-York, Peggy, W. Latimer, do. Warren, J. Parker. do.
UNDER SEIZURE.
Perseverance, D. Sterling, Citizen, C. Blakeman.
On the 10th December last Lord Keith declared the ports of Alexandria, Rosetta and Damietta, to be blockaded.
About 30 sail of Danes and Swedes were carried into Gibraltar before the 28th March last.
On the 29th of Feb. the Turkish fleet sailed from Beschebach for Egypt. It consists of 4 ships of the line, 6 frigates, and 65 gun boats.
A British army of 12,000 men has arrived at Suez from the East-Indies.
In a Liverpool price current of the 16th of April, American superfine flour is quoted at 75s. a 77s. per bbl. fine flour 71 a 73. A note is added stating that "unless further supplies should prove considerable, the prices may again advance."
A convention has been concluded between the king of Prussia and the Regency of Hanover, whereby Prussian troops are admitted into Hanover, and the Hanoverian troops disbanded and disqualified from serving against Prussia.
[The following article is taken from the Aurora of May 25. The reader will observe, that from the nature of the case, the Editor was prohibited, under the terror of penalties still severer than those imposed, from animadverting freely on the subject. With the imperfect statement of facts exhibited, a comment on the merits of the decision would be premature; but it is not unadvised to say, that that feature of the common law, taken in its full extent, which sanctions the doctrine of contempt, is alone fitted for a state of society in which freedom has but a nominal existence; and it is worthy of serious consideration, whether such doctrine is not revoked by our improved system, and of course a violation of it; and still more worthy of consideration, whether it does not become the national legislature speedily to define powers that may in their exercise subvert the dearest rights of the citizen.]
In the circuit court on Friday last, the editor of this paper appeared, agreeable to a rule of court, to shew cause why an attachment should not issue for a contempt, in publishing certain animadversions under the head of "The Age of Revolutions," in the Aurora of the preceding Wednesday.
The motion for the rule was made by Mr. Lewis, who appeared on this occasion supported by Messrs. E. Tilghman and Ingersol.
On the part of the defendant, Mr. Dickerson.
The editor had originally proposed to have appeared without counsel, considering the business as wholly a party litigation; but upon consultation, was advised to appear with counsel, lest it should be construed into a slight or want of respect for the forms of legal proceeding.
The editor saved the court the trouble of proving the publication, by voluntarily acknowledging it to have been written and published by him.
The origin of the article thus brought before the court by Mr. Lewis, we cannot now touch upon, as the matter is to come before the same court this day in another case, wherein the editor of the Gazette of the United States is implicated; after that case is decided, we shall state the particulars at large.
Mr. Lewis opened the proceedings by a display of legal reading, and a warm appeal to the court upon the necessity of guarding jurors, clerks, and courts from the effects of intimidation.
Mr. Dickerson followed in reply.
Messrs. E. Tilghman and Ingersol followed and Mr. Dickerson rejoined.
After hearing counsel, the rule was made absolute for an attachment, and the court left it to the defendant to chuse whether he would or would not answer interrogatories, upon oath, to be formed by the counsel for the Plaintiff.
The defendant observed that as he had given himself up to the advisement of counsel, that he should not undertake to say without advice what he should do, that he felt no disposition to shrink from any question that might be put to him at that instant, as he had no secrets to conceal, nothing to disguise.
The court observed, that he was not bound to answer any thing which might be construed to his own detriment.
The defendant observed that his counsel would determine for him; whereupon the defendant undertook to appear the next morning in court upon his personal responsibility in the sum of 500 dollars.
On Saturday morning the editor appeared in court; and after some observations made by Mr. Dallas, preliminary to a motion for a rule against C. P. Wayne, editor of the Gazette of the U. S. which we cannot touch on, being yet for trial; the court (only two judges as before) delivered their sentiments declaring the article to be a contempt of court, and that the defendant be confined thirty days, including that day.
After this business had been dispatched, Mr. Dallas exhibited the Gazette of the United States of Tuesday evening, the 19th May, and moved for a rule thereupon which was granted, and is to be argued we learn this day.
The matter of the trials that have taken place, the editor will endeavor to collect and arrange for publication, with a body of collateral evidence which was not suffered to be read in court.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.
By the arrival at New-York of the ship Brutus, 27 days from Bristol, the following additional interesting intelligence is received, as late as 23d of April from London:
LONDON, April 21.
Yesterday afternoon, after this paper went to press, lieutenant colonel Stewart, of the 49th regiment, arrived at the admiralty with dispatches from sir Hyde Parker; the substance of which were communicated in the evening to the Lord Mayor by a letter from the first lord of the admiralty, of which the following is a copy:
My Lord, "I have the honour to acquaint your lordship that the hon. lieutenant colonel Stewart arrived this day with dispatches from admiral sir Hyde Parker, containing the terms of an armistice concluded with the Danish government on the 9th instant, by which it is agreed, that no act of hostility shall be committed by either party on the coast of the different islands and provinces of Denmark and Jutland, for the space of fourteen weeks; and fourteen days notice to be given before hostilities are recommenced. The court of Denmark has agreed to suspend during that period her co-operation under the treaty of armed neutrality."
"I have the honor to be, my lord, "Your lordship's humble servant, "St. VINCENT."
Admiralty, April 20.
THE ARMISTICE.
"The Danish government on one part, and admiral Sir Hyde Parker, knight, commander in chief of his Britannic majesty's naval force in the road of Copenhagen on the other, equally induced by sentiments of humanity to put a stop to the effusion of blood, and preserve the city of Copenhagen from the calamitous consequences of a continuation of hostilities, have mutually agreed to a cessation of arms."
"With this view his majesty the knight of Denmark has appointed major gen. Ernestus Frederic Waltersdorff, chamberlain to his Danish majesty, and colonel of a regiment, and adjutant gen. Hans Lindholm, as commissioners to conclude this armistice; and admiral Sir Hyde Parker has appointed on his part, Horatio Lord Nelson, knight of the order of the Bath, Duke of Bronte in Sicily, grand cross of the order of Ferdinand and Merrit, knight of the Austrian order of the Crescent, and vice admiral of the fleet of his Britannic majesty; and also lieut. col. William Stewart, commander of a detachment of land troops
on board the fleet; which commissioners have this day met together, and after exchanging their full powers, agreed to the following conditions:
Article I. From the moment of the signing of this armistice, all hostilities shall cease between the fleet under the command of admiral Sir Hyde Parker and the City of Copenhagen, and all armed ships and vessels belonging to his Danish majesty which shall be found in the road or harbour of that city, as also between the different islands and provinces of Denmark, Jutland included.
Article II. The armed ships and vessels of his Danish majesty shall remain in their present condition, as well with respect to the manner in which they are armed, as the military position; and the treaty known by the name of the treaty of the armed neutrality, shall, so far as concerns the active co-operation of Denmark, remain suspended so long as this armistice shall continue in force.
On the other hand, armed ships and vessels under the command of admiral Sir Hyde Parker, shall in no manner whatever disturb the city of Copenhagen, or the armed ships and vessels of his Danish majesty on the coasts of the different islands and provinces of Denmark, Jutland included; and to prevent every thing which may create disturbance or suspicion, admiral Sir Hyde Parker shall on no account permit any ships or vessels, under his command, to approach within cannon shot of the armed ships or fortifications of his Danish majesty in the road of Copenhagen. This limitation shall however not extend to any ships which must necessarily pass and repass thro' the King's Deep.
Article III. The armistice shall secure the city of Copenhagen, as also the coasts of Denmark, Jutland, and the islands against the attack of any other fleet of war, which now or hereafter, during the continuance of this armistice, may be sent by his Britannic majesty into these seas.
Article IV. The fleet of admiral Sir Hyde Parker shall be at liberty to procure from the city of Copenhagen, along the coasts of the different islands and provinces of Denmark, Jutland included, whatever may be wanted for the health and care of the crews.
Article V.—Admiral Sir Hyde Parker shall engage to send on shore all the subjects of his Danish majesty which are at present on board the English fleet under his command, and the Danish government engages to account both for them and for the wounded which have been suffered to come on shore after the battle of the 2d, in the unfortunate case of the renewal of hostilities with Great-Britain.
Article VI.—The coasting trade of Denmark, with the different parts of the coast included within the extent of this armistice, shall in no manner be disturbed by any British armed ship or vessel, and admiral Sir Hyde Parker shall issue the necessary instructions to that purpose.
Article VII.—This armistice shall continue in force during the space of fourteen weeks from the day of its being signed by the contracting parties. After the expiration of that time, each of the said parties shall be at liberty to declare it terminated, and recommence hostilities, giving a previous notice of fourteen days.
The conditions of this armistice shall, on every occasion, be explained in the most liberal and candid manner, in order to remove every ground of future dispute, and facilitate the means of a restoration of friendship and good understanding between the two kingdoms.
In witness of this, we, the undersigned Commissioners, according to our full powers, have signed and sealed with our arms the present armistice.
Given on board his Britannic majesty's ship the London, in the Road of Copenhagen, April 9, 1801.
E. F. Waltersdorff, Nelson, D. of Bronti, H. Lindholm, W. Stewart. Ratified by me, (Signed)
HYDE PARKER, Admiral and commander in chief of the fleet of his Britannic majesty.
ADMIRALTY OFFICE, April 21.
Extract of a letter from Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, to Evan Nepean, Esq. dated on board his majesty's ship London, in Copenhagen Road, the 9th April, 1801.
Sir.—The hon. lieut. col. Stuart having volunteered his services, by being the bearer of these dispatches, I have accepted thereof, on a belief that it will be more expeditious than by sea.
I have the pleasure to transmit an armistice concluded between the court of Denmark and myself.
I mean, as soon as the disabled ships are refitted, and the worst of the wounded moved into the Holstein Danish ship of the
line, which I have commissioned as an hospital ship, to proceed over the grounds into the Baltic, to put into execution the remaining part of my instructions.
The Iis and Monarch being found in so bad a state from the late action, as to render it necessary to send them to England to have their damages repaired, I shall send them home for that purpose with the Holstein hospital-ship, which has the wounded and sick on board.
LONDON, April 22.
This morning we again received Paris Journals. They come down one day later than those we announced yesterday. Their contents are most interesting, but we hope will not receive confirmation. The official paper is not among those that have reached us; and until it shall arrive, or advice from our own commanders, we shall not be able to determine what degree of credit is due to the non-official journals of the 18th inst. which state, that on the 20th March, the French in Egypt, commanded by Menou in person, attacked and defeated Gen. Abercrombie's army, killing 3000 and taking 600 prisoners, and among the latter, Gen. Abercrombie himself. One of the accounts is from Malta, and the other comes by way of Naples and Milan. Respecting the latter, it may be observed that, if there are no mistakes in the dates, the news must have reached Naples in 7 or 8 days from Egypt; for it would take about 3 days to travel from Naples to Milan. But on the whole there was sufficient time for the intelligence by one route or other to reach Paris. We cannot be long without a knowledge of the real state of matters in that quarter.
These papers contain a copy of the submission of the regency of Hanover to the terms enjoined by our q ti faithful ally the king of Prussia.
The following extracts will put our readers in possession of every thing worthy of notice in the Paris journals that have reached us:
Paris April 17.
Letters received from Malta assert, that general Abercrombie, attacked at the same time by the garrison of Alexandria, and by general Menou in person, who fell upon the left of the enemy, with more than 10,000 men, and 30 pieces of artillery, has been completely routed. According to these letters, 3000 English remained on the field of battle, and 900 cut off by the French cavalry, were made prisoners. General Abercrombie is among the latter. This battle is said to have taken place on the 20th March.
Journal les Defenseurs de la Patrie.
April 11.
The English fleet still continues in its former position. The number of killed and wounded amounts to more than 3000 men. Admiral Parker has lost a son in the battle. During the negotiations for an armistice conferences were held with the Russian, Prussian and Swedish ministers.
COPENHAGEN, April 7.
The Swedish Counter Admiral Cronstedt is still here. Baron Lagerbjelke, who had accompanied the King of Sweden on his travels, was dispatched from Landscrona, on the 3d inst. for this city, to inform our Prince Royal that his Swedish majesty had given most positive orders for the squadron of Carlsferona, consisting of 7 sail of the line, and three frigates, to sail from Carlsferona on the 4th of March, and that they would be left entirely to the disposition of his Royal Highness. On the 4th inst. Baron Lagerbjelke had a conference with the minister of the French Republic, Citizen Bourging, the subject of which is said to have been the restoration of the political relations between Sweden and France. On the same day, Baron Lagerbjelke had a long conference with Count Bernstorff, after which he departed for Carlsferona. If the wind should not be unfavourable, we expect the Swedish fleet every day. The fleet from Revel is also said to be in our neighbourhood. On account of the English fleet, the lights have been extinguished along the southern coast of Sweden and the Sheers.
VIENNA, March 28.
An extraordinary Courier arrived here this day, sent from General Moreau to the Archduke Charles: his passports stated, that he was to use the utmost speed by the way, being charged with dispatches of the greatest importance. We are assured that two divisions of the French army, those of Generals Grouchi, and Richepanse, are destined to traverse Hungary, in order to repair to the Frontiers of Turkey, and compel the Ottoman Porte to cede Egypt to France.

PARIS, 11 Germinal, April 1.
The army of the Rhine, the Gallo-Batavian army, the army of the Grisons and the army of Italy are all marching back to France.
Measures have been taken for paying the army of the Rhine, which is seven months in arrears. A month's arrears will regularly be allowed with every month's pay.
BRUNN, March 18.
Passwan Oglou, is collecting fresh troops at Kladowa, and making preparations for some enterprize. The spirit of revolt which daily extends itself in Bosnia, increases the general alarm.
Immense quantities of provisions are purchasing in the Bannat, and conveyed into the military magazines. A number of the troops which composed the Austrian army in Italy arrive in the vicinity of Semlin.—The regiment of Stall is in full march for the same place. Very extensive barracks are constructing at Neuhanoize, about four leagues from Semlin.
STOCKHOLM, April 3.
As the English fleet may now proceed to make an attack on Sweden, his Swedish majesty has given orders that several more ships of the line and frigates be put in commission at Carlscrone, and the military preparations are continued day and night. The garrison has been reinforced with several regiments of the line; and should the English fleet attempt an attack on the Swedish capital and fleet, it will find us prepared for a vigorous defence. Col. Ebbeltoft is appointed commander in chief of the fortresses, and is ordered to fire on the English fleet with red hot balls as soon as it shall appear.
BREMEN, April 13.
The report that counter orders had been received by the Prussian troops is entirely false. A detachment of these troops arrived here yesterday morning at 7 o'clock, and took possession of the two gates of the new town and the bridge over the Weser. About 10 o'clock the battalion arrived, which immediately had quarters assigned it. Every thing here is quiet.
FRONTIERS of RUSSIA.
Orders have been already sent from Peterburgh to the interior of the Empire for the English sailors to be brought back. It is said that the importation of English commodities will soon be permitted, but at present the embargo on the English ships in the Russian ports still continues.
Russian commodities are now permitted to be exported according to the parol of 1797.
RIGA, April 1.
Intelligence has been received here from St. Petersburg, that not only exportation of all kinds of merchandise is again permitted, but that the embargo on English vessels, is also to be taken off, provided the English Government liberates those of Denmark and Sweden.
A letter from Copenhagen of the 11th states, that Admiral Nelson was on the point of sailing for Revel, when the intelligence of the death of Paul I. arrived. It adds, that doubts were entertained whether he would proceed thither.
On the 11th, Lawriston, Aide-de-Camp of Bonaparte, passed through Hamburg, accompanied by Lieut. Berthier, of the Consular guard, on their way to Copenhagen.
It is uncertain in what manner Sir Hyde Parker, will act in regard to proceeding up the Baltic, but government has lost no time in sending him instructions, which were forwarded by Col. Stewart, who left London on Monday night on his return to Copenhagen.
FOR SALE,
The complete frames for two buildings, ONE 44 feet by 24 feet, two stories, the other 28 by 16, both of best white oak and prepared in the best manner, being intended for the use of the owner. Poplar feather-edged plank. Sufficient to complete, may be had with them. Enquire of the printer.
April 10.
tf
The subscriber respectfully acquaints the public, that he has removed to the corner of Ninth and E streets, where he continues to manufacture and sell all kinds of Ornaments for Chimney pieces, Door Caps, Frontispieces, Metal Sashes, &c. which may also be had at his store No. 51, Barclay street, New-York, and at Mr. Wild's store, Market street, Baltimore.
GEORGE ANDREWS.
Who wishes to let a BRICK HOUSE, the west side of the President's house. May 8, 1801.
17
Five Dollars Reward.
STRAYED or stolen between the 21st and 24th instant from the commons of the city of Washington, a dark bay horse, six years old, about fourteen hands high, strong and well built, in good order, black mane and tail, a few grey hairs high the root of the latter, imitating a switch, footlocks cut close, shod round, racks trots and canters.
Whoever will take up said horse so that the subscriber may get him again, shall receive the above reward with reasonable charges; and if stolen, ten dollars for the thief, if brought to conviction.
ROBERT CHERRY.
New Jersey Avenue City of Wash- ington, May 27, 1801. 3 3t
Thirty Dollars Reward.
DESERTE from this rendezvous the following soldiers belonging to the 1st Regiment of Artillerists and Engineers; ISAAC DA- VI, about nineteen years old, five feet seven inches high, dark blue eyes, black hair, ruddy complexion, a farmer, born in this county and state.
JAMES NELSON, twenty two years of age, five feet six inches high, grey eyes, dark hair, fair complexion, by occupation a farmer; he is also a native of this state and county.
JAMES HENNING, twenty one years old, five feet nine and three quarter inches high, blue eyes, light hair, sallow complexion, by occupation a house carpenter, born in Berkeley county, this state. They all deserted in their uniform. Any person apprehending the above deserters, shall receive thirty dollars upon delivering them to me, or any officer commanding in the service of the United States, or ten dollars for either of them.
RICHARD S. BLACKBURN,
Captain 1st Regt. artillerists and engineers, commanding. Dumfries, Prince William county, } Virginia, May 19, 1801. 3w
LOTS.
IN different eligible situations in the City for Sale or Lease on ground rent—Likewise,
100 Casks inspected Rhode Island LIME.
A number of Quarter and half and Casks of MADEIRA WINE, of a superior quality, by JOHN S. ICKNEY At his building opposite Rhodes Tavern President's Square. Washington, March 2, 1801. eod tf
CHEAP LUMBER.
FOR SALE,
By the Subscriber, on reasonable terms, either by large or small quantities, at his Lumber Yards, the north end of Lamberton, and at the old Sturgeon Pond, above Richards's wharf,
A QUANTITY OF ASSORTED LUMBER, viz.
One and 1-4 inch, 1-8, and 1 do. Yellow pine heart boards—1 inch pannel, 1-4 do. for floors, 1 do. common, white pine do—2 do. 1-4 and 2 1-2 do planks, 1 do. 1-8, and 2-8 do. boards, black walnut—2 do. plank, 3 do. 1-2 do. pannel boards, bedhead sets, poplar the whole of the above are well seasoned and fit for use—lear heart pine, and sap pine white oak, and bilthead, hemlock and white pine scantling, assorted—best kind three feet cedar shingles, dressed and undressed, do two feet white pine do.; do. 18 inch cypress do—Sedar rails—Also, white pine fawed rails—shingling and plastering laths, best kind; white oak wagon timber—sap pine planks, sap pine one inch boards, 3-4 cedar, best kind, 3-4 white pine, 3-4 sap pine, seasoned weather boards—A quantity of handsome chestnut pailings, fawed 1 by 3 inches and from 4 to 16 feet long, for garden fence, &c. A quantity of chestnut oak posts, dressed and undressed; a quantity of cherry boards, a quantity of large white oak joice, a quantity of chestnut posts—5000 feet of neat beach scantling for tool blocks—5000 feet of sickamore scantling for bedheads; 2 inch white oak plank; 1 inch white oak boards, 3-4 do. do. do.—25,000 feet superior cherry boards and plank, 3,000 do. ry clear 2 inch white pine plank, 3,000 do. handsome beater wood bedhead sets seasoned, 100,000 prime North Carolina shingles, a quantity of ash plank, 150 tons plaster Paris, warranted, 3,000 bushels best Virginia pit coal, 200 bushel cleans house sand
The subscriber intends, establishing a Lumber Yard at the Federal City of Washington, which he will keep regularly supplied as above—Any quantities may be agreed for by contract, deliverable, as the purchaser may wish, provided that the place of delivery may be comeatable by water with a navigable vessel—Any quantity that may be ordered for shipping abroad, shall be supplied with punctuality and dispatch, agreeable to order.
Gentlemen who are or may be building—as well as carpenters who may be under or may enter into contracts to build and furnish the materials, will find it well worth their attention to apply as above—Applications may be made by letter (post paid) or otherwise, to the subscriber, or left with Wm. and Anthony M. Buckley, or Benj. W. Morris and Co. merchants, Philadelphia.
Also for Sale or to Let,
A large commodious Dwelling House, with out buildings complete, and from three to seven acres of land—Two small do. with lots thereto—Also, a small Store near the river—All laying in the village of Lamberton
NATHAN COMBS.
N. B. A Screw Jack to let, that raises, from 10 to 40 tons by hand—a constant supply of plaster and Smith's Virginia coal. Lamberton, New Jersey, (on Del.) January 22, 1801. twtf
VARDEN & CARPENTER, TAYLORS,
Gratefully acknowledge the favors of the public, whilst carrying on business opposite Mr. Stille's Tavern, and inform, that they have removed to the next house east of Mr. Tanciliff's Hotel, where gentlemen and ladies will be served in a stile of fashion and elegance which it has ever been; and ever will be, their study to execute, and they presume, equal to the most populous cities in the Union.
Regimental and Ladies Habits made in the neatest manner.
May 15, 1801.
wtf
FOR SALE,
A young Negro Girl, about 15 years old—Apply at this office. A April 22, 1801. tf
PROPOSALS
For carrying the MAILS of the United States on the following routes, will be received at the General Post-Office in Washington City, until the 15th day of July next inclusive.
PROPOSALS should be made in writing, and may be forwarded by post. There is no occasion for those who enter into contracts to come to the general Post-Office. When a proposal is accepted the person making it is immediately notified and the contract, &c. is sent to the nearest post-office, to be executed in presence of the post master.
IN MAINE.
1. From Scodie by Pennamaquan, Dennyville Machias, Chandlerville, Columbia and Narraguagus to Gouldsboro', once a week. Leave Scodie every Friday at 2 P. M. and arrive at Gouldsboro' the next Monday by 6 P. M. Leave Gouldsboro' every Tuesday by 6 A. M. and arrive at Scodie the next Friday by 10 A. M.
2. From Dennyville to Eastport, formerly called Passamaquoddy, once a week. Leave Dennyville every Friday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Eastport by 10 A. M. Leave Eastport every Friday at 2 P. M. and arrive at Dennyville by 6 P. M.
3. From Gouldsboro' by Sullivan, Trenton, Bluehill, Castine, Penobscot, Buxton, Prospect and Belfast to Ducktrap, once a week. Leave Gouldsboro' every Tuesday at 6 A. M. arrive at Buxton on Thursday by 3 P. M. and at Ducktrap on Friday by 10 A. M. RETURNING—Leave Ducktrap every Friday at 2 P. M. arrive at Buxton on Saturday by 11 A. M. and at Gouldsboro' on Monday by 5 P. M.
4. From Ducktrap by Camden, Thomaston, Warren, Waldoboro, Bristol and Newcastle to Wiscasset once a week. Leave Ducktrap every Friday at 2 P. M. and arrive at Wiscasset on Saturday by 7 P. M. Leave Wiscasset every Thursday at 4 A. M. and arrive at Ducktrap on Friday by 10 A. M.
5. From Wiscasset by Newmilford, Pittston, Hallowell, Augusta, Vassalboro, Winflow, Fairfield and Canaan to Norridgewock, once a week. Leave Wiscasset every Thursday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Augusta by 2 P. M. Leave Augusta at 5 P. M. and arrive at Norridgewock on Saturday by 6 P. M. RETURNING—Leave Norridgewock every Monday at 6 A. M. arrive at Augusta on Wednesday at 8 A. M. leave Augusta at 9 A. M. and arrive at Wiscasset by 4 P. M.
6. From Wiscasset by Bath, Brunswick, Freeport, North Yarmouth and Falmouth to Portland twice a week. Leave Wiscasset every Monday and Thursday at 4 A. M. and arrive at Portland by 6 P. M. Leave Portland every Wednesday and Friday at 4 A. M. and arrive at Wiscasset by 6 P. M. The hour of arrival to be at 8 P. M. in winter, Nov 15, to April 15.
7. From Portland by Scarborough, Biddeford, Kennebunk, Wells, and York to Portsmouth, N. H. three times a week. Leave Portland every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 4 A. M. and arrive at Portsmouth by 6 P. M. Leave Portsmouth every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 4 A. M. and arrive at Portland by 6 P. M. The hour of arrival to be at 8 P. M. in winter, Nov 15, to April 15.
8. From Portland by Falmouth, Gray, New Gloucester, Lewistown, Green, Monmouth and Winthrop, Augusta Readfield and Chester, to Farmington, once a week. Leave Portland every Saturday at 10 P. M. arrive at Augusta on Tuesday at 9 A. M. and at Farmington by 7 P. M. RETURNING—Leave Farmington on Wednesday at 10 A. M. arrive at Augusta by 7 P. M. and at Portland the next Saturday noon.
9. From Portland by Saccarapoe, Gorham Standish, Flinstown, Hiram, Brownfield, Fryeburg, Offippee, N. H. Effingham, Parsonfield, Newfield, Limerick, Buxton, Gorham and Saccarapoe to Portland, once a week. Leave Portland every Monday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Offippee the next Tuesday by 6 P. M. Leave Offippee on Wednesday at 6 A. M. arrive at Parsonfield by noon, and at Portland on Thursday by noon.
10. From Kennebunk by Waterboro', Sanford, Doytys Falls, Berwick, Lebanon and Shapleigh to Parsonfield, once a week. Leave Kennebunk every Monday at 3 P. M. arrive at Berwick on Tuesday at 2 P. M. Leave Berwick at 3 P. M. and arrive at Parsonfield on Wednesday at 10 A. M. RETURNING—Leave Parsonfield every Wednesday at 2 P. M. arrive at Berwick on Thursday at 10 A. M. and at Kennebunk on Friday by 10 A. M.
NEW-HAMPSHIRE.
11. From Portsmouth by Dover to Berwick Me. once a week. Leave Berwick every Monday noon, and arrive at Portsmouth by 5 P. M. Leave Portsmouth every Tuesday at 8 A. M. and arrive at Berwick by 1 P. M.
12. From Portsmouth by Dover, Rochester, Middletown, Offippee, Moultonboro and Centre Harbour to Plymouth, and from Plymouth by New Hampton, Meredith, Gilmanton, Nottingham and Durham
to Portsmouth once a week. Leave Portsmouth every Monday at 2 P. M. arrive at Offippee on Tuesday by 6 P. M. Leave Offippee on Wednes. 6. A. M. arrive at Plymouth by 2 P. M. RETURNING—Leave Plymouth on Wednesday at 4 P. M. and arrive at Portsmouth on Friday by 6 P. M.
13. From Portsmouth by Exeter, Kingston, Haverhill, Ms. Andover, Ms. Woodburn, Ms. and Medford, Ms. to Boston, Ms. three times a week. Leave Portsmouth every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 5 A. M. and arrive at Boston the same days by 6 P. M. Leave Boston every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 5 A. M. and arrive at Portsmouth the same days by 7 P. M.
14. From Portsmouth by Exeter, Chester Londonderry, Amherst, Peterboro Marlboro & Keene to Walpole once a week. Leave Portsmouth every Tuesday at 9 A. M. arrive at Amherst on Wednesday at 7 P. M.—Leave Amherst on Thursday at 5 A. M. and arrive at Walpole on Friday by 10 A. M. RETURNING—Leave Walpole every Friday at 2 P. M. arrive at Amherst on Saturday by 6 P. M. and at Portsmouth on Monday by 4 P. M.
15. From Haverhill Ms. by Chester, Pembroke, Concord, Boicawen, Salisbury, Plymouth and Romney to Haverhill N. H. once a week. Leave Haverhill Ms. every Friday at 2 P. M. arrive at Chester by 5 P. M. at Concord on Saturday noon. Leave Concord at 6 P. M. arrive at Plymouth on Monday at 9 A. M. and at Haverhill N. H. by 6 P. M. RETURNING—Leave Haverhill N. H. every Tuesday at 8 A. M. arrive at Plymouth by 3 P. M. leave Plymouth at 4 P. M. and arrive at Concord on Wednesday by 6 P. M. Leave Concord on Thursday 10 A. M. arrive at Haverhill on Friday by 10 A. M.
16. From Exeter by Newmarket, Durham and Dover, to Berwick Me. once a week. Leave Exeter every Tuesday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Berwick by 11 A. M. RETURNING—Leave Berwick at 3 P. M. and arrive at Exeter by 7 P. M.
IN MASSACHUSETTS.
17. From Salem to Gloucester twice a week. Leave Gloucester every Tuesday and Friday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Salem by 10 A. M. RETURNING—Leave Salem every Wednesday and Saturday by 2 P. M. and arrive at Gloucester by 7 P. M.
18. From Salem to Marblehead three times a week. Leave Salem every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 10 A. M. and arrive at Marblehead by 11 A. M. Leave Marblehead same days at 1 P. M. and arrive at Salem by 2 P. M.
19. From Boston by Quincy, Hingham, Hanover and Kingston to Plymouth twice a week. Leave Boston every Tuesday and Saturday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Plymouth by 5 P. M. Leave Plymouth on Monday and Friday at 6 A. M. and arrive at Boston by 5 P. M.
20. From Plymouth by Sandwich, Barnstable, Yarmouth, Dennis, Harwich, Chatham, Eastham, Wellfleet, Bellingstgate and Truro to Provincetown once a week. Leave Plymouth every Wednesday at 6 A. M. arrive at Sandwich by 10 A. M. Leave Sandwich at 11 A. M. and arrive at Provincetown on Friday by noon. RETURNING—Leave Provincetown on Friday at 3 P. M. and arrive at Plymouth on Sunday by 6 P. M.
21. From Sandwich by Falmouth and Holmes'shole to Edgartown once a week: contract to continue one year only. Leave Sandwich every Wednesday noon and arrive at Edgartown on Thursday by 1 P. M. RETURNING—Leave Edgartown every Thursday at 4 P. M. and arrive at Sandwich on Friday by 6 P. M.
22. From Boston by Milton, Sharon, Bridgewater and Taunton to New Bedford three times a week.
May 1, to November 1.—Leave Boston every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 9 P. M. and arrive at New Bedford the next days by 8 P. M. Leave New Bedford every Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday at 9 P. M. and arrive at Boston the next days by 8 P. M.
November 1, to May 1.—Leave Boston every Wednesday and Friday at 9 A. M. arrive at Taunton by 7 P. M. and at New Bedford on Thursday and Saturday by 7 P. M. RETURNING—Leave New Bedford every Monday and Wednesday at 9 A. M. arrive at Taunton by 7 P. M. and arrive at Boston on Tuesday and Thursday by 7 P. M.
23. From New Bedford to Nantucket, three times a week in summer and twice in winter.
May 1, to November 1.—Leave New Bedford every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 8 A. M. and arrive at Nantucket by 8 P. M. Leave Nantucket on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 8 A. M. and arrive at New Bedford by 8 P. M.
November 1 to May 1.—Leave New Bedford on Monday and Friday at 8 A. M. and arrive at Nantucket by 8 P. M.—Leave Nantucket on Tuesday and Saturday at 8 A. M. and arrive at New Bedford by 8 P. M.

Dr. WILLICH'S LETTER TO THE REV. ABBE BARRUEL.
[CONCLUDED.]
"II. It is not of man-conducted by reason as it is of brutes-led by instinct. The former has each for his end the development of all his faculties, while in the latter the end is accomplished in each individual brute. Among men, on the contrary, the end is for the species, and not for the individual; for the life of man is too short to attain the perfection and complete development of his faculties. In the class of man all the individuals pass and perish; the species alone survives, and is alone immortal."—BARRUEL.
To shew the obvious misrepresentation in this passage, which is composed of fragments from several distinct propositions of the essay, we shall give the reader a faithful translation of Kant's words, from the original, as literally as is consistent with the idiom of the English language:
"Man being the only rational creature on earth, those natural dispositions or talents, which incite him to the use of his reason, should be completely developed in the genus only, not in the individual."—Kant. Proposition second, p. 66. Nature has ordained that every gradation of improvement beyond the mechanical arrangement of his animal existence, shall be altogether effected by man himself (i. e. by his moral powers) and that he shall partake of no other happiness or perfection, than what he has procured himself, not instinctively, but by his own reason. After having explained that man is a moral agent, neither led by instinct, nor endowed with innate knowledge; that Nature appears to have been very parsimonious in her original dispensation of endowments; that we prepare a fabric of convenience and happiness for others, without enjoying the fruits of our progressive exertions; and that, though it appear enigmatical why generations should labour and live in misery, as it were, to fulfil the intentions of nature, by advancing one step farther, and laying the foundation for the prosperity of their successors, yet this gradual progress is necessary, if we admit the following proposition:—"A genus of animals is said to be endowed with reason; and, as a class of reasonable beings who all die individually, though the genus never dies, they should nevertheless attain the complete development of their talents ( anlagen )." Kant. Propos. third, p. 667—669.
It is evident, from the author's own words, that the question here is not of the mortality or immortality of the soul; and that the French commentators have entirely misunderstood the drift of the argument.
"III. With respect to man again, the end of the species cannot be accomplished, that is to say, his faculties can only be entirely developed, in the most perfect state of society.
"IV. That perfect state of society would be a general confederacy of the earth, so united together, that dissensions, jealousies, ambition, or wars, would never be heard of."—BARRUEL.
"The greatest problem for the human race, and to the solution of which man is compelled by Nature, relates to the institution of a civil society, which should administer universal justice. The highest intention of Nature, namely, the development of all her dispositions in mankind, can be accomplished only in that state of society, where the greatest degree of liberty prevails; and which, though it admits a thorough independence ( antagonism ) among its members, still appoints and maintains the most exact limits of this liberty, so that it may be consistent with that of others. As Nature farther wills, that man in society should realize this as well as all other purposes of his destiny, it follows that a society in which liberty subjected to external laws is established and combined with the greatest possible degree of an irresistible power, or a perfect and just civil constitution, is the greatest task Nature has imposed upon the human race; because she can attain her other purposes with our species only by the solution and practical application of that problem."—KANT. propos. Fifth, pages 671 & 672.
"V. Thousands and thousands of years may elapse before this happy period of perpetual peace may come; but, whatever may be the idea conceived of the free exercise of our will, it is nevertheless certain, that the apparent result of that volition, the actions of man are, as well as the other facts of Nature, determined by general laws."—BARRUEL.
Whatever idea we may form of the liberty of the will in a metaphysical sense, yet the
phenomena of it in actions of man, as well as every other natural event, are determined by general laws of Nature. History, which records these phenomena, however deeply their causes may be concealed, still affords us a prospect by which we may discover them in a regular series, if we take an enlarged view of the fanciful display of the human will. Thus, the actions which appear confused and controlled by no rule in the individual, we shall recognize in the whole species as a continual, though slow, evolution of their original talent or disposition. For instance, marriages, births, and deaths, being much influenced by the free will of man, appear to be subject to no rule, according to which their number could be previously determined by calculation: and yet the annual lists of them in populous countries evince that, as well as the inconsistent weather, they take place according to fixed natural laws. The changes of the atmosphere cannot be previously determined in single cases; but, upon the whole, they do not fail to preserve vegetation, the current of rivers, and other institutions of Nature, in an uniform, uninterrupted course. Individuals, and even whole nations, are little aware, that while they, each according to his own mind, and frequently in opposition to each other, pursue their peculiar aim, they imperceptibly co-operate with, and are, without their knowledge, guided by the intentions of Nature. And let us even suppose that mankind were made acquainted with her purposes, they would be little concerned in that enquiry.
"As men in their exertions do not merely from instinct, like animals, and yet, upon the whole, do not proceed upon a settled plan concerted by rational citizens of the world, it appears to be impossible to form a systematic history of their transactions, such as one for instance, as might be composed of the bee, or the beaver. The observer cannot repress a certain degree of indignation, when he sees the actions and omissions of man represented upon the great theatre of the world; when he finds occasionally apparent wisdom in individual cases, but on taking a more general view of things, perceives that the whole is interwoven with folly, puerile vanity, nay even puerile malignity, and a desire of destruction. At length he is at a loss what idea he must form of that species which is so conceived of its prerogatives. There is no explanation left to the philosopher; and as he cannot presuppose in man, and his general actions, any rational and peculiar design, he endeavours to discover a purpose of Nature in the inconsistent course of human affairs; and thence, if possible, to frame a history according to the fixed natural plan, though the creatures who are the objects of this research, proceed without a determinate rule. Let us try whether we can discover a guide to such an historical picture; and trust that Nature will endow a man with talents adequate to the completion of the piece. Thus she produced a KEPLER, who, contrary to expectation, reduced the eccentric course of the planets to fixed laws; and a NEWTON, who explained these laws from a general and natural cause."—Vide KANT's idea of an Universal History, is a Cosmopolitical View: Introduction, pages 663—665.—(Extracted from the second Volume of his "Miscellaneous Works." genuine edition; Halle, Renger, 1799.)
CONCLUSION.
Without commenting upon the incongruity of the quotations made by the Abbe Barruel; an incongruity which the intelligent and unprejudiced reader will detect; I shall only add the following declaration:
It appears to me, as I have verbally stated to the Abbe, that he has acted on this occasion from conscientious motives rather than from rational conviction. Had he defended the great cause of Christianity and Social order with arguments clearly deduced, and proved that the spirit and tendency of the Critical Philosophers eventually militates against established religions and governments, I should have silently borne his reproaches, nay even made with him a common cause. But convinced that he is mistaken, and finding that he has contributed to prejudice the world against my venerable teacher, for whom neither time nor distance can diminish my respect, I have ventured, nay I thought it my duty, to refute assertions equally virulent and undeserved. For my own part, I shall only add, that I have uniformly, during the present political and religious contest, observed a respectful silence; a conduct becoming the pupils of Kant, and the inhabitants of a country where we enjoy every degree of rational liberty. Nor would I have undertaken the publication of the Elements of Critical Philosophy, had I not
been repeatedly urged by my literary friends in Edinburgh, to perform that arduous task. Among these I have the satisfaction to recal to my memory men of the first talents and respectability; men now employed in the instruction of youth at that learned College. And whatever my opinions where at the time when I composed this work, I solemnly disclaim every personal inference that might be drawn from a book, in which the general principles of another author are avowedly submitted to the examination of the learned—not with a view to disseminate them in political circles, or propagate them in popular pamphlets, but to exhibit the truth or fallacy of those principles to competent judges. I trust I have said enough to conciliate the opinion of those who might have been prejudiced against the philosophic system of a man who for more than half a century, has ranked high in the estimation of Europe; whose irreproachable manners are admired by all who have the happiness to know him; and whose whole life is one series of virtuous actions.
A. F. WILLICH.
DECLARATION OF THE KING OF PRUSSIA.
To the royal and electoral college at Hanover, and to the commanders of the Hanoverian troops.
"In consequence of the oppressions which neutral navigation and commerce has sustained on the part of the English navy, since the commencement of this war, the different powers therein interested could no longer abstain, after so many ineffectual complaints, from protecting their violated rights with a greater degree of energy.
"The result was the convention formed on the 16th of December, 1800, at St. Petersburg, between Russia, Denmark and Sweden, the just and moderate principles of which had formerly been adopted by the court of London itself; and his majesty the king of Prussia, who had likewise felt the violence injurious to his states and his flag, did not hesitate to accede to that treaty.
"The contracting courts were on the point of communicating to the belligerent powers the convention they had agreed to, and of forming arrangements with them, when England by an unexpected proceeding disconcerted this amicable design, by laying an embargo on all the vessels of the naval powers of the North in her ports, and thus declaring herself their enemy.
"It might have been expected that his majesty the king of Prussia would not regard this conduct with satisfaction or indifference. Accordingly, he soon after transmitted to the court of London the declaration already known of the 12th of Feb. formally and publicly avowing his succession to the convention of St. Petersburg, and judicating at the same time the means by which the differences that had taken place might be accommodated, and a total rupture avoided.
"But, instead of adopting the proposed expedient, England passed over in silence the answer transmitted to lord Carysfort, at Berlin. She continued to treat the flags of the North in a hostile manner; and in a note transmitted by the secretary of state, lord Hawkesbury, to the Swedish envoy, baron Ehrenstward, dated the 7th of March, at London, she has once more manifested those false principles which have been so often refuted.
"Under those circumstances, the embargo on Swedish vessels "can be considered in no other view than as an act of just and necessary precaution, which will not be revoked so long as the court of Stockholm continues to form a part of a confederacy, which has for its object, to impose by force on his majesty a new system of maritime law, inconsistent with the dignity and independence of his Crown, and the rights and interests of his people.
"A similar declaration was soon after sent to the court of Denmark, adding, that she must abandon the Coalition of the north and enter into a separate negotiation with England. After receiving a negative answer, the English Charge d'Affairs, Drummond, and the Plenipotentiary Extraordinary, Vanstittart, left Copenhagen on the same day; and in the mean time, the English fleet, under the orders of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, destined for the Baltic Sea, had actually arrived on the Coasts of Zealand.
"It appears from all these events, that the Court of London has no inclination to desist from her inadmissible demands, and accept the proposed means of amicable conciliation. His majesty the King of Prussia therefore feels himself compelled, in conformity to the obligations he has contracted, to take the most efficacious
measures in support of the Convention attacked, and to retaliate for the hostile proceedings against it; for this purpose he will not only shut the mouths, of the Elbe, the Weser, and the Ems, but likewise take possession of the States belonging to his majesty the King of England, as elector of Brunswick Lunenburgh, situated in Germany.
"His majesty the King of Prussia accordingly demands and expects from the Electoral College of Privy Counsellors at Hanover, and from the Board of Generals, that they will submit to this disposition without delay or reply; and that they will voluntarily obey the orders which shall be given relative to the occupation of the Electorate by the Prussian troops, and likewise with respect to the Electoral countries. His majesty principally demands that the Hanoverian corps which has hitherto occupied part of the northern line of demarcation, shall be disarmed and disbanded, with proportional part of the other troops. His majesty requires that the generals and other officers shall engage in writing not to serve against his majesty the King of Prussia, but on the contrary, to follow strictly his orders until the present affairs be brought to a conclusion. The troops which continue embodied, shall be cantoned, part on the right bank of the Seine, and part on the left bank of the Aller, and behind the Lube, as far as the Elbe, where they shall remain distributed among the Towns of Hanover, Gifborn, Velgen, Lannesburgh, and the smaller towns and villages of the district. All the other places, including the Fortress of Hameln, shall be delivered to the Prussian troops, under the orders of Lieut. General Klein.
"His majesty declares, at the same time, that the Prussian troops shall be supplied at the expence of the Electoral Territory, commencing from the end of the month of April. His majesty has sent his Cabinet minister, Conn. Sbulenberg, to notify the present declaration to the Electoral College of Privy Counsellors and Commanders of troops. In these circumstances, all connection between the Electoral College and his majesty the King of England will cease, and authorities are in consequence responsible to his majesty the King of Prussia for their administration and the revenues. In case, as it is to be hoped, of a voluntary submission, his majesty is disposed and ready to promise solemnly, as well to the Nobility as to the Burghers and to all the inhabitants of the Electorate, the complete enjoyment of tranquility, and the security of their property.
"But on the contrary, should the government and the general officers attempt to impede the execution of the measures taken and oppose the entrance of the Prussian troops, his majesty would be obliged, though against inclination, to revoke his promises, and to treat the electoral states in a hostile manner. The civil and military officers are therefore responsible for the fatal consequences which may in this case result from their conduct. For this reason his majesty advises them to submit to this summon, and to prevent the rigorous measures which will inevitably be adopted in case of a refusal.
"By order of his majesty. (Signed) "HAUGWITZ. "Berlin, March 30, 1801."
In Chancery, May 13, 1801.
BENANI H. WADE, an insolvent debtor of Prince George County, makes application as a trader, by petition to the Chancellor in writing, praying the benefit of "An act for the relief of sundry insolvent debtors." There is annexed to this petition a schedule of his property and a list of his creditors on oath as by the said act is required. And the chancellor being satisfied by competent testimony, that the said Benani H. Wade, is, and at the time of passing the said act was, a citizen of the United States and of this state.
It is thereupon adjudged and ordered that he appear before the chancellor in the chancery office on the fifteenth day of December next, for the purpose of taking the oath by the said act required, in presence of his creditors, and that by causing a copy of this order to be inserted in some one of the newspapers in the City of Washington, once in each of three successive weeks, and by serving a copy of this order on so many of his creditors as have due to them at least twelve hundred dollars, before the sixteenth day of June next, he give notice to his creditors to attend on the fifteenth day of December, for the purpose of recommending a trustee for their benefit, and to lodge with the chancellor within six months from the time of the last publication (if they shall think fit) their dissent to his being admitted to the benefit of the said act.
Test.
SAMUEL H. HOWARD, Reg. ct. ch. May 22. 31w