Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1793-07-03 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
A NATIONAL PAPER, PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 34. NORTH FIFTH-STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 114 of Vol. IV.]
WEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1793.
[Whole No. 436.]
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LAW CASE.
Robert Finckley, jun. and others, } Libel filed. Ship William. }
Sketch of the Pleadings in this important case, concluded.
Mr. LEWIS on the part of the libellants.
THE honor and dignity of the United States, he said, were deeply involved in the decision of this case; it involves a violation of the peace of the country; for if when two powers are at war, one may invade our territory, our commercial intercourse with foreign nations, and our tranquillity become materially interrupted. Was this an absolute government, where the sovereign, of his own free will, can repel force by force, the remedy in a similar case would be at hand, and be adequate: But as in our government the Executive is far from unlimited, a court of admiralty, forming its decision on the principles of the law of nations, is the proper tribunal for the trial of such causes. On the ground upon which the counsel on the other side wished to put the business, it would appear, that our only remedy would be, in case a little privateer chose even to cut enemy's vessels from our very wharves, for the President to request, without an opportunity of commanding restitution. He hoped, for his part, that the President would never again be placed in the disagreeable situation that he was not long since, when a whole week had elapsed after his pleasure was known, before restitution was made of a late capture. If the jurisdiction of the court is not sustained, then we are not on an equal footing with other nations; we can only remonstrate and pray for restitution in case of infringement, and history teaches us, that a nation without a respectable armed force, is the sufferer by every negotiation. It has been observed, that our meddling in matters of the nature of the cause before the court would tend to involve us in war; he rather conceded, that our permitting one nation to annoy its enemy within our jurisdiction without our resenting the insult, might have that effect; indeed, if the privateer was authorised to do what she has done the act is tantamount to a declaration of war. He dwelt on the importance of preserving peace, and he conceived that a decision in this court, agreeably to the law of nations would tend to effect that desirable object.
The counsel on the other side had said, that taking cognizance of the present cause would be a violation of the treaty, and that in case of a violation on our part the whole treaty is virtually annulled. The court he was sure, were not to be intimidated by such argument; Indeed if the treaty is violated, it certainly is by the subjects of that nation to whom the privateer belongs.
We have been told said Mr. Lewis, that the court is not competent to relief in all cases of this kind; that the William could have been taken to Cape-Francois, or any where else out of its jurisdiction. It might happen, and it often does happen he said, that a criminal escapes a trial in a court within the jurisdiction of which he has committed an offence; the argument goes only to show the inadequacy of all human institutions in certain cases; but certainly while we hold the criminal we should inflict the punishment.
It had been said, that the court had not the power of being impartial in the business, they could not condemn the prize. He contended, that there was no just foundation for this charge of partiality; should a British privateer ever be in the situation of the French in this instance, the law to him would be as it is to the French in this case.
It had been said that the owner of the ship William had a remedy by applying to the court of admiralty, who should condemn the prize in France. On this he remarked, that there appeared little disposition on the part of those concerned in the Citizen Genet, to take the William to France, and that a plea could not be held there unless the prize was actually brought within the jurisdiction of that court. Besides, though the court in France might determine whether the capture was legal, yet they would do it without an eye to her being taken within our territory, leaving the vindication of our rights of sovereignty to ourselves.
He cited 2 Vat 92 to shew, that it is unlawful to enter a neutral country in a hostile manner.
It had been said, that this is a cause between the citizens of Great-Britain and the citizens of France, he considered it as the cause of America herself, in as much as it was the interest and duty of this country to preserve a strict neutrality: and she will be called upon to be added for satisfaction, if the capture is not restored, more particularly as the privateer that took the William was fitted out in an American port.
1 Vat. 289 says, that vessels taken within the distance of a neutral shore, mentioned in the present libel are not lawful, 3 Vat. 182 to the same point.
Molloy, P. 183 contains a case in point. Lee 121 records, that the Romans did not venture to pursue the Carthaginians into the port of a neutral prince; but he had an armed force to make his port respected; were we in the same situation, we should not be injured by the English holding our posts in spite of treaty, nor insulted by a violation of our territorial rights by a French privateer.
The President it was said should be applied to for a settlement of this business, that there is no instance of a cause of this kind being brought into a court of admiralty. No, an absolute monarch would have settled it without an admiralty court; but our executive has no strong arm to enforce obedience to its decision; the cause is therefore brought here in a court which is guided by the principles of the law of nations, free and impartial to all.
He further answered to the objection, that no instance can be produced of a similar case being brought into a court of admiralty, that this only shewed, that the privateer had gone further than any one before her; after injuring our trade by watching off our rivers and bays for vessels, after having made a capture on our territory, they had added insult to injury and brought the prize to our very seat of government an act altogether unprecedented for audacity.
Mr. Lewis insisted on the propriety of not parting with the property captured without obtaining redress for the violation of our neutrality; the court does want to settle whether there was sufficient cause of rupture between France and England; but we have a right to detain the capture to secure ourselves.
He adverted to the treaty. The provisions of it are surely not intended, he said, to prevent our enquiring whether a violation has been committed on our rights of territory. If this should be the construction, how can the President, or even Congress interfere without a violation of the treaty?
Mr. Lewis concluded by referring to Lee 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 96, 78 and 79, as containing information on the present case.
This mutilated and cramped account will serve to give but a faint idea of the masterly manner in which Mr. Lewis handled the case. It is far less distinct or complete than our sketch of the observations which fell from the other counsel on this question; the rapidity of his utterance must plead our excuse.
Judge Peters delivered his decree for dismissing the present libel as irrelevant—which shall appear in our next.
Foreign Intelligence.
PETERSBURGH, March 26.
COUNT d'Artois, brother to the late Louis the XVIth, having obtained the consent of the Empress to visit this Court, arrived here on the 23d inst. The Court carriages were sent to fetch him and his suite, and the Vice-Chancellor Osterman received him on the part of the Empress in a hotel prepared by her Majesty's order, and at her expence, for the reception of his Royal Highness. The day before yesterday the Prince was introduced to our Sovereign. Yesterday he received the compliments of the Senate, Regency, and the city of Petersburg, and this day he will be visited by the Foreign Ministers. Previous to his arrival our Court took a decisive step in acknowledging Monsieur, brother to Louis XVIth, as Regent of France during the minority of the lawful heir to the Throne, detained prisoner at Paris, and Count d'Artois as Lieutenant General of the kingdom. The Count d'Artois wished to remain incog. but in the present circumstances the Empress thought it proper that he should appear with all the honors due to his rank and birth, and has in consequence appointed him two chamberlains, and two gentlemen of his chambers.
WARSAW, April 12.
The day before yesterday the king set out from this place, for Grodno. At every post a Russian escort is stationed to receive his majesty, and the Russian ambassador will confer with him at Bialostock, on the objects which are to be afterwards the subjects of deliberation.
The act of the Prussians taking possession of several of our Provinces, will be signed in the Diet, which, in future, is to be assembled every four or six years; and in the intervals, public affairs are to be directed by the Permanent Council.
The Confederation General of Lithuania has ordered the Hetmans to proceed with the utmost rigour against the French, established within the extent of the Grand Duchy, and to oblige them to take the oath required from those of the same nation who are in Russia.
BRUSSELS, April 24.
The bulletin of the Austrian army published this day, and dated from the head quarters at Quievrain, contains an account of its operations on the 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22d, instant.
On the 17th the enemy made two attempts to alarm our out posts, but failed both times, and one of their patrols, consisting of 40 men, fell into an ambuscade, and most of them were killed and taken. The duke of York arrived the same day at Bruges with a corps of English troops. Nothing remarkable passed on the 18th and 19th. On the 20th the duke of York, with the English troops, entered Courtray. On the 21st lieutenant-general Count de Liatour set off to harass the enemy, and surprise the little camp on the road from Maubeuge and Bouffoir, which he effected and obliged the enemy to abandon it, and retire with precipitation; they were also dislodged from all their posts, and obliged to pass the Sambre. They lost on this occasion 30 prisoners, and had a great number killed and wounded. The same day the French made a strong attack on our advanced posts on the side of Bavai, but were repulsed; their loss we are ignorant of; we had only one killed, and five wounded.
On the following night all the troops resumed their ancient position.
His royal highness the arch duke Charles arrived here yesterday from the army.
A severe ordinance has been published by the council of Brabant against the French Liegeois and Dutch emigrants: According to this they cannot enter the Low Countries, unless furnished with a passport from the commandant of the first military post, nor can they stay in the country above three days without special permission from the Government General. Those who have taken up their abode since the first of July 1789, cannot continue in the country without a similar permission; and those who were here previous to that time must give an account within a week of their profession and means of subsistence. Their servants must also be described nominally and individually.
LONDON, May 7.
The Elector of Saxony has obtained from the States permission to suspend the payment of the interest upon the public debt during the war.—The same thing was done in Saxony in the year 1778.
There are now none of the ci-devant Royal Family remaining in Paris but the prisoners in the Temple. Philip Egalite was first committed to the Abbaye, but has since been transferred to Marseilles, together with Alphonso-Leodgare Egalite, his son, and Louis Francis Joseph, heretofore Prince of Conti.
One of the French papers speaks of the superior firmness and Jacobinism of young Egalite, a boy of thirteen! His interrogatory was briefly this: "Are you an Aristocrat? Yes.—Do you know any of your father's plans? No.—Have you any connection with Mad. Sillery? Oh fie!"
Extract of a letter from Brussels April 23.
"His Imperial Majesty, wishing to bury in oblivion every thing that tended to the Belgic revolution, is going to publish a general amnesty, which is to extend even to those who were condemned during the troubles, his majesty being desirous to restore their honor, and even to indemnify them, if possible. For this purpose, all prosecutions commenced, have been stopped: the amnesty is to extend to all deserters who shall return to their corps before the month of October, except it shall appear that they have been guilty of other crimes besides that of desertion.
"On Saturday last a mass to confirm the union was celebrated here, in token of the reconciliation of all parties, which was conducted with every demonstration of joy. After the mass, rejoicings took place which lasted the whole day."
The French general Marosse, who commanded at Antwerp, has emigrated, with some other officers.
On the 17th inst. Garin, administrator of provisions, declared in the sitting of the Commune, that there were in Paris provisions sufficient for three months.
The King of Poland is now reluctantly travelling to Grodno, by command of the Empress, under an escort of some Russian troops, to sanction the alienation and partition of his kingdom. Yet, on this degrading outrage, declaimers on the sacred characters of kings are silent, because it is not the act of subjects endeavoring to break the bands of despotism, but of crowned heads endeavoring to gratify their lust for dominion!!

Gen. Miranda, in his justificatory memorial, in exculpation of himself, throws all the blame on Dumourier, whom he accuses of treason.
The most positive contradiction is given to some very absurd reports which had been industriously enough circulated respecting two British Princes now on the Continent. The public are intreated to give little credit to any such reports.
This is the day appointed for all the inhabitants of the Polish provinces taken possession of by the king of Prussia to take the oath of fidelity to that monarch. Count Hertzberg is the person whom his majesty has sent to represent him on that occasion.
The account of the sudden death of Dr. Lettsom is untrue. The doctor has contradicted it in a letter subscribed by himself.
Letter from Gen. Dampierre to the National Convention of France, written before his nomination to be Commander in Chief of the northern army.
"Finding the republic in danger, I have taken such extraordinary measures as I hope will meet your approbation. I will rally to your standard as much as possible the troops, and all good citizens to counteract the designs of a traitor, who has now thrown off the mask. I dispatch to you citizen Tardie, an officer of enginery; he has been witness to all the intrigues of Dumourier and his little circle; and of all that horrid scene of villainy of which those he entertained about him were capable. He will let you into a full knowledge of all this dark history. It is my wish to save my country—I wait with impatience for your assistance and protection. I offer myself because I see no other general that will come forward. When a superior is appointed, who has his country's salvation at heart, and the independence of the republic, I will obey his orders to the last extremity."
Never was an age so fertile as the present in chemical discoveries. Accident some time ago proved, that animal substances remaining a certain time in the earth, instead of being devoured according to the vulgar notion by worms, were converted into a substance of exactly the same qualities with that called Spermaceti. Experiments have been since made in imitation of this process of nature; and various parts of the human and other bodies, deposited a few months in the earth, or in water, have been converted into inflammable substances, which burn with a bright flame till they are totally consumed. The only parts not thus convertible are the earthy basis of the bones. And as every thing inflammable resolves itself in its analysis into different kinds of air, the body of man therefore will finally resolve itself into ethereal substances. All dead bodies are capable of being made into candles; and those who have been striving in vain to give light during their lives, will certainly have that capacity after they are dead.
According to Lord Rawdon's affecting statement in his new bill, there are no less than 20,000 debtors, 1,300 wives, and 4,000 children distressed by the present Laws of Loan and Credit.
The Navy List at present contains the names of no less than 1400 lieutenants.
The following singular remedy in cases of Canine Madness, we learn by a letter from Jamaica, was lately practised at Kingston, with the desired effect: A large Dog, who had every symptom of madness, was immersed in salt water till nearly dead. When taken out and rubbed before a fire, it gradually recovered, without the least remains of its former malady.
Notwithstanding the communication from France is much interrupted, we have received the following letter from Boulogne, which contains news of great importance, should the event justify the contents of it.
BOULOGNE, April 25. "Twelve days ago two Englishmen embarked at this place for England. This circumstance took
place at noon, and with uncommon attention towards them on the part of the Municipality of the town. An agent from the executive Council, who accompanied them from Paris, did not fail to excite our attention. The inhabitants in general expected their business was relating to the opening of the passage between England and France, which had been so lately shut.
These two persons arrived here about six days before, accompanied by the agent above mentioned, whose passport said he was charged with a mission. He brought also letters from the Executive Council to the Mayor and Municipal officers, to send these foreigners to their own country, with all proper attention. This was on the point of being fulfilled, when a Commissioner of the Convention from Arras arrived in the town, to whom the Mayor communicated the affair. The Commissioner, not knowing their errand, and as the defection of Dumourier had just taken place, he suspected the persons, and accordingly ordered them to be arrested, and dispatched a courier to Paris, to identify the passport, and a boat was kept ready, in case the letters of the President of the Council were confirmed. In this situation they remained six days, when orders were returned to send them to England, and these were confirmed by the new committee of Public Safety, consisting of nine of the leading members of both parties in the Convention. The Mayor and Municipality accompanied them to the Quay, where they embarked for England. The object of their mission no one could learn.
"This circumstance has of course caused much speculation, and the general opinion is, they were charged with making overtures for a peace. The Government of France having clearly seen the deceptions that had been passed upon it on a former occasion, and seeing that the only prospect of quieting affairs at home was by peace, has unanimously determined upon the measure. In consequence of which, letters to this purpose, we understand, have been written; but owing to the Alien Bill, and not knowing what reception a Frenchman would meet with in England, these letters were thus forwarded to an Agent of the Executive Council resident in London, to deliver to Lord Grenville."
GEOGRAPHY OF THE WAR, AT THE PRESENT MOMENT.
It may be satisfactory, perhaps, to some who are desirous to form a just idea of the transactions in the present war between France and the Allies, if we point out the different situations of the armies opposed to each other. First, the Prince of Cobourg, at the head of the Austrian, Hanoverian, and British troops in Flanders, is besieging the towns of Conde, Valenciennes, &c. on the northern frontiers of France. If we then carry our eye along the map to the eastward for 250 miles, we shall find the cities of Mentz and Cassel, (which stand opposite to each other on the banks of the Rhine) closely besieged by the Prussian General Kalkreuth. Ascending the Rhine about fifty miles, we come to Spires, where General Wurmser, at the head of 40,000 Germans, is preparing to lay siege to Landau, a French town in Alsace, which Marshal Vauban employed all his skill in rendering one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Proceeding about twenty miles to the southward, we find Custine with the remains of his army, which the King of Prussia has driven from the Electorate of Mentz, encamped under the walls of Weissenbourg, in Alsace.
The celebrated inventor of the terrible fire, known under the title of Cailles, which did such surprising execution at the late siege of Belgrade, under Marechal Laudohn, has been sent for express from Vienna, to assist at the siege of Mentz. The allies, it has been stated, are by no means agreed as to their object, or the mode to attain it. The generous valour of the Prince de Cobourg, it was said, respected an ene-
my, he had found brave beyond expectation.
What was even yet more momentous than this, it was altered, upon we know not what authority, that the British Cabinet was not disposed to negotiate for a peace. To this idea, the vigorous preparations at home, and the subsidy to foreign troops give some contradiction; not indeed insurmountable to those who recollect the Minister's accustomed practice of armed negotiations.
Mr. Secretary Dundas's son, who is now of age, is the political pupil of Lord Auckland. He does not come into Parliament till the noble Lord has pronounced his education finished.
The Earl of Fife's succession to the fortune of his kinswoman, Mrs. Duff, is disputed by her nephew, the son of the late Admiral Duff. The bone of contention is worth 50,000l. of course it will afford pretty pickings for the lawyers.
Miss Scott, the wealthiest Heiress in the kingdom, is, by an absurd Clause in her father's Will, prohibited from marrying a Peer, or the presumptive Heir of a Peer, under the Penalty of forfeiting the greatest part of her fortune. This perhaps may be one reason why Mr. Dundas has never counted on the honors of the Upper House.
Young Oswald, the son and heir to the great fortune of the American Peacemaker, is lately married to the beautiful and accomplished Miss Lucy Johnson, of Edinburgh.
Extract of a letter from Dundee, dated April 27.
"I am just now come from witnessing a most disastrous and melancholy scene. Above 150 persons having this afternoon crowded on board a light sloop in this harbor, at full tide, in order to view the launching of a vessel from the dock-yard, unfortunately, from the weight of the persons on the shrouds, yards, and deck, the sloop overset, and every person was thrown into the water. By the singular exertions and activity of the seamen (and humanity of others who stripped and swam in to save those unhappy persons) boats were instantly got close to the wreck, and almost all of them were picked up in less than a quarter of an hour. I am sorry to learn, however, that about thirteen have perished by this sad catastrophe. The wild and helpless screams and yells of parents and others, in quest of, and trembling for the fate of children and relations, may be much easier imagined than described. A mother saved with the loss of the infant in her arms, and children preserved with the loss of their keepers, formed altogether the most helpless and wretched picture ever beheld. It has indeed at present spread a very dismal gloom over the face of this place."
United States.
WINCHESTER (Vir.) June 24.
On Thursday the 23d ult. some persons unknown, but believed to be a variety of circumstances to consist of from 3 to 6, fired upon three unarmed Indians, two Chickasaws and a Cherokee, in the woods, about 600 paces from Gov. Blount's house, and wounded one of the Chickasaws (John Morris) with which wound he died on the 24th, and was buried on the 25th.
The following is Governor Blount's order for the burial:
"John Morris, the Chickasaw who was so inhumanly murdered on the 23d instant, by the base hand of some unknown assassin, to be buried this afternoon, at the usual burial ground of the white people, with the military honors due to a warrior of his friendly nation. The procession to commence in the street near the magazine, at four o'clock."
ORDER OF PROCESSION.
"Sergeant, corporal and twelve privates to precede the corps." "The Governor and brother of the deceased as chief mourners." "The Chickasaws, two and two." "The civil and military officers, two & two." "Private citizens, two and two."
The inhabitants of Knoxville generally, and many from the circumjacent country attended, and expressed great sorrow at the inhuman murder of this good and friendly young Chickasaw. John Morris, and his brother James Anderson, who was with Piamingo in Gen. St. Clair's army, arrived with Coodey, the Hanging Maw, and several other Cherokees, at the Governor's, on Sunday the 19th, and at the time they were fired upon, were in the woods, attending to their horses at grass, between the Governor's house and plantation, in a bend of the river Holston, where no armed persons could have any business, except to injure such Indians as they might there find.
The perpetrators of this unmanly act, after three Indian holes—a proof that they not only sought innocent blood, but property not their own.
N E W Y O R K, June 27.
Extract of a letter from London, dated May 1, to a merchant in this city.
"I find that the situation of things at home as well as abroad has brought Mr. Pitt to say very nearly as much as that he will treat with the convention, or the men of the day if no better can be done. He is so much frightened at the home situation, that he will make terms with France, and next packet will confirm to you what I now write."
FOR THE GAZETTE.
THE second and principal objection to the proclamation, namely, that it is inconsistent with the treaties between the United States and France, will now be examined.
It has been already shown, that it is not inconsistent with the performance of any of the stipulations in those treaties, which would not make us an associate or party in the war, and particularly that it is incompatible with the privileges secured to France by the seventeenth and twenty-second articles of the Treaty of Commerce; which, except the clause of guarantee, constitute the most material discriminations to be found in our treaties in favor of that country.
Official documents have likewise appeared, in the public papers, which are understood to be authentic, that serve as a comment upon the sense of the proclamation in this particular, proving that it was not deemed by the executive incompatible with the performance of the stipulations in those articles, and that in practice they are intended to be observed.
It has however been admitted, that the declaration of neutrality excludes the idea of an execution of the clause of guarantee.
It becomes necessary therefore to examine, whether the United States would have a valid justification for not complying with it, in case of their being called upon for that purpose by France.
Without knowing how far the reasons, which have occurred to me, may have influenced the President, there appear to me to exist very good and substantial grounds for a refusal.
The alliance between the United States and France is a defensive alliance . In the caption of it it is denominated a "treaty of alliance eventual and defensive ." In the body of it (article second) it is called a defensive alliance . The words of that article are as follows: "the essential and direct end of the present defensive alliance is to maintain effectually the liberty, sovereignty and independence absolute and unlimited of the United States, as well in matters of government, as of commerce."
The predominant quality or character then of our alliance with France is, that it is defensive in its principle, of course the meaning obligation and force of every stipulation in the treaty must be tested and determined by that principle. It is not necessary (and would be absurd) that it should be repeated in every article. It is sufficient that it be once declared, to be understood in every part of the treaty, unless coupled with express negative words excluding the implication.
The great question consequently is—what are the nature and effect of a defensive alliance ? When does the casus fœderis , or condition of the contract take place, in such an alliance?
Reason, the concurring opinions of writers, and the practice of nations will answer:— "when either of the allies is attacked , when war is made upon him, not when he makes war upon another;" In other words, the stipulated assistance is to be given to the ally when engaged in a defensive , not when engaged in an offensive war. This obligation to assist only in a defensive war, constitutes the essential difference between a defensive alliance and one which is both offensive and defensive . In the latter case there is an obligation to co-operate as well when the war on the part of our ally is offensive , as when it is defensive . To affirm therefore, that the United States are bound to assist France in the war in which she is at present engaged, would be to convert our treaty with her into an alliance offensive and defensive , contrary to the express and reiterated declarations of the instrument itself.
This assertion implies, that the war in question is an offensive war on the part of France.
And so it undoubtedly is with regard to all the powers with whom she was at war at the time of issuing the proclamation.
No position is better established, than that the power which first declares , or actually begins a WAR, whatever may have been the causes leading to it, is that which makes an offensive war . Nor is there any doubt that France first declared and began the war, against Austria, Prussia, Savoy, Holland, England and Spain.
Upon this point there is apt to be some incorrectness of ideas. Those who have not examined subjects of such a nature, are led to imagine that the party which commits the first injury, or gives the first provocation, is on the offensive side in the war, though begun by the other party.
But the cause or the occasion of the war, and the war itself, are things entirely distinct. 'Tis the commencement of the war itself, that decides the question of being on the offensive or defensive. All writers on the laws of nations agree in this principle, but it is more accurately laid down in the following extract from Burlamaqui .*
"Neither are we to believe (says he) that he who first injures another, begins by that an offensive war , and that the other who de-
* Vol. II. Book IV. Chap. III. Sections 4 and 5.

mands the satisfaction for the injury received, is always on the defensive. There are a great many unjust acts which may kindle a war, and which however are not the war itself—as the ill treatment of a prince's ambassadors, the plundering of his subjects, &c."
"If therefore we take up arms to revenge such an unjust act, we commence an offensive but a just war; and the prince who has done the injury, and will not give satisfaction, makes a defensive but an unjust war."
"We must therefore affirm, in general, that the first who takes up arms, whether justly or unjustly, commences an offensive war, and he who opposes him, whether with or without reason, begins a defensive war."
France then being on the offensive in the war in which she is engaged, and our alliance with her being defensive only, it follows, that the casus federis , or condition of our guarantee, cannot take place; and that the United States are free to refuse a performance of that guarantee, if demanded.
Those who are disposed to justify indiscriminately every thing in the conduct of France, may reply, that though the war in point of form may be offensive on her part, yet in point of principle, it is defensive —was in each instance a mere anticipation of attacks meditated against her, and was justly fled by previous aggressions of the opposite parties.
It is believed, that it would be a sufficient answer to this observation to say, that in determining the legal and justice obligations of the United States, the only point of inquiry is, whether the war was in fact begun by France, or by her enemies—that all beyond this would be too vague, too liable to dispute, too much matter of opinion to be a proper criterion of national conduct; that when a war breaks out between two nations, all other nations, in regard to the positive rights of the parties, and their positive duties towards them, are bound to consider it as equally just on both sides—that consequently in a defensive alliance, when war is made upon one of the allies, the other is bound to fulfil the conditions stipulated on its part, without inquiry, whether the war is rightfully begun or not—as, on the other hand, when war is begun by one of the allies, the other is exempted from the obligation of assisting; however just the commencement of it may have been.
The foundation of this doctrine is, the utility of clear and certain rules for determining the reciprocal duties of nations—that as little as possible may be left to opinion, and to the subterfuges of a refining or unfaithful casuistry.
Some writers, indeed, of great authority affirm, that it is a tacit condition of every treaty of alliance, that one ally is not bound to assist the other in a war manifestly unjust. But this is questioned on the ground which has been stated by other respectable authorities. And though the manifest injustice of the war has been affirmed by some, to be a good cause for not executing the formal obligations of a treaty, I have no where found it maintained, that the justice of a war is a consideration which can oblige a nation to do what its formal obligations do not require; as in the case of a defensive alliance, to furnish the succours stipulated, though the formal obligation did not exist, by reason of the ally having begun the war instead of being the party attacked.
But if this were not the true doctrine, an impartial examination would prove, that with respect to some of the powers, France is not blameless in the circumstances which preceded and led to the war with those powers; that if she received, she also gave causes of offence, and that the justice of the war, on her side, is in those cases not a little problematical.
There are prudential reasons which dissuade from going largely into this examination, unless it shall be rendered necessary by the future turn of the discussion.
It will be sufficient here, to notice cursorily the following facts.
France committed an aggression upon Holland in declaring free the navigation of the Scheldt, and acting upon that declaration; contrary to Treaties in which she had explicitly acknowledged and even guaranteed the exclusive right of Holland to the navigation of that river, and contrary to the doctrines of the best writers, and the established usages of nations in such cases.
She gave a general and just cause of alarm to nations, by that decree of the 19th of November, 1792, whereby the Convention, in the name of the French nation, declare that they will grant fraternity and assistance to every people who wish to recover their liberty , and charge the executive power to send the necessary orders to the generals to give assistance to such people, and to defend those citizens who may have been, or who may be vexed for the cause of liberty ; which decree was ordered to be printed in all languages.
When a nation has actually come to a resolution to throw off a yoke, under which it may have groaned, and to assert its liberties, it is justifiable and meritorious in another nation to afford assistance to the one which has been oppressed, and is in the act of liberating itself; but it is not warrantable for any nation beforehand to hold out a general invitation to insurrection and revolution, by promising to assist every people who may wish to recover their liberty, and to defend those citizens of every country, who may have been, or who may be vexed for the cause of liberty; still less to commit to the GENERALS of its armies the discretionary power of judging, when the citizens of a foreign country have been vexed for the cause of liberty by their own government.
The latter part of the decree amounted exactly to what France herself had most complained of—an interference by one nation in the internal government of another.
Vattel justly observes, as a consequence of the liberty and independence of nations—
"that it does not belong to any foreign power to take cognizance of the administration of the sovereign of another country, to set himself up as a judge of his conduct, or to oblige him to alter it."
Such a conduct as that indicated by this decree, has a natural tendency to disturb the tranquility of nations, to excite fermentation and revolt every where; and therefore justified neutral powers, who were in a situation to be affected by it, in taking measures to repress the spirit by which it had been dictated. But the principle of this decree received a more particular application to Great-Britain, by some subsequent circumstances.
Among the proofs of this are two answers, which were given by the President of the National Convention, at a public sitting, on the 28th of November, to two different addresses; one presented by a deputation from "The Society for Constitutional Information in London"—the other by a deputation of English and Irish citizens at Paris.
The following are extracts from these answers:
"The shades of PENN, of HAMBden and of SYDNEY, hover over your heads; and the moment, without doubt, approaches, in which the French will bring congratulations to the National Convention of Great-Britain."
"Nature and principles draw towards us England, Scotland and Ireland. Let the cries of friendship resound through the two REPUBLICS." "Principles are waging war against tyranny, which will fall under the blows of philosophy. Royalty in Europe is either destroyed, or on the point of perishing, on the ruins of feudalism; and the declaration of rights placed by the side of thrones, is a devouring fire which will consume them.—WORTHY REPUBLICANS, &c."
Declarations of this sort cannot but be considered as a direct application of the principle of the decree to Great-Britain; as an open patronage of a revolution in that country; a conduct which proceeding from the head of the body that governs France, in the presence and on behalf of that body, was unquestionably an offence and injury to the nation to which it related.
The decree of the 15th of November is another cause of offence to all the governments of Europe. By that decree "The French nation declares, that it will treat as enemies the people, who refusing or renouncing liberty and equality, are desirous of preserving their prince and privileged class—or of entering into an accommodation with them, &c." This decree was little short of a declaration of war against all nations having princes and privileged classes.
The incorporation of the territories, over which the arms of France had temporarily prevailed, with and as a part of herself, is another violation of the rights of nations, into which the convention was betrayed by an intemperate zeal, if not by a culpable ambition.
The laws of nations give to a power at war nothing more than a usufructuary or possessory right to the territories which it conquers; suspending the absolute property and dominion till a treaty of peace or something equivalent shall cede or relinquish the conquered territory to the conqueror. This principle is one of the greatest importance to the tranquility and security of nations—facilitating an adjustment of their quarrels and the preservation of ancient limits.
But France, by incorporating with herself, in several instances, the territories she had acquired, violated this important principle and multiplied infinitely the obstacles of peace and accommodation. The doctrine, that a nation cannot consent to its own dismemberment, but in a case of extreme necessity, immediately attached itself to all the important territories: while the progressive augmentation of the dominions of the most powerful nation in Europe, on a principle not of temporary acquisition, but of permanent union, threatened the independence of all other countries and gave to neighboring neutral powers the justest cause of umbrage and alarm. It is a principle well agreed and founded on the best reasons, that whenever a particular nation adopts maxims of conduct contrary to those generally established among nations, calculated to disturb their tranquility and to expose their safety, they may justifiably make a common cause to oppose and controul such nation.
Whatever partiality may be entertained for the general object of the French revolution, it is impossible for any well informed or sober minded man not to condemn the proceedings which have been stated; as repugnant to the general rights of nations, to the true principles of liberty, to the freedom of opinion of mankind: and not to acknowledge as a consequence of this, that the justice of the war on the part of France, with regard to some of the powers with which she is engaged, is from those causes questionable enough to free the United States from all embarrassments on that score; if it be at all incumbent upon them to go into the inquiry.
The policy of a defensive alliance is so essentially distinct from that of an offensive one, that it is every way important not to confound their effects. The first kind has in view the prudent object of mutual defence, when either of the allies is involuntarily forced into a war by the attack of some third power. The latter kind subjects the peace of each ally to the will of the other, and obliges each to partake in the wars of policy and interest, as well as in those of safety and defence, of the other. To preserve their boundaries distinct, it is necessary that each kind should be governed by plain and obvious rules.
This would not be the case, if instead of taking the simple fact of who began the war as a guide, it was necessary to travel into metaphysical niceties about the justice or injustice of the causes which led to it. Since also the not furnishing a stipulated succour, when it is due, is itself a cause of war, it is very requisite, that there should be some pal-
pable criterion for ascertaining when it is due. This criterion, as before observed, in a defensive alliance is the commencement or not of the war by our ally as a mere matter of fact.
Other topics calculated to illustrate the position, that the United States are not bound to execute the clause of guarantee; are reserved for another paper.
PACIFICUS.
Philadelphia, July 3.
To-morrow being the Anniversary of Independence, the Day will be celebrated through the Union—
Preparations are making at Gray's Gardens and at Hartsgrove—where refreshments will be found in abundance for the numerous companies which are expected to assemble at those delightful retreats.
By Capt. Edes, in the Schooner Dion, who arrived at Bolton last week, in 22 days from Demarara, we learn, that when passing the island of Martinico, he saw the white flag flying on one of the heights—but the English fleet, which appeared round the island, would not permit him to land.
The Bank of North America has declared a dividend of six per cent, for the half year ending July 1—to be paid after the 10th inst.
A letter from Carlisle Pennsylvania of 22d ult. gives an account of a duel between Major James Lamberton and Mr. John Duncan; the dispute originated at an election of militia officers, and terminated in the death of Mr. Duncan who was shot through the head.
Extract of a letter from Boston, June 23.
"By arrivals from the West India islands we find that the seas swarm with privateers; and that almost every American vessel is boarded, and on the least suspicion of their having French effects on board are carried into port for investigation. A brig arrived to day which had been carried into St. Kitts and about 30 bds. sugar, belonging to French passengers were detained, though I believe they are not yet condemned—and it is said judgment will be suspended till further orders from Europe.—The Captain of this brig was obliged to pay £50 charges, and lost his freight, besides a detention of 20 days.—'Tis highly probable that this procedure of the British will be painted in strong colours by a certain class of malcontents amongst us, but to avoid a misconstruction of their conduct it ought to be known that the expence and trouble that the American Captain was put to, arose from his prevarication, and putting the captors to the utmost difficulty in proving the property; however I do not suppose that it depends on the whim or generosity of the captors whether we as a neutral power are not entitled to the freight of the goods which has always been the custom of nations—if so, I should think means would be found to obtain it."
An extract of a letter from Manchester, to a gentleman in Philadelphia, as published in Mr. Dunlap's paper of yesterday, says—"This [speaking of England] is undoubtedly the most wretched country in the universe; and from its situation when you left it, though but four months ago, you can form no idea of its present distresses. The war has caused so great a scarcity of money as was never before known, and has so completely destroyed that confidence which is the life and soul of trade, that there are but a very few mercantile houses in the kingdom capable of supporting their credit.
On the 25th April a debate took place in the British House of Commons, on a motion made by Mr. Sheridan, that the House should pass a vote of censure, preparatory to an impeachment against Lord Auckland, British Minister at the Hague, for signing and presenting a memorial to the States General, which contains in substance, a proposition for delivering up to the sword of the law all members of the national convention who voted for the king's execution, which may fall into the hands of the combined powers—This motion was finally negatived 211 to 36—In the course of this debate the partition of Poland was brought on the carpet, and reprobated both by the Minister, Mr. Pitt—and by the opposition.
Mr. FENNO. I observed in your last paragraph purporting that the Custom House Revenues of the port of London had fallen fifty per cent. in the month of April; the following article is a flat contradiction of that assertion:
LONDON, April 30.
REVENUE.
Comparative totals of the several branches of public revenue, under the heads of customs, excise, stamps, and incidents, for the weeks ending April 27, 1792, and April 26, 1793:
  1792. 1793.   224. 125. 75. 11 3/4. 270, 148. 18. 6 1/4. 
New Duties.
11. 329. 08. 0d.—12, 161. 8s. 7d.
The above is given as a contradiction to some recent assertion in the opposition prints, that the revenue since the commencement of war, has been so much on the decline, as to render the publication of any comparative statement of it and the last year a matter of
shame to the minister, or of great regret to the country. So far from a decrease, it appears from the above, which is a faithful statement, that there is an actual increase of more than 47,500 in the present week, compared with the corresponding week last year.
   Gold Coins of France and Spain, and Dominions of Spain. Gold Coins of Great Britain and Portugal.   Grains. Cents. Grains. Cents.    1 3 1 3  2 7 2 7  3 11 3 11  4 14 4 14  5 18 5 18  6 22 6 22  7 25 7 25  8 29 8 29  9 33 9 33  10 36 10 37  11 40 11 40  12 44 12 44  13 47 13 48  14 51 14 51  15 55 15 55  16 58 16 59  17 62 17 63  18 66 18 67  19 69 19 70  20 73 20 74  21 76 21 78  22 80 22 81  23 84 23 85  24 87 24 89  
** TABLES for receiving and paying Gold Coins calculated by the Officers of the Bank of the United States, agreeable to the new Law—from which the Grain Tables above are extracted—may be had at BENJAMIN JOHNSON'S, High Street, near Fourth-Street.
The length of "Pacifcus" necessitates a postponement of the letter from Birmingham, and other journals till our next.
ARRIVED at the PORT of PHILADELPHIA. Brig Molly, Linsey, Cape-Francis Mary, Wharton, Cadiz Sch'r Kitty, Branton, St. Martins Sloop Polly, Dawson, St. Bartholomews
PRICE OF STOCKS.
  6 per Cents, 17.8   3 per Cents, 9.10   Deferred, 10.2   Full Shares Bank U. S. 5 per cent. adv. 
BANK of the UNITED STATES.
JULY 11, 1793. NOTICE is hereby given that there will be paid at the Bank after the 10th inst. to the Stockholders or their Representatives duly authorized, FOURTEEN DOLLARS and FIFTY CENTS for each Share, being the dividend declared for the last six months. By order, JOHN KEAN, Cashier. ep3w
INSURANCE COMPANY.
PHILADELPHIA, July 1st. 1793.
NOTICE is hereby given to the members of the Insurance Company of North America, that the Directors have declared a dividend (to this day) of six per cent on the amount of the first instalment, and of one per cent per month, on the sums paid towards the second and third instalments, calculating from the first day of the month following that in which these payments were made. The Dividend will be paid to the Stockholders or their Representatives, at the Company's Office, (No. 119. South Front Street) at any time after the 7th inst. EBENEZER HAZARD, Sec'y.
As the members of this company are much dispersed throughout the United States, the Printers in the several States are requested to give the above a place in their newspapers.
RULES
To be observed in transacting Business with the Insurance Company
OF NORTH-AMERICA.
1st. ALL orders for Insurance must be given in writing, signed by the applicant; and as minute a description of the vessel is expected, as the person ordering the insurance can give, respecting her age, built, how found and fitted, and whether double or single decked.
2d. All policies will be ready for delivery in twenty-four hours after the order for insurance is accepted at the office, and the policy must be taken up in ten days.
3d. Notes, with an approved endorser, for all premiums, must be given in 10 days, payable as follows:
 For American and West-India risks, in three months after the date of the policy.  For European risks, in six months.  For India and China risks, in 12 months.  For risks by the year, in eight months.  For risks for six months, in four months.  And for risks for any lesser time, in three months. 
4th. Losses will be paid in ten days after proof and adjustment; but if the note given for the premium shall not have become due within that time, the amount of it shall, nevertheless, be deducted from the loss to be paid.
The Insurance Company of North America hereby give notice to all whom it may concern, that, agreeably to the above rules, they are ready to receive all orders for insurance, which may be addressed to them, accompanied with directions to some responsible house in Philadelphia for the payment of the premiums within the time limited.
In case the risks offered shall be approved, the insurance shall be immediately effected; otherwise notice shall be given, either by answer to the person applying, or to his agent, in Philadelphia, as may be ordered.
By order of the Directors, EBENEZER HAZARD, Sec'y.
July 3.

POT AND PEARL ASHES.
TO THE PUBLIC.
HAVING attended carefully to the result of several comparative experiments, which were made to ascertain the nature and merits of Samuel Hopkins' process for manufacturing pearl ashes or calfined alkaline salts, we are of opinion, that by his method wood ashes may be made to yield a quantity of pearl ashes of a very fine white colour, equal in weight and strength to the black or uncalcined alkaline salts which are obtained by the ordinary method of leaching and boiling down the black leys, so that the manufacturer who adopts this method, will probably gain all the weight which is lost by the ordinary process of calfining, and may effect the calfination in a much easier manner. We also examined a furnace erected according to the directions of Samuel Hopkins, and were present during part of a process, which was conducted in it, and believe it to be so happily contrived as to effect the calfination of wood ashes, and evaporate the leys without more fuel than is used to boil down the leys only by the common method.
* David Rittenhouse.
† Benjamin Ruff.
‡ James Hutchinson.
Benjamin Say.
|| Casper Wister, jun.
John Penington.
June 17, 1793.
In addition to the foregoing certificate I conceive it proper to inform the public in what respect my process differs from the usual method, and to offer some directions to such as may incline to adopt it.
1st. This process consists in calfining common house or field ashes in a furnace of a peculiar construction so contrived, that the same fire that boils down the leys calfines the ashes; hence it appears there is not a greater consumption of wood in this new process than is necessary in the former, in obtaining black salts, and the ashes from the wood for boiling saved, which was before much lost, occasioned by the strong draught necessary to keep the kettles boiling.
2d. It is recommended to such as may adopt this method, to pay particular attention to the first part of the process, viz. calfining the ashes properly; for this being carefully performed, the subsequent steps become easy and less liable to fail.
3d. The ashes should be spread over the hearth of the furnace not more than one inch and half thick, direct a lively blaze on them until they become red hot, keeping them frequently stirred, and the dampers well closed.
4th. In order that the workman may know when his ashes are sufficiently burnt until he becomes enough perfect in the business, from other circumstances a small parcel may be taken out and put in a glass with water, if the ashes settle quickly after stirring them, and the leys appear colourless, they are fit for drawing into the ash pit; if they are calfined longer the quantity may be diminished.
5th. After the fires begin to burn every part of the furnace should be kept as close as possible, the door of the ash pit and hearth, and that for introducing the ashes on the hearth should be made to shut complete, for I have reason to believe a great draught of air carries off much of the salts.
6th. Great care should be taken not to put more ashes into the furnace than I have directed above, it has been found by experiments that when much more have been put in, the salts are not so white nor the quantity so great, I believe it was for want of attention to this circumstance and allowing too great a draught of air, that some who attempted my process have not been so successful as was expected.
7th. The ashes are drawn from the ash pit the next day after calfining and put into leach tubs the leys drawn from them after settling are boiled down, the salts kept well stirred in finishing off, until they become perfectly white.
8th. If the salts should not become the colour as is described in the first instance, thro' an imperfect calfination, they may be dissolved, settled, and boiled down again.
The advantage arising from this process may be comprised under the following heads.
1st. By calfining the ashes before the leys are drawn from them, we obtain as great a quantity at least of pearl ashes,
as of common black salts; pearl ashes generally sells when at market, £.50 per ton, the highest price for black salts is £.25 per ton, and if converted into pearl ashes, it requires as much more labour and fuel as in the first instance, and a loss from 25 to 30 per cent.
The foregoing observations are intended for such as are or may be engaged in the manufacturing of pot and pearl ashes, they will easily understand the terms I
* President of the American Philosophical Society.
† Professor of the Institution and Clinical Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, formerly Professor of Chemistry.
‡ Professor of Chemistry in the University.
|| Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, &c. in the University, formerly Professor of Chemistry in the College.
The two others whose names are without references, are Physicians of this city, have employed; for the information of others it may not be amiss to explain what is meant by black salts, pot ashes, and pearl ashes.
2d. BLACK salts are made by boiling down the leys from common wood ashes, until they are perfectly dry.
3d. Potashes are made by melting the black salts in a very strong fire and lading it out into coolers.
4th. PEARL ashes are made by putting the black salts into a furnace prepared for the purpose, and throwing a strong blaze on them; this operation is called scorching, they are then dissolved in water, settled and boiled down again, returned back into the furnace and calfined until they are sufficiently white; Pot ashes made from calfined ashes are allowed to be much superior to those made in the common mode.
I expect the names and characters of most of my fellow citizens that have signed the foregoing certificate are well known; they are allowed to be well acquainted with chemistry; a furnace was erected for one of them who kindly undertook to make the necessary comparative experiments, according to my directions; the result of which is already set forth.
SAMUEL HOPKINS.
6th Mo. 22d, 1793.
I do hereby certify, that I have erected a small furnace, in the suburbs of this city, on the patent method, for the purpose of manufacturing pot and pearl ashes, which I find to consume on an average no more than one cord of wood per week; two hands will calfine 20 bushels of ashes per day, and bail down the leys therefrom in the same time, which if well calfined will produce pearl ash the first boiling. The expence of the said furnace, exclusive of the boilers, did not exceed ten pounds currency.
JOHN REES.
TO THE PUBLIC.
THE EDITOR proposes to continue the publication of the GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES, for distant circulation, after the first of December next, on the following terms, viz. It shall be published on WEDNESDAYS and SATURDAYS, on paper of the Medium size—which is larger than the present.
The price, Three Dollars per annum, exclusive of postage. Subscriptions to be received by the respective Post-Masters throughout the Union, or such other persons as may see proper to collect them. The papers to be forwarded by post twice a week. No packets to contain less than six papers—and no subscriptions to be received for a less term than six months.—Payments to be constantly six months in advance.—Twenty per cent. deduction from the price of the GAZETTE, will be allowed to those who collect and forward the subscription money, free of expense, in full of all charges for their trouble in the business.
The publication will contain as usual, a variety of original essays—foreign and domestic intelligence, and a summary of the proceedings of the Legislature of the Union, &c. &c. Attention will be paid to dispatching the papers with punctuality, and Subscribers may depend on receiving them as regularly as the posts arrive. June 8.
THE MEMBERS OF THE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA, Are desired to take Notice,
THAT the Constitution requires Payment of One Dollar on each Share, on the Second Monday (the 8th Day) of July next, on Penalty of Forfeiture of the Money already paid. Such Stockholders as have not made their second Instalment, are informed, that Payment will be received at the Company's Office, No. 119, South Front-Street, either on or before the said Day, as they may find it most convenient. EBENEZER HAZARD, Sec'y. June 8. 1793.
This day is published, by MATHEW CAREY, No. 118, Market-Street, Philadelphia, No. VIII. of
Guthrie's Geography, IMPROVED,
The terms of Subscription may be seen in the proposals at large.
THIS valuable work will contain (exclusive of the maps in the London edition of 1792) maps of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, R. Island, Vermont, N. York, N. Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia, Switzerland, the Discoveries of Captains Cooke and Clerke, and the countries round the North Pole.
Besides the great improvements in the American Geography, the accounts of France will be extracted from the French Geography, published since the revolution; the map of France will be engraved agreeably to the division into departments: the history of Russia, which, in the London edition, is carried no farther than 1775, is continued to the late execrable invasion of Poland by Catharine: the account of Sweden has been compiled anew, and numberless other improvements will be made in this edition.
** Subscriptions are received by the booksellers in Boston, New-York, Baltimore, Wilmington, Richmond, Charleston, &c. &c.
June 19.
Hercule De Sercey,
From Leogane, Island of St. Domingo. MAKES and sells all sorts of Mugs, Jacks, Porringers, Cups, Stew-Pans, Lamps, &c. in Tin, plain or japanned—He also mends old tin work. As he works cheap, he hopes for the public encouragement.
No. 23, Race-Street, near Front-Street.
June 22.
HERCULE DE SERCEY,
DE Leogane, Isle de St. Domingue, travaille en fer Blanc, de toute sorte de manieres a commande a bon marche. A Philadelphia, ce 22 Juin, 1793.
No. 23, Race-Street, pres Front-Street.
JUST PUBLISHED,
By Thomas Dobson,
Bookseller, at the Stone-House, in Second Street,
PHILADELPHIA,
VOLUME IX, OF
ENCYCLOPÆDIA:
OR, A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE, On a Plan entirely new:
BY WHICH THE DIFFERENT SCIENCES AND ARTS are digested into the Form of Distinct, TREATISES OR SYSTEMS: THIS VOLUME CONTAINS
HYDROSTATICS, Hygrometer, History of Japan, Iceland, Jerusalem, Jews, India, Insects, Insurance, Ireland, Italy, Kamtschatka, Knighthood, Language, Law, Legedemain, with a great variety of Biographical and Miscellaneous Articles.—Illustrated with thirty-one elegant Copperplates.
CONDITIONS.
I. The work is printing on a superfine paper, and new types, (cast for the purpose) which will be occasionally renewed before they contract a worn appearance. II. The work is furnished in boards, in volumes or half-volumes, as subscribers chuse; the price of the whole volumes, five dollars each, of the half-volumes two dollars and two-thirds of a dollar each. Ten dollars to be paid on subscribing, the volumes or half-volumes finished to be paid for when delivered, the price of one volume to be paid in advance, and the price of each succeeding volume to be paid on delivering the volume preceding it. No part of the work will be delivered unless paid for. III. In the course of the publication will be delivered about five hundred copperplates elegantly engraved in Philadelphia: which by far exceed in number those given in any other scientific dictionary. At the close of the publication will be delivered an elegant frontispiece, the dedication, preface, and proper title pages for the different volumes. It is expected the work will be comprised in about eighteen volumes in quarto.
The subscription will continue open on the above terms till the first day of September next, to give opportunity to those who are not yet subscribers, to come forward.
Those who have subscribed, and got only a small part of the work, are requested to complete their sets, as far as published, as soon as possible, as after the first of next September, by which time the tenth volume is expected to be ready, the publisher will not consider himself bound to make up those sets which are not completed up to that period. Philadelphia, June 19, 1793.
GENERAL POST-OFFICE, Philadelphia, May 27, 1793.
500 Dollars Reward.
WHEREAS a certain THOMAS SLOSS GANTT, has lately made his escape from Baltimore County Gaol, to which he was committed under a charge of having robbed the Eastern Mail, on the 28th day of January last: Notice is hereby given, that a reward of five hundred dollars will be paid at this Office, to any person or persons who shall apprehend the said Thomas Sloss Gantt, and deliver him into the custody of the keeper of the said Gaol, or into the custody of either of the Marshals within the United States, so that the said Thomas Sloss Gantt may be effectually secured, and forth coming to answer the above mentioned charge.
TIMOTHY PICKERING, Post-Master General.
The following is a description of the above-named THOMAS SLOSS GANTT: He is about six feet high, straight and well made, has light coloured hair, tied behind, fair complexion and has a down look when spoken to.
By THOMAS JOHNSON, DAVID STUART, & DANIEL CARROLL, Esquires,
COMMISSIONERS appointed by Government to prepare the Public Buildings, &c. within the City of Washington, for the reception of Congress, and for their permanent residence after the year 1800—
A LOTTERY FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE FEDERAL CITY.
50,000 Tickets at 7 dollars, are 350,000 dollars. LIST OF PRIZES, viz.
Table with 3 columns: Prize Description, Amount, Total. Prizes include Superb Hotel, Cash Prizes (1 to 20), and a final total of 16,737 Prizes and 33,263 Blanks totaling 350,000 dollars.
16,737 Prizes 350,000 Dollars
33,263 Blanks
By this scheme at least the amount of the tickets will return to the fortunate adventurers, and yet the federal City will gain its object thereby, in a magnificent building designed both for public and private convenience.
Although some expence must necessarily attend the conducting of the lottery, (which expence will be taken from the principal prize) the Commissioners having agreed to present in return a sufficient quantity of excellent free-stone, together with the best adapted lots for the Hotel and for the out-houses, the value of the lottery entire may be fairly rated at something more than par: In this important instance it will be found, on examination, to exceed all the lotteries that have ever been offered to the Public in this or perhaps in any other country. The keys of the Hotel, when complete, will be delivered to the fortunate possessor of the ticket drawn against its number.—All the other prizes will be paid, without deduction, in one month after the drawing, by the City Treasurer at Washington, or at such Bank or Banks as may be hereafter announced, for the convenience of the fortunate adventurers. The drawing will commence on Monday the 6th of September next, at the City of Washington.
Tickets may be had of Col. Wm. Dickens, City Treasurer of Washington; Thayer & Bartlet, of Charleston, South-Carolina; Gideon Denison, Savannah; Messrs. James West & Co. Baltimore; Mr. Peter Gilman, Boston; and at such other places as will be hereafter published.
N. B. ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS will be given for the best Plan of an elegant and convenient HOTEL or INN, with hot and cold Baths, Stables, and other out houses, if presented on or before the 10th of April next; and a preference will be given to the Artist for a Contract, provided he be duly qualified to complete his plan. The ground on which the Hotel and out houses are to be erected, will be a corner lot of about 200 feet, with a back avenue to the stables, &c. Sections and estimates of the expense will be expected with the elevations, &c. complete; and 50,000 dollars must be regarded by the Architect as the utmost limit in the expense intended for this purpose. S. BLODGET, Agent for the affairs of the City.
March 6, 1793.
NOTICE.
THE STOCKHOLDERS in the SOCIETY for ESTABLISHING USEFUL MANUFACTURES, are requested to take notice, that the fourth and last payment is due, and must be made on or before the 13th day of July next, either to the Cashier of the United States Bank Office of Discount and Deposit at New-York—the Cashier of the Bank of New-York—the Cashier of the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia—or John Bayard, Esq. in the city of New-Brunswick, in the state of New-Jersey. And that the shares of all persons neglecting to make such payment, and the monies by them previously paid, will then be forfeited for the common benefit of the said society.
That the subscriber is duly authorized to make the requisite indorsements upon the certificates of shares, and that books of transfer are opened at his office in Front-Street.
NICHOLAS LOW.
New-York, June 12, 1793. (epu13)
Albany Glass-House.
The Proprietors of the Glass-Manufactory, under the Firm of
M'CLALLEN, M'GREGOR and Co.
BEG leave to inform the public, that they have now brought their WINDOW-GLASS to such perfection, as will be found, on comparison, to be equal, in quality, to the best London Crown Glass.
Having fixed their prices at a lower rate than imported Glass, they are induced to believe, that importations of this article will be discontinued, in proportion as their works are extended. They propose to enlarge the scale of this business, and as the success of it will depend on the patriotic support of the public, they beg leave to solicit their friendly patronage in the pursuit of a branch which will interest every lover of AMERICAN MANUFACTURES.
All orders for WINDOW-GLASS, of any size, will be received at the Store of RHODES and MACGREGOR, No. 234, Queen-Street, New-York, and at the Glass Warehouse, No. 48, Market-Street, Albany, which will be punctually attended to.
WANTED, six smart active LADS, not exceeding 16 years of age, to be inducted as Apprentices, and regularly instructed in the various branches of Glass-Making.
Also, three Window-Glass Makers, to whom great encouragement will be given. May 1, 1793. ep124