Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1791-03-12 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 91, of Vol. II.]
SATURDAY, MARCH 12, 1791.
[Whole No. 195.]
ABSTRACT of the EXPORTS of the United States from the commencement of the Custom-Houses in the several States, which were at different times in August, 1789, to the 30th day of Sept. 1790.
SPECIES of MERCHANDIZE. EXPORTED.
   Quantity. Value.     ASHES pot, tons, 7,050 10 661,634   ashes peal, do. 1,548 55 177,459 50   Apples, barrels, 5,898 6,318   Boats, 8 372   Bomb Shells, tons, 10 100   Bricks, 870,550 2,617 50   Beer and Porter, casks, 472 4,612   Brandy, do. 97 3,016   Cordials, boxes, 236 637   Cordage, 220 5,739   Carriages, 149,680 28,017   Candles Tallow, lbs. 5,274 14,876   Candles Wax, do. 249 2,461   Candles Myrtle, do. 442 52   Cyder, barrels, 2,027 849   Cotton, bales, 254,752 58,408   Coffee, lbs. 29,882 45,753   Chocolate, do. 10,632 3,537   Cocoa, do. 9,392 950   Cassia and Cinnamon, do. 77 9,715   Deer skins, 220 33,009   Duck American, bolts, 115 777   Duck Russia, do. 40,019 2,200   Earthen and Glass Ware, 115 1,990   Essence Spruce, boxes, 21,970 600   Flax-Seed, casks, 378,721 236,072   Flax, lbs. 36,804 1,468   Furs, 15,765 60,515   Furniture, 5,431 8,351   Fish dried, quintals, 70,379 828,531   Fish pickled, barrels, 121,281 113,165   Oil Whale, do. 7,562 124,908   Oil Spermaceti, do. 2,102,137 79,542   Candles, lbs. 1,08,842 27,724   Whale-Bone, do. 21,765 20,417   Buck-Wheat, bushels 1,124,458 2,572   Corn, do. 813 1,083,581   Oats, do. 5,800 20,990   Rye, do. 13,085 13,181   Wheat, do. 203 1,398,998   Ginseng, casks, 12,534 47,024   Gun Powder, lbs. 668 861   Gin, gallons, 2,126 16,989   Grindstones, 3,555 450   Hair-Powder, lbs. 200 1,687   Hats, 612,119 1,392   Hay, tons, 5,406 12,851   Horns, 8,628 1,052   Ironmongery, 237 7,878   Iron Pig, tons, 10,058 91,379   Iron Bar, do. 5,304 16,723   Indigo, lbs. 3,704 537,379   Horned Cattle, 36,402,301 5,406   Horses, 67,331,115 8,628   Mules, 52,558 339,516   Sheep, 46,747,730 8,846   Hogs, 1,908,310 17,039   Poultry, dozen, 2,361 14,481   Staves and Heading, 8,719,638 6,263   Shingles, 22,698 463,229   Shook Hogheads, 264 120,151   Hoops, 176 32,002   Boards, 6 19,598   Handspikes, dozen, 18,531 260,213   Casks, 1,735 1,505   Scantling, feet 28,156 3,697   Lumber of different kinds, do. 15,637 95,308   Timber of do. do. 100 128,503   Leather, lbs. 11 139,328   Logwood, tons, 724,623 5,302   Lignumvitae, do. 75,667 3,911   Lead and Shot, do. 99,973 1,760   Mahogany, 38,752 810   Medicine and Drugs, 44,662 18,531   Merchandise, 253,555 1,735   Molasses, gallons, 144,734 28,156   Mulks, 5,318 2,904   Nankens, bales, 641 500   Oil Linseed, barrels, 6,355 2,315   Flour, barrels 165 1,962   Bread, do. 272 4,591,293   Meal, do. 715 381   Peas & Beans, bush. 6,100 1,440   Beef, barrels 169 381   Pork, do. 4,650 963   Hams & Bacon, lbs. 8,875 17,488   Butter, firkins 230 485   Cheese, lbs. 177 489   Potatoes, barrels 316 778   Tongues, do. 100,845 1,753,796   Onions, Vegetables, 370,831 135,403   Hogs Lard, firkins 12,623 5,795   Honey, do. 213 1,205   Oysters Pickled, kegs 31,935 8,236   Pimento, bags 2,319 455   Pepper, lbs. 597 3,967   Paper, reams   Paint, lbs.   Pitch, barrels   Raw Hides,   Raw Silk, lbs.   Rosin, barrels   Rice, tierces   Rum American, gallons   Rum Westindia, do.   Raisins, casks   Salt, bushels   Sago, lbs.   Soap, boxes  
   Snuff, lbs. 15,350 5,609   Seeds and Roots, 2,135 2,135   Shoes and Boots, pairs 5,862 5,741   Sadlery, 5,541 5,541   Starch, 1,125 1,125   Sugar Loaf, lbs. 16,429 3,432   Sugar Brown, do. 33,358 2,237   Sassafras, do. 49,504 555   Steel, bundles 163 978   Stones sawed, 170 550   Tallow, lbs. 200,020 20,722   Tobacco, hhds. 118,460 4,349,567   Tea, chests 1,672 121,582   Tar, barrels 85,067 126,116   Turpentine, do. 28,326 72,541   Do. Spirits, do. 193 1,032   Tow Cloth, pieces 67 1,274   Vinegar, casks 24 106   Wines, pipes 1,074 83,249   Wax, lbs. 231,158 57,597   To the north-west Coast of America, 20,194,794 10,362   Amount of several Returns received since the 15th February, 1791. 210,810. 84   Dollars, Total, * 20,415,966. 84  
* One Quarterly Return from several small Districts are deficient.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
ON AGRICULTURE.
BEING on a journey some time ago, I put up at a very decent inn, and was not displeased to find my landlord disposed to entertain me with his conversation: He seemed to be of a cheerful temper, and saw things on the bright side. After touching upon politics, which, next to the weather, is the first topic to scrape acquaintance with, he expressed his satisfaction that husbandry was beginning to prosper. It was a shame, he said, that freeholders should be so little ambitious to shew, by the skilful management of their land, that it was their own. But he was happy to find, that at last the spirit of improvement had reached them—they were getting into the practice of tilling no more land than they were able to manure so well as to obtain very great crops. This method was found to cause a considerable saving of labor, as well as a great increase of grain. He said that the most thrifty farmers in the village and neighbourhood, had agreed to meet at stated times, under the name of the Farmers' Club, and to communicate such useful observations as had occurred to them. Some of the club were directed to procure seeds, by way of change, from distant parts; others agreed, from time to time, to make experiments, and to communicate the result to the club. One of their number, who was not at the last meeting, had sent his observations in a letter. My landlord finding that I was pleased with the letter, directed his son to make me a copy of it: If you think it will be useful, you may publish it.
GENTLEMEN,
BEING lame, I cannot, as usual, attend your meeting; but I send you, in writing, some observations, which I intended to have communicated in person.
Doubtless it was decreed that we should get our living by hard work. We have no cause to complain of our lot in this regard: It brings with it many blessings, and shields us from many evils. The scholar sits pale at his books, and even white bread turns sour on his stomach; the East wind makes him shiver, and the sultry South wind deprives him of strength and spirits. We, on the contrary, swing the scythe, without faintness, in the dog days; and, in the winter, the management of the axe keeps us warm, though up to the knees in snow. But though it is ordained that we should work hard for our living, I cannot believe that we are to work hard and not get it. Yet, how many get but half a living, and go behind hand notwithstanding. What is the cause? Is it not the low state of the noble art of husbandry? To do all that is possible to be done to improve it, will require great estates, great skill, and a very long course of time, to establish new methods of practice. But some improvements are obvious, within the reach of every one, even the poorest farmer, and, if practised, would enable the poorest farmer to pay his taxes, and to live comfortably.
We find that the produce of land is greater or less in proportion to the manure that is laid on it. Indeed, new lands for several years, and intervals near rivers, will do without; but what I have remarked is true, of almost all the old lands in the country. If we could find means to in-
crease manure, it would be better to do it than to buy more land; for an acre, well manured, will yield as much as two without manure—the crop is got for half the money; and in case of cold wet springs, or dry summers, it is not so likely to be cut off. All this you well know.
But perhaps you do not all know, because you have not tried the means of increasing manure by compost. I have tried it, and with you to follow my example.
Adjoining the sty where your swine are shut up, which should be dry and warm, fence a yard for them to wallow in; twenty or thirty feet square will be large enough for half a dozen hogs; cover this in the fall or spring with mud, or any rich earth or grass sods; common loam should not be refused, if richer earth cannot be procured. The hogs, having no rings in their noses, will render this mud or earth, if not more than two feet deep, an exceedingly rich compost in a year's time. They will keep it stirring and fermenting with their dung and urine, which will be incorporated with the mud, and thereby their whole strength will be saved; for the mud or earth will prevent the virtues of the dung and urine from being washed into the ground by the heavy rains, or evaporated by the sun and air—it not only saves them, but makes them stronger, by keeping them in a state of constant fermentation—the fermentation will be increased, and the whole mass will be improved by making this yard the receptacle for the weeds of your garden—throw into it your soap suds, brine, and all the greasy slop of the kitchen—you may add potatoe tops, which should be carefully saved for the purpose when you gather the potatoes—the stubborn corn-stalks, which rot slowly in the cow-yard, will soon consume in the hog-yard. Indeed any vegetable or animal substance may be added, for there is none which will not make manure when rotten. Half a dozen hogs, if confined to a sty, and such a yard, will make more than 20 tons of the best manure in one year. The manure should be laid in heaps to mellow with the frosts of one winter, and it will answer to put into the hills of Indian corn as well as horse dung.
It is not necessary to tell farmers how to use manure, nor how much the crop will be increased by it. You all know that my crops have been remarkably large, and I assure you that I have obtained them by manuring my grounds in the before-mentioned manner. The dung of hogs is fit for most purposes, but particularly for Indian corn, which is a great exhauster of the earth: It ferments more slowly than horse or sheep dung, and furnishes a steady supply to carry on the growth of this plant to the ripening of the ear. The dung of hogs, valuable as it is, is almost entirely lost throughout the country; and their urine, not less valuable, is totally lost and absorbed by the ground. A thick layer of earth in the hog-yard, as has been observed, not only prevents this loss, but improves the manure.
I advise you, therefore, to make trial of this method without loss of time. Do the like in your cow-yards—spread a thick layer of earth there, gather all the litter and rubbish, weeds, leaves and straw, that you can, and let the cattle tread it into the mass; if it should get hard trodden, stir it with an iron bar, or turn it up to the air several times in the summer with a plough. A diligent farmer will be surprised at the quantity of his manure, and a skilful one will not be at a loss for methods to improve the strength of it. It will be his own fault if the compost is inferior in strength to dung which is unmixed with earth or mud. This compost will improve by lying in heaps, exposed to the frosts of the winter. Spread on grass land, it makes fine crops—and indeed it answers every purpose of dung.
Our farms will certainly grow worse, unless we try to increase their fertility by composts and artificial manure. Instead of wearing our lands out, and spoiling the earth we live on, it is time to turn our attention to the important subject of manure, after the example of England, where husbandry is greatly encouraged. My own experience has taught me that we may get better crops, while the fruitfulness of our grounds shall be made to advance from year to year.
You see, gentlemen, that I endeavor to contribute my mite to the benefit of the club. No member wishes it success more heartily. God prosper the plough, is the daily prayer of your humble servant,
PETER THRIFT.

CONGRESS.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
FRIDAY, Feb. 4.
The BANK BILL under consideration.
MR. JACKSON
S AID, that having been the person who brought forward the constitutional objection against the bill, he thought himself bound to notice the answers which had been offered to that objection. Newspaper authorities, said he, have been alluded to, and their silence on the subject, considered as indicating the approbation of the people—he would meet the gentlemen on that ground—and tho' he did not consider newspapers as an authority to be depended on, yet if opinions thro' that channel were to be regarded, he would refer gentlemen to those of this city—the expediency and constitutionality of the bill, has been called in question by the newspapers of this city.
The latitude contended for in construing the constitution on this occasion, he reprobated very fully: If the sweeping clause, as it is called, extends to vesting Congress with such powers, and necessary and proper means are an indispensable implication in the sense advanced by the advocates of the bill, we shall soon be in possession of all possible powers, and the charter, under which we set, will be nothing but a name.
This bill will essentially interfere with the rights of the separate States, for it is not denied, that they possess the power of instituting banks; but the proposed corporation will eclipse the bank of North America, and contravene the interests of the individuals concerned in it.
He then noticed the several arguments drawn from the doctrine of implication; the right to incorporate a national bank has been deduced from the power to raise armies—but he presumed, it would not be contended that this is a bill to provide for the national defence. Nor could such a power in his opinion be derived from the right to borrow money. It has been asked, what the United States could do with the surplus of their revenue, without the convenience of a bank, in which to deposit it with advantage? For his part, though he wished to anticipate pleasing occurrences, he did not look forward to the time when the general government would have this superabundance at its disposal.
The right of Congress to purchase and hold lands, has been urged to prove that they can transfer this power—but the general government is expressly restricted in the exercise of this power; the consent of the particular State to the purchase for particular purposes only, is requisite; these purposes are designated, such as building light houses, erecting arsenals, &c.
It has been said that banks may exist without a charter, but that this incorporation is necessary in order that it may have a hold on the government: Mr. Jackson strongly reprobated this idea—he was, he said, astonished to hear such a declaration, and hoped that such ideas would prevent a majority of the house from passing a bill that would thus establish a perpetual monopoly; we have (said he) I believe, a perpetual debt—I hope we shall not make a perpetual corporation. What was it drove our forefathers to this country? Was it not the ecclesiastical corporations, and perpetual monopolies of England and Scotland? Shall we suffer the same evils to exist in this country, instead of taking every possible method to encourage the encrease of emigrants to settle among us? For if we establish the precedent now before us, there is no saying where it shall stop.
The power to regulate trade is said to involve this, as a necessary means, but the powers consequent on this express power, are specified—such as regulating light-houses, ships, harbors, &c. It has been said that Congress has borrowed money; this shews that there is no necessity of instituting any new bank, those already established having been found sufficient for the purpose. He denied the right of Congress to establish banks at the permanent seat of government, or on those sand heaps mentioned yesterday;—for if they should, they could not force the circulation of their paper one inch beyond the limits of those places. But it is said, if Congress can establish banks in those situations, the question becomes a question of place and not of principle,—from hence it is inferred that the power may be exercised in any other part of the United States;—this appeared to him to involve a very dangerous construction of the powers vested in the general government.
Adverting to the powers of Congress in respect to the finances of the union, he observed that those powers did not warrant the adoption of
whatever measures they thought proper: the constitution has restricted the exercise of those fiscal powers,—Congress cannot lay a poll tax, nor impose duties on exports,—yet these undoubtedly relate to the finances.
The power exercised in respect to the Western Territory, he observed, had reference to property already belonging to the United States; it does not refer to property to be purchased, nor does it authorise the purchase of any additional property,—besides, the powers are express and definite, and the exercise of them in making needful rules and regulations in the government of that territory, does not interfere with the rights of any of the respective States.
Mr. Jackson then denied the necessity of the proposed institution,—and, noticing the observation of Mr. Ames, that it was dangerous on matters of importance not to give an opinion, observed, that he could conceive of no danger that would result from postponing that construction of the constitution now contended for, to some future Congress, who, when the necessity of a bank institution shall be apparent, will be as competent to the decision as the present house. Alluding to the frequent representations of the flourishing situation of the country, he inferred that this shews that the necessity of the proposed institution does not exist at the present time; why then should we be anticipating for future generations? State banks he considered preferable to a national bank, as counterfeits can be detected in the States,—but if you establish a national bank, the checks will be found only in the city of Philadelphia or Connocheague. He passed an eulogium on the bank of Pennsylvania: the stockholders, said he, are not speculators; they have the solid coin deposited in their vaults.
He adverted to the preamble and context of the constitution, and asserted that this context is to be interpreted by the general powers contained in the instrument; noticing the advantages which it had been said would accrue to the United States from the bank. He asked, is the United States going to commence stockjobbers?—The "general welfare," are the two words that are to involve and justify the assumption of every power. But what is this general welfare?—it is the welfare of Philadelphia, New York and Boston; for as to the States of Georgia and New-Hampshire, they may as well be out of the union for any advantages they will receive from the institution. He reprobated the idea of the United States deriving any emolument from the bank, and more especially, he reprobated the influence which it was designed the government should enjoy by it. He said the banks of Venice and Amsterdam were founded on different principles. In the famous bank of Venice, tho' government holds no shares, yet it has at command 5,000,000 ducats; but the United States were to be immediately concerned in theirs, and become stockjobbers. The bank of Amsterdam was under the entire direction of the Burgomasters, who alone had the power of making bye-laws for its regulation: this power by the bill was given up by government, very improperly, he thought, and was to be exercised by the stock-holders. The French bank, he added, was first established upon proper principles, and flourished; but afterwards became a royal bank,—much paper was introduced, which destroyed the establishment, and was near oversetting the government.
The facility of borrowing, he deprecated,—it will, said he, involve the union in irretrievable debts: the facility of borrowing, is but another name for anticipation, which will in its effects deprive the government of the power to controul its revenues,—they will be mortgaged to the creditors of the government: let us beware of following the example of Great-Britain, in this respect. He said, undue advantages had been taken in precipitating the measure, and the reasonable proposition respecting the State debts, is not admitted,—this I consider as partial and unjust. A gentleman from Virginia has well observed, that we appear to be divided by a geographical line,—not a gentleman scarcely to the eastward of a certain line, is opposed to the bank, and where is the gentleman to the southward that is for it. This ideal line will have a tendency to establish a real difference. He added a few more observations, and concluded by urging a postponement, if any regard was to be had to the tranquility of the union.
HARTFORD, February 23.
The inhabitants of France are said to be 25 millions, and their national debt about 200 millions sterling. This sum if divided equally amongst them, will amount to 8l. a head.—Those of Great-Britain are computed at 8 millions of inhabitants—their national debt to 300 millions sterling: this equally divided among them, amounts to 37l. sterling a head.—And those of the United States, to about 3 million and a half of inhabitants—the national debt (including state debts) about 18 millions sterling. The sum, equally divided, amounts to about 5l. sterling a head.
In the House of Representatives of the United States, THURSDAY, March 3, 1791.
ON motion of Mr. Lawrance, Resolved, That the consideration of the amendment to the constitution proposed to be made, respecting the judiciary, be deferred till the next session of Congress, and that one hundred copies thereof be printed for the use of the members of both Houses.
AMENDMENT to the CONSTITUTION of the UNITED STATES, laid on the Clerk's table by Mr. Benton, to be proposed by CONGRESS to the Legislatures of the several States.
THAT the Congress shall, either by declaring the superior or supreme common law-court of the state to be the court, or by creating a new court for the purpose, establish a General Judicial Court in each state, the judges whereof shall hold their commissions during good behaviour, and without any other limitation whatsoever, and shall be appointed and commissioned by the state, and shall receive their compensations from the United States only; and the compensations shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
The number of judges of the general judicial court in a state, unless the same should be altered by the consent of the Congress and the legislature of the state, shall be in the proportion of one judge for every persons in the state, according to the enumeration for apportioning the representatives among the several states; but there shall always be at least three judges in each state.
The general judicial court shall, in all cases to which the judicial power of the United States doth extend, have original jurisdiction, either exclusively or concurrently with other courts in the respective states, and otherwise regulated as the Congress shall prescribe; and, in cases where the judicial power is reserved to the several states, as the legislature of each state shall prescribe; but shall have, and exclusively, immediate appellate jurisdiction, in all cases, from every other court within the state, under such limitations, exceptions and regulations, however, as shall be made with the consent of the Congress, and the legislature of the state: there may, notwithstanding, be in each state a court of appeals or errors in the last resort, under the authority of the state, from the general judicial court, in cases and on questions only, where the supreme court of the United States hath not appellate jurisdiction from the general judicial court.
The Congress may provide that the judges of the general judicial court shall hold circuit courts within the state; and the legislature of the state may, in addition to the times and places to be assigned by the Congress, for holding the general judicial court or the circuit courts, assign other times and places.
The Congress may determine the number of judges which shall be a quorum to hold a general judicial court, or a circuit court, in each respective state.
The Congress may, in the cases to which the judicial power of the United States doth extend, and the legislature of the state may, in the other cases, regulate the fees and proceedings in the several courts, and the jurisdiction of the circuit courts, within the state.
The ministerial officers of the general judicial court shall be appointed and commissioned in such manner as the legislature of the state shall prescribe.
All writs, issuing out of the general judicial court, shall be in the name of the judges thereof.
The judges of the general judicial court may be impeached, by the house of Representatives of the United States, and also by the most numerous branch of the state legislature.
The impeachment shall not be tried by the Senate of the United States, or by any judicature under the authority of the state, but the Congress shall, by law, establish a court to be held in each state, for the trial of such impeachments, to consist only of Senators of the United States, judges of the supreme court of the United States, and judges of general judicial courts—The trial shall be in the state where the person impeached shall reside, and every law, designating the judges of a court for the trial of impeachments, shall be passed previous to the impeachment, and the designation shall be, not by naming the persons, but by describing the offices, the persons in which offices for the time being, and elected or appointed previous to the impeachment, shall be the judges; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the judges present.
Judgments by the courts so to be established for the trial of impeachments, shall not extend further than is provided by the constitution of the United States, in cases of impeachments, and the party, nevertheless, to be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law.
In every state where the Congress shall declare the superior or supreme common law court, to be the general judicial court, the judges shall, by

force of their appointments as judges of the superior or supreme common law-court, become judges of the superior or supreme common law-court: And all the powers and duties of the judges of the superior or supreme common law-court, either by the constitution or the laws of the state, shall devolve on the judges of the general judicial court.
If on the establishment of the general judicial courts the Congress shall deem proper to discontinue any of the district courts of the United States—the judges of the courts so discontinued shall, thereupon, by force of their appointments as district judges, become judges of the general judicial courts in the respective states, and shall continue to receive their compensations as theretofore established.
The judges of the supreme or superior common law-courts, and the district judges may, on the first establishment of the general judicial courts, become judges thereof, notwithstanding the limitation of the number of the judges of the general judicial courts in the respective states, but as vacancies happened they shall not afterwards be filled up beyond the number limited.
For avoiding of doubts, it is declared, that all officers, as well ministerial as judicial, in the administration of justice under the authority of a state, shall also be held to execute their respective offices, for carrying into effect the laws of the United States, and, in addition to the duties assigned to them by the laws of the state, the Congress may assign to them such farther duties as they shall deem proper for that purpose.
KINGSTON, Dec. 29.
By the arrival of the Betsey yesterday evening from London, we learn, that there were 64 pendants flying at Spithead, of which fifty sail were of the line, and had in all 50,000 seamen on board.
The sudden appearance of peace had occasioned great murmur in the kingdom, which it is feared would encrease until the meeting of parliament, when it was hoped their expectations would be satisfied in respect to the advantages the nation might reap from the supposed concession on the part of Spain.
Every corner of the streets in London, and out ports, as well as all turn pikes on the post roads had hand-bills posted up with the inscription— “NO WAR! NO PITT!”
None of the ships of war were ordered to be paid off, nor was it expected they would, until a full explanation was obtained and ample security given for the performance of such compensation as Spain might offer to Great-Britain.
The general voice, when the Betsey failed, seemed to pay very little regard to the tenor of the convention; the clamour sets forth, that Great-Britain has been abused for six months past, with such trifling promises, as appear derogatory on the part of England, to pay any regard to them, as in the end ministry may be duped.—
Jan. 1. By the late arrivals, we learn, that so hurt are a number of people in and about London, in consequence of the convention with Spain, that bonfires have been made, and the minister burnt in effigy.
Among other questions put into the mouth of John Bull, by the hirelings of opposition, is this;—If we don't go to war, pray why have we been at all this enormous expence? The reply to this is obvious! Don't form your judgment until you are master of both sides of the question. Hear what the minister has to say. He has since the year 1782, conducted himself to your fullest satisfaction, and there can be no doubt of his justifying the line of conduct he has taken in the most ample manner.
NEW-YORK, March 5.
Extract of a letter from General M c Gillivray, dated Little Tallasee, 12th December, 1790, to a gentleman in this city.
“On my arrival here I found that the Cussitahs had conducted themselves in a very proper manner respecting the affair of satisfaction for one of their men murdered in our absence; and which we had heard of when with you. Instead of rushing to revenge, as is their usual custom, they demanded satisfaction in form—and agreed to wait four months for it. At the expiration of that time, the Cussitahs were informed from good authority, that the murderers in defiance of the laws, were protected by an armed banditti, and a fortnight after our return having the same confirmed, the Bird Tail King dispatched four young warriors to take satisfaction, which they did in killing a young lad on the frontier, and this has fully satisfied them, and the Georgians do not complain; so this storm is blown over, and God only knows how long the present calm will last. I will perhaps, be not credited when I observe, that the upper Georgians never will suffer satisfaction to be given for killing an Indian; and, indeed, every month affords instances of felons among them being rescued from justice, when condemned for the most atrocious offences.”
Every person that but transiently peruses the newspapers of this and other countries, cannot but observe with regret, the considerable number of lives lost every year, either from inexperience or carelessness in handling and playing with guns, upon a supposition that they are not loaded. Perhaps the superstitious idea of a certain farmer of my acquaintance, in a neighbouring state, might be forgiven for the sake of the beneficial effects of an opinion peculiar to himself, and which he constantly inculcates upon his children, that “the devil takes frequent opportunities to load empty guns.” Whenever any of his sons [tho' men grown] takes down a fowling piece from the hooks, he immediately cautions them to “be very careful in handling it.” “Father” says one of them “I myself discharged, or drew off the load, no longer ago than yesterday, and not a soul has touched the gun since.” “No matter!” replies the old man “put down the ram-rod, and see whether the devil has not loaded her in the night!”
Warn'd by experience, always think the worst, Nor in the hour of sport to memory trust; Not brib'd by frolic, or deceiv'd by fun, } With hellish spite to every mother's son, } One half the time, old Satan loads the gun. }
[N. Y. D. Adv.]
BOSTON, Feb. 21.
Extract of a letter from Cape-Francois, dated Dec. 30. to the printers.
“My last letter to you contained some account of the insurrection here—and the character of the chief of the rebels. The exertions of the volunteers of this place, and the adjacent country, soon put an end to the troubles, and Oge with his officers were obliged to fly.—They were however shortly after taken, put in irons, and kept in close confinement. A king's vessel was sent after him, from this place, and he was brought to town yesterday, together with 24 of the chiefs. With respect to taking their lives, there are various opinions. Some say he was just in endeavoring to obtain for himself, and his followers, the equal rights and privileges of citizens, tho' they are Mulattoes—and of this opinion is he himself, with this addition, that he has the decree of the National Assembly in favor of his cause—which is a feat in the assemblies of these colonies. How it will fare with him, is not easy for me to conjecture.—The Assembly of this district have debated, and continue to debate on the subject. When they have done, and the business finished, I will endeavor to send you an account.”
SALEM, Feb. 22.
The Legislature of New-Hampshire, now in session, has raised the salaries of the Judges of the Superior Court of that State—revised the old Province Laws, and instituted a Medical Society.
PORTSMOUTH, Feb. 16.
Last Saturday afternoon, a close sley, with one person in it, passing over Church hill, in this town, was, by means of the smooth ice on the declivity of the hill, precipitated over the brink, where the fall is seventeen feet and nine inches perpendicular; the sley was dashed to pieces at the foot of the rock, the person escaped unhurt; the horse falling into the river, was disengaged from the harness, and swam to a distant shore apparently uninjured.
FROM THE FEDERAL GAZETTE.
MR. BROWN,
IN your paper of the 5th of February last, under the Hartford head, a variety of remarks are made by a correspondent, upon General Harmar's letter to the Secretary at War, and also upon his orders to the troops during the late expedition into the Indian territories, which, to say the best I can of them, appear to me very un candid indeed, presuming that the correspondent was not himself on the expedition, and therefore must be ignorant of the real circumstances attending it.
He (the correspondent) asks, after making some animadversions upon the General's conduct, to which I shall not at present reply, “Will not the continuance of such a man at the head of the troops, weaken our confidence in appointments? or will men enlist under an officer who is capable of making such a puerile communication to the public?”
To the first question which, by the by, I never expected would have been asked respecting that officer, well knowing his worth and real character, I give this answer—It is my sincere belief that the President of the United States hath it not in his power to make an appointment of any military officer, of equal rank with the General, in whom greater confidence ought to be placed; under this idea, the confidence of the public in such appointments, cannot be lessened nor weakened, nor can they entertain a wish to displace such an able officer from his present command.
As to the second, my reply is, that very few during the late glorious revolution, recruited and brought into the field so many brave and able bodied soldiers as he did, however “puerile his communications” might at that time or since have been, and I am bold enough to assure the public, that men and brave men too, will still enlist under him
As a brave and disciplined officer, as a genuine unadulterated patriot through the most gloomy periods, I beg leave to represent him. Let the inhospitable borders of lakes George and Champlain, the Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth, all testify his discipline, his gallantry and his love of freedom. Let his conduct as one of the inspectors of the late American army, under the worthy Baron Steuben, and his uniform and steady exertions to the Southward during a tedious and very unpromising campaign, let his patience under fatigue and danger at York-Town, where a whole British army was captured; and lastly, let our late glorious Commander in Chief, now the beloved President of the United States, bear witness of his punctuality and accuracy in duty and his ardent desire of ever filling the posts of danger and of honor. Ye brave Americans, ye worthy officers, companions of his toils and dangers! Ask you why should his name be thus traduced, and that too, even without the specious formality of a trial?
Will you destroy your General, in imitation of barbarous Rome who threw him that saved the Capitol, from the Tarpeian rock, merely because he was defamed! Or will you like more modern times, calumniate and finally destroy, as was the innocent Byng, without a fair hearing? Or will you, to illustrate my meaning, with a still more recent example, banish him from your affections as the intrepid Hero of France, Count de Graff, was for a time banished from an ungrateful Court, because he was not so fortunate as the nation hoped and expected! virtue, honor and humanity recoil and forbid the idea.
“Hear before you condemn, convict before you execute.”
A LOVER OF JUSTICE.
* N. B. Be it remembered—That the nation neither hoped nor expected from the late expedition more than General Harmar performed, having fully executed his orders, although the business was unfortunately attended with the loss of some brave officers and men.
Philadelphia, March 12.
We hear that the President of the United States will commence his tour to the southward on Monday next.
The Directors of the Bank of North-America, have agreed to receive at the Bank, the “interest on the funded debt of the United States, which is payable in the State of Pennsylvania, for the use of all such persons as may think proper to lodge the necessary powers for that purpose.”
Hon. Mr. JOHNSON's Resignation.
PHILADELPHIA March 4th, 1791.
SIR, THE state of my health, the situation of my affairs, and my time of life, render it very inconvenient for me longer to attend Congress.—I therefore resign my seat, as a Senator from the state of Connecticut, and request that proper notice thereof may be given to the Legislature of said state, that they may supply the vacancy.—I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect and esteem, Sir,
Your most obedient, And most humble servant, WM. SAMUEL JOHNSON.
Vice President of the United States, } and President of the Senate. }
By accounts from St. Eustatia, the following vessels were lying in that Road on the 1st February.
 Ship Eleven Sons, W. M'Fenter, Portsmouth, [N. England.  Brig Glasgow, H. Hammen, Baltimore, Ditto.  Do. Peggy, I. Hearson, Ditto.  Do. Friendship, I. Tillinghast, Rhode-Island, N. Carolina.  Schooner Betsey, T. Jervis, Ditto.  Ditto Woolwidge, Ed. Dillence, Kennebec, N.E.  Ditto America, Jos. Noble, Portsmouth, N.E.  Ditto Mary, Reuben Sawyer, Demerara, Martinique.  Ditto Dear, W. Bullock, S. Carolina.  Sloop Peggy, E. Sherden, Teneriffe.  Do. Polly, Jonas Brown, Boston.  Do. Experiment, Tho. Small, Rhode-Island.  Do. Federal, Jos. Allen, Martinique.  Do. Polly, W. Arthur, Baltimore.  Do. Jane, J. W. Woodruff, Baltimore. 
The last mentioned vessel belonged to Baltimore, but was piratically taken at Martinique, and vessel and cargo condemned by Mons. De Riviere. The Captain and crew sent to prison, where they had laid twelve days, when these accounts left 'Statia.
ARRIVALS at the PORT of PHILADELPHIA.
 Ship Amsterdam Packet, Norris, Amsterdam  Active, Kennedy, Halifax  Brig Rose, Fergulon, Port-au-Prince  Sch. Betsey, Allen, New-York  Sally, Norris, ditto.  Sloop Hope, Ford, Virginia  Maria, Morrison, Gifford, Aux-Cayes  Swallow, Atkins, Cape-Francois  Betsey, Bailey, New-York  New-York Packet, Lawler, Bourdeaux, 40 days.  Brig Active, Lawler, ditto. 
PRICE CURRENT.
PUBLIC SECURITIES.
   FUNDED DEBT.     6 pr. Cents 16 5/8 17 1/2 85 pr. cent.   3 pr. Cents 9 3/4 do. 45 do.   Deferred 6 pr. Cents 9 3/4 do. 45 do.   UNFUNDED DEBT.   Final Sett. and other Certificates 15 9 78 3/4 do.   Indents 9 3/4 45 do.   N. and S. Carolina debts, 12 3/4 13 3/4 do.  
ADVERTISEMENT.
Respecting the numerous complaints received, on the failure of the Gazette of the United States, the Editor would inform his subscribers, that since the first of January last, the Mail has been carried from this city to Baltimore, on horse-back; and lately the road to New-York has been so bad, that the same regulation has been adopted on that route: The mercantile interest being considered as the principal support of the Post-Office, its accommodation, in expediting the Mail, has given rise to this arrangement—Meantime the Stages, East and South, have plied as usual; and the Papers destined to Baltimore, and the southward of that City, have been regularly and punctually dispatched by them: The badness of the roads to the eastward, has sometimes prevented the Stage from this city, reaching Powles-Hook, in season, to have the papers taken by the Stage bound to Boston: The public dispatches frequently occupy the greatest part of the Mail-Portmanteau, and the impossibility of transporting on horse-back, those of a sufficient size to contain the letters, public dispatches, and the newspapers, all at the same time, often occasions the detention of the latter at the post-office, for many days, after they are left there to be transmitted.
The foregoing are the only reasons that the Editor can assign for the recent disappointments, having never failed in a single instance to have the Papers prepared in season.
As the original design of this publication was to diffuse information to all parts of the Union from the seat of government, as from a common centre, and the paper has received very general approbation, and a more extensive circulation than perhaps any other Newspaper ever published in America—the Editor hopes the present interruption will be so momentary, as not to exhaust the patience of his subscribers.

LAWS OF THE UNION.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES: AT THE THIRD SESSION,
Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, on Monday the sixth of December, one thousand seven hundred and ninety.
AN ACT giving effect to the Laws of the United States within the State of Vermont.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the third day of March next, all the laws of the United States which are not locally inapplicable, ought to have, and shall have, the same force and effect within the State of Vermont, as elsewhere within the United States.
And to the end that the act, intitled, "An act to establish the judicial courts of the United States," may be duly administered within the said State of Vermont.
Be it further enacted, That the said State shall be one district, to be denominated Vermont-District; and there shall be a district court therein, to consist of one judge, who shall reside within the said district, and be called a district judge, and shall hold annually four sessions; the first to commence on the first Monday in May next, and the three other sessions progressively on the like Monday of every third calendar month afterwards. The said district court shall be held alternately at the towns of Rutland and Windsor, beginning at the first.
And be it further enacted, That the said district shall be, and the same hereby is annexed to the eastern circuit. And there shall be held annually in the said district one circuit court; the first session shall commence on the seventeenth day of June next, and the subsequent sessions on the like day of June afterwards, except when any of the said days shall happen on a Sunday, and then the session shall commence on the day following; and the said sessions of the said circuit courts shall be held at the town of Bennington.
And be it further enacted, That there shall be allowed to the judge of the said district court the yearly compensation of eight hundred dollars, to commence from the time of his appointment, and to be paid quarter-yearly at the treasury of the United States.
And be it further enacted, That all the regulations, provisions, directions, authorities, penalties, and other matters whatsoever (except as herein afterwards is expressly provided) contained and expressed in and by the act, intitled, "An act providing for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States," shall have the same force and effect within the said State of Vermont, as if the same were, in relation thereto, repeated and re-enacted in and by this present act.
And be it further enacted, That the enumeration of the inhabitants of the said State shall commence on the first Monday of April next, and shall close within five calendar months thereafter.
And be it further enacted, That the marshal of the district of Vermont shall receive in full compensation for all the duties and services confided to, and enjoined upon him and by this act in taking the enumeration aforesaid, two hundred dollars.
And that the act, intitled, "An act to provide more effectually for the collection of the duties imposed by law on goods, wares and merchandise imported into the United States, and on the tonnage of ships and vessels," may be carried into effect in the said State of Vermont.
Be it further enacted, That for the due collection of the said duties, there shall be in the said State of Vermont one district; and a collector shall be appointed, to reside at Allburgh on Lake Champlain, which shall be the only port of entry or delivery within the said district, of any goods, wares or merchandise, not the growth or manufacture of the United States.
Provided nevertheless, That the exception contained in the sixty-ninth section of the act last above mentioned, relative to the district of Louisville, shall be and is hereby extended to the said port of Allburgh.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, Speaker of the House of Representatives, JOHN ADAMS, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.
APPROVED, MARCH SECOND, 1791. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States. Deposited among the Rolls in the Office of the Secretary of State THOMAS JEFFERSON, Secretary of State.
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be communicated to the National Assembly of France the peculiar sensibility of Congress to the tribute paid to the memory of Benjamin Franklin, by the enlightened and free representatives of a great nation, in their decree of the 11th of June, one thousand seven hundred and ninety.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, Speaker of the House of Representatives, JOHN ADAMS, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.
APPROVED, MARCH SECOND, 1791. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States. Deposited among the Rolls in the Office of the Secretary of State THOMAS JEFFERSON, Secretary of State.
AN ACT relative to the Rix-Dollar of Denmark.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That so much of an act, intitled, "An act to provide more effectually for the collection of the duties imposed by law on goods, wares and merchandise imported into the United States, and on the tonnage of ships or vessels," as hath rated the rix-dollar of Denmark at one hundred cents, be, and the same is hereby repealed; and that this repeal shall be deemed to operate in respect to all duties which have already arisen or accrued, as well as to such as shall hereafter arise or accrue.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, Speaker of the House of Representatives, JOHN ADAMS, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.
APPROVED, MARCH THIRD, 1791. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States. Deposited among the Rolls in the Office of the Secretary of State THOMAS JEFFERSON, Secretary of State.
Virginia, Culpeper County, 25th Jan. 1791.
To be SOLD by the Subscriber,
THE PLANTATION, whereon he resides, laying on both sides the Carolina road, in the great fork of Rappahannock river, 36 miles from the town of Dumfries, 30 from Fredericksburg, and 28 from Falmouth; in a most healthy part of the country:—Consisting of 2,000 acres—half cleared, and in good fence, well adapted for farming and grazing—the soil is good, lays well, abounding with many excellent springs and streams of water, so dispersed as to afford great opportunity of making watered meadow of the first quality, perhaps more than 300 acres—of which 120, in one body, is already in grass, and all watered and drained at pleasure by a number of ditches, for that purpose, passing through the whole. Orchards of about 2000 bearing apple trees—near as many peach trees, and a variety of most other kinds of fruit, natural to the climate. A good dwelling
house, the situation whereof is remarkably beautiful and pleasant; and many other valuable improvements of divers kinds.
And one other Plantation about 5 miles nearer said towns, consisting of about 1,500 acres, on which is good merchant, grist, and saw mills, where nature, labour and art, have fully conspired to render them complete; a large constant stream, on which they stand, affords them water in great abundance; convenient thereto is a kiln and house, for drying corn, a bake house, a dwelling house and several other improvements mostly new; about 300 acres of the lands are in cultivation, very good in quality; the other part thin soil, but abounding with timber, is an inexhaustible source for the saw-mill.
Also several detached tracts within said county, of about 2, 3, and 400 acres each, and though not off so fertile a soil, their vicinity to the towns render them valuable, on some of them there are small improvements, and the lands so situated, that they can easily be made convenient little farms.
The whole or any part of the abovementioned possessions will be disposed of, on very reasonable terms—a small proportion in ready money, for the balance, the payments will be made entirely to accommodate the convenience of the purchasers, who may be supplied on the same terms, with all kinds of stock, work horses, oxen, &c. &c. &c. by JOHN STRODE. [c.f.]
This day is published,
By Carey, Stewart, and Co.
No. 22, in FRONT-STREET,
The American Museum,
FOR FEBRUARY, 1791.
CONTENTS.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
METEOROLOGICAL observations made in Philadelphia, January 1791. Account of the weather and diseases for Jan. 1791. Extract from a discourse delivered by the Rev. Ashbel Green. A short hint to the students of medicine. State of the powder mills in Pennsylvania. Remarks on cutting a canal across the isthmus of Darien. Sketch of the nature and causes of diseases, explained upon Scientific principles. The child trained up for the gallows. By gov. Livingston. Columbian Odes, No. I. No. II. A modern improvement. No. III. Great good thoughts, on great good breeding. Answer to hints respecting an excise. Extract from a funeral sermon, preached on the death of the hon. Judge Bryan. Series of original letters.
SELECTED ARTICLES.
Misery in life not more prevalent than happiness. On the nature of the Divinity. Remarks on lord Chesterfield's letters. Remarks on the construction of the heavens. Curious particulars discovered by the microscope. Revolutions of English literature. Of the artifices of animals. The Negro, equalled by few Europeans. Essay on the influence of religion in civil society. On the improvement of worn-out lands. Remarks on shearing lambs. Observations on raising sheep. Remarks on the expenses attending jury trials. Method of dissolving gum elastic. Method of making watch crystals. Anecdote of an American. of Benjamin Lay. of a Bostonian. of Dr. Franklin. of a Sailor. of a Soldier. Account of the constitution of Connecticut. Constitution of New-York.
POETRY.
A journey from Patapsco to Annapolis. Verses on a lady singing in an adjoining arbour. By W. P. Carey. The American union completed.
INDIA SALES, at Salem.
At the STORE of
ELIAS HASKETT DERBY, Esq.
On TUESDAY the 5th of APRIL next, at 10 o'clock, A.M. will commence the sale, by AUCTION, of the
Cargo of the Brig HENRY,
Lately arrived from BENGAL, MADRAS, and ISLE of FRANCE; Consisting of a large and valuable assortment of
INDIA GOODS.
As follows—viz.
BAFTAS, Sannas, and Cossas—Dureas—or striped Mullins. Durea Chintz, or painted striped do. Chintz, a great variety. Striped Cottons, Jagreanant Mullins. Ditto Ditto Handkerchiefs. Ginghams, Blue Cotton Handkerchiefs. Long Cloths, of a superior quality, suitable for shirting. Madras Patches, beautifully figured. Camboys, or blue and white striped Cottons. Mores, or plain white Cloths. Madras Cambricks. Ditto Ditto Handkerchiefs, with borders. Book Mullins. Ditto Ditto Handkerchiefs, a great variety. A quantity of China Silk Handkerchiefs. A quantity of Ostrich Feathers. Surat Cotton, 23 bales. Indigo, of the Isle of France, of a superior quality. An assortment of fine Wines of the Cape of Good Hope. Raisins of do. A quantity of India Shirts and Trowsers, for Sailors' wear.
To the above will be added, a great variety of other Goods, which are not enumerated. Also,
100 Casks Raisins, 75 Casks Bohea Tea, 30 Ditto Hyson, 30 ditto Souchong, of the best qualities.
The Goods may be viewed a few days previous to the sale.
W. P. BARTLETT and CO. Auctioneers.
Salem, Feb. 21, 1791.
A few copies of the CONSTITUTION of the United States, printed with Notes, may be had of the Editor.
MANUEL NOAH,
BROKER,
No. 91, Race-Street, between Second and Third-Street, BUYERS and SELLERS
Continental & State Certificates,
Pennsylvania and Jersey Paper Money, And all kinds of SECURITIES of the United States, or of any particular State.
PRICE CURRENT.—PHILADELPHIA.
PER QUANTITY.
MARCH 11.—DOLLARS at 7/6.
Table with multiple columns listing various goods and their prices. Categories include ANCHORS, ALUM, ARACK, BRANDY, BRAZILETTO, BRICKS, BREAD, BOARDS, BEEF, BUTTER, CASSIA, CHEESE, CANDLES, COTTON, CURRENTS, COCOA, COLOGNE, CORDAGE, DUCK, FLOUR, GLUE, GINGER, GUNPOWDER, HAMS, HEMP, HERRINGS, HIDES, HOPS, INDIGO, IRON, JACK, LARD, LEAD, LEATHER, LIGNUM VITAE, LOGWOOD, MAL, MACKAREL, MACE, MUSTARD, MOLASSES, MARBLE, MALT, MAHOGANY, NAILS, OIL, and WINE. Prices are listed in dollars and cents per unit.
COURSE OF EXCHANGE.
Table listing exchange rates for various locations and banks. Includes entries for Bills of Exchange, London (90 days, 60 days, 30 days), Amsterdam (60 days, 30 days), and France (60 days, 30 days).