Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1791-07-15 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 22, of Vol. III.]
WEDNESDAY, JULY 13, 1791.
[Whole No. 230.]
FROM THE (BOSTON) COLUMBIAN CENTINEL.
MR. RUSSELL,
BY the English Constitution, the whole collective power of the nation is delegated, and the constitution itself is alterable by the same authority which is competent to the common purposes of legislation.
The French are to have a constitution, every part of which will be nominally beyond the controul of their common legislatures, and which will be unalterable in all parts, except by the nation in its "original character." At least Mr. PAINE has undertaken to answer for them that it will be so: Although I have not seen any such article in the constitution, and though perhaps it has not yet been decreed, I am willing to take Mr. PAINE's word for the fact, and to consider the subject, as if it were already determined.
I have made some observations upon Mr. PAINE's arguments, as they respect the right of a nation to delegate all their power. As a question of expediency, it may perhaps be more difficult to determine, which of these two schemes contains the least evil. Both of them are supported by the example of several among the American States, and can therefore boast the sanction of authorities equally respectable.
The fundamental principle upon which society is formed, appears to be, in order that the power of the whole may be rendered subservient to the interests of the whole. The problem to solve is, in what manner the power shall be distributed, so as most effectually to answer that purpose. Considering the extreme difficulty with which a whole nation can be brought to act in their original character, it should seem, that wisdom must dictate to them the necessity of delegating their whole power, in such a manner as that it may be rendered beneficial to the nation, because whatever power is retained by the people, cannot be exercised for their advantage, any more than to their injury. The question therefore occurs, why a nation should not delegate all its powers? Mr. PAINE has bestowed very little consideration upon this subject: I find that although he gives us his own opinion very freely, he offers only two reasons to support it. One, because, "such a government would be arbitrary." The other, because "there is a paradox in the idea of vitiated bodies reforming themselves." In the sense in which the word arbitrary is here used, the first argument attacks the foundation of civil society itself; for whenever a number of individuals associate together and form themselves into a body-politick, called a nation, the possession and the use of the whole power, (which is not however arbitrary power,) is the very object of their association. This power must exist somewhere, and I cannot see the reason why it should not exist for the benefit of the people.—But whenever a constitution is made unalterable by the common legislative authority, the nation do in reality abdicate all the powers which they are said to retain, and declare that very important powers shall at all events be useless to them, from an apprehension that they might possibly be abused to their injury.—It is as if a man should bind himself never to wear a sword, lest he should turn it against his own breast.—The only reason why the whole power of a nation should not be delegated, must arise from the danger of its being abused: And a melancholy experience has always shown that when the whole power has been thus delegated to one man, or to one body of men, it has invariably been grossly abused, and the sword of the people has been turned into a dagger against them. From the pressure of those evils, many nations have been induced expressly to forbid their governments the use of certain powers, without considering that the impotence of their supreme authority, would certainly be very prejudicial to them, and perhaps as fatal, as the abuse of power. This experiment has repeatedly been made; it has frequently failed; and I believe that after several more experiments shall fully demonstrate the ill policy of thus annihilating the power of the nation, it will be clearly seen, that all the powers of the people ought to be delegated for their benefit, and that their true interest consists in the distribution of those powers in such a manner as shall in its own operation guard against the abuses which alone are dangerous to the people.
The Constitution of the United States, appears to me to unite all the advantages both of the
French and of the English, while it has avoided the evils of both. By that constitution, the people have delegated the power of alteration, by vesting it in the Congress, together with the State Legislatures; while at the same time it has provided for alterations by the people themselves in their original character, whenever it shall evidently appear to be the will of the people to make them. This article appears to be replete with wisdom; I believe it will stand the test of the severest examination, though according to the ideas emanating from Mr. PAINE, and coming to us at the same time by reflection from the Secretary of State, it contains a very dangerous political heresy.
It is a maxim which will not I trust, be disputed, that no government of which the people is not a constituent part, can secure their equal rights; but where this is the case, to cramp the operations of their own government, with unnecessary restrictions, and forbid themselves to enact useful laws, what is it but to defeat the purposes of society, by the very act, which gives it a permanent existence; to tie their own hands from an imaginary apprehension that if left at liberty they would administer poison to the body which nourishes them?
It is in the distribution of the national powers; it is in the independent spirit of the people, and not in the manuscript limitation of the Legislative authority, that a nation is to secure the protection of its liberties.—In this Commonwealth we have a constitution, most parts of which are unalterable by our ordinary Legislatures; it has existed but ten years; and already its operation has convinced us all that several alterations in the system would be highly expedient. Our Legislative body would be fully competent to the purpose, and if they had the power would readily make such alterations as might suit the convenience of the people; but they have no authority to act in these cases for the benefit of the people, and as the inconveniences to which this injudicious jealousy has subjected us, are not at this time of such importance as to render the alterations, of immediate or absolute necessity, we must wait our appointed time, and patiently submit to the operation of bad laws, because we have not chosen to invest our Legislature with the power of making good ones.—Let us not be frightened, however, from the pursuit of our common interest by the words arbitrary power . Distribute the whole of your power in such a manner, as will necessarily prevent any one man, or body of men, or any possible combination of individual interests, from being arbitrary, but do not encumber your own representatives with shackles, prejudicial to your own interests; nor suffer yourselves like the Spanish Monarch, of ridiculous memory, to be roasted to death, by denying to your servants the power of removing the fire from before you.
But although a constitution, professedly unalterable by the common legislative authority, is of weight sufficient to prevent the enacting of many good laws, yet it will not always operate as a check upon your legislature. Such is the poverty of all human labours, that even a whole nation cannot express themselves upon paper, with so much accuracy and precision, as not to admit of much latitude of explanation and construction. The legislature must always be allowed to judge of the intentions with which the instrument was formed, and to construe and explain accordingly the expressions which it contains. They sometimes think proper to violate the letter of the constitution by adhering to its spirit, and at other times they sacrifice the spirit by adhering strictly to the letter. But when your legislature undertake to decide that the spirit of the constitution, is directly contrary to its express letter, where is the power in the nation that should controul them? The same power, which will always be sufficient to controul a Legislature of which the people are a constituent part; it is, the spirit of the people .—Let your Legislative and Executive authorities be so constituted, as to prevent every essential, or dangerous abuse of the powers delegated, but depend upon the honest and enlightened spirit of the people for a security which you never will obtain, by merely withholding your powers, unless that spirit should be constantly kept up. Divide your power so that every part of it may at all times be used for your advantage, but in such a manner that your rights may never depend upon the will of any one man
or body of men; entrust even the power of altering your constitution itself, because occasions may arise, when the use even of that power, may be absolutely necessary for your own welfare, when at the same time it may be impossible for you to act in your original character, with the expedition necessary for your salvation; but reserve to yourselves a concurrent power of altering the constitution in your own persons, because by the decay to which all the works of man are liable, it is possible that your Legislature, may become incompetent to make such alterations as may be necessary. But, when the people are constantly represented in the Legislature, I believe they will never find it necessary to recur to their original character, in order to make any alterations which they may deem expedient, unless they deny the power of making them to their Legislature.
"But," says Mr. PAINE, "there is a paradox in the idea of vitiated bodies reforming themselves." This must depend altogether upon the coincidence of the part vitiated, with the part which is to apply the remedy; for unless the defect itself necessarily precludes the possibility of applying the power of reformation, the paradox ceases, and no more involves an absurdity, than that a physician should use his own prescriptions to cure himself of a disorder.
The very act by which Septennial Parliaments were established in England, affords sufficient proof that the power of altering the constitution itself ought to be delegated, and even exercised by the government upon certain critical occasions. That act was made at a time when the kingdom was threatened with an immediate invasion, when a rebellion had but just been quelled, and when, the peace and safety of the nation, depended upon the use of this power by the Parliament; such was the opinion of the people at that time, and the act met with general approbation, from the general conviction of its necessity. Such occasions may happen in the history of every free people, and it is therefore proper that the power should be delegated. Upon the principles of equal liberty, upon the principles of public happiness, and therefore of political expediency, I think it may be fairly concluded that Mr. PAINE's preference of the French to the English Constitution, so far as it relates to this article, is not founded in truth.
PUBLICOLA.
[The foregoing is No. 7, of PUBLICOLA—No. 6, is not come to hand.]
BERKENHOUT'S DISCOVERY, for Dying Cotton and Linen, in Scarlet, Crimson, and other Colours, as communicated to the Company of Dyers of the City of London, by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.
COTTON or linen, either in yarn or piece, should be perfectly wet with hot water, and then wrung out, as is the common practice. This being done, it must be perfectly soaked in a solution of tin, diluted with an equal quantity of clear soft water. The cotton or linen, being so far prepared, must be wrung out, but not forcibly: then it is to be nearly dried, lying horizontally upon a hurdle, with a double linen sheet between, and covered with the same. The solution of tin being for scarlet, must be made of nitrous acid, and not of aqua fortis; but for crimson, aqua fortis must be used; and the bloom is to be given, after it comes out of the dye, by a small quantity of sal ammoniac and pearl ashes, dissolved perfectly in warm water; but this water must not be more than milk warm. The colouring vat, for the scarlet or crimson, is simply cochineal in water, no hotter than the hand can bear; and, as vegetable matter receives only the small particles of the colour from the nature of its pores, two oz. to a pound of the materials dyed may be necessary. But cotton or linen, fresh prepared, will draw from the same vat, heated as before, all the inferior shades, from scarlet and crimson; and, if any colour still remains in the vat, it may be taken out entirely, by wool prepared in the usual manner. The same preparation of tin serves for the green and yellows, with the same materials only that are employed by the dyers, except the best yellow, which is produced from turmeric.
It is necessary to observe, that, after the preparation has been made use of for scarlet or crim-

fon, the residue continues sufficiently strong for greens and yellows, even after it has been kept for a considerable time.
N. B. To make the best solution of tin with nitrous acid, it is necessary to have the strong smoking spirit, to which an equal quantity of the purest river water must be added; and the proportions of the following ingredients are to the weight of spirits; 1-16th sal ammoniac, 1-32 refined nitre, dissolved by a little at a time in this aqua regia: dissolve 1-8th of granulated grain tin also by small quantities, to prevent too great an ebullition, which would weaken the solution considerably.
The ingredients and proportions are the same, when a solution is to be made with aqua fortis: but that spirit, in general, will not bear any water, when a perfect solution is intended.
Extract from Grell's Chemical Journal. 1789.
M. VOGLER has discovered a method of making a fine black ink, which has the smell of roses. In an earthen vessel he boils seven ounces of rain-water with an ounce and an half of dried tormentil roots, (tormentilla erecta Lin.) When it has boiled sufficiently, he pours off the liquid, and adds to it a solution of three drams of copperas, and one dram of gum-arabic; he then stirs the whole with a stick; when it has grown cold, the ink is ready for use.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
ANECDOLE OF A PATRIOT.
JUST before the commencement of the American Revolution, a band of patriots were conversing on the various arts adopted by the British Ministry, to seduce and divide the leaders in the glorious cause of our country—Among other topics, bribery was mentioned—it was well known at that time that attempts at corruption had been unsuccessfully made—One of the company asked a very distinguished character if no overtures had ever been made to him?—He replied no!—for, added he, “they well know that a guinea never glistened in my eyes.” It is hardly necessary to add, that this was the Phœnix of Massachusetts, their present Lieut. Governor.
LANCASTER, (Pennsylvania) July 3, 1791.
THIS evening, at 6 o'clock, arrived here, on his return from his Southern Tour, his Excellency the President of the United States, accompanied by Major Jackson. He was escorted from Wright's Ferry by a respectable number of the inhabitants of this borough: and on Monday, July 4, being the Anniversary of American Independence, the Corporation, at the particular request of the inhabitants, waited on him with the following address:
To George Washington, President of the United States.
SIR,
ON behalf of the inhabitants of the borough of Lancaster, the members of the Corporation beg leave to congratulate you on your arrival at this place. On this joyful occasion, they approach the First Magistrate of the Union, with hearts impressed with no less grateful respect than their fellow-citizens of the east and of the south. With them they have admired those talents, and that firm prudence in the field, which finally ensured success to the American arms. But at this time reverence forbids the language which would naturally flow from the recapitulation of the events of the late glorious revolution.
The faithful page of history will record your illustrious actions for posterity.—Yet we cannot forbear to mention what we, in our day, have beheld and witnessed. We have seen you, at the awful period, when the storm of war was bursting around us, and our fertile plains were deluged with the richest blood of America, rising above adversity, and exerting all the talents of the patriot and the hero, to save our country from the threatened ruin: And when, by the will of Heaven, those exertions had restored peace and prosperity to the United States, and the great object for which you drew the sword, was accomplished, we have beheld you, adorned with every private, social virtue, mingling with your fellow-citizens. Yet that transcendant love of country, by which you have always been actuated, did not suffer you to rest here;—but when the united voice of myriads of free-men (your fellow-citizens) called you from the repose of domestic life, actuated solely by the principles of true glory—not seeking your own aggrandizement, but sacrificing the sweets of retired life to the wishes and happiness of your country, we have beheld you, possessed of the confidence of a great people, presiding over their councils, and, by your happy administration, uniting them together by the great political bond of one common interest.
It is therefore the inhabitants of this borough, seize with joy the only opportunity which has offered to them, to testify their approbation of, and their gratitude for, your services.
Long, very long, sir, may you enjoy the affections of your fellow-citizens. We pray for
a long continuance of your health and happiness, and the choicest blessings of Heaven on our beloved country—and on You—its Father and its Friend.
Signed on behalf of themselves and the inhabitants of the borough of Lancaster:
EDWARD HAND, } Burgesses. PAUL ZANTZINGER, } JOHN HUBLEY, } ADAM REIGART, } Assistants. JACOB KRUG, } CASPER SHAFFNER, } JACOB FREY, }
To which the President was pleased to return the following Answer:
To the Corporation and Inhabitants of the Borough of Lancaster.
GENTLEMEN, YOUR congratulations on my arrival in Lancaster are received with pleasure, and the flattering expressions of your esteem are replied to with sincere regard.
While I confess my gratitude for the distinguished estimation in which you are pleased to hold my public services, a sense of justice to my fellow-citizens, ascribes to other causes, the peace and prosperity of our highly favoured country. Her freedom and happiness are founded in their patriotic exertions, and will, I trust, be transmitted to distant ages through the same medium of wisdom and virtue.
With sincere wishes for your social, I offer an earnest prayer for your individual welfare.
G. WASHINGTON.
At three o'clock the President, and a very large number of citizens, set down to an elegant entertainment, provided for the occasion, in the court-house.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE CRITICS.
A FABLE.
WRITTEN SEPTEMBER 1785.
“To every general rule there are exceptions.”—Common Sense.
'TIS said of every dog that's found, Of mongrel, spaniel, cur, and hound; That each sustains a doggish mind, And hates the new, sublime, refined. 'Tis hence the wretches bay the moon, In beauty throned at highest noon; Hence every nobler brute they bite, And hunt the stranger-dog with spite; And hence, the nose's dictates parrying, They fly from meat to feed on carrion. 'Tis also said, the curriſh soul The critic race possesses whole; As near they come, in tho'ts and natures, As two legg'd can, to four legg'd creatures; Alike the things they love, and blame, Their voice, and language, much the same.
The Muse this subject made her theme, And told me in a morning dream. Such dreams you fages may decry; But Muses know they never lie. Then hear, from me, in grave narration, Of these strange facts, the strange occasion.
In Greece Cynethe's village lay, Well known to all, who went that way, For dogs of every kindred fam'd, And from true doggish manners nam'd. One morn, a greyhound pass'd the street; At once the foul-mouth'd conclave met, Huddling around the stranger ran, And thus their smart review began. “What trampler” with a grinning sneer, Bark'd out the clumsy cur, “is here? No native of the town, I see; Some foreign whelp of base degree. I'd shew, but that the record's torn, We true Welsh curs are better born. His coat is smooth; but longer hair Would more become a dog by far. His slender ear, how strait and sloping! While ours is much improved by cropping.”
“Right,” cried the blood-hound, “that strait ear Seems made for nothing, but to hear; 'Tis long agreed, thro' all the town, That handsome ears, like mine, hang down; And tho' his body's gaunt, and round, 'Tis no true rawboned gaunt of hound. How high his nose the creature carries! As if on bugs, and flies, his fare is; I'll teach this strutting, stupid log, To smell the business of a dog.”
“Baugh-waugh!” the shaggy spaniel cried, “What wretched covering on his hide! I wonder where he lives in winter; His strait, sleek legs too, out of joint are; I hope the vagrant will not dare His fledgling with my fleece compare. He never plunged in pond or river, To search for wounded duck and diver; By kicks would soon be set a skipping, Nor take, one halt so well, a whipping.”
“Rat me,” the lap-dog yelp'd, “thro' nature, Was ever seen so coarse a creature? I hope no lady's fad mishap E'er led the boob to her lap; He'd fright PRIMRILLA into fits, And rob FOOLERIA of her wits; A mere barbarian, Indian whelp! How clownish, countryrish, sounds his yelp! He never tasted bread and butter, Nor play'd the petty squirm and flutter; Nor e'er, like me, has learn'd to fatten, On kisses sweet, and softest patting.” “Some parson's dog, I vow,” whined puppy; “His rusty coat how fun-burnt! Rop ye!” The beagle call'd him to the wood. The bull-dog bellowed, “Zounds! and blood!”
The wolf-dog and the mastiff were, The Muse says, an exception here; Superior both to such foul play, They wish'd the stranger well away.
From spleen the stridures rose to fury, “Villain,” growl'd one, “I can't endure you.” “Let's seize the truant,” snarl'd another, Encor'd by every toul-mouth'd brother. “'Tis done,” bark'd all, “we'll mob the creature, And sacrifice him to ill-nature.”
The greyhound, who despis'd their breath, Still tho' it best to shun their teeth. Easy he wing'd his rapid flight, And left the scoundrels out of sight.
Good JUNO, by the ancients holden, The genuine natre-dame of scolding, Sate pleas'd, because there'd such a fuss been, And in the hound's place wish'd her husband; For here, even pleasure bade her own, Her ladyship was once out-done. “Hail dogs,” she cried, “of every kind! Retain ye still this snarling mind, Hate all that's good, and fair, and new, And I'll a goddess be to you.”
Nor this the only good you prove; Learn what the fruits of JUNO's love. Your souls, from forms, that creep all four on, I'll raise, by system Pythagorean, To animate the human frame, And gain my favorite tribe a name. Be ye henceforth (so I ordain) Critics, the genuine curs of men. To snarl be still your highest bliss, And all your criticism like this. Whate'er is great, or just, in nature, Of graceful form, or lovely feature; Whate'er adorns the ennobled mind, Sublime, inventive, and refined; With spleen, and spite, forever blame, And load with every dirty name. All things of noblest kind and use, To your own standard vile reduce, And all in wild confusion blend, Nor heed the subject, scope, or end. But chief, when modest young beginners, 'Gainst critic laws, by nature finners, Peep out in verse, and dare to run, Thro' towns and villages your own, Hunt them, as when yon stranger dog Set all your growling crew agog; Till stunn'd, and scard, they hide from view, And leave the country clear for you.”
This said, the goddess kind careſſing, Gave every cur a double blessing. Each doggish mind, tho' grown no bigger, Henceforth assumed the human figure, The body walk'd on two; the mind To four, still chose to be confin'd; Still creeps on earth, still scents out foes, Is still led onward by the nose; Hates all the good, it us'd to hate, The lofty, beauteous, new, and great; The stranger hunts with spite quintessent, And snarls, from that day to the present.
LONDON, April 7.
AT a convivial meeting, at which Lord MOUNTMORRES was present, his Lordship being called upon for a toast, gave as follows:—“Success to his Majesty's fleets by sea and land.”
The venerable Earl of Mansfield being asked what he thought of Payne's Book? said—“In my opinion it should be burned by the hands of the common Hangman;—but if that be not the law of the present day, it ought to be bought up at any price!”
Robberies were never so frequent in France as they are at present; not only Paris, but the public roads are infested with thieves, many of whom are disguised in the uniform of the National Guard. A stage-coach near Brest was attacked a few days ago, the postillion killed, and two of the passengers dangerously wounded.
The late King of Prussia used to say, that the pleasantest dream a sovereign could have was that of being King of France—Louis XVI. would be happy if he could even dream that he was so.
That Catholick Dissenters, if we may judge from their writings, are as angry with the Scarlet whore of Babylon, as any pious protestant can possibly be. The POPE, with all his finery, is as little relished in the ecclesiastical, as Mr. BURKE, with all his finely decorated aristocratic principles, is in the political world. The fact is, that mankind will no longer endure civil or religious tyranny in any dress.
Dr. Johnson, on being shewn his portrait by Sir Joshua, representing him as near sighted, (which has since been engraved) was much offended—but it being represented to him that Sir Joshua had painted his own similitude with an ear trumpet. “He may paint himself as deaf as he pleases said the Doctor, but I do not chuse to be handed down to posterity as blinking Sam!”
APRIL 26.
At a committee of the society instituted for the purpose of effecting the abolition of the slave trade. Resolved,
That the thanks of this committee be respectfully given to the illustrious minority of the commons, who lately stood forth the assertors of British justice and humanity, and the enemies of a traffic in the blood of men.
Resolved,
That our acknowledgments are particularly due to William Wilberforce esquire, for his unwearied exertions to remove this opprobrium of our national character, and to the right honorable William Pitt, and the right honorable Charles Fox, for their virtuous and dignified co-operation in the same cause.
Resolved.

That the solemn declarations of these gentlemen, and of Matthew Montague and William Smith, esquires, that they will not relinquish but with life their struggle for the abolition of the slave trade, are not only highly honorable to themselves as Britons, as statesmen and Christians, but must eventually, as the light of evidence shall be more and more diffused, be seconded by the good wishes of every man not immediately interested in the continuance of that detestable commerce.
Resolved,
That anticipating the opposition we should have to sustain from persons trained to a familiarity with the rapine and desolation necessarily attendant on the slave trade, and sensible also of the prejudices which implicitly arise from long established usages, this committee consider the late decision in the house of commons as a delay rather than a defeat. In addressing a free and enlightened nation on a subject in which its justice, humanity and wisdom are involved, we cannot despair of final success; and we do hereby, under an encreasing conviction of the excellence of our cause, and in conformity to the distinguished examples before us, renew our firm protestation, that we will never desist from appealing to the consciences of our countrymen till the commercial intercourse with Africa shall cease to be polluted with the blood of its inhabitants.
By order of the Committee, GRANVILLE SHARP, Chairman.
P I T T S B U R G H, July 2.
Thursday evening last arrived here from Detroit, which place he left the 10th ult. from captivity among the savages, Mr. Thomas Ray, who was taken from Cussawago by four Indians some time ago. Mr. Ray has related to us the following, viz. At the time he was taken the Indians killed and scalped one William Gregg; they then proceeded to Sandusky, where a party of Indians had just returned from committing depredations on the frontiers of Ohio county, who were about half drunk, and they beat him in a cruel manner. Seven days after his arrival there, news came in that our army was on their march, against that place, upon which they burnt the houses and destroyed the corn they had planted, and removed their families off to the rapid of the Miami river; at that place he saw a great many Indians, to the amount of two or three thousand, receive arms and ammunition and proceed on to the Maumee towns, where it was said, 7000 were assembled; that at Detroit, on the first Thursday of June, at a review of the militia, he saw 150 turn out voluntarily to join the Indians; that he saw a number of Indians, to the amount of 17 or 18 canoe load, who said they had been three moons on their journey, come to join the others; they had bows and arrows, and had otter skins for breech clouts, and buffalo skins instead of blankets; that about the 1st or 2d of June the Indians brought in 12 scalps, together with the guns, bayonets, &c. belonging to the party; that he saw Thomas Dick and his wife, who were taken from near this place, in good health at the Miami River, and the boy, by the name of Bricket, with his head shaved and painted, on his way with a party to the Maumee towns. Mr. Ray was bought from the Indians by a British officer by whom he was released.
Mr. Ray further informs, that the Indians entirely blame Mr. Wilson and Mr. Hamilton, as being the cause of the Indians being killed on Beaver creek, and say, if they ever should fall into their hands, they would put them to death in the most cruel manner.
B O S T O N, July 2.
Aristocracy is in a deep and rapid decline. In the example of the UNITED STATES, the world has seen, that the energy and dignity of government may be combined with the just and equal Rights of Men. Power ought ever to spring from the People—and being delegated for a given time—those who use it, must at the expiration of that time, revert to the general mass, and thereby be subject to every act which is the execution of that power, they have made. Thus arises a security paramount to all others. Hereditary executives, and hereditary Legislators are now rapidly growing into political monsters—while the genuine principles of open and magnanimous Republicanism is every day growing more amiable and salutary. In this establishment, the annihilation of jealous Democracy as well as Aristocracy will be seen—and in their destruction, the world shall rejoice.
The English Aristocrats add the Medical title to Mr. PAINE's name—They say he wishes to inoculate the English Nation with the French disease. [Columb. Cent.]
P R O V I D E N C E, July 2.
Last Saturday afternoon, at Beaver Pond, in Franklin, five men went off on a raft to collect pond-lilies. The wind blowing fresh the raft separated and 4 of them were unfortunately drowned. Their bodies were taken up the same evening.
Philadelphia, July 13.
Sunday evening an express arrived from Pittsburgh with dispatches from Major General Butler, which were immediately laid before the President of the United States, by the Secretary of the Department of War.
The following article lately appeared in an American newspaper, viz. "There is one assertion of the author, which, as he defends it, from the experience of history, and the actual state of the world at this day, cannot otherwise than claim some attention, viz. That religion (as the word is generally understood) is not virtue. The Jews (says he) were eminently pure in their worship—the Egyptians and the Persians were (to them) idolaters and Atheists—the morals of the latter were good, those of the former abominable—Rome, when she produced the virtues of Decius and Fabricius, was pagan and atheistical. Constantinople was the reservoir of all the most detestable vices, after Constantine had introduced the Christian religion.—We have Apostolic, Catholic and most Christian Kings; but no Titus, no Trajan, no Antoninus. Modern Rome in appearance is nothing but religion; what philosopher would compare it with ancient Rome, in respect to talents, industry, or merit? Reason therefore concludes that religion is not virtue. "
It may be called modern refinement, but it is not a new thing under the sun, that men should seriously propose to eradicate morality from the world.—The comparisons contained in the above paragraph have a very obvious meaning; they are designed to make the most unfavorable impressions on the public mind in regard to the religion professed in the United States, and in almost every other civilized country. "Religion is not virtue,"—that is, christianity is inferior to paganism!—Civilization is inferior to nature in her rudest forms!—The idolatry of the Egyptians was superior to Judaism! How preposterous and absurd! In one breath we are told that the world is making the most rapid progress in civilization and reformation—in the next we are referred to past ages as models for our imitation!—Pagan, atheistical Rome produced her Fabricius and her Decius—christianized Constantinople was the reservoir of the most detestable vices! But was there no religion in Rome before christianity was introduced? Let impartial history determine—When Rome was religious she was moral , she was free, flourishing and happy—When religion declined, the Gods were contemned, and their worship was despised, Rome became venal, vicious, vile and contemptible, the people lost their moral character and with that they lost their freedom. A few virtuous men appeared in the decline of the empire, arrested its fate, and protracted its existence.—The introduction of christianity by Constantine in all probability added a thousand years to the age of the government—Immediately before the freedom of Rome was annihilated by the Cæsars, every species of villainy that springs from infidel principles was rampant through the commonwealth—and when similar practices, on similar principles, had filled up the measure of their iniquities, heaven permitted Mahomet to annihilate the empire of the east.—It is abundantly evident from the testimony of history, that the deity governs the world by moral principles without respect to particular religious tenets—The prosperity of nations bears an exact proportion to their practice of the moral virtues, and when these become extinct among a people, their freedom and happiness soon follow.
"Religion is not virtue"—grant it—but till we can find virtue without religion, I trust in God that the good people of the United States will not, at the instance of any foreign or domestic infidel part with their religion—It has been of service in times past; for though they may have been deceived by religious characters without virtue, it is equally true that they never found a virtuous character destitute of religion.
Extract of a letter from Trenton, July 9.
"This day marched from this place, for the Western Country, Capt. Puelon, of the 2d United States Regiment, with one hundred and seventy fine fellows, and a number of Recruits for the Artillery.—Also a few six month's men."
We are informed that the Commissioner's receipts for Shares in the Bank of the United States, will be ready to be delivered on Friday next.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman at Newtown, 20 miles above Tioga point, dated June 23.
"On the ninth day we reached Newtown, where the Indian treaty is to be held, because the waters are too low to permit the boats with presents and provisions to go up to the Painted Post. We alighted at Col. Pickering's lodgings, and found him conferring with some Oneida and other Eastern Indians, who have come down with a view to mediate a peace. Their chief, Hendrick Apaumut, the same from whom I received a letter some time since, was speaking when we entered: "The little Tomahawk the Indians fight with," said he, "costs them very little. They can kill game with it, and support themselves; but the Great Hatchet that the
United States use in war costs a great deal; and those who carry it into our country must be provided for at a great expence. I know it is said the United States are so powerful that they could rise and destroy all the Indians at once.—It is true, they are too powerful for the Indians; but remember, tho' you may kill some wolves, and frighten the rest away, you cannot destroy them all. They will return and infest you.—It were therefore much better for the United States to live in peace with the Indians. A great while ago, ourselves and the Shawanese were one people; but the Great Spirit caused a famine, and we separated to seek for food. We still speak the same language. I am willing to go to them and persuade them to peace. All other Indians know that we have always been friends to the English. They all acknowledge we know more about the white people than they do. If I go, I know it will be at the risque of my life. Perhaps your warriors will arrive at the same time, and then nothing can be done. I therefore want to see some of your Great Men. If they will keep your young men at home, I will go. Perhaps I may be able to induce their Chiefs to come down and treat with your Great Men about a lasting peace." This offer is now under consideration. We hear that about 800 of the Six-Nation Indians will be at the Painted Post to-day. They are expected here by the end of the week; but it is not likely that the treaty will be held before the 27th or 30th of the month. After which we hope a week, or ten days will restore us to our friends and the comforts of civilized life."
The French passengers on board the ship Pennsylvania from Havre de Grace, have published a very honorable testimony to the humanity, politeness and attention of Captain David Harding, Master of that ship, which recently arrived at this port.
A late English (ministerial) paper contains the following article: A pitiful forgery, of the most notorious kind, has lately been attempted to be played off, by the friends of a notorious American Author.—Their plan was this—Printed circular letters—signed W. Rose, and dated from Whitehall, as if coming from the Secretary of the Treasury, have been sent to several of the principal towns in England, recommending this publication in the most fulsome strains of panegyric, and pressing the necessity and usefulness of its circulation.—Though such a fraud is easily seen through, it is to be lamented, that there are those amongst us, who call themselves Englishmen, who are yet so industrious as to attempt sapping upon all occasions, the principles of our excellent constitution.
Recent accounts from Europe inform, that M. de la Fayette has resumed the command of the National Guards of France.
It has been inserted in several papers, that the Grand Jury of South-Carolina has presented the excise as a grievance.—Quere, is there any such body as the Grand Jury of South Carolina?
By the Ship Roseway, Captain Woodham, arrived at New-London, from London, last from Plymouth, which he left the 25th of May, accounts are received, that preparations for war were still continued with vigor in England.
PRICE CURRENT.—PUBLIC SECURITIES.
   FUNDED DEBT.     6 pr. Cents 18/4 18/6 pr. £. 92 1/2 pr. cent.   3 pr. Cents 10/4 10/6 52 1/2 do.   Deferred 6 pr. Cents 10/4 10/6 52 1/2 do.   UNFUNDED DEBT.   Final Sett. and other Certificates 17/4 17/6 87 1/2 do.   Indents 10/4 10/6 52 1/2 do.   N. and S. Carolina debts, 13/ 15/6.   Bank Subscriptions, 45 Dollars.  
On the North side of Market between Fourth and Fifth Streets, PHILA- DELPHIA.
HAVING obtained Patents for several Improvements on Clocks and Watches, begs leave to inform his friends and the public, that he is now ready to execute any work on the said constructions; which may be either applied to clocks and watches already made, or to new ones, and on trial, have been found superior to any heretofore brought into common use. He has so simplified the repeating part of a watch, as to enable him to make it at two-thirds of the common price, which will not only be an advantage in the first purchase, but ever after, as it can be cleaned, when necessary, for two-thirds less than the present price. He has also simplified the striking part of clocks, which enables him to reduce the price one-fourth; and repairs, at the lowest prices, horizontal, repeating, plain, and other watches; and musical, chiming, and plain clocks, with punctuality and dispatch, and warrants all the work done in his shop.
An assortment of Clock and Watch-makers Tools and Materials for sale, on reasonable terms. TWO JOURNEYMEN, and an APPRENTICE, are wanted.

MATTHEW M'CONNELL,
IN CHESNUT-STREET, No. 66,
BUYS and SELLS all kinds of THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNION; has frequently occasion to NEGOTIATE INLAND BILLS OF EXCHANGE—and will receive Orders for making SUBSCRIPTIONS to the BANK of the UNITED STATES.
Philadelphia, March 30, 1791.
(96 11)
PUBLIC SECURITIES,
BOUGHT and SOLD, on COMMISSION, by SAMUEL ANDERSON, Chesnut-Street, next door to the Bank, No. 97.
MASSACHUSETTS SEMI-ANNUAL
Lottery Tickets,
Class SECOND, to be had at the same place. May 28, 1791. (cp tf)
PINTARD and BLEECKER,
PURCHASE and SELL all kinds of Certificates & Public Securities, On COMMISSION, at public and private sale, on the following terms:
ON the specie amount of all sales or purchases at auction, one eighth per cent.
On ditto of all sales or purchases at private sale, on all sums below 5000 nominal dollars, one-half per cent.; and on all sums above 5000 nominal dollars, one-fourth per cent.
For receiving interest at the Loan-Office, one per cent.
For making transfers at ditto, one dollar each transfer.
Such persons throughout the United States, as may be pleased to favor the subscribers with their orders, may rely on their being executed with punctuality, fidelity and dispatch, as considerable experience in the public stocks, together with extensive connections in the city of New-York and different parts of the continent, enable them to conduct their operations with peculiar advantages.
PINTARD & BLEECKER, New-York, No. 57, King-Street.
March 15, 1791. (97 1aw 6m)
Funds of the United States.
ALL kinds of the Public Debt of the Union, bought, sold, or exchanged; Foreign and Inland Bills of Exchange negotiated; Merchandise of all sorts bought and sold on Commission, and all other Business in the line of a Broker, transacted by
WILLIAM CLELAND,
At the Office, next door to the Custom-House, State-Street, BOSTON.
Intelligence-Office,
IN FOURTH-STREET, second Door below Market-Street.
FRANCIS WHITE
BUYS and Sells on Commission all kinds of Public Securities and Paper Monies.
Transacts business for those who have claims on the United States, or against either of the States, particularly for the Officers, Soldiers and Mariners, and others who have served in or about the late American Army, or for their legal Heirs, Administrators, Attorneys, &c.
Certificates and such Paper Monies furnished for country people and others, who have to make payments to the Pennsylvania Loan or Land Offices, as will pass equal to specie, and their warrants, patents, &c. passed through the different offices.
Money borrowed or loaned, and discounts procured for bills, bonds, and notes of hand, with or without deposits.
Houses, Farms, Lands, Lots, bought and sold, and Houses, Rooms, Boarding and Lodging, rented or let, or procured for Strangers or others.
Reputable Characters of either sex, and of any profession, out of Place, may hear of Employ—and Families, Merchants, Travellers and others, be supplied with suitable domestics.
Those at a distance who may address on either the above subjects, their letters being post paid, will be duly attended to, by
FRANCIS WHITE. (cp tf)
Philad. June 22, 1791.
Public Notice is hereby given,
to all whom these presents shall come, or in any wise concern, That JAMES GARDNER, late of Wilmington, North-Carolina, deceased, did make four promissory notes payable to SAMUEL JACKSON, of Philadelphia, Merchant, all bearing date the 19th July, 1785, one for three hundred and seventy-one pounds, payable in six months—one for seven hundred and forty two pounds, in nine months—one for seven hundred and forty-five pounds thirteen shillings and three-pence, in fifteen months, amounting in the whole to two thousand five hundred and ninety-eight pounds thirteen shillings and three-pence, and payable in produce at Wilmington:—Which said notes have been assigned by the said Samuel Jackson to THOMAS MACKIE and Co. and JAMES HOOD, Merchants, Philadelphia, and have since, in the life-time of the said Gardner, by him been accounted for and paid in part to the amount of two thousand and forty-seven pounds fifteen shillings and six-pence, to the said THOMAS MACKIE, and Co. in proof of which the subscribers have sufficient vouchers.
These are therefore to caution all persons from purchasing said notes as they will not be taken up.
THOMAS WRIGHT, ROBERT SCOTT, M. R. WILLKINGS, Executors.
Wilmington, North-Carolina, 27th May, 1791. (e p 3 m.)
The Catechism of Nature;
For the Use of CHILDREN.
By DOCTOR MARTINET, Professor of Philosophy at Zutphen.
TRANSLATED FROM THE DUTCH.
"Read NATURE—Nature is a friend to TRUTH."
Published, and to be sold by the Editor, price 1/4 of a Dollar,
TWENTY-SIX LETTERS,
On the most important Subjects, Respecting the REVOLUTION of AMERICA. Written in Holland in the year 1780, By the VICE-PRESIDENT of the United States.
THE PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES having approved the act for the Public Buildings, to be erected in pursuance of the act of Congress for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of government of the United States, the Commissioners, appointed in virtue of that act, will meet at Georgetown, on Monday the seventeenth day of October next, and proceed to sell, at Vendue, a number of lots in the best situations in the Federal City. A deposit of 8 per cent. will be required; the residue to be secured on Bonds, with security, payable in three equal yearly payments.—The farther terms will be made known at the sale.
THOMAS JOHNSON, DAVID STEWART, DANIEL CARROL, Commissioners.
New-Haven Wharf Lottery.
THE Legislature of the State of Connecticut, at their session in December last, granted a Lottery for the purpose of extending Union Wharf, in the harbour of New-Haven, to the channel; and appointed the subscribers managers, who having given bond for the faithful discharge of their trust, present the public with the following
Table with 5 columns: S, C, H, E, M, E. Prize of 10,000 Dollars, is 10,000. Prize of 5000 is 5000. Prize of 4000 is 4000. Prize of 2000 is 2000. Prize of 1000 is 1000. Prize of 500 is 2500. Prize of 200 is 2400. Prize of 100 is 3000. Prize of 50 is 2250. Prize of 40 is 2000. Prize of 30 is 1830. Prize of 20 is 2000. Prize of 10 is 1400. Prize of 8 is 43,120.
5842 Prizes. 11658 Blanks. 17500 Tickets, at Five Dollars each, is 87500
NOT TWO BLANKS TO A PRIZE.
Subject to a deduction of twelve and a half per cent. The public utility of extending this wharf, is too evident to require any comment, to those who are acquainted with the town and harbour of New-Haven; to those who are not, suffice it to say, that its beautiful situation is not surpassed, if equalled by any; being in the heart of a country, which may, with propriety, be said to be the garden of America. The harbour lays open to the sound but by reason of the flats, this wharf is necessarily extended to the channel, where ships can load and unload; and when compleated, will be the most extensive and commodious wharf in America, the whole extent being about 3/4ths of a mile; and not only the mercantile interest of New-Haven and the towns adjacent, but the maritime interest of all the States will be benefited by it. The general wish that prevails in the minds of all classes of people, for the success of this enterprize, together with the very great advantage which this scheme holds out to adventurers (there being more capital prizes for the number of tickets than any yet published in America) induce the managers to believe the tickets will meet with a speedy sale.
The drawing will positively commence at the State-House, in New-Haven, on the 13th of September next, or sooner, if the tickets are sold.
A list of the fortunate numbers will be published, and the prizes paid on demand, by the managers. Those prizes not called for in nine months after drawing, will be deemed as generously given for the use of the wharf, and appropriated accordingly.
MANAGERS: JAMES RICE, MICHAEL TODD, JEREMIAH ATWATER, ELIJAH AUSTIN, JOSEPH DRAKE, JOSEPH HOWELL. New-Haven, April 14, 1791.
TICKETS in the above Lottery may be had at the Compting-house of Messrs. STEPHEN AUSTIN, and Co. corner of Front and Pine-Streets.
Who will pay the prizes which may be drawn by Tickets purchased of them in said Lottery.
Tickets in the Massachusetts Lottery that have drawn prizes, will be received in payment for the above tickets.
MASSACHUSETTS SEMI-ANNUAL LOTTERY.
CLASS II.
THE MANAGERS of the STATE-LOTTERY assure the Public, that the second Class of the SEMI-ANNUAL LOTTERY will positively commence drawing on the day appointed, viz. On Thursday the 13th of October next, or sooner, if the Tickets shall be disposed of. As the Managers have in their several monthly Lotteries commenced drawing at the hour assigned, so they are determined to be equally as punctual in this.
S C H E M E.
NOT TWO BLANKS TO A PRIZE. 25,000 TICKETS, at Five Dollars each, are 125,000 Dollars, to be paid in the following Prizes, subject to a deduction of twelve and an half per cent. for the use of the Commonwealth.
Table with 3 columns: PRIZES, DOLLARS, DOLLARS. Prize of 10000 is 10000. Prize of 3000 is 6000. Prize of 2000 is 6000. Prize of 1000 is 6000. Prize of 500 is 5000. Prize of 200 is 6000. Prize of 100 is 8000. Prize of 50 is 4500. Prize of 40 is 4000. Prize of 30 is 3600. Prize of 20 is 3220. Prize of 10 is 2000. Prize of 8 is 60680.
8388 Prizes. 16612 Blanks. 25000 Tickets. 125000
TICKETS in the above Class may be had of the several MANAGERS, who will pay the prizes on demand; of the TREASURER of the Commonwealth; of JAMES WHITE, at his Book-store, Franklin's Head, Court-street—and at other places, as usual.
BENJAMIN AUSTIN, jun. DAVID COBB, SAMUEL COOPER, GEORGE R. MINOT, JOHN KNEELAND, Managers. Boston, April 14, 1791.
LIKENESSES
OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, NEATLY executed in Profile, have just come to hand, and for sale by Messrs. Carey, Stewart and Co. Mr. William Young, Mr. Robert Campbell, Messrs. Rice and Co. Booksellers, and by the Editor.—Price 1/4 of a Dollar. Philad. June 29, 1791.
PRICE CURRENT.—PHILADELPHIA.
PER QUANTITY.
JULY 12.—DOLLARS at 7/6.
Large table listing prices for various goods: ANCHORS, Allum, Alhes, Arrack, Brandy, Braziletto, Bricks, Bread, Butter, Cedar, Chocolate, Coal, Coffee, Cinnamon, Cheeche, Cotton, Currants, Cloves, Copperas, Cordage, Cocoa, Duck, Flour, Flax, Fultic, Feathers, Glue, Ginger, Gin, Ginseng, Gunpowder, Hemp, Hoghead hoops, Herring, Hides, Hops, Indigo, Irons, Iron, Junk, Lard, Lead, Leather, Lignum vitae, Logwood, Meal, Mackerel, Mace, Mustard, Madder, Molasses, Marble, Malt spars, Mahogany, Nutmegs, Nails, Linseed, Train, Spermaceti, Whale, Olive, Ditto, flasks, Oak timber, Porter. Also includes sections for RUM, SALT, STAVES, SKINS, TOBACCO, TEAS, TIN, VARNISH, WINE, and COURSE OF EXCHANGE.
Blank Powers to receive the Interest, and for the transfer of the principal of public debt, agreeable to the Rules established in the Treasury Department: Also Blanks for abstracts of Certificates, to be sold by the Editor.
A few copies of the CONSTITUTION of the United States, printed with Notes, may be had of the Editor.