Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1791-05-18 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 6, of Vol. III.]
WEDNESDAY, MAY 18, 1791.
[Whole No. 214.]
TRANSLATED For the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES.
A DISCOURSE OF STEPHEN BOETIUS,
Concerning voluntary Servitude: Or the Anti-One.
(Continued from No. 4 of this Gazette.)
Y OU sow the seeds of your fruits that he may reap the harvest: You furnish and adorn your houses, to provide materials for his robberies: You nourish your daughters, that he may have the means of satiating his luxury: You feed and cloath your children, to the end that he may most graciously please to lead them to his wars and conduct them to slaughter; that he may make them the ministers of his avarice, and the executioners of his vengeance: You break the constitutions of your bodies with labor, that he may fondle in delights, and wallow in his dirty villainous pleasures: You weaken yourselves to make him more strong and rough, to hold you in with a shorter rein. And from all these indignities, which even the beasts themselves would rather not feel, or would not endure, you may deliver yourselves, if you attempt it, not indeed in action, but in volition. Be resolved to serve no longer, and behold you will be free. I do not exhort you to pull or to haul, but barely not to lift and support, and you will see him, like a great Colossus, from which they have removed the pedestal, fall to the ground by his own weight, and crumble in pieces.
But certainly the advice of the physicians is wise, not to lay your hands on a wound that is incurable; and I am not prudently employed in attempting to advise the people, who have lost long ago all knowledge, and whose malady is evidently mortal, because they feel not the evil. Let us examine then, by conjecture, and see if we can discover how it is that this obstinate resolution to serve has become so rooted, that it seems at present that the love of liberty is not so natural as the love of servitude.
In the first place, this is, as I think, beyond all doubt, that if we live with the rights which nature has given us, and the principles and doctrines that she teaches us, we shall be naturally obedient to parents, subjects to reason, and slaves to no man. Every one will be disposed to obedience to his father and mother, without any other admonition than that which his natural disposition will dictate. All men are witnesses, every one in himself and for himself, concerning reason, whether it is born with us or not; which is a question discussed to its foundation by the academicians, and touched by all the schools of philosophers. For the present, I shall not think myself mistaken in believing, that there is, in our human soul, some natural seeds of reason, which, cultivated by good council and conduct, manners and habits, may flourish in virtue: and, on the contrary, frequently, not being able to support itself against the vices which grow about it, being choked, becomes abortive. But certainly if there is any thing clear and apparent in nature, and to which it is not permitted us to be insensible, it is this, that nature, the minister of God, and the governess of men, has made us all of the same form, has cast us all in the same mould, to the end that we may all mutually acknowledge one another for companions, or rather as brothers. And if, in making the partition of the presents which she has given us, she has given some advantages of property, some powers of body or faculties of mind, to some more than to others—she has not however intended to throw us into this world as into a close pasture, for the stronger to devour the weaker—she has not sent down here below the strongest and the most knowing, like robbers armed in a forest, to eat up the weakest. But we ought rather to believe, that distributing thus to some a larger portion, and to others a smaller, she meant to give room for the fraternal affection, that it might have opportunity for exercise; some having the power to afford assistance, and others, wants, to receive it. Since then this kind mother has given us all, the whole earth for a residence—has lodged us all in the same house—has moulded us all of the same clay, to the end that every one may behold himself or his own image in every other—if she has given us all in common this grand present of the voice and speech, that we may become better acquainted and more brotherly with each other, and make by the common and mutual declaration of our thoughts a communion of our wills—and if she has endeavored by all means to draw close
together, and tie more strictly the knot of our alliance and society—if she has shown in all things that she desired not so much to unite us as to make us one—we ought not to entertain a doubt but that we are all naturally free, since we are all companions; and it cannot occur to the imagination of any one, that nature has placed any in servitude, having put us all in company.
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
O D E S.
O D E IV.
JOHN PROFFESSETH HIS DISINTERESTEDNESS.
C RITICS, Reviewers, by whatever name, You shine recorded on the Roll of Fame; Whate'er your titles, or whate'er your trade, Your claim is equal to the Mule's aid. A true republican heretic, Alike to her all titles and addresses: From the poor idiotic elf, To the proud monarch, she confesses, Each living wight her care possesses. This is the very case with JOHN; For all he feels, for all he cares, And with unwearied toil goes on To make, of sense, all mortals fellow-heirs. And here, with honesty of soul, professes That, notwithstanding many envious guesses Of what his motives and his wishes were, With pure disinterestedness of spirit, And charm'd, alone, with all Reviewers' merit, He doth these several Hints, with labor hard, prepare. In troth, dear Critics, I have nought to hope Or from your wisdom, or your wit; Alike regardless should the honest rope Adorn your necks, or decorate your spit. I've wrote no Book, profound in ancient faws, Which claims your praises, or your smiles requires; Nor does a Doctorate of Medicine, or Laws, Fill me with Learning's never-dying fires. Not only destitute of Title's aid, To screen my Writings from contempt, and trash, But I despise all writing—as a trade— And scorn, a hireling-tribbler beau, to flash. Beside, unfortunate indeed for me, This genius-barren soil has given me birth; Of weak America's a child, you see, Unblest'd with Trans-Atlantic genuine worth. Nay more, I ne'er the improving Ocean cross'd; Ne'er drew in science on Britannia's wave; Nor, sense inhaling as the vessel toss'd, Rode o'er the seas which fair Hibernia lave. Nay, and my father boasts no foreign blood, No Mac's, or O's, his progeny enrich; Poor, but in virtue, and in doing good— Which shield no native from the Critic switch. Now let the rabble, and the vulgar, cry That JOHN is feed'd your merit to display, And paid for Hints which, free, he doth supply. I'll heed no more their clamors—no, not I— No longer from my purpose will I stray, But, in another Ode, my devoties shortly pay.
JOHN.
Conclusion of an extract of a letter from London, to a gentleman in Salem, dated Jan. 3, 1791, begun in our last.
I T will readily occur to you that the extreme rigor of the Navigation Act in admitting no vessels to be British but such as are actually built within the dominions, is in this particular absurd as well as impolitic, as by increasing the cost of shipping it lessens the quantity and obstructs the design of increasing seamen—and that if government should relax so far as to allow the free purchase and use of vessels from the United States, the British nation would gain the most solid advantages—by having much cheaper vehicles they could afford to carry cheaper; and, carrying cheaper, they would be employed in carrying more—which necessarily must increase both shipping and seamen. But you will agree with me, that nations, like individuals, are not easily induced to give up old habits, even when acknowledged to be bad; and therefore that a very sudden change is not to be expected. But be this as it may, I think your investigation of the policy of our Navigation Laws must at last result in this—that as a system of naval strength and defence for this Island, nothing could be MORE WISE—but as a scheme of profit or gain in any country nothing can be MORE ABSURD. This conclusion being allowed, you will ask whether commercial restrictions are to be justified upon no other ground than that of providing and supporting a naval power? To this question I should answer, that there may be cases in which small, temporary or particular restraints upon any species of industry must be tolerated as the means of obtaining a greater, more permanent or general good. As the remedy how-
ever is violent and painful, we ought to be satisfied of the reality of the disease, and of its nature and extent, and also of the probability of a cure, before we submit to the application of it. I confess I don't readily think of any general system of commercial restraint that can be fully vindicated, except such as an aggrieved nation may form by way of retaliation upon an aggressor, with reasonable hope of obtaining redress. To retaliate upon an offending nation (with respect to them) can be no violation of justice. To recover and secure that equal freedom, which if enjoyed by all would be universally beneficial, and to which therefore on social principles all have a claim is certainly no unworthy object; but to render such a mode of pursuing it consistent with sound policy, there ought to be a good probability of pursuing it with success—"but there's the rub." Our own history informs us of one experiment at least that had an unfavorable issue: we are told that, in the beginning of the reign of King Charles, France had laid such heavy impositions on our trade, that our annual loss was estimated at one and a half or two millions sterling. Partly with the hope of recovering this, and partly from animosity we retaliated by severe restraints on the commerce with France; but after much suffering, and finding no good effects at all from our restraints, in a succeeding reign we prudently took them off.
"In tracing the progress of industry you will observe that "in every prosperous state the annual earnings of the people exceed their annual consumption." This excess in a regular course of things accumulates to an enormous amount—Whether it be small or great however is not of any serious moment; but it is of the last importance to society that there be a continual reproduction of something more than is immediately consumed. Now the constant endeavor of every individual to produce more than enough for his own consumption depends upon his being able to exchange the surplus for something he wants; and the more he can get for his surplus the greater will be his endeavors to increase that surplus. Let it be otherwise—and take away this inducement from the individual to produce more than his own wants require, and it must inevitably happen, if the people do not absolutely perish, they must at last suffer all the extremity of pinching want. To be sure therefore of never falling below the mark of a sufficiency, it is necessary to aim always considerably above it. Hence the advantage of a free, easy and extensive market cannot be duly appreciated, as it holds out to the individual an irresistible allurements to make his surplus as great as possible. All these things however will happen right in the ordinary operation of natural principles—no artificial system whatever can do as well. But perhaps you will urge that while such systems are practised by nations with whom you have intercourse, a sort of necessity is thereby created for you to do likewise. This observation, as relates to some nations, is satisfactory; but the thing abstractedly considered may be just, and yet impracticable—or it may be practicable and yet inexpedient: the disease may be more tolerable than the remedy—or the success may be too uncertain. Nations like individuals are, or ought to be, always laboring to make their own particular condition better. Like individuals, however, they sometimes lose sight of the abundant good things they possess, blinded by an intemperate zeal for something which they want, or imagine they want. The fundamental cause of this is useful—but this excess in the effect is pernicious. You commend the Shepherd, who, leaving in safety his ninety-nine sheep goes to seek for one that has strayed—but if to recover a small part of a single fleece only he should weary and expose his whole flock, you would condemn his want of prudence as well a want of sensibility.
"Of all People I think you have the least occasion to try hazardous experiments in politics you have the most ample natural resources, the full advantage of which you cannot be deprived, by the contrivances of any foreign nation, unless your own imprudence and indiscretion should aid the. I mention this because I have seen among you eagerness for prohibitions or restraints on the commerce with this country—but as this business momentous, it is to be hoped you will deliberate coolly before you decide—count fairly the cost, and estimate truly the end of the undertaking before you begin it—these preliminaries b-

ing rightly settled, more uniformity, steadiness and spirit may be expected in the execution. The advantage you propose is the advancement of your navigation interest—this would probably be obtained, if the measures should be well taken and faithfully pursued on your part, and at the same time quietly submitted to by your Rivals. But your good sense must foresee that measures of this kind, tho' taken with some moderation, may soon issue in an interdict of all direct trade between you. Still you conceive the interest of the British nation would suffer so much as to compel her to bend her commercial laws to what is really the common interest of the two countries. But if your reliance is, that sufferings will produce concessions, you ought to calculate before hand with some accuracy the force of this argument as applied to yourselves as well as to us. Admitting however that after duly weighing all considerations the preponderance is so much in your favor, as to bring success within the limits of probability, let me ask whether any thing short of moral certainty ought to tempt you, in the present posture of affairs, to risque so much for the chance of gaining so little? Beside, if the British at present have the advantage of carrying more of your produce than they consume, are you not amply compensated by the immense purchases they make of that produce? Do they not restore to you as buyers all, and much more than all, the wages they require as carriers? and do not both countries find a very great (if not perfectly equal) advantage from their intercourse? and would it be no shock to the great body of your cultivators and producers suddenly to banish one half of all the capital employed in purchasing their surplus productions? Perhaps these questions may be answered satisfactorily, and I shall be told "that our necessity to buy is greater than yours to sell—that most of your commodities are of the first utility to various parts of the British dominions, and that you are the greatest and best customers for our manufactures." All this and much more may be alleged with truth; and believing it to be true, I maintain that with these advantages on your side you may safely rely on a firm, but temperate and liberal policy, to gain greater concessions ultimately than can be reasonably expected from any kind of violence. This seems the more prudent, as your population and wealth are rapidly increasing, while the frequent interruptions of wars and alarms keep ours stationary.—The sword drawn against Spain was scarcely sheathed, when we were called to arm again by the affairs of Russia. There is a perpetual succession of events of this kind, every one of which obliges us to make a new estimate of your power, and (however reluctant) to recognize its importance.
"But I have already passed the bounds I had prescribed myself when I began this letter, and recollecting your remark "that long discourses are generally dull, and dull ones always long," I bid you adieu."
FROM THE CONNECTICUT JOURNAL.
THE PROMPTER.
When a man's name is up, he may lie abed till noon.
B UT the Prompter's name is not half up—he can therefore take a short nap only.
Our good country folks who talk English, when they mean to say a man's fame is spread abroad, or his reputation extensively established, say, his name is up, or he has got his name up. How blessed is the man who has got his name up.
Every body knows how a certain astronomer got his name up for a great Almanack-maker, by foretelling snow in the month of May. The truth was, in the copy of his Almanack, in the month of May, there happened to be a blank space—he cast about for something to fill the blank space—snow was the first word that occurred—and snow was written in the blank. Heaven, not by accident, for Heaven has nothing to do with the capricious things called accidents—Heaven had determined there should be snow that year in May, and snow there was, though the Almanack-maker had as little foreknowledge of this as his horse-block. No sooner did it snow, but all the world looked into the Almanack.—"La, (said the world) our almanack tells of snow at this very time. This is a knowing man—he is a genius." What a lucky hit! The man's name was up—no Almanack so good as his—and while he continued to make Almanacks, Sir Isaac Newton himself would have starved upon Almanack making, within the fame of this mighty conjurer, whose Almanacks, by one mere guess, had got his name up and drove all competitors from the market. When this was done, he might lie abed till noon. A single blunder before his name was up, would have damned his Almanacks—afterwards, fifty errors only gave credit to the work, or, say the world, great men may mistake, but his man's name is up.
I have known a man get his name up by curing the belly ache, (excuse me, ladies, for the ladies in Philadelphia of the tip-top fashion call certain oils of sweet cake by a much less delicate name)
with a powder of unknown composition.—All at once the Doctor is sent for to cure the belly ache—Even the boys who eat green apples must have the belly ache Doctor.—Skill, science, wisdom, prudence, are all prostrated before the Doctor and his powder. If his patients die, no matter; his name is up, and he will still have business.
It is a good thing to get one's name up—especially for curing some disease that no body else can cure—one that is commonly fatal. The more terrifying the disease, the better—as the consumption or cancers, for example. But the most delectable way for the faculty to get up their names, is, to advertise as German doctors, to prescribe for all diseases by inspecting a sample of the water—hush—but to receive bottles from all quarters.
I once knew a shopkeeper who got his name up as a cheap trader. And did indeed sell cheap—wondrous cheap—even below first cost. He began to trade with little capital—sold goods for less than he gave—and yet grew rich. How can this be? The Prompter thinks it is very easy. That article which every body wants and knows the value of, sell very low; even lower than first cost—get your name up—draw all the world to your shop—and then put double profit on other goods. It is very easy and very common; the greatest blockhead can do this and make a fortune.
So when a writer gets his name up he may retail all manner of nonsense, and it will find a ready market in public opinion. A good Essay appears in the newspaper—who wrote it? Dr. Franklin, it is said, wrote it. Well, it is like him—it is a masterly production. Some time after, the real author appears to be a young man, who, as the poet says, is unknown to fame; and as I say, whose name is not up—impossible! he cannot be the author. Who ever heard of him before? I am sure Dr. F—— or Gov. L—— helped him—In fact his name is not up.
I was once travelling through a neighbouring State, and enquiring for the best inns on the road, was directed to a noted one, whose owner had got his name up for the best entertainment.—He had a large house well partitioned into small rooms for single lodgers. His stable was excellent—but the cookery at his table was wretched—mean indeed—I could eat nothing. But every traveller would seek this noted inn—he would ride half the night, and pass half a dozen better houses to get to this noted inn—in fact the man had got his name up and he might lie abed till noon.
A young lady gets her name up for a beauty, or a fortune—all the world are sighing and dying for her. Wit, sense, accomplishments all distinguish her—beaus hang round her, like flies about a cask of sugar—suddenly she has a fit of sickness—the roses on her cheek decay—It is discovered she has no fortune—her admirers draw off—she is a clever girl, but she is not so clever as I tho't her.
I once knew a very sensible woman who took a great fancy to names. One of her whims was that her daughters should marry names beginning with H. She could give no reason for her inclination but this—she had known several of her neighbours who married men beginning with H, and they all made good husbands. They were not the greatest men, the said, but they were kind, good natured husbands, and would suffer any thing rather than be offended. All the neighbourhood were in love with the letter H—nothing would do for a husband, but this letter H, which some squeamish grammarians will have to be no letter. But the name of the letter was up.
To conclude, a man by the name of Washington some time ago passed through the village where I live. This was soon known—Mr. Washington! What, a relation of the President's?—This indeed was not known—but every body really thought he looked a little like the President. All the world collected to get a peep at him as he passed the window of his lodgings—every body bowed as he passed—every body looked and admired! The man was indeed a very great scoundrel—but he new human nature—he assumed the name for travelling purposes—the President's real letters of recommendation could not have procured him more respect.
When a man's name is up, he may lie abed till noon.
L O N D O N, March 1.
Branches of reform already effected by the French Revolution.
T HE abolition of arbitrary and partial imposts.
The abolition of Lettres de Cachet, and all other means by which persons were liable to severe and indefinite punishments, without trial or equity.
The destruction of the Bastile, and of all other places of cruel and inextricable confinement, in which persons innocent or meritorious might languish out their lives in extreme suffering and despair, without their imputed crimes, their accusers, their situation, their life or death, being known to the public, or to any interested in their relief.
The abolition of unknown and unlimited pensions for no service, or the worst injuries to individuals, and crimes the most dangerous against the community.
The extinction of venal hereditary offices of justice.
The surrender of local provincial privileges, incompatible with a general system of national constitution.
The establishment of trial by jury, in criminal cases.
The establishment of a representation of the people, full, free, and equalized in a very high degree.
The encouragement to freedom of enquiry.
The suppression of the summary, arbitrary, and local power of administering justice in confined limits, and not subject to the public eye, exercised by Lords of Manors.
The suppression of the game laws.
The suppression of other partial, arbitrary, and oppressive privileges over the persons and the property of the people.
The abolition of first fruits and dues to the Pope, as a badge of dependance on a foreign jurisdiction.
The suppression of plurality of benefices.
The abolition of tithes, and the substitution of provision for the clergy, less discouraging to agricultural improvement, less injurious to the effect of their instructors, and more compatible with peace and good intelligence between them and their parishioners.
The removal of private patronage in the public office of religious instruction.
M. de la Fayette, who speaks English with grammatical accuracy, reads the London Prints regularly, in order to know how the London Editors dispose of him—they drub him, he says, and he does not feel a blow; they throw him in a contemptible point of view, and he is sure of enjoying the fullest confidence of his fellow-citizens; they make him run away from Paris, while he thinks of nothing but remaining at his post, and deserving well of his country.
Most Historians say our country took its name from the coming of the East Angles; but Mr. Selden, a writer whose authority is very seldom doubted, entertains a notion which he thinks much more probable, that it takes its name from Hengist, whose reputation, wars, and government were above all the other Germans most noted on the British shores—and in an old English Couplet it says—
"He called it Engiste's Land, Which afterwards was shorted, and called England."
Such is the superiority of the Malabar oak to any found in Europe, that the Britannia, a vessel built of it, is now about to proceed on her sixth voyage to India, and is supposed able to make two or three more.
We lament to see the fine talents of Mr. Burke so miserably employed, and that he should so far disgrace himself, as in his old age to become the tool or the champion of arbitrary power. His circumstances possibly may require some assistance from government, and if so, we will charitably say of him, as of the apothecary in Romeo and Juliet , his poverty and not his will consents.
The ascertaining of the quantity of horned beasts attendant on the British army in India, for which a motion has been made, will be extremely difficult. The enquiry would make many a forehead tingle. The Smithfield dealers, and many a fat bull in the city, are alarmed least a similar enquiry should take place at home, in which case many curious discoveries will be made, and the number will greatly exceed all reasonable calculations.
The word Rout formerly meant the defeat of an army—it now signifies the destruction of private families by gambling.
A person in a severe paroxysm of the hydrophobia, was effectually cured by oil, taken internally, and applied outwardly, as an unguent, for three days, without remission.
Extracts from the Reports of the London Humane Society.
THOMAS FRY, shoemaker, was found apparently dead in the field, and taken to his lodging without any signs of life. Every stimulus recommended by the Society was made use of, and persevered in above an hour, before the pulsation of any artery could be perceived. In about three hours after the first exertions, he fell into strong convulsions, and in about two hours more began to speak. The man bears a good character, and is sober; he informed me that coming from Maidstone the evening before, he found a giddiness in his head, and got into the fields as the shorter road home. From all the circumstances I could learn, he must have lain in the fields above fourteen hours.
He is now perfectly recovered, and is an additional instance of the necessity and importance of paying the most serious attention to every kind of sudden apparent death, as experience now proves, there may be various causes of suspending animation. J. CONQUEST.

FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.
MR. FENNO,
AS I have been long absent from America, it happens that an ignorance of many modern improvements, especially in language, subject me to some very odd mistakes. I lately called, on a visit of friendship, at Mr. MODELY's; being ushered into the parlour, I found his oldest daughter, Miss Sally, sitting in one of the windows, with a very pensive countenance, hemming a ruffle: With a freedom, which is natural to me, and being an old acquaintance, I enquired how all the family did. We are all very well, said Miss Sally, except my dear Mare. Your Mare! What ails her pray? O Sir, said Sally, she is very sick, you would hardly know her—she is so fallen away—she is a mere skeleton—she has lost her appetite—can eat scarcely any thing, and if her complaints do not soon take a more favorable turn, I fear the worst consequences may happen; and what would become of me, if I should lose her—and here the poor girl sobbed and cried sadly. I never was more surprised in my life, than on this occasion; for tho' it is difficult to account for the strength of many incidental attachments, even to cats, dogs or horses; yet as I supposed from Mr. MODELY's circumstances, and his affection to his dear girl, that if she should lose the pretty Nag, which it seems he had lately presented her, he would very readily give her another, I was exceedingly puzzled at the excess of her grief—accordingly I attempted to sooth and moderate her affliction, by saying, that such a loss could be easily made up—that ten or a dozen guineas would buy just such another: She started with amazement, and exclaimed, Sir, you astonish me! What do you mean? Can all the gold in the universe purchase me so kind, so affectionate a parent? Here I was, in my turn, equally surprised and confounded—Parent, said I—you puzzle me Miss Sally, beyond expression: was you not just now speaking of your Mare? No Sir, said she, of my Mamma: What confusion of terms! replied I.—Pray never lead me into such a mistake again by using what I now suppose is a modern pronunciation; the absurdity of it must be very apparent, when I assure you, Miss Sally, that I answered you in the simplicity of my heart: My young friend felt very forcibly the impropriety of sacrificing utility to fashion—and declared she would never subject herself to a similar misapprehension. I have since learnt that Pare is the modern pronunciation for Pa: A very ludicrous scene occurred in consequence of a mistake in the supposed meaning of this word; but the above may suffice for the present.
Yours,
PEREGRINE.
P.S. I was mentioning this incident to a friend—on which he observed, that I did not understand French.
FROM THE GENERAL ADVERTISER.
MR. BACHE,
If you think the following hint can be of any advantage to this country, which I have adopted as my patria, I request you to insert it in your paper.
THE uncommon dryness of the season, will very likely cause a scarcity of hay; I propose an expedient that has perfectly succeeded in France, under the same circumstance. As there is time yet to make use of it, I offer it earnestly to the public. As it is known that when about the middle of May, the dryness of the spring has stopped the growth of the grasses, the husbandman has reason to apprehend a scarcity of hay, and that it is uncertain how he will be able to feed his cattle during the winter, I invite him to try the following experiment:
About the end of this month, or the beginning of June, but not later, to plough twice a piece of ground in size proportionable to his wants. He must then choose the Indian corn of the smallest size, in order to sow it thick; and sow at the rate of three bushels to three bushels and an half upon an acre, and harrow the ground even. Before he sows the grain, he must let it soak during 24 hours in water, to hasten the germination, and to prevent its being eaten by the birds. It requires no more trouble till the mowing, which ought to be performed when the blossom begins to come out of the capsule: The plant is then full of juice, and its stalks and leaves are exceedingly succulent; if it was mown later, it would lose this good quality. It ought to be dried as quick as possible, and housed for fodder. The cattle will eat it greedily; it may be given green, and proves a good substitute for hay.
The ground may be ploughed immediately after this mowing, and sown with any winter grain. As the forage stands very little on the ground, it has not time to impoverish it, but enriches it rather, by the immense quantity of tender roots that are buried by the ploughing. I am, Sir, &c.
Kennington, May 12, 1791.
DU PLAINE.
CHARLESTON (S. C.) May 3.
This city was yesterday gratified with the arrival of the President of the United States. A twelve oared barge, manned by thirteen Captains of American vessels, attended him at Hadrill's point, and rowed him over; the Amateur Society, with a number of young gentlemen of considerable vocal powers, placed in boats, hailed him with the music of instruments and voices, which lasted during his passage to town.
He was accompanied by several gentlemen of considerable rank in the State, and a very beautiful and grand procession of boats in the river.
The President was received at his landing by His Excellency the Governor, the Intendant and Wardens of the city, the battalion of artillery, the company of fusileers, a number of respectable citizens, the militia officers and the Society of the Cincinnati; all of whom attended him in procession, amidst the firing of cannon and the acclamations of the people, first to the Exchange, and then to the House prepared for his reception.
PORTSMOUTH, May 5.
We hear with pleasure that our worthy statesman and patriot, the Hon. JUDGE SULLIVAN, has so far recovered from his late indisposition as to be enabled to walk abroad.
LANSINGBURGH, May 6.
The manufacture of Hard Metal Buttons has become no inconsiderable a branch of business: the perfection to which it is brought does honor to the workmen while it renders essential benefit to the community: Mr. Mix's manufactory, of the firm of Mix, Barney, and Co. of New-Haven, produces a supply of 160 different kinds, sizes and polishes—the goodness, beauty and reduced prices of which, must give their goods a decided preference to any European whatever.
We are told that the probable amount of their business this year to be done by 15 hands only will be 10,000 dollars.
Messrs Silas Pepoon and Edward Edwards, of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, have contracted with the commissioners of the land-office of this state, to explore, lay out and complete a road from the west branch of the Mohawk-river (in the vicinity of the cook-house) to the south end of the Cayuga-lake.
NEW-YORK, May 13.
At the anniversary of the Sons of Tammany, or Columbian Order—after dinner the thirteen following Toasts were echoed round the tables:
1st. The Grand Sachem of the Thirteen United Fires—may his declining sun be precious in the fight of the Great Spirit, that the mild lustre of his departing beams may prove no less glorious than the effulgence of his rising, or transcendent splendour of his meridian greatness!
2d. The head men and chiefs of the Grand Council of the Thirteen United Fires—may they convince our foes not only of their courage to lift, prudence to direct, and clemency to withhold the hatchet, but of their power to inflict it in their country's cause.
His excellency the Sachem of the New-York tribe—may his happiness in private life be as great as that which we have long enjoyed under his public administration.
4th. Our Brethren of the Cincinnati—may they, and the memory of their fellow chiefs and warriors, whose patriotic blood enriched their native soil, be ever dear to American freemen.
5th. All societies in this Country which speak peace and good will to it.
6th. The memory of our immortal countryman, Benjamin Franklin, whose Philosophy drew electric fire from Heaven, and whose Patriotism cherished the first sparks of that freedom which now blesses his native land.
7th. Lewis the sixteenth, and all our Gallic Brethren—may the glorious empire of reason and liberty they have reared, attain that summit of excellence which its auspicious establishment predicts.
8th. The memory of the renowned Columbus—may our latest posterity inherit the goodly land which his intrepidity explored and his sagacity discovered.
9th. May the cap of liberty ever refuse its office, when the unhallowed brow of our country's foe would fully its purity.
10th. May the sons of Tammany ever esteem it their greatest glory to keep alive the sacred flame of Liberty.
11th. Continual peace to all the nations of the earth—may the fragrant American plant ever ensnare them a calumet of peace.
12. May the calumet of peace have the magic power of cementing us in the chair of love, by evaporating jealousy in smoke.
13th. The Day—may the Good Spirit grant the sons of Tammany life and freedom, to enjoy many more.
BOSTON, May 7.
On Thursday his Excellency The GOVERNOR gave an elegant entertainment to a number of the principal characters in this town, and the officers of his Britannic Majesty's ship Alligator . His Excellency was so well as to be able to preside at table. After dinner, among other judicious and liberal toasts, the following were given:—
HAPPINESS TO ALL MANKIND.
The PRESIDENT of the United States.
His Majesty GEORGE the IIId. King of Great-Britain.
His Most Christian Majesty the KING of FRENCHMEN, &c.
Philadelphia, May 18.
It is with pleasure we learn, that a sum of money has within a few days been collected, which is more than sufficient to make good all the damages sustained by the poor families who have suffered by the late fire in Dock-street.
In addition to the above, the Mayor has informed the citizens that 178 dollars have been raised by the Old American Company, at the theatre, for the relief of those unfortunate people.
A correspondent observes that the opinions of the minority, both in politics and religion, have in all ages been considered as Heresies—and the fate of Heresy is very well known. It was the influence of that wisdom which comes from above, that led the citizens of these States to the adoption of a Constitution, which guards the minority from the tyranny of the majority, by dividing the powers of government into three branches, and making each a check on the other.—Heresies are the growth of every clime—our ancestors were persecuted as Heretics in Europe—the intolerant spirit of the age, produced this Western Empire—and strange to relate, what some consider as the Heresies of the National Assembly of France, have been the cause of the emigration to the wilds of America, of a considerable number of Frenchmen: From whence it appears, that political and religious heresies may be productive of some advantages.—About the year 1787, there were many political Heresies rise in this country—whether the knowledge of them reached France or not, is nothing to the purpose—certain it is, that some of our best citizens supposed we were at that time, very near realizing the sailor's advice, "to divide the world over again": This was a very prevailing Heresy; another was, that government was unnecessary, or at least the expence of supporting it: Taxes had been so long out of fashion, that it was considered a most abominable imposition to levy them: Another prevailing Heresy at that time, and perhaps not yet entirely extinct, was, that the words public credit were entirely useless; the creditors, it was said, were in the power of the majority, and must abide their decision. Other Heresies might be mentioned, but the above may suffice.—
These Heresies, like the Heresies of old, were productive of quite different events from those expected—and that form of government, which, so far as respects our political state, has, in a manner, annihilated human evil, was the blessed consequence.
It has been said that the people of England have no constitution—but what, according to some systems of politics, are constitutions? Bits of parchment, which the people may at one period consider as the palladium of their rights; and at another period, annihilate as useless, and worse than useless repositories of absurdities.
The people of England have however high ideas of personal, social and political freedom—and these ideas are inseparably connected with certain great principles, which they wisely suppose form the great outlines of a constitution. This constitution is written on their hearts—it there has an existence, an influence, an operation which are superior to effects produced by perishable manuscripts or parchment declarations. This constitution like the immutable principles of common law, approves itself to the reason and conscience of every free born Englishman—and hence we find the natives of that country, like the free citizens of the United States, have a high sense of the superior rank they hold in the community of mankind. If the English nation has no constitution, what volumes have been written by some very wise men, on a nonentity!
On the 31st March, there were subscribed in Massachusetts, agreeable to the act for funding the debts of the United States, 1,411,552 doll's. 80 cents. at 6 pr. cent. per annum, 1,505,466 doll's. 47 cents. at 3 pr. cent. per annum,
2,917,018. 27. Amount of deferred stock subscribed, is probably about one half of the amount of the 6 pr. cents.
JOHN FOSTER WILLIAMS, Esq, is appointed to command the Revenue-Cutter, building at Newbury.
Capt. JOHN MALTBIE, is appointed to command the Cutter, now building at New-London.
Mr. DANIEL TILTON, is appointed Ensign in the 2d U. S. Regt. vice Mr. J. S. GILMAN, declined.
Accounts from New-York say—that vessels now lying at the wharves in New-York, and within a few miles of the city, have upwards of thirty thousand bushels of wheat on board; besides which, great quantities are still remaining in the country.
The Legislature of this State has voted the following sums for the laudable and patriotic purpose of promoting the intercourse and navigation, in the interior parts of the State.
 For improving &c. the river Delaware, £: 3500 o  For the river Lechawaxen, 250 o  The river Lehigh, 1000 o  The river Schuylkill, 2500 o  The river Susquehannah, 6950 o  The river Alleghany, 150 o  The French Creek, 400 o  The river Juniata, 1320 o  The little Conemaugh, 6800 o  The river Kiskiminetas, 350 o  For the Stockport road, 400 o  For the Driftwood do. 460 o  For the road to Lake Erie, 400 o  For the Canoe Narrows road, 300 o  For the Poplar-run road, 360 o  For the little Conemaugh road, 180 o 
SEMI-ANNUAL LOTTERY.
Boston, May 10.
Yesterday morning Messrs Edward Esty, and Oliver Johnson, of Westmoreland, in the county of Cheshire, and State of New-Hampshire, presented the Ticket No. 6052, which drew the capital prize of Ten Thousand Dollars, in the first class of the above Lottery, to the Manager who signed that fortunate Ticket—who immediately paid them their money.
We can now congratulate (says a correspondent) our country Brethren of N. Hampshire State, on the success two of their citizens (among many others) have met with in the Massachusetts State Lottery.—It is to be hoped that after having experienced such liberality from the goddess who has presided over the rich wealth we have turned in this Town, the People of N. Hampshire will not again tolerate a prosecution against Persons selling our wealth dispensing Tickets in their government.
Extract from Mr. Paine's pamphlet.
When a man reflects on the condition which France was in from the nature of her government, he will see other causes for revolt than those which immediately connect themselves with the person or character of Louis XVI. There were, if I may so express it, a thousand despotisms to be reformed in France, which had grown up under the hereditary despotism of the monarchy, and became so rooted as to be in a great measure independent of it.—Between the monarchy, the parliament, and the church, there was a rivalry of despotism; besides the feudal despotism operating locally, and the ministerial despotism operating everywhere. But Mr. Burke, by considering the King as the only possible object of a revolt, speaks as if France was a village, in which every thing that passed must be known to its commanding officer, and no oppression could be acted but what he could immediately controul. Mr. Burke might have been in the Bastille his whole life, as well under Louis XVI. as Louis XIV. and neither the one nor the other have known that such a man as Mr. Burke existed. The despotic principles of the government were the same in both reigns, though the dispositions of the men were as remote as tyranny and benevolence.
Copy of a letter from Lord MANSFIELD, to an eminent Law Character in this city—which is published as an evidence of the reputation of our courts of justice in Europe, and of the liberal mind of the venerable judge from whom it was received. KENWOOD, Feb. 14, 1791.
To the Honorable
SIR,
I AM not able to write with my own hand, and, therefore, must beg leave to use another, to acknowledge the honor you have done me, by your most obliging and elegant letter, and the sending me DALLAS's Reports.
I am not able to read myself, but I have heard them all read with much pleasure: They do credit to the court, the bar, and the reporter; they shew readiness in practice, liberality in principle, strong reason, and legal learning: the method too is clear, and the language plain.
I undergo the weight of age, and other bodily infirmities; but, blessed be God! my mind is cheerful, and still open to that sensibility, which praise from the praiseworthy never fails to give. Laus laudari a Te: Accept the thanks of,
Sir, your most obliged, And obedient, humble servant, MANSFIELD.
The beautiful Lines on Judge Hopkinson in the Federal Gazette, prepared for re-publication this day, shall be preferred in our next.
Securities as in our last.
MASSACHUSETTS SEMI-ANNUAL
Lottery Tickets,
Class SECOND, sold at the Office of SAMUEL ANDERSON, Chestnut-Street.
May 18, 1791.
(if)

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE On the subject of the COD AND WHALE FISHERIES, [CONTINUED.]
THE rival fishermen immediately endeavoured to turn this measure to their own advantage, by pouring their whale oils into the markets of France, where they were enabled, by the great premiums received from their government, perhaps too by extraordinary indemnifications, to undersell both the French and American fishermen.
We have had during the years 1787-8-9-on an average, ninety-one vessels, of five thousand eight hundred and twenty tons, in the northern, and thirty-one, of four thousand three hundred and ninety-five, in the southern fishery.
The details will enable Congress to see with what a competition we have to struggle for the continuance of this fishery, not to say its increase. Against prohibitory duties in one country, and bounties of the adventurers in both of those which are contending with each other for the same object, ours have no auxiliaries but poverty and rigorous economy.
Our vessels for the northern fishery average sixty-four tons, and cost when built, fitted out, and victualled for their first voyage, about three thousand dollars. They have taken on an average the three last years, according to the statement No. 12, eighteen tons of oil, worth, at our market, nine hundred dollars, which are to pay all expenses, and subsist the fishermen and merchant.
The American whale fishery is principally followed by the inhabitants of the island of Nantucket, a sand bar of about fifteen miles long and three broad, capable of maintaining by its agriculture about twenty families: but it employed in these fisheries before the war, between five and six thousand men and boys; and in the only harbour it possesses, it had one hundred and forty vessels, one hundred and thirty-two of which were of the larger kind, as being employed in the southern fishery.
1st. A remission of duties on the articles used for their calling. 2d. A retaliating duty on foreign oils, coming to seek a competition with them in or from our ports. 3d. Free markets abroad.
1st. The remission of duties will stand on nearly the same ground with that to the cod fishermen. 2d. The only nation whose oil is brought hither for competition with our own, makes ours a duty of about eighty-two dollars the ton, in their ports. Theirs is brought here too, to be re-shipped fraudulently under our flag into ports where it could not be received under theirs, and ought not to be covered by ours, if we mean to preserve our own admission into them. 3d. And principal objects, is to find markets for the vent of oil.
alone, which calls for the cultivation of friendly arrangements with that nation. Besides five-eighths of our whale oil, and two-thirds of our salted fish, they take from us one-fourth of our tobacco, three-fourths of our live stock (No. 14.) a considerable and growing proportion of our rice, great supplies occasionally of other grain; in 1789, which, indeed, was extraordinary four millions of bushels of wheat, and upwards of a million of bushels of rye and barley (No. 15.) and nearly the whole carried in our own vessels (No. 16.) They are a free market now, and will in a time be a valuable one for our ships and ship-timber, potash and peltry. [To be continued.]
Blank Powers to receive the Interest, and for the transfer of the principal of public debt, agreeable to the Rules established in the Treasury Department: Also Blanks for abstracts of Certificates, to be sold by the Editor.
New-Haven Wharf Lottery.
THE Legislature of the State of Connecticut, at their session in December last, granted a Lottery for the purpose of extending Union Wharf, in the harbour of New-Haven, to the channel; and appointed the subscribers managers, who having given bond for the faithful discharge of their trust, present the public with the following
Table with 5 columns: S, C, H, E, M, E. It lists prizes of 10,000, 5,000, 4,000, 2,000, 1,000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5 dollars and the number of prizes for each.
5842 Prizes. 11658 Blanks. 17500 Tickets, at Five Dollars each, is 87500 NOT TWO BLANKS TO A PRIZE. Subject to a deduction of twelve and a half per cent.
The public utility of extending this wharf, is too evident to require any comment, to those who are acquainted with the town and harbour of New-Haven; to those who are not, suffice it to say, that its beautiful situation is not surpassed, if equalled by any; being in the heart of a country, which may, with propriety, be said to be the garden of America.
The drawing will positively commence at the State-House, in New-Haven, on the 13th of September next, or sooner, if the tickets are sold. A list of the fortunate numbers will be published, and the prizes paid on demand, by the managers.
MANAGERS: JAMES RICE, JEREMIAH ATWATER, JOSEPH DRAKE, MICHAEL TODD, ELIJAH AUSTIN, JOSEPH HOWELL. New-Haven, April 14, 1791.
TICKETS in the above Lottery may be had at the Compting-house of Messrs. STEPHEN AUSTIN, and Co. corner of Front and Pine-Streets. Tickets in the Massachusetts Lottery that have drawn prizes, will be received in payment for the above tickets.
A CARD. JOSEPH WHEATON
PRESENTS his compliments to his old Military Friends, the Gentlemen of the Civil List, and the Public-wishes they may be informed that he has received a very handsome ASSORTMENT of the best chosen
SPRING GOODS,
By the Pigeon, and other late arrivals, which are now opening at his KNOWN CHEAP STORE, No. 38, Third-Street, North, and which he is determined to dispose of (at wholesale or retail) on so low terms as must make it an object to customers.
Philad. May 2, 1791.
ADVERTISEMENT.
THE Subscriber, who served a regular apprenticeship to the business of VENDUE-MASTER, under Mr. GEORGE KELLY, has just opened an OFFICE in the Borough of Norfolk, Virginia, in a good and convenient House, situated near the County Wharf, where he is in hopes of giving general satisfaction to all those that may be pleased to favor him with their commands.
John H. Hall. Norfolk, Virginia, April 21, 1791. (1 ep 7w)
To be disposed of, BY PRIVATE SALE, A COLLECTION OF Scarce and Valuable BOOKS,
In various LANGUAGES-being part of a private Library; Among which are the following:
FOLIO. Euripides, Homer, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Plato, Lucian, Plutarch, Pausanias, Procopius, Eusebius, Nicephorus, Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Livy, Tacitus, Seneca, Pliny, &c. Quarto. Pindar, Aristotle, Terence, Ovid, Cæsar, Suetonius, Juvenal, Manilius, &c.
Octavo & infra. Sepuagint, Aristophanes, Longinus, Theophrastus, Epicurus, Hesiod, Orpheus, M. Antoninus, Phalaris, Isocrates, Polyænus, Lucretius, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Paternus, Florus, Lucan, Statius, Gellius, Ausonius, Vida, Buchanan, Boëtius, Poëtæ minores Latini, Callipædia, Strada, L. Valla, &c.
Catalogues may be had, and further particulars learned, at the Book-Store of Messrs. Rice and Co. Market-Street. Catalogues are also fitted up with the AMERICAN MUSEUM, for April.
The price of this Paper is 3 Dollars per ann.
A young man, who has had a large share of experience in the direction of periodical publications, a Printing-Office.-Applications, it is requested, may be made to the Editor of the Gazette of the United States, who will reply to all requisite enquiries. Philadelphia, May 14, 1791.
All persons concerned will be pleased to take notice that the following advertisement has been varied from that published in our paper of the 23d of March.]
Treasury Department.
MARCH 22, 1791.
NOTICE is hereby given, that Proposals will be received at the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, until the fifth Monday in September next inclusive, for the supply of all rations, which may be required for the use of the United States, from the first day of January to the thirty-first day of December, 1792, both days inclusive, at the places, and within the districts herein after mentioned, viz.
At any place or places, betwixt Yorktown in the state of Pennsylvania and Fort Pitt, and at Fort Pitt. At any place or places, betwixt Fort Pitt and Fort McIntosh, on the River Ohio, and at Fort McIntosh. At any place or places, betwixt Fort McIntosh and the mouth of the River Muskingum, and at the mouth of the River Muskingum. At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of the River Muskingum, and up the said River to the Tuscarawas, and at the Tuscarawas, and thence over to the Cayoga River, and down the said River to its mouth. At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of the River Muskingum, and the mouth of the Scioto River, and at the mouth of the said River Scioto. At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of Scioto River, and the mouth of the great Miami, at the mouth of the great Miami, and from thence to the Rapids, on the Falls of the Ohio, and at the said Rapids. At any place or places, betwixt the mouth of the great Miami, up the said Miami, to and at Piquetown, and thence over to the Miami Village, on the river of the same name which empties into Lake Erie. At any place or places from the rapids of the Ohio, to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up the said Wabash to Post St. Vincennes, at Post St. Vincennes, and thence up the said river Wabash, to the Miami village, before described. At any place or places, from the mouth of the Wabash river to the mouth of the river Ohio. At any place or places, on the east side of the river Mississippi, from the mouth of the Ohio river, to the mouth of the Illinois river. At any place or places, from the mouth of the Miami river to the Miami Village. At any place or places, from the Miami Village to Sandusky, and at Sandusky, and from Sandusky to the mouth of Cayoga river. At any place or places, betwixt Fort Pitt and Venango, and at Venango. At any place or places, betwixt Venango and Le Beuf, and at Le Beuf, betwixt Le Beuf and Presq' Isle, at Presq' Isle, and betwixt Presq' Isle and the mouth of Cayoga river. At the mouth of Cayoga river, and at any place or places, on the route from Fort Pitt, to the mouth of Cayoga river, by the way of Big Beaver creek. At any place or places, on the east side of the Mississippi, between the mouth of the Ohio and the river Margot inclusively. At any place or places, from the said river Margot, to the river Yazous inclusively. At any place or places, from the mouth of the river Tenessee, to Ocochappo or Bear creek, on the said river inclusively. Should any rations be required at any places, or within other districts, not specified in these proposals, the price of the same to be hereafter agreed on, betwixt the public and the contractor. The rations to be supplied are to consist of the following articles, viz.
One pound of bread or flour, One pound of beef, or 3/4 of a pound of pork, Half a jill of rum, brandy or whisky, One quart of salt, Two quarts of vinegar, Two pounds of soap, One pound of candles, per. 100 rations.
ALSO, That Proposals will be received at the said office until the first Monday in September next, inclusive, for the supply of all rations which may be required for the use of the United States, from the first day of January to the thirty-first day of December, 1792, both days inclusive, at Springfield, in the state of Massachusetts, and the Post of West Point, in the state of New-York.
The rations to be supplied, are to consist of the same articles as are above mentioned.
ALSO, That proposals will be received at the said office, until the 1st Monday in September next inclusive, for the supply of all rations, which may be required for the use of the United States, from the 1st day of January to the 31st day of December, 1792, both days inclusive, at the places, and within the districts herein after mentioned.
At the post on the river Saint Mary, at present commanded by Capt. Henry Burbeck.
At the post on the river Altamaha, at present commanded by Capt. John Smith.
At the post on the river Oconee, at present commanded by Capt. Joseph Savage.
At the post on the river Apalachee, at present commanded by Capt. Michael Rudolph.
At any place or places from the Rock Landing on the Oconee, up to the mouth of the main south branch of the said river, from the said mouth up to the source of the said main south branch, and from thence to the Currahee mountain.
At any other place or places within the state of Georgia which may hereafter be occupied as permanent posts by any troops of the United States.
And for rations deliverable on the march to such future posts. The rations are to be furnished in such quantities as that there shall at all times, during the said term, be sufficient for the consumption of the troops at each of the said posts, for the space of at least two months in advance, in good and wholesome provisions. The rations to be supplied are to consist of the same articles, as are above mentioned.
It is to be understood in each case, that all losses sustained by the depredations of the enemy, or by means of the troops of the United States, shall be paid for at the prices of the articles captured or destroyed, on the depositions of two or more creditable characters, and the certificate of a commissioned officer, ascertaining the circumstances of the loss, and the amount of the articles for which compensation is claimed.
The contracts for the above supplies will be made either for one year, or for two years, as may appear eligible. Persons disposed to contract will therefore confine their offers to one year, or they may make their propositions so as to admit an election of the term of two years.
The proposals may be made for the whole of the above posts together, or separately for Springfield, for West Point, for Yorktown, and the seventeen places following it, and for the posts in Georgia; and they must specify the lowest price per ration, for prompt payment.
The Printers who have published the above advertisement, are requested to reprint it with the alterations.