Gazette of the United-States. (New-York [N.Y.]), 1791-12-03 00:00:00

Gazette of the United States.
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA.
[No. 63, of Vol. III.]
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1791.
[Whole No. 271.]
LETTERS,
BY THE EARL OF DUNDONALD,
ON MAKING BREAD FROM POTATOES.
LETTER 2.
A VARIETY of other business has put it out of my power to have made all the experiments I could have wished, so as to leave nothing to others but to follow the directions and hints suggested to them. Impressed, however, with the importance of a subject, which has for its object the more plentiful and cheaper supplying mankind, particularly the lower classes, with food, I venture here to throw out some ideas on the fitness of the potatoe, and its farina, to certain uses not yet mentioned:—To which will be added a statement of the value of an acre of potatoes, manufactured as recommended, and compared with the value of an acre of wheat.—Whence it will not be difficult to foresee the effect, that the more general cultivation of potatoes, especially by cottagers, and manufacturers residing in the country, will have, in keeping down the price of provisions, adding to the general comfort of individuals, and in tending to the increase of population, which every where thrives best where food is to be had in abundance; making true the old Roman saying, Sine Baccho et Cerere friget Venus .
Experiments have been made, with the finer part of the potatoe-powder, by myself and others, to substitute it as a light, nutritive food, for sick, tender, or convalescent persons, instead of sago or salup; which it very much resembles, in the fine clear jelly, or vegetable mucilage, it forms, when mixed in a proper manner with boiling water. It may be taken with wine, milk, or broth.—If found, on further trials, to be equally nutritive and restorative, as I believe it to be, it will prove a most valuable addition to the supplies, which government have been so careful, of late years, in sending to sea, for the use of our seamen.
There is reason to believe, that it will not be subject, like wheat-flour, to spoil, or to be destroyed by insects; and that it may be preserved sound, for a length of time, in the warmest climate.
The reasons which lead me to form the above opinion, are, that it is homogeneous, and does not consist of two distinct, and opposite substances, as wheat-flour does: In which, when it begins to spoil, there may be supposed a chemical action of the one part on the other. Heat will thereby be let loose, the original arrangement of the parts will be altered, and the flour will no longer be fit to be used for food, exclusive of the small insects, always found in bread, or in flour, when in a decayed, or decaying state. It is probable, that potatoe-powder will not be liable to those inconveniences, from the reasons already given.
Potatoe-powder does not occupy near the space of an equal weight of wheat-flour. It is capable of being made fully dry, by exposure to air. It does not imbibe or absorb moisture, as other meal or flour does in damp weather. It is extremely cold to the touch; or, in other words, a powerful abstractor of heat from bodies to which it is applied. These its properties seem to ensure, a priori , its keeping in warm climates:—Where, indeed, a similar flour, or powder, may be made from the yam , and sweet potatoe :—perhaps to greater advantage than from the potatoe produced in this country.—A circumstance of no inconsiderable moment to the inhabitants of the West India islands, who are totally supplied with flour and grain from North America, and from Europe.
Potatoe-powder is very inflammable. When burning, it emits a smell similar to burning sugar, with an acid which sensibly effects the eyes, as is the case likewise with sugar. From these, and other circumstances, I am led a priori , to say, that although sugar may not be made from potatoes, at least, in the present state of our chemical knowledge, yet, it is my opinion, that potatoe-powder may be used to very great advantage in making ardent spirits , by mixing it with the proportion of malted grain , commonly used with unmalted grain at the distilleries. I think, also, that the spirit will be much purer than what is got from a mixture of malted and unmalted grain. The defect of which articles consist in their containing too large a proportion of vegeto-animal
matter, more than is necessary, in the processes of germination or malting; and assimilation for forming a saccharine substance or juice. The superabundant proportion of vegeto-animal matter is the reason why malt spirits acquire an empyreumatic flavor from the tendency which it has to be acted on, by the great heat applied to the bottom of the still.
I have every reason to believe, that the process of assimilation will succeed equally well with potatoe-flour, mixed with malted grain, as when ground barley or other unmalted grain is made use of; and that the spirit will be much purer. If this, on trial, shall prove to be the case, much less wheat and barley will be consumed in the manufacture of spirits: of consequence the price of grain will fall, one of the objects which I have in view, by communicating to the public what is stated in this and in the preceding letter.
I now come to state some of the purposes to which the liquor got from potatoes is applicable. 1st, It may be used as a nourishing food, or liquor for cows, so as to make them in the winter-time give a much larger quantity of milk, the milk richer, yielding more and better cream, than the milk of cows fed on cabbages or turnips; and free from the rank disagreeable taste, and smell which milk from thence acquires.
The other use to which it is recommended to apply the liquor got from potatoes, is in the preparation of vegetable fixed alkali , vulgarly called pearl or pot ashes: from which it may be obtained in large quantities. According to the experiments I have made, in a proportion from the produce of a Scots acre of potatoes, rated at 40 bolls , of not less than 2cwt. of fixed alkaline salt. The applying the superabundance of the potatoe-liquor, or more than is requisite to give to cows and cattle, to this last mentioned purpose, will diminish our importations from abroad of an article so indispensably necessary to different branches of manufacture.
Culross Abbey, Feb. 1791.
[LETTER 3, IN OUR NEXT.]
FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES.

CONGRESS.
PHILADELPHIA.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1791.
Debate on the Ratio of Representation.
(CONTINUED.)
MR. MACON moved that the first section be amended, by inserting the word five after the word thousand .
Mr. Bourne (R. I.) observed that the gentleman did not advert to the amendment to the constitution, which proposes that the number of representatives shall amount to 100—this amendment will most probably be accepted, and then we shall have to repeal the proposed law, should it be enacted. He was in favor of 34,000, because that would be conformable to the amendment—and he saw no good reason why the representation should exceed 100—that number will be fully competent to express the wills, wishes and ideas of the people—and he saw no necessity to burthen their constituents with the additional expense of thirteen additional members.
Mr. Macon said he did not conceive that the amendment referred to was to be a guide to the house till it was fully ratified—and as it was uncertain whether it ever would be, we ought not to be swayed by it on this occasion.
Mr. Sedgwick expressed himself in favor of 34,000, as it was the opinion of the people from that part of the country which he represented, that the number of representatives in this house should not exceed 100.
Mr. Lawrance said that the question had been so fully debated, that he did not think the opinion of a single member would be changed by all that can be said—he wished therefore that every proposed amendment should be put, and the question taken on each with as little debate as possible.
Mr. White advocated the clause—he was in favor of one representative to 30,000 persons. The question now is, said he, whether the people shall have that share of influence in the government to which they are entitled by the constitution, which plainly contemplates one representative for every 30,000 persons. He wished to preserve the independency of the several parts of the government. Corruption has been mentioned—he wished it might never take place—but the present, he conceived, was the time to guard against it.—He would not say that any undue measures had ever yet been taken to influence the house—but that it was the wish of some to innovate, was apparent, from some attempts which had been made to encrease the importance of the executive—from the predilection for titles and distinctions which the journals of the Senate would shew still existed. He hoped that the proposed ratio would be established, as more consonant to the spirit of the constitution than any which had been mentioned. The independence of the Senate cannot be affected by the number of this house—they will always have a negative on our acts.
Mr. Dayton said that he should be in favor of the amendment, not because it was a number the most agreeable to him, for he confessed that even this would have produced a more numerous representation than he could have wished, but because a greater number would be less likely to meet the approbation of the committee. He agreed with the member from Virginia, (Mr. White) in one of his declarations only, which was, that this question was of greater moment than the gentlemen who advocated thirty thousand (the largest representation) seem to have conceived. He agreed, he said, with the gentleman from New-York, (Mr. Lawrance) that this subject had undergone a pretty full discussion, but he at the same time believed that some new light might still be thrown upon it. There was one point of view, Mr. Dayton observed, in which it had not yet been exhibited by any gentlemen in the course of debate, but in which, on account of its magnitude and importance, it ought to be critically examined. The Senate, he said, were considered as the representatives of the States, or of the State governments—The House of Representatives were supposed to contain, under certain qualifications, a pure representation of the people—Such was the apportionment of its members with respect to the unequal districts or states into which this country was divided, as to give the three great states a very predominant influence upon that floor. They had only to combine their strength, and to associate almost any one of the other eleven states with them, in order to ensure success to any favorite project
that they might have in view. He was aware, that it would be answered by gentlemen, that such combination was not likely to take place between states so distant in point of situation, and differing in local interests and circumstances. He had been ever slow, he said, in the prediction of evil—but reasoning from the temper and disposition of man, and judging from past observation and experience, he would venture to pronounce, without any pretensions to the spirit of prophecy, that the great states would thus combine their influence, whenever they should deem it for their advantage, and that the interests of the other states would of consequence become the sacrifice. Those states then that are thus exposed, of which number he considered at least two thirds of those which now formed the union, would find their only security and protection against the effects of such combination in the Senate. Would it, he asked, be consistent with prudence or with safety, for those very states to assent to a measure directly tending to weaken, if not destroy that security? Even now, he said, the Senate would have need of all its firmness in continuing to oppose any act, in the carrying of which the House should be determined to persevere. But what, he enquired, would be the consequence, when the encrease so ardently wished for by many gentlemen should have taken place. Would the Senate have fortitude enough, even where they thought they had just cause, steadfastly to counteract the will and determined purpose of a body consisting of two hundred members, boasting to derive their appointments from a purer, and from the purest source, calling themselves the representatives of the great body of the people, and professing to speak the sense of their constituents?
Let 30,000 be adopted as the ratio of representation, and he hesitated not, he said, to declare that whenever the representatives should think proper to resolve any important point of dispute into a question of firmness between the two Houses, the Senate must yield to their superior weight and shrink from the unequal contest. In the event of their defeat in a single instance, the independence of that branch would be materially affected, and the legislative balance shaken in its centre.
These dangers, Mr. Dayton further observed, were by no means imaginary, but would too soon be realized, if the House continued to encrease by fifties in the manner they were beginning.
If the motion under consideration for encreasing the ratio, and lessening the number of representatives, should prove unsuccessful, their reliance, he said, would then be upon the Senate. That body, he was sure, was too mindful of their own privileges and importance, to make a voluntary and deliberate surrender of their independence—they were too regardful of the interests of their constituents, to assent to an act giving an undue weight to that branch of the legislature in which the great states had such unreasonable influence. If, however, in this his last reliance, he should be disappointed, and the bill be likely to pass both Houses, he hoped the yeas and nays would be entered upon the journals, that it might be known hereafter, when the events he had predicted should have taken place, who it was that had thus given up the union to the controul of three or four of its members, who were the men that had voted for the extraordinary encrease of one branch, at the expence of the independence of the other, and thereby destroyed that equilibrium of the government, upon the preservation of which, the fairest hopes of its well-wishers were founded.
Mr. Gerry contended that the constitution was misconstrued by the gentleman from N. Carolina, and in reply to the gentleman from New Jersey, he said he was surprized to hear the remarks which he made when he recollected his being a member of the convention—in which it must be remembered by that gentleman, that the larger States consented to placing the small States on a par with them in the Senate, to obviate the difficulty which the smaller States objected against the large representations from the larger States. He said the independence of the Senate is secured by the Constitution—and he was not apprehensive that the encrease proposed would overwhelm that branch of the government, or lessen their importance, or shake their firmness. The gentleman had talked of combinations in the larger States—but he presumed no facts could be produced to support such an apprehension.
The proposed encrease in the representation is founded on the principles of justice and equity, it is strictly agreeable to the spirit and design of the Constitution, which contemplates an encrease in some degree proportionate to the encreased population of the States—he hoped therefore that the Constitution would be fairly and honorably carried into effect.
Mr. Boudinot was not yet convinced, from all the arguments he had heard, that by increasing the number of representatives to 113, as proposed by the bill, the wants, wishes and interests of their constituents, would be more fully embraced,
than by adopting the amendment then under consideration. It had not yet been taken into the account, that a certain species of property in three or four of the States (slaves) would be represented in the next Congress, if the bill passed, by at least 12 members, above the proportion of other States, whose property (though of superior value) was not entitled by the Constitution to any representation at all.—That he did not mean to find fault with the Constitution in this respect, but to make it the rule of his conduct—although in the construction of it, he would not increase the evil when two extremes were given, and the intermediate number was optional.—He had said, and he rested on the Constitution for the proof, that it contemplated one member for each State as the lowest, and the ratio of one for 30,000 persons as the highest numbers. That the Convention in settling the present House of Representatives, without a precise knowledge of the amount of the citizens of the Union, had done it in a certain proportion to the number of Senators, which he had thought a good rule to go by, till the proposed amendment to the Constitution was ratified by three-fourths of the States—but as gentlemen seemed to think that this would soon take place, he had consented to agree to the ratio of 34,000, which would give 100 members.—This would accord with the spirit of the amendment to the Constitution, and prevent the necessity of passing any other act when the amendment should be completed.—He was therefore in favor of inserting four after thirty , or any ratio that would confine the number of representatives to 100, or under.
Mr. Lawrance remarked, in answer to Mr. Dayton's objections, that the States were disproportionate respecting territory, and consequently were so as to the number of people. That an equality would take place amongst the people of the several States by the ratio proposed, although more members would come from some States than from others. He mentioned that every member of the House of Representatives stood in relation to the people of America, and ought to consult the interest of the whole, and not the particular interest of the State in which he was elected.—Should this general principle operate, and which he supposed ought to actuate each member, no danger was to be apprehended from a combination, as the general good was the object of consideration. If this should not be the prevailing principle, it might be the interest of the States to have as great a number of representatives as could be obtained—yet he supposed, unless a division of territory took place, the people in each State would be entitled to be represented in proportion to the numbers in each—and the danger that it was supposed would exist, could not be readily remedied. He also observed, that he imagined the Senate would not be subject to the influence suggested. The Senate was an independent part of the Legislature, and would decide all questions that came before them, as the judgments of the members will dictate. So long as a reciprocal negative existed, as to the acts of either branch of the Legislature, he hoped we should find firmness in each to decide properly. The Senate had frequently rejected the bills of the house, and had amended others—some very important ones—and the influence of the members of the House of Representatives did not operate on their decisions.—The objection to the proposition not being agreeable to the amendment proposed to the Constitution, he observed, was unfounded.—He explained his ideas respecting the nature of the amendment, and concluded that the proportion was conformable to it—and observed, that the nature of the amendment was contemplated, when the proposition respecting the ratio was made.
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30.
The bill sent from the Senate, concerning consuls and vice-consuls, was read a first and second time, and referred to a committee of the whole on Tuesday next,—100 copies ordered to be printed.
A letter from the attorney-general of the United States to the Speaker was communicated to the House. The attorney-general informs, that he has something additional to propose relative to the judiciary system, which he thinks can best be brought before the House as modifications to his report. He submits to the House the propriety of permitting him to communicate this to the committee to whom his report may be referred, rather than introduce it to the House in the form of an additional report.
On motion of Mr. Sedgwick, the committee of the whole were discharged from further proceeding on the report of the attorney-general, on the subject of the judiciary system; which was then, on motion, referred to a committee of seven, consisting of the following members, viz. Messrs. Sedgwick, Hillhouse, Lawrance, Boudinot, Kittera, Murray and Madison.
A bill concerning the registering and recording of vessels, was read a first and second time, referred to a committee of the whole on Tuesday next, and 100 copies ordered to be printed.
Mr. Bourne (R. I.) presented memorials from the distillers of rum and gin, of the town of Providence, against the distilled spirit act. Referred to the Secretary of the Treasury.
Mr. Lawrance moved a resolution to this effect, that a committee be appointed to bring in a bill declaring the extension of the resolution of Congress, of Aug. 1780, respecting the widows and orphan children of officers, who were killed or have died in the service of the United States, and for the examination of the claims of invalids, &c. the resolve of the 11th of June, 1788, notwithstanding: which was read and ordered to lie on the table.
The House proceeded to consider the amendments reported by the committee of the whole, to the bill making compensation to widows, orphans and invalids in certain cases, some of which were disagreed to, and others agreed to with amendments, and the bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading.

A message was received from the Senate, communicating for concurrence, a bill passed in that body, entitled an act relative to the election of the President and the Vice-President, and declaring the officer who should act as President in case of vacancy in the office of President and Vice-President. Adjourned.
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 1.
An engrossed bill making compensation to widows, orphans and invalids in certain cases, was read the third time, and passed—the title was altered to read “An act for the relief of widows, orphans, invalids and other persons.”
The bill which has passed the Senate, entitled, “An act relative to chusing electors of President and Vice-President of the United States, &c.” was read the third time.
A report from the Secretary of War, on the petition of Captain Thomas Campbell, was read and laid on the table.
In committee of the whole on the bill for the relief of David Cook. This bill received considerable discussion—various alterations were proposed, and rejected—the bill was finally agreed to, without any amendment, and so reported to the house.
Mr. Parker moved in the house, to add a clause to the bill providing for the placing Capt. Thomas Campbell, an invalid, on the pension list. This motion being agreed to, it was ordered that the bill be engrossed for a third reading.
On motion of Mr. Fitzsimons, resolved, That a committee be appointed to bring in a bill to explain and amend the acts relating to the 7 years half-pay, promised to the widows and orphans of officers who have died in the service of the United States, and of persons who are or have been entitled to pensions as invalids—and Messrs. Lawrance, Fitzsimons and Barnwell, were appointed.
A representation of the legislature of New-Hampshire, on the subject of invalid pensioners, was read and referred to the above committee.
A number of petitions were read and referred to the Secretary of War.
A petition from sundry seamen who were in the service of the United States the late war, was read and referred to the Secretary of War.
A petition of Peter Hezler, praying the renewal of a lost certificate, was read, and referred to the Secretary of the Treasury.
Adjourned.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2.
Passed, the bill for the relief of David Cook and Thomas Campbell.
Read the second time, and referred to a committee of the whole house on Wednesday next, the bill relative to the election of President and Vice President—also determining the officer who shall act as President in case of vacancy in the office of President and Vice-President.—Ordered to be printed in the interim.
A petition from the Society of the United Brethren, respecting certain lands in the Western Territory, was presented by Mr. Heister—read, and referred to the committee appointed to bring in a bill providing for the sale of vacant lands.
In committee of the whole, on the bill making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1792.
Mr. Muhlenberg in the chair.
The bill and estimates being read, Mr. Parker observed that he could have wished the result of a full enquiry into the expenditures of monies heretofore appropriated, had been communicated to the committee of the whole, by the select committee—if such enquiry had been made, he should wish to hear it; for he should not think himself justified in giving his vote for the bill, until some information on this subject was obtained.
These observations led to a lengthy discussion of the business—the remarks principally respected the gross sums in the estimates, on which the bill was founded—it was contended that the items which composed those sums should be particularly detailed to the committee, in order to judging of the propriety of making the appropriations mentioned in the bill; the discussion ended in a motion for the committee to rise, and report progress—which being put, was carried in the affirmative.—The committee accordingly rose and had leave to sit again.
On motion of Mr. Lawrance it was voted, that the Treasurer's account of the receipts and expenditures of public monies shall be printed.
Mr. Gerry laid the following motion in substance on the table, that the executive officers of government should, on the third Monday of every annual session of Congress lay before the house a particular account of the expenditure of public money, committed to their disposal by acts of appropriation.
Mr. Fitzsimons laid on the table the following motion—That a committee be appointed to examine and report, at every session of Congress, the state of the Treasury Department—and that such report be made to the house on the second Monday of the session.
A representation from the legislature of Massachusetts on the subject of invalid pensioners, was communicated by Mr. Aves, and read. Adjourned.
BOSTON, November 19.
The receipt of the intelligence of the Ratification of the French Constitution, by Louis XVI. spread satisfaction and joy through all ranks of citizens in this metropolis. The bells were rung, and amidst the Thanksgivings of the day offered to Almighty God, in our Temples, that pleasing event very largely partook. In the evening the house of the Hon. Consul of France, and several others, were beautifully illuminated.
NEW-YORK, November 29.
The present situation of the State debts, is a curious one. Congress resolved that as those debts were contracted for the support of the war, they ought to be paid out of the Continental treasury. They were therefore adopted as Continental debts, but under certain restrictions.—It was clear enough that if one State debt which was incurred for the general defence, ought to be assumed, another of the same complexion ought likewise to be assumed; yet from an overstrained squeamishness, a certain limit was fixed, and only a given sum assumed in each State, tho' it was previously well known that the debt exceeded that limit in several of the States. The creditors of those States subscribed to the loan opened by Congress, but it turns out that there is an overplus beyond the sum assumed—what is to be done with it? If the creditor ap-
plies to the State to pay, or lend that overplus, the State will naturally say to him, “your debt is no longer a State debt—it is a Continental debt—Congress have so declared it—we are bound by their acts—you must look to them for it—you have taken them as paymasters, by subscribing to their loan, and you have shown that you preferred their credit to our's, you cannot therefore with any decency resort to us.” Unless Congress make a provision for this overplus, the Creditors must lose it. This is, however, not to be apprehended: the first regard hitherto shown to justice by that body, is a flattering presage, that they will not leave undone that work they have so honorably begun, more especially as they have by their act seduced the State creditors into this dilemma, and as from the present suspicious state of the public revenues, it is manifest that a compleat assumption will require no impositions of further burdens.
THE SOUL.—AN EXTRACT.
“LET others boast that they are brutes, I glory that I'm a MAN. Let others wish for eternal sleep, I shall be for ever awake. Let others waste their golden hours in proving that GOD is false, I feel something within which proves that his word is true, though others consign soul and body to the dust, the clods of the valley cannot cover my soul. No! legions of angels can't confine me to the grave, my body was designed for the dust; but my soul will inherit the world of souls! ALAS! WHAT IS LIFE IF WE LIVE NOT FOR EVER!”
Philadelphia, December 3.
Accounts from the Southward inform, that the Commissioners who met at Rock Landing, in Georgia, for the purpose of running the line agreeable to the treaty with the Creeks, waited till the beginning of November for the Creek Chiefs, when they despaired of being able to effect the business this season. The difficulties which prevented the Chiefs from attending, are said to be raised by the famous Bowles, who arrived in the Creek country in September last.
The samples of Buttons from the manufactory in Connecticut, which are presented for inspection to the members of Congress, afford the fullest evidence of the practicability of furnishing, without importation, that necessary article, upon the cheapest terms, and of the best quality.
We have the pleasure of announcing to the public, that the subscription book for opening the Canal and Lock Navigation, between the rivers Susquehannah and Schuylkill, by the waters of Quittapahilla and Tulpehocken, in this State, was opened by the Commissioners appointed by law, at the State-House, on Thursday last, when upwards of 500 shares, the number required by law to empower the Governor to incorporate the said Company, was subscribed for before one o'clock. This is, another instance of the public spirit of the inhabitants of this State.
We received by yesterday's post No. 3, of “THE MORNING RAY; OR IMPARTIAL ORACLE,” a new paper published at Windsor, state of Vermont. Motto,
“The wilderness shall bud and blossom as the rose.”
Extract of a letter to the Editor.
“Your papers for three months past, have not more than two-thirds reached this place, and not one since the 9th inst. whereas we ought to have them as late as the 16th or 17th. Many times their transportation may be impeded by the quantity of public dispatches to the different officers; but this is not the sole cause.—The salaries of Postmasters do not pay anything for their trouble, and until some law of the United States is passed for the safe transportation of papers, they will continue to be stopped. The office of Postmaster is a confidential one, and the pay should be sufficient to employ men who are attached to the public interest, as connected with the means of information.”
Why should we be terrified at the charge of opening free-schools for all the children? It is not every expence that makes us the poorer. It is buying seed corn—it will sprout and bear a crop that will pay the first cost an hundred fold.
The more men can be made to think, the better; books have the tendency—But they are dear and scarce. All the lazy, and almost all the busy, neglect them, because it is a task. Who would begin that could not or would not finish the reading one? Every body reads the Almanac—it is the poor man's library—but the lesson, though good, is too seldom taught.
A newspaper is cheap, of small bulk, and goes everywhere—besides, it is a treat which always creates an appetite, for curiosity is sauce to it. Add to all this, it is daily, or weekly, served—it is a kind of standing dish. A newspaper, therefore, is a valuable utensil of knowledge—it tells us facts at the minute we are curious to know them—it tells us also the opinion of the world upon them. We keep company with the absent; we are, by their means, made acquainted with strangers—we feel, in solitude, a sympathy with mankind—without abstruse thinking, we receive the truths which others have hammered out. Men flock to their business, and yet the public is addressed as a town meeting. Yet the Gazettes follow us to our closets, and give us counsel there. With all this pleasure, and more than all this use, they need not cost any thing, to the public, to be made easy of circulation thro' all parts of the country.
Where equal laws secure property, men will exert all their faculties to get it. The cause being general, the efforts will be so too. Industry will spring up, and work wonders. In this way, the nation will grow rich. Government has nothing to do, in this affair, but to maintain the laws which protect property. For who would work for what he could not be allowed to keep? The English boast of their laws of navigation—their bounties on the cod and whale fisheries, &c.—as if the hands of industry could work the better for being tied. They may have more seamen, for having bounties and prohibitions—but they certainly have less wealth. The fact proves it—for if more was not to be gained otherwise, there would be no occasion for bounties to the whalemen, &c. A rich nation will have much to buy—an industrious nation much to sell. This is traffic or commerce. When will nations follow the laws of nature, and depend, for the prosperity of trade, on the abundance of the sources of individual industry, from which it is to be supported.
The public good is the supreme object in forming the social compact—and every government is good in proportion as its administration appreciates that object—but a strange infatuation has prevailed at different periods of the world, which has led the rulers of states and kingdoms to draw a fatal line of separation between their own interest and that of the people. Mankind are at length awaking from their lethargy, and asserting their own dignity and importance. It will not be long before a just policy will lead the legislators of the earth to adopt the public opinion as the guide of their conduct—This will ensure present applause, and future fame, for the people are always in favor of conferring honors and rewards on the benefactors of the human race.
It sometimes happens that the love of one truth is so warm as to make men cold towards another. The right to worship God according to one's own conscience, is no longer disputed in our country. Perhaps the care which has been wisely taken to prevent any violation of this right, has produced an over jealousy in regard to the provisions which are made in some States, and not made in others, for the public teaching of morality. It seems to
be manifestly improper to make a man of one persuasion pay taxes for the propagation of another. But the great duties of morality are alike inculcated by all sects. The world is doubtless mended by the pains which have been bestowed upon it once a week.—The Clergy of this country have been the patrons of literature, and the examples of good morals, ever since it was settled. Who can say that the laws we have in force would have been found strong enough, had not the love and respect for good morals, which for more than a century have been infused from the pulpit into the minds of youth, as well as confirmed in persons of mature age, contributed all their influence to enforce them? The more is done by opinion, the less occasion for law and for punishments. As no provision is made by law in several of the States for the regular support of the Clergy, should not this great advantage be secured by the munificence of individuals? While, therefore, so many new establishments are making, new funds created, and new settlements forming, it will be proper to reserve lands, or by other means to begin funds for so laudable a purpose. What better use could be made of wealth than to form such funds by subscriptions?—If to this should be added provision for schools, it would be a further security against vice and barbarism. When men live alone, they run wild—to tame them, they must be brought together. The advantages resulting from regular public worship, have been too long enjoyed by society to require any illustration. It is to be lamented if there is any part of our country where these advantages are yet to be secured.
It is proposed by the bill reported for the establishment of the Post-Office, that Newspapers shall be sent to subscribers through that medium, subject to a tax of half a cent each. This idea has been objected to, as a precedent on which a heavy imposition may be founded at some future period; it is said also, that it will check the circulation of those useful vehicles of information.
The object contemplated by the committee which reported the bill, it is fairly to be presumed was not to check, but to promote the circulation of Newspapers. The complaints of irregularity in receiving the papers published at the seat of government are innumerable; supposing a small addition to the expence of the subscription would insure their punctual reception by the subscribers, it must be evident, that their circulation would be greatly extended. Something must be done to remove present complaints and difficulties, or the idea of a general diffusion of intelligence by the means of Newspapers will be abandoned altogether—on its present plan, it is ruinous to the printers.—Additional trouble and expence in the Post-Office department, will be the consequence of making that a sure and certain medium for the circulation of Newspapers. The question is, how shall this expence be defrayed? Let the government of the United States say, that the expence shall be a public charge. A correspondent is firmly persuaded that such a measure would meet the approbation of the citizens of the United States, he is very sure it would merit the applause of every friend to the “rights of man” throughout the globe.
At a meeting of the Subscribers to the National Manufactory on Monday last at Trenton, the following gentlemen were chosen Directors.
  Thomas Lowrey,  George Lewis,    John Bayard,  Benjamin Walker,    Elisha Boudinot,  John Dewhurst,    Archibald Mercer,  Nicholas Low,    Moore Furman,  Royal Flint,    John Neilson,  Alexander M'Comb.    William Duer,   
William Marshall, a tinker, of Croasmichael, is now 118. He might pass for a man of 60.
Here is a fine fellow for a Tontine!
An action was lately tried, brought by Mrs. Beckford, against farmer Throp, her tenant, for leaving her farm, at the expiration of his lease, greatly out of repair; and for carrying the dung and compost off the farm, during the last year of his term. Verdict for the plaintiff 20l. damages.—This verdict establishes the fundamental law that tenants, holding under a repairing lease, shall leave the premises in a tenantable condition; and that the dung made upon the land shall, be expended upon it. London pay.
IMPROMPTU.
THE people pay, and ought to know For what the public taxes go; To this no mortal e'er said nay, And yet they talk'd the live-long day.
From PELOSI'S MARINE LIST.
ARRIVALS at the PORT of PHILADELPHIA.
  Brig Jason, Mease, Aux Cayes   Betley, Russell, Cape-Francois   Lydia, VanSle, Martinique   Snow Jane, Prance, Oporto   Schooner Sansoucie, Cooper, Virginia   Mary, Welden, do.   Metompkin, Barafit, do.   Tryal, Vannenan, St. Thomas   Eagle, Spreen, Halifax   Sloop Ann, Forrest, Virginia   Sophia, Connell, Curacoa   Philadelphia Packer, Tanner, Eustatius   Polly, Bunker, Fayal   Favorite, Smith, Marseilles   Dolphin, Bailey, New-York 
PRICE CURRENT.—PUBLIC SECURITIES.
  FUNDED DEBT.   6 pr. Cents 22 1/2 pr. £. 111 pr. cent.   3 pr. Cents 12 1/2 pr. £. 63 3/4 do.   Deferred 6 pr. Cents 13 1/2 pr. £. 66 1/4 do.   UNFUNDED DEBT.   Final Sett. and other Certificates 19 1/2 20/ par.   Indents 11 1/2 57 1/2 do.   Bank Subscriptions, 144 Dollars. 
American Lead Manufactory.
STEPHEN AUSTIN, & Co.
HAVE just now opened their LEAD-WAREHOUSE, two doors south of Walnut-Street Wharf, adjoining their New Factory—where they have now made, and ready for sale, a general assortment of SHOT of all sizes, with SHEET and BAR LEAD, the production of the Mines in Virginia. As they have employed a number of experienced English workmen, they warrant it to be equal in quality to any manufactured in Europe, and at a reduced price from the prime cost of imported.
They also continue to manufacture all the above articles at Richmond, in Virginia. All orders addressed to either of the above Factories, will be thankfully received, and executed on the shortest notice.
N. B. Wanted, industrious, sober, Labouring Men, at the said Mines, where constant employ, good wages, and other encouragements will be given, means of conveyance being provided, and houses for their reception.
For further particulars enquire of Messrs. MOSES AUSTIN & Co. at their Factory in Richmond, or as above.
Philadelphia, December 3, 1791.

From a late English Paper.
RETALIATION, ON THE BIRMINGHAM RIOTS.
WHEN Reverend Priests do hourly preach, Those doctrines which they should not teach, When crowds are told "they might cashier Their Kings" without or dread, or fear;
P A R I S, September 18.
YESTERDAY, for the first time since the journey to Varennes, the King took an airing on horseback. Upon his Majesty's arrival at the drawbridge, a vast concourse of people, who had been drawn together by the report of his design to take an airing, and a desire to see him, hailed him with repeated and sincere shouts of Vive le Roi.
A deputation from the community of Paris repaired to the Thuilleries. The Mayor who was at its head, addressed the following speeches to the King and Queen?
"SIRE,
"The community presents to your Majesty the homage and respect of the city of Paris. It lays before you the joy and the benedictions of the people. Two years of labour, of evils, and of storms, are happily terminated by the completion of the Constitution, and by your Majesty's acceptance of it.
ANSWER OF THE KING.
"The welfare of the nation will ever be the wish most dear to my heart. Its true welfare can only be attained by maintaining public order and tranquility.
"MADAM,
"The community presents to your Majesty the respects of the city of Paris, in the most memorable epoch—the joy has been universal. The King has received the benedictions of the people—you have participated them, and the city of Paris joins the expression of its sentiments to the voice of the nation.
"Say, Madame, to the august Prince, brought up for France near your person, that these sentiments are destined for him, and that we will one day pay him all the welfare which his tenderness which his cares shall have shed upon the King and upon your Majesty."
The Queen answered, "That she coincided in every thing with the sentiments of the King; and entreated the municipality to assure the citizens of the capital, that she should daily inspire her son with them, and that she would contribute to the utmost of her power to the welfare of the nation."
In the evening, by order of the King, the Thuilleries and the Champ Elysees will be illuminated."
The day that is to terminate the labours of the present memorable Legislature, is at length fixed; this important event is to take place on the 30th instant.
The new Assembly will then meet; and after verifying their powers, will proceed to business.
L I N T Z, September 3.
As the Duke de Polignac has given orders to remove to Vienna all the furniture and effects which he had in Italy, and has hired a house for two years at Leopoldstadt, where he lives in a sort of retirement, it seems highly probable that it is his intention to spend the rest of his days in Austria, and endeavour to forget all the uneasinesses which he has experienced from his own nation.
Blank Powers to receive the Interest, and for the transfer of the principal of public debt, agreeable to the Rules established in the Treasury Department: Also Blanks for abstracts of Certificates, to be sold by the Editor.
Bank of the United States.
PHILADELPHIA, November 22, 1791.
THE STOCKHOLDERS of the BANK OF THE UNITED STATES are hereby informed, that according to the statute of incorporation, a general election for twenty-five DIRECTORS will be held at the Bank of the United States, in the city of Philadelphia, on Monday the second day of January next, at ten o'clock in the forenoon.
And, pursuant to the eleventh section of the By-Laws, the Stockholders of the said Bank are hereby notified to assemble in general meeting, at the same place, on Tuesday the third day of January next, at five o'clock in the evening.
By order of the President and Directors, JOHN KEAN, Cashier.
Second fundamental Article of Statute of Incorporation.
"Not more than three-fourths of the Directors in office, exclusive of the President, shall be eligible for the next succeeding year. But the Director who shall be President at the time of an election, may always be re-elected."
Funds of the United States.
ALL kinds of the Public Debt of the Union, bought, sold, or exchanged; Foreign and Inland Bills of Exchange negotiated; Merchandise of all sorts bought and sold on Commission, and all other Business in the line of a Broker, transacted by
WILLIAM CLELAND,
At the Office next door to the Custom-House, State-Street, BOSTON.
GEORGE MEADE
Has for SALE, at his Stores on WALNUT-STREET WHARF, FEW pipes of 3 and 4 years old bills of exchange Madeira WINE, which he will dispose of by the pipe, hoghead or quarter cask.
London market Madeira WINE, 5 and 6 years old. Old Sherry WINE of the first quality, by the hoghead or quarter cask.
Three and 4 years old Lisbon WINE, of a superior quality to what is generally imported, by the pipe, quarter cask, or larger quantity.
Choice old Coniac BRANDY, by the pipe, tierce, or larger quantity.
A few quarter chests of first quality Hyson TEA. He has just received by the Pigou, Lexley, master, from London, a few quarter casks of old Madeira WINE—And
By the brig Mercury, Capt. Stevens, from Dublin, a few boxes of Irish LINENS, low priced and well assorted; a few bales of red and white FLANNELS, and some GLUE.
A few boxes of Spermaceti CANDLES of the first quality, and Burlington PORK of prime quality.
He has also to dispose of, a quantity of dressed White Oak STAVES.
He means to keep a constant supply of First Quality Madeira and Lisbon WINES, and whoever is pleased to favor him with their custom, may be assured of being well served.
He will, through the Winter and Spring, buy undressed HAND-SPIKES. He is purchasing FLAX-SEED and BEES-WAX, and will give the highest price for them.
N.B. A few hampers of excellent London PORTER and Taunton ALE, just received, and to be disposed of.
Philadelphia, November 16, 1791. (cp 6w.)
TO BE SOLD, BY JOHN CAREY, A COLLECTION OF Scarce and Valuable BOOKS,
Which may be seen every day, until five o'clock, P. M.
Among them are the following:
Folio. HOMER, Xenoophon, Plato, Plutarch, Enselbius, Sozomen, Theodoret, Virgil, Horace, Livy, Tacitus, Paterculus, Pliny, Concordantia Lat. Concordantia Gr. Thesaurus Ciceronis. Biblia Juili and Tremellii. Bible de Martin, Wells's Maps, Scapulae—Phavorini—Martini—Hoffmanni Lexica, Vossii Etymologicon, Antiquit. Eccles. Britannica, &c.
Quarto. Pindar, Cyropaedia, Bentley's Horace, Terence and Phaedrus, Ovid, Juvenal, Manilius, Ciceronis op. om. Caesar, Suetonius, Julius Pollux, Hederici Lexicon, Vossii Ars Gram. Cluverii Geographia, Justinian Code, &c.
Octavo et infra. Homer, Anacreon, Aristophanes, Longinus, Theophrastus, Hesiod, Poetae minores Gr. Isocrates, Phalaris, various editions of Horace, Virgil, Terence, and Ovid, Tibullus, Plautus, Lucan, Martial, Claudian, Val. Flaccus, Apollonius, Buchanan, Sallust, Curtius, Florus, Justin, Val. Maximus, A. Gellius, Hist. August. Scriptores, English and French Translations of some of the Classics, a great variety of Greek and Latin Grammars, &c. &c.
Catalogues may be had of Messrs. Rice & Co. Booksellers, Market-street, or of JOHN CAREY. October 31. (cp tf.)
W. M'DOUGALL'S DANCING SCHOOL,
Is now opened at his School-Room, No. 28, Carter's Alley.
HE returns his sincere thanks for the great encouragement he has experienced these eighteen years; hopes the reputation of his school for decorum and good order, as well as the performance of his scholars, will still ensure him a respectable share of the public favor.
A number of new Cotillions and Country Dances will be taught during the season.
Those who please to honor him with the tuition of their children, may be assured, they will be taught in the most approved style, and that proper attention will be paid to their carriage and manners.
A general practising for the improvement of the scholars, will be held at the New Rooms, every other Wednesday; when the employers, and strangers of genteel deportment, will be admitted. These practisings will be attended with no expence.
N.B. An EVENING SCHOOL will be opened for grown Gentlemen, as soon as a sufficient number offer. Philadelphia, September 14, 1791. (tf. f.)
HISTORY OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE, (To which is prefixed an accurate Map of the State)
By the Rev. JEREMY BELKNAP,
Are ready for Delivery to Subscribers—who may receive their Books on application to HAZARD & ADDOMS, at the Corner of Chestnut and Third Streets.
The above two volumes contain the political history of the State, from its first settlement to the adoption of the present Constitution of the United States;—the third, containing a geographical description of the State, sketches of its natural history, &c. is in the press.
* * * A few copies of the first two volumes for sale—price 20/.
November 5, 1791.
JOHN PINTARD, SWORN BROKER & AUCTIONEER, PURCHASES and SELLS PUBLIC DEBT of every description, on Commission, at the following rates:
ON the specie amount of all sales at auction, one eighth per cent.
On ditto at private sale or purchase, one-half per cent.
On remittances, ditto.
Receiving interest at the Loan-Office, one per cent. on the amount of the interest.
For making transfers at ditto, seventy-five cents per transfer.
Such persons as may incline to favor the subscriber with their orders, may rely on their being executed with punctuality, fidelity and dispatch. His long experience and extensive dealings in the public stocks, together with a well established correspondence throughout the United States, enable him to conduct his operations with peculiar benefit to his employers.
JOHN PINTARD, New-York, No. 57, King-Street.
October 15, 1791.
PUBLIC SECURITIES,
BOUGHT and SOLD, on COMMISSION, by SAMUEL ANDERSON, Chestnut-Street, next door to the Bank, No. 97.
MASSACHUSETTS SEMI-ANNUAL, LOTTERY TICKETS, To be had at the same place.
IMPERIAL HYSON, SOUCHONG, and BOHEA
T E A S,
REFINED SUGARS, COFFEE, & SPICES, &c. &c. Of the first quality—by retail,
No. 19,
Third-Street, between Chestnut and Market Streets.
TO BE SOLD,
And possession given immediately,
That pleasantly situated FARM
Whereon the subscriber now lives.
IT lies on the road from Princeton to Brunswic, about a mile and a half from the former. It contains 213 acres, whereof 47 are woodland, upwards of 30 meadow, and 20 more may be made. Also a young orchard of 200 apple trees, besides a variety of peach and cherry trees, and a large garden; the whole under good fence. There are on the premises a two story stone house and kitchen, with an elegant piazza, the whole painted and finished. Also, a smoke-house, work-shop, granary, waggon-house; barrack cow-houses, two stories high and 60 feet long, and a good barn, with stabling. From the buildings are charming views of Princeton, the neighbouring farms, and Monmouth hills. Any person inclining to purchase, may know the terms by applying to the subscriber on the premises, or to ISAAC SNOWDEN, No. 141, South Second-Street, Philadelphia.
ISAAC SNOWDEN, Junior.
Princeton, October 10, 1791. [cp 2m]
In the Press, and speedily will be published, HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS; Consisting of STATE PAPERS, and other authentic Documents, tending to elucidate the HISTORY of AMERICA, and particularly of the UNITED STATES. By EBENEZER HAZARD, A.M.
* * * The price to Subscribers will be a Dollar for each Number, containing 160 large quarto pages; or Four Dollars and a Quarter for each Volume in Boards; to be paid as follows, viz. the first and second Numbers, or Volumes, to be paid for on delivery of the first; and each subsequent one (except the last) at the time of delivery.
Subscriptions will be received, in this city, by THOMAS DORSON, and HAZARD & ADDOMS, (who will exhibit specimens of the work) and in other places by the principal Booksellers there. Philadelphia, November 5, 1791.
Forty Dollars Reward.
LAST night was broke open the Store of the subscriber, at Bordentown, and stolen from the same the following articles, viz. One hair trunk, containing womens' wearing apparel; 1 small box, containing four clocks and one dozen testaments; 1 ditto containing one bottle green cloth coat, one striped vest and breeches, two shirts and a small bag with 36 dollars and 20s. to 30s. Jersey coppers; 1 keg containing a large bible, with other small books; 1 box containing 447 real ostrich feathers, some of them large and elegant, and of different colours; 2 barrels rye meal, branded Stout and Imlay; 1 barrel pork, 1 ream paper, and 1 dozen paste-boards.—Stolen at the same time, a large Batteau, with black sides.
A reward of Twenty Dollars will be given for the security of the above property, so that the owners may have the articles again, or in proportion for part thereof; also a further reward of Twenty Dollars will be given for the security of the perpetrator or perpetrators, so that they may be brought to justice, by JOHN VAN EMBURGH. Bordentown, New-Jersey, Sept. 1, 1791. [ep tf]
HOLY BIBLE.---Royal Quarto.
MR. THOMAS, of Worcester, Massachusetts, most respectfully informs the public, that he has this day completed the Old and New Testaments of his Royal Quarto Edition of the HOLY BIBLE. The Apocrypha and Index, &c. will be finished with all the dispatch the nature of the work will admit.
Such Gentlemen as hold SUBSCRIPTION PAPERS, he begs will return them to him at Worcester, or to him and Company at Boston, by the last day of November next, and as much sooner as they conveniently can.
He is happy to inform the public, that the work has been examined by many gentlemen, clergymen and others, and has met with their highest approbation; both as to the execution of the printing, its correctness, and its cheapness compared with English copies of the same size and quality.
As this very laborious and exceedingly expensive undertaking, is carried on solely at his own cost, he is led to hope that all those who wish to possess a large Family Bible, will so far encourage this laudable undertaking of their countryman, as to add their names to the subscription.
Worcester, Sept. 29, 1791. ISAIAH THOMAS.
ADVERTISEMENT.
BY late arrivals from France, the Editor has received from No. 10 to 31, both inclusive, of a Publication which comes out twice a week in Paris, entitled, "CORRESPONDANCE NATIONALE." From No. 1 to No. 19, have been shipped, but are not yet come to hand. Any person who may incline to subscribe for this work, which appears to be ingenious, impartial and patriotic, may be furnished with the numbers as they arrive by applying to the Editor of this Gazette.
The JOURNAL of the THIRD SESSION of the SENATE of the UNITED STATES, may be had of the Editor hereof.