The New-York packet (New York [N.Y.]), 1787-12-14 00:00:00

The New-York Packet.
TROS TYRIUSQUE NOBIS NULLO DISCRIMINE AGETUR. Virg.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1787.
[N o 758.]
BY HIS EXCELLENCY GEORGE CLINTON, Esq. Governor of the State of New-York, General and Commander in Chief of all the Militia, and Admiral of the Navy thereof.
A PROCLAMATION.
L.S. WHEREAS, pursuant to a law of this State, the Legislature are to meet at Poughkeepsie, in Dutchess County, on the first Tuesday in January next: I have therefore thought fit, by these presents, to proclaim the same, that all persons concerned may be apprized thereof, and govern themselves accordingly.
Given under my Hand and the Privy Seal, at the City of New-York, this third day of December, in the twenty-fifth year of the Independence of the said State, 1787. GEO. CLINTON.
New-York RUM,
OF excellent flavour and good proof,—for Sale by Charles Tillinghast, at the Distillery near the New-market, in Cherry-street, and nearest the Ship-yards.
S H R U B,
OF the very best quality, by the hoghead, barrel, or smaller quantity,—for Sale by Charles Tillinghast, at his house nearly opposite the New-market, in Cherry-street.
October 3. 38
FOR SALE, on Reasonable Terms
By Edmund Prior,
No. 195. Queen-street, A FEW bales low priced Broad Cloths, mostly blue; ALSO, A few hogheads of very good Philadelphia made Stuffs, and a quantity of Spermatti Candles. 45
JOHN BANKS,
MERCHANT-TAYLOR,
HAS Imported in the Hibernia, Captain Tew, from London, a few European Goods in his way; a few pieces of superfine cloths first quality, Dark blue, Black, Raven's grey, Bottle green, Garnet, Dark brown, London brown, Bohemian ditto, Mulberry, Cinnamon, White cloth, and other colours not mentioned, Buff and white Cashmere, Silk florentine, White silk serge d'roy, Gold and silver basket and spangled buttons, French campain shacket buttons, to match every colour, Cotton and worsted fatinets, A few winter vest patterns, Silver epaulets, 40
With sundry other articles too tedious to mention. Ladies and Gentlemen who please to favour him with their custom, may depend on being served in the neatest manner, and with the greatest punctuality.
At the TANNERY,
Near the Fresh Water Pond, MAY be had of the subscriber, a quantity of excellent sole and upper leather, tanned in the English mode, equal to any manufactured in America. He purposed to supply country dealers on terms that will enable them to make large profits for city consumption; such as will establish the shoe manufactory and procure them a run of custom for ships use, as good in quality as that imported from England, and at a much less price. Cash, bark, raw hides or calf skins, taken in exchange.
ISAAC COULTHARD. N.B. A Currier, master of his business, is wanted immediately. Apply as above. 48
Wm. Backhouse & Co.
No. 15, Duke-street, have FOR SALE,
RED Port Wine, shipped by the Royal Port Company, the quality of whose wines, experience has shown to be superior to any imported into America.
ALSO, Choice Payal Wines four years old, Madeira, Lisbon, Teneriffe, & Malaga, } WINES. Liverpool Crockery Ware, twenty quarter casks old SHERRY WINE, to be sold cheap for cash. August 14. 23
Parchment Manufactory.
WEST and BULGER, WISH to inform the citizens of New-York, that they have erected a Parchment Manufactory No. 5, Frankfort-street, near the Brick Presbyterian Church, where the gentlemen of the law, and stationers, can be supplied on the lowest terms, and engaged as good as any imported—They have for the greater convenience of their friends, appointed Mr. Frederick Jay, corner of Wall and Queen-streets, to sell for them on commission. They also flatter themselves that the above gentlemen will give them all the encouragement worthy the undertaking, it being the first ever established in this city; and it is a well known fact that vast sums have been transported from this State, for that single article.
N.B. They also make Drawing, Writing and Binding Vellums. 44
By order of the Honorable Richard Morris, Esquire, Chief Justice of the State of New-York.
NOTICE is hereby given to all the creditors of Christian Valkenburgh, an insolvent debtor, to appear before the said Chief Justice, at his chambers situate in Nassau-street, in the north ward of the city of New-York, by Monday the twenty-fourth day of December next, to show cause if any they have, why an assignment of the said debtor's estate should not be made, for the benefit of all his creditors, and he be discharged, according to the form of the act, entitled, 'An act for the relief of insolvent debtors, passed the 13th day of April, 1786. Dated, this 26 day of November, 1787. 2 53 8 CHRISTIAN VALKENBURGH.
NOTICE is hereby given, according to the form of an act of the Legislature of the late colony of New-York, entitled, "An act for the more effectual registry of mortgages, and for securing the purchasers of mortgaged estates," passed the 19th day of March, in the year of our Lord, 1774; that on the sixth day of March next ensuing the date hereof, at 12 o'clock in the forenoon of the same day, will be sold at Public Auction, upon the premises, the fee simple of all that certain messuage or dwelling house and lot of ground, situated and being in the north ward of the city of New-York, on the northerly side of a certain street called and known by the name of Little Queen-street; bounded southerly in front on said street, easterly on the house and ground now or late of Thomas Marston, northerly in the rear on the ground now or late of John Livingston and others, and westerly on the New-Dutch Church yard; the said dwelling house and lot of ground, containing in breadth in front and rear, twenty-three feet and an half, and in length, on each side, ninety-five feet, together with the houses, edifices and buildings thereon erected and being, and all gardens, yards, wells, back sides, ways, paths, passages, easements, profits, commodities, advantages, emoluments, hereditaments and appurtenances to the said dwelling house and lot of ground belonging, or in any wise appertaining,—which sale will be made in virtue of a mortgage of the said premises, by indentures of lease and release, bearing date the twenty-first and twenty-second days of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five (with a power to sell therein contained) from William Bryant, of the city of New-York, Doctor of physic, to Alexander Leslie, late of the city of New-York aforesaid peruke maker, assigned to the subscribers, who will thereupon execute deeds of conveyance to the purchaser, pursuant to the power in the said mortgage and the act aforesaid.
WILLIAM DAVIS, JAMES STRACHAN, JAMES MACKENZIE, 2 27 6m By their Attorney, Charles Smith.
To be SOLD,
IN this city, for the paper currency of the State of New-Jersey, a two Story Dwelling House and Store House, with a large Water Lot, conveniently situated for trade, formerly the property of Rebecca Forman, deceased,—Any person inclining to purchase, may have a description of the premises, and know the price by applying to the subscribers, or Captain John Guest.
J. VAN EMBURGH, Executor. AMY TAYLOR, Executrix. New-Brunswick, Nov. 19, 1787. 52 6
JOHN HUNT,
No. 22, Great-Dock-Street, INTENDING to decline his present mode of business; that he may do it with greater facility, purposed to dispose of his store of GOODS, by retail as well as at wholesale, extremely cheap, for cash or for good notes payable in the city; they consist principally of the following articles, viz. A variety of double purple calicoes; black, blue, green and cloth coloured morseens, and tabbareens; 1-2 all cloth col. green, plumb col. and pink col. camblets; blue and pink col. callimancoes; green and blue durants and tammies; black and blue antaloons; fine bordered linen and cambric handkerchiefs; black-modes and persians; long lawns; German linens, dowlas and oznabrings; cotton flannel and checks, flowered drawboys, plain muffs, britanias, cafmieres, womens purple and other col. lamb gloves and mitts, womens cotton hose, men and youths thread do. white and brown buckram and glazed linens; fools cap and quarto post and common writing paper, Holland quills, ivory combs, Scotch, stitching, coloured and darning thread; shirt buttons, Dutch lace, bobbins, filleting tapes, sewing silk, quality and shoe bindings, Harlem oil, tea kettles, frying pans, Holland powder, &c. &c. 47
PUBLIC notice is hereby given, pursuant to an act of the Governor, the Council and General Assembly of the late colony now State of New-York, passed the 19th day of March 1774, entitled, "An act for the more effectual registry of mortgages and for securing the purchasers of mortgaged estates," that on the eleventh day of March next, at ten of the clock in the forenoon, will be sold at the Merchant's Coffee-house, in the city of New-York, to the highest bidder, the fee simple of all those two certain messuages or tenements and lot of land, situated, lying and being in the city of New-York, on the northeast side of Fly-market-street, and running from the land of Jacobus Lefferts, 35 feet and 2 inches, in front to land now or late of George Folliott; thence running northeasterly along the said land now or late of the said George Folliott, 73 feet and inch; thence southeasterly along the land of Richard Norwood, 6 feet and 8 inches; thence northeasterly along the land of the said Richard Norwood, 13 feet and 4 inches, to Fletcher-street; thence southeasterly on the said Fletcher-street, 31 feet and 1 inch, and thence southeasterly on the land of the said Jacobus Lefferts, 86 feet and 2 inches to the place of beginning, with the buildings, rights, members, hereditaments and appurtenances to the same belonging, or in any wise appertaining. And the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders thereof, which sale will be made by virtue of a mortgage of the said premises, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date the second and third days of November, which was in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, for securing the payment of one thousand pounds and the interest thereof, with a power of sale therein contained, from John Byrne, of the city of New-York, merchant, to John Glover of the said city merchant. Deeds of conveyance for the said premises, after the sale will be executed to the purchaser, pursuant to the said power, by
JOHN GLOVER. New-York, September 10, 1787. 2 31
By order of the Honorable Richard Morris, Esq. Chief Justice of the State of New-York.
NOTICE is hereby given to David Greame, George Jackson, Arthur Forrester, Richard Willis, the Rev. Thomas Dampier, John Elwes, and Richard Willis aforesaid, in trust for Mary the wife of William Croffes, John Elwes in his own right, Patrick Crawford and Gilbert Mealon, executors of James Crawford, deceased; Hutchinson Mure, Robert Mure, and Richard Atkinson, joint partners, John Duval, William Robertson, Neal Ward, Mary Sleach, Lucy Sleach, William Berry, Peter Hafenclever and Charles Croffes, late partners with Andrew Seaton (who is become bankrupt) under the stile or firm of Hafenclever, Seaton and Croffes; also the said Andrew Seaton, the said William Robertson, Miles Nightengale, and the said Richard Willis, as assignees of the estate and effects of the said Andrew Seaton, under the said commission of bankruptcy, and the said Peter Hafenclever in his own right, now or late associated in a company generally known by the name, firm and description of the American Iron Company, or the Ringwood Company, absent debtors, and to all others whom it doth or may concern; that upon application and due proof made to the said Chief Justice, pursuant to a statute of the Legislature of the State of New-York, entitled, "An act for relief against absconding and absent debtors," passed the 4th of April, 1786, he the said Chief Justice hath issued his warrant to the Sheriff of the county of Westchester, commanding him to attach, seize, take, and safely keep, all the estate as well real as personal of the said American Iron Company, or Ringwood Company, composed of the said several persons as aforesaid, absent debtors of what kind or nature soever, and every or any part or parcel thereof in whatever part of his bailiwick they can be found with all evidences, books of accounts, vouchers, and papers relating thereto: And that unless they the said several persons composing the said American Iron Company, or Ringwood Company as aforesaid, shall return and discharge their debts within twelve months after the publication of this notice, all their estate, real and personal, will be sold for the payment and satisfaction of their creditors.—Dated at the city of New-York, the tenth day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1787. 2 31
To be SOLD,
A Very valuable Lot of Ground with a convenient house on the same, situated in William-street, No. 57, containing in front 26 feet, and in rear 20 feet, and in length on each side 70 feet. For further particulars enquire of Thomas Longley on the premises. 46
M'Vickar and Hill,
No. 210, Water-street, have imported in the ship Flora, from Liverpool, to be sold on low terms; SEVEN-eight, 4-4, 11-8 cotton checks, cotton and romal handkerchiefs; a general assortment of Irish linens, velveteens, corduroys, bed-bunts and ticks, wild bore camblets—a good assortment of felt and castor hats, farcenets and black fatten florentines, modes, black silk handkerchiefs, &c. And on board said vessel, a quantity of fine Liverpool Salt.
N.B. Having erected a complete set of Flaxseed Works, they intend to receive feed to clean, and will thank their friends for their interest in that business. 46
Theodosius Fowler & Co.
At their Office, No. 164, Water-Street, Buy, sell and negotiate all kinds of Continental, Connecticut and New-York Securities. 97
PUBLIC notice is hereby given, pursuant to an act of the Governor, the Council and the General Assembly of the late colony, now State of New-York, passed the nineteenth day of March, one thousand seven hundred and seventy four, entitled, "An act for the more effectual registry of mortgages, and securing the purchasers of mortgaged estates;" that on Friday the fourth day of April next, will be sold at the merchants coffee-house in the city of New-York, to the highest bidder, the fee simple of all that certain farm or tract of land, which Joseph Harris, late of Dutchess county, formerly possessed, lying within the said county of Dutchess, in the patent commonly known by the name of the Nine-Partners, being bounded as follows; beginning at a black oak tree, it being the northeast corner of Job Meeks's farm, the northwest corner of Jeremiah Conklen's farm, and the southeast corner of the said Joseph Harris's farm, from thence the line runs north thirteen degrees, west to the farm now or late in the occupation of Richard Gray, being the south line of the Little Nine-Partners, from thence the line runs west on the south line of the said Little Nine-Partners, to the northwest corner of said farm, and the northwest corner of Amenia Precinct, from thence south thirteen degrees east to a walnut sapling, it being the northwest corner of the farm, now or late of Moses Harris, from thence east to the first mentioned bounds; containing eight hundred and 63 acres & 20 rods of land or thereabouts, with the buildings, rights, members, hereditaments and appurtenances to the same belonging or in any wise appertaining, and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders thereof; which sale will be made by virtue of a mortgage of the said premises, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date the twenty-first and twenty-second days of November, which was in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four, for securing the payment of one thousand pounds (with a power of sale therein contained) from Brinton Paine of Dutchess county, Esq. to Augustus Van Cortlandt. Deeds of conveyance after the sale will be executed to the purchaser pursuant to the said power by
AUGUSTUS VAN CORTLANDT. Sept. the 24th 1787. 2 35 6m
Public Securities.
CASH and the highest price given for all kinds of PUBLIC SECURITIES. PARTICULARLY Final Settlement Certificates, Facilities, Nourse's, Pickering's, Bancker's and Barber's NOTES. Apply at No. 40, Wall-street, four doors from the corner of Queen-street. 2 700 6m
FOR SALE,
On advantageous terms for Cash, or in exchange for a House in New-York:
A Valuable FARM of well improved Land, containing about 130 acres, situated about four miles from Morristown. The farm speaks for itself, on seeing it, will immediately give satisfaction to the Farmer, the Gentleman or Trader, for its prospect: The soil, roads, water, may challenge any for its size—for the many advantages attending it—for raising any kind of produce, or for trade, or a gentleman's seat: Has on it a two story House, cielel and plastered, with two kitchens, a small Grist and Saw-mill, two out-houses for families, a barn and fowl house, an excellent well of water, springs, a constant running stream of pure water, for washing or bleaching, two orchards, meadows, woods, &c.—Will give every satisfaction to the industrious. For particulars apply to G. Duyckinck, No. 23, at the corner of King and Smith-streets, New-York.
Also, A Commodious Dwelling-House, in Morristown, suitable for a gentleman or merchant, a two story house with wings annexed to it, extends near 100 feet front, a large well fenced court-yard in front, and an out-house for a small family, a barn, a well, all in good order; gardens and a small grass field, with a few fruit-trees. The house or land is situated in the centre of Morristown—a dry road in the worst of times in the wet season. The whole to be sold on the same terms as above-mentioned.
N.B. The above dwelling-house being empty at present, will be let at a moderate rent to a careful family. 49
To the PUBLIC.
THE Co-partnership of Matthew Rhodes, Timothy Rhodes, John Hebblethwaite and Samuel Hopkins, by the firm of Samuel Hopkins and Company, hath been this day dissolved by mutual consent;—if there are any demands against the co-partnership, it is requested that they be produced to the said Samuel Hopkins and William Rhodes, at No. 31, Queen-street, in the city of New-York, for payment;—and all persons indebted to it, are requested to pay the amount that they owe in six months from this date, to the said Samuel Hopkins and William Rhodes, otherwise their accounts must be placed in the hands of an attorney. New-York, September 25, 1787.
The said Samuel Hopkins has imported in the ship Wilson, Capt. Thompson, from Liverpool, A quantity of low-priced Woollens, Sattinets and Florentines, which he will dispose of on advantageous terms to the purchaser, for cash or short credit. 36
BLANKS,
Sold at this Office.

HAVING in the three last numbers taken a summary review of the principal circumstances and events, which depict the genius and fate of other confederate governments; I shall now proceed in the enumeration of the most important of those defects which have hitherto disappointed our hopes, from the system established among ourselves. To form a safe and satisfactory judgment of the proper remedy, it is absolutely necessary that we should be well acquainted with the extent and malignity of the disease.
The next most palpable defect of the subsisting confederation is the total want of a SANCTION to its laws. The United States as now composed, have no power to exact obedience, or punish disobedience, to their resolutions, either by pecuniary mulcts, by a suspension or divestiture of privileges, or in any other constitutional mode. There is no express delegation of authority to them to use force against delinquent members; and if such a right should be ascribed to the federal head, as resulting from the nature of the social compact between the States, it must be by inference and construction, in the face of that part of the second article, by which it is declared, that 'each State shall retain every power, jurisdiction and right, not expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled.' There is doubtless a striking absurdity in supposing that a right of this kind does not exist, but we are reduced to the dilemma either of embracing that supposition, preposterous as it may seem, or of contravening or explaining away a provision, which has been of late a repeated theme of the eulogies of those, who oppose the new constitution; and the want of which in that plan, has been the subject of much plausible animadversion and severe criticism. If we are unwilling to impair the force of this applauded provision, we shall be obliged to conclude, that the United States afford the extraordinary spectacle of a government, destitute even of the shadow of constitutional power to enforce the execution of its own laws. It will appear from the specimens which have been cited, that the American confederacy in this particular, stands discriminated from every other institution of a similar kind, and exhibits a new and unexampled phenomenon in the political world.
The want of a mutual guarantee of the State governments is another capital imperfection in the federal plan. There is nothing of this kind declared in the articles that compose it; and to imply a tacit guarantee from considerations of utility, would be a still more flagrant departure from the clause which has been mentioned, than to imply a tacit power of coercion, from the like considerations. The want of a guarantee, though it might in its consequences endanger the Union, does not so immediately attack its existence as the want of a constitutional sanction to its laws.
Without a guarantee, the assistance to be derived from the Union in repelling those domestic dangers, which may sometimes threaten the existence of the State constitutions, must be renounced. Usurpation may rear its crest in each State, and trample upon the liberties of the people; while the national government could legally do nothing more than behold its encroachments with indignation and regret. A successful faction may erect a tyranny on the ruins of order and law, while no succour could constitutionally be afforded by the Union to the friends and supporters of the government. The tempestuous situation, from which Massachusetts has scarcely emerged, evinces that dangers of this kind are not merely speculative. Who can determine what might have been the issue of her late convulsions, if the malcontents had been headed by a Cæsar or by a Cromwell? Who can predict what effect a despotism established in Massachusetts, would have upon the liberties of New-Hampshire or Rhode-Island; of Connecticut or New-York?
The inordinate pride of State importance has suggested to some minds an objection to the principle of a guarantee in the Federal Government; as involving an officious interference in the domestic concerns of the members. A scruple of this kind would deprive us of one of the principal advantages to be expected from Union; and can only flow from a misapprehension of the nature of the provision itself. —It could be no impediment to reforms of the State Constitutions by a majority of the people in a legal and peaceable mode. This right would remain undiminished. The guarantee could only operate against changes to be effected by violence. Towards the prevention of calamities of this kind too many checks cannot be provided. The peace of society, and the stability of government, depend absolutely on the efficacy of the precautions adopted on this head. Where the whole power of the government is in the hands of the people, there is the less pretence for the use of violent remedies, in partial or occasional disorders of the State. The natural cure for an ill administration, in a popular or representative constitution, is a change of men. A guarantee by the national authority would be as much levelled against the usurpation of rulers, as against the ferment and outrages of faction and sedition in the community.
The principle of regulating the contributions of the States to the common treasury by QUOTAS is another fundamental error in the confederation. Its repugnancy to an adequate supply of the national exigencies has been already pointed out, and has sufficiently appeared from the trial which has been made of it. I speak of it now solely with a view to equality among the States. Those who have been accustomed to contemplate the circumstances, which produce & constitute national wealth, must be satisfied that there is no common standard, or barometer, by which the degrees of it can be ascertained. Neither the value of lands, nor the numbers of the people, which have been successively proposed as the rule of State contributions, has any pretension to being a just representative. If we compare the wealth of the United Netherlands with that of Russia or Germany or even of France; and if we at the same time compare the total value of the lands, and the aggregate population of that contracted district, with the total value of the lands, and the aggregate population of the immense regions of either of the three last mentioned countries, we shall at once discover that there is no comparison between the proportion of either of these two objects and that of the relative wealth of those nations. If the like
parallel were to be run between several of the American States; it would furnish a like result. Let Virginia be contrasted with North-Carolina, Pennsylvania with Connecticut, or Maryland with New-Jersey, and we shall be convinced that the respective abilities of those States, in relation to revenue, bear little or no analogy to their comparative population —The position may be equally illustrated by a similar process between the counties of the same State. No man who is acquainted with the State of New-York will doubt, that the active wealth of Kings County bears a much greater proportion to that of Montgomery, than it would appear to be, if we should take either the total value of the lands, or the total numbers of the people as a criterion!
The wealth of nations depends upon an infinite variety of causes. Situation, soil, climate, the nature of the productions, the nature of the government, the genius of the citizens, the degree of information they possess, the state of commerce, of arts, of industry—these circumstances and many more too complex, minute, or adventitious, to admit of a particular specification, occasion differences hardly conceivable in the relative opulence and riches of different countries. The consequence clearly is, that there can be no common measure of national wealth; and of course, no general or statutory rule, by which the ability of a State to pay taxes can be determined. The attempt therefore to regulate the contributions of the members of a confederacy, by any such rule, cannot fail to be productive of glaring inequality and extreme oppression.
This inequality would of itself be sufficient in America to work the eventual destruction of the Union, if any mode of enforcing a compliance with its requisitions could be devised. The suffering States would not long consent to remain associated upon a principle which distributes the public burdens with so unequal a hand; and which was calculated to impoverish and oppress the citizens of some States, while those of others would scarcely be conscious of the small proportion of the weight they were required to sustain. This however is an evil inseparable from the principle of quotas and requisitions.
There is no method of steering clear of this inconvenience but by authorising the national Government to raise its own revenues in its own way. Imposts, excises, and in general all duties upon articles of consumption may be compared to a fluid, which will in time find its level with the means of paying them. The amount to be contributed by each citizen will in a degree be at his own option, and can be regulated by an attention to his resources. The rich may be extravagant, the poor can be frugal. And private oppression may always be avoided by a judicious selection of objects proper for such impositions. If inequalities should arise in some States from duties on particular objects, these will in all probability be counterbalanced by proportional inequalities of other States from the duties on other objects. In the course of time and things, an equilibrium, as far as it is attainable, in so complicated a subject, will be established every where. Or if inequalities should still exist, they would neither be so great in their degree, so uniform in their operation, nor so odious in their appearance, as those which would necessarily spring from quotas upon any scale, that can possibly be devised.
It is a signal advantage of taxes on articles of consumption, that they contain in their own nature a security against excess. They prescribe their own limit; which cannot be exceeded without defeating the end proposed—that is an extension of the revenue. When applied to this object, the saying is as just as it is witty, that "in political arithmetic, two and two do not always make four." If duties are too high they lessen the consumption—the collection is eluded; the product to the treasury is not so great as when they are confined within proper and moderate bounds. This forms a complete barrier against any material oppression of the citizens, by taxes of this class, and is itself a natural limitation of the power of imposing them.
Imposts of this kind usually fall under the denomination of indirect taxes, and must always constitute the chief part of the revenue raised in this country. Those of the direct kind, which principally relate to lands and buildings, may admit of a rule of apportionment. Either the value of land, or the number of the people may serve as a standard. The state of agriculture, and the populousness of a country, have been considered as nearly connected with each other. And as a rule for the purpose intended, numbers in the view of simplicity and certainty, are entitled to a preference. In every country it is an Herculean task to obtain a valuation of the land; in a country imperfectly settled and progressive in improvement, the difficulties are increased almost to impracticability. The expense of an accurate valuation is in all situations a formidable objection. In a branch of taxation where no limits to the discretion of the government are to be found in the nature of the thing, the establishment of a fixed rule, not incompatible with the end, may be attended with fewer inconveniencies than to leave that discretion altogether at large.
P U B L I U S.
IN addition to the defects already enumerated in the existing Federal system, there are others of not less importance, which concur in rendering it altogether unfit for the administration of the affairs of the Union.
The want of a power to regulate commerce is by all parties allowed to be of the number. The utility of such a power has been anticipated under the first head of our inquiries; and for this reason as well as from the universal conviction entertained upon the subject, little need be added in this place. It is indeed evident, on the most superficial view, that there is no object, either as it respects the interests of trade or finance that more strongly demands a Federal superintendence. The want of it has already operated as a bar to the formation of beneficial treaties with foreign powers; and has given occasions of dissatisfaction between the States. No nation acquainted with the nature of our political association would be unwise enough to enter into stipulations with the United States, by which they conceded privileges of any importance to them, while they were apprised that the engagements on the part of the Union, might at any moment be violated by its members; and while they found from experience that they might enjoy every advantage they desired in our markets, without granting us any
return, but such as their momentary convenience might suggest. It is not therefore to be wondered at, that Mr. Jenkinson in ushering into the House of Commons a bill for regulating the temporary intercourse between the two countries, should preface its introduction by a declaration that similar provisions in former bills had been found to answer every purpose to the commerce of Great Britain, & that it would be prudent to persist in the plan until it should appear whether the American government was likely or not to acquire greater consistency*.
Several States have endeavoured by separate prohibitions, restrictions and exclusions, to influence the conduct of that kingdom in this particular; but the want of concert, arising from the want of a general authority, and from clashing, and dissimilar views in the States, has hitherto frustrated every experiment of the kind; and will continue to do so as long as the same obstacles to an uniformity of measures continue to exist.
The interfering and unneighbourly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have in different instances given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others; and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national controul, would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord, than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the confederacy. "The commerce of the German empire," is in continual trammels from the multiplicity of the duties which the several Princes and States exact upon the merchandizes passing through their territories; by means of which the fine streams and navigable rivers with which Germany is so happily watered, are rendered almost useless." Though the genius of the people of this country might never permit this description to be strictly applicable to us, yet we may reasonably expect, from the gradual conflicts of State regulations, that the citizens of each, would at length come to be considered and treated by the others in no better light than that of foreigners and aliens.
The power of raising armies, by the most obvious construction of the articles of the confederation, is merely a power of making requisitions upon the States for quotas of men. This practice, in the course of the late war, was found replete with obstructions to a vigorous and to an economical system of defence. It gave birth to a competition between the States, which created a kind of auction for men. In order to furnish the quotas required of them, they outbid each other, till bounties grew to an enormous and insupportable size. The hope of a still further increase afforded an inducement to those who were disposed to serve to procrastinate their enlistment; and disinclined them to engaging for any considerable periods. Hence slow and scanty levies of men in the most critical emergencies of our affairs—short enlistments at an unparalleled expense—continual fluctuations in the troops, ruinous to their discipline, and subjecting the public safety frequently to the perilous crisis of a disbanded army—Hence also those oppressive expedients for raising men which were upon several occasions practised, and which nothing but the enthusiasm of liberty would have induced the people to endure.
This method of raising troops is not more unfriendly to economy and vigor, than it is to an equal distribution of the burthen. The States near the seat of war, influenced by motives of self preservation, made efforts to furnish their quotas, which even exceeded their abilities, while those at a distance from danger were for the most part as remiss as the others were diligent in their exertions. The immediate pressure of this inequality was not in this case, as in that of the contributions of money, alleviated by the hope of a final liquidation. The States which did not pay their proportions of money, might at least be charged with their deficiencies; but no account could be formed of the deficiencies in the supplies of men. We shall not, however, see much reason to regret the want of this hope, when we consider how little prospect there is, that the most delinquent States will ever be able to make compensation for their pecuniary failures. The system of quotas and requisitions, whether it be applied to men or money, is in every view a system of imbecility in the union, and of inequality and injustice among the members.
The right of equal suffrage among the States is another exceptional part of the confederation. Every idea of proportion, and every rule of fair representation conspire to condemn a principle, which gives to Rhode-Island an equal weight in the scale of power with Massachusetts, or Connecticut, or New-York; and to Delaware, an equal voice in the national deliberations with Pennsylvania or Virginia, or North-Carolina. Its operation contradicts that fundamental maxim of republican government, which requires that the sense of the majority should prevail. Sophistry may reply, that sovereigns are equal, and that a majority of the votes of the States will be a majority of confederated America. But this kind of logical legerdemain will never counteract the plain suggestions of justice and common sense. It may happen that this majority of States is a small minority of the people of America; † and two thirds of the people of America, could not long be persuaded, upon the credit of artificial distinctions and syllogistic subtleties, to submit their interests to the management and disposal of one third. The larger States would after a while revolt from the idea of receiving the law from the smaller. To acquiesce in such a privation of their due importance in the political scale, would be not merely to be insensible to the love of power, but even to sacrifice the desire of equality. It is neither rational to expect the first, nor just to require the last—the smaller States considering how peculiarly their safety and welfare depend on union, ought readily to renounce a pretension; which, if not relinquished would prove fatal to its duration.
It may be objected to this, that not even but nine States, or two thirds of the whole number must consent to the most important resolutions; and it may be thence inferred, that nine States would always comprehend a majority of the inhabitants of the Union. But this does not obviate the impropriety of an equal vote between States of the most unequal dimensions and populousness; nor is the inference accurate in point of fact; for we can enu-
* This as nearly as I can recollect was the sense of his speech in introducing the last bill.
† Encyclopedic article empire.
‡ New-Hampshire, Rhode-Island, New-Jersey, Delaware, Georgia, South-Carolina and Maryland, are a majority of the whole number of the States, but they do not contain one third of the people.
merate nine States which contain less than a majority of the people; ‡ and it is constitutionally possible, that these nine may give the vote. Besides there are matters of considerable moment detainable by a bare majority; and there are others, concerning which doubts have been entertained, which if interpreted in favor of the sufficiency of a vote of seven States, would extend its operation to interests of the first magnitude. In addition to this, it is to be observed, that there is a probability of an increase in the number of States, and no provision for a proportional augmentation of the ratio of votes.
But this is not all; what at first sight may seem a remedy, is in reality a poison. To give a minority a negative upon the majority (which is always the case where more than a majority is requisite to a decision) is in its tendency to subject the sense of the greater number to that of the lesser number. Congress from the non-attendance of a few States have been frequently in the situation of a Polish Diet, where a single vote has been sufficient to put a stop to all their movements. A sixtieth part of the Union, which is about the proportion of Delaware and Rhode-Island, has several times been able to oppose an intire bar to its operations. This is one of those refinements which in practice has an effect, the reverse of what is expected from it in theory. The necessity of unanimity in public bodies, or of something approaching towards it, has been founded upon a supposition that it would contribute to security. But its real operation is to embarrass the administration, to destroy the energy of government, and to substitute the pleasure, caprice or artifices of an insignificant, turbulent or corrupt junto, to the regular deliberations and decisions of a respectable majority. In those emergencies of a nation, in which the goodness or badness, the weakness or strength of its government, is of the greatest importance, there is commonly a necessity for action. The public business must in some way or other go forward. If a pertinacious minority can control the opinion of a majority respecting the best mode of conducting it; the majority in order that something may be done, must conform to the views of the minority; and thus the sense of the smaller number will over-rule that of the greater, and give a tone to the national proceedings. Hence tedious delays—continual negotiation and intrigue—contemptible compromises of the public good. And yet in such a system, it is even happy when such compromises can take place: For upon some occasions, things will not admit of accommodation; and then the measures of government must be injuriously suspended or fatally defeated. It is often, by the impracticability of obtaining the concurrence of the necessary number of votes, kept in a state of inaction. Its situation must always favour of weakness—sometimes border upon anarchy.
It is not difficult to discover that a principle of this kind gives greater scope to foreign corruption as well as to domestic faction, than that which permits the sense of the majority to decide; though the contrary of this has been presumed. The mistake has proceeded from not attending with due care to the mischiefs that may be occasioned by obstructing the progress of government at certain critical seasons. When the concurrence of a large number is required by the constitution to the doing of any national act, we are apt to rest satisfied that all is safe, because nothing improper will be likely to be done; but we forget how much good may be prevented, and how much ill may be produced, by the power of hindering the doing what may be necessary, and of keeping affairs in the same unfavorable posture in which they may happen to stand at particular periods.
Suppose for instance we were engaged in a war, in conjunction with one foreign nation against another. Suppose the necessity of our situation demanded peace, and the interest or ambition of our ally led him to seek the prosecution of the war, with views that might justify us in making separate terms. In such a state of things, this ally of ours would evidently find it much easier by his bribes and intrigues to tie up the hands of government from making peace, where two thirds of all the votes were requisite to that object, than where a simple majority would suffice. In the first case he would have to corrupt a smaller number; in the last a greater number. Upon the same principle it would be much easier for a foreign power with which we were at war, to perplex our councils and embarrass our exertions. And in a commercial view we may be subjected to similar inconveniences. A nation, with which we might have a treaty of commerce, could with much greater facility prevent our forming a connection with her competitor in trade; tho' such a connection should be ever so beneficial to ourselves.
Evils of this description ought not to be regarded as imaginary. One of the weak sides of republics, among their numerous advantages, is that they afford too easy an inlet to foreign corruption. An hereditary monarch, though often disposed to sacrifice his subjects to his ambition, has so great a personal interest in the government, and in the external glory of the nation, that it is not easy for a foreign power to give him an equivalent for what he would sacrifice by treachery to the State. The world has accordingly been witness to few examples of this species of royal prostitution, though there have been abundant specimens of every other kind.
In republics, persons elevated from the mass of the community, by the suffrages of their fellow-citizens, to stations of great pre-eminence and power, may find compensations for betraying their trust, which to any but minds animated and guided by superior virtue, may appear to exceed the proportion of interest they have in the common stock, and to over-balance the obligations of duty. Hence it is that history furnishes us with so many mortifying examples of the prevalence of foreign corruption in republican governments. How much this contributed to the ruin of the ancient commonwealths has been already delineated. It is well known that that the deputies of the United Provinces have, in various instances been purchased by the emissaries of the neighbouring kingdoms. The Earl of Chesterfield (if my memory serves me right) in a letter to his court, intimates that his success in an important negotiation, must depend on his obtaining a Major's commission for one of those deputies. And in Sweden, the parties were alternately bought by France and England, in so barefaced and notorious a manner that it excited universal disgust in the nation; and was a principal cause that the most limit-
‡ Add New-York and Connecticut, to the foregoing seven, and they will still be less than a majority.

A monarch in Europe, in a single day, without tumult, violence, or opposition, became one of the most absolute and uncontrolled.
A circumstance, which crowns the defects of the confederation, remains yet to be mentioned—the want of a judiciary power. Laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation. The treaties of the United States to have any force at all, must be considered as part of the law of the land. Their true import as far as respects individuals, must, like all other laws, be ascertained by judicial determinations. To produce uniformity in these determinations, they ought to be submitted in the last resort, to one SUPREME TRIBUNAL. And this tribunal ought to be instituted under the same authority which forms the treaties themselves. These ingredients are both indispensable. If there is in each State, a court of final jurisdiction, there may be as many different final determinations on the same point, as there are courts. There are endless diversities in the opinions of men. We often see not only different courts, but the Judges of the same court differing from each other. To avoid the confusion which would unavoidably result from the contradictory decisions of a number of independent judiciaries, all nations have found it necessary to establish one court paramount to the rest—possessing a general superintendence, and authorised to settle and declare in the last resort, an uniform rule of civil justice.
This is the more necessary where the frame of the government is so compounded, that the laws of the whole are in danger of being contravened by the laws of the parts. In this case if the particular tribunals are invested with a right of ultimate jurisdiction, besides the contradictions to be expected from difference of opinion, there will be much to fear from the bias of local views and prejudices, and from the interference of local regulations. As often as such an interference was to happen, there would be reason to apprehend, that the provisions of the particular laws might be preferred to those of the general laws; for nothing is more natural to men in office, than to look with peculiar deference towards that authority to which they owe their official existence.
The treaties of the United States, under the present constitution, are liable to the infractions of thirteen different Legislatures, and as many different courts of final jurisdiction, acting under the authority of those Legislatures. The faith, the reputation, the peace of the whole union, are there continually at the mercy of the prejudices, the passions, and the interests of every member of which it is composed. Is it possible that foreign nations can either respect or confide in such a government? Is it possible that the People of America will longer consent to trust their honor, their happiness, their safety, on so precarious a foundation?
In this review of the Confederation, I have confined myself to the exhibition of its most material defects; passing over those imperfections in its details, by which even a great part of the power intended to be conferred upon it has been in a great measure rendered abortive. It must be by this time evident to all men of reflection, who can divest themselves of the prepossessions of preconceived opinions, that it is a system so radically vicious and unfound, as to admit not of amendment but by an entire change in its leading features and characters.
The organization of Congress, is itself utterly improper for the exercise of those powers which are necessary to be deposited in the Union. A single Assembly may be a proper receptacle of those slender, or rather fettered authorities, which have been heretofore delegated to the federal head; but it would be inconsistent with all the principles of good government, to intrust it with those additional powers which even the moderate and more rational admirers of the proposed constitution admit ought to reside in the United States. If that plan should not be adopted; and if the necessity of union should be able to withstand the ambitious aims of those men, who may indulge magnificent schemes of personal aggrandizement from its dissolution; the probability would be, that we should run into the project of conferring supplementary powers upon Congress as they are now constituted; and either the machine, from the intrinsic feebleness of its structure, will moulder into pieces in spite of our ill-judged efforts to prop it; or by successive augmentations of its force and energy, as necessity might prompt, we shall finally accumulate in a single body, all the most important prerogatives of sovereignty; and thus entail upon our posterity, one of the most execrable forms of government that human imagination ever contrived. Thus we should create in reality that very tyranny, which the adversaries of the new constitution either are, or affect to be solicitous to avert.
It has not a little contributed to the infirmities of the existing federal system, that it never had a ratification by the PEOPLE. Resting on no better foundation than the consent of the several Legislatures, it has been exposed to frequent and intricate questions concerning the validity of its powers; and has in some instances given birth to the enormous doctrine of a right of legislative repeal. Owing its ratification to the law of a State, it has been contended, that the same authority might repeal the law by which it was ratified. However gross a heresy it may be, to maintain that a party to a compact has a right to revoke that compact, the doctrine itself has had respectable advocates. The possibility of a question of this nature, proves the necessity of laying the foundations of our national government deeper than in the mere sanction of delegated authority. The fabric of American Empire ought to rest on the solid basis of THE CONSENT OF THE PEOPLE. The streams of national power ought to flow immediately from that pure original fountain of all legitimate authority.
P U B L I U S.
New-York, December 14.
On the 3d inst. a party of 30 men employed by the directors of the Ohio Company, set out from Salem for the Western Country, under the direction of Major Haffield White, in order to begin a settlement on the Ohio river, at the confluence of the Muskingum. Another party, consisting of a large number, are to march from Hartford, who will join them at Pittsburgh. Gen. Rufus Putnam is appointed Superintendent of this settlement.
On Monday morning arrived within the Capes of Virginia, the ship Irish Volunteer, Capt. Cock, from Liverpool, bound to Baltimore. Capt. Talbot, who came passenger, informs, that they left Liverpool on the 8th of October—that in lat. 37, 40, long. 63, they sprung their foremast in a heavy gale of wind, and in lat. 37, long. 74, spoke the ship Henry, from James River, bound for London, all well.
We hear from Hunterdon, New-Jersey, of a most dreadful accident happening a widow woman of the name of Martha Anda, whose house, on Wednesday the 21st ult. at night took fire, and the poor woman with all her goods consumed. It is thought she was murdered and robbed, and afterwards fire set to the house.
The Deputies to the State Convention of Delaware met at Dover on Monday the 3d inst. Dec. and a house being formed, they elected James Latimer, Esq. President.—On Thursday they ratified the new Federal Constitution by an unanimous vote, and on Friday every member signed the ratification as follows:
“WE, the Deputies of the People of the Delaware State, in Convention met, having taken into our serious consideration the Federal Constitution proposed and agreed upon by the Deputies of the United States in General Convention, held at the city of Philadelphia, on the 17th day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1787, have approved of, assented to, ratified and confirmed, and by these presents DO, in virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, for, and in behalf of ourselves and our constituents, fully, freely and entirely approve of, assent to, ratify and confirm the said Constitution.”
From Oswald's Independent Gazetteer. I send you an extract of a letter I have received from Mr. Jay, which I beg you will insert in your paper. “New-York, 1st Dec. 1787.” John Jay.
“Dear Sir, “I thank you for your obliging letter of the 24th ult. enclosing a paragraph respecting me in Mr. Oswald's paper of the same date. You have my authority to deny the charge of sentiments it imputes to me, and to declare, that in my opinion, it is advisable for the people of America to adopt the Constitution proposed by the late Convention. If you should think it expedient to publish this letter, I have no objections to its being done.”
JOHN JAY.
Arrivals since our Last.
Brig Hector, Tucker, Turks-Island. Loyal Ann, M'Cay, Kingston, Jamaica. Sloop Peggy, Lawton, Rhode-Island.
D O D D S's
Musical Instrument Manufactory, from LONDON, No. 66, Queen-Street.
ORGANS, harpsichords and forte-pianoes, spinnets, forte-pianoes and common guitars, finished in the newest taste. The pianoe-forte is become the most fashionable instrument, and is introduced into almost every polite family in England, and is esteemed a complete accompaniment to the female voice; it takes up but little room, and may be moved with ease, and consequently kept in tune with little attention, and on that account superior to the harpsichord.
Mr. Dodds respectfully informs the gentlemen and ladies, that he manufactures this valuable and delightful instrument equal to any which may be imported, and twenty-five per cent. cheaper. It is well known, imported instruments are greatly impaired by the seas, not one in four, giving perfect satisfaction. Mr. Dodds has made it his study to procure seasoned wood for manufacturing this instrument, and can therefore recommend with the strictest integrity to his customers; but if any instrument should prove in any way defective, he will change it by paying the usual hire for the time retained.
He has for sale, a large assortment of fine toned violins and flutes with all the keys, voice flutes, consort flutes, clarinets, haut-bois, bassoons, French horns, trumpets, fifes proper for the field, stickado-pastorals, caolin harps, books of instructions, and strings for every instrument, pitch-pipes, tuning forks and hammers, ruling pens, mutes in brass and ivory screws, bridges, mutick desks, and a few of the newest songs set to music: These and every article may be had as good and as cheap as in London. A great allowance will be made to dealers in those articles. Instruments sold on commission, taken in exchange, let out, repaired and tuned in the best manner, and on the most reasonable terms.
58
Notice is hereby given, by the petitioning creditors of Cornelius Ryan, an insolvent debtor, that they do appear before John Wyley, Esq. Alderman, and one of the Judges of the Mayor's Court of the city of New-York, at his office in Nassau-street, by the 18th day of December inst. to show cause if any they have, why an assignment of the estate of the said Cornelius Ryan should not be made for the benefit of all his creditors, and the said Cornelius Ryan discharged pursuant to the direction of an act, entitled “An act for the relief of insolvent debtors,” passed the 13th day of April, 1786. Dated this 11th day of December, 1787.
CORNELIUS RYAN.
Petitioning Creditors, William Carmer, John Charlton, John Welch, John Johnson, Peter Schermerhorn, Arnold Cannon. James Griffiths, 58 2
By order of the Hon. Dirick Wynkoop, Esq. first Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the county of Ulster.—Notice is hereby given by the petitioning creditors of Oliver Hugon, an insolvent debtor, to all the creditors of the said insolvent, to appear before the said Judge at the Court-House in Kingston, on the last day of December inst. to show cause, if any they have, why an assignment of the said debtor's estate should not be made for the benefit of all his creditors, and he thereupon discharged pursuant to an act of the Legislature of the State of New-York, entitled, “An act for the relief of insolvent debtors;” passed the 13th day of April, 1786. Dated the 4th day of December 1787.
Petitioning Creditors. John H. Schenk, Gabriel Hugon, Joseph Mory, Christopher Codwise, Benjamin Ely, Samuel Morritt. 58 2
ALL Persons who are indebted to the estate of the late Jane Blanche, or Elizabeth Beau, or either of them, either by bond, note, or book debt, are desired to make payment to George Dominick, one of the executors to said estate, on or before the first day of March next, as all accounts which are not paid by that time will be put into the hands of an attorney, and all those who have any demands against the estate of the said Jane Blanche, or Elizabeth Beau or either of them, are desired to bring in their accounts.
GEORGE DOMINICK, } Executors. WILLIAM USTICK, } New-York, 14th December, 1787. 58
Now in the press, and will with all possible expedition be published in one volume, Octavo,
Debates of the Convention
OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, On the Constitution proposed for the government of the United States of America, accurately reported in Short Hand,
By THOMAS LLOYD.
THE price of this work cannot be accurately ascertained, because the quantity will depend altogether upon the arguments used by the Honorable Members of that body—but it is intended to be at the rate of one dollar per 100 pages. Subscriptions are received by the Printers.
* * Several of the editor's friends having supposed a pamphlet printed by Thomas Bradford, entitled “The Substance of a Speech delivered by James Wilson, Esq. &c.” was written by him, he conceives himself under the necessity of counteracting any impression such an opinion may have made upon the public, by assuring them he was not the writer, but pledges himself to give that address in the forementioned volume, without mutilation or misrepresentation.
December 3, 1787. 58 6
STATE OF NEW-YORK, ss.
WHEREAS all the real estate of which John Thompson, late of Goshen precinct, in the county of Orange, yeoman, deceased, died seized, has been sold by an order of Peter Ogilvie, Esq. Judge of the Court of Probates of this State, for the payment of his debts; all persons who have any demands against the estate of the said John Thompson, are hereby notified and desired to produce the same to the said Judge at the said Court of Probates, at the Probate-Office, in the City of New-York, on the twenty-fifth day of March next, when and where a final settlement and distribution of the said estate will be made. Given under my hand, at the Probate-Office, in the City of New-York the 12th day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven.
1 58 6 PETER OGILVIE.
NOTICE is hereby given by the petitioning creditors of James Latta, an insolvent debtor, to all the creditors of said insolvent debtor, that they do appear before the Hon. John Sloss Hobart, Esq. one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the State of New-York, at his chamber in Crown-street in said City, on Monday the 31st day of December inst. to show cause, if any they have, why an assignment of the estate of the said James Latta, should not be made for the benefit of all his creditors, and the said James Latta be discharged, pursuant to the directions of an act of the Legislature of the State of New-York, entitled, “An act for the relief of insolvent debtors,” passed the 13th of April, 1786. Dated this 12th day of December, 1787.
1 58 3 JAMES LATTA.
To be SOLD,
A FARM in Ulster County, Shawangunk Precinct, twenty miles from Newburgh or New-Wind-sor landings; containing one hundred acres of excellent Land, thirty of which is the best timothy meadow, and more may be made: There are on said farm a large dwelling House and Barn, a young Orchard containing different kinds of fruit, with a grist and taw mill, the whole in good repair and in a fertile settlement. Property in New-York, wet or dry goods will be taken in payment.—For terms apply to William Boyd in New-York, or to the subscriber on the premises, who will give a sufficient title.
1 55 12 JOHN M'KINSTRAY.
By order of the Hon. Richard Morris, Esq. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New-York.
NOTICE is hereby given to Samuel Marsh, surviving partner of Samuel Marsh and Giles Hudson, late of the city of London, merchants, an absent debtor, and all others whom it may concern; that on application, and due proof made to him the said Chief Justice, pursuant to the directions of the Law of the State of New-York, entitled “An act for relief against absconding and absent debtors,” passed the 4th of April, 1786: He hath directed all the estate, real and personal, within the State of New-York, of the said Samuel Marsh, to be seized; and that unless the said Samuel Marsh doth discharge his debts within one year after this public notice of such seizure, all his estate, real and personal, will be sold for the payment and satisfaction of his creditors.
New-York, June 22, 1787. 1af 31 1 y
An ACADEMY
Is opened in Upper Salem, in the county of Westchester, and State of New-York, under the immediate inspection of Mr. Amzi Lewis, in a convenient building prepared for that purpose,—where the learned languages and all kinds of academical literature will be accurately taught.
The situation is pleasant and healthy. Decent lodgings for students may be had in the neighbourhood, on the most reasonable terms; and particular care will be taken to furnish the school with every necessary accommodation.
Those gentlemen who send their children to this academy, may depend on their being treated with paternal tenderness, faithfully instructed in the various branches of science, and carefully inspected with regard to their moral deportment.
As an institution of this kind has been much needed in this part of the country; it is hoped our design will meet with early encouragement, from the friends of literature.
BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
Upper Salem, December 4, 1787. N. B. A neat set of globes have been procured for the benefit of students in geography and astronomy. 1 56 5
FLAX-SEED,
STORED, Cleaned, Purchased and sold, at HERTSELL and WOODWARD'S Flaxseed-fort, lately occupied by Mr. JACOB SARLY, last by Mr. Nash, between Van Zandt's and Murray's Wharves. 43
At a Court of Probates of the State of New-York, held at the Probate-Office in the city of New-York, on the fifth day of December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven.
P R E S E N T.
The Honorable Peter Ogilvie, Esquire, Judge of the said Court.
WHEREAS Daniel Ter Bois and John Lyfter, Administrators of Christian Genshimer, with his will annexed, late of Rombout Precinct, Dutchess county and State of New-York, yeoman, deceased, have by their petition, presented to the said Judge, set forth, that the said Christian Genshimer was, at the time of his death, seized of a real estate within this State, that the petitioners have made a just and true account of the personal estate and debts of the said Christian Genshimer, as far as they had been able to discover the same, and that thereby it appeared, that the personal estate of the said Christian Genshimer was insufficient to pay his debts, and therefore requested the aid of the said Judge in the premises according to the directions of the act, entitled “An act for the relief of creditors against heirs, devisees, executors and administrators and for proving wills respecting real estates,” and the said petitioners have delivered to the said Judge the accounts in the said petition mentioned; thereupon it is ordered by the said Judge, that all persons interested in the estate of the said Christian Genshimer, do appear before the Judge of the said Court of Probates, at the Probate-Office in the city of New-York, on the twenty-eighth day of January next, to show cause, if any they have, why so much of the real estate whereof the said Christian Genshimer died seized, should not be sold, as will be sufficient to pay his debts.
1 56 4 PETER OGILVIE.
JUST IMPORTED,
In the Montgomery, Capt. Bunyan, from London, and other late vessels from Great-Britain, and to be Sold on very reasonable terms, by
ROBERT HODGE, No. 237, the corner of King and Queen-streets, A large and choice collection of
B O O K S ;
among which are, ELEGANT folio family bibles, with near 200 cuts in each; Burkit on the new testament, Brown's self-interpreting bible, 2 vols; Cruden's concordance, Warden's system of divinity, Whitby's commentary, Blair's, Carr's, Erkin's, Boston's, Willison's, Atterbury's, &c. sermons; Neilson's festivals, Cullen's, Duncan's, and Hoffman's, practice of physic; Van Swieten's commentaries, 18 vols. Boerhaave's aphorisms, 6 vols. Smellie, and Hamilton's midwifery; Leake on the diseases of women, 2 vols. Quincey's medical lexicon, Fourcroy's chemistry, &c. Ainsworth's, Young's, Cole's, and Entick's latin Dictionaries; Davidson's Virgil and Horace; Duncan's Cicero, Kent's Lucian, Clark's Cæsar, Homer, Nepos, Butropius, Brasnau; an introduction; Simpson's fluxions, and Euclid; Hammond's algebra Stone's Euclid; Love's surveying, Guthrie's and Salmon's geographical grammars; Johnson's, Sheridan's, Ash's, Dyke's, Bailey's, Scott's, Perry's, and Entick's dictionaries; Bennet's christian oratory, Scott on elocution, elegant extracts in verse, do. in prose, Lord Littleton's letters, Klopstock's Messiah, Hutton's mensuration, Hawney's mensuration.
Besides the above, a great variety, consisting of History, Divinity, Law, Philosophy, Mathematics, Biography, Geography, Poetry, Phyic, Surgery, Agriculture, Nautical Books, Dictionaries, Architecture, Novels, Miscellanies, Plays, &c.
Also, an excellent Assortment of
STATIONARY, viz.
Genuine Writing Paper of different sizes and prices, Ledgers, Journals, Waste, Letter, and Blank Books of all sizes; Receipt Books, Bonnet and Wrapping Paper, Sealing-Wax, Wafers, Quills, Slates, lead and slate Pencils, Penknives, elegant Shoe Buckles, Message Cards, &c &c.
* * * Commissions from the Country thankfully received, and carefully executed. 53 5
To be Sold at Public Auction,
ON Wednesday the 2d day of April, 1788, if not disposed of before; a DWELLING HOUSE consisting of three rooms, a kitchen and cellar, together with twenty acres of cleared land, situated between Hackenack and the New-bridge, about two miles and a quarter from the former, and one quarter from the latter: It has an excellent orchard, and some meadow; is an excellent stand for a merchant or tradesman. For particulars enquire of John Van Buskerk, at Kinnicameck, or Lawrence Roome, fadler, living in Broadway, No. 48, New-York. 2 57
MR. PICKEN's Public Dance, will be held at the City Assembly Room, on Friday evening the 14th inst.—his pupil's performances to begin at 5 o'clock in the evening, and will continue till half past 8; when the company will have an opportunity of amusing themselves with country dances, &c.—Price of a ticket, six shillings. 57 2
ALL Persons who have any demands against the estate of Clauchey Reid, deceased, are requested to send in their accounts, attested; and those who are indebted to said estate, are desired to make immediate payment to prevent further trouble.
JOHN ANDERSON, Executor, Who is removed from Water-street, to No. 16, Cherry-street. Dec. 10. 57 im
FOR SALE,
THAT NOTED STAND for business, situate in New-Brunswick, State of New-Jersey, consisting of a good stone dwelling-house, merchant-shop, store-house, bake-house with a good oven, stables, garden and a large lot containing 163 feet in front, and in rear extends to low water mark; with a good convenient wharf, to which may be carried eight feet water at common tides, and spring-tides nine and ten feet water; also the one half of a New Sloop. For terms apply to the subscriber on the premises, or to Wm. Hillyer No. 6, Little Water-street, New-York.
N. B. It will be sold for Jersey money or part in goods.
PETER TEN EYCK. New-Brunswick, Nov. 5, 1787. 52 6

ASSIZE OF BREAD. ESTABLISHED in Common Council, December 5th, 1787.—A loaf of inspected superfine wheat flour to weigh 2lb. 5oz. for six pence. A loaf of rye flour to weigh 1lb. 12oz. for three pence.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the city of New-York, the 10th day of Oct. in the year of our Lord, 1787. PRESENT, The Hon. Robt. R. Livingston, Esq. Chancellor. In Chancery. Dirck Lefferts, Complainant.
Abel Jennings, George Wakeman, Daniel Campbell and others, Defendants.
FORASMUCH as it appears to this Court, that a bill hath been filed therein, by Dirck Lefferts, plaintiff, mortgagee, against Abel Jennings, George Wakeman, Daniel Campbell and others, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned, to have been mortgaged by the defendants Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, to the said Dirck Lefferts, whereupon process of subpoena to appear & answer hath been duly issued and returned; and that the said Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, have not entered their appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this Court, the same ought to have been entered, in case the said process had been duly served, and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this Court, that the said defendants, Abel Jennings & George Wakeman, have withdrawn themselves out of this State and cannot upon due enquiry, be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process, which issued on the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause. Wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainant, that the said Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, appear to the said bill, on the eleventh day of April next; and in default thereof, that the complainant's said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns them the said Abel Jennings and George Wakeman, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof, as to this Court shall appear just and right: And it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within 20 days from the date hereof, be inserted in at least, two of the public news-papers printed in the State of New York, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the minutes. 1 42 8 W. COCK, Register.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the city of New-York, the 10th day of Oct. in the year of our Lord, 1787. PRESENT, The Hon. Robt. R. Livingston, Esq. Chancellor. In Chancery. Dirck Lefferts, Complainant.
Stephen Tuttle and Philip Van Ranselaer, Defendants.
FORASMUCH as it appears to this Court, that a bill hath been filed therein, by Dirck Lefferts, mortgagee, against Stephen Tuttle and Philip Van Ranselaer, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned, to have been mortgaged by the said defendants, Stephen Tuttle, to the said Dirck Lefferts, whereupon process of subpoena to appear and answer hath been duly issued and returned; and that the said Stephen Tuttle hath not entered his appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this Court, the same ought to have been entered in case the said process had been duly served on him the said Stephen Tuttle, and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this Court, that the said defendant, Stephen Tuttle, has withdrawn himself out of this State, and cannot upon due enquiry, be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process which issued on the filing of the said bill of complaint in this cause: Wherefore, it is ordered, upon motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainant, that the said Stephen Tuttle, appear to the said bill, on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainant's said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns him the said Stephen Tuttle, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof, as to this Court shall appear just and right: And it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within 20 days from the date hereof, be inserted in at least, two of the public news-papers printed in the State of New-York, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the minutes. 1 42 8 W. COCK, Register.
BLANK BOOKS. LEDGERS, journals, waste books, invoice books, letter books, well bound and lettered; imperial, royal, medium or fool's cap paper. Also, receipt books, memorandum books, pocket books, and a great variety of stationery, amongst which are several thousand BEST HOLLAND QUILLS, which will be sold at moderate prices, by S. LOUDON.
PASTE-BOARD Sold by the Printers.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the city of New-York, the 10th day of Oct. in the year of our Lord, 1787. PRESENT, The Hon. Robt. R. Livingston, Esq. Chancellor. In Chancery. Dirck Lefferts & Gerard G. Beekman, Complainants.
James Attle, Defendant.
FORASMUCH as it appears to this Court, that a bill hath been filed therein, by Dirck Lefferts and Gerard G. Beekman, mortgagees, against James Attle, mortgager, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned, to have been mortgaged by the said defendant, James Attle, to the said Dirck Lefferts and Gerard G. Beekman; whereupon process of subpoena to appear and answer hath been duly issued and returned; and that the said James Attle hath not entered his appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this Court the same ought to have been entered in case the said process had been duly served, and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this Court, that the said defendant, James Attle, hath withdrawn out of this State, and cannot upon due enquiry be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process which issued on the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause: Wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainants, that the said James Attle, appear to the said bill, on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainant's said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns him the said James Attle, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof as to this Court shall appear just and right: And it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within 20 days from the date hereof, be inserted in at least, two of the public news-papers printed in the State of New-York, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the minutes. 1 42 8 W. COCK, Register.
At a Court of Chancery, held at the Chancellor's Chambers, in the city of New-York, the 10th day of Oct. in the year of our Lord, 1787. PRESENT, The Hon. Robt. R. Livingston, Esq. Chancellor. In Chancery. Dirck Lefferts & Gerard G. Beekman, Complainants.
Andrew Liddle & Jonathan Filer, Defendants.
FORASMUCH as it appears to this Court, that a bill hath been filed therein, by Dirck Lefferts and Gerard G. Beekman, complainants, mortgagees, against the defendants, Andrew Liddle and Jonathan Filer, to obtain a decree for the sale of certain premises therein mentioned, to have been mortgaged by the said Andrew Liddle, to the said Dirck Lefferts and Gerard G. Beekman, whereupon process of subpoena to appear and answer hath been duly issued and returned; and that the said defendant, Andrew Liddle, hath not entered his appearance in this suit, as according to the rules of this Court, the same ought to have been entered in case the said process had been duly served on him, the said Andrew Liddle, and an affidavit having been made to the satisfaction of this Court, that the said defendant, Andrew Liddle, hath withdrawn himself out of this State, and cannot upon due enquiry, be found within the same, so as to be served with the said process, which issued on the filing of the bill of complaint in this cause: Wherefore it is ordered, on motion of Mr. Ogilvie, of counsel for the complainants, that the said Andrew Liddle, appear to the said bill, on the eleventh day of April next, and in default thereof, that the complainant's said bill be taken pro confesso, so far as it concerns him the said Andrew Liddle, to the end, that a decree may be made for a sale of the said premises, or such part thereof as to this Court shall appear just and right: And it is further ordered, that a copy of this order, within 20 days from the date hereof, be inserted in at least, two of the public news-papers, printed in the State of New-York, for the space of eight weeks successively.
Extract from the minutes. 1 42 8 W. COCK, Register.
PRIZE-MONEY. OF the Squadron under John Paul Jones, Esq. NOTICE is hereby given to those Officers and Men of the Frigates Alliance and Bon homme Richard, who are entitled to a share in the Prizes taken by the Squadron under the command of John Paul Jones, Esq. that a division has been made of the proceeds of such prizes as were sold in France, and that the shares will be paid to the respective claimants, or their legal representatives, on their producing at this office, sufficient proof that they are the persons, or are empowered by the persons actually entitled to the shares they respectively claim. Benjamin Walker, Commissioner. Office of Accounts, Marine Department, New-York, Nov. 1, 1787 The several Printers throughout the United States, are requested to insert the above for the information of such of their citizens, as may have claims.
Wants Employment, a young Man, Who is perfectly acquainted with the business of a Counting-House, and can be well recommended—Enquire of the Printers.
State of New-York, Court of Admiralty. Charles March, Timothy Penny, Abraham P. Mendes, John Thompson, Gad Wells, and others, Libellants.
Sundry Goods, Wares and Merchandize, saved out of a vessel having no person on board, by John Shannon and others, and claimed by Gibbon Bourke, John Donnan and the said John Shannon and others, and claimed in part by Daniel M c Corrnick for Hyem Cohen, and by William Cock for Richard Hall.
WHEREAS Charles March, Timothy Penny, Abraham P. Mendes, John Thompson, Matthew Pergo, John Howard, Gad Wells, Samuel Eells and Peter Noyes, junior, as passengers, and Malcom Taylor, and Henry Harris, as mariners, on board of the brigantine Port Roseway, have filed a libel in the said Court, setting forth that in and with the said brigantine, in a voyage from the island of Jamaica to New-London, in Connecticut, on or about the first day of August, in the year 1784, in the latitude of 23 degrees and 40 minutes north, or thereabouts, they discovered and went to a vessel with only her foremast standing, and having no living creature on board, and five feet water in her hold; and that they saved and took out of the said brigantine, sundry goods, wares and merchandise, which were by them brought to the port of New-York, and there sold at public vendue, by order of Gibbon Bourke and John Donnan, of the said city, merchants: And whereas it appears by return of sales of Anthony L. Bleeker, that the said merchandise so saved and brought to the port of New-York, consisted of the following articles, viz. Six hogheads of sugar, the marks and numbers whereof were defaced, one hoghead of sugar marked F. No. 102, 1 other hoghead of sugar, marked WB. No. 185, one other hoghead of sugar, marked F. S. 1 hoghead of spirits, marked E. [enclosed with a diamond] No. 6, one other hoghead of spirits, marked B. E. No. 4, one other hoghead of spirits, marked B. E. No. 5, one other hoghead of spirits, marked B. R. No. 3, one other hoghead of spirits, marked WB. No. 7, one other hoghead of spirits, marked WB. No. 8, and one other hoghead of spirits, marked WB. No. 9, thirteen bales of cotton wool without mark or number, one bale of cotton wool, marked B. three other bales of cotton wool, marked H. C. fifteen other bales of cotton wool, the marks & numbers whereof were defaced; four whole bales, four half bales, four broken bales, and four bundles of cotton wool, the marks whereof, if any had been, could not be discovered, a quantity of logwood, and five hundred and fifty-one feet of mahogany. And whereas, by an advertisement formerly published in one of the newspapers printed in New-York, the said goods and merchandise were said to have been saved and taken on board of the said brigantine Port-Roseway, on Thursday the 5th day of August, 1784. And whereas, Gibbon Bourke and John Donnan, on behalf of John Shannon, master, and Samuel Nesbitt, mate, Malcom Taylor, Martin George, John Harper, Swiney Wilson and Alexander M c Kenzie, mariners, and Richard Hall, owner of the said brigantine Port-Roseway, have filed a claim in the said Court, praying a decree for their proportional shares of the net proceeds of the said goods: And whereas, Daniel M c Corrnick, of the city of New-York, merchant, for and on behalf of Hyem Cohen, of the island of Jamaica, hath filed a claim in the said Court, to the monies which have arisen from the sales of the said cotton wool, or part thereof, after the payment of salvage: And whereas, William Cock, of the city of New-York, Esq. for and on behalf of Richard Hall, of Shelburne, in Nova-Scotia, as sole owner of the said brigantine Port-Roseway, hath also filed a claim in the said Court, praying an allowance for salvage out of the monies arisen by the sale of the said goods, wares and merchandise. And whereas, it appears by the deposition of William M c Kenzie and Malcom Taylor, two of the persons on board the brigantine Port-Roseway, at the time the said goods and merchandise were so saved and taken on board; that the deserted vessel out of which the said goods were saved, was generally supposed by themselves and others then present, to have been a brigantine; and it further appears by the said depositions and the deposition of Swiney Wilson, which depositions were severally taken in open Court, that the said deserted vessel was a stout vessel, (perhaps about three hundred tons burthen) had a woman's head, with guard-irons round it, that she had black sides and yellow mouldings, that she had either three or four ports on each side abaft her chains, that she had a double deck as far as her main-mast, and had deck beams but no plank on them before her main-mast, as part of her lower deck, that she had quarter-barges but no quarter-galleries, and was plain behind, and that her quarter-deck was raised about three feet above her main-deck.—Therefore, pursuant to an order of the said Court, public notice and notice is hereby given to all persons interested or claiming to be interested in the said goods, wares and merchandise, so saved or any part thereof, to put in a claim in the said Court for the same, within one year and a day from the day of the date of this notice. Dated the eighth day of October, in the twelfth year of the Independence of the State of New-York, and the year of our Lord, 1787.
By order of the Court of Admiralty, 39 13 JOHN GRAHAM, Marshal.
THOMAS MAULE, No. 40, Hanover-Square, HAS received by the America , from London, and the Ann and Susan , from Liverpool, a variety of FALL GOODS, Which he will sell on very reasonable Terms, viz. COATINGS, plains, broad-cloths, ferges, blankets, baizes, flannels, tammies, durants, wild-bores, camblets, laslings, fatinets, ribbons, gauzes, modes, fatins, lute-frings, armozenes, tafaties, black persians, florentines, sewing silk, twist, hosery, gloves, &c. &c. September 11, 1787.
JOHN GLOVER, No. 49, Broad-way, HAS imported in the Hudson, from Dublin, a variety of low priced yard wide and 7-8s Irish linens, sheetings and printed handkerchiefs, which he will sell on the lowest terms. Also, a general assortment of dry goods as usual.
WHEREAS the Co-partnership of the House of Henry Arnold Coffer, Bohl Bohlen, Hato Joachim Coffer and Herman Gerard Hanumacher, established in this city, under the firm of BROTHERS, COSTER & Co. was, on the 20th day of October last, dissolved by mutual consent; all persons having any demands against the House, are requested to furnish their accounts immediately, and those who are indebted to them, will be pleased to make payment to Henry Arnold Coffer, one of the said House, on or before the 31st day of December, or their accounts will, without distinction, be put in the hands of an Attorney; he being fully authorized to settle the same.
N. B. The business, under the firm of Brothers, Coffer and Co. will in future, be carried on by Henry Arnold Coffer and C. L. Cammann. New-York, Sept. 28, 1787.
At a Court of Probates of the State of New-York, held at the Probate Office in the city of New-York, on the 28th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1787.
PRESENT, The Hon. Peter Ogilvie, Esq. Judge of the said Court. WHEREAS Stephen Haight, administrator of John Sherwood, late of Coxe's Key, in the county of Albany, yeoman, deceased, hath by his petition presented to the said Judge set forth, that the said John Sherwood, was at the time of his death, seized of a real estate within this State; that the petitioner had made a just and true account of the personal estate and debts of the said John Sherwood, as far as he had been able to discover the same; and that thereby it appeared that the personal estate of his said intestate was insufficient to pay his debts, and therefore requested the aid of the said Judge in the premises, according to the directions of the act, entitled, 'an act for the relief of creditors against heirs, devisees, executors and administrators, and for proving wills respecting real estates;' and the said petitioner hath delivered to the said Judge the account in the said petition mentioned: Hereupon it is ordered by the said Judge, that all persons interested in the estate of the said John Sherwood, do appear before the Judge of the said Court of Probates, at the Probate Office in the city of New-York, on the 19th day of January next, to show cause if any they have, why so much of the real estate whereof the said John Sherwood died seized, should not be sold as will be sufficient to pay his debts. 1 54 4 PETER OGILVIE.
ALL Persons whatever are hereby forbid to trust my Wife, or any one, on my account, without my special Order in Writing: As I will not pay any Debts, otherwise contracted, from the Date hereof. Witness my Hand, this 29th Day of November, 1787. JACOB MOORE.
By order of the Hon. Richard Morris, Esq. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature of the State of New-York:
NOTICE is hereby given to Seth Williams, now or late of Rhode-Island, and to all others whom it may concern; that on application and due proof made to the said Chief Justice, pursuant to an act of the Legislature of this State of New-York entitled, "An act for relief against absconding and absent debtors, passed the fourth day of April, 1786:" He hath issued his warrant to the Sheriff of the city and county of New-York, commanding him to attach, seize, take and safely keep all the estate as well real as personal, of the said Seth Williams, an absent debtor, of what kind or nature soever, and every or any part or parcel thereof, in whatever part of his bailiwick the same can be found, with all evidences, books of account, vouchers and papers relating thereto: And that unless he, the said Seth Williams shall return and discharge his debts within twelve months after the publication of this notice, all his estate real and personal, will be sold for the payment and satisfaction of his creditors. Dated at the city of New-York, this 24th day of February, in the year of our Lord, 1787.
To be SOLD, A HOUSE and LOT, No. 11, Little Dock-street, being a capital stand for business, on which is a good dwelling-house with a back kitchen and store-house in the yard. For terms apply to the subscriber on the premises. 55 WM. M c KINLY.
N. B. One half of the purchase money to be paid down, and the other at no limited time, just as it may suit the purchaser.
PURSUANT to the directions contained in the law of this State, passed the 22d day of April, 1785; it is hereby certified, that William Hamilton, Auctioneer, has neglected and still does neglect to pay the State duty on his Vendue Sales, although he has been repeatedly called on for that purpose; and that his Licence is thereby revoked null and void. Gerard Bancker, Treasurer. December 3d, 1787.
CRUDEN'S Concordance. A FEW Copies of that much esteemed WORK, to be had, very cheap, at the Book-Store of S. LOUDON.