The Kentucky gazette (Lexington [Ky.]), 1802-05-07 00:00:00

THE KENTUCKY GAZETTE.
No. 8461
FRIDAY, MAY 7, 1802.
[VOL. XV]
LEXINGTON.—PRINTED BY DANIEL BRADFORD, (On Main Street)—PRICE TWO DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAID IN ADVANCE.
FOR THE KENTUCKY GAZETTE.
PHILANTHROPIST No. 4.
If we reject the languages what is to be done with the time, which is commonly devoted to their study? Many people suppose that a boy can learn Latin and Greek before he is old enough for any thing else. This is a grand mistake. No period of life is so important. Geography, Natural History, and Biography, may be studied with less difficulty than Latin and Greek. In these studies, the productions of the earth, the varieties of the animal and vegetable kingdoms, the different nations of the world, their manners, commerce, and government, present themselves to our view. This vast field of knowledge, from which we draw so many important truths, and from the study of which the mind expands, prejudice removes, and the intellectual powers enlarge, is adapted to the capacity of youth. The facts depend principally on memory, and this faculty in young minds is lively and strong. Arithmetic, a science of universal importance, is taught at an early period. It is perhaps as difficult as one half the sciences commonly taught at our universities. An accurate acquaintance with our own language is much less difficult than Latin and Greek, and is the surest means of gaining influence, and applause in a free republic. But our youth are not confined to those studies only. A very considerable portion of general history may be read at an early period. In short, the whole volume of nature, and human transactions, is open for our perusal. All the knowledge which depends on memory, ought to be acquired in youth, for nature has so formed the mind, that at this period we can with most ease acquire, and treasure up knowledge. In future life, our reasoning powers are called into exertion, and we have then most occasion for this knowledge, thus early acquired.
A more important part of early education is, to form in youth, habits of virtue, firmness, and independent thought. We are surprised that this is an object of so little attention in almost every institution of learning in the United States. It has probably arisen from a too great attention to words instead of ideas. The former tends to keep the mind vacant, and of course leaves open the avenues of vice, the latter has a direct tendency to beget a love of truth, and a love of truth is the foundation of every thing noble, generous, great.
The smallest impression has a lasting influence on the tender mind. From the time we first breathe the vital air, we begin to sow the seeds of our future greatness or contempt. Every genius, which has commanded the admiration of mankind, has owed all its greatness to some impression or bent of thought, received in its earliest years. If we accustom our youth to read and comment upon the lives of such men as we wish them to imitate—if we reward every appearance of generosity and candour, and punish the contrary—if we habituate them to a love of truth and science, from their earliest years, would not their attention be better employed, than in the study of words or the sound of empty names?
PHILANTHROPIST.
TO ANTHROPOPATHOS.
Sir, BE assured your address to the public, in answer to the Philanthropist, has not, as yet, secured you a seat in the temple of wisdom. But do not despair, your sanguine expectations may yet be gratified, and a few more efforts, perhaps, may entitle you, at least to the appellation of the champion of antiquated wisdom. The great zeal you have displayed in defence of your slandered forefathers, have no doubt, demonstrated you a loving son, and shown the goodness of your heart, but unfortunately it has entirely missed your understanding, and like a blind man, you have stumbled from one subject to another; so that it is difficult to discover your meaning or intention. But Sir, your mistaken zeal is excusable. Roused by resentment to repel the injury offered to your much insulted progenitors, by the sacrilegious pen of modern man; and the affection it is natural for you to feel for your departed kindred, particularly those who have performed some great and heroic acts of prowess, which you may think worthy of imitation—it is not surprising that resentment assumed the province of understanding, and excited you to pour forth a torrent of invectives, that
would have disgraced the lips of an ideot. It is natural, Sir, for men of weak intellects to reverence the manners and customs of antiquity—not on account of any real benefits that are to be derived from them; but merely because they were the customs of their forefathers. This Sir, I presume is the case with you; if I am to judge from your exhausted logic urged in their defence. But be assured Sir, that all the eloquence and logic you are capable of displaying, will never render sacred, absurd dogmas, to the enlightened part of mankind, however they may impose upon the vulgar and illiterate. Nor will you effect your purpose by founding the alarm of religion being in danger, through the medium of a long, tiresome, nonsensical and childish story. Do you really think, Sir, that the Philanthropist will effect the overthrow of religion, by demonstrating the inutility of the dead languages or by shewing the absurdity of their being taught as a liberal branch of education; or that it would gratify him (as you say) to find no person capable of comparing the translation of the scriptures? Your assertions are bold, but unfortunately, your proofs are weak; and although your fears may be thought commendable by some; I cannot but pronounce them the inhabitants of a little and grovelling mind. Do you suppose that there is even a remote probability that we shall ever have a more perfect translation of the scriptures than what we have at present? To admit this is to pronounce that we are better acquainted with the dead languages, than they were a century past, when an acquaintance with those languages was much more cultivated than at present, which is absurd. Do not prostrate religion, for the infamous purpose of screening your ignorance and weakness; nor make use of that old hobby horse where it is not concerned, when you find yourself deficient in argument. Religion is not in danger—nor would it be were there not a Latin or Greek pedagogue in the universe. We do not hold it by so ticklish a tenure, as to be shaken by every blast of wind; nor are we to be frightened from an enquiry after truth, by the mere puff of a news paper dabbler. The public, Sir, would no doubt have been much gratified and indebted to you, provided you had fulfilled your promise of overturning the doctrine of that "enemy to polite literature," as you are pleased to call the Philanthropist. You set out with the strongest professions of accomplishing that end, and raised to the highest pinnacle the expectations of your readers. But what is our surprise when we find nothing to gratify those expectations, but a mere fictitious tale, irrelevant to the subject, and one which would even have disgraced a schoolboy. Like the mountain in labor, you groaned aloud and pretended to be pregnant with something worthy the attention of your fellow citizens, but when you were delivered behold it was nothing but a mere mouse!!!
PHILO PHILANTHROPIST.
[PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY.]
SEVENTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, AT THE FIRST SESSION, Begun and held at the City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia, on Monday, the Seventh of December, one thousand eight hundred and one.
AN ACT
Making a partial appropriation for the support of government during the year one thousand eight hundred and two.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled, That the sum of one hundred thousand dollars to be paid out of any monies in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, shall be, and the same hereby is appropriated towards defraying the expenditure of the civil list, including the contingent expenses of the several departments during the year one thousand eight hundred and two.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. A. BURR, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. APPROVED, April 2, 1802. TH: JEFFERSON, President of the United States.
AN ACT
Making an appropriation for defraying the expenses which may arise from carrying into effect the convention made between the United States and the French Republic.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That for the payment of such demands as may be justly due for French vessels and property captured, and which must be restored or paid for, pursuant to the convention between the United States
and the French Republic, there be appropriated a sum not exceeding three hundred and eighteen thousand dollars, to be paid under the direction of the President of the United States, out of any public money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. A. BURR, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. APPROVED, April 3, 1802. TH: JEFFERSON, President of the United States.
AN ACT
Making appropriation for defraying the expense of a negotiation with the British government, to ascertain the boundary line between the United States and Upper Canada.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby appropriated, payable out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated to defray the expense which shall be incurred in negotiating with the government of Great-Britain, for ascertaining and establishing the boundary line between the United States and the British province of Upper Canada; when the President of the United States shall deem it expedient to commence such negotiation.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. A. BURR, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. APPROVED, April 3, 1802. TH: JEFFERSON, President of the United States.
AN ACT
For the relief of ISAAC ZANE.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized and empowered to issue letters patent, in the name, and under the seal of the United States, thereby granting and conveying to Isaac Zane, his heirs and assigns, in fee simple, three sections of land, of one square mile each, within the North-Western Territory, of any lands not heretofore granted or reserved, and to which the Indian title has been extinguished; in trust, nevertheless, in respect to two of the said sections, which shall be last mentioned and described in the said letters patent, to, and for the use and benefit of the children of the said Isaac Zane, who shall be living at the time of his death, and of the heirs of any child or children, deceased, and their heirs, respectively, to hold as tenants in common.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said Isaac Zane, or his attorney in fact, shall, and they are hereby authorized and empowered to locate the said three sections in one or more tracts, not to exceed three locations of six hundred and forty acres each: Provided, the said land is not granted, appropriated or reserved by any act or resolution of the United States, or of Virginia, at the time of location.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the Surveyor-General of the United States, or one of his deputies, shall, without delay, reasonable notice thereof being first given, survey and lay off the same as the law directs: Provided, the same has not at such time, been surveyed.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. A. BURR, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. APPROVED, April 3, 1802. TH: JEFFERSON, President of the United States.
AN ACT
To repeal the Internal Taxes.
BE it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That from and after the thirtieth day of June next, the internal duties on bills and domestic distilled spirits, on refined sugars, licenses to retailers, sales at auction, carriages for the conveyance of persons, and stamped vellum parchment and paper, shall be discontinued, and all acts and parts of acts relative thereto shall, from and after the said thirtieth day of June next, be repealed: Provided, That for the recovery and receipt of such duties as shall have accrued, and on the day aforesaid remain outstanding, and for the payment of drawbacks or allowances on the exportation of any of the said spirits or sugars legally entitled thereto, and for the recovery and distribution of
fines, penalties, and forfeitures, and the remainder thereof, which shall have been incurred before and on the said day, the provisions of the aforesaid acts shall remain in full force and virtue.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the office of Superintendent of Stamps shall cease and be discontinued from and after the thirtieth day of April, 1802; after which day the commissioner of the revenue shall perform all the duties by law enjoined on the said Superintendent of Stamps, which may be required in pursuance of this act; that the office of collectors of the internal duties shall continue in each collection district, respectively, until the collection of the duties above mentioned shall have been completed in such district, and no longer, unless sooner discontinued by the President of the United States who shall be and hereby is empowered whenever the collection of the said duties shall have been so far completed in any district as to render, in his opinion, that measure expedient, to discontinue any of the said collectors and to unite into one collection district any two or more collection districts lying and being in the same state: that the office of supervisor shall continue in each state or district, respectively, until the collection of the duties above mentioned together with the collection of the direct tax shall have been completed in such state or district, and no longer; unless sooner discontinued by the President of the United States, who shall be and hereby is empowered, whenever the collection of the said duties and tax shall have been so far completed in any state or district as in his opinion to render that measure expedient, to discontinue any of the said offices; in which case the collectors thereafter employed in the collection of the said duties and tax in such state or district shall be appointed and removable by the President alone, and shall be immediately accountable to the officers of the treasury department, under such regulations as may be established by the secretary of the treasury: that for the promoting of the collection of any of the above mentioned duties or tax which may be outstanding after the said thirtieth day of June next, the President of the United States shall be, and he hereby is empowered at any time thereafter, to make such allowance as he may think proper in addition to that now allowed by law to any of the collectors of the said duties and tax, and the same from time to time to vary: Provided, That such additional allowance shall in no instance exceed in the aggregate five per cent. of the gross amount of the duties and tax outstanding on that day: and the office of commissioner of the revenue shall cease and be discontinued whenever the collection of the duties and tax above mentioned shall be completed unless sooner discontinued by the President of the United States, who shall be and hereby is empowered whenever the collection of the said duties and tax shall have been so far completed as, in his opinion, to render that measure expedient, to discontinue the said office, in which case the immediate superintendence of the collection of such parts of the said duties and taxes as may then remain outstanding, shall be placed in such officer of the treasury department as the secretary, for the time being may designate: Provided however, That all bonds, notes or other instruments, which have been charged with the payment of a duty, and which shall, at any time prior to the thirtieth day of June, have been written or printed upon vellum, parchment or paper not stamped or marked according to law, or upon vellum, parchment or paper stamped or marked at a lower rate of duty than is, by law, required for such bond, note or other instrument, may be presented to any collector of the customs within the state; and where there is no such collector, to the marshal of the district, whose duty it shall be, upon the payment of the duty with which such instrument was chargeable, together with the additional sum of ten dollars, for which duty and additional sum the said collector or marshal shall be accountable to the treasury of the United States, to endorse upon some part of such instrument his receipt for the same; and thereupon, the said bond, note or other instrument shall be, to all intents and purposes, as valid, and available to the person holding the same, as if it had been or were stamped, counterstamped, or marked as by law required, any thing in any act to the contrary, notwithstanding.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That owners of stills whose licenses to distil shall not have expired on the thirtieth day of June next, shall, at their option, pay either the whole duty which would have accrued on their stills on account of such licenses, or the duty which would have accrued on said stills, on the day aforesaid, if they had taken licenses ending on that day: that owners of stills whose licenses had not expired on the first day of June, 1796, shall be allowed a deduction from the duties incurred on the same, proportionate to the time thus remaining unexpired on such licenses: that the several banks, which may have agreed to pay the annual composition of one per cent. on their dividends, in lieu of the

stamped duty on the notes issued by them, shall pay only at the rate of one per cent. per annum, on such dividends to the thirtieth day of June next; that retailers of wines and spirits, who may take licenses after the passing of this act, shall pay for such licenses only in proportion to the time which may intervene between the obtaining of such licenses and the thirtieth day of June next; and that the owners of carriages for the conveyance of persons, who may enter the same after the passing of this act, and before the thirtieth day of June next, shall pay the duty for the same only to the said thirtieth day of June.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted , That the supervisor of the North West district shall in addition to the same commissions on the product of all the internal duties collected in his district, as heretofore have been allowed to the supervisor of Ohio, be allowed an annual salary of five hundred dollars, and at the rate of three hundred dollars per annum, for clerks-hire.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted , That the following extra allowances for clerk hire shall be made for one year, to the supervisors of the following districts, as a full compensation for the additional duties arising from the settlement of accounts of certain inspectors of the internal revenues, whose offices have been suppressed by the President of the United States; that is to say:—To each of the supervisors of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North-Carolina and South-Carolina, the sum of 800 dollars; and to the supervisor of Virginia, the sum of 500 dollars.
Sec. 6. And be it further enacted , That so much of any act, as directs an annual entry of bills to be made, be, and the same hereby is repealed.
Sec. 7. And be it further enacted , That the certificates accompanying foreign distilled spirits, wines and teas, which are now furnished by the supervisors to the inspectors of the ports shall, from and after the aforesaid thirtieth day of June be furnished by such collectors of the customs, as may be designated by the secretary of the Treasury. And it shall be the duty of the inspectors to account with such collectors for the application of such certificates, in like manner, and under the same regulations, as heretofore they have accounted with the supervisors.
Sec. 8. And be it further enacted , That for preparing and issuing the certificates, the collectors performing that duty, shall be entitled to, and receive the same compensation, as heretofore has been allowed to the supervisors, respectively.
Sec. 9. And be it further enacted , That all persons who shall on or after the thirtieth day of June next, have any blank vellum, parchment or paper, which has been stamped by the superintendent of the stamps, and counterstamped by the commissioner of the revenue, and on which a duty has been paid to the use of government, shall be entitled to receive from such collector or collectors of the customs, or other revenue officer in the respective states or districts, as may be designated for that purpose by the secretary of the treasury, the value of the said stamps, after deducting, in all cases, seven and an half per cent. and the said officers are hereby authorised to pay the same: Provided , The said blank vellum, parchment or paper, be presented within four months after the 30th day of June next.
NATHL. MACON, Speaker of the House of Representatives. A. BURR, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. APPROVED, April 6, 1802. TH: JEFFERSON, President of the United States.
At a meeting of the Transylvania Philosophical Society, held at the University, on the 24th April, 1802—on motion—Ordered, that the dissertation of A. Beatty esq. read at the February meeting, be published.
JOHN TILFORD, Sec'y.
A THEORY
Of Congelation. Evaporation, the formation of Clouds, and the production of Rain and Snow.
(CONCLUDED FROM OUR LAST.)
I shall now proceed to the principle subject of the first part of this thesis; in the progress of which, I shall make incidentally, as circumstances may require, such further observations on caloric as may appear necessary.
Evaporation may be defined to be a transformation of water, or other fluid substance from a liquid to a vaporous or aeriform state.
All substances in nature are found to be acted upon by different, but invariable and permanent laws, of whose existence we are conscious, from their effects being daily exposed to our senses, but concerning the nature of whose operations we are almost totally ignorant. Of these laws, those which come most frequently within the sphere of our observation, are the laws of gravitation , and cohesive attraction .
Gravitation is that power, whatever may be its cause, which gives to all bodies a tendency to approach each other with a force in proportion to their absolute quantity of matter or solid contents.
Cohesive attraction is that power, which operates only on bodies very nearly in contact; and is the cause by which the atoms, or invisible particles of bodies are united
into sensible masses. This power does not, like that of gravitation, operate on bodies in proportion to their solid contents, but is more or less strong in almost every different substance. It differs also from gravitation materially in another respect; that is, its capability of being destroyed by the operation of a third substance, viz. caloric. The means by which caloric destroys that cohesive attraction, which exists between the particles of all solid bodies, are not well understood; but that it does so is a fact which cannot be denied. Mr. Lavoisier supposes that the particles of caloric have a stronger mutual attraction than those of any other substance; and that the particles of the substance, into which the caloric penetrates, are torn asunder in consequence of this superior attraction, which forces them between the particles of other bodies, that they may be able to reunite with each other. This operation is something like that which takes place when a sponge is immersed in water; for by a certain combination of different attractive powers the water is able to separate the particles of the sponge, and to intimate itself into all its interstices. The same operation takes place when almost any porous substance is immersed in water. If, for instance, wood is immersed in water, the water not only fills all the pores, but actually tears the particles of the wood asunder, not sufficiently indeed to destroy their cohesive attraction, but so much so as to increase considerably the bulk of the wood. I think it cannot be doubted but that caloric acts upon all substances, capable of fluidity, as water, in the above instance, acts upon the wood; for these substances are invariably found to increase in volume in proportion to the quantity of caloric introduced into them.* When this property of caloric is admitted, it is easy to account for the cause of the three different states viz. solidity, liquidity, and aeriform elasticity , which Mr. Lavoisier supposes almost all substances, under different circumstances, may assume. Thus all substances naturally exist in a solid state; but if a quantity of caloric, sufficient to destroy the cohesive attraction, which exists between their particles, is introduced into them, they immediately assume the liquid state. The power of gravity however still exists, and prevents the particles of the fluid from flying off into the atmosphere. But if more caloric is added, the power of gravity, as well as the pressure of the atmosphere, may be finally overcome; when the substance will assume the elastic aeriform state. Thus mercury in the temperature of our climate is always liquid; but if exposed to a temperature of about 45 deg. below 0 of Fahrenheit, it assumes the solid state; and on the contrary, altho' a very sluggish metal, if exposed to a high degree of heat, would easily assume the aeriform elastic state. The attraction of cohesion between the particles of water is much stronger, and can only be overcome by a quantity of caloric equal to about 32 deg. of Fahrenheit; and on the contrary, being of not near so sluggish a nature as mercury, is able to overcome the pressure of the atmosphere, as well as the power of gravity, and to assume a permanently elastic aeriform state at a temperature of about 212 deg.
As the transformation of all substances into the gaseous state by means of evaporation depends upon the same principles, I shall confine my observations principally to one; and shall make choice of water, because the evaporation of this substance comes more within the sphere of our observation than any other; and because it is principally this, which affords the means of rain and snow, which will hereafter be subjects of this thesis. I have already observed, that a temperature of about 32 deg. Fahrenheit thermometer is sufficient to change water from its solid to a liquid state; but as its capacity for containing caloric, as I have already shown, is considerably greater in its liquid than in its solid
* Instead of accounting for the separation of the particles of hard substances by the agency of caloric on the hypothesis of Mr. Lavoisier, I think it may be done more satisfactorily upon the same principles on which the separation of the particles of wood by the agency of water is accounted for; viz. a stronger affinity between the particles of the caloric and those of the substance which it penetrates than between the particles of the substance themselves. There only appears to be this difference, that the affinity of caloric for other substances is much stronger than that of water; and is not, (as far as has yet been discovered) like water, capable of having its superior affinity destroyed by completely saturating the substances which it penetrates.
It is not difficult to conceive of the means by which ice is rendered liquid by the agency of caloric, when it is considered that the cohesive attraction existing between its particles is the sole cause of its solidity ; and that this cohesive attraction is capable of being destroyed by the introduction of this fluid. Were there no such power as cohesive attraction, the particles of the ice would be united by no other bond of union than that with which grains of sand are kept together, viz. the power of gravitation. Now if a fluid, which has a stronger affinity for the grains of sand than the grains of sand have for each other, should be poured among a portion of it, the grains of sand would, by reason of this stronger affinity of the fluid, be distributed throughout the whole of it in equal portions, and all of them would be at an equal distance from each other. Hence if just so much of this fluid were poured among the sand as to separate its parts so much as to prevent them from coming in contact with each other, the sand might be called a fluid ; for its parts would be capable of being moved through each other with the utmost facility. In a word the process of dissolving ice, or rendering it liquid, is just like that which takes place in the dissolution of salt or loaf sugar in water, with this difference, that salt and sugar, in their state of dissolution, are invisible, whereas the particles of the water are still visible, but in a liquid, instead of a solid state.
state, it necessarily follows, that, as soon as the ice begins to dissolve, a quantity of caloric will be wanting to supply the water, formed by the melting of the ice, to the full extent of its increased capacity. If the temperature of the atmosphere were such as to raise the mercury in the thermometer two or three degrees above the freezing point, it would be sufficient, on the supposition that the capacities of ice and water for containing caloric were equal, to dissolve a considerable mass of ice in a very short time. But as a great portion of the heat, which is brought in contact with the ice, by the surrounding atmosphere, is required for the purpose of supplying the water, as it is gradually formed by the dissolution of the ice, to the utmost extent of its increased capacity, there is but little left to carry on the process; it must therefore progress very slowly. Thus the two operations counteract the effects of each other, and render the progress of dissolution very gradual.
Nor is the effect remarkably different when the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere is twenty or thirty, or even 60 or 70 degrees above the freezing point; for as this high temperature is calculated to produce a rapid thaw, so it also affords the means of absorbing, in greater abundance, the heat which from the surrounding atmosphere comes in contact with the ice: and that portion of heat will only exert itself in carrying on the process of dissolving the ice, which remains after supplying the water, as it is gradually formed, to the utmost extent of its increased capacity for containing caloric. Hence it is that a piece of ice, exposed to a very high degree of temperature, requires a considerable space of time to render it liquid.
Just the contrary effect will be produced by the congelation or transformation of water into ice. For during this process every particle of water that congeals must give out as much heat as the capacity of water for containing caloric exceeds that of ice. This heat is communicated to the water not yet congealed, and keeps the whole mass, as well of water as of ice, at 32 deg. until the whole becomes solid; when, as the supply of heat, afforded by congelation, ceases, the ice will very soon sink the thermometer to the same degree shown by one exposed to the atmosphere. Altho' the cold should be sufficient to sink the mercury in the thermometer exposed to the atmosphere 20 deg. below 0, still that in the ice will maintain its position about the freezing point, until the whole of the water is congealed, when it will sink rapidly to the same degree. Nor will this high degree of cold render the progress of congelation as rapid as we would be apt to suppose: for the very means necessary to increase the rapidity of congelation would also afford the means of checking its progress: heat being always produced in proportion to the rapidity with which the particles of the water are congealed.
These regular and beautiful phenomena attending the alternate changes of water into ice, and ice into water (and which, I shall presently show, attend also the alternate changes of water into vapour, and vapour into water) are not less worthy of being admired on account of their utility than for their beauty and regularity. A moments attention to the dreadful consequences which would inevitably result from these changes in the state of water did they not, in the one case, produce heat, and in the other, absorb it, will give us another strong proof, among the many that come daily within the sphere of our observation, of the wisdom, beauty, and regularity of all the operations of nature. It is evident that if water did not give out any heat during the process of congelation, its whole mass, however large it might be, would become solid almost the very instant the thermometer has sunk to the freezing point. For as its liquid state was owing altogether to the cohesive attraction between its particles having been destroyed by the introduction of caloric, it follows, that as soon as so much of this caloric is extracted as to permit the particles of the water to come again so nearly in contact as to restore their cohesive attraction, the whole mass must instantly assume the solid state, and as the temperature even of our moderate climate frequently sinks the mercury to the freezing point, it necessarily follows, that every winter all our rivers would be converted into solid bodies of ice. It would very frequently happen that not a drop of water, in its liquid state, could be procured except from our springs and wells.
On the contrary if, during a thaw, no heat were absorbed, the process would be as rapid as had been that of congelation. For as soon as a quantity of caloric, equal to 32 deg. of Fahrenheit's thermometer, has penetrated the ice, the cohesive attraction of its particles would be destroyed, when it must immediately assume the liquid state. The consequences of which would be still more dreadful than that of having all our rivers converted into solid masses of ice. As water does not congeal until the mercury in the thermometer sinks to 32 deg. the water of all our springs, being preserved from the cold by the earth, would continue to run during the winter as usual, but would gradually cool, until it arrived at the freezing point, when it would instantly congeal. Thus the whole mass of water, which issues from our fountains, and which, at present, supplies all our rivers, would, during the winter season, be converted into immense mountains of ice, which, on the arrival of the first moderate weather, would very soon be converted into a liquid state, and would thus carry havoc and destruction over all our fertile plains. This, too, might happen several
times in the course of one winter. More northern climates would experience consequences still more destructive; for this rapid dissolution of the ice and snow, accumulated during five or six months, could occasion nothing less than a general deluge.
I have before observed, that where a quantity of caloric, equal to about 32 deg. of Fahrenheit, has been communicated to ice, it will gradually assume the liquid state; and I have also shown, that water will have its increased capacity for containing caloric, supplied as fast as it is produced. It follows, therefore, that the very instant a mass of ice is completely dissolved, the caloric, which the superior temperature of the surrounding atmosphere is continually supplying, can no longer be disposed of as before, the water, formed by the dissolution of the ice, having already received its full supply. The only way, then, in which this continual supply of caloric can be employed, is in producing a still farther separation of the particles of the water, which have already lost their cohesive attraction. But as the pressure on the inferior parts of the water, is much greater than on its superior, a greater separation is produced between the particles of its surface, than those of any other part; especially when the supply of caloric, as is usually the case, is from that quarter. Hence evaporation immediately commences from the surface of the water; and it is to this quarter, for the reasons stated above, that the greatest portion of caloric collects for the purpose of carrying on the process.
It is obvious that water cannot rise in the form of vapour, until its particles have been divided and subdivided so often, that they have become specifically lighter than the atmosphere. But it may be said, that if one substance is specifically heavier than another, although the heavier substance should be divided into the most minute atoms, still those atoms, no matter how small they may be, would be heavier than atoms of the same size of the lighter substance. I confess this reasoning appears to be just; but in Natural Philosophy we should never trust to abstract reasoning, where experiment comes within our reach. For although the above reasoning would certainly be correct, when applied to the atoms of the two substances weighed in scales, yet as we are not perfectly acquainted with the nature of fluids, and the manner of their acting upon other bodies, we could not thence infer with certainty, that the result would, in both cases, be the same.
If the above reasoning were correct, it would necessarily follow, that a piece of marble in its solid state, would meet with as much resistance in passing through a fluid medium, as it would when powdered; for the power of gravity is, in both cases, the same; and each of them will pass with equal rapidity through a vacuum. But so far from this being the case, I found, by diluting a quantity of very finely powdered marble in water, that the water would not become completely transparent in four and twenty hours; but that, after this length of time, it still retained, in some measure, the milky colour, which the powdered marble had given to it. And I have no doubt, but that some of the finer particles remained permanently suspended, although they were invisible to the naked eye; for we know, that by distillation, particles of the limestone can be procured from the most transparent water, as is evinced by the quantities we always find collected in tea-kettles, in which limestone water is usually boiled. Slate-water too, affords a strong proof of the capability of this fluid to keep permanently suspended, very fine particles of stone; for the milky colour, which this water always preserves, can be only owing to an immense number of very fine particles of the slate being kept permanently suspended.
The resistance of the air, to bodies set in motion by the power of gravity, is also very great; for if some of the powdered marble is dusted in the open air, the finer particles will remain suspended a considerable time.
It has been found, that the resistance of fluid mediums, to bodies set in motion by the power of gravity, is in proportion to the extent of their surfaces, and not, like the power of gravity, in proportion to their solid contents. Hence it follows, that every division and subdivision that takes place in any body, the greater will be the resistance with which it will meet, in passing through the atmosphere. Thus a cubic inch of marble exposes a surface of six square inches; if it be divided, it exposes a surface of eight square inches; & if each of the halves be again divided in the same direction, the four parts will expose a surface of twelve square inches; & as often as the parts are divided & subdivided, ad infinitum, the greater will be the aggregate of surface which they will expose. It is evident that as soon as a quantity of surface, by means of these divisions and subdivisions, is exposed sufficient to counteract the power of gravity, the body having its surface thus extended, must remain suspended, and at rest, (unless moved by currents of wind) in whatever part of the atmosphere it may be placed. But should a farther division take place, its surface would be more than sufficient to counteract the power of gravity, it must therefore, in compliance with the general law of fluids, continue to rise until it comes to that part of the atmosphere, whose density is just in equilibrio with the surface of the particle, and the power of gravity; where it would again rest in a suspended state. Thus, as soon as ice is completely dissolved, the caloric, supplied by the surrounding atmosphere, instead of employing itself as heretofore in

carrying on the process of dissolution, and sup- plying the water formed with its proper quali- ty of this fluid, is applied towards producing a farther separation of the particles of which the water is composed: and as soon as they are separated so minutely as to render them specifically lighter than the atmosphere, or, to speak more correctly, as soon as their surfa- ces are so much extended, by the divisions and subdivisions produced by the agency of calo- ric, as to more than counteract the power of gravity, the particles must necessarily rise in the form of vapour.
We must not however by any means sup- pose, that all the phenomena attending eva- poration can be accounted for on the simple principle I have just been describing. It is evident that, without the interference of some other agent, the particles of the water, thus separated until they obtain a surface more than sufficient to counter-balance the power of gravity, must rise to the top of the atmosphere just as a cork ascends from the bottom of a glass filled with water to its sur- face; at least they must continue to rise, as I have observed above, until they reach that part of the atmosphere whose density is just in equilibrio with the force with which gravity acts on them. Now if the separation of the particles are so minute as to enable them to as- cend with such rapidity as we perceive on their leaving the earth, we have reason to believe they would have to ascend much higher in the regions of our atmosphere than experience will allow us to suppose in order to find a tenuity sufficient to keep them stationary. Besides, unless vapour is changed by means of some other agent, from the state, in which it exists immediately on its leaving the earth, it would very soon be condensed by the great degree of cold that always exists in the high- er regions, and return again to the earth in the form of dew or rain.
I shall hereafter show that the reason why these circumstances do not take place is owing to a combination which is effected be- tween the vapour and the air of our atmos- phere before it has time to condense. But as this more properly belongs to that part of this thesis which will treat of the formation of clouds, and the production of rain and snow, I shall, for the present, say nothing con- cerning it.
Another circumstance, which will tend greatly to account for many of the pheno- mena attending evaporation, ought not to pass unnoticed. I mean the very great increase of capacity which water acquires for contain- ing caloric on its transformation into the va- porous state; which I have already shown to be equal to about 838 deg. of Fahren- heit's thermometer, a quantity sufficient did it all exist in a sensible state, to give the water more than a red heat. This great absorption of heat by a vapour is of incalculable utility; so much so indeed that without it our earth would hardly be capable of vegetation. — Were the 838 deg. of caloric, or heat which are absorbed by every pound of water chan- ged into vapour, employed in increas- ing the rapidity of evaporation, it would be so great that the earth would become quite parched up in a few days even after the greatest rains. Indeed the heat would be so great during summer, that scarce any vegetable would be able to withstand it; for we find notwithstanding such immense quan- tities are at present absorbed by vapour, that the heat of a summer's day is not only suffi- cient to make almost all vegetables droop ve- ry much, but even wholly to burn up some of them; especially where there is a drought of any continuance. Nor would the heat be less oppressive to the animal than to the ve- getable world. For even the heat of our at- mosphere at present, during a hot summer's day, would be intolerable, were it not for the great quantities of heat which pass off from our bodies by means of a continual perspira- tion which is going on in warm weather.
Here again we perceive the wisdom, regu- larity, and beauty of the operations of na- ture. When the heat of the sun is excessive, evaporation goes on rapidly, and is thus a means of moderating its violence. When the cold is extremely severe, congelation pro- gresses proportionably, and the heat thereby produced moderates its intensity. Long rains and cloudy weather would render our atmosphere extremely cold, even in summer, were it not for the great quantity of heat gi- ven out by the condensation of vapour. — Again, during the summer, when the sun beams have for some time been intercepted by clouds and rain, on their return they would be
Although nothing is more certain, than that wa- ter may rise in the form of vapour on the principles stated above, yet it must be observed, that it is not necessary, nor is it actually the case, that it is di- vided into atoms so minute, as to give them a sur- face more than sufficient to counteract the power of gravity. If indeed the divisions were produced by mechanical means, this would be necessary: but be- ing occasioned by caloric, a fluid, whose specific gra- vity is greatly less than that of air, the case is very different; for the caloric, combining with the par- ticles of the water, enables them to ascend on prin- ciples familiar to those by which a balloon is raised in- to the atmosphere. The balloon of itself is incapable of rising, but if a quantity of inflammable air, whose specific gravity is known to be only one tenth of that of the atmosphere, is introduced into it, it is able to ascend even with a great weight attached to it. Thus a particle of water, tho' it has not a surface sufficiently extended to enable it to rise of itself, yet having attached to it in a state of combination a quantity of caloric, it may ascend with great faci- lity: and when deprived of its caloric, it will im- mediately return to the earth, like the balloon when deprived of its inflammable air. Whereas, were it deprived of its caloric merely by means of its extended surface, it would continue to rise, only much more slowly, even after it has been deprived of its calo- ric.
intolerable were it not for the quantity absor- bed by evaporation, and carried off from our bodies by means of perspiration. Hence we may account for the extreme heat of the sandy countries; and the coolness of those which are much intersected with rivers and lakes. In the former there is no moisture by which heat may be absorbed and carried off by means of evaporation; in the latter there is a great abundance.
[The notes to the preceding, were added by the author, since its delivery.]
Lexington, May 7.
By accounts from St. Domingo to the 3d April it appears, that nothing decisive had tak- en place at that time; but it was supposed, from the number of wounded French who were sent in, that the blacks had the advan- tage. That the negroes avoided all regular engagements, and confined their warfare to nightly incursions. That Paul Louverture, Toussaint's brother, had an engagement with Christophe, in which the latter was worsted. — That Madam Dessalines, wife to the black general, had been made prisoner. That Ri- gaud, Toussaint's old opponent, had become obnoxious to Le Clerc, who ordered him to be sent to France immediately. A letter as late as the 11th, states, that the French take all cargoes as they arrive, and have cruisers all round the island, with orders to bring in American vessels. That our consul is neglect- ed by the administration. That the generals speak in the foulest manner of our country and its government, and talk of sending an army to New-Orleans; "then" one of them was heard to say, "WE'LL GIVE LAWS TO THE UNITED STATES."
The court of Madrid is said to have grant- ed permission for the exportation of specie, free of duty, from the Spanish dominions, for the purchase of shipping.
The inhabitants of Guadaloupe had been apprised of the recent operations of the French army at St. Domingo, which had ex- cited considerable alarm. The mulatto gen. Pelage, had issued a proclamation, requiring all the inhabitants of the island, to be under arms, and ready at a moment's warning to op- pose the landing of the French troops; he signifies his determination to lose the last drop of his blood before he would surrender the island. Pelage, notwithstanding this threat, appears desirous of a pacification, by his saying, that, if the present civil and mi- litary officers of the island, were reinstated in their commands, he would consent to be a commander in chief from France, and be subject to the laws of the republic.
Positive accounts had been received at Gua- daloupe, that Toussaint had escaped from St. Domingo, and arrived at Dominique. N. Y. pap.
MR. PRINTER, Please to inform S. L. A. and Anthro- popatbos, that I with them to continue their remarks on my remaining numbers. When they have done their scribble, they will hear from me again. PHILANTHROPIST.
April 30, 1802. Mouth of Tate's Creek. E. T. WINTER, Jun. their particulars enquire of the printer. For which I will pay CASH. — For fur- FOUR NEGRO MEN. WANTED TO HIRE.
TROTTER & SCOTT, Have Just Received from Philadelphia, And are now opening, for sale, at their Store, opposite the Market House, A Large, Elegant, and Well Chosen As- sortment of
MERCHANDIZE, Suitable for the present and approaching season, Consisting of DRY GOODS, HARD WARE, CUTLERY, GROCERIES, GLASS, QUEENS & CHINA WARE, BAR IRON & STEEL, NAILS of every description. Also a constant supply of the best of SALT, from Mann's Lick. — All of which will be sold at the most reduced prices for CASH — only. tf Lexington, 7th May, 1802.
STRAYED, ON Sunday morning, 2d of May, from the subscriber's plantation, on the Tate's creek road, five miles from Lex- ington, and a short mile from Mr. Morri- son's mills, A STRAWBERRY ROAN HORSE, Fourteen and a half hands high, black mane, bald face, blind of one eye. Also, A BAY MARE, Very small, short tail, and a glass eye, four years old. A Reward, and all reasonable charges. will be paid to any one who should have taken up both, or only one of these strays; and will leave word, either at this office, or with Mr. P. J. ROBERT, Main street, or W. MENTELLE. May 4, 1802. 20. 3w
PETER PAUL & SON, STONE CUTTERS From LONDON, Now living on the Woodford road, Lex- ington,
RESPECTFULLY inform their friends and the public at large, that they carry on the STONE CUTTING business in all its various branches, such as
TOMBS, GRAVE STONES of all sorts, Polished MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES, and FREESTONE ditto, SAFES, to preserve Papers, Mo- ney, &c. from being destroyed in case of Fire.
NAILS, MADE at the Manufactory of the Subscriber, and sold by him in MORGANTOWN, Virginia, at the fol- lowing prices, viz.
d. d. 12 at 10 per lb. 76 to the lb. 10 — 11 — 80 ditto. 8 — 12 — 106 ditto. 6 — 13 — 160 ditto. 4 — 18 — 300 ditto.
The quality superior to any made in this country.
ALEX. HAWTHORN. February 20, 1802. G4tp8w
GOODS FOUND.
FOUND on the 30th April, about 4 or 5 miles from Lexington, on the road leading to Delany's ferry, a parcel of Store Goods of various kinds. The owner may have them by applying to the subscriber, living on Fox creek, on the road leading from Mitchell's ferry to Kincheloe's settlement, joining Mr. John Calleman's, and paying charges. RODHAM PETTY. May 1, 1802. †
Taken up by the subscriber, living in Hynd's Bent, Madison county,
A BAY MARE, Fourteen hands three inches high, no brand perceivable, a long star in her fore- head, off hind foot white, had on a 43 bell; appraised to 40 dollars. JOHN STONE. November 14, 1801. *
Fayette County, April Court of Quarter Sessions, 1802. Jesse Beauchamp, Complainant, Against Isaac Baker, Defendant. IN CHANCERY.
The defendant not having entered his appearance agreeable to law and the rules of this court, and it appearing to their satisfaction that he is no inhabitant of this commonwealth — on the motion of the complainant, by his counsel, it is or- dered, that the said defendant appear here on the first day of our next August Quarter Session court, and answer the complainant's bill, or the same will be taken for confessed — that a copy of this order be published in some Kentucky Gazette according to law; another posted at the door of the Presbyterian meeting house, in the town of Lexington, some Sun- day immediately after divine service, and a third copy, at the door of the court house in this county. [A copy.] Teste Levi Todd, C. R. C. Q. S.
TAKE NOTICE. WE shall attend with the commission- ers appointed by the court of Fleming county, on Monday, the twenty-fourth day of May, at the mouth of the Mud Lick fork of Johnson's fork of Licking, in Fleming county, between the hours of ten in the morning and two in the after- noon, to establish the calls of three en- tries — one in the name of William Lear, for 400, one in the name of Andrew Lear for 100, and one in the name of John Mofby for 1000 acres, and do such other things as the law directs. LEWIS CRAIG, JOHN WINN. April 28, 1802.
PURSUANT to a Decree of the District court of Frankfort, March-term, 1802, Will be sold, at public auction, on the 13th day of May next, at the court house in Lexington, all the interest which John Hollingsworth decd. possessed in 100 acres of LAND, in Woodford county, on Clear creek, on which is erected, a MERCHANT & SAW MILL. —Sold to satisfy Cornelius Beatty and John Poettle- thwait, their debt and costs — Subject to a claim which Charles Wilkins hath against said Hollings- worth, on account of erecting said Mills. JOHN JORDAN, WILLIAM MACBEAN, THOMAS HART Jun. } 3w April 30, 1802.
38 FRESH MEDICINE. Just arrived from Philadelphia, at our shop, near the Stray-Pen, Lexington, and to be sold for CASH, Fine Linen, or Flax-Seed. Also RED CLOVER SEED, FOR SALE. ANDW. M'CALLA & Co.
I HAVE AN ORLEAN BOAT FOR SALE, 45 FEET LONG & 14 WIDE, Strong & Well Built, with 4 OARS, CABLE, &c.
It lies at Fulgerfon's ferry on the Ken- tucky river. For terms apply to the subscriber near the Cross-Plains, or the printer hereof. Benjamin Grimes. April 15th, 1802. tf
Paris District, June Term 1801.
William Morrow, Complainant AGAINST William Hinkson, Defendant. IN CHANCERY.
The defendant not having entered his appearance herein agreeably to the act Assembly and rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that he is not an inhabitant of this commonwealth. On the motion of the complainant by his counsel — It is ordered that the said defendant do appear here on the third day of the next October term, and answer the complainant's bill, and that a copy of this order be inserted in one of the Gazettes of this state for two months successively, and another posted at the door of the Court house in Paris, and published at the front door of the Presbyterian meeting-house in Paris, some Sunday immediately after divine service. A Copy, Thos. Arnold, clk.
TAKEN up by the subscriber living on Hinkson, in the county of Bourbon one BAY MARE, seven years old, shod all round, no brand perceivable, trots na- tural, about fourteen hands high, blind of the off eye — Appraised to £7 10. Samuel Wilson. Dec. 10 1801. †
BY LAST EVENING'S MAIL.
NEW-YORK, April 16. RUMORS OF NEWS.
Capt. Barnett, arrived here last evening, in 19 days from Antigua, reports, that the day before he failed, news reached that place that an embargo had been laid on all vessels at Mar- tinique, and Dominique and one was hourly expected at Antigua, in consequence of some late advices received at Martinique, by a Bri- tish packet.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Martinique, to his correspondent in this city dated 26th March, 1802, received via Sagg Harbour.
"I wrote you a few days ago, via Alexan- dria, since when the Trent frigate has arrived express from England, directing the command- ers in chief to be on their guard. Private information by this vessel says, that in conse- quence of the trifling conduct of the French legation, and the reluctance discovered by the Dutch and Spanish ambassadors, to cede Cey- lon and Trinidad to Great Britain, Lord Corn- wallis had given in his ultimatum, that he would return to his court, if they did not de- cide in 24 hours. We have six sail of the line just arrived, to strengthen our position to windward."
WASHINGTON CITY, April 21. Extract of a letter from London, dated 1st MARCH, 1802.
"The following is a paragraph of a letter, which I have this moment received from a friend in Paris, under date of the 22d of Feb. It is important, and should be made known in America."
"It has been determined that a colony shall be settled in Louisiana and Florida. — Gen. Bernadotte is to have the command; its de- parture will, perhaps, depend on the accounts received from St. Domingo; preparations are now making for this expedition. I under- stand the Indians adjoining Florida have a- gents now here, for the purpose of making treaties with this country, to unite themselves with the troops or settlers that may be sent from hence."
The establishment of this colony is said to be a darling object, and it will be pursued with ardor, unless the difficulties that may a- rise at St. Domingo, should derange the present plan."
April 23. Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Phi- ladelphia, dated April 19, 1802.
"It is at this moment stated to me that a vessel from Bordeaux brings an account that Lord Cornwallis has left Amiens, and hostili- ties were expected to recommence. He de- parted on the 13th ult."
The New-York papers represent the situ- ation of the soldiery, natives and Americans in St. Domingo, as truly deplorable — That there is not the least probability of Le Clerc's subduing the blacks, who have killed about 6000 French troops — That many of the French were daily falling victims to a disor- der, which prevailed in consequence of the stench arising from the number of dead bo- dies that were scattered through the island unburied. [Gaz. Editor.]

SACRED TO THE MUSES.
EPIGRAM.
AS Tom was one day in deep chat with his friend, He gravely advis'd him his morals to mend; That "his morals were bad, he had heard it from many;" "They lie," replied Tom, "for I never had any."
ANECDOE.
Lord Chancellor Harton, during a cause, in which the boundaries of a piece of land were to be ascertained, the counsel of the first party stated—"We LIE on this side, my lord," that of the other party, "and we LIE on this side." The chancellor, rising up, said, "you LIE on both sides, whom will you have me believe?"
NEW & CHEAP STORE.
Lewis Sanders, & Co.
HAVE received from Philadelphia, and are now opening a choice and general assortment of
MERCHANDIZE,
Consisting of DRY GOODS, viz.
Superfine Cloths, Velvets and Fancy Cords, India Mullins, which they would sell low for cash, by the original package. Figured, plain & glazed cambric do. Tambored & plain Jacconet do. Ditto Book ditto, A choice assortment of Chintzes & Cali- cos of the newest and most fashionable patterns;
India silks, Romals & Bandanas, Irish Linen, sold very low by the piece; Lutefrings, Sattins & Saranets, Marleilles Waistcoating,
A large assortment of Umbrellas, &c.
A very general assortment of Hardware, German, Crawley & English Blister steel,
Vices,
A general assortment of Saddlery &c.
China, Glass, Queen's & Tin ware.
Groceries,
Coffee, Teas,
Spices, Dye Stuffs,
Best Red Bark for sale by the pound or larger quantity;
Port Wine,
Bengali, Spanish and French Indigo,
Arratto,
Cotton and Wool Cards, &c. &c.
Having laid in the above assortment on such terms as will enable them to give greater bargains than has heretofore been given in this place, they flatter themselves that the purchaser will find it his interest to give them a call. No credit on any terms what- ever.
Lexington, 2d April, 1802.
ALEXANDER PARKER & Co.
Have just imported from Philadelphia, and opened at their STORE, in Lex- ington, on Main Street, opposite the Court house,
A Very Large, and Well Assorted Cargo of
MERCHANDIZE,
Consisting of
DRY GOODS, GROCERIES, HARD WARE, QUEENS' GLASS, CHINA, WARES, &c.
Which have been laid in on lower terms than usual, and which will be sold accordingly, for Cash, Hemp, and Coun- try made Sugar.—To avoid the great trouble and expence attending the col- lection of debts, no accounts will be open- ed.
Lexington, April 1, 1802.
LAST NOTICE.
ALL those indebted to the subscriber, by bond, note, or book account— likewise those indebted to the estates of JAMES & WILLIAM PARKER deceased, are requested to make payment of the respective sums due, before the first of June next. Those who fail to comply with this notice, may depend on suits be- ing commenced against them without dis- crimination.
ALEXANDER PARKER.
Lexington, April 1, 1802.
FOR SALE,
THE Property lately occupied in this town, by Mr. Arthur Thompson, and at present by Mr. Deilum, consisting of Two New Two Story
FRAME HOUSES;
Neatly finished, large and convenient Cellars, a large frame Stable and Kitchen, good Smoke House, and Three Lots belonging to the above premises. Also two hundred acres of GOOD QUALIFIED LAND, lying on the head of Salt River, about se- ven miles from this town; the title clear of every kind of dispute; the Land is well watered, but en- tirely unimproved. A liberal credit will be given for the payment, and the whole amount will be re- ceived in Produce. The terms will be made known by application to Messrs. Cochran & Thurby, mer- chants, of Philadelphia, or the subscriber, in Dan- ville.
Danville, 9th February, 1802. J. BIRNEY.
LAST NOTICE,
In the case of JOHN NANCARROW
[A BANKRUPT.]
WHEREAS a commission of Bank- ruptcy, founded upon the act of Congress of the United States, passed on the fourth day of April 1800, entitled "An act to establish an uniform system of bankruptcy throughout the United States," has been awarded and issued against John Nancar- row, in the town of Lexington and district of Kentucky, merchant; and he has been declared a bankrupt. Wherefore the said John Nancarrow is hereby required to surrender himself, to the commissioners, in the said commission named, or the ma- jor part of them on the 10th and 24th days of April, and on the 8th day of May next, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of each day, at the office of the District court in the town of Lexington, and make a full discovery and disclosure of his estate and effects, when and where his creditors are to come prepared to prove their debts, and at the second sitting to choose assign- ees, and at the last sitting the said Bank- rupt is required to finish his examination: All persons indebted to said Bankrupt, or who have any of his effects, are not to pay or deliver the same but to whom the commissioners shall appoint.
Will Morton,
John Bradford,
John Jordan, jun. } Comrs.
Lexington, March 27th 1802.
NOTICE.
PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT
Will be kept at the
SIGN OF THE BUFFALOE,
On Main street, in Lexington, opposite the Public square.
DANVILLE DISTRICT, ss.
January Term, 1802.
Guthbert Harrison, Complainant.
against James Barbour, Thomas Holt, and Philip Barbour, } Defendants.
IN CHANCERY.
THE defendant Holt, not having en- tered his appearance herein, agreeably to law and the rules of this court and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court, that the said defendant is not an inhabitant of this state; on the motion of the complainant, by his counsel, it is ordered that he do appear here, on the third day of the next May term, and answer the complainant's bill; and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in the Kentucky Gazette, for two months successively; another copy posted up at the court house door, and a third copy published at the Danville meeting house door some Sunday immediately after divine service.
A copy. Teste,
WILLIS GREEN, C. D. D. C.
WAGON'S
R. BRADLEY RESPECTFULLY announces that he succeeds Major WAGON, in the commodious Brick House and Stables, which he lately occupied in this place, with a revision of assistants and servants, arranged to respective departments; which together with that peculiar respect shown himself while with Major Wag- non, emboldens him to anticipate a pa- tronage from GENTEL GUESTS, ONLY, as durable as his solicitude to please.
Lexington, 15th Feb. 1802.
THE President and Directors of the Kentucky insurance company, think it their duty to inform their fellow citizens and the public in general, that they are now organized, and ready to receive pro- posals to insure vessels or boats of every description, on their voyages up or down the Western waters, or at sea. Applica- tion may be made at their office in Lex- ington, accompanied with declaration of the shipper and certificate containing the name, burthen, dimensions and the goodness of the said vessel or boat, their being well found for the intended voyage, the bill of lading or manifest of the cargo, the port from which they sail and place of destination. Further information may be had at their office.
Lexington, 1st February, 1802.
JAMES MACCOUN,
Has just received from Philadelphia, a large and well chosen assortment of MERCHANDIZE,
Of the latest importations from Europe, AND now opening at his Store on Main street, nearly opposite the Market house, which will be sold at the LOWEST PRICES for CASH.
Also, from his
Nail Manufactory,
A constant supply of Cot and Hammered NAILS, of the best quality.
Lexington, January 18, 1802.
WANTED,
A QUANTITY OF MERCHANTABLE WHISKET,
(If delivered at Frankfort would be preferred)
Apply to
MACBEAN & POYZER.
Lexington, 26th, Feb. 1802.
For the information of those who wish to make INSURANCE.
APPLICATION for insurance must be accompanied with a certificate, specifying the length and width of the vessel or boat, the cable, stern-fall, num- ber of oars, pump and canoe or skiff, the number of hands, &c. which ought to be given by persons who are judges, and who are, disinterested reputable men.
A bill of lading signed by the cap- tain, or a manifest signed by the inspec- tor, which shall specify the whole of the cargo on board, or to be put on board— it must also state where the boat or vessel lies—where she will take in her cargo— when she will take her departure; or if she has failed, the time when, and the the port to which she is bound; and if a- ny information has been received from her since she failed, it must be communi- cated. The insurance does not com- mence until the vessel is under way, on her intended voyage and the premium paid.
In all cases of loss, if practicable, a sur- vey must be made by disinterested men, who are to state in writing, what in their opinion is necessary to be done, for the interest of the parties concerned; as also a protest to be entered by the captain on oath, in which the hands must join, stating particularly the loss, where and how it happened, and what cargo was then on board.
In case a boat or vessel be lost, it is the duty of the captain and hands, to use all possible means to recover the whole or as much as possible, of the cargo, for which labor and expence, the insurers will pay their proportionable part.
No boat which is insured, must attempt to pass the Falls of the Ohio, without taking a pilot on board.
Any shipper, who intends to tarry at any port or place on the voyage, for the benefit of trading, or other purposes, must have an article to that effect, inserted in the policy of insurance.
Published by order of the Directors, WILLIAM MACBEAN, CLK. March 4th, 1802.
A LARGE, ELEGANT, AND WELL CHOSEN ASSORTMENT OF GOODS,
Just received, now opening And For Sale at the STORE of JOHN A. SEITZ. Lexington, Feb. 3d, 1802
AS my Son Tandy Rutherford, has without any just cause eloped from out of my care, or jurisdiction, I hereby forwarn any person or persons, whatever, from dealing with him, or harbouring him by any means, as I shall not spare putting the law in force against any body that will be liable for the above breach, &c. Archibald Rutherford. March 23, 1802.
NOTICE.
HAVING removed my family to a farm in the neighborhood of Lexington, and intending still to do my business in town, I think it necessary to inform my clients that except during the sessions of the Court of Appeals, General Court, and Circuit Court of the United States for Kentucky, and the Territories North-West of the Ohio, I shall attend at my office, in Lexington, every day, from nine o'clock in the morning, until one in the afternoon, at which time and place, all who have business with me must attend.
J. HUGHES. Lexington, September 11th, 1801.
CLARKE COUNTY.
March Court of Quarter Sessions 1802.
Robert Clark jun. Compt.
James M c Millin, Robert M c Millin, Theodorus Spaw, Gabriel Johnson, Gen. Washington Johnson, John Harrison & Mary his wife, Davis Floyd & Susanna his wife whether as heirs or adms. of the said Benj. Johnson & Betsey Johnson (wid- ow) & James C. Johnson, son & heir of Wm. Johnson, who was another heir of the sd. Benj. John- son & Lancelette Jenkins & An- thony Jenkins, James Duncan & Wm. Rogers. Defendants.
IN CHANCERY.
THE defendant Theodorus Spaw, not having entered his appearance herein a- greeable to law and the rules of this court; and it appearing by satisfactory proof, that he is not an inhabitant of this state—on the motion of the complainant by his counsel, it is ordered, that the said defendant do appear here on the first day of the next June term, and answer the complainant's bill; otherwise the same will be taken for confessed—and that a copy of this order be forthwith inserted in the Kentucky Gazette for two months successively; another copy posted at the door of the court house, in the town of Winchester; and another copy published at the door of the Stone-meeting house on Howard's creek, some Sunday imme- diately after Divine service.
(A Copy) Teste David S. Collins, D.C.C.Q.S.
NOTICE.
AS I have invented a Machine for the CUTTING of NAILS, which will on a moderate calculation, cut one thousand pounds of Iron into Nails of a- ny size, in twelve hours; and have shewn a model thereof, to a number of my friends and acquaintances; also, have taken the proper steps to obtain a patent for the same, I do hereby forwarn all persons from making use of said inventi- on, under the penalty of what the law directs in such cases.
EDWD. WEST. Lexington, 24th March, 1802.
NOTICE.
I SHALL attend with commissioners appointed by the county court of Bourbon, on the 29th day of May next, to meet at the house of William Alkire and to proceed from thence to a Buckeye, marked B. D. on the north side of Hunt- ing creek, now called Green creek and there to take the depositions of witnesses, to establish the calls and boundaries of an entry of 500 acres, made in the name of Joseph Dark, and to do such other acts as I may think proper and agreeable to law.
JOHN DARK. 20th April, 1802.
PRIVATE ENTERTAINMENT.
WILLIAM EDWARDS RESPECTFULLY informs his friends and the public in general, that he has ta- ken that elegant BRICK HOUSE, opposite Bradford's Printing office; where he in- tends keeping
PRIVATE ENTERTAINMENT
FOR MAN AND HORSE.
From the commodious construction of the house, and the attention that will be paid to those who may please to call on him, he flatters himself that he will merit and receive a portion of the public favors.
SELECT PARTIES
May at any time be accommodated with private rooms. Lexington, April 30th, 1802.
FOR SALE, For CASH
285 ACRES OF FIRST RATE LAND, LYING on the Rolling Fork of Salt River, opposite Gooden's station, and near to the road leading from Bairds- town to Hardin Court house, about half way between the two places; good title, it being a choice piece out of Honeyman's 2,000 acre tract.
Also 1500 ACRES, the one moiety of 3,000 acres of military land, located for F. Woodson, in 1780, on the Ohio; it is land of the best quality, but has been taken within the Indian boundary and will, therefore, be sold at a price so low, as to authorise a monied man to pur- chase on speculation. For terms enquire of Mr. John Caldwell, of Bairdstown; Mr. Geo. Clarke, of Fayette, or of CUTH. BANKS. Lexington, April 28th, 1802.
TAKEN up by the subscriber, Clarke
county, near Boonsborough, ONE SORREL MARE, A star in her forehead, supposed to be seven years old, about fourteen hands high, branded supposed to be S on the near shoulder and jaw, valued to $13 10.
Also
One small SORREL HORSE, About three years old, with a small bell on, a small star in his forehead, about four- teen hands high, no brand perceivable, valued to $10. JOHN DYCHE. Feb. 23, 1802.
MILLS
FOR SALE.
THE subscriber has for sale 196 ACRES OF LAND, Lying on Lower Howard's creek, in Clarke county, the former property of James Bryant, There is on it an elegant
TWO STORY DWELLING HOUSE,
A GOOD COUNTRY GRIST MILL,
A GOOD NEW FULLING MILL,
A GOOD STILL HOUSE.
The buildings all well built of Stone, with other improvements.
A MEADOW, ORCHARD,
and other LAND in cultivation; with never failing SPRINGS of the best of water.
The whole will be sold together or a part; with a MILL SEAT.
The best that is known in this county, for a Merchant Mill; the convenience and quality of STONE for building is scarce to be found—it is within two miles of Boons- borough, six of Winchester, fifteen of Lexing- ton. A general warranty deed will be given. Terms will be made known by the subscriber living on the premises.
WILLIAM TAYLOR. April 14th, 1802.
WINCHESTER'S DIALOGUES,
For sale at this office.