The Mirrour — Concord, N.H., 1794-07-28 00:00:00, page 1

©Be Afflux
CONCORD.
• [Vol. 11.]
~~== —__ t _ 4—_—_ .
Ufeful Miscellany.
. [continued from No. 89.]
FOR THE MIRROVR.
On the OPERATIONS and (ECONOMY
oftte HONEY BEE.
, [From Smellie's Philojopb, of Natural Hiftory,]
BUT propolis, and the materials for mak
ing wax, are not the only substances
. these industrious animals have to colled. As
formerly remarked, beside the whole winter,
there are many days in which the bees are
prevented by the weather from going abroad
<in quest of provisions. They are, therefore,
under the necessity of colleaing, andamaff
ring in cells destined for that purpose, large
quantities of honey, This sweet and balfam
'ic liquor they extraft, by means of their pro
bofeis or trunk, from the nectariferous glands
of flowers., The trunk of a bee is a kind of
rough cartilaginous tongue. After collect
ing a few small drops of honey, the animal
withits proboscis conveys them to its mouth
and swallows them. From the cefophagus,
or gullet, it passes into the^firft stomach,
which is more or less swelled in proportion to
the quantity of honey it contains. When
empty it has the appearance of a fine white
thread : But, when filled with honey, it as
sumes the figure of an obloug bladder, the
membrane of which is so thin and transpa
rent, that it allows the colour of the liquor it
contains to be diftindly seen. This bladder
is well known to children who live in the
country. They cruelly amuse themselves
with catching bees, and tearing them asun
der, in order to fuck the honey. A single
flower furnifhes but a final! quantity of hon
-ey. The bees are, therefore, obliged to fly
from one flower to another till they fill their
firft stomachs. When they have accomplish
ed this purpose, they return diredly to the
hive, and disgorge in a cell the whole honey
they have collected. It not unfrequently hap
pens, however, that, when on its way to the
hive, it is accosted by a hungry companion.
„ Howthe one can communicate its necessity
* to the other, it is perhaps impossible to 'dif
cover._ But the fad is certain, that, when
two bees meet in this situation, they mutual
ly fop, and the one whose stomach is full of
hpney extends its trunk, opens its mouth,
%hicn lies a little beyond the teeth, and, like
ruminating animals, forces up the honey into
that cavity. The hungry bee knows how to
lake advantage,of,his hospitable invitation.
With the point of its trunk it fucks the hon
ey from the other's mouth. When not flop
ped on the road, the bee proceeds to the hive,
and in the fame manner offers its honey to
those who are at work, as if it meant to pre
vent the necessity of quitting their labourin
order to go in quest of food. In bad weath
er, the bees feed upon the honey laid Up in
open cells ; but they never touch these reser
voirs when their companions are enabled to
supply them with frefh honey from the fields.
But the mouths of those cells which are des
tined for preferring honev during winter,
they always coVer with a fid or thin plate of
wax'..,; , $ . .• .'
Though not fttialy connected with the
present fubjed', we,cannot refrain from giv
ing some account of the ingenious Mr. De
braw's difeoveries concerning the sex of bees,
and the manner in which their species is mul
tiplied.* Itw^almoft univerfall, believed,
both by ancients and,moderns, that bees,
like other animals, propagated by an a&ual
intercourse of the male and female, though it.
tive observers. Pliny remarks, that opium
coitus wifaeftatmqaam ; and even the inde
fatigable Reaumur, notwithftaading the ma
ny minute researches and experiments he
made concerning every part of the ©economy
of bees, and though hereprefents the mother,
or queen-bee, as a perfect Meffalina, could
never deted an aftual intercourse. From
this singular circumstance, Maraldi, in his
observations upon bees,, coojetWred that the
tegs of bees, like those of fyhes; were im
pregnated After they were deposited in,he?
cells by the mother... He was farther con
firmed in this opinion, by uniformly qtyfer,-
ihg that a whirifh liquid substance surround
ed each egg which turned but to be fertile ;
but that those eggs round which no such sub
stance was to be found were always barren.
The working bees, or those which collet
from flowers the materials of wax, have gen
, Orally been considered as belonging to neither
& , * Sir p@fo fofato, m . 1777,
^ to I. % I s .^,T^CT^^
, HiR. do Plead, do Sfo. aim. 17CT {
sex. But Mr. ShirAch, a German Naturel
ift, in his Hiftory of the ^ten of Bas, main
tains, that all the common bees ate females
in a disguised or barren state ; that the or
gans which distinguish the sex, and particu
larly the ovaria, are either obliterated, or, on
account of their minurenefs, have not hither
to been discovered; that, in theearly period
of its existence, every one of these bees is ca
pable of becoming a queen-bee, if the com
munity choose to nurse it in a certain man?
ner,and to raise it to that diftinguiflied rank ;
and that the queen-bee lays only two kinds
of eggs; namely, those th^t are to produce
drones or males, and those from which the
working bees are to proceed.
(To be continued.)
FOR THE MIRROUR.
MR. PR INTkR,
If you think th fallowing piece worth the trouble,
^ou may injert it in jour paper.
tT is very leldom that We fee a'ny disputes,
especially those of Religion, carried on
with candor and polirenefs : . The generality
of mankind, through impatience, presump
tion, vanity, and a fort of party spirit, or an
ambition of distinguishing themselves, at
tempt to support the truth of their own ten
ets, and the equity of their own pretentions,
at the expence of as equitable pretensions,
and as just tenets, which happen to be dia
metrically opposite to their interested defign's;
thus,they open afield of eternal difpufes ; and
when once religious disputes are begun, each
fide is obliged to adopt very great absurdi
ties in order to support them. These dissen
sions occur, and ever will occur, from age to
age, though in some ages they make a great
er noise than in others. Men love parties ;
whether it is through a desire of exerting their
abilities, or that they may have the pleasure
of revenging themselves upon those who they
think flight them.
Women are party volunteers from the fame
motives ; and each, out of zeal of her own
party, takes a pleasure in thwarting and in
juring that against her ; each party calls,
and some few believe, their own opinion the
truth ; each party fancies it an ad of piety
to persecute, purfiie, and totally destroy, the
opposite party ; it is therefore of the utmost
importance, to calm and ftifle these religions
quarrels, in their very birth, by enjoining
silence to both, or at least to the most clam-'
orous party ; for we are most certainly mis
taken, when we think to put a stop to theo
logical disputes, by decisions ; we only exas
perate their spirits who are condemned, and
authorize a spirit of persecution, which may
endanger the tranquility of the state—Si
lence, then, is the only way of quieting both
parties ; for, by this, they give fop their dis
putes, and learn tranquility and patience ;
for the parties contend no longer, when the
lubje& of their disputes cease to be the topic .
of conversation ; and thirty or forty years
involve the whole in oblivion, because the
younger part of the world no longer engage
in a dispute which has ceased to be talked or ;
nor need we„be under any concern upon the
account of the truth ; time will difeover it
fully, ifit is the truth, and time will bury it
forever if it is error. Were the truth to re
main oppressed by means of this jilertctyft
would be so only for a time; Were it to be
plunged in obfeurity, it is ds certain it would
one day life, triumphant over error—{Truth
can never be totally destroyed ; it emerges,
arid will float above ihe ^ater ; it naturally
mines; and, like light, will shew itfelf at a
proper time.
toclfoto&tfo&ttttra^ff#—
Miscellany.
I^."^ PAPER.
M. bumourier's Life^
r r, WRITTEN BY.(HIMSELF;
f' [^ in the month of Match las J
The following morfth (April 1794) my
age will be §5, it is ifoaginabie that
I can with, by concealment perhaps scanda
lous, to get a lew days more of uneasiness, df
bitterness and tharify/,,; ~\. ,
^ was born at Cambray in the year CTQ.
jMy family were noble, but not rich. My
' father ,wa^ a very knowing,, very virtuous
. man. My education was right; both as to
ftrianefs and extent; and when 18 years old,
in # 1757, I went into th^e arm, as my trade.—
There I was diftinguith&l without delay I
;When I fra,,,fears old, I had the military
(order (La Croix de St^ Letiis) & my wounds,
like my years were 22.!
•In 1763 was the peace. Then 1 began
to travel, with a tie^ to languages and man-
•BY E. RUSSELL.
MONDAY, July 28, 1794..
QfflpemflnurotßtmtßraronmCTmm^Rrept ^mfoatte^^
ners ; for moral philosophy ever was my fa
vourite theme.—Thence the French fuga
tives have imagined that I was occupied as a
spy for the then Administration of France, as
if, had there been in Greece such vermin as
them,(Les Marquis) they would not have raid
the famg of Pythagoras and of Plato !
In 1768 I was recalled front Spain ; and
sent to Corsica where I was railed to the rank
of Colonel, after the two campaigns of 1768
and 1769. ' e
In 1770, the Duc De Choifeul sent me to
Poland, Minister to the Confederates ; and
here in two campaigns, and in negociations
of no final! magnitude, I was the leader, with
various successes. As the affairs of Poland
were ill considered, their revolution ended
ill I a partition of that country ensued.
In 1772 the Marquis de Montignard, the
war Minister, employed me in his Depart
ment. And at rhe end of that year sent foe,
by the order of Louis XV. to Sweden; on
the revolution which had happened.
This employment, on which I had my or
ders dirediy from the King himfelf, was
known to the Duc D'Aiguillon, the Min
itfer for Foreign Affairs. He had me arrest
ed at Hamburg, and conduced to the Bastille
i° '773- ...
Louis XV. naturally weak, and inciden
tally weakened more by his mistress La Du-|
barry, and his Minister, disgraced the vari
ous Montignard ! Concealed the part he
himfelf had taken in fending me to Sweden,
and left me exposed to a criminal process;
which the Duc D'Aiguillon had began ; but
doubting of its being tenable, had not dared
to try. At fix months ehd I was exiled to
Caen for three months.
In 1774, Louis XV. died. D'Aiguillon was
difagraced. I wrote to Louis XVI desiring
to be removed from Caen to the Bastille, and
to be tried. The three Ministers, De Muy;
De Vergences, and Defartines, were my
Judges, and they attested the hardihip ofmy
case, that I had been persecuted unjustly.
. As Colonel, I was then sent to Lille, with
the new military manoeuvres the Baron De
Prech had brought from Prussia, with a pro
jed of Reform tor the Riser Lys, and an
other plan, then in contempation, for a Port
at Amblateufe. ,Qn these occupations, I
palled 1774 and '775- ° Q
I 1776 I was Kings Commissary with the
Chevalier D'Oify, a Captain of a Ihip, and
Field Marshal De Koziere, a celebrated
military Engineer, on a survey of the Chan
nel, for the conftruaiori of a new port.
The year 1777 I lived in the 'country, 3
miles from Paris. It is the only year of re
pole I have had. At theend of it there hap
pened the American war, as I (and h^ might
have added, as every man not infatuated)
had foretold. And I was accordingly sent
for by the wa'r Minister, M. De Montbarez.
In 1778 I had the command at Cher
■ bourg; which appeared to me most favoura
ble for a port on the Channel ; and aided
by the leaf, the a&ivity,and the known chaf
ader of the Due D'Harcourt, who had the
government of the Province, we decided the
point, above a hundred years disputed, viz.
that for a military port, Cherbourg was pre
ferable to La Hogue. From that time to
1789, I was wholly occupied there and nev
er more than three times at Paris.:,
Cherbourg, ^hen 1 found it, had but 7500
inhabitants ! when I left it the population
was 20,0c0.
The vagabond French fugitives have dar
)ed to add, to the former calumny, of my be
ing a spy; among other impudent infamy,
4yjz. of intrigues in the War. Office ! though
in the whole period of ^ dozen years, and
all my journies taken together, my flay at
Paris did not amount to fix months—and
during that time I had very little resort to
Versailles,
Personally I have gained nothing—l was
among the Field Marshals—l was sure of be
ing Lieutenant General, of having a red rib
band and a command. I had io,ooo livres,
(8 hundred pounds sterling) a year.—That
; was enough for me. Butl saw the state of
France ! .d ifhonou red without, ruined with^
in. A destiny of whic^ Ministers, by my
memorials, had been longtime forewarned.
The year 1789 was glorious by the Revo
lution ! Where I was, it altogether was ra
tional arid mild—for, withtout trenching
Upon liberty, every excess of liberty into li
centiousness was puriifhed by law, even ttn
to death. \•
^ On the suppression of the Military Com>
mandants 1 went to Paris. There,! made
tfe resolution my study.— The Princes, by
running away, had hurt the King's daufe.
The Veto I few would be useless, and might
be fatal. Though rota legislator, lendear
oared to undo it,as far as I could..
tett.mwrrßiiii..i n timfli ririitmmmtMtt
^ In 179:, I had the command, from Nants
to Bourdeaux. The war, a war of religion,
then raged in the Veridee. The Religious
were burning all before them. 1 saved eve
ry thing ! I quitted all ! till February 1792 1
When I was called to Parish and named
Lieutenant General; arid Minister for For
eign Affairs.'
With the war they reproach me. It was
inevitable. It had exiited long before.
For the rest, my opinion was for declaring
war ! The King was for it, too 1— The King
not only read my report to the Assembly, but
he correded it I—The corrections are in his
own hand writing ! and his own Speech
was written by himfelf!
At three months end, confounded by the
factions which raged, and failing of the King
in Council to fanaion two decrees, wished to
retire. --Retirement Was refufed. I chang
ed the administration by the King's order;
and 1 took the Department of War.
But, finding that the Court had deceived
me; I would riot be the Minister of intrigue.
I foretold to Louis and bis wife every evil
which awaited them, and in three days I re
signed 1— The fugitives have said that I was
turned out ; It is a lie. I refigried my place,
though Louis was urgent that it might he
otherwise! though sot two days together he
; opposed my lefignation ; 'and though, when
I departed, he mingled his tears wim mine.
The war has been splendidly fuccefsful to
the French. . If the French had shewn equal
Wisdom and virtue ; Peace would have re
turned long ago ! Louis would have lived !
There had been no anarchy ! But France
had been glorious and happy in her Consti
tution.
Such is the rapid Sketch of my exiftence—
a fetch which may luffice, if Icannot finifh
the work,and give it to the Public. Adieu!
my worthy friend, This is an important let
ter ; and as such it feothes me. Here it is;
I wait with inquietude the wishes of the Em
peror, and he decision ofmy fate ! My cha
rader ftiall dfeftitfelfl and instead of weak
ening, shall strengthen by mishap: 1 Ihall
be at all time, myselfl .
TT is asserted by Thomas Paine, that
'" the greatest charaaeri the world
has known, 'have tifen on the demo
cratic floor.", The following Tift in
proof of his arfertion might be greatly
enlarged, and particularly by those
who have been or now are eminent
in the United States,
Demosthenes, Was the son of a
forgeman,, °
Virgil, of a baker,
Horace, of a freedman,
Theophraftus of an old cioathrrtian,
Royffeau, the poet, of a shoemaker,
j. j. RouffeaU, Was a Watchmaker,
Moliere, was the son of a tapeftry
map, r.
Rollin, the historian, of a cutler,
Martillon; of a tanner,
James Cooke, of a very indigent
peafaor, <
Shakelpeare, of very poor parents,
Benjamin Franklin, the son of a
tallow-chandler, and himfelf a prin
ter,
Rittenhoufe, a gooldfmith,
Marat, was a wine merchant,
Saint Paul, was a tent-maker.
Jt And almost all who have increased
the sum of human knowledge, expe
rienced in youth that contempt which
attends poverty .—ln truth,
¥ Worth makes the man, and
want of it the fellow."
=~±E'=
Pocket Book Loft.
LOST by the fubferiber, between Mr. Si
meon Carr's, in Chester, arid Concord .
Ferry,
A black Leather Pocket Book,
containing several papers—Whoever finds &
leaves said Pocket Book and Papers at Esq.
Bartlett's, in Pembroke, or with the Printer
Hereof shall be handsomely rewarded.
Concord, July 4. 89 J° NA f°°'
CA^^n^for OLD RAGS|
at Russell's Printing Office:.
[Num. 92.]
——^ —1 — ——