The Mirrour — Concord, N.H., 1794-08-11 00:00:00, page 1

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00° CONCORD. i
, [Vol. ll.] " I
Ufeful Miscellany.
^CONCLUDED.],
FOR THE MIRROUR.
On the OPERATIONS and CECONOMY
of the HONEY-BEE.
[From Smellie's Pbilo,pb, of Natural Hiftor,.]
THE appearance of a new queen in a hive
where there was no large or royal cell,
made Mr. Debraw conjecture that the bees
are capable, by feme particular means, of
transforming a common fubje& into a queen.
To ascertain the truth of this conje&ure, he
provided himfelf with four glass hives, into
each of which he put a piece of brood-comb
taken from an old hive. These pieces of
brood-comb contained eggs, worms, and
nymphs. In each hive he confined a fuffi
cient number of common bees, and some
drones or males, but took care that there
should be no queen.
'' The bees," Mr. Debraw remarks,
" finding themselves without a queen, made
a strange buzzing noise, which lifted near
two days, at the end of which they fettled,
and betook themselves to work. On the 4th
day, I perceived in each hive the beginning
of a royal cell, a certain indication that one of
the enclosed worm; mould soon be converted into a
queen. The conftrudion of the royal cell be
ing nearly accomplished, I ventured to leave
an opening for the bees to get out, and found
that they returned as regularly as they do in
common hives, and (hewed no inclination to
leave their habitation. But, to be brief, at
the end of twenty days, I observed four young
queens among the new progeny."
To these experiments of Mr. Debraw, it
was objected, that the queen-bee, beside the
eggs which she deposits in the royal cells,
might likewise have laid royal or female eggs
in the common cells ; and that the pieces of
brood-comb, so fuccefsfully employed in his
experiments for the production of a queen,
had always happened to contain one or these
royal eggs, or rather one of the worms pro
ceeding from them. But this objection was
' afterwards removed by many other accurate
experiments, the results of which were uni
formly the fame ; and the objectors to Mr.
Debraw's difeovery candidly admit, that,
when the community stands in need of a
queen, the working bees possess the power of
railing a common fubje^ to the throne ; and
that every worm of the hive is capable, under
a certain course of management, of becoming
the mother of a numerous progeny. This
metamorphosis seems to be chiefly accom
plished by a peculiar nourishment carefully
administered to the worm by the working
bees, by which, and perhaps by other un
known means, the female organs, the gerfos
of which previously exifled in the embryo,are
expanded, and all those differences in form
and size, that so remarkably distinguish the
queen from the working bees, are produced.
It is always a fortunate circumstance when
difeoveries, which at firft seem calculated
solely to gratify curiosity, are capable of be
'ing turned to the advantage of society. Mr.
Debraw, accordingly, has not failed to point
out the advantages that may be derived from
:his refeaches into the economy and nature
of bees. By his difeovery, we are taught an
easy mode of multiplying, without end,
swarms, or new colonies, of these ufeful in
feds. Beside the great increase of honey, if
this difeovery were Efficiently attended to,
considerable sums annually expended in im
porting wax into this kingdom from the con
tinent might be saved. The practice of this
new art, Mr. Schirach informs us, has alrea
dy extended itfelf through Upper Lafatia,
the Palatinate, Bohemia, Bavaria, Silesia,
and Poland. In some of these countries, it
has excited the attention, and acquired the
patronage, of government. The Empress
of Russia, who never looses fight of a single
article, by which the Industry, and, of course,
, the happiness, of her fubje& can be aug
' merited, has sent a proper person to Klein
Bautzen, to be inftruaed in the general prin
ciples, and to learn all the minutes, of this
new and important art.
fIFOR
. MR.RUSSELL, &' ^
Bj inerting the following lines in ,our offalpa.
/- PV* U ^^ at brtf oblige a conJlant readerC^
;To all Parenti who have the privilege
, of a SCHOOL, °%
'Andyet negka the Befits rfit.
XTOTHING is more necessary, for the
young and tender mind, than common
Literature—Yet, a!us ! haW. little j# it at-
^fy^fic '^^t
BY E. RUSSELL.£
MONDA Y, August rr, 1794.
tended to ?—My dear firs, what unhappiness
do you entail upon your riling offspring thus
to bring them up in ignorance ? What shame
will they be obliged to fuffer from your neg
ligence, when they come forward into the
world ? —, —Methinks every parent; who has•
the leaftfhadow of shame in him, or the least
affection for his children, will stand in need
of none of these hints— and I could with the
number might be many.—But, sorry am I
to fay, 'tis quite the reverse !— Awake out of
your lethargy ! Oye careless parents !—at
tend to the inftrudion of your children——
Train them up in the may they Jbould go,and ^hen
th, are old th, mill not depart from it —But if
you deprive them of Food for the Soul, as
well as for the body, what shame will slush
Iyour guilty cheek ! what anguish seize your
troubled breafti? What keen remorse will
pierce your heart ! when you must stand in
the presence of an impartial God !! My
bowels yearn for your tender offspring, that
are doom'd to ruin by your negligence !
Therefore, I once more entreat you that have
been deficient in this important point, to be
deficient no longer, for you cannot do your
children a greater injury than by thus neg
leding the greatest part of your duty.
&wake each foul by tender flrobes of art,
Raise up the genius, and amend the beart.
a FRIEND to YOUTH.
— ; —-•
Foreign Articles.
Resolution in Poland.
WARSAW, 1 DETWEEN the 17th and
APRIL 26. J D 21st April, events trans
pired in the city of Warsaw, the capital of
Poland, which are either the harbingers of
the emancipation of the Poles, or of their in
tire subjugation to Russia and Prussia : To
enable our readers to form an idea of the
whole, we think it necessary to relate what
happened at Warsaw, eight days previous to
the infurreaion : As the infurredion of Ma
dalinfki and Kozciufko made a general im
pression on the minds of the people at War
saw, and the worst consequences were feared,
both the Ruffian and Prussian Ambassadors
sent a note, in which the King and the Per
manent Council were desired to treat as reb
els all the insurgents, and to adopt the ftrift
eft measures against them a,d their followers.
The Prussian Ambaffadour complained, that
on the part of Poland, serious measures had
not been adopted sooner against Madalinfki,
so that the King of Prussia had been under
the neceffity,for the purpose of protesting his
own frontiers, to let his troops march into
Poland. To this the King of Poland replied,
that the reason why ftri& measures had not
been adopted against Madalinfki at the firft,
was only with a view to try what could be
done by gentle means, and that, when the
accounts of Madalinfki's proceedings in South
-Prussia, reached Warsaw, it was then too late
for Poland to flop his progress by force of
arms ; but that, by disapproving of his pro
ceedings, he had left it to the King of Prussia
to take what fatisfaaion he thought proper.
Accordingly Prussian troops advanced as far
as Zacroezym and Oftrolenka ; but Mada
linfki and his party having at that time al
ready left the Prussian dominions, conse
quently. the cause of the Prussian troops ad
vancing into Poland, and their longer stay in
the Polish territories,was without any reafonl
The King and the Permanent Council,there
fore, desired that his Prussian Majesty might
recal his troops, and leave it to the Repub
lic and troops of her allies (the Ruffians,) to
reduce the insurgents by force of arms.— To
this the Prussian Ambaffadour, Mr. de Bu
choltz replied, that, as Madalinfki, not fatis
fied with his invasion of the Prussian territo
ries, and the robberies which had in conse
quence been committed, had since associated
himfelf with others (Kozciufko and his party)
for the fame purpose, and difiributed inflam
matory hand-bills at Cracow, against the
courts of Berlin and Peterfburgh, these two
courts were determined to put a flop to that
infurreaion and jacobine fury, by which Po
land is laid waste, the peace of the better
thinking part of the inhabitants destroyed,
and the neighbouring powers held at defi
ance : That this ought not to give the least
uneasiness to the Republic ; but that on the
contrary, his Prussian Majesty had hopes,th at
the King, as well as the Republic of Poland,
would order their fobjeds in general, and # &l
-so their armies, to look upon the advancing
Prussian troops, as the troops of a friendly
Apower, whose only object was to quell the in^
furredion, and to keep that spirit of rebellion
4from{their own territories. In the mean
time, 4000 Prussians were arrived within five
miles of Czenftochan, and had several skir
mishes with the inhabitants.
Their patroles searched the feats of the fuf
peded nobles, in some of which they found
arms, and in Zorck, amongst others, 400
new pikes, which they sent to Czenftochau.
Another Pruthan corps was situated on the
other fide of the Weichfel, and the command
ing General, Wolki, had his head quarters at
Zakrozim, five miles from Warsaw, and his
advanced post at a smaller distance from that
capital. This was the situation of affairs
when theferment at Warsaw had arrived at
the degree, that even Gen. Igblftfoem, fear
ed it would break out ; but not thinking the
event so near at hand, he had five days before
dispatched all his cavalry against Kozciufko,
at Cracoiv. He had hopes, however, that|
notwithstanding the march of these troops,
those that remained with him would be able
to keep the people in awe. To ftrengtiien
himfelf still more, he fenton the evening of
the 15th, to the Prussian General Wolki,and
desired him to draw near to Warsaw, tp be
ready to assist him —For his greater security
within the walls of Warsaw, he sent to the
King, desiring him to disarm the Polish
troops, which were in the place at the time,
and to deliver up the arterial, and powder
magazine ; and for the purpose of deterring
others, he demanded that 20 persons, of the
firft families in Warsaw, whom he named,
might be hanged within 24 hours. These
hard demands irritated the minds of the peo
ple to the greatest degree. The King, who
had heard that General Igelftroem had de
sired the Prussian Gen. Wolki to approach
Warsaw, sent, on the evening of the 16th, his
Adjutant General Grabowfki to the Prussian
head quarters, desiring that it might not be
done, as it would only make bad worse, and
cause the ferment which already prevailed,
to break out in ads of open violence. At
the fame time he sent the grand Chanceller,
Prince Sulkowfky, to General Igelftroem,
desiring that he would revoke the mandate
for hanging the 20 Poles. —Gen. Igelftroem,
however, refufed to listen to this request.—
Prince Sulkowfky was so much irritated, by
the refufal, that he was, at the moment seiz
ed with an apople&ic fit, and was carried
• home to his palace. This event being soon
generally known over Warsaw, made the peo
ple instantly rife in arms,
In the night between the 16th and 17th
they took possession of the avenues to the ci
ty, the arsenal, and the powder magazine ;
and early in the morning a great number of
nobles and priests went to the Palace. Gen.
Igelftroem being made acquainted with this
circumstance, sent to the King, demanding
that the people might be dispersed. At the
fame time he sent General Bauer to take pof- °
session of the arsenal, and ordered the rest
of the troops, which consisted of 6000 men,
to get under arms : It was however too
late ; for the Polish guards and other sold
iers had already assembled, without orders,
and without any officers except subalterns.
These coming upon the detachment which
General Igelftroem had sent to the Palace to
disperse the people, they fell upon them im
mediately, and a bloody a&ion ensued. The
toefin was founded at the fame time ; and
the Poles underftariding that General Bauer
was proceeding to the arsenal, instantly seiz
ed on some cannon which were before the
Palace, and proceeded to the arsenal. When
they arrived there they found that General,
Bauer was already made prisoner, and that
a body of the people had opened the arsenal,
and taken out the arms. In less than an
hour, out of 80,000 who were assembled,
20,000 were armed, and wherever a single
Ruffian Ihewed himfelf he was killed, and as
often as they attempted to colled in bodies,
they were instantly engaged ; particularly
in that part called Nuen-Welt, and in Grzy
bew, where the Polish Guards, and the regi
ment of Dezielinfky met with Bco Ruffians,
the greatest part of whom were killed, and
the rest made prisoners. The greatest fury
now prevailed on both sides. Women and
children hid themselves in cellars, and such
men as did not fight in the streets, fired up
on the Ruffian; from their windows. The
Ruffians entered some of these houses, and
put every person they found in them to
death, not regarding age or sex, while the
Poles were every where fightingand defend
ing themselves with pickaxes, and whatever
weapons chance threw in their way. The
Ruffians being at left driven from the streets,
retreated to General Igelftroem's palace 3
other large buildings, and a church, and ad
ed ^ the defenfive, These five places were
ihftarvily surrounded, and several howitzers
being brought against them, the Ruffians
NEWHAM.
[Num. 94.]'
were obliged at last to surrender themselves.
In one of these the Ruffians, who fired some
Ihots after they had hung out a white flag as
a signal to surrender, were every man of
them put to death. These tranfaflions oc- °
copied from the morning of the 17th to the
evening of the 18th, during which time, of
the 6000 Ruffians who were in Warsaw, 3000
were killed and lay dead in the streets, and
2000 were taken prisoners. General Igel
ftroem with the remainder found means to
escape. The Ruffians left all their artillery
and baggage behind.
During the general confufion, several
houses having been set on fire, the flames
were not entirely got under until the 2tft.
After the Ruffians were driven from War
saw, a messenger was dispatched to Kozciuf-
I ko, toinform him of the success that had at
tended the efforts of the people, and request
ing him to proceed to Warsaw immediately.
Kozciufko has announced to the courts of
Stockholm, Con ftantinople, and Vienna,
I that the Poles are determined to re-establish
the constitution of 1791, and that all the
Ruffians shall withdraw from the territories
ofthe Republic.
oareraaxamwtQt^^
Domeflic Articles.
Latest We/lern News.
RICHMOND, (Firg.) July 16:
Yesterday morning at two
o'clock, arrived here an express
from the Weftero Country, Major
Faragut, with dispatches to the Secre
tary of War—who fpeaki favourably
of the order, health, and discipline of
our army : That the Indians continue
their hostile incursions, and have made
several fruitlefs attempts on our posts:
That the Chickasaws, at present, are
the most obnoxious, and appear the
most adive in assembling and exciting
the other Indians to war, though 17
of their Chiefs are now at Philadel
phia, under a pretence of peace.
The dispatches, it is supposed, a
mount to an information of the in
creasing hoflilities and forces of the
Indians, the deception of the Chicka
saws, and a requificion of reinforce
ments for a decisive coup de main, as
war is inevitable.
Several old Chiefs and Warriours
difaffeded to the war, have come with
their families under our proteaion,
and have been received with cordiali
ty
——tfrao^rrcßw- —•
Philadelphia, July 2t. There
are various accounts in circulation re
fpeding the late naval combat in Eu
rope. A sailor of Captain Green's
crew informed a gentleman, that they
passed through the French fleet after
the engagement, and (even fail were
miffing.
A letter from Baltimore, received
on Saturday, Rated, that by an arriv
al there from Liverpool, accounts
were received that there had been
two severe engagements between the
fleets of France and England—and
that two fail of the former were tak
en and five funk. It is repotted that
letters have been received from the
northward which contain similar in
telligence, with some additonal cir
cumdances.
.■■.■■—in ■..■■■■•■■^■aßWMiaMaW>M««««»^
NEWYORK, JULY 24. Mij Stagg, J
Chief Clerk in the War Department,
has publickly contradided in the Phi
ladelphia papers, the paragraph in a
Virginis paper, that the Chickasaws
were unfriendly to the United States:
On the contrary, they are exhibiting
marks of friendships