The Mirrour — Concord, N.H., 1794-06-30 00:00:00, page 1

are generally arranged in a direction -parallel
to each other. An interval, or ftreet^be
tween the combs is always left, that tfr, bees
may have a free passage, and an easy commu
nication with the different combs in the hive.
These streets are just wide enough to allow
two bees to pass one another. Beside thefc
parallel streets, to shorten their journey when
working, they leave several round cross pas
sages, which are always covered.
Hitherto we have chiefly taken notice of
the manner in which bees conftruft and pol
ish their cells, without treating of the materi.
als they employ. We have not marked the
deference bet ween the crude matter colluded
from flowers and the true wax. Every body
knows that bees carry into their hives, by
means of their hind thighs, great quantities
of the farina, or dust, of flowers. After ma
ny experiments made by Reaumer, with a
view to discover whether this dust contained
real wax, he was obliged to acknowledge,that
he could never find that wax formed any part
of its composition. ,He at length discovered,
that wax was not a substance produced by the
mixture of farina with any glutinous, sub
stance, por by trimration, or any mechanical
operation. By long and attentive observa
tion, he found that the bees a&ually eat the
farina which they so industriously colled ;
and that this farina, by an animal process, is
converted into wax. \ This digestive process,
frhich is necessary to the formation of wax, is
carried on in the second stomach, and per
haps in the intestines of bees. After know
ing the place where this operation is perform
ed, chymifts will probably allow, that it is
equally difficult to make real wax with the
farina of flowers, as to make chyle with ani
mal or vegetable fobftances, a work which is.
, daily executed by our own stomach and in
testines, and by those of other animals.——
Reaumer likewise difcoyered, that all the cells
in a hive were not destined for the reception
of honey, and for depositing the eggs of the
female, but that some of them were employ
ed as receptacles for the farina of flowers, a
species of food that bees find necessary for the
formation of ware, which is the great balls
and raw material of all theircurious opera
' tfons.' Whena be 6 comes to the hive with
its thighs filled with farina, it is often met
near the entrance by some of its companions,
\ „bo firft take off theload, affil then devour
<he provifiona rfo kindly brought to them.
But, when none of the bees employed in the
hive are hungry for this species of food, the
carriers of the farina deposit their loads in
tils prepared for that putpofe.^^Tnthefe
cells th# fra. Cefort, when the weather is so
bad that they cannot venture tote 16 the
" feldsin q&ft of frefti provifians^ Thecar- ~
@g It however, commonly.enter the
or males, are larger than the common, or
working, bees ; and the queen, or mother of
the hive, is much larger than either. A cell
destined for the lodgmentof a male or female
worm must, therefore, be considerably larger
than the cells of the smaller working bees.
The number of cells destined for the recep
tion of the working bees far exceeds those in
which the males are lodged. The honey-cells
are always made deeper and more capacious
than the others. When the honey collected
is so abundant that the vessels cannot contain
it, the bees lengthen, and of course deepen,
the honey-cells.
Their mode of Working, and the difpofi
jion and divifon of their labour, when put
into an empty hive, do much honour to the
sagacity of hees. They immediately begin
to lay the foundations of their combs, which
they execute with .surprising quickness and
alacrity. Soon after they begin to conftruft
one comb, they divide into two or three com
panies, each of which, in different parts of
the hive,is occupied with the fame operations.
By this division of labour, a greater number
of bees have an opportunity of being employ
ed at the fame time, and, consequently, the
common work is sooner finished. The combs
[From Smellie's Pbilojopby of Natural Hiftory.]
THE cells of bees are designed for differ
ent purposes. Some ofthem are em
ployed for the accumulation and preservation
of honey. In others, the female deposits
her eggs,, and from these eggs worms are
hatched, which remain in the cells till their
final transformation into flies.
On the OPERATIONS and (ECONOMY
(Vol. ll.]
FOR THE MIRROUR.
Ufeful Mifeellany.
[continued.]
CONCORD.
of the HONEY-BEE.
The drones,
©lie sim#
I feleded only one passage of that speech,
because in it was concentered the real objed
of the whole ; which was to declare an ex
prelation, that Greatbrirain would be at war
with the United States in the course of the
present year, and, as if ihe were to cause the
warriours to draw a line. This is the undis
guised sense of the Governour General, un
affe&ed by the preliminary words, which you
have thought proper to quote. It is your own
interpretation. For so far are you from con
tradiding my assertion, that Lord Dorches
ter foftered and encouraged in the Indians,
hostile disposition towards us, that you con
fine the greater partof your remaining obser
vations to vindicate his persuasion and your
own, that the principal aggrellion leading to
hostility, proceeded from the United States ;
and to suggest many others of the fame ten
dency upon which you would not dilate.
I shall not shrink, fir, from your charges.
Ift. Notwithstanding the territory, upon
which certaininhibitants of Vermont are re*
prerented in your letter of the ,th of July,
1792, to have trespassed, belongs to the Unit
ed Status: Yet on the 9th ofthe fame month,
did my predecessor give you, as is admitted,
positive all'urances of the determination to
difeourage and repress the fubjed of four
complaint. The necessary inftrudions were
accordingly forwarded to that State. On ex
amining your correspondence with my de
partment, it does not appear that from the
9th of July 1792, to the totlrof March 1794,
upwards of 19 months, our government ever
understood from yourfelf or any authority of
his Brittanpic Majesty, that the original dif
fatisfadion continued. Nor was mi, difcon
tenr heard from that quarter through other
channels, except what related to outrages up
on our own citizens by British fubjeas. Then,
indeed, thirty days after the hostile tribes of
Indians had been assembled by Lord Dor
chester, at Quebec, you renew your remon
strances. @ Although it canhot 'be by any
means believed, that this was written, in or-
/ UNITED STATES, 4th JUNE, 1794.
Gentlemen of the Senate,
and of the House of Reprefentati<ves,
I LAY before Congress the copy ofa letter,
with its enclosure, from the Secretary of
State to the Minister Plenipotentiary of his
Brittannic Majesty ; it being an answer to a
letter from the Minister to him, bearing date
the 22d ult. and already communicated.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 2, 179,
SIR,,
IF the letter with which you honoured me
on the zzd ult. had not entered into a train of
recrimination against the United States, I
Should not now trouble you with a return to
its unpleasant topics. Among the reasons
which would have induced me to add nothing
to my letter of the Ift of the last month, it
would have been of some weight, that by si
lence I should avoid the repetition of a style
and manner, which seem to have produced a
personal excitement.
As you are willing to admit the authentici
ty of Lord Dorchester's speech, we will, with
your approbation, reserve for future discus
sion, on what occasion, and to what degree,
an explanation may be required by the gov
ernment of the United States from a foreign
Minister.
hive loaded with farina. They walk along
the combs beating and making a noise with
their wings. By these movements they seem
to announce their arrival to their compan
ions. Nofooner has a loaded bee made these
movements, than three or four of those with
in leave their work, come up to it, and firft
take off its load, and then eat the materials
it has brought. As a farther evidence that
the bees actually eat the farina of flowers,
when the stomach and intestines are laid o
pen, they are often to be found filled with
this dust, the grains of which, when examin
ed by the microscope, have the cxad figure,
colour, and,confiftence of farina, taken from
the anthero of particular flowers.
* (To be continued.)
1 PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 9.
A mefage from the Prefidrat of the United States
to Congress, transmitting a letter from the Secre
tary of State to the Minister Plenipotentiary of
bis Brittannic Majefly, avith an enclosure, in
answer to a letter from the Minister, dated nd
May, '794-
—
Publijbed by order of the House of Representatives.
State Paper.
MONDA Y, JUNE 30, 1794.
BY E. RUSSELL.
" In the letter which I had the honour of
writing you on the 15th of May, in answer to
your several memorials of the Bth of that
month, I mentioned that the President, re
served for further consideration, a part of the
one which related to the equipment of two
privateers in the port of Charleston. The
part alluded to, was that wherein you express
your confidence that the executive govern
ment of the United States would pursue
measures for repressing such practices in fu
ture, and in restoring to their rightful own
ers, any captures which such privateers might
bring into the ports of the United States.
" The President, after a full investigation
of this fubje&, and the most mature conside
ration, has charged me to communicate to
you, that the firft part of this application is
found to be just, aud that effedual measures
are taken for preventing the repetitions of the
aft therein complained of—but that the lat
ter part, desiring reftitmion of the prizes is
understood to be inconfiftept with the rules
which govern such cases, and would, there
fore, be unjuftifiable towards the other party.
" The principal agents in this tranfadion
were French citizens. Being within the U
nited States, at the moment a war broke out
between their own and another country, they
determine to go in its defence ; they pur
chafe,:arm and equip a vessel, with their own
money, man it themselves, receive a regular
commission from the nation, depart out of
the United States, and then commence hof
tilitiefr, bf capturing 1 vessel. If under these
circumstances, the commission of the captors
was valid, the property according to the laws
of war, was, by the capture, transferred to
them ; and it would be an aggression on their
nation, for the United States to refeue it from
them, whether on the high feas,cr on coming
into their ports. If the commission was not
valid, and consequently, the property not
transferred by the laws of war to the captors,
then the case would have been cognizable in
our courts of admiralty, and the owners
might have gone thither for redrefi. So that
on eitlfer supposition irtrakl the executive be
juftifiable in interposing. 't
," With refped to the United States, the
tranfadions can in no wife be imputed to
them. It was in the firft moment of the war,
in one of their most dirtant ports, before
tpeafures could be provided ty the govern
ment to irteet all the cases, which such a state
of fhmg§ was to produce—impcffible to have
der to usher in the intelligence, which soon
after arrived, of his speech ; yet is it difficult
to account for so long an interval under the
circumstances supposed. Nor ought my an
swer, although delayed, for fifty days, until
the 29th of April, 1'794, to be conftiued into
an assent to any charge, at the end of that
period,having been dilappointgd,as my letter
shews, in one opportunity of inrormation, and
no other presenting itfelf, we were not in a
capacity of contradicting your affections.—
.However, fir, the inftrudions, issued in con
sequence of your application, conveyed pofi
<ive orders for the correction of what, upon
examination should be found irregular.
2d.' Among the points, to which you in
timate that you might have adverted, is enu
merated the fitting out of two privateers, at
Charleston, in Southcarolina. Whatever
this tranfadion might have been, it probably
occurred at the commencement of the war,
and before the exigence of the war, was com
municated to our government, by any of the
powers engaged. Had such a tranfadion
been known to the President in time, you
can well judge from his adual condu&, what
he then would have done. His proclamation
of 22d April, 1793 ; his call upon the State
Governours on the 26th of the fame month,
to co operate with him in the work of impar
tiality and peace ; the system of rules which
he established, and which were imparted to
you, are unerring indications of the spirit of
those measures, on which he had determined.
He suppressed the consular courts, which at
tempted to pass sentences of condemnation
cn captures ;—he restored Several Ceffets to
British owners : Prosecutions have been in
ftituied against the violators of neutrality.
In a word, fir, what has been required, under
the fandion of the law of nations, which has
not been fulfilled ? How many things have
been spontaneously done, to evince our im
partiality ? Let me request you to review my
predecessor's letters to you of April 22, May
i§, June §, August 7,8, 25, September 5
and 12, 1793 ; and to fay if more could be
well expelled from us ? After some demon
strations, it might have been hoped, that the
equipment of these two privateers would not
rife again in the Share of a charge, ht the
letter of the §th of June, being conceived of
itfelf to be fatisfadory, is here inferred.
gth. It is true, that 'he sale of prizes made
b, the French cruizers, has not been prohib
ited in the United States, and that our treat,
with France has been so interpreted, as not
to contemplate a freedom to fell. The next
resort was to the law of nations ; which was
scrupulously searched by the executive, with
the pure desire "of discovering truth and jus
tice to all. Upon this, as on many o her oc
casions the civilians differ ; Vattel declaring,
that a privateer may carry his prize into d
neutral port, and there freely fell it ; Mar
tens affirming the lame dodrine, if it has not?
been otherwise regulated by treaty ; and oth
ers opposing it. In this schism among the
writers, it was resolved by the President of
the United States, to impose no restraint up
on those files ; and to refer them, as affairs
of legislation, to Congress, at the earliest mo
ment of their session. Thus much has been
observed, not as my final answer, but merely ,'
to introduce an assurance, that I will follow
you in,the main discussion, wherever you shall
bring it forward in detail.
6th. Undoubtedly, Sir, you have been
mifmformed, that the vessels of France have
been permitted to depart from our ports,not
wiihftanding the embargo. As the hiftory
of the executive'proceedings is neither long
nor entangled, it shall be frankly stated to
you. A§ soon as the embargo was laid, ex
presses and advice boats were dispatched, to „
notify the officers of the customs and revenue
cutters, and all concerned in its execution.
The resolution imposing it, involved all for. ;f)
eign nations; the inftrudions from the Prefi.|
dent of the United States, favoured no na-|
4th. The Secretary at War has Undertak
en to afeertain the precise state of the priva
teers le Petit Democrat and le Carmagnole,
and the result will be communicated to you.
In the mean time, it is a matter of some sur
prise, that vessels, whose single employment
and profit most consist in cruising on the o
cean, should have remained in the port of
Newyork during the whole winter, and prob
ably up to the date of your letter [May zzd,
1794] May it not be prefumed,hat their
activity has been checked by the interven
tion of the government ? But Sir, if they
have not been dismantled, your letter brings
the firft notice of the cmiffion.
3d. With so many dire& proofs in your
hands, of the opinion constantly maintained
by our government against the legality of
captures in general, made by illegal priva^
teers, it is not easily explained why the validi
ty of those before the fifth of june, 1793,
should be argued from a refufal to restore
them. The above recited letter of that date,
neither affirms nor difaffirms their validity ;
but declines the granting of restitution as
being inconsistent with the rules which gov
ern in such cases. These rules are—that
if the commission be good, the capture is
good; if the commission be bad, the capture
is bad ; but whether it be good or bad is
not decided ; it being enough to'prove that
the tranfadion for the reafop affrgned, can.
in no .wife be imputed to the United States.
But if captures of this kind, prior to the sth
of june, 1793, do really amount (as it is con
ceived by some) 6 no very considerable val
ue, this would of itfelf, lessen the importance
of the insinuation.
" You will fee, Sir, in these proceedings
of the President, unequivocal proofs of the
line of ftric tright, which he means to pur
sue. 'The measures now mentioned, are
taken in justice to the other party ; the ul
terior measure of seizing and restoring the
prizes, is declined to justice in the other ;
and the evil thus early arrested, will be of
very limited effects perhaps, indeed soon dis
appear altogether."
As to the permission from the governour
of Southcarolina, for the departure of those
privateers from port, you may assure your
felf of a proper inquiry ; and I take the liber
ty of requeuing any evidence which you
have of it.,
known, and therefore impossible to have pre
vented by that government.
" The moment it was known, the most en
ergetic orders were sent to every state and
port in the union, to prevent a repetition of
the accident. On a suggestion, that citizen^
of the United States had taken part in the
ad, one who was defigpated, was instantly
committed to prif>n for prosecution ; one or
two others have been since named, and com
mitted in like manner ; and should it appear,
that there were still others, no measures will
be spared to bring them to justice. The
President has even gone farther ; he has re
quired as a reparation of their breach of ref
ped to the United States, that the vessels
so armed and equipped, shall depart from
our ports.
NEWHAM.
[Num. 88.]