Spacetime-Efficient Low-Depth Quantum State Preparation with Applications

Authors:
raw_author_name: Kaiwen Gui
raw_affiliation_string: Amazon Web Services, WA, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, IL, USA; Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, IL, USA
raw_author_name: Alexander M. Dalzell
raw_affiliation_string: AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA, USA
raw_author_name: Alessandro Achille
raw_affiliation_string: AWS AI Labs, Pasadena, CA, USA
raw_author_name: Martin Suchara
raw_affiliation_string: Amazon Web Services, WA, USA
raw_author_name: Frederic T. Chong
raw_affiliation_string: Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, IL, USA

Abstract: We propose a novel deterministic method for preparing arbitrary quantum states. When our protocol is compiled into CNOT and arbitrary single-qubit gates, it prepares an <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-dimensional state in depth <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">spacetime allocation</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> (a metric that accounts for the fact that oftentimes some ancilla qubits need not be active for the entire circuit) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>, which are both optimal. When compiled into the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo></mml:math> gate set, we show that it requires asymptotically fewer quantum resources than previous methods. Specifically, it prepares an arbitrary state up to error <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&amp;#x03F5;</mml:mi></mml:math> with optimal depth of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&amp;#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> and spacetime allocation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&amp;#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>, improving over <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&amp;#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&amp;#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>, respectively. We illustrate how the reduced spacetime allocation of our protocol enables rapid preparation of many disjoint states with only constant-factor ancilla overhead – <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> ancilla qubits are reused efficiently to prepare a product state of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-dimensional states in depth <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>w</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> rather than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>w</mml:mi><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&amp;#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>, achieving effectively constant depth per state. We highlight several applications where this ability would be useful, including quantum machine learning, Hamiltonian simulation, and solving linear systems of equations. We provide quantum circuit descriptions of our protocol, detailed pseudocode, and gate-level implementation examples using Braket.