Combining traditional and geophysical soil investigation for phytoremediation planning in a hydrocarbon polluted area

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The spatial variability of hydrocarbon content and the physical and chemical properties of the soil were assessed by combining traditional soil sampling and proximal geophysical survey with the aim of planning a pilot phytoremediation experiment in an agricultural area west of Milan (Lombardy, Italy).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The area, an irrigated arable land of about 1 ha, was affected by a refined oil spillage from an underground pipeline in 2015. Contamination surveys were carried out with a continuous core drilling technique using an hydraulic probe (131 cm diameter core). Heavy (C&amp;gt;12) and light (C&amp;lt;12) alkanes and aromatic compounds (benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene and xilenes) were measured up to three meters depth. Results showed a predominance of heavy hydrocarbons (C&amp;gt;12) with respect to light hydrocarbons (C&amp;lt;12) and aromatic compounds. A map of heavy hydrocarbons soil concentration was obtained using geostatistical techniques.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;In 2019 it was decided to carry out a phytoremediation intervention to reclaim the first meter of contaminated soil where heavy hydrocarbons content ranges from 500 to 5000 mg/kg. The first step of the intervention consists in cultivating a wide variety of vegetal species in experimental plots with different pollution to verify their effectiveness for remediation in the specific environmental condition of that area. For the reclamation of deeper more contaminated layers, enhanced bioremediation have been planned to be used.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Soil properties, which are crucial for planning phytoremediation activities, were investigated using traditional methods and geophysical surveys. Traditional soil survey was performed describing the 23 drilling cores used to monitor pollutants and opening five profiles; the samples were collected from genetic soil horizons and analysed for organic carbon and the main nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) content, total carbonates, texture and pH in water. The distribution of Eutric Luvisols and Cambisols, developed mainly on sandy or sandy skeletal substrate, was represented in a soil map. A proximal geophysical survey was carried out using an electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor (GSSI Profiler EMP-400) by acquiring multiple frequencies; soil detailed conductivity maps for each frequency (15000, 9000 and 2000 kHz) were obtained. No significant relationships were found between soil electrical conductivity and hydrocarbon concentration, whereas there are relationships with the main soil characteristics: this allowed detailed maps of soil parameters to be obtained.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;On the base of both the soil spatial characterization (traditional soil map and detailed soil property maps with geophysical approach) and the contaminant distribution (hydrocarbon map distribution using geostatistical approach), homogeneous areas were identified in which to set up experimental phytoremediation plots to test the most suitable species for reclamation, chosen among the most widespread crops in the region and considering their suitability for biomass and bio-oil production.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;