Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
`Why didn't you allocate this task to them?' Negotiation-Aware Explicable Task Allocation and Contrastive Explanation Generation

Task allocation is an important problem in multi-agent systems. It becomes more challenging when the team-members are humans with imperfect knowledge about their teammates' costs and the overall performance metric. In this paper, we propose a centralized Artificial Intelligence Task Allocation (AITA) that simulates a negotiation and produces a negotiation-aware explicable task allocation. If a team-member is unhappy with the proposed allocation, we allow them to question the proposed allocation using a counterfactual. By using parts of the simulated negotiation, we are able to provide contrastive explanations that provide minimum information about other's cost to refute their foil. With human studies, we show that (1) the allocation proposed using our method appears fair to the majority, and (2) when a counterfactual is raised, explanations generated are easy to comprehend and convincing. Finally, we empirically study the effect of different kinds of incompleteness on the explanation-length and find that underestimation of a teammate's costs often increases it.
Comparison of CNN’s Architecture GoogleNet, AlexNet, VGG-16, Lenet -5, Resnet-50 in Arabic Handwriting Pattern Recognition

The Arabic script is written from right to left and consists of 28 characters, with no capital or lowercase letters. The Arabic script has several orthographic and morphological properties that make handwriting recognition of the Arabic script challenging. In addition, one of the biggest challenges in recognizing Arabic script patterns is the different handwriting styles and characters of each person's writing. The authors propose a study to compare the accuracy of handwriting pattern recognition in Arabic script which has been done previously by comparing five CNN architectures, namely GoogleNet, AlexNet, VGG-16, LeNet-5, and ResNet-50. Considering that previous research has not obtained excellent accuracy. The number of datasets used is 8400 image data and the most optimal comparison of testing and training data is 80:20. Based on the research that has been done, there are several things that the author can conclude. The model is made using 64 filters for each convolution layer because the optimal size is used for 5 architectures, kernel size is 3x3, neurons is 128, dropout weight is 50% to reduce overfitting, learning rate is 0.001, image size is 64x64, the normalization method with the ReLU activation function, and 1-dimensional input image (grayscale), and with a comparison of testing and training data of 80:20. The VGG-16 architectural model is the architecture that gets the highest score, namely 83.99%. This can have good potential to be developed as a medium for learning Arabic script.
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN AS A COMPONENT OF THE INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF A TECHNOLOGY TEACHER IN THE CONDITIONS OF A NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL

The article updates the issue of professional training of future technology teachers to work in the conditions of the New Ukrainian School. Attention is focused on certain provisions of the Concept of the New Ukrainian School related to partnership pedagogy, readiness for innovation, new standards and learning outcomes, school and teacher autonomy, education financing. It is noted that increasing the effectiveness of the professional training of future teachers is an important modern educational task, since it is the teacher as the bearer of spiritual, intellectual, creative potentials who qualitatively influences the development of a person and society Emphasis is placed on the importance of their readiness for innovative pedagogical activity. The teacher's innovative activity is based on a meaningful attitude to advanced practical pedagogical experience. Innovative pedagogical activity also includes the use of design technologies in education. An important leading place in the theory and practice of educational activity belongs to pedagogical design. Necessary in the organization of the educational process at school is the use of design technologies by the teacher in order to implement pedagogical design. The result of pedagogical design is innovations that have a positive effect on the education system, and the introduced changes are characterized as new or improved. It is noted that in today's conditions, the future technology teacher who will work at the New Ukrainian School must be able to independently design the educational process, be guided by the abilities and natural inclinations of students, search for and use effective methods and techniques of learning, innovative educational technologies in the educational process. A conclusion was made regarding the need for future technology teachers to have a high level of familiarity with design technology and the basics of pedagogical design, the ability to develop and implement pedagogical projects. The question of preparing future technology teachers for the use of design technologies in the educational process, in particular related to pedagogical design and creation of pedagogical projects, requires further scientific research. It is planned to develop a number of measures for the development of a creative approach to the design of pedagogical activities in students of education.
Education Methods to Improve Earthquake Preparedness Among Students: A Literature Review

Earthquake is frequent disasters in Indonesia, and children or students are a group that is vulnerable to becoming victims. Preparedness is one of the efforts that can be made to anticipate losses due to disasters, one of which is through education. However, educational methods related to preparedness carried out for students are still little identified. This literature review aims to identify educational methods to improve earthquake disaster preparedness, especially for students. This study used a literature review with a descriptive review approach. The databases used include PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, Garuda, and Google Scholar, published from 2018 to 2022. The result of study that article selection was carried out, including checking for duplication, suitability of titles, abstracts, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this selection, 14 articles were included in this literature review. It was found that several methods can be used to improve disaster preparedness, such as the simulation method, education with lectures, singing, and others, as well as a combination of simulation with other methods, all of which can increase the preparedness score. Meanwhile, students who deal with a disaster have the potential to gain an increase in disaster preparedness. Simulation, education, and combining both methods were practical in increasing earthquake disaster preparedness. Keywords: Education, earthquake, preparedness, students.
Visual Analysis Based on CMY and RGB Image Cryptography Using Vigenere and Beaufort Cipher

The achievement of visual aspects and image security often cannot meet visibility standards, for example the acquisition of PSNR and UACI NPCR values. To increase security, this research has implemented a combination of the Vigenere cipher and Beaufort and the use of Fibonacci as a randomizer. The combination of the Vigenere Cipher and Beaufort Cipher substitution algorithms with the Fibonacci technique can be applied to encrypt color images in RGB and CMY, with a size of 256x256 pixels and in .bmp format. The Fibonacci cut-off value used in this study is 10000. The highest entropy value of the cipher image peppers.bmp is 7,991. The lowest PSNR cipher image value is accordion.bmp where for RGB it is 5,439 dB and for CMY it is 5,403 dB. accordion.bmp's highest UACI value is 44.018% for RGB and 44.312% for CMY. The NPCR value in the airplane.bmp image has the highest value in RGB of 99.792% and for CMY the highest value is in splash.bmp with a value of 99.798%. Evaluation of the decryption results shows that the decryption process can run perfectly as indicated by the values of MSE=0, PSNR=inf, UACI and NPCR=0%. Therefore, encrypt and decrypt was proven that the results obtained in the visual aspect are very good.
STUDY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION PROBLEMS IN THE PHYSICS COURSE OF A PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

The article analyzes the state of the problem of energy saving in psychological, methodical, scientific, special literature and Internet resources and makes a comparative characteristic. The theoretical essence of the concept of energy efficiency, energy saving, problems of energy saving of students of general secondary education institutions in physics lessons is revealed. The structure, features and ways of implementing the problem of energy conservation in the physics course of a specialized school are substantiated. It was found that the concept of energy saving is formed at school age, and therefore the presence of habits in adult life is the result of the formation of the concept and observance of all previously acquired skills on the subconscious. The problem of energy saving is studied by students in lessons, but unfortunately there is a lack of material for studying this issue in more detail. The study of this issue should be included in the general planning for the development of lessons. This will make it possible to form a holistic perception in students and to form habits of energy saving in everyday life. The formation of concepts at school age will give an opportunity to influence the energy-saving industry in general, and students' assimilation of knowledge of energy efficiency, self-monitoring and self-evaluation of the performance of all components of this industry. The method of forming the concept of energy conservation in students in physics lessons ensures the use of methodological approaches and adherence to principles, observance of pedagogical conditions for the formation of a culture of energy conservation in students. This concept includes the presence of competent approaches to the study of this subject, the presence of an in-depth literary base, the presence of methodical literature for the teacher, improvement of the physics course with energy-saving materials, and the involvement of specialized specialists in the lessons. A number of practical tasks on energy conservation problems based on traditional and innovative approaches have been proposed and developed, the use of which contributes to the implementation of the energy conservation problem in the physics course of students of a specialized school. It has been proven that various types of research excursions have shown effective results. Pupils became actively interested in the topic of energy conservation, studied with interest all the physical measuring devices in the school, conducted experiments, wrote conclusions and proposed measures to conserve energy in the school premises.
SYSTEMS OF BASIC EQUIVALENT EXAMPLES FOR STUDYING TOPICS OF THEORETICAL AND TECHNICAL MECHANICS

TECHNICAL MECHANICS The article examines the use of systems of basic equivalent examples of problem solving for the study of topics of theoretical and technical mechanics during extreme distance learning in war conditions. It is shown that solving sets of problems on relevant topics to consolidate theoretical material and form relevant practical knowledge, abilities and skills necessary in the future conducting more complex applied calculations of systems and structures. At the same time, in the modern realities of war in the conditions of a long-term and extremely complex educational process, both in a mixed and completely remote format, when the enemy inflicts insidious terrorist attacks on civilian infrastructure, and primarily energy life support, circumstances arise when quite complex material on the relevant topic, part of the students, due to the impossibility of connecting to the video conference of the couple according to the schedule, have to actually work in full on their own, even with intermittent access to electronic media due to scheduled and unscheduled power outages. This creates additional new requirements for the content of the lecture material with the maximum step-by-step explanation of all components of each topic in the complex of educational and methodological support of the discipline, primarily for files with lecture texts, which are displayed for students on the appropriate educational platform (messenger) for each classes in theoretical and technical mechanics. It has been determined that an important component of the distance educational process in the study of theoretical and technical mechanics is a system of examples equivalent to problems for relevant practical classes with a detailed "talking" of all the steps of solving typical problems that are submitted for processing on this topic for current control. This becomes even more relevant in the conditions of war, when the lecture material on each topic presented in Google Classroom (or MOODLE, WIKI) is supported by a system of detailed problem-solving examples (completely similar to those presented in practical classes) from the minimum basic level to of increased complexity, which enables the student, even with completely independent processing, to form relevant multi-level practical skills on this topic. The elements of the proposed systems of basic equivalent examples of solving problems on the topics "Basic concepts and axioms of the statics of an absolutely rigid body" and "System of convergent forces" are given.
FORMATION OF ANOTHER LANGUAGE COMPETENCE USING STEM AND STREAM TECHNOLOGIES

The article examines the problems of integration of a foreign language, general education and special disciplines in the educational process of technical institutions of higher education (IHE). The prerequisites for the formation of a model of an innovative educational-scientific STEM, STEAM and STREAM environment for conducting foreign language classes in a professional direction at a technical higher education institution have been created. It is determined how STEM, STEAM, STREAM approaches are integrated with foreign language learning and provide effective training of competitive technical higher education specialists for the domestic and global labor market. Forming a model of an innovative educational and scientific STEM and STEAM environment, we considered the components of hard skills and soft/flexible skills among STEM competencies. In our understanding, the use of STEM technologies in the formation of foreign language competence in technical IHE is the creation of conditions for a balanced, purposeful, science-oriented educational process based on the integration of mathematical, natural and humanitarian areas, where a foreign language acts as an integrative tool for solving professional activities, and the very object of study. Such integration is based on critical thinking and research skills of future specialists in technical education profiles.
Protection of Artificial Intelligence Autonomously Generated Works under the Copyright Act, 1957- An Analytical Study

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not new anymore; it has become a new normal. In the present 3A era (Advanced, automated and autonomous), the Next Rembrandt paintings, Shimon’s lyrics and songs and Bot Dylan’s Irish folk songs are the works generated by the AI without any considerable human contribution. In the US, the Copyright Act, 1976 does not protect the works generated independently by the AI without human intervention and thus dropping such works in the public domain immediately after their creation. However, in the UK, the Copyright, Patents and the Designs Act, 1988 under Section 9 (3) attributes copyright to “the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work are undertaken” in case of AI generated works. India has taken a giant leap by considering AI as the joint author along with the human responsible for the creation of work. However, there is not much comprehensive literature available that focuses on the impact of AI being considered as a joint author. This paper aims to create a concrete foundation by emphasizing such impact under the Copyright Act, 1957. Furthermore, the paper considers the stance of the US, UK and Australia in protecting AI generated works to suggest measures to the current copyright regime in India.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LEARNING POLYGONAL 3D MODELING

An article describes the practical aspects of studying polygonal modeling. To substantiate the topic's relevance, the author points out the importance of modernization in the education sphere. In particular, the using three-dimensional graphics and virtual and augmented reality technologies are one of the significant trends of today. That is why the studying of approaches to the creation and use of digital three-dimensional educational content is necessary for the training of future teachers and lecturers. The author considers the works of both Ukrainian and English-speaking researchers. His analysis of scientific research shows that scientists mainly describe the general issues of implementing 3D graphics, as well as VR and AR, in the educational process. However, they don't sufficiently reveal the topics that are related to the vital problematic moments of studying the process of creating 3D content. Usually, students master them very hard. These include polygonal three-dimensional modeling, animation, and rendering. That is why the author focuses his attention on one of such problematic points - the studying of polygonal modeling. In particular, he aimed to reveal practical aspects of learning based on the analysis of polygon modeling rules, which are directed at helping students to improve their skills in creating surfaces of virtual digital objects. In the main part of the article, the author notes the importance of observing the rules of high-quality construction of the polygon mesh on the object, which is modeled in the three-dimensional editor. Based on the analysis of the presented rules, he gives examples of educational tasks. They allow students to improve their skills in polygonal 3D modeling. The presented tasks can also be used by other teachers to create their system of practical tasks for studying 3D modeling. The article contains the necessary images of three-dimensional models that complement the text material. The models presented in the images are made in the freely distributed 3D graphics editor Blender. This choice is due to the fact that this program is used for teaching three-dimensional graphics both in the study of informatics in schools and institutions of higher and professional education. The conclusions summarize the presented material and point to further prospects for scientific research.
FORMATION OF THE METHODS OF COMPLEX USE OF VISUAL TOOLS IN THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS OF BIOLOGY AND FUNDAMENTALS OF HEALTH

The article reveals the process of formation of methods of justification and selection of visual aids by future teachers of biology and the basics of health in classes on the educational discipline "Modern didactic teaching aids". The future teacher's ability to rationally select them based on the purpose and content of the lesson, the peculiarities of the organization of educational and cognitive activities of students of a certain age is one of the components of his professional development. Types of visibility and the role of visibility means in the educational process of a modern institution of general secondary education are analyzed. The principle of visibility demonstrates its effectiveness throughout its existence. Its implementation should take place in accordance with changes in the tasks of education, interaction between subjects of the educational process, informatization of society, expanded capabilities of technical means of education, etc. The article describes the visualization tools used in teaching biology and the basics of health. Means of natural visualization are of primary importance in biology lessons. Means of pictorial or visual visibility have gained the greatest use in teaching biology and the basics of health, they include: three-dimensional (waxwork and models) and planar (educational tables, posters, pictures, photographs, etc.). Means of graphic visualization differ in their variety from the teacher's schematic drawings on the blackboard to mind maps. A special place in the teaching methodology is occupied by multimedia tools: presentations, video films, 3D drawings and models, animations, interactive models. Attention is drawn to taking into account the specific characteristics of schoolboys of the so-called "generation Z" and the features of distance learning. The content of tasks for practical classes, aimed at the formation of subject-methodical competence and involves the activity of students in the selection and distribution of visual aids according to the stages of the lesson, is given. Students need to justify the choice of a certain tool or its combination with others at a specific stage of the lesson, propose tasks or questions for its effective use. Other tasks require predicting the further development of the lesson using certain means. The future teacher of biology and the basics of health must possess the techniques of justification, selection and application of an arsenal of visualization tools, which are improved and become more and more convenient and effective.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT MADE BY TENTH GRADERS OF SMA SWASTA FREE METHODIST MEDAN

This research was conducted to identify the various types of errors made in English descriptive texts written by tenth graders at Free Methodist Private High School Medan during the 2022-2023 academic year. This research was conducted on 36 students who became the focus of the research. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Research is conducted offline. Written test-based data collection method. The researcher checked the writing errors of the descriptive texts made by the students. This study concentrates on the categorization of writing errors made by students. The Surface Strategy Taxonomy analysis of the findings revealed 30 inaccuracies in student-submitted descriptive texts. There were 9 addition errors with a total of 30%, 16 errors of omission with a total of 54%, 5 misformation errors with a total of 16%, and 0 ordering errors with a total of 0%. The majority of errors, or 15 out of 30, are spelling (Spelling) errors, which are classed as errors within omission errors. In conclusion, the researchers found 30 errors in the descriptive text written by class X IPS 1 SMA Medan Free Methodis.