Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Building a Part-of-Speech Tagged Corpus for Drenjongke (Bhutia).

This research paper reports on the generation of the first Drenjongke corpus based on texts taken from a phrase book for beginners, written in the Tibetan script. A corpus of sentences was created after correcting errors in the text scanned through optical character reading (OCR). A total of 34 Part-of-Speech (PoS) tags were defined based on manual annotation performed by the three authors, one of whom is a native speaker of Drenjongke. The first corpus of the Drenjongke language comprises 275 sentences and 1379 tokens, which we plan to expand with other materials to promote further studies of this language.
Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis Based on RoBERTa-BiLSTM-CRF Model

Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED) is a natural language processing task for the NLPTEA6 workshop. The goal of this task is to automatically diagnose grammatical errors in Chinese sentences written by L2 learners. This paper proposes a RoBERTa-BiLSTM-CRF model to detect grammatical errors in sentences. Firstly, RoBERTa model is used to obtain word vectors. Secondly, word vectors are input into BiLSTM layer to learn context features. Last, CRF layer without hand-craft features work for processing the output by BiLSTM. The optimal global sequences are obtained according to state transition matrix of CRF and adjacent labels of training data. In experiments, the result of RoBERTa-CRF model and ERNIE-BiLSTM-CRF model are compared, and the impacts of parameters of the models and the testing datasets are analyzed. In terms of evaluation results, our recall score of RoBERTa-BiLSTM-CRF ranks fourth at the detection level.
Introduction to CAT4: Part 1. Axioms

CAT4 is proposed as a general method for representing information, enabling a powerful programming method for large-scale information systems. It enables generalised machine learning, software automation and novel AI capabilities. It is based on a special type of relation called CAT4, which is interpreted to provide a semantic representation. This is Part 1 of a five-part introduction. The focus here is on defining the key mathematical structures first, and presenting the semantic-database application in subsequent Parts. We focus in Part 1 on general axioms for the structures, and introduce key concepts. Part 2 analyses the CAT2 sub-relation of CAT4 in more detail. The interpretation of fact networks is introduced in Part 3, where we turn to interpreting semantics. We start with examples of relational and graph databases, with methods to translate them into CAT3 networks, with the aim of retaining the meaning of information. The full application to semantic theory comes in Part 4, where we introduce general functions, including the language interpretation or linguistic functions. The representation of linear symbolic languages, including natural languages and formal symbolic languages, is a function that CAT4 is uniquely suited to. In Part 5, we turn to software design considerations, to show how files, indexes, functions and screens can be defined to implement a CAT4 system efficiently.
Sistem Informasi Pemantauan Perkembangan Mahasiswa yang Memiliki Kendala dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar

In the process of teaching and learning a student often gets problem that cause obstacles and cause a decrease in student academic grades. Limited time and the large number of students who must be monitored creates difficulties for the academic advisors who must monitor and supervise their students. To deal with this problem a place is needed to collect problems report data, which can make it easier for the academic advisors to monitor and make decisions also solutions regarding the development of their students. This can be done by utilizing the information systems that are part of information technology. The use of academic information systems can help solve the problems. Academic information systems used in the form of making an application for monitoring student development. A monitoring application system created as a place for academic advisors to collects and manage also oversee the development of students during their teaching process in university. The application collects student data, including problems or academic achievements, and the academic advisors can process data easily and evaluate also get solutions quickly that can help students in their teaching and learning process.
论对汉语时间副词起制约作用的隐性语义范畴 ― 以“从此”等八个现代汉语时间副词为例

In the paper, eight temporal adverbs “congci”(从此), “congjin”(从今), “conglai”(从来), “shizhong”(始终), “xianglai”(向来), “yixiang”(一向), “yizhi”(一直) and “yongyuan”(永远) have been examined, so as to explore the covert semantic categories that play a restrictive role hidden behind modern Chinese temporal adverbs. In order to reduce the complexity of the discussion and make it easier to clarify the problem, only three covert generic semantic categories are discussed in the paper, which are tense category, temporal quantity category and positive / negative category. The tense category is composed of absolute past tense, absolute future tense, whole temporal domain, relative past tense and other specific temporal categories. The temporal quantity category is composed of background specific temporal quantity category and measuring specific temporal quantity category. The positive/negative category consists of positive restricted specific category and negative restricted specific category. Through investigations, the basic phenomena that eight temporal adverbs such as “congci”(从此) are how restricted by above three semantic categories are sorted out in the paper. For example, “congjin”(从今) can express absolute future tense, but can not express absolute past tense; “yixiang”(一向) can express absolute past tense, but can not express absolute future tense; “yizhi”(一直) can express absolute past tense, absolute future tense and whole temporal domain. “Xianglai”(向来) can express background temporal quantity, but can not express measuring temporal quantity; whereas “congci”(从此) can express both background temporal quantity and measuring temporal quantity. Positive category has an strong restrictive effect on “shizhong”(始终), while negative category has an strong restrictive effect on “conglai”(从来). In a word, the study of this paper confirms that it does exist some covert semantic categories, which hide behind the words, but restrict the meaning of words. These categories have a great restrictive effect, even though the quantity of which is limited, and the functions of which are strong or weak. If these covert semantic categories can be understood comprehensively and profoundly, the law of the structure of word meaning will be got a clearer understanding also.
CMC를 활용한 영어학습의 효과성 : 메타분석

This study aims to investigate the overall efficacy of computer-mediated communication (CMC) based English learning environments in Korea. A meta-analysis of 218 effect sizes in 29 research articles, which have been published in Korean academic journals, explored cognitive and affective domains in terms of subjects, the number of subjects, and treatment period. The research articles were collected by searching through RISS and Google with keywords such as “CMC” and “computer-mediated learning.” The results showed that English classes using CMC based language learning contexts had positive effects on English learners in general (ES=.69). The overall effect size of the affective domains (ES=.71) was slightly greater than that of the cognitive domains (ES=.69). More specifically, CMC based English learning contexts were particularly effective in listening (ES=.88), writing (ES=.81), and vocabulary and grammar (ES=.87). In terms of affective domains, applying CMC had positive effects on the attitudes toward English learning (ES=.92). However, there was no significant effect on developing learning strategies. Also, it was found to be more effective for university and elementary school students than for middle school and high school students. These results suggest that applying CMC based learning contexts in English classes could be helpful in improving learners’ English abilities. Currently, various multimedia devices, platforms and SNS devices, including computers, are being used in English education, and it is thought that greater results can be achieved if English classes are designed considering the results of this study.
A generalized efficiency mismatch attack to bypass detection-scrambling countermeasure.

The ability of an eavesdropper to compromise the security of a quantum communication system by changing the angle of the incoming light is well-known. Randomizing the role of the detectors has been proposed to be an efficient countermeasure to this type of attack. Here we show that the proposed countermeasure can be bypassed if the attack is generalized by including more attack variables. Using the experimental data from existing literature, we show how randomization effectively prevents the initial attack but fails to do so when Eve generalizes her attack strategy. Our result and methodology could be used to security-certify a free-space quantum communication receiver against all types of detector-efficiency-mismatch type attacks.
Adopting the BOK2 Student Outcomes: A Six-Year Retrospective

Abstract Adopting the BOK2 Student Outcomes: A Six Year RetrospectiveAbstractIn 2008, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) published the Civil Engineering Bodyof Knowledge, Second Edition (BOK2), reflecting ASCE’s vision of the skills and knowledgethe next generation of civil engineers must acquire. The Department of Civil Engineering at_______________ University adopted the BOK2 that same year as part of its regular programreview process. Faculty engaged in extensive debate on the prudence of adopting a new, morecomplex standard just two years before the ABET accreditation visit in 2010. However, theDepartment’s commitment to continuous improvement was the eventual impetus for adoption ofthe BOK2 student outcomes for our program. This paper provides an overview of the challengesfaced and the various approaches taken by faculty to integrate the BOK2 outcomes into the civilengineering curriculum. The paper also documents the successful ABET review in 2010 inwhich the program was granted full accreditation and the maximum six-year review cycle.Finally, after six years of the Department functioning with BOK2 as student outcomes, thefaculty can reflect and comment upon the successful and more the problematic aspects of theexperience. This abstract is submitted at the specific invitation and request of Tom Lenox, thecoordinator of the ASCE Liaison Committee’s program for the CE Division of ASEE in 2014. Itshould be considered for inclusion in the session that Tom Lenox is organizing and moderating.
SPACE OF DARK STATES IN TAVIS-CUMMINGS MODEL

The dark states of a group of two-level atoms in the Tavis-Cummings resonator with zero detuning are considered. In these states, atoms can not emit photons, despite having non-zero energy. They are stable and can serve as a controlled energy reservoir from which photons can be extracted by differentiated effects on atoms, for example, their spatial separation. Dark states are the simplest example of a subspace free of decoherence in the form of a photon flight, and therefore they are of interest to quantum computing. It is proved that a) the dimension of the subspace of dark states of atoms is the Catalan numbers, b) in the RWA approximation, any dark state is a linear combination of tensor products of singlet-type states and the ground states of individual atoms. For the exact model, in the case of the same force of interaction of atoms with the field, the same decomposition is true, and only singlets participate in the products and the dark states can neither emit a photon nor absorb it. The proof is based on the method of quantization of the amplitude of states of atomic ensembles, in which the roles of individual atoms are interchangeable. In such an ensemble there is a possibility of micro-causality: the trajectory of each quantum of amplitude can be uniquely assigned.
Steganography: The Art of Hiding Messages

Recently, there has been an increas 86.1 Hiding the Data 1116 86.2 Steganography in Image Files 1116 86.3 A Practical Example of Steganography at Work 1117 86.4 Practical (and Not So Legal) Uses for Steganography 1117 86.5 Defeating Steganography 1118 86.6 Summary 1119 References 1119
Information Product Testing: An Integral Part of Information Development

This chapter discusses the information product testing that is defined as a process in which information is evaluated by its expected users in the context of task performance. Testing verifies the usefulness and effectiveness of a document's content, structure, and presentation; and it demonstrates how well the document meets the requirements that were gathered at the beginning of the product-development cycle. One such change, discussed in this chapter, is the incorporation of testing into the writing process as an integral step in development of information. Making information testing an integral part of the information-development process can change that process, making it more user oriented and providing the capability to incorporate feedback while the information is being developed. Testing can be organized into a comprehensive program for measuring the quality of information. As a component of the development process, it may well produce the most added value in cases where the product is new or complex.
Online Reference System Design and Development

This chapter describes the features and benefits of an online reference system, how this system fits in with other documentation, and the factors that need to be considered in the design, development, and implementation of online reference systems and can be used as an outline to design, develop, and implement an online reference system. The research and planning phase is the first phase of a project plan. A very important step in the planning phase is investigating the research about online documentation and having the opportunity to see and use online reference systems that are already implemented. The software that controls the online reference system depends on the way the documentation is stored, organized, accessed, and displayed. The ease of access to an online reference system is one of its most important features. The amount of effort required to find online information has a direct effect on whether and how often it will be used.
Evaluating the Security Posture of an Information Technology Environment: The Challenges of Balancing Risk, Cost, and Frequency of Evaluating Safeguards

External auditors such as financial statement auditors might assess security over a system to understand the extent of security controls implemented and whether these controls are adequate to allow them to rely on the data processed by the systems. Potential partners for a merger might assess the security of an organization’s systems to deter-mine the effectiveness of security measures and to gain a better under-standing of the systems’ condition and value. Internal risk assessments should be completed by the information security officer or an internal audit department on an annual basis and more often if the frequency of hardware and software changes so necessitates. The security life-cycle model contains all of the elements of security for a particular component of security of an information technology as seen in Exhibit 21-2. A risk assessment is an active process that is used to evaluate the security of an IT environment.
Correlation Analysis in GF(2n)

This chapter is based on Appendix A of the first edition of this book and [52]. In the specification of Rijndael in Chap. 3, we have extensively used operations in a finite field, where the bytes of the state and key represent elements of GF(28).
Semantic Memory Retrieval During Conditional Reasoning: Every Counterexample Counts

Semantic Memory Retrieval During Conditional Reasoning: Every Counterexample Counts Wim De Neys (Wim.Deneys@psy.kuleuven.ac.be) Walter Schaeken (Walter.Schaeken@psy.kuleuven.ac.be) Gery d’Ydewalle (Gery.dYdewalle@psy.kuleuven.ac.be) Department of Psychology, K.U.Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Experiment A generation pretest measured the number of counterexamples (alternative causes or disabling conditions) participants could retrieve for a set of causal conditionals. One month after the pretest, participants were presented a reasoning task with the same conditionals. We looked at participants inference acceptance ratings for each conditional in function of the number of counterexamples they could retrieve for that conditional. Results showed that every alternative or disabler that can be retrieved has an impact on the inference acceptance. Acceptance of Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens linearly decreased with every additionally retrieved disabler. Likewise, Affirmation of the on e tw o th re e fo ur on MP AC DA MT e tw o th re e fo ur Reasoning with conditionals involving causal content is known to be affected by retrieval of counterexamples from semantic memory. This study focuses on the characteristics of this search process. In Markovits’ (2000) recent specification of the memory search process, the number of stored counterexamples is important because it determines the probability that at least one can be retrieved. This specification does not address the impact of additional counterexample retrieval. Indeed, the search process is assumed to stop after the successful retrieval of a single counterexample. The present study tests an alternative specification of the search process. We examine the assumption that the search process does not terminate after the retrieval of a single counterexample and that every retrieved counterexample has an additional impact on the reasoning process. Here, the number of stored counterexamples will be important because it determines the number of counterexamples that can be retrieved and this number would determine the degree to which inferences will be accepted. Consequent and Denial of the Antecedent acceptance linearly decreased in function of the number of retrieved alternatives. These graded effects of up to four different numbers of available counterexamples can not be explained if the semantic search process during conditional Acceptance rating Introduction a) Number of alternatives b) Number of disablers Figure 1. Inference acceptance (7-point scale) in function of the number of alternatives (2a) or disablers (2b) participants could retrieve for a conditional. reasoning would stop after successful retrieval of a single counterexample. This makes it clear that Markovits’ (2000) conditional reasoning model needs to be revised. References Markovits, H. (2000). A mental model analysis of young children’s conditional reasoning with meaningful premises. Thinking and Reasoning, 6,
Extended Learning Graphs for Triangle Finding

We present new quantum algorithms for Triangle Finding improving its best previously known quantum query complexities for both dense and spare instances.For dense graphs on $n$ vertices, we get a query complexity of $O(n^{5/4})$ without any of the extra logarithmic factors present in the previous algorithm of Le Gall [FOCS'14]. For sparse graphs with $m\geq n^{5/4}$ edges, we get a query complexity of $O(n^{11/12}m^{1/6}\sqrt{\log n})$, which is better than the one obtained by Le Gall and Nakajima [ISAAC'15] when $m \geq n^{3/2}$. We also obtain an algorithm with query complexity ${O}(n^{5/6}(m\log n)^{1/6}+d_2\sqrt{n})$ where $d_2$ is the variance of the degree distribution. Our algorithms are designed and analyzed in a new model of learning graphs that we call extended learning graphs. In addition, we present a framework in order to easily combine and analyze them. As a consequence we get much simpler algorithms and analyses than previous algorithms of Le Gall {\it et al} based on the MNRS quantum walk framework [SICOMP'11].
Signing HTTP Messages

When communicating over the Internet using the HTTP protocol, it canbe desirable for a server or client to authenticate the sender of aparticular message. It can also be desirable to ensure that themessage was not tampered with during transit. This document describesa way for servers and clients to simultaneously add authentication andmessage integrity to HTTP messages by using a digital signature.
Dynamic Resource Linking for Constrained RESTful Environments

This specification defines Link Bindings, which provide dynamiclinking of state updates between resources, either on an endpoint orbetween endpoints, for systems using CoAP (RFC7252). Thisspecification also defines Conditional Notification Attributes thatwork with Link Bindings or with CoAP Observe (RFC7641). Editor noteThe git repository for the draft is found at https://github.com/core-wg/dynlink
Conflicting Interests in User Requirements for Customization and Personalization

The term “user requirements” is today a well-established expression, and the description of the user requirements has become a common-sense element in every ICT development project. When something becomes common-sense tensions, conflicts or dilemmas which were visible as long as the term still was young tend to disappear, and the concept becomes often a taken-for-granted instrument to gain or produce something else, in this case ICT systems, software, and services. The instrument becomes invisible until it breaks or does not work any longer. If one however wants to analyze the now overlooked tensions, conflicts, or dilemmas in the process of identifying, formulating, or specifying user requirements, it is obviously most interesting to look at situations where the instrument breaks down. In this chapter, I discuss the two elements in “user requirements,” namely “user” and “requirement,” in relation to two concepts that have gained popularity in ICT services, particularly mobile services, namely “customization” and “personalization.” This discussion takes its starting point in a theoretical approach but is in the second part of the chapter applied on a case study of the development of user requirements for a customizable web page with many stakeholders.
Lower Bound and Hierarchies for Quantum Ordered Read-K-Times Branching Programs

We consider quantum version of known computational model Ordered Read-$k$-times Branching Programs or Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams with repeated test ($k$-QOBDD). We get lower bound for quantum $k$-OBDD for $k=o(\sqrt{n})$. This lower bound gives connection between characteristics of model and number of subfunctions for function. Additionally, we prove the hierarchies for sublinear width bounded error quantum $k$-OBDDs using our lower bounds for $ k=o(\sqrt{n})$. Also we prove hierarchy for polynomial size bounded error quantum $k$-OBDDs constant $k$, and it differs from situation with unbounded error where known that increasing of $k$ does not gives any advantages. Finally, we discuss relations between different classical and quantum models of $k$-OBDD.
Changing Times: The Status Of Computing Education In The United States

Abstract NOTE: The first page of text has been automatically extracted and included below in lieu of an abstract Changing Times: The Status of Computing Education in the United States Abstract The past several decades have seen the emergence of the computer and its pervasive integration into the developed world. Computers have evolved dramatically, and now can be found in nearly everything electrical. The early 1990s saw the explosive growth in the use of the Internet. These dramatic technological changes in our society demanded knowledgeable professionals and associated academic disciplines to prepare them, which gave rise first to computer science and information systems programs, starting in the early 1960s. More recently, this continued integration of computing into the fabric of society has given rise to academic programs in computer engineering, software engineering, and information technology. Each of these disciplines has completed a formal curriculum definition and has also participated in a task force to define these five computing disciplines with respect to each other. This paper provides an overview of these efforts.