Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Automatic Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Histopathological Images of Oral Mucosa Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Worldwide, oral cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer. India is in 2nd position, with the highest number of oral cancer patients. To the population of oral cancer patients, India contributes to almost one-third of the total count. Among several types of oral cancer, the most common and dominant one is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The major reason for oral cancer is tobacco consumption, excessive alcohol consumption, unhygienic mouth condition, betel quid eating, viral infection (namely human papillomavirus), etc. The early detection of oral cancer type OSCC, in its preliminary stage, gives more chances for better treatment and proper therapy. In this paper, author proposes a convolutional neural network model, for the automatic and early detection of OSCC, and for experimental purposes, histopathological oral cancer images are considered. The proposed model is compared and analyzed with state-of-the-art deep learning models like VGG16, VGG19, Alexnet, ResNet50, ResNet101, Mobile Net and Inception Net. The proposed model achieved a cross-validation accuracy of 97.82%, which indicates the suitability of the proposed approach for the automatic classification of oral cancer data.
Quantum Machine Learning: Scope for real-world problems

Quantum computing with its inherent parallelism provides a quantum advantage over classical computing. Its potential to offer breakthrough advances in various areas of science and engineering is foreseen. Machine learning is one of the key areas where the power of quantum computing can be utilized. Though many machine learning algorithms have been successfully developed to solve a variety of problems in the past decades, these algorithms take a long time to train. Also working on today's colossal datasets makes these algorithms computationally intensive. Quantum machine learning by utilizing the concepts of superposition and entanglement promises a solution to this problem. Quantum machine learning algorithms are in surface for the past few years and majority of the current research has dealt with the two machine learning problems namely classification and clustering. In this paper, a brief review of the recent techniques and algorithms of quantum machine learning and its scope in solving real world problems is studied.
Meta-learning for dynamic tuning of active learning on stream classification

Supervised data stream learning depends on the incoming sample's true label to update a classifier's model. In real life, obtaining the ground truth for each instance is a challenging process; it is highly costly and time consuming. Active Learning has already bridged this gap by finding a reduced set of instances to support the creation of a reliable stream classifier. However, identifying a reduced number of informative instances to support a suitable classifier update and drift adaptation is very tricky. To better adapt to concept drifts using a reduced number of samples, we propose an online tuning of the Uncertainty Sampling threshold using a meta-learning approach. Our approach exploits statistical meta-features from adaptive windows to meta-recommend a suitable threshold to address the trade-off between the number of labelling queries and high accuracy. Experiments exposed that the proposed approach provides the best trade-off between accuracy and query reduction by dynamic tuning the uncertainty threshold using lightweight meta-features.
Explaining sentiment analysis results on social media texts through visualization

Today, Artificial Intelligence is achieving prodigious real-time performance, thanks to growing computational data and power capacities. However, there is little knowledge about what system results convey; thus, they are at risk of being susceptible to bias, and with the roots of Artificial Intelligence ("AI") in almost every territory, even a minuscule bias can result in excessive damage. Efforts towards making AI interpretable have been made to address fairness, accountability, and transparency concerns. This paper proposes two unique methods to understand the system's decisions aided by visualizing the results. For this study, interpretability has been implemented on Natural Language Processing-based sentiment analysis using data from various social media sites like Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit. With Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning ("VADER"), heatmaps are generated, which account for visual justification of the result, increasing comprehensibility. Furthermore, Locally Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations ("LIME") have been used to provide in-depth insight into the predictions. It has been found experimentally that the proposed system can surpass several contemporary systems designed to attempt interpretability.
Touchscreen gestures as images. A transfer learning approach for soft biometric traits recognition

Mobile devices are nowadays ubiquitous. They are equipped with a variety of sensors, each designed for capturing specific signals which can be exploited to acquire discriminating user’s traits, thus allowing to recognize, for instance, the authorized users. In this regard, we focus on capturing soft biometric traits from smartphones. Soft biometric information extracted from a human body (e.g., gender and age) is ancillary information proved to improve the performance of biometric authentication systems, and it has drawn a great deal of attention for its applications in healthcare, smart spaces and digital world as a whole. This paper presents an approach to gender and age-group recognition, namely TGSB, leveraging a transfer learning strategy applied to state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) fed with image-based representations of touch gestures performed by users on mobile devices. We perform experiments considering, one at a time, touch gestures of the same kind, and combinations thereof, with intermediate and late fusion learning strategies. Experiments prove that TGSB is a promising approach, with up to 94% accuracy for the gender recognition and up to 99% for the age-group recognition. We highlight the most useful touch gesture for gender and age-group recognition, that is Scroll with 81% and 96% accuracy, respectively. We show that combining multiple touch gestures (intermediate fusion) with a joint latent subspace learning mechanism in CNNs improves the TGSB performance, up to 99% accuracy when considering a combination of two Scroll. Compared to previous works, TGSB exhibits much better performance in both gender and age-group recognition.
MFSJMI: Multi-label feature selection considering join mutual information and interaction weight

Multi-label feature selection captures a reliable and informative feature subset from high-dimensional multi-label data, which plays an important role in pattern recognition. In conventional information-theoretical based multi-label feature selection methods, the high-order feature relevance between feature and label set is evaluated using low-order mutual information. However, existing methods do not establish the theoretical basis for the low-order approximation. To fill this gap, we first identify two underlying assumptions based on high-order label distribution: Label Independence Assumption (LIA) and Paired-label Independence Assumption (PIA). Second, we systematically analyze the strengths and weaknesses of two assumptions and introduce joint mutual information to satisfy more realistic label distribution. Furthermore, by decomposing joint mutual information, an interaction weight is proposed to consider multiple label correlations. Finally, a new method considering join mutual information and interaction weight is proposed. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on various evaluation metrics.
Adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) based employee experience (EEX) chatbots

Purpose AI-based chatbots are revamping employee communication in organizations. This paper examines the adoption of AI-based employee experience chatbots by employees. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model is developed using behavioral reasoning theory and empirically validated by surveying 1,130 employees and data was analyzed with PLS-SEM. Findings This research presents the “reasons for” and “reasons against” for the acceptance of AI-based employee experience chatbots. The “reasons for” are – personalization, interactivity, perceived intelligence and perceived anthropomorphism and the “reasons against” are perceived risk, language barrier and technological anxiety. It is found that “reasons for” have a positive association with attitude and adoption intention and “reasons against” have a negative association. Employees' values for openness to change are positively associated with “reasons for” and do not affect attitude and “reasons against”. Originality/value This is the first study exploring employees' attitude and adoption intention toward AI-based EEX chatbots using behavioral reasoning theory.
A Survey on Active Learning: State-of-the-Art, Practical Challenges and Research Directions

Despite the availability and ease of collecting a large amount of free, unlabeled data, the expensive and time-consuming labeling process is still an obstacle to labeling a sufficient amount of training data, which is essential for building supervised learning models. Here, with low labeling cost, the active learning (AL) technique could be a solution, whereby a few, high-quality data points are queried by searching for the most informative and representative points within the instance space. This strategy ensures high generalizability across the space and improves classification performance on data we have never seen before. In this paper, we provide a survey of recent studies on active learning in the context of classification. This survey starts with an introduction to the theoretical background of the AL technique, AL scenarios, AL components supported with visual explanations, and illustrative examples to explain how AL simply works and the benefits of using AL. In addition to an overview of the query strategies for the classification scenarios, this survey provides a high-level summary to explain various practical challenges with AL in real-world settings; it also explains how AL can be combined with various research areas. Finally, the most commonly used AL software packages and experimental evaluation metrics with AL are also discussed.
Deep Learning Recommendations of E-Education Based on Clustering and Sequence

Commercial e-learning platforms have to overcome the challenge of resource overload and find the most suitable material for educators using a recommendation system (RS) when an exponential increase occurs in the amount of available online educational resources. Therefore, we propose a novel DNN method that combines synchronous sequences and heterogeneous features to more accurately generate candidates in e-learning platforms that face an exponential increase in the number of available online educational courses and learners. Mitigating the learners’ cold-start problem was also taken into consideration during the modeling. Grouping learners in the first phase, and combining sequence and heterogeneous data as embeddings into recommendations using deep neural networks, are the main concepts of the proposed approach. Empirical results confirmed the proposed solution’s potential. In particular, the precision rates were equal to 0.626 and 0.492 in the cases of Top-1 and Top-5 courses, respectively. Learners’ cold-start errors were 0.618 and 0.697 for 25 and 50 new learners.
Vision transformer attention with multi-reservoir echo state network for anomaly recognition

Anomalous event recognition requires an instant response to reduce the loss of human life and property; however, existing automated systems show limited performance due to considerations related to the temporal domain of the videos and ignore the significant role of spatial information. Furthermore, although current surveillance systems can detect anomalous events, they require human intervention to recognise their nature and to select appropriate countermeasures, as there are no fully automatic surveillance techniques that can simultaneously detect and interpret anomalous events. Therefore, we present a framework called Vision Transformer Anomaly Recognition (ViT-ARN) that can detect and interpret anomalies in smart city surveillance videos. The framework consists of two stages: the first involves online anomaly detection, for which a customised, lightweight, one-class deep neural network is developed to detect anomalies in a surveillance environment, while in the second stage, the detected anomaly is further classified into the corresponding class. The size of our anomaly detection model is compressed using a filter pruning strategy based on a geometric median, with the aim of easy adaptability for resource-constrained devices. Anomaly classification is based on vision transformer features and is followed by a bottleneck attention mechanism to enhance the representation. The refined features are passed to a multi-reservoir echo state network for a detailed analysis of real-world anomalies such as vandalism and road accidents. A total of 858 and 1600 videos from two datasets are used to train the proposed model, and extensive experiments on the LAD-2000 and UCF-Crime datasets comprising 290 and 400 testing videos reveal that our framework can recognise anomalies more effectively, outperforming other state-of-the-art approaches with increases in accuracy of 10.14% and 3% on the LAD-2000 and UCF-Crime datasets, respectively.
Cryptocurrencies versus environmentally sustainable assets: Does a perfect hedge exist?

In the wake of proliferation of cryptocurrencies and growing concerns regarding their environmental impact, we investigate the dynamic co-movement of digital assets and environmentally sustainable assets. We use daily data of five global indices from 01 March, 2017 to 15 May, 2022. The results suggest that environmentally sustainable indices and cryptocurrency indices demonstrate co-movements during pandemic. However, in the normal times, they mostly remain detached from each other. Therefore, it can be argued that both the asset classes can serve as hedge against each other. The findings carry important implications for the investment industry and regulators.
Semantic Scene Understanding with Large Language Models on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are able to provide instantaneous visual cues and a high-level data throughput that could be further leveraged to address complex tasks, such as semantically rich scene understanding. In this work, we built on the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual Language Models (VLMs), together with a state-of-the-art detection pipeline, to provide thorough zero-shot UAV scene literary text descriptions. The generated texts achieve a GUNNING Fog median grade level in the range of 7–12. Applications of this framework could be found in the filming industry and could enhance user experience in theme parks or in the advertisement sector. We demonstrate a low-cost highly efficient state-of-the-art practical implementation of microdrones in a well-controlled and challenging setting, in addition to proposing the use of standardized readability metrics to assess LLM-enhanced descriptions.
A sheep dynamic counting scheme based on the fusion between an improved-sparrow-search YOLOv5x-ECA model and few-shot deepsort algorithm

In order to improve the accuracy of sheep counting and avoid the interference of mutual occlusion caused by different moving speed among sheep, the concept of fusion between the improved YOLOv5x model based on the attention mechanism and DeepSort algorithm is proposed. First, the ECA structure that is channel attention mechanism is used to optimize YOLOv5x model to strengthen the ability of capturing global information. Secondly, the sparrow search algorithm based on elite opposition-based learning strategy is used to optimize the learning rate of the detection model, so as to get the weight information of the optimal group to further improve the recognition rate of sheep. In the experiment, 800 high-resolution sheep images augmented by SRGAN network and data augmentation are used as model datasets, and the best weight information obtained by the YOLOv5x-ECA-SSA* model is used to accurately recognize sheep. According to the DeepSort algorithm, the recognized sheep are tracked, predicted and matched optimally. The experimental results show that the test precision of YOLOv5x*, YOLOv5x-ECA* and YOLOv5x-ECA-SSA* based on the SRGAN and data enhancement to train are respectively 95.74%, 96.50% and 97.10%. The error rate of each model combined with DeepSort algorithm to complete sheep dynamic counting is respectively 13%, 12% and 5%. Among them, the YOLOv5x-ECA-SSA* model has the highest mAP and best effect of sheep counting. The result can provide a new theorical method for realizing intelligent dynamic counting and tracking in the grazing process and provide a new technical application for intelligent animal husbandry.
Fractional-order diffusion coupled with integer-order diffusion for multiplicative noise removal

The problem of multiplicative noise removal has attracted much attention in recent years. Unlike additive noise, multiplicative noise destroys almost all information of an image; therefore, it is more difficult to remove them from corrupted images. In this paper, we propose a denoising model of fractional-order diffusion coupled with integer-order diffusion for multiplicative gamma noise, which takes advantage of both texture-preserving property of fractional-order diffusion and edge-preserving property of integer-order diffusion. We explore the mutual mechanism of two diffusion equations in the diffusion process, i.e., mutual transfer of texture and edge information respectively from two filtering images, and mutual regularization on the diffusion coefficients in both equations. We design an alternating numerical scheme based on semi-implicit finite difference and discrete Fourier transform for solving the coupled diffusion system. The proposed model is tested on some commonly-used images and is compared with six state-of-the-art models, qualitatively and quantitatively. Experimental results show the superiority of the proposed model in reducing multiplicative gamma noise while preserving textures and edges.
Drone Detection Using YOLOv5

The rapidly increasing number of drones in the national airspace, including those for recreational and commercial applications, has raised concerns regarding misuse. Autonomous drone detection systems offer a probable solution to overcoming the issue of potential drone misuse, such as drug smuggling, violating people’s privacy, etc. Detecting drones can be difficult, due to similar objects in the sky, such as airplanes and birds. In addition, automated drone detection systems need to be trained with ample amounts of data to provide high accuracy. Real-time detection is also necessary, but this requires highly configured devices such as a graphical processing unit (GPU). The present study sought to overcome these challenges by proposing a one-shot detector called You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5), which can train the proposed model using pre-trained weights and data augmentation. The trained model was evaluated using mean average precision (mAP) and recall measures. The model achieved a 90.40% mAP, a 21.57% improvement over our previous model that used You Only Look Once version 4 (YOLOv4) and was tested on the same dataset.
Towards End-to-End Unsupervised Speech Recognition

Unsupervised speech recognition has shown great potential to make Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems accessible to every language. However, existing methods still heavily rely on hand-crafted pre-processing. Similar to the trend of making supervised speech recognition end-to-end, we introduce wav2vec-U 2.0 which does away with all audio-side pre-processing and improves accuracy through better architecture. In addition, we introduce an auxiliary self-supervised objective that ties model predictions back to the input. Experiments show that wav2vec-U 2.0 improves unsupervised recognition results across different languages while being conceptually simpler.
Physics-informed gated recurrent graph attention unit network for anomaly detection in industrial cyber-physical systems

Industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPSs) play an important role in many critical infrastructures. To ensure the secure and reliable operation of ICPSs, this work presents a novel end-to-end physics-informed gated recurrent graph attention unit network (PGRGAT) for unsupervised anomaly detection. Different from existing data-driven methods, PGRGAT combines prior knowledge with process data to improve the modeling performance and interpretability. Firstly, a physics-informed graph structure learning module is designed to explicitly model the dependencies among variables into a directed graph. This module learns the Bernoulli distribution on graph edges and generates a discrete graph using Gumbel-softmax sampling. Moreover, prior knowledge is introduced as graph regularization which constrains the graph to adhere to the underlying physics. Then, based on the learned graph structure, a novel gated recurrent graph attention unit network is proposed to simultaneously encode the inter-variable structural dependencies and intra-variable temporal dependencies for anomaly detection. By this means, the information of irrelevant variables can be discarded to improve the sensitivity to anomalies. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through two real-world industrial cases.
A Survey of Cyber-Physical Systems From a Game-Theoretic Perspective

With the emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and communication technologies, cyber-physical systems (CPS) have revolutionized the engineering paradigm with profound applications in many aspects of society including homes, energy, agriculture, health-care, transportation, business, and manufacturing. A CPS uses suitable computational techniques such as game theory to enable different entities to interact with one another for taking necessary actions to obtain selected objectives. Recent literature on CPS has extensively used game theory to approach a variety of technical challenges. In order to make these contributions more accessible to a broader audience, there is a need for studies that can provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of different types of CPS and their attributes, then clearly outline why game theory is relevant for modeling different aspects of CPS, and also discuss how game theory has been used in relevant literature to date. This paper bridges this gap by 1) providing a general discussion of different types of CPS and their characteristics; 2) giving an overview of different types of game-theoretic approaches; 3) explaining why game theory is appropriate for modeling different types of CPS; and 4) finally, studying how game theory has been used in different CPS types to address their challenges. Further, we also identify some key research challenges for future investigation where game theory could be applied as a potential solution.