Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
How to Select One Among All ? An Empirical Study Towards the Robustness of Knowledge Distillation in Natural Language Understanding

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a model compression algorithm that helps transfer the knowledge of a large neural network into a smaller one.Even though KD has shown promise on a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, little is understood about how one KD algorithm compares to another and whether these approaches can be complimentary to each other.In this work, we evaluate various KD algorithms on in-domain, out-of-domain and adversarial testing.We propose a framework to assess the adversarial robustness of multiple KD algorithms.Moreover, we introduce a new KD algorithm, Combined-KD 1 , which takes advantage of two promising approaches (better training scheme and more efficient data augmentation).Our extensive experimental results show that Combined-KD achieves state-of-theart results on the GLUE benchmark, out-ofdomain generalization, and adversarial robustness compared to competitive methods.
Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing in E-Government Tasks: A Systematic Review

The utilities of Cloud Computing have an essential role in e-government affairs because they can reduce the cost of using information technology services and allow users to access services anytime and anywhere. The success factor of e-government requires leadership, significant funds and the ability to overcome the risks faced by governments. In several government agencies, such as Ministries or Local Governments in developing countries, cloud computing is still not widely adopted compared to other developed countries. In order to build cloud computing adoption, it is crucial to recognize that an essential and specific issue related to cloud computing is the potential and perceived security risks posed by the adoption of the technology. Cloud computing is an option that can provide e-government with lower infrastructure costs and less initial investment than traditional systems. Cloud computing in e-government offers excellent benefits, despite its many risks. Therefore, the main objective of this paper mainly focuses on analyzing the benefits and risks associated with cloud computing in e-government affairs. In this paper, researchers conducted a systematic review (SR) research method to identify the 12 benefits and 8 risks of cloud computing in e-government affairs. Then, these government organizations can benefit significantly from cloud computing.
The usage of the content management system technology wordpress for creating online stores

The article describes the process of creating and developing a website using the technology of the WordPress content management system. This system provides an opportunity to design a website for solving various tasks, such as creating landing pages, blogs, news resources, online stores, etc. The article describes the main tasks and advantages of the technology, as well as its practical application. A comparison of competitors is presented. The main stages of creating a website are described in detail. The most important advantages of using this particular technology are described. The process of providing the opportunity to make online purchases of goods and services is described.
Data Virtual Machines: Enabling Data Virtualization

Modern analytics environments are characterized by a data infrastructure that comprises a great variety of datasets, data formats, data management and processing systems. Such environments are dynamic and data analysis needs to be performed in a flexible and agile manner via data virtualization techniques. Towards this end, we have proposed the Data Virtual Machine (DVM), a graph-based conceptual model based on entities and attributes. The basic idea of the DVM is that the relations of entities and attributes are based and expressed as the output of data processing tasks. In this paper we discuss the notion of data virtualization and propose a set of goals for relevant techniques in terms of modeling capabilities, query formulation and schema flexibility. We also place DVMs with respect to these goals.
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE

The aim: To reveal the organizational factors of psychological safety in the workplace. Materials and methods: Methods of psychological survey, statistical assessment and analysis of the received data were used. Results: Psychological safety is regarded in the paper as a state of preservation of mind that involves maintaining a balance between the negative effects of the environment and a person’s resilience, that is, the ability to overcome such effects. In the structure of the psychological safety of the organization member three components were identified and explored: cognitive, emotional and “confidence in the future”. The results of the survey study confirmed that such organizational factors as level of organizational culture, working team cohesion, working team self-organization, management style of the immediate supervisor, work autonomy, role ambiguity have positive effect on psychological safety. Conclusions: The results imply the importance of purposeful implementation of company policies aiming to improve the revealed factors: providing autonomy to employees and work groups within the organization, establishing clear job descriptions, work performance requirements and interaction principles, improving works design, internal communications.
Pluggable Authentication Module Meets Identity-Based Identification

Pluggable authentication modules (PAMs) primarily provide authentication services to system software on a machine. PAM simplifies the job for both software developers and system administrators by providing a unified method to manage user access to the system. Therefore, software developers do not need to write user authentication subroutines because they can safely rely on well-studied and tested modules to provide the required services. The default authentication mechanism provided by PAM is password-based; while this is sufficient, the security is highly dependent on the strength of the password, which can vary based on the individual or the organization setting the associated password policies. To address this problem, we present an identity-based identification (IBI) module that works as a PAM, specifically for Linux-PAM. The security of the authentication mechanism provided by our work is only dependent on the fixed cryptographic strength of the user keys, which is generally much more secure than passwords. In addition, IBI also has comparatively simpler operations and provides easier ways to manage users compared to existing cryptographic alternatives.
Analysis of value-sense orientations of students in psychological and pedagogical classes

The relevance of the problem chosen for study by the authors of the article is due to the importance of implementing the principles of steadiness and continuity in the training of pedagogical personnel. The article resolves the contradiction between the social order to create a single educational space for the training of teachers and the lack of targeted guidelines for each stage, taking into account the professionally significant qualities, meanings and values of students. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the value-meaning guidelines of future teachers’ professional pedagogical activity at the stage of pre-professional training. The methodological basis of the study was the provisions of the value-sense approach and the concept of systemogenesis, which determine personal meanings as fundamental guidelines for pedagogical activity, which have a key influence on its goals, content and means of implementation. Basing on methods of analysis of professional and educational standards that regulate the basic guidelines for professional pedagogical activity and determine the requirements for the teacher's general professional competencies, the authors formed a list of values that determine the value-meaning component of pedagogical activity and key guidelines for the pedagogical profession. With the help of a questionnaire developed by the authors and a modified MAST test, empirical data were collected and processed using methods of primary descriptive statistics, correlation, system-structural, factor analysis. The analysis of empirical data revealed a number of trends in the formation of a system of value orientations of future teachers. It was determined that at the professional stage, the value system is focused mainly on values and knowledge that characterize the professional activities of the teacher. The article broadcasts scientific results that provide the basis for a new research and development of mechanisms to ensure the continuity of pedagogical education at all its levels. The conclusions outlined in the article set a single methodological basis for synchronizing the results of pedagogical education at the level of pre-professional, non-university and higher pedagogical education.
Artificial Intelligence Models Do Not Ground Negation, Humans Do. GuessWhat?! Dialogues as a Case Study

Negation is widely present in human communication, yet it is largely neglected in the research on conversational agents based on neural network architectures. Cognitive studies show that a supportive visual context makes the processing of negation easier. We take GuessWhat?!, a referential visually grounded guessing game, as test-bed and evaluate to which extent guessers based on pre-trained language models profit from negatively answered polar questions. Moreover, to get a better grasp of models' results, we select a controlled sample of games and run a crowdsourcing experiment with subjects. We evaluate models and humans against the same settings and use the comparison to better interpret the models' results. We show that while humans profit from negatively answered questions to solve the task, models struggle in grounding negation, and some of them barely use it; however, when the language signal is poorly informative, visual features help encoding the negative information. Finally, the experiments with human subjects put us in the position of comparing humans and models' predictions and get a grasp about which models make errors that are more human-like and as such more plausible.
Lessons Learnt from Teaching Finance During COVID-19 Pandemic: My Two Cents

This article aims to provide a descriptive account of the pros and cons of teaching finance online during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the insights gained from the author’s experience as an educator. JEL Code: I2
Pengujian Black Box Menggunakan Teknik Equivalence Partitions Pada Aplikasi E-Learning Berbasis Web

The quality of the software can be seen from the functionality of the application system whether it is in accordance with user needs or may be detrimental to system owners and users. For software testing, there are several methods used by testers to launch software, namely Black Box Testing and White Box Testing. In this study, the testing method used is Black Box Testing by applying Equivalence Partitioning to develop Web-Based E-learning applications at the Telkom Institute of Technology Surabaya because it is considered the most suitable for application testing by dividing the equivalence class into 2, namely valid and invalid classes. . The research stages are determining system functions, designing test cases, conducting tests, and drawing final conclusions. The results showed that this e-learning application screen was used as a distance or online learning medium at the Telkom Institute of Technology Surabaya.
A “Hands-On” Approach to Raise Awareness of Technologies: A Pilot Class and its Lessons

Despite attempts to discourage the use of machine translation (MT), we have observed that students continue to rely on it.Are teachers powerless?We believe not!Consistent with a range of solutions proposed in previous publications, we hypothesized that a "hands-on" approach would be effective in helping students raise awareness of the benefits and limitations of machine translation.This approach strives to reframe machine translation from an object of interdiction to an object of critical reflection.Hence, we created, implemented, and evaluated a 50-minute online lesson during Fall 2020.Our aim was to guide students toward a critical awareness of various machine translation tools [Google Translate (GT), WordReference.com (WR), French dictionaries] by choosing carefully crafted machine translation examples and asking students to correct them in class ("post-editing").We also tried to track any potential change in the students' representations via a confidential pre-and a post-survey, and an audio-record of the interactions in class.One of our main results is that a majority of the students had already built complex representations and clever usages of machine translation before the class, much more than what we had expected.This allows us to reflect on what kind of impacts can or cannot be expected from such a class and to discuss the benefits and limits of such an approach to better integrate translation tools into second language teaching.
Mathematical literacy as an effect of student’s masterig of modern achievements in science

Teaching mathematics based on the development of generalized constructs of complex knowledge (for example, modern achievements in science) becomes an effective direction for the formation of student’s mathematical literacy with a significant applied and mathematical-informational potential of personal development. At the same time, the task is to create a rich information and educational environment for teaching mathematics by changing the content of educational programs in the direction of the possibility for students to master of complex knowledge generalized constructs in the context of information support (including remote environments), the implementation of mathematical and computer modeling symbiosis with the effects of universal educational actions formation and student’s mathematical literacy. Such a technology of mathematics teaching organizing is actualized during the stage-by-stage research and adaptation of complex knowledge generalized constructs to school mathematics based on the criteria for selecting modern achievements in science with the included effect of practice-oriented subtasks solving and the ability to interpret the situations from real life: that is, to solve a wide range of tasks in various spheres of human activity, communication and social relations. The visual modeling concept of mathematical objects and processes of educational paradigms integration for complex knowledge development and student’s mathematical literacy formation is the foundation of personal experience and the core actualization of universal educational actions manifested in the corresponding student’s cognitive activity. The authors have developed a technology for student’s mathematical literacy formation (including in primary school) based on the development of complex knowledge mathematics. The features of complex knowledge phenomenon in teaching mathematics and universal educational actions underlying the development of generalized constructs and student’s mathematical literacy formation are revealed. The founding clusters of research and adaptation of complex multi-level knowledge, methods and tools hierarchies in student’s cognitive activity based on didactic rules and patterns of mastering mathematical activity concern with synergetic approach are constructed. Educational practices have shown the high efficiency of this method of student’s mathematical literacy forming in mastering process of modern achievements in science adaptation. Such didactic solutions and practices are characterized by the ability to fully meet the needs of each student in self-education and self-actualization. So we master the essence of complex knowledge constructs adaptation to school mathematics and set the value of personal imperative development, including mathematical literacy.
Strategi Perkembangan dan Indikator Pencapaian Bahasa Reseptif dan Bahasa Ekspresif pada Anak Usia Dini

This study aims to determine language development strategies and indicators of achievement of receptive and expressive language in early childhood. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research, research using literature study research methods or literature study. Studying literature in this study, researchers used various written sources, namely, books, articles, journals and various documents that were relevant to the issues studied. There are several languages that must be developed in children, some of which are receptive language and expressive language. Receptive language is related to the ability to distinguish meaningful and meaningless sounds, receptive language is the ability to listen and read. Children's expressive language is the ability to express language verbally and non-verbally. From the research results, there are several strategies to help the development of receptive language, namely: (1) Storytelling activities; (2) Flashcards; (3) Language games (rehearse words, listen-do, listen-guess, whisper chain and tell stories). And some strategies to help children's expressive language development are: (1) Finger Puppet Play; (2) Role Playing.
Modern higher education through the prism of conceptual priorities

All the characteristic features of a particular historical development of society objectively and naturally apply to almost both the social institution and higher education, which is an integral part of the social environment. However, higher education is expected not only to follow in the fairway of certain trends specific to a particular era and a particular society but higher education is also associated with hopes for qualified awareness of risks and threats, as well as providing professional proposals for crisis management and overcoming negative trends. Although this aspect is quite obvious, the research community usually does not pay due attention to it, and therefore the detailing and systematization of this aspect have all the hallmarks of scientific novelty. In the context of the outlined research needs, the aspects of the quality and efficiency of education, as well as the types of intelligence that modern higher education is designed to cultivate and generate, are understood. The humanistic ideal of the university and its correspondence to the marketing model of modern higher education, as well as controversial ideas about equality and justice in education, are studied. The ideological and conceptual priorities that underlie leadership-type education are analyzed. The notion of critical thinking, creativity and heuristics as the target priorities of modern higher education is systematized, the key obstacles in this way and means of overcoming them are revealed. Factors and conceptual priorities that can significantly increase the capacity of modern higher education as a generator of human capital, a model of intensive and innovative development of society, are outlined.
Analysis of the experience of transition to distance learning in the system of university training in the pandemic period (on the example of FSBEI HE "Maykop state technological university" and FSBEI he "Adygh state university")

The situation associated with the coronavirus pandemic has greatly changed the life of every person and society as a whole over the past two years. Self-isolation and remote operation as means to contain the spread of infection have prompted the search for new ways to implement various types of activities, which were previously carried out mainly in full-time format. Digital technologies and tools have come to the rescue, which at the time of the pandemic were in demand only in certain areas and were not so widespread. In the current difficult conditions, digital transformations, which began even before the pandemic in all spheres of public life, including education, have greatly accelerated. Understanding the changes taking place in education, assessing their impact on the interaction of subjects of the pedagogical process and the effectiveness of training require analysis of domestic and foreign experience, available data in the field of using digital educational technologies, and the implementation of distance learning. The research problem is the use of distance learning in the system of university training of specialists. The purpose of the research is to analyze and systematize the experience of the transition of universities to distance learning, to study the preliminary results of large-scale application of digital technologies and online learning in universities. The research methods used are analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, questioning, conversation. The research base is FSBEI HE "Maykop State Technological University" and FSBEI HE "Adygh State University". The results of the research are the following: studies on the problem of transition to distance learning in the context of university training have been analyzed; the attitude of the subjects of the educational process to interaction in a new format has been studied, the most convenient digital technologies and tools for teaching have been identified; the advantages and disadvantages of using the distance format in the educational process have been revealed. The key findings: distance technologies make it possible to make education accessible to certain categories of students (for example, for people with disabilities who are in forced isolation as a result of the spread of COVID-19), expand the format of self-education, and provide professional training at a qualitatively different level; a complete transition to a distance learning format reduces the quality and efficiency of the learning process, since new tools do not have the potential that is inherent in traditional tools. The combination of distance learning with traditional, full-time education has more opportunities to meet the challenges facing modern education.
Perceptions of the Usage of WhatsApp for Instruction: A Study of Teachers in Senior High Schools in Ghana

The free education policy at the senior high school levels in Ghana resulted in an increase in enrollment numbers which subsequently lead to the adoption of the double track system which necessitated the need to divide students into two tracks.This meant that while one track was in school, the other was on vacation.As such, an innovative way is needed to keep students' engage especially a track that is on vacation.The purpose of this research was to determine the perception of teachers on the usage of WhatsApp messenger for teaching and learning.A cross-sectional design was employed in this study among 125 senior high school teachers within Tema Metropolis of Ghana.The research revealed that, perceived cost had an effect on teachers perceive usefulness, perceived convenience, perceived effectiveness, perceived trust and perceived intension to use WhatsApp Messenger for teaching and learning.Perceived convenience had a more pronounced effect on perceived usefulness.Implications of the results for scaling up or developing reforms on regular stakeholder's consultations to understand the concept of using WhatsApp messenger for teaching and learning in high schools with similar context are discussed.