Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Quantum Information

Since its inception over a century ago, quantum mechanics has been an indispensable tool for understanding atomic structure and has been used very successfully in the calculation energy levels, natural lifetimes, and cross sections; but for the most part, the philosophical interpretation of quantum mechanics has been left to others. However, after the work of Bell in the 1960s showed that the peculiarly nonlocal nature of quantum correlations could be tested in the lab, a number of atomic physicists turned to the experimental study of entanglement and quantum measurement. By the mid 1990s, it was becoming increasingly apparent that the peculiar quantum correlations and quantum superpositions might be exploited in quantum information processing, and that practical devices to exploit this potential might well be within the grasp of current experimental techniques. This led to an explosive growth of the subject over the past 25 years, fueled by the long-term prospects of quantum computing, quantum-enhanced metrology, and quantum cryptography. Today, quantum information is a vast area, embracing physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, material science, mathematics, and computer science. In this chapter, we introduce some of the basics of the subject, with an emphasis on atomic, molecular, and optical physics.
Computational Techniques

Essential to atomic, molecular, and optical physics is the ability to perform numerical computations accurately and efficiently. Whether the specific approach involves perturbation theory, close coupling expansion, solution of classical equations of motion, or fitting and smoothing of data, basic computational techniques such as integration, differentiation, interpolation, matrix and eigenvalue manipulation, Monte Carlo sampling, and solution of differential equations must be among the standard tool kit. This chapter outlines a portion of this tool kit with the aim of giving guidance and organization to a wide array of computational techniques. After having digested the present overview, the reader is then referred to detailed treatments given in many of the large number of texts existing on numerical analysis and computational techniques 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 , mathematical functions 7 ; 8 ; 9 , and mathematical physics 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 . In addition to these excellent general references, in the age of the internet, many resources are also available through free publishing projects or research laboratory resources made public. Many of these resources seek to provide techniques and computer codes of high accuracy, portability, robustness, and efficiency, and often take advantage of modern structured programming and computational parallelism, going beyond the highly accessible, broadly applicable, but simple numerical recipes and codes described in the classic texts. A list of such numerical analysis software is given on the Wikipedia, providing very brief descriptions of the packages available 19 , and the journal Computer Physics Communications (CPC) publishes computational physics research and applications software with many codes applicable to atomic, molecular, and optical physics (see the CPC program library maintained at Queen's University Belfast 20 ). Especially in the sections that follow on differential equations and computational linear algebra, mention is made of the role of software packages readily available to aid in implementing practical solutions. Finally, in this brief introduction to computational techniques, we note the existence of commercial packages for mathematics, including those for computer algebra, performing numerical calculations and visualizing results through proprietary programming languages, and even performing simulations through such tools as finite-element analysis, including Mathematica, Maple, MATLAB, Mathcad, and COMSOL, for example.
The Effectiveness Of Using Picture Series On Students’ English Writing Skill Of Recount Text At SMA Dharma Bakti Medan

This research consist to determine the effectiveness of using picture series on students' writing skills in recount texts at SMA Dharma bakti Medan. The design of this research is experimental research. They consist of 150 students and the sample consists of 40 students then divided into two class; The experimental class of 20 students (X-IPA) was taught using serial pictures while the control class of 20 students (X-IPS) was taught without serial pictures. The research instrument used a written test, The test is to make a story text analyzing the general structure of the story text. the score of a text can be obtained from the general structure and grammatical arrangement of the text. After applying the test to the students, the writer analyzes the data using the t-test formula which is commonly used. after calculating and analyzing the data, it was concluded that the was higher than the (4.47&gt; 1.70). it shows that there is a significant difference. The experimental pre-test score was 39 and the post-test score was 60.25, the difference was -21.25. The value of is greater than (4.47&gt;1.70) df is 38, and the level of significance is 0.05. it is stated that the effectiveness of the use of picture series has a significant influence on students' ability to write story texts, Based on the test results above, it shows that picture series can improve students' writing skills in writing story texts. it can be concluded that this research hypothesis is accepted.
Entangled Atoms and Fields: Cavity QED

Although the concept of a free atom is of use as a first approximation, a full quantum description of the interaction of atoms with an omnipresent electromagnetic radiation field is necessary for a proper account of spontaneous emission and radiative level shifts such as the Lamb shift. This chapter is concerned with the changes in the atom–field interaction that take place when the radiation field is modified by the presence of a cavity. An atom in the vicinity of a plane perfect mirror serves as an example of cavity quantum electrodynamics 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 .cavity QED The interaction between atom and intracavity light field can significantly change the spontaneous and stimulated emission of light and induce transitions of the atom between different quantum states. In the case of strong coupling, it also becomes possible for a single atom to control the transmission of light through the cavity, and for a single photon to deterministically change the state of the atom.
Coherent Transients

Coherent transients are excited in atomic and molecular systems when a phase relation is able to persist at least semistably between an exciting light field and the system's response. A steady state can occur whenever the multiplicity of “reservoir” effects in the background has reached a stable average. The theory of coherent transients typically makes an important distinction between two types of average, labeled either homogeneous or inhomogeneous. The terms refer to the type of randomness existing over the experimental “system” and originating in the system's environment. An example of inhomogeneous randomness and relaxation to a steady state is found in the distribution of transition frequencies of otherwise identical atoms or molecules trapped as impurities in a host crystal and arising from the host crystal's random strain fields, which induce a permanent energy-level shift in each of the impurities under study. These unchanging level shifts allow, in principle, the experimenter to assign permanent energy-level information in a one-by-one way to system members. Examples of homogeneous randomness are also common. For example, because of continuing collisions, energy-level shifts throughout a vapor cell are random and are constantly changing. Their effect is individually transient, and any consequent relaxation effects are observable only homogeneously over the entire sample, allowing no information to be retained about individual atoms and molecules. We remark at the end of this chapter that the existence of vector-space non factorization, called “quantum entanglement” by Schrödinger in 1935, leads to nonintuitive effects in transients that are currently still under some discussion as not being completely explained. One example is the predicted, and multiply observed, phenomenon labelled ESD, which stands for entanglement sudden death.
A First-order Logic with Frames

We propose a novel logic, Frame Logic (FL), that extends first-order logic and recursive definitions with a construct Sp (·) that captures the implicit supports of formulas—the precise subset of the universe upon which their meaning depends. Using such supports, we formulate proof rules that facilitate frame reasoning elegantly when the underlying model undergoes change. We show that the logic is expressive by capturing several data-structures and also exhibit a translation from a precise fragment of separation logic to frame logic. Finally, we design a program logic based on frame logic for reasoning with programs that dynamically update heaps that facilitates local specifications and frame reasoning. This program logic consists of both localized proof rules as well as rules that derive the weakest tightest preconditions in frame logic.
Wireless Binocular Stereovision Measurement System Based on Improved Coarse-to-Fine Matching Algorithm

To cope with the challenges some commonly used displacement sensors may face in structural health monitoring, we proposed a wireless binocular stereovision measurement system based on the improved coarse-to-fine matching algorithm. The vision measurement system can perceive multipoint three-dimensional displacement and consists of two cameras, one remote control unit, and a solar panel. The improved coarse-to-fine matching algorithm only requires a flat surface with some painted textures instead of designed markers with refined patterns (circle, square, and chessboard). Omitting the textures keeps a balance between measurement accuracy and the burden of the target installation in the actual field of structural health monitoring. The proposed coarse-to-fine matching algorithm utilizes scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) points to generate a robust initial guess and combines improved least squares matching (LSM) algorithm for advanced corresponding point matching. A precalculated look-up table for interpolation and parallel computation is used for higher matching precision and computational efficiency. Several experiments were conducted to present the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed metering system. A simulation test, an indoor shaking table test with several commonly used displacement sensors, and an outdoor experiment consider the natural condition. Experimental results verified that the proposed matching methodology could achieve 0.2-pixel matching accuracy, 0.1 mm measuring precision in a laboratory, and millimeter-level precision in real conditions.
Testing for Differences in Survey-Based Density Expectations: A Compositional Data Approach

We propose to treat survey-based density expectations as compositional data when testing either for heterogeneity in density forecasts across different groups of agents or for changes over time. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed test has more power relative to both a bootstrap approach based on the KLIC and an approach which involves multiple testing for differences of individual parts of the density. In addition, the test is computationally much faster than the KLIC-based one, which relies on simulations, and allows for comparisons across multiple groups. Using density expectations from the ECB Survey of Professional Forecasters and the U.S. Survey of Consumer Expectations, we show the usefulness of the test in detecting possible changes in density expectations over time and across different types of forecasters.
Identifying Lines and Interpreting Vertical Jumps in Eye Tracking Studies of Reading Text and Code

Eye tracking studies have shown that reading code, in contradistinction to reading text, includes many vertical jumps. As different lines of code may have quite different functions (e.g., variable definition, flow control, or computation), it is important to accurately identify the lines being read. We design experiments that require a specific line of text to be scrutinized. Using the distribution of gazes around this line, we then calculate how the precision with which we can identify the line being read depends on the font size and spacing. The results indicate that, even after correcting for systematic bias, unnaturally large fonts and spacing may be required for reliable line identification. Interestingly, during the experiments, the participants also repeatedly re-checked their task and if they were looking at the correct line, leading to vertical jumps similar to those observed when reading code. This suggests that observed reading patterns may be “inefficient,” in the sense that participants feel the need to repeat actions beyond the minimal number apparently required for the task. This may have implications regarding the interpretation of reading patterns. In particular, reading does not reflect only the extraction of information from the text or code. Rather, reading patterns may also reflect other types of activities, such as getting a general orientation, and searching for specific locations in the context of performing a particular task.
Mixed Iterated Revisions: Rationale, Algorithms, and Complexity

Several forms of iterable belief change exist, differing in the kind of change and its strength: some operators introduce formulae, others remove them; some add formulae unconditionally, others only as additions to the previous beliefs; some only relative to the current situation, others in all possible cases. A sequence of changes may involve several of them: for example, the first step is a revision, the second a contraction and the third a refinement of the previous beliefs. The ten operators considered in this article are shown to be all reducible to three: lexicographic revision, refinement, and severe withdrawal. In turn, these three can be expressed in terms of lexicographic revision at the cost of restructuring the sequence. This restructuring needs not to be done explicitly: an algorithm that works on the original sequence is shown. The complexity of mixed sequences of belief change operators is also analyzed. Most of them require only a polynomial number of calls to a satisfiability checker, some are even easier.
GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN A1C: IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRY AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE METHODS

Objective: to compare the two immunological methods of HbA1c determination available at the two university hospital centers in the capital of Madagascar. Methods:Prospective comparative study between two HbA1C assay techniquesat the University Hospital Center Joseph RavoahangyAndrianavalona and University Hospital Center Joseph RasetaBefelatanana both localized at Antananarivo Madagascar was conducted. The two techniques used are immunoturbidimetry and immunofluorescence. Fifty samples were run simultaneously on both techniques to assess the dispersion and correlation of HbA1C values. A history of haemoglobin abnormalities is previously researched in the medical records for the samples. Results:The correlation coefficient for the 2 techniques is 0.97. The Bland â€“Altman plot shows a funnel-shaped appearance. The Interclass Correlation Coefficient is 0.851 CI [-0.036 - 0.962]. No hemoglobin abnormalities were documented in any of the 50 samples Conclusion: It is essential to keep the same technique for monitoring HbA1c. Our study shows poor reproducibility for the two techniques compared. A strong relationship between the technique used and the HbA1c value was found for the extreme values. It is important to specify the technique used to support prescribers.
Is terrorism a spoilsport for the sustainability of economic development?: evidence from the economic community of West African states

Purpose The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of terrorism on the sustainability of the development of West African countries, highlighting the role and interactions of income inequality and the level of education in this relationship for the period 2000–2019. Design/methodology/approach The appropriate tests indicated that the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model is the most suited to analyze the terrorism phenomenon in the study area. Findings The results confirm the critical challenge to sustain economic development in a context marked by a high risk of terrorist attacks. Fortunately, the negative effect of terrorism on economic development is not a fatality. Ways do exist to limit the magnitude of the phenomenon impacts since the results also revealed that countries with higher percentages of educated people experience a lower magnitude of terrorism impact. Similarly, reducing inequalities is another way of controlling the magnitude of terrorism's impact on development sustainability. Originality/value This paper aims to contribute to the economic literature on the economic effects of terrorism in two main ways. First, to the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to establish terrorism implications in terms of development sustainability in the ECOWAS region. The second contribution is that the author tries to find an empirical validation of the hypothesis according to which an increase in the level of education and improvement in income distribution could reduce the impact of terrorism on development sustainability. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2022-0565 .
Single-image HDR reconstruction by dual learning the camera imaging process

It is a very challenging problem to reconstruct a high dynamic range (HDR) image from a single exposure image. There exist three problems, i.e., the many-to-many mapping problem between low dynamic range (LDR) images and HDR images, the image quality problem caused by the change of dynamic range and the problem of unpaired LDR–HDR training images. These problems can be solved to some extent through a dual learning framework simultaneously to learn the forward and reverse of camera imaging processes. This procedure is divided into a primary module, to reconstruct HDR from LDR, and a secondary module to reversely mapping the HDR to LDR. The secondary module guides the learning of primary module by constraining the outputs of the primary module. After that, the attention mechanism is used to solve the problem of unnatural perception caused by the change of dynamic range. In the end, with the advantage of our dual learning framework, unpaired data is further explored to train our model, which enriches the training samples. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, a large number of quantitative and qualitative experiments confirm that our method can achieve better performance.
Beyond quality and quantity: Representing empirical structures by embedded typologies

In this article, we propose a new approach to the problem of integration in mixed methods research that builds on a representational understanding of empirical science. From this perspective, qualitative and quantitative modeling strategies constitute two different ways to represent empirical structures. Whereas qualitative representations focus on the construction of types from cases, quantitative representations focus on the construction of dimensions from variables. We argue that types and dimensions should be integrated within a joint representation of the data that equally acknowledges qualitative and quantitative aspects. We outline how the proposed representational framework can be used to embed qualitative types in quantitative dimensions using an empirical study on teachers’ epistemological beliefs.
Underwater polarization imaging based on two-layer multi-index optimization

&lt;sec&gt;Underwater imaging is of great significance in exploring seabed resource , monitoring marine environment, implementing underwater rescue and military reconnaissance, etc. by providing clear vison. Among various underwater imaging techniques, the polarization imaging is considered to be an effective way to improve the quality of underwater imaging. It can realize underwater image restoration by using the difference in polarization characteristic between the target light and backscattered light. A classical underwater active polarization imaging method was presented by Treibitz [Treibitz T, Schechner Y Y &lt;ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2008.85"&gt;2009 &lt;i&gt;IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;31&lt;/b&gt; 385&lt;/ext-link&gt;], in which the degrees of linear polarization (DoLPs) of target light and backscattered light are used to recover clear image. A variety of improved methods have been derived from this, but most of them require background areas and human-computer interaction. Then, a new underwater active polarization imaging method without prior knowledge was presented by Zhao [Zhao Y, He W, Ren H, Li Y, Fu Y &lt;ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2021.106777"&gt;2022 &lt;i&gt;Opt. Lasers Eng.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;148&lt;/b&gt; 106777&lt;/ext-link&gt;], in which the DoLPs of target light and backscattered light can be automatically obtained without background region. However, sometimes the above two parameters are very close and thus introduce a lot of noise into the restored images, for this method takes only the contrast into account.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;In this work, an underwater active polarization imaging method based on two-layer multi-index optimization is proposed. First, the mutual information and contrast are taken as the upper objective functions, and the Pareto optimal solution set is obtained by the multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm. Second, the information entropy is taken as the lower objective function to obtain the optimal parameters from this optimal solution set. Based on the optimal parameters, the restored images are obtained. According to the difference between the DoLPs of target light and backscattered light, these restored images are further improved by the digital image processing method.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;The experimental results indicate that our method can not only enhance image details effectively but also balance various evaluation indexes of the imaging quality to obtain high-quality restored images. The proposed algorithm is suitable for underwater targets with low and high DoLPs, with or without background regions.&lt;/sec&gt;
A semi-bijective algorithm for saturated extended 2-regular simple stacks

Combinatorics of biopolymer structures, especially enumeration of various RNA secondary structures and protein contact maps, is of significant interest for communities of both combinatorics and computational biology. However, most of the previous combinatorial enumeration results for these structures are presented in terms of generating functions, and few are explicit formulas. This paper is mainly concerned with finding explicit enumeration formulas for a particular class of biologically relevant structures, say, saturated 2-regular simple stacks, whose configuration is related to protein folds in the 2D honeycomb lattice. We establish a semi-bijective algorithm that converts saturated 2-regular simple stacks into forests of small trees, which produces a uniform formula for saturated extended 2-regular simple stacks with any of the six primary component types. Summarizing the six different primary component types, we obtain a bivariate explicit formula for saturated extended 2-regular simple stacks with n vertices and k arcs. As consequences, the uniform formula can be reduced to Clote's results on k-saturated 2-regular simple stacks and the optimal 2-regular simple stacks, and Guo et al.'s result on the optimal extended 2-regular simple stacks.