JND‐aware robust image watermarking with tri‐directional inter‐block correlation

International Journal of Intelligent SystemsVolume 36, Issue 12 p. 7053-7079 RESEARCH ARTICLE JND-aware robust image watermarking with tri-directional inter-block correlation Yunming Zhang, Yunming Zhang orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-5580 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhenhua Wang, Zhenhua Wang orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-6738 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYantong Zhan, Yantong Zhan orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-4669 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLili Meng, Lili Meng orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-3582 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJiande Sun, Jiande Sun orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-2051 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorWenbo Wan, Corresponding Author Wenbo Wan wanwenbo@sdnu.edu.cn orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-0524 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China Correspondence Wenbo Wan, School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China. Email: wanwenbo@sdnu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this author Yunming Zhang, Yunming Zhang orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-5580 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhenhua Wang, Zhenhua Wang orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-6738 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYantong Zhan, Yantong Zhan orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-4669 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLili Meng, Lili Meng orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-3582 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJiande Sun, Jiande Sun orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-2051 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorWenbo Wan, Corresponding Author Wenbo Wan wanwenbo@sdnu.edu.cn orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-0524 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China Correspondence Wenbo Wan, School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China. Email: wanwenbo@sdnu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 July 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22580Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract A novel block-level perceptual image watermarking framework is proposed in this study, including tri-directional correlation and a block-level just noticeable difference (JND) model. Specifically, the difference in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of two blocks is calculated based on three directions in the neighborhood, called the tri-directional correlation (TriDC). Additionally, the representative alternating current (AC) coefficients along horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions, which can describe structural patterns, are projected and merged for TriDC differences. Then, the difference of the DCT coefficient is modulated to a predefined zone depending on the JND-based offset. Finally, the extent of the watermarked AC coefficients is determined with perceptual JND adjustment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can protect most common image processing attacks; and has better robustness compared with recent zone modulation watermarking schemes and traditional watermarking methods. Volume36, Issue12December 2021Pages 7053-7079 RelatedInformation