Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Risk score prediction model based on single nucleotide polymorphism for predicting malaria: a machine learning approach

Abstract Background The malaria risk prediction is currently limited to using advanced statistical methods, such as time series and cluster analysis on epidemiological data. Nevertheless, machine learning models have been explored to study the complexity of malaria through blood smear images and environmental data. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study analyses the contribution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to malaria using a machine learning model. More specifically, this study aims to quantify an individual's susceptibility to the development of malaria by using risk scores obtained from the cumulative effects of SNPs, known as weighted genetic risk scores (wGRS). Results We proposed an SNP-based feature extraction algorithm that incorporates the susceptibility information of an individual to malaria to generate the feature set. However, it can become computationally expensive for a machine learning model to learn from many SNPs. Therefore, we reduced the feature set by employing the Logistic Regression and Recursive Feature Elimination (LR-RFE) method to select SNPs that improve the efficacy of our model. Next, we calculated the wGRS of the selected feature set, which is used as the model's target variables. Moreover, to compare the performance of the wGRS-only model, we calculated and evaluated the combination of wGRS with genotype frequency (wGRS + GF). Finally, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Ridge regression algorithms are utilized to establish the machine learning models for malaria risk prediction. Conclusions Our proposed approach identified SNP rs334 as the most contributing feature with an importance score of 6.224 compared to the baseline, with an importance score of 1.1314. This is an important result as prior studies have proven that rs334 is a major genetic risk factor for malaria. The analysis and comparison of the three machine learning models demonstrated that LightGBM achieves the highest model performance with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) score of 0.0373. Furthermore, based on wGRS + GF, all models performed significantly better than wGRS alone, in which LightGBM obtained the best performance (0.0033 MAE score).
Analysis of Recent Trends in Single Image Dehazing Techniques

The main objective of this paper is to present a detailed study on various recent innovations in haze removal techniques. The suspended particles in the atmosphere like mist, fog, and haze cause the captured picture to get degrades. Hence to get a clear image the dehazing technique is essential and the dehazing technique is also important since it is used for various applications like urban transportation, video analysis, visual surveillance, Image Processing, computer vision, outdoor photography, medical imaging for diagnostic purposes, object detection, object recognition, etc. In this paper, we have classified the existing dehazing techniques into Multiple and Single Image dehazing techniques and explained the significance of each method in detail. This paper also presents the outcomes of the DCP, CAP, MLP, DehazeNet, and PMS-Net dehazing methods by assessing the resultant dehazed image visually by qualitative analysis and by calculating the MSE, RMSE, PSNR, SSIM, BRISQUE, and FADE evaluation metrics by quantitative analysis. Thus, this paper helps the nurturing researchers who are doing their research work in this field, to acquire a wide knowledge about the various haze removal techniques.
Recognition Of CAPTCHA Characters Using Machine Learning Algorithms

The Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) is a test used in many online applications to safeguard the authentication process by distinguishing humans from bots. Recognition of characters is incorporated with the help of the CAPTCHA method to make web applications safe and trustworthy. CAPTCHA incorporates some complicated pictures in some cases and owing to noisy values, it might be difficult to distinguish the characters from these images. Using machine-learning approaches, several researchers have attempted to overcome this challenge. As a result, the focus of this work is on a comparison of classification algorithms such as k-NN, SVM, and CNN for recognising CAPTCHA characters in the literature. After a careful review of the past work, it has been determined that CNN, rather than k-NN or SVM, is the most accurate strategy in terms of classification accuracy. In the future, CNN might be used to improve the process of character recognition.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Tingkat Tinggi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Materi Analytical Exposition Melalui Pembelajaran Covid-19 Metode Blended Learning Pada Kelas XI IPS 6 SMAN 1 Kecamatan Harau Semester Ganjil Tahun Pelajaran 2021/2022

The purpose of this study is to describe the use of blended learning Covid-19 learning to improve high-level learning outcomes of students in English subjects in Class XI IPS 6 SMAN 1 Harau District. This type of research is Classroom Action Research. The research was carried out based on classroom action research steps with two cycles starting from the planning, implementation, observation and reflection stages. Research data in the form of test results, learning observations, field notes, and documentation of each learning improvement action. The source of research data is the process of learning activities. Data were obtained from the research subjects, namely teachers and students of class XI IPS 6, totaling 37 people, which was held from July to July. October 2021. The results of the research data analysis show that the use of a scientific approach to the blended learning method can improve the ability of teachers to prepare high-level questions. This is evidenced by the acquisition of a score of 64.58 in the spracycle, increased to 72.91 in the first cycle, and increased to 89.58 in the second cycle. Furthermore, the results of the study of descriptions also experienced an increase, namely 64.10 in the pre-cycle, increasing to 76.92 in the first cycle of activities, and increasing to 87.71 in the second cycle. Furthermore, the learning outcomes of high-level thinking students in the knowledge aspect have increased, namely 68.07 in pre-cycle activities, increasing to 79.35 in the first cycle, increasing again to 81.75 in the second cycle with a large increase of 13.68. The learning outcomes of skills aspect obtained an average of 68.45 in the pre-cycle, increasing to 77.89 in the first cycle and increasing again to 80.89 in the second cycle with a large increase of 11.44. Based on the results of this study, the conclusions of research using a scientific approach to the blended learning method in English subjects need to be applied and developed in order to improve the quality of education.
Judgement Modality In The Editorials Of The Epoch Times Newspaper

The purpose of this study was to determine the type of epistemic modality most frequently used and also to determine the speaker's attitude towards his editorial. The level of editorial confidence in the written editorial can be seen by looking at the use of verb modals which is epistemic modality. The writer assesses modality based on qualitatif method to describe the speaker’s attitude and quantitative to determine the type of modality that is the most often used. The data collection procedure was sourced from newspaper and used 43 editorial texts as the research sample. The results of this study found that the type of epistemic modality most often used was the assumptive type which reached 61,8%. The second is the speculative type with a percentage of 26,4%. The third is deductive type with a percentage of 8,9%. And the fourth is concessive type with a percentage of 2,9%. Apart from that, this study also found that the speaker's attitude was doubtful about his proposition when based only on possible conclusions. The speaker's attitude is confident in his proposition when it is based on a sound conclusion. The speaker's attitude of being confident and believing what is necessity to do is based on the only possible conclusion. And the speaker predicts something to be true when the speaker has evidence that contrasts with the proposition.
The myth of half right reference

It has been said and re-said that reference librarians only answer roughly 50% of referencequestions correctly. But while this statistic is passed around as fact - where does it come from? Inthis paper, I track down the elusive citation using backwards chaining, citation analysis, andhistorical tracing. And then, I will re-examine the study that appeared to start it all through amodern lens, ultimately suggesting that we abandon the idea of half right reference once and forall.
The Implementation of Scavenger Hunt Game in Teaching Reading Comprehension of Descriptive Text

One of the English skills, namely reading, should be mastered by students so they can understand and comprehend the text they read. However, many students have lack of ability in reading especially in reading descriptive text. This research was aimed to find the effectiveness of implementing Scavenger Hunt game in teaching reading comprehension of descriptive text. This research used the one group of pre-test and post-test design without control group with the research sample is tenth graders of SMA Negeri 1 Palangka Raya in the academic year 2021/2022 with the number of sample was 39 students. The data were obtained by using pre-test and post-test in multiple choice test items in relation to descriptive texts to measure the students’ reading comprehension. The data were analysed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test since the data was not normally distributed. The result showed that there was significant effect of implementing Scavenger Hunt game (p&lt;0.01) in teaching reading of descriptive text at the secondary school.
Flooded Area Mapping and Its Relationship to the Land Use, Soil Type, and Rainfall in North Konawe Regency

The flood incident in North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi that occurred on June 2nd, 2019 was the largest flood disaster in that area since the last 42 years, so it is interesting to study. As part of disaster risk management, it is necessary to do flood mapping to determine the distribution of flooded areas and identify areas that have potential for flooding. Mapping of flood inundation areas was carried out using Sentinel-1 data. Land use, rainfall and soil types are used as an analysis of their were relationship to the distribution of flood. The distribution of flood based on the identification of the presence of inundation covered 3 sub-districts, namely Oheo District, Asera District and Andowia District. Correlation of flood distribution to the land use, rainfall and soil type was identified using Pearson correlation value (r). The correlation between flood distribution and land use was -0.59 that indicates the correlation is moderate. Moreover, the correlation of flood distribution to the rainfall was 0 which means the correlation was very weak, and lastly, the correlation value of the flood distribution with soil type was 0.88 or the correlation was very strong.
Physicochemical Characterization of Waters in Aquifer AQ2 of the Pointe-Noire Region: Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis Methods

Located on the Atlantic coast, the city of Pointe-Noire is the economic capital of the Republic of Congo.It enjoys strong industrial activity, particularly oil, with the presence of a refinery and onshore drilling in its surroundings.The steady growth of its population leads to an increase in its drinking water supply needs, produced mainly from the exploitation of its aquifer system.Thus, in view of the growth of its human activities, the interest of permanent monitoring of the quality of its groundwater is becoming more and more great.The present study aims to assess the physicochemical quality of the groundwater in the AQ2 aquifer of the Pointe-Noire region during the period from 2017 to 2020, and to understand the processes that are at the origin of the mineralization of these waters.To this end, we obtained from the water supply company, La Congolaise Des Eaux (LCDE) seventy-five (75) water analysis reports bulletins representing the average values of thirteen (13) physicochemical parameters in each of the 75 boreholes used for this study so as to homogeneously cover the entire city.The Piper diagram revealed that the waters are dominated by three types of facies: K-Na-Cl, Mg-Ca-SO 4 -Cl and Mg-Ca-HCO 3 .The presence of the K-Na-Cl facies is due to the high levels of chlorides and sodium in the water-rock.The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that the mineralization of these waters results in the hydrolysis of silicate minerals.The Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) analysis made it possible to determine the parameters that categorize the different classes from 2017 to 2020, these are TDS, EC and TH and to a lesser extent Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , HCO 3 -and TAC.Overall, the quality of the groundwater is good according to standards WHO, but in some cases requires specific treatment before supply.
Nature of Bitcoins and It’s Accounting Issues: A Proposed Model of Accounting for Bitcoins

This research aims to examine the current practices of accounting for bitcoins by reviewing some studies which related to this topic, and thus for achieving the main objective of the study, which is to develop a proposed model to account for bitcoins that harmonizes accounting practices of bitcoins.The main objective of the study is to develop a proposed model to account for bitcoins that unify accounting practices of bitcoins.To achieve this objective, the researchers divided the research include the following: "Introduction" which aimed to gain a holistic view for the research, And then "Literature Review."In this chapter the researchers clarify the nature, characteristics, pros and cons, and also how the bitcoin system works, through reviewing number of papers, accounting academic journals, professional publications.After that, the researchers reviewing different current accounting practices for bitcoins, and the efforts of some formal organizations in accounting for bitcoins.Finally, the researchers represented A proposed framework for unifying the accounting practices for bitcoins; the proposed framework consisted of five main pillars, recognition and classification of bitcoins, measurement of bitcoins and disclosures for bitcoins.The study hypotheses were empirically tested, using descriptive statistics, Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney test, also a One-Way ANOVA test was done to examine the significant differences between the different groups in each category of the population, the academics, the issuers of financial statements and the accountants.By examining the proposed Model for accounting for bitcoins empirically, the hypotheses were accepted which determined that the proposed model provides a unify model can be used in accounting for bitcoins, and thus it will increase the quality of financial reports.
Pengembangan Buku Suplemen Elektronik Materi: Sejarah Banjir dan Pembangunan Saluran Air di Tulungagung Tahun 1939-1986 Untuk Pembelajaran Sejarah Kelas X IIS 3 SMA Katolik ST. Thomas Aquino Tulungagung

Technology has been growing and has also penetrated into the field of education. Theuse of technology in the field of education is now being intensively promoted to facilitate thelearning process, as well as in learning history. This research and development aims to produceteaching materials in the form of an electronic Supplementary Book for the History of Floods andWaterways Construction in 1939-1986 in Tulungagung for students of class X IPS 3, SMA CatholicSt. Thomas Aquino Tulungagung. This teaching material is in the form of an E-book which wasdeveloped through the Anyflip application and Canva to achieve the desired final product. Themethod used is Sukmadinata's research and development model which initially has ten steps buthas been modified by the researcher into five steps. The results of this research and developmentshow that the validation of the material gets a value of 91.6%. While the media validation obtaineda value of 90% and the effectiveness test of teaching materials was 91%. From the overall results,it can be said that this Electronic Supplement Book teaching material product is very valid (worthy)to be used as supporting teaching materials in the process of learning history of specialization inthe classroom.
SPONTANEITY ELEMENTS FOUND IN SPOKEN DISCOURSE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Speaking English is useful to share information to other people around the world. To communicate appropriately, the students can fulfill the features of spontaneity. In fact, the students of Psychology Department of Muria Kudus University find difficulty to achieve the ideal situation. They do not know how to respond to the speaker spontaneously. To fill the empty space, the participants can apply spontaneity elements. The study is intended to analyze and explain the types of spontaneity elements found in the spoken discourse of university students and the university students’ understanding of spoken discourse. The design of the study used is discourse analysis. The participants were 16 students who did job interviews in pairs for 10 minutes. To collect the data is by using documentation. The findings showed that the types of spontaneity elements found in spoken discourse of university students are 176 occurrences consist of 45 repetitions (25.6%), 121 filled pauses (68.7%), 1 backtracking (0.6%), 9 incomplete utterances (5.1%). The students often use filled pauses to maintain the speaking consistency and seldom to use backchannels because they seldom to restatement the previous utterance while the students’ understanding of spoken discourse is low. It occurs because 3 elements of spontaneity are less than 50%, while 1 element is more than 50%. The students are actively speaking English only in the class. So, it is suggested for the students to speak English in daily life because by practicing to speak English, it can increase progress.
Academic Speaking Students’ Efforts in Minimizing Their Lack of Self- Confidence

The existence of self-confidence is needed and related with students’ academic achievement, which in this context of the study is speaking skills. Speaking skills are the language learning aspects that are also crucial for students to master to have good communication. Unfortunately, speaking skills cannot be mastered because of the lack of self-confidence that is commonly faced by EFL learners. By seeing this reality, the researcher tried to identify the causes of the lack of self - confidence faced by Academic Speaking students (FLA-UKSW) and the efforts that the students implemented to overcome their lack-of self-confidence. This study used a qualitative method in collecting data. The data were collected from thirty-three Academic Speaking students using open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated the causes of the lack of self-confidence were fear of making mistakes, lack of speaking skills formally, public speaking anxiety and personal experience influenced. The efforts used by students were talking in front of a mirror, practicing pronunciation, rehearsing with friends, mastering materials, making notes, watching YouTube videos. The result of these findings hopefully helped students who are dealing with self-confidence in academic context specifically in speaking skills.
An Empirical Study on Demotivating Factors of Non-English Majors in Colleges of Science and Engineering

Motivation is widely seen as the main factor of second language learning process.The major goal of this study is to find demotivators that impede non-English major learners' second language learning.This paper took non-English major undergraduates in Colleges of science and engineering as the experimental objects, and conducted a survey on 250 students by a combination of interviews and questionnaires.The study found 6 main factors that contribute to non-English majors' English learning demotivation in Colleges of science and engineering: English learning ability, value, influence of important others, negative attitude towards second language learning, the mandatory nature of second language learning and influence of teaching content.In order to further study the changing trend of demotivators of non-English majors, learners of different grades were identified and analyzed.Learners of different phases can be divided into junior learners and senior learners on the basis of their grades.Freshmen and sophomores were classified into junior learners, and juniors and seniors were classified into senior learners.Generally, the results showed no significant difference between the two stage learners except for English learning ability and professional work and future expectations.Junior learners were more demotivated by English learning ability while senior learners were more affected by professional work and future expectations.
Security Improvement Of Aes Algorithm Using S-Box Modification Based On Strict Avalanche Criterion On Image Encryption

Communication is something that cannot be separated from humans as social creatures. Images are the most commonly used visual communication in today's era. On the other hand, sending images via wireless networks is very vulnerable to piracy. AES, as one of the best cryptographic algorithms, can be applied as a solution. Even so, the AES algorithm still has weaknesses, which are weak against linear attacks and differential cryptanalysis. One solution to overcome the weaknesses of the AES algorithm is to use a stronger S-box. One of the methods to measure the strength of an S-box is the Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC). The dataset is divided into four categories based on the image type and size of the pixels. Data that has been encrypted using the proposed algorithm will be compared with data that has been encrypted using the standard AES algorithm. Cipherimages (encrypted data) are tested using histogram analysis, information entropy, and sensitivity analysis. The results obtained from cipher image testing are differences in histogram analysis testing in grayscale and color images. The information entropy value is 0.000131583% better than the AES standard, the NPCR is 0.17613% better than the AES standard, and the UACI value. 0.211148% better than AES standard in sensitivity analysis testing. Based on these data, the proposed algorithm has a higher level of security than the standard AES algorithm on image encryption.