Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Predicting Gaze Position with Deep Learning of Electroencephalography Data

The collection of eye gaze information is widely used in cognitive science and psychology. Moreover, many neuroscientific studies complement neuroimaging methods with eye-tracking technology to identify variations in attention, arousal and the participant's compliance with the task demands. To address limitations with conventional eye-tracking systems, recent studies have focused on leveraging advanced machine-learning techniques to compute gaze based on images from a webcam or images from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). While using a webcam to specify the eye gaze position requires an additional system and synchronization with auxiliary measures from the actual experiment that is even more cumbersome than in traditional eye-tracking systems, fMRI data acquisition is costly and does not provide the temporal resolution at the level that cognition takes place. In contrast, Electroencephalography (EEG) is a safe and cost-friendly method that directly measures the brain's electrical activity and enables measurement in clinical settings. However, an eye-tracking approach that offers gaze position estimation based on concurrently measured EEG is lacking. We address this shortcoming and show that gaze position can be restored by combining EEG activity and state-of-the-art machine learning. We use a dataset consisting of recordings from 400 healthy participants while they engage in tasks with varying complexity levels resulting in EEG and EOG features for over 3 million gaze fixations. To address intersubject variability and different experimental setups, we introduced a calibration paradigm, allowing the trained model to represent each participant's fixation characteristics throughout the experiment efficiently. Including a standardized, time-efficient and straightforward protocol to calibrate future recorded data on the pre-trained algorithm will improve the model's sensitivity, accuracy and versatility. This work emphasizes the importance of eye-tracking for the interpretation of EEG results and provides an open-source software that is widely applicable in research and clinical settings.
Context effects on object recognition in real world environments

The environment in which objects are located impacts recognition. This occurs through initial coding of global scene context, enabling the generation of predictions about potential objects in the environment (Bar, 2004; Trapp & Bar, 2015). When correct, these predictions facilitate object recognition, but when these predictions are violated object recognition is impeded, shown by slower RTs and larger N300/400 ERPs (Mudrik, et al, 2010; 2014; Lauer, et al, 2020). The majority of research on object recognition and visual contexts has been done in controlled laboratory settings, where objects and scenes often occur simultaneously. However, in the real world, the environment is relatively stable over time while objects come and go. Research in real world environments is the ultimate test of how context changes our perceptions, and is fundamental in determining how we understand what we see. In this research, we asked how the visual context influenced object recognition in real-world settings through a combination of mobile EEG (mEEG) and augmented reality (AR). During the experiment, participants approached AR arrows placed either in an office or an outdoor environment while mEEG was recorded. When participants reached the arrows, they changed colour indicating that a button could be pressed, which then revealed an object that was either congruent or incongruent with the environment. We analysed the ERP data (aligned to the appearance of the objects) with hierarchical generalised linear mixed models with a fixed factor of congruency, and object and participants as random factors. Similarly to laboratory experiments, we found that scene-object incongruence impeded object recognition as shown through larger amplitudes of the N300/N400. These findings suggest that visual contexts constrain our predictions of likely objects even in real-world environments, helping to bridge between research in laboratory and real life situations.
Methodological limits on sampling visual experience with mobile eye tracking

Humans explore the world with their eyes, so an ideal sampling of human visual experience requires accurate gaze estimates while participants perform a wide range of activities in diverse locations. In principle, mobile eye tracking can provide this information, but in practice, many technical barriers and human factors constrain the activities, locations, and participants that can be sampled accurately. In this talk we present our progress in addressing these barriers to build the Visual Experience Database. First, we describe how the hardware design of our mobile eye tracking system balances participant comfort and data quality. Ergonomics matter, because uncomfortable equipment affects behavior and reduces the reasonable duration of recordings. Second, we describe the challenges of sampling outdoors. Bright sunlight causes squinting, casts shadows, and reduces eye video contrast, all of which reduce estimated gaze accuracy and precision. We will show how appropriate image processing at acquisition improves eye video contrast, and how DNN-based pupil detection can improve estimated pupil position. Finally, we will show how physical shift of the equipment on the head affects estimated gaze quality. We quantify the reduction in gaze precision and accuracy over time due to slippage, in terms of drift of the eye in the image frame and instantaneous jitter of the camera with respect to the eye. Addressing these limitations takes us some way towards achieving a representative sample of visual experience, but recording of long-duration, of highly dynamic activities, and in extreme lighting conditions remains challenging.
Using Object Reconstruction as a Dynamic Attention Window to Improve Recognition Robustness

Humans are able to partially reconstruct visual information, as evidenced by our ability to imagine and dream, yet it is debated whether a reconstruction process is functionally used for online visual perception. We focus on visual object recognition and propose that reconstruction creates initial hypotheses about an object’s shape and location, and serves as the attentional window effectively restricting visual encoding to the image region depicting the features needed for object recognition. To test this hypothesis, we built an iterative encoder-decoder system where an object reconstruction is generated from the decoder and then fed back to the encoder to mask the image region to be processed in the next step. We tested the model’s recognition performance on the challenging digit recognition task, MNIST-C, where 15 different types of corruption are applied to handwritten digit images. Our model outperformed other models that are especially designed to deal with out-of-distribution generalization, e.g., adversarially trained models. Ablation studies also confirmed that having an object reconstruction mask during encoding significantly increases model robustness compared to when the model just learns to reconstruct an object without utilizing it as a mask. Analyzing performance across the image corruption types in MNIST-C revealed that the object reconstruction mask is especially helpful for shape-oriented recognition, rendering the system more resilient to texture perturbations, e.g., an image embedded with fog or pepper/salt noise. One vulnerability of our method is evidenced by the (infrequent) cases when the initial object reconstruction is incorrect, leading to a reconstruction of the wrong object and a predicted visual hallucination. We discuss this problem and propose methods using the mismatch between the visual input and a reconstruction as an error signal to obtain even more robust and veridical object representations.
Technology Underlying Cryptocurrencies and Types of Cryptocurrencies

The underlying technology for digital currencies is blockchainBlockchain which is an electronic distributed ledger technology (DLT)Distributed ledger technology (DLT) that forms the basis of BitcoinBitcoin, and which serves as the foundation for most other cryptocurrencies. It has been defined in an article emanating from the FED “as some combination of components including peer-to-peer networking, distributed data storage, and cryptography that, among other things, can potentially change the way in which storage, recordkeeping, and transfer of a digital asset is done”.
Alternatives to Traditional Virtual Currencies: Stablecoins and Central Banks Digital Currencies

Among the risks of virtual currencies is that they are literally based on nothing other than what the perceiving individual believes a particular currency is worth. If it can be used to purchase goods, realty, services, or other assets, then its value is enhanced. Volatility is the main drawback for the rise and fall of a particular virtual currency. Without a government-backstop the holder is, in essence, left to speculate broadly in the hope of financial gain. In this chapter, we examine other alternatives that may offer the assurance of safety that is totally lacking in almost all such currencies. The discussion will focus on stablecoins which is descriptive of monetary or other assets backing found in alternative cryptocurrencies’ offerings.
An Immersive Haptic Wearable Hand Exoskeleton

Design requirements of haptic hand exoskeletons, such as functionality, anthropomorphic movement, ergonomics, and portability, represent significant challenges. In addition, when immersive virtual reality (iVR) is also an objective, complex human-in-the-loop functional specifications are imposed to perceive the virtual environment (VE) without delay. Moreover, aiming at grasping and manipulating objects in immersive VE (iVE) demands force feedback to multiple fingers; thus, a multi-finger hand exoskeleton is required. In this paper, we propose an underactuated haptic two-finger hand exoskeleton that meets the above challenges for grasping and manipulation within an iVE. Three experiments were conducted to test the fingertip tracking and haptic capabilities within fingers’ RoM (Range Of Motion). Results showed that the hand exoskeleton enables contacting virtual objects with two fingers, facilitating manipulation afterward; in addition, free motion inside the iVE is possible due to the wearability of the system.
Preserving conceptual model semantics in the forward engineering of relational schemas

Forward engineering relational schemas based on conceptual models (in languages such as UML and ER) is an established practice, with several automated transformation approaches discussed in the literature and implemented in production tools. These transformations must bridge the gap between the primitives offered by conceptual modeling languages on the one hand and the relational model on the other. As a result, it is often the case that some of the semantics of the source conceptual model is lost in the transformation process. In this paper, we address this problem by forward engineering additional constraints along with the transformed schema (ultimately implemented as triggers). We formulate our approach in terms of the operations of “flattening” and “lifting” of classes to make our approach largely independent of the particular transformation strategy (one table per hierarchy, one table per class, one table per concrete class, one table per leaf class, etc.). An automated transformation tool is provided that traces the cumulative consequences of the operations as they are applied throughout the transformation process. We report on tests of this tool using models published in an open model repository.
예비유아교사의 아동기 놀이경험에 따른 놀이성과 놀이교수효능감 차이 연구

Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a difference in the playfulness and play teaching efficacy of preservice early childhood teachers according to their childhood play experience. Methods For this, a survey was conducted with 207 preservice early childhood teachers and frequency analysis and difference verification were conducted. Results The results are as follows. First, there was a difference in the formation of playfulness and play teaching efficacy according to the difference in the experience of ‘playground’ among childhood play experience of preservice early childhood teachers. Second, while ‘playtime’ among childhood play experience did not show any difference in the formation of playfulness and play teaching efficacy of early childhood teachers, ‘player’ was shown to be a factor causing the difference in both. Conclusions Based on these results, this study has an implication that early childhood teachers should be supported through the teacher training course to help them reflect on their own childhood play and form an educational belief on play.
The experience of ‘aging-well’ in early sixties woman

Objectives The purpose of this study was to verify the experience of ‘aging-well’ for a early sixties. Subject of this study was six early sixties who live in Daegu. Methods The data was collected by depth interview of experience of ‘aging-well. sixty years old woman who get marriage in city of D. if you have any question, I did telephone counseling more. The data collected was analysis using phenomenological method be due to Colaizzi(1978). Results The result were five meaning that ‘going with aging’, ‘living dependent another big power’, ‘active encount’, ‘walking positively in aging’, ‘a ripe persimmon as a beautiful human’. Conclusions we fond participant is living by acceptant aging and dependent another big power about ‘aging-well’. so I suggest to study expanded participant as a more old person and male.
Media Discourse Analysis in Small Schools Using Text Mining

Objectives This study attempted to clarify the substance of the media discourse surrounding small schools through media report analysis on small schools that occurred due to the decrease in the school-age population and have become a continuous issue. Methods 48 media outlets were selected through BigKines, and 7,489 media articles were analyzed based on relevance, etc., and duplicates and meaningless words were deleted from the basic research data. The data are classified based on the overall period and small school policy period through data preprocessing, and then keyword analysis and topic modeling are performed. Results First, looking at the trend of media reports, it became generally frequent until 2012, and the amount of media reports has since decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that the amount of media coverage increased due to the influence of the education policy of the Ministry of Education. Second, as a result of keyword analysis, there was a difference between the simple frequency and the distribution of keywords considering TF-IDF. Specifically, considering the distribution considering TF-DIF, ‘consolidation’ appeared as the word with the highest frequency, and a difference between keywords was found between the government-led small school integration period and the city-province-centered period. Third, as a result of topic modeling analysis, a total of 7 topics appeared in the entire period. In addition, the topic of ‘small school integration’ continued to appear regardless of the timing of the small school policy. Finally, as a result of analyzing recent trends, it was compressed into five topics. Conclusions The discourse that continues to appear in the media discourse of small schools is the consolidation of small schools. This can be said to have partially limited the education ministry's view of small schools to ‘consolidation’ when media companies cited press releases from the Ministry of Education and reduced them.
A case study on the teachers’ dietary guidance method of 2-year-old toddlers in childcare centers

Objectives This study analyzed the teachers’ dietary guidance method for 2-year-old toddlers in childcare centers. Methods This study used a case study method, one of the qualitative research methods. Research participants were composed of 30 toddlers and 4 teachers in the faith class, hope class and love class for 2-year-olds. Data collection were conducted by participant observation. Results Research results were as follows. The teachers’ dietary guidance methods for 2-year-old toddlers are recommending, providing compliments, explaining, helping, modeling, and withholding. Recommending and explaining are dietary guidance method using language. Helping and modeling are guidance method to help or demonstrate by directly intervening in the toddlers’ dietary situation. Reservation is a guidance method that considers individual differences and development levels of two-year-old toddlers. Conclusions This study is meaningful in that it examined the dietary guidance method of teachers by observing the actual educational site where dietary guidance takes place between teachers and toddlers. Also this study is meaningful in proposing educational implications based on teachers’ dietary guidance method.
The needs analysis on adult competencies for the elderly in Korea

Objectives This study aims to examine the discrepancy level of the elderly competencies and to assess the educational needs in order to enhance essential competencies for the elderly in Korea. Methods Data were collected from 315 adults with age range of 60 to 69 through online survey questionnaire on 19 adult competencies developed in the prior research. First, gap analysis was carried out to identify discrepancy between perceived importance of each competence and the current level of attainment of each competence using t-test and Borich needs assessment formula. Then, the Locus for Focus model was utilized to rank the competences, thus to determine the highest priority of the competences. Results As a result of the analysis, two competencies, which include health-management competence and finance-management competence, were identified as the highest-priority competencies for the Korean elderly to develop. The study also found that the elderly males and females showed different levels of educational needs on each competence; for example, the level of educational needs on health-management competence and digital-utilization competence were higher for the elderly males than the elderly females while no particular competence was identified as the highest-priority competence for the elderly females. In addition, different educational needs on 19 adults competencies were also shown between the employed and the unemployed. Conclusions The suggestions and practical implications of the study for developing policies and educational programs for the elderly in Korea are as follows. First, competency diagnostic system needs to be established for the Korean elderly to develop the highest-priority competencies identified in this study. Second, a variety of teaching methods can be utilized for developing digital-utilization competence of senior adults. Lastly, financial and administrative support at the institutional and local governmental level is suggested for enhancing art &amp; cultural competence among the elderly in Korea.
A Qualitative Study on Mother’s Perception of the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum

Objectives This study was conducted to examine in-depth the perception of the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum for mothers with 5-years-old child who have experienced both the Nuri Curriculum and the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum. Methods To this end, based on semi-structured interview questions, 6 mothers with children attending kindergartens in the metropolitan area were divided into three groups to fing out their perception and concerns about the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum at the age of 4 and 5 compared to the Nuri Curriculum experienced at the age of 3. Results As a result of the study, first, the study participants were not aware of the revision of the Nuri Curriculum. As parental participation is important, discussions on parental education on the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum will be needed. Second, it was positive about child-centered and play-centered, but ti was skeptical that all teachers could intervene and expand meaningful play for all children without a plan. It is believed that active discussion is needed to strengthen the teacher’s competency. Third, they were concerned about the increase in preference for private education and private elementary school due to greater concerns about insufficient preparation for elementary school entrance due to the play-centered 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum. Specific discussions will be needed to resolve parents’ anxiety about adapting to elementary school. Conclusions Therefore, this study is meaningful in that it provides basic data for establishing a social support system to identify and supplement various problems following the implementation of the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum when the revised Nuri Curriculum was implemented for two years.
Revision 2015 Comparison and analysis of common curriculum for middle school music department, basic curriculum, and daily life of music textbooks

Objectives In this study, we compared and analyzed the educational content of the common curriculum, the basic curriculum applied to students with difficulty in applying the common curriculum, and the educational content of the music textbook accordingly, and the revised 2022 middle school music basic curriculum and music textbook should move forward. It aims to discuss the direction to be taken. Methods Revision 2015 Comparison and analysis of the curriculum competencies, goals, content system, achievement standards, and music textbooks of the characteristics of the middle school common curriculum and the basic curriculum, which are special education curriculums, and the music textbooks according to them, centered on common themes in the area of daily life, and revised 2022 middle school This is a literature analysis that presents implications for the direction that music textbooks and basic curriculum of music should go. Results Musical sensibility, creative convergence, and musical communication competency were presented as the curriculum competencies of the nature of the curriculum, but the cultural community competency and self- management competency presented in the common curriculum were excluded from the basic curriculum. In terms of goals, it was found that there was no significant difference in the direction pursued by the two curricula. Although there are differences in the way content systems are expressed, there is no significant difference in terms of core concepts, generalized knowledge, and functions. However, in terms of learning elements, music and industry in the common curriculum and Korean traditional music elements in the world were excluded from the basic curriculum. Looking at the achievement standards and explanations of the common curriculum and the basic curriculum, the two learning elements of the basic curriculum can be interpreted as being included in the category of music and events, which are learning elements of the common curriculum. In other words, the basic curriculum did not fully reflect the educational contents of the common curriculum. Conclusions Revision 2022 Middle school special education music department curriculum and textbooks should be revised based on educational contents that all students can learn equally. In addition, it is necessary to reflect the degree of disability and the characteristics that reflect the characteristics of students with disabilities so that they can live an independent and happy life by raising the quality of life by making music a part of life after graduation.