Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Development of models and algorithms for transport and group equipment tasks

The solutions to the problems of choosing the optimal technological route for transportation infrastructure in the production department, group equipment and the cycle of operation of technological modules are proposed. Models and algorithms for constructing an optimal technological route transportation of parts, group equipment and a cycle of work of technological modules have been developed, which consist of machine tools and auto-operators (robots). In this article, they are formulated and solved in the form of a coverage problem using the gradient method. Methods are proposed for solving problems of grouping objects according to structural and technological characteristics and operations for transporting parts based on the selection of supporting group parts, constructing invariant sets and classifying objects by the test method, which will improve the classification reliability and give a close to the minimum number of groups of parts.
Permissioned Blockchain and Deep Reinforcement Learning Enabled Security and Energy Efficient Healthcare Internet of Things

Recently, the Healthcare Internet of Things (H-IoT) has been widely applied to alleviate the global challenge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, security and limited energy capacity issues remain the two main factors that prevent the large-scale application of the H-IoT. Therefore, a permissioned blockchain and deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-empowered H-IoT system is presented in this research to address these two issues. The proposed H-IoT system can provide real-time security and energy-efficient healthcare services to control the propagation of the COVID-19 pandemic. To address the security issue, a permissioned blockchain method is adopted to guarantee the security of the proposed H-IoT system. As for handling the limited energy constraint, we employ the mobile edge computing (MEC) method to offload the computing tasks to alleviate the computational burden and energy consumption of the proposed H-IoT system. We also adopt an energy harvesting method to improve performance. In addition, a DRL method is employed to jointly optimize both the security and energy efficiency performance of the proposed system. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution can balance the requirements of security and energy efficiency issues and hence can better respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.
SCA: Sybil-Based Collusion Attacks of IIoT Data Poisoning in Federated Learning

With the massive amounts of data generated by industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices at all moments, federated learning (FL) enables these distributed distrusted devices to collaborate to build machine learning model while maintaining data privacy. However, malicious participants still launch malicious attacks against the security vulnerabilities during model aggregation. This article is the first to propose Sybil-based collusion attacks (SCA) in the IIoT-FL system for the vulnerabilities mentioned above. The malicious participants use label flipping attacks to complete local poisoning training. Meanwhile, they can virtualize multiple Sybil nodes to make the local poisoning models aggregated with the greatest possibility during aggregation. They focus on making the joint model misclassify the selected attack class samples during the testing phase, while other nonattack classes kept the main task accuracy similar to the nonpoisoned state. Exhaustive experimental analysis demonstrates that our SCA has a superior performance on multiple aspects than the state-of-the-art.
A Survey on Deep Learning Based Channel Estimation in Doubly Dispersive Environments

Wireless communications systems are impacted by multi-path fading and Doppler shift in dynamic environments, where the channel becomes doubly-dispersive and its estimation becomes an arduous task.Only a few pilots are used for channel estimation in conventional approaches to preserve high data rate transmission.Consequently, such estimators experience a significant performance degradation in high mobility scenarios.Recently, deep learning has been employed for doubly-dispersive channel estimation due to its low-complexity, robustness, and good generalization ability.Against this backdrop, the current paper presents a comprehensive survey on channel estimation techniques based on deep learning by deeply investigating different methods.The study also provides extensive experimental simulations followed by a computational complexity analysis.After considering different parameters such as modulation order, mobility, frame length, and deep learning architecture, the performance of the studied estimators is evaluated in several mobility scenarios.In addition, the source codes are made available online in order to make the results reproducible.
A Comparative Study of Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesis

Text-to-picture alludes to the conversion of a textual description into a semantically similar image.The automatic synthesis of top-quality pictures from text portrayals is both exciting and useful at the same time.Current AI systems have shown significant advances in the field,but the work is still far from complete. Recent advances in the field of Deep Learning have resulted in the introduction of generative models that are capable of generating realistic images when trained appropriately.In this paper,authors will review the advancements in architectures for solving the problem of image synthesis using a text description.They begin by studying the concepts of the standard GAN, how the DCGAN has been used for the task at hand is followed by the StackGAN with uses a stack of two GANs to generate an image through iterative refinement &amp; StackGAN++ which uses multiple GANs in a tree-like structure making the task of generating images from the text more generalized. They look at the AttnGAN which uses an attentional model to generate sub-regions of an image based on the description.
Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning for UAV Edge Computing Network: Issues and Solutions

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) extend the traditional ground-based Internet of Things (IoT) into the air. UAV mobile edge computing (MEC) architectures have been proposed by integrating UAVs into MEC networks during the current novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) era. UAV mobile edge computing (MEC) shares personal data with external parties (such as edge servers) during intelligent medical analytics. However, this technique raises privacy concerns about patients’ health data. More recently, the concept of federal learning (FL) has been set up to protect mobile user data privacy. Compared to traditional machine learning, federated learning requires a decentralized distribution system to enhance trust for UAVs. Blockchain technology provides a secure and reliable solution for FL settings between multiple untrusted parties with anonymous, immutable, and distributed features. Therefore, blockchain-enabled FL provides both theories and techniques to improve the performance of intelligent UAV edge computing networks from various perspectives. This survey begins by discussing the current state of research on blockchain and FL. Then, compare the leading technologies and limitations. Second, we will discuss how to integrate blockchain and FL into UAV edge computing networks and the associated challenges and solutions. Finally, we discuss the fundamental research challenges and future directions.
RF-UAVNet: High-Performance Convolutional Network for RF-Based Drone Surveillance Systems

In recent years, the increasing popularity of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has arisen from the emergence of cutting-edge technologies deployed in small and low-cost devices. With the great capability of friendly uses and wide applications for multiple purposes, amateur drones can be piloted to effortlessly access any geographical area. This poses some difficulties in monitoring and managing drones that may invade private or limited-access areas. In this paper, we propose a radio-frequency (RF)-based surveillance solution to effectively detect and classify drones, and recognize operations by leveraging a high-performance convolutional neural network. The proposed network, namely RF-UAVNet, is specified with grouped one-dimensional convolution to significantly reduce the network size and computational cost. Besides, a novel structure of multi-level skip-connection, for the preservation of gradient flow, incorporating multi-level pooling, for the collection of informative deep features, is proposed to achieve high accuracy via learning efficiency improvement. In the experiments, RF-UAVNet yields the accuracy of 99.85% for drone detection, 98.53% for drone classification, and 95.33% for operation mode recognition, numbers which outperform the current state-of-the-art deep learning-based methods on DroneRF, a publicly available dataset for RF-based drone surveillance systems.
Nonlocal Self-Similarity-Based Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Image Denoising With 3-D Convolutional Neural Network

Recently, deep learning-based denoising methods for hyperspectral images (HSIs) have been comprehensively studied and achieved impressive performance because they can effectively extract complex and nonlinear image features. Compared with deep learning-based methods, the nonlocal similarity-based denoising methods are more suitable for images containing edges or regular textures. We propose a powerful HSI denoising method, termed NL-3DCNN, combining traditional machine learning and deep learning techniques. NL-3DCNN exploits the high spectral correlation of an HSI by using subspace representation and corresponding representation coefficients are termed eigenimages. The high spatial correlation in eigenimages is exploited by grouping nonlocal similar patches, which are denoised by a 3D convolutional neural network. The numerical and graphical denoising results of simulated and real data show that the proposed method is superior to state-of-the-art methods.
Partial Connection Based on Channel Attention for Differentiable Neural Architecture Search

Differentiable neural architecture search (DARTS), as a gradient-guided search method, greatly reduces the cost of computation and speeds up the search. In DARTS, the architecture parameters are introduced to the candidate operations, but the parameters of some weight-equipped operations may not be trained well in the initial stage, which causes unfair competition between candidate operations. The weight-free operations appear in large numbers which results in the phenomenon of performance crash. Besides, a lot of memory will be occupied during training supernet which causes the memory utilization to be low. In this paper, a partial channel connection based on channel attention for differentiable neural architecture search (ADARTS) is proposed. Some channels with higher weights are selected through the attention mechanism and sent into the operation space while the other channels are directly contacted with the processed channels. Selecting a few channels with higher attention weights can better transmit important feature information into the search space and greatly improve search efficiency and memory utilization. The instability of network structure caused by random selection can also be avoided. The experimental results show that ADARTS achieved 2.46% and 17.06% classification error rates on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, respectively. ADARTS can effectively solve the problem that too many skip connections appear in the search process and obtain network structures with better performance.
De-Bias for Generative Extraction in Unified NER Task

Named entity recognition (NER) is a fundamental task to recognize specific types of entities from a given sentence.Depending on how the entities appear in the sentence, it can be divided into three subtasks, namely, Flat NER, Nested NER, and Discontinuous NER.Among the existing approaches, only the generative model can be uniformly adapted to these three subtasks.However, when the generative model is applied to NER, its optimization objective is not consistent with the task, which makes the model vulnerable to the incorrect biases.In this paper, we analyze the incorrect biases in the generation process from a causality perspective and attribute them to two confounders: pre-context confounder and entityorder confounder.Furthermore, we design Intra-and Inter-entity Deconfounding Data Augmentation methods to eliminate the above confounders according to the theory of backdoor adjustment.Experiments show that our method can improve the performance of the generative NER model in various datasets.
GAN-Based Approaches for Generating Structured Data in the Medical Domain

Modern machine and deep learning methods require large datasets to achieve reliable and robust results. This requirement is often difficult to meet in the medical field, due to data sharing limitations imposed by privacy regulations or the presence of a small number of patients (e.g., rare diseases). To address this data scarcity and to improve the situation, novel generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been widely used to generate synthetic data that mimic real data by representing features that reflect health-related information without reference to real patients. In this paper, we consider several GAN models to generate synthetic data used for training binary (malignant/benign) classifiers, and compare their performances in terms of classification accuracy with cases where only real data are considered. We aim to investigate how synthetic data can improve classification accuracy, especially when a small amount of data is available. To this end, we have developed and implemented an evaluation framework where binary classifiers are trained on extended datasets containing both real and synthetic data. The results show improved accuracy for classifiers trained with generated data from more advanced GAN models, even when limited amounts of original data are available.
A Novel Optimization for GPU Mining Using Overclocking and Undervolting

Cryptography and associated technologies have existed for a long time. This field is advancing at a remarkable speed. Since the inception of its initial application, blockchain has come a long way. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency based on blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology (DLT). The most well-known cryptocurrency for everyday use is Bitcoin, which debuted in 2008. Its success ushered in a digital revolution, and it currently provides security, decentralization, and a reliable data transport and storage mechanism to various industries and companies. Governments and developing enterprises seeking a competitive edge have expressed interest in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies due to the rapid growth of this recent technology. For computer experts and individuals looking for a method to supplement their income, cryptocurrency mining has become a big source of anxiety. Mining is a way of resolving mathematical problems based on the processing capacity and speed of the computers employed to solve them in return for the digital currency incentives. Herein, we have illustrated benefits of utilizing GPUs (graphical processing units) for cryptocurrency mining and compare two methods, namely overclocking and undervolting, which are the superior techniques when it comes to GPU optimization. The techniques we have used in this paper will not only help the miners to gain profits while mining cryptocurrency but also solve a major flaw; in order to mitigate the energy and resources that are consumed by the mining hardware, we have designed the mining hardware to simultaneously run longer and consume much less electricity. We have also compared our techniques with other popular techniques that are already in existence with respect to GPU mining.
A comprehensive survey and taxonomy of sign language research

Sign language relies on visual gestures of human body parts to convey meaning and plays a vital role in modern society to communicate and interact with people having hearing difficulty as well as for human–machine interaction applications. This field has attracted a growing attention in recent years and several research outcomes have been witnessed covering various issues including sign acquisition, segmentation, recognition, translation and linguistic structures. In this paper, a comprehensive up-to-date survey of the state-of-the-art literature of automated sign language processing is presented. The survey provides a taxonomy and review of the body of knowledge and research efforts with focus on acquisition devices, available databases, and recognition techniques for fingerspelling signs, isolated sign words, and continuous sentence recognition systems. It covers recent advances including deep machine learning and multimodal approaches and discusses various related challenges. This survey is directed to junior researchers and industry developers working on sign language gesture recognition and related systems to gain insights and identify distinctive aspects and current status of existing landscape as well as future perspectives leading to further advancements.
Application of Biometric System to Enhance the Security in Virtual World

Virtual worlds was becoming increasingly popular in a variety of fields, including education, business, space exploration, and video games. Establishing the security of virtual worlds was becoming more critical as they become more widely used. Virtual users were identified using a behavioral biometric system. Improve the system's ability to identify objects by fusing scores from multiple sources. Identification was based on a review of user interactions in virtual environments and a comparison with previous recordings in the database. For behavioral biometric systems like the one described, it appears that score-level biometric fusion was a promising tool for improving system performance. As virtual worlds become more immersive, more people will want to participate in them, and more people will want to be able to interact with each other. Each region of the Meta-verse was given a glimpse of the current state of affairs and the trends to come. As hardware performance and institutional and public interest continue to improve, the Meta-verse's development is hampered by limitations like computational method limits and a lack of realized collaboration between virtual world stakeholders and developers alike. A major goal of the proposed research was to verify the accuracy of the biometric system to enhance the security in virtual world. In this study, the precision of the proposed work was compared to that of previous work.
Adaptive graph learning for semi-supervised feature selection with redundancy minimization

Graph-based sparse feature selection plays an important role in semi-supervised feature selection. However, traditional graph-based semi-supervised sparse feature selection separates graph construction from feature selection, which may reduce the performance of model because of noises and outliers. Moreover, sparse feature selection selects features based on the learned projection matrix. Therefore, redundant features are always selected by sparse model since similar features often have similar weights, which will weaken the performance of the algorithm. To alleviate the impact of the above problems, in this study, a novel semi-supervised sparse feature selection framework is proposed, in which the quality of the similarity matrix is improved by adaptive graph learning and the negative influence of redundant features is relieved via redundancy minimization regularization. In addition, based on this framework, two specific methods are given and a unified iterative algorithm is proposed to optimize the objective function. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing it with seven advanced semi-supervised methods in terms of classification accuracy and F1 score. Extensive experiments conducted on public datasets demonstrate that the proposed methods are superior to some advanced methods.
IoMT-Based Osteosarcoma Cancer Detection in Histopathology Images Using Transfer Learning Empowered with Blockchain, Fog Computing, and Edge Computing

Bone tumors, such as osteosarcomas, can occur anywhere in the bones, though they usually occur in the extremities of long bones near metaphyseal growth plates. Osteosarcoma is a malignant lesion caused by a malignant osteoid growing from primitive mesenchymal cells. In most cases, osteosarcoma develops as a solitary lesion within the most rapidly growing areas of the long bones in children. The distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus are the most frequently affected bones, but virtually any bone can be affected. Early detection can reduce mortality rates. Osteosarcoma’s manual detection requires expertise, and it can be tedious. With the assistance of modern technology, medical images can now be analyzed and classified automatically, which enables faster and more efficient data processing. A deep learning-based automatic detection system based on whole slide images (WSIs) is presented in this paper to detect osteosarcoma automatically. Experiments conducted on a large dataset of WSIs yielded up to 99.3% accuracy. This model ensures the privacy and integrity of patient information with the implementation of blockchain technology. Utilizing edge computing and fog computing technologies, the model reduces the load on centralized servers and improves efficiency.
The interactive reading task: Transformer-based automatic item generation

Automatic item generation (AIG) has the potential to greatly expand the number of items for educational assessments, while simultaneously allowing for a more construct-driven approach to item development. However, the traditional item modeling approach in AIG is limited in scope to content areas that are relatively easy to model (such as math problems), and depends on highly skilled content experts to create each model. In this paper we describe the interactive reading task, a transformer-based deep language modeling approach for creating reading comprehension assessments. This approach allows a fully automated process for the creation of source passages together with a wide range of comprehension questions about the passages. The format of the questions allows automatic scoring of responses with high fidelity (e.g., selected response questions). We present the results of a large-scale pilot of the interactive reading task, with hundreds of passages and thousands of questions. These passages were administered as part of the practice test of the Duolingo English Test. Human review of the materials and psychometric analyses of test taker results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for automatic creation of complex educational assessments.
When AI moderates online content: effects of human collaboration and interactive transparency on user trust

Abstract Given the scale of user-generated content online, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to flag problematic posts is inevitable, but users do not trust such automated moderation of content. We explore if (a) involving human moderators in the curation process and (b) affording “interactive transparency,” wherein users participate in curation, can promote appropriate reliance on AI. We test this through a 3 (Source: AI, Human, Both) × 3 (Transparency: No Transparency, Transparency-Only, Interactive Transparency) × 2 (Classification Decision: Flagged, Not Flagged) between-subjects online experiment (N = 676) involving classification of hate speech and suicidal ideation. We discovered that users trust AI for the moderation of content just as much as humans, but it depends on the heuristic that is triggered when they are told AI is the source of moderation. We also found that allowing users to provide feedback to the algorithm enhances trust by increasing user agency.