Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Can Transformer be Too Compositional? Analysing Idiom Processing in Neural Machine Translation

Unlike literal expressions, idioms' meanings do not directly follow from their parts, posing a challenge for neural machine translation (NMT). NMT models are often unable to translate idioms accurately and over-generate compositional, literal translations. In this work, we investigate whether the non-compositionality of idioms is reflected in the mechanics of the dominant NMT model, Transformer, by analysing the hidden states and attention patterns for models with English as source language and one of seven European languages as target language. When Transformer emits a non-literal translation - i.e. identifies the expression as idiomatic - the encoder processes idioms more strongly as single lexical units compared to literal expressions. This manifests in idioms' parts being grouped through attention and in reduced interaction between idioms and their context. In the decoder's cross-attention, figurative inputs result in reduced attention on source-side tokens. These results suggest that Transformer's tendency to process idioms as compositional expressions contributes to literal translations of idioms.
PENERAPAN GOOGLE CLASSROOM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATERI BARISAN DAN DERET ARITMATIKA KELAS XI OTOMATISASI DAN TATA KELOLA PERKANTORAN (OTKP) SMK NEGERI 1 MARABAHAN oleh : Sudiasih

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GOOGLE CLASSROOM TO IMPROVE LEARNING OUTCOMES ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES FOR CLASS XI OTKP SMK NEGERI 1 MARABAHAN ABSTRACTThis research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Marabahan, with the type of research namely "Classroom Action Research". The subjects in this study were students of class XI OTKP, totaling 35 people, while the object in this study was the Google Classroom. The tools that will be used to collect data are observation sheets and tests. Observations were made to observe the activities of teachers and students in learning and tests were given to see the level of success of students from a teaching material delivered.The hypothesis proposed in this study is "The learning outcomes of students on Arithmetic Sequences and Series will increase, if the Google Classroom application is implemented correctly in class XI OTKP.Based on the results of observations made in the initial conditions, there were 20 people out of 35 students or approximately (57%) who did not complete and as many as 15 people from 35 students or approximately (43%) completed. Then in the first cycle there were 24 people from 35 students or about (68%) who completed and as many as 11 people from 35 students or around (32%) who did not complete. In the second cycle there were 33 people out of 35 students or around (94%) who had completed and as many as 2 people out of 35 students or approximately (6%) who had not.Based on the results of the study starting from the initial conditions, cycle I and cycle II there has been a significant increase. So it can be concluded that using the Google Classroom can improve student learning outcomes for Arithmetic Sequences and Series in class XI OTKP.
Online tools for efficient paper writing

For researchers, writing a paper is an essential task, and it is crucial for them to have an environment to facilitate the paper writing process. In addition, writing in English is more difficult for many non-native English speakers. The Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS) provides researchers in the life sciences with several text-mining related services, such as Allie and inMeXes, which were developed to facilitate paper writing. Allie is an abbreviation database that shows researchers expanded forms and several relevant data, such as the papers that contain the abbreviations and their corresponding expanded forms. Since a large amount of abbreviations are coined, remembering their meanings is difficult, even in one's research field. Therefore, Allie helps one lookup abbreviations. inMeXes is an incremental search service for English phrases appearing in PubMed. Researchers can learn English phrases used in life science papers, such as the use of prepositions or widely used phrases that contain a specific word. Allie and inMeXes are updated monthly and yearly, respectively, to provide the latest information.
Optimization with Access to Auxiliary Information

We investigate the fundamental optimization question of minimizing a target function $f$, whose gradients are expensive to compute or have limited availability, given access to some auxiliary side function $h$ whose gradients are cheap or more available. This formulation captures many settings of practical relevance, such as i) re-using batches in SGD, ii) transfer learning, iii) federated learning, iv) training with compressed models/dropout, etc. We propose two generic new algorithms that apply in all these settings and prove that we can benefit from this framework using only an assumption on the Hessian similarity between the target and side information. A benefit is obtained when this similarity measure is small, we also show a potential benefit from stochasticity when the auxiliary noise is correlated with that of the target function.
Applying the English Simple Code to Improve Indonesian Students’ Communicative Speaking Ability and Their Motivation

The study aims to improve students’ communicative speaking and motivation using the simple code theory. It was action research. The research procedure consisted of identifying the students’ problems, designing the plans, applying the classroom practice expression (suitable with simple code), observing, and reflecting on each cycle. The subject was 20 students who have the lowest mark in communicative speaking ability and motivation in the pre-observation. Data were collected through observation, tests, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation and were analyzed using the descriptive quantitative, and qualitative. The English Simple Code could improve students’ communicative speaking ability and motivation in grade VIII of SMP Yapis Biak. it is also supported by the result of speaking tests and questionnaires. There are some findings; 1) implementing the classroom practice expression can help the teacher to provide a simpler language for students; 2) teacher-talk and interlanguage-talk are useful for acquiring English at the low-intermediate level; 3) emphasizing the activities of repetition drill and acting from a script can provide a prefabricated routine to prefabricated pattern and develop their fluency simultaneously; 4) teacher‘s role can improve the communicative speaking in performance; 5) delayed feedback is very useful to encourage students’ low affective filter in the learning process, so they got the high confidence and motivation in the second language acquisition. Thus, Theoretically, the English simple code can provide a good contribution to learning strategy in the classroom. Then, the teacher can use classroom practice expression, various activities, and delayed feedback to acquire English as the target language.
Generative Models with Information-Theoretic Protection Against Membership Inference Attacks

Deep generative models, such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), synthesize diverse high-fidelity data samples by estimating the underlying distribution of high dimensional data. Despite their success, GANs may disclose private information from the data they are trained on, making them susceptible to adversarial attacks such as membership inference attacks, in which an adversary aims to determine if a record was part of the training set. We propose an information theoretically motivated regularization term that prevents the generative model from overfitting to training data and encourages generalizability. We show that this penalty minimizes the JensenShannon divergence between components of the generator trained on data with different membership, and that it can be implemented at low cost using an additional classifier. Our experiments on image datasets demonstrate that with the proposed regularization, which comes at only a small added computational cost, GANs are able to preserve privacy and generate high-quality samples that achieve better downstream classification performance compared to non-private and differentially private generative models.
The current situation and self-renovation of the core competitiveness of environmental design graduates under the background of "rural revitalization + new liberal arts"

Against the backdrop of unprecedented changes unseen in a century and the raging new crown epidemic, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have always placed the aim of seeking truth and being pragmatic and ensuring people's livelihood in a prominent position, attaching great importance to the employment of college graduates, and listing it as an important part of employment work. The most important thing is that the relevant government departments at all levels are required to do a good job in ensuring people's livelihood. Faced with the specific reality of the difficulty in finding employment for college graduates, how can environmental design graduates remain invincible in the fierce competition, professional teachers must seek truth from facts and recognize the situation: that is, to recognize what the core competitiveness of environmental design graduates is, Why is it important and how to improve it, so as to further implement the task of talent training in colleges and universities in the new era, innovate the path of talent training, and complete the mission of teaching and educating people.
Semantic-preserved Communication System for Highly Efficient Speech Transmission

Deep learning (DL) based semantic communication methods have been explored for the efficient transmission of images, text, and speech in recent years. In contrast to traditional wireless communication methods that focus on the transmission of abstract symbols, semantic communication approaches attempt to achieve better transmission efficiency by only sending the semantic-related information of the source data. In this paper, we consider semantic-oriented speech transmission which transmits only the semantic-relevant information over the channel for the speech recognition task, and a compact additional set of semantic-irrelevant information for the speech reconstruction task. We propose a novel end-to-end DL-based transceiver which extracts and encodes the semantic information from the input speech spectrums at the transmitter and outputs the corresponding transcriptions from the decoded semantic information at the receiver. For the speech to speech transmission, we further include a CTC alignment module that extracts a small number of additional semantic-irrelevant but speech-related information for the better reconstruction of the original speech signals at the receiver. The simulation results confirm that our proposed method outperforms current methods in terms of the accuracy of the predicted text for the speech to text transmission and the quality of the recovered speech signals for the speech to speech transmission, and significantly improves transmission efficiency. More specifically, the proposed method only sends 16% of the amount of the transmitted symbols required by the existing methods while achieving about 10% reduction in WER for the speech to text transmission. For the speech to speech transmission, it results in an even more remarkable improvement in terms of transmission efficiency with only 0.2% of the amount of the transmitted symbols required by the existing method.
Exploring the support plan through the analysis of the current status of high school specialized subject I

In accordance with the high school credit system introduction and high school system reform policy, the current curriculum is being revised. In the 2022 revised curriculum, specialized subject I, which was previously subject to special purpose high schools, will be transferred to and incorporated into general subjects for ordinary high schools. The purpose of this study is to explore operational support plan of specialized subject I. For this purpose, this study collected and analyzed NEIS data for specialized high school subject I, while conducting a written survey on the opening and operation of specialized subject I for ordinary high school (high school credit research school). As a result of the analysis, special purpose high schools mainly opened and operated specialized subject I related to the purpose of school establishment. In the case of ordinary high schools, subjects of specialized subject I in all fields were actively opened, and among them, many subjects were found to be science and art. Both special purpose high schools and ordinary high schools preferred to open subject I as an in-school curriculum, but it was confirmed that a number of general high schools opened and operated subject I as a joint curriculum between schools.
Order statistics from exchangeable random variables are always sufficient

Let $(X_1,\ldots,X_n)$ be an exchangeable random vector with distribution function $F$, and denote by $Y_1\leq \cdots\leq Y_n$ the corresponding order statistics. We show that the conditional distribution of $(X_1,\ldots,X_n)$ given $(Y_1,\ldots,Y_n)$ does not depend on $F$.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on educational technologies

COVID-19 has had a significant impact on many areas of society, and the education sector is no exception. The article is devoted to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education. It examines the positive trends in the development of educational models (BYOD, Blended Learning) and technologies (e-learning, m-learning), Russian software (iSpring Suite, iSpring Suite Max, iSpring Space, EV Toolbox Advanced 9), educational services (Convenience, eTreniki, Learnis, Zoom, Skype, Yandex services: Teleconference, Workshop, School, Textbook, Lessons, Teacher, Tutor, Forms) and platforms (Core, Stepik, Russian Electronic School, Moscow Electronic School, “Yaklass”, “Uchi.ru”, “Lecta.rosuchebnik.ru”, “Enlightenment”), mobile applications (“Walking Museum”). This work contains an analysis of not only the positive, but also the negative impact of the pandemic on secondary and higher education; the results of surveys are given. The article shows that digital and information technologies are becoming one of the leading ones in the field of education. The large-scale development of new information tools, including Internet services, has led to the modification of the digital educational environment. The conditions of the pandemic revealed the need to adapt and make changes in improving the methods of teaching and the use of distance learning technologies that implement the principles of open education (freedom in choosing the time, place and pace of learning, free development of individuality, freedom to draw up an individual training program, etc.). Practice, adequately responding to the current situation, led to an understanding of the need to quickly create designers of electronic courses (iSpring Suite Max, iSpring Space). The pandemic has led to the urgent need to improve the competence of teachers in the field of ICT, and therefore in the development of appropriate training courses.
Lessons learned from five years of speaking exam administration

From 2015 to 2019, the Bunkyo English Communication Center at Hiroshima Bunkyo University conducted end-of-semester speaking exams called Bunkyo English Speaking Tests (BESTs) for all English Communication freshman and sophomore students. During these five years, the Bunkyo English Communication Center learned several test administration best practices. First, in a desire to apply a many-facet Rasch model using the Facets software package (Linacre, 2022a) to provide student fair scores that account for rater leniency and severity, a preventative flaw in the rater schedule was discovered and corrected. Second, the increased complexity of the rater schedule plus a desire to streamline the exam processes necessitated the building of a comprehensive scheduling and testing system in Excel. Finally, the calculation method initially used for converting Rasch measures into student fair scores was based on a faulty assumption and suffered from ambiguity and subjectivity, and a fairer workaround system was discovered and implemented. This paper documents the discovery of these problems and the process of developing and implementing their solutions.
Hypertext in language teaching and learning: a bibliometric study

Powered by digital, hypertext has brought about changes in reading and writing in the information society. With its links, it enables navigation in the "ocean" of ideas, requiring adequate knowledge to navigate. Incomprehension and textual abandonment are consequences that scholars report and that we need to discuss. About them, we highlight Lévy (2011), Marcuschi and Xavier (2010), Castells (2020), Schuab (2016), Schnneider and Carvalho (2018), important authors in the discussion about technology and education. In this paper, we focused on analyzing the need for the debate on hypertext in language teaching-learning with a bibliometric research, whose goal is to provide a broad mapping of a subject, serving as a support for new studies. We obtained, as a result, the idea that hypertext is an area of research evident in developed countries and in need of current research.
Improvement Quality of Software Requirements Using Requirement Negotiation System for Supporting Decision

The Requirement Engineering phase, where all requests and software requirements of the user and the client are delivered, understood and agreed upon. However, often the developers are just too focused on implementing the software, even though the Requirements Engineering phase is a phase that can have a big impact. The impact is not only on the final product but also on the development process itself. In this study, the authors conducted software development negotiation of software requirements as a medium for stakeholders to negotiate the requirements of software products. In the negotiation system, the author will provide a means of decision support or group decision support system that a method of resolving conflicts. The main objectives of this work are twofold: 1) to assist the negotiation process between stakeholders and 2) to improvement quality software after negotiation. The workings of the E-Voting method are by giving choices to each sub-specification that has been chosen by stakeholders. We will select the choice that has the highest number of votes as a specification. We used prototyping as a method of developing a system life cycle because prototyping is very open to improvements that might occur after it releases the prototype version system. The results of evaluations show that the system has a high success rate based on 3 dimensions of testing, Performance (80.5%), Usability (78.5%), and User Satisfaction (78%).
Probing finite-temperature observables in quantum simulators of spin systems with short-time dynamics

Preparing finite temperature states in quantum simulators of spin systems, such as trapped ions or Rydberg atoms in optical tweezers, is challenging due to their almost perfect isolation from the environment. Here, we show how finite-temperature observables can be obtained with an algorithm motivated from the Jarzynski equality and equivalent to the one in Lu, Banuls and Cirac, PRX Quantum 2, 020321 (2021). It consists of classical importance sampling of initial states and a measurement of the Loschmidt echo with a quantum simulator. We use the method as a quantum-inspired classical algorithm and simulate the protocol with matrix product states to analyze the requirements on a quantum simulator. This way, we show that a finite temperature phase transition in the long-range transverse field Ising model can be characterized in trapped ion quantum simulators. We propose a concrete measurement protocol for the Loschmidt echo and discuss the influence of measurement noise, dephasing, as well as state preparation and measurement errors. We argue that the algorithm is robust against those imperfections under realistic conditions.
Barriers and Orders: Study of Fans’ Group Identification with Doujin Groups

With the development of diversified cyber-cultures, Doujin works, which are secondary creation based on original works or prototypes of characters, have become an important part of web authoring. Starting from Klink’s dimensional division of group identification, this study explored how viewers of audio-visual works, enthusiasts of characters and fans of artists identified with Doujin Groups and participated in social group activities by adopting research methods such as netnography, interviews and text analysis. According to research findings, as group identification is gradually developed from its dimensions of cognition and emotion-evaluation, the imitation and learning in the behavioral dimension will be promoted, so as to join Doujin creation. Barriers and rules in the social group ecology can protect creation and works, and advance the prosperity and development of social groups, thus attracting more viewers.
Improving Writing Skill on Report Text by Using RCG Strategy with PPT for Students of Senior High School

In this research, the researchers used Responding, Correcting and Guiding (RCG) Strategy with Power Point (PPT) to solve the students’ problems in writing Report Text. The researchers designed the research problem as follows: How can RCG Strategy with PPT improve writing skill on report text for senior high school students? After applying RCG Strategy in cycle I, the students’ average score result in this cycle was 72.5%. This result was still not satisfying. 55.33% or 8 students could not reach the mean score target of 75. Therefore, the research should continue to the next cycle. In cycle II, the students’ average score was 82.33%. There were only 13.33% or 2 students who got bad scores, it meant that the criteria success had been met and this cycle should be discontinued. Based on the findings, the English teachers were recommended to use RCG for enhancing students’ writing skill by applying all the ways in this strategy, they were: Reacting to the Students’ Work, Correcting to the Students’ Work, Responding to the Students Work, Peer Review, Training Students to Self-Edit and Self-Correct and Making Homework Successful.