Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
SITE ADAPTATION DA RADIAÇÃO GLOBAL HORIZONTAL PARA ESTAÇÕES SOLARIMÉTRICAS NA ARGENTINA E NO BRASIL

Estimating the solar radiation incident on a certain location for several years is necessary to develop photovoltaic and heliothermic projects of solar power plants. In this work, multiple linear regression, multilayer perceptron neural networks and quantile mapping are used to adjust long-term global horizontal irradiance (GHI) series using ground measurements, a procedure known as site adaptation. Two solarimetric stations, one in the city of Petrolina, in northeastern Brazil, and another in the province of Salta, at the El Rosal site, Argentina, are used as case studies. Data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are used as regression variables in the statistical models. Two different divisions of the data in calibration (80% of the samples) and test/operation (20% of the samples) are tested. One of them performs the data's temporal permutation, and the other keeps the temporal component. The results show that the adaptation site achieves better statistics for the El Rosal station (24,28% de nRMSD, -5,18% de nMBE e 1,00 de STDRatio) than the CAMS reference model for GHI (34,67% de nRMSD, 19,28% de nMBE e 0,95 de STDRatio), while for the Petrolina station, the results obtained (21,66% de nRMSD, 0,51% de nMBE e 0,92 de STDRatio) did not achieve greater accuracy than the CAMS model (22,22% de nRMSD, 4,84% de nMBE e 0,98 de STDRatio). Both for the Petrolina station and El Rosal, the results obtained with the division with a permutation of the data are more accurate than the one that maintains the temporal component
AVALIAÇÃO DE ESTRATÉGIAS PASSIVAS PARA AUMENTO DA PENETRAÇÃO DA GERAÇÃO SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA EM MINIRREDES HÍBRIDAS FV+DIESEL

Brazil has the largest integrated energy system controlled by a centralized operator in the world, but the north of Brazil has geographical difficulties in connecting to this centralized network. Considering this, Brazil still has 212 isolated systems, forming the so-called SISOL. According to the literature, the typical penetration of PV generators in non-automated isolated systems varies from 10% to 20%; however, there are passive strategies that can be used in non-automated isolated systems that seek to reduce the instantaneous variability of solar energy, enabling the increase in maximum PV penetration. In this paper, the effects of four passive strategies for increasing the level of maximum PV penetration are analyzed, these being: splitting Diesel generator set power into multiple generators, which provides a maximum penetration of 21%; geographic dispersion of PV systems, which provides a maximum penetration of 30%; use of single-axis trackers in PV systems, which provides a maximum penetration of 21%; and overloading of PV inverters, which provides a maximum penetration of 24%.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MEDIDOR DE IRRADIÂNCIA E IRRADIAÇÃO SOLAR DE BAIXO CUSTO PARA FINS DIDÁTICOS

This article describes the development process and the results obtained from a low cost solar irradiance and irradiation meter, using a small photovoltaic module as a sensor and an Arduino UNO to manage the measurements carried out. The developed meter will be used for educational purposes in courses related to photovoltaic solar energy at the Federal Institute of São Paulo – Guarulhos unit. In the Results section, a methodology to compare the graphs of solar irradiance data with generation data from a photovoltaic generator is presented, showing that the functioning of the developed device presented satisfactory results and within the project expectations. At the end of the article, the future stages of project execution are presented, showing that the developed meter will be integrated with an energy meter to enable monitoring of photovoltaic systems and alerting about the need for maintenance in the generation system.
MONITORAMENTO DE UM SISTEMA FOTOVOLTAICO UTILIZANDO BASES DE DADOS DE RADIAÇÃO SOLAR E TEMPERATURA DO INMET

With the demand for electricity growing, the migration to renewable sources is a reality. In distributed generation, photovoltaic systems are a renewable and sustainable alternative to the main energy sources to generate electricity. Monitoring a photovoltaic system over its operating time guarantees its good performance. This requires solar radiation and temperature data measured at the installation site or the use of solarimetric stations databases. However, the differences between the results simulated with databases and with data measured at the installation site are not widely known, which would be the ideal case from a technical point of view. The aim of this study was to verify the feasibility of monitoring the performance of a 1.225 kWp photovoltaic system located in the city of Porto Alegre - Brazil using the System Advisor Model (SAM) modeling tool and a public database. Simulation results were compared using data provided by a station of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) with the results obtained with data measured at the site of the photovoltaic system. Differences were verified between the solar radiation measured on site and that of the INMET database, and the difference in accumulated radiation was 9.2% for the entire period analyzed. When comparing the measured and simulated alternating current energy using the radiation and temperature data measured on site for the non-shading time, it was found that the difference between the results was 0.5%. Using the INMET climate file, the monthly differences ranged from -6% to 14% and the difference in accumulated energy for the entire measurement period was 2.5%. The results showed that the use of a database measured by a public solarimetric station close to the site, in this case approximately 6 km away from the installation, is feasible for monitoring photovoltaic systems, since the differences found were not significant. This monitoring can identify system failures and performance loss over time.
MODELO PARA ESTIMATIVA DA IRRADIÂNCIA SOLAR INCIDENTE SOBRE O MÓDULO FOTOVOLTAICO INCLINADO UTILIZANDO DADOS DE IRRADIÂNCIA GLOBAL HORIZONTAL

Solar irradiation is the primary source of energy used in photovoltaic systems to generate electrical energy. Thus, the photovoltaic performance is directly affected due to the variation of this meteorological factor. To estimate the energy production of a photovoltaic system, it is essential to consider the solar irradiance data for the location where it will be installed. However, these data usually refer to measurements done by pyranometers (or other measuring instrument) installed in a horizontal position, disregarding the effects of inclination as determined for the installation of photovoltaic modules (locations with latitude &gt; 0º). In this scenario, this work aims to estimate the plane of array irradiance from horizontal global irradiance data. For this, global horizontal irradiance data measured by a meteorological station installed at GREEN/PUC Minas in Belo Horizonte/MG (Equatorial Tropical: 19.92° S, 43.99° W) and another in the test area of the Federal University of Santa Catarina in Brotas de Macaúbas/BA (Semi-Arid: 12.00° S, 42.63° W) were used as input data for the mathematical model, and the results were compared with plane of array irradiance measured oriented to the Solar North and with an inclination equal to the latitude of the respective locations. The comparative results showed that the estimate of the plane of array irradiance is close to the measurement, with differences ranging from -27 to 43% for the city of Belo Horizonte/MG and from -8 to 8% for the city of Brotas of Mcaúbas/BA. The biggest differences were registered in the autumn and winter seasons (lower solar altitude), with the average difference for the entire period evaluated around 4.42% for the city of Belo Horizonte/MG and -0.44% for Brotas de Macaúbas/BA. The comparison, between the solar irradiance measured by the meteorological station and that measured by the photovoltaic cell (inclined), indicated a higher difference, around 6%.
METODOLOGIA BASEADA EM REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS PARA PREVISÃO DA GERAÇÃO DE PLANTAS FOTOVOLTAICAS

Precise predictions of photovoltaic generation (GPV) were investigated as significant reducers of the impacts that intermittent sources of electrical generation provide to electrical systems. The GPV forecast involves uncertainties that are related to the characteristics of the time series of solar resources and their high volatility due to their dependence on many climatic conditions. Our paper presents a comparative study between different applications of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) applied to the hourly forecast of solar generation in two photovoltaic plants in the Alternative Energy Laboratory (LEA) of the Federal University of Ceara (UFC). In our study, two configurations were used: a) Multilayer Perceptron (MLP); and b) Kohonen Neural Network (KNN), both trained with historical power data (W). Performance analysis metrics were applied to evaluate and compare the methodologies (correlation coefficient - r, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency - NSE and relative bias - VR). The RNA results showed that applications with MLP had the best overall performance; SOM had a slightly lower performance and also presented good potential for use in forecasting photovoltaic generation. Both ANNs applied had correlation close to 90%, low bias and NSE around 0.80 and 0.90 in some applications.
ESTUDO DE REVISÃO SOBRE AS TÉCNICAS APLICADAS NA MODELAGEM DE SUJIDADES DEPOSITADAS SOBRE A SUPERFÍCIE DE MÓDULOS FOTOVOLTAICOS

Soiling on photovoltaic modules is a relevant cause for losses in energy generation, in Belo Horizonte/MG it is estimated a reduction of around 11% in six months of measurement. This article presents a review of the models used in the literature to estimate the losses caused by dirt deposited on the surface of the modules. The research protocol defined the keywords to search for articles published from 2011 onwards in six databases, whose results went through three stages of selection: exclusion of articles with titles not relevant to the research, exclusion of abstract articles not relevant to the research, full reading of the articles and selection of the most relevant to the research. The studies developed were grouped according to the type of model. Statistical models use linear regression and similar methods, are practical and simple. Models based on neural networks can return very accurate results (above 90%), but they are complex and need a lot of data to train them. There are also models based on linear, exponential, derating factor, numerical simulation, optical and ratio-dependent equations, which were less explored by the articles. In general, the models use empirical data to obtain the results, which restricts them to the researched location and prevents their generalization to other regions. Sensitivity analyses indicate that physical characteristics of the dirt (composition, size and others) might be more relevant than the environmental parameters, while among these variables precipitation and wind are the most significant parameters. This shows how challenging it is to develop a mathematical model that includes all impact variables. There is a wide variety of studies and approaches, while comparing them without a standardized methodology for the analyses.
ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA DO COMPORTAMENTO DA RADIAÇÃO DE ONDA CURTA PARA A CIDADE DE NATAL, RN

Knowledge of the levels of solar irradiance that reach the earth's surface is a prerequisite for various applications. One of the characteristics of solar radiation is the high degree of temporal variability, which is related to the climatic patterns that act in each location. Thus, the present study proposed to conduct a case study for the city of Natal (5.83°S; 32.20°W) on the behavior of short wave radiation, using Horizontal Global Irradiance (GHI) and Horizontal Diffuse Irradiance (DHI), through statistical evaluations for monthly satellite data made available by the SoDa website in the period 2015 to 2020. The results obtained through the parameters used were the components of the boxplot, i.e., maximums, minimums, averages and medians. A linear regression was also used in order to identify trends. The values obtained for both GHI and DHI showed that both series studied presented a well-defined seasonality. The GHI showed little data dispersion with its maximum value around 220560 Wh/m2 and its minimum in 135481 Wh/m2. When the summer and winter values were compared, it was observed that there is a difference of up to 21.7% in the minimum values. For DHI, the data showed greater dispersion, mainly between January and March, the maximum value was 13918 and the minimum at 46944 Wh/m2. When comparing the two seasons, it was found that the largest difference is in the mean values with 19.1%. With regard to linear regression, there is the presence of a negative trend for GHI and the complete absence of trend with regard to DHI.
ANÁLISE DOS BENEFÍCIOS RASTREAMENTO SOLAR POR MÓDULOS FOTOVOLTAICOS PARA DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES CLIMATOLÓGICAS.

The search for renewable energy sources is becoming increasingly necessary on a planet that is impacted by environmental factors. The climate changes caused by CO2-emitting human activities, of which electricity generation is a major source, bring severe impacts on environmental, social, and economic aspects of society. These facts urge for improvements in renewable energy generation, for which solar energy is major player, given that photovoltaic (PV) power is both highly renewable and, nowadays, economically competitive. It is well recognized that PV panels with solar tracking is advantageous. However, it is not clear how local climatology impacts these benefits. For instance, in place where cloudy sky is frequent will have little increase in energy generation due to solar tracking. On the other end, PV panels subjected to high direct solar irradiance will experience high cell temperature, offsetting the increase in incident solar radiation at the PV panel promoted by the tracking devices. In order to find out how local meteorological conditions could impact the benefit of solar tracking PV systems, a thermal model for a PV module was developed. The model is based on equations involving solar incidence for the main components of the panel. Solar radiation is accounted by its components (direct, diffuse, and global) and thermal radiation exchange considers meteorological conditions. Inertial term is neglected following previous experimental work, which showed that it is much smaller than radiation and convection heat transfer terms. PV power generation is estimated as a function of temperature of the PV cell according to manufacture datasheet. The model will be applied to a fixed PV (inclined with an angle correspondent to local latitude) and solar tracking PV module. Simulations will be performed for a whole year in hourly time steps. Preliminary results for Brasilia have shown a relevant increase in power generation due to solar tracking but highly seasonal. The model will be applied to major cities in Brazil with different climatological conditions to understand how local climate affects the gains in power generation as a result of the solar tracking system
PRONÓSTICO DEL DÍA SIGUIENTE DE LA RADIACIÓN SOLAR EN LA REGIÓN DE LA PAMPA HÚMEDA

This article evaluates the solar radiation forecasts provided by the GFS global model in different sites of the Pampa Húmeda region. The analysis is performed for the first 24h of the day-ahead forecast using quality-controlled ground measurements. The GFS model shows a better performance in the region than the persistence procedure both at hourly and daily integrated time scales. No significant performance space variability is observed within the evaluated sites. At hourly scale, the model shows a bias towards overestimation and rRMSD values between 27.2% and 37.2%. The same tendency is observed for the daily integrated predictions, with rRMSD in the range of 21.0% and 22.9%. A discrimination by different sky conditions shows that the model performance downgrades with increasing cloudiness. When considering the performance under all sky conditions the GFS model shows a worse overall performance than the ECMWF model for the region, but it is competitive under clear sky conditions.
ESTIMATIVA DE IRRADIÂNCIA MÉDIA HORÁRIA A PARTIR DE IMAGENS DO SATÉLITE GOES-16 BASEADA NO MODELO DE TARPLEY DE 1979

The incident solar irradiance at the earth’s surface is the major environmental factor that has influence in the output power of a photovoltaic plant (SABINO, 2019). The solar irradiation estimative, or solar irradiance estimative by meteorological satellites has been presented as an alternative even for a pre-feasibility of photovoltaic plant projects, been used as input parameter in softwares that simulates the energy production of the plants and the capacity factor of a location, as for to be widely used as an input in forecast model works of solar resource. This paper has by objective make solar irradiance estimative from the visible channel images of the geostationary meteorological satellite GOES-16 using the model proposed by TARPLEY (1979). For this study, two locations in the state of Pernambuco (Recife e Petrolina) and one location close to Pernambuco in the state of Bahia (floating photovoltaic plant in the Sobradinho’s lake) were chosen. The hourly irradiance estimative for Petrolina showed an error nRMSE smaller than 15% and the other locations about 20%.
ANÁLISE DO DESEMPENHO DE UM SISTEMA FOTOVOLTAICO COM RASTREAMENTO DE EIXO ÚNICO

Currently, solar trackers have been a constant presence in medium and large photovoltaic (PV) plants due to the increase in the capacity factor provided by their use, which also leads to a rise in the economic viability of PV projects in general. Studies show that tracked systems have a Lower Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) than fixed systems. Thus, of the several types of trackers, the most used in the market have been the horizontal single-axis ones with rotation axis in the North-South (N-S) direction for having precisely lower LCOE. In this context, the work proposed here aims, from simulations, to analyze how the design parameters of a 7.04 kWp photovoltaic system with 1-axis N-S tracking can affect the energy performance metrics. The design parameters analyzed will be the use of tracking compared to a fixed system, the tracker aperture angle (angular variation corresponding to the tracking motion), the distance between module rows, and the use of backtracking. The analysis will consider the values of the AC energy (ECA) injected into the grid, the final yield (YF), and the capacity factor as metrics used to compare the energy performance between photovoltaic systems with different technologies. In annual terms, the energy increase is 18% compared to a fixed system tilted at 10° facing north. The YF increases up to an opening angle of 110°, while the inter-row distance of 10 m showed higher ECA. Finally, found the use of backtracking has no significant benefits.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS CONECTADOS A REDE INSTALADOS EM CURITIBA COM DIFERENTES TOPOLOGIAS

The water crisis aggravated in 2020 evidenced the dependence of the National Interconnected System (SIN) on high-cost energy generation sources to supply the demand for electricity in times of water scarcity. The main factors for the increase in electricity costs were the dispatch of Thermal Generation and import of Electricity from Argentina and Uruguay, according to the Electric Energy Trading Chamber (CCEE). This scenario promoted an exponential growth of the portion of the Brazilian energy matrix composed of Photovoltaic Generation, both for the emergence of Solar farms, as well as commercial or residential systems. This paper presents a comparative analysis between Network-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (SFVCR) installed in the city of Curitiba, in different locations, with different topologies, with inverters and modules of different characteristics, with different orientations and inclinations, according to the availability of roof areas in each location. The initial projections of annual generation were analyzed and the result obtained over the course of a year was verified, seeking the improvement of the technique used by designers and integrators of photovoltaic systems, to obtain a more assertive estimate possible, aiming at the sizing of the systems to obtain the best result for technical and economic viability. The Merit Indexes, Capacity Factor and Performance Ratio of seven photovoltaic systems installed were analyzed, with the objective of proving the studies already carried out on the potential of power generation in Curitiba, from the analysis of the data of electricity generation of these systems and the irradiation data obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET). The choice of inverter and the installation mode of photovoltaic panels are determining factors to maximize the performance of the photovoltaic system (TONIN, 2017).
RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES DE UMA COLABORAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL PARA A MELHORIA DO DESEMPENHO FOTOVOLTAICO EM DIFERENTES CLIMAS

This work aims to summarize the first results obtained from studies by the international collaborative PV CAMPER (Photovoltaic Collaborative to Advance Multi-Climate Performance and Energy Research). The group was established in 2018 and is today a formally recognized organization, with eleven member institutions and a network of 16 research sites spread across both hemispheres and most major climate zones. In a context of unprecedented growth in the installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy - which in recent years has started to encompass markets not previously explored by the technology - and climate change - which brings increasingly extreme operating conditions to PV systems -, the collaborative aims to evaluate various aspects of durability and performance of PV modules in different climatic regions, aiming at a better understanding of the losses and degradation of the technology in adverse conditions little explored or known by the sector. To illustrate the scope and impact of the PV CAMPER research activities, five ongoing projects are described in this study, all aimed at multiclimate assessment: one focused on measuring and estimating the temperature of photovoltaic modules; another on over-irradiance events; one focused on measurement accuracy of pyranometers; another on albedo measurement and modeling, a key factor for bifacial gain; and a fifth on condensation as a contributing factor to PV system soiling losses.
ANÁLISE E COMPARAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DE SOFTWARES PARA PROJETO E SIMULAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS

The development of photovoltaic solar energy in the world and in Brazil also makes increasing the need for reliable computational tools for forecasting, more accurate, this generation in carrying out projects. On the market are available various types of software, commercial and public, for design and simulation of photovoltaic systems that use different mathematical models and calculation parameters. A preliminary analysis of such programs was held seeking to identify the advantages and limitations of each, in addition to the identification of the models used in the calculations. Was considered and modeled in software, a small photovoltaic system installed on the Group of Studies and Development of Energy Alternatives (GEDAE) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), and the data generated by the same were analyzed and compared using statistical figures of merit , the results obtained by the simulations. Thus, it was possible to check the consistency of simulated data / software to the reality and verify the difficulties and factors that interfere in the results.