Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Design of Chain-of-Thought in Math Problem Solving

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) plays a crucial role in reasoning for math problem solving. We conduct a comprehensive examination of methods for designing CoT, comparing conventional natural language CoT with various program CoTs, including the self-describing program, the comment-describing program, and the non-describing program. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of programming language on program CoTs, comparing Python and Wolfram Language. Through extensive experiments on GSM8K, MATHQA, and SVAMP, we find that program CoTs often have superior effectiveness in math problem solving. Notably, the best performing combination with 30B parameters beats GPT-3.5-turbo by a significant margin. The results show that self-describing program offers greater diversity and thus can generally achieve higher performance. We also find that Python is a better choice of language than Wolfram for program CoTs. The experimental results provide a valuable guideline for future CoT designs that take into account both programming language and coding style for further advancements. Our datasets and code are publicly available.
AttentionMix: Data augmentation method that relies on BERT attention mechanism

The Mixup method has proven to be a powerful data augmentation technique in Computer Vision, with many successors that perform image mixing in a guided manner. One of the interesting research directions is transferring the underlying Mixup idea to other domains, e.g. Natural Language Processing (NLP). Even though there already exist several methods that apply Mixup to textual data, there is still room for new, improved approaches. In this work, we introduce AttentionMix, a novel mixing method that relies on attention-based information. While the paper focuses on the BERT attention mechanism, the proposed approach can be applied to generally any attention-based model. AttentionMix is evaluated on 3 standard sentiment classification datasets and in all three cases outperforms two benchmark approaches that utilize Mixup mechanism, as well as the vanilla BERT method. The results confirm that the attention-based information can be effectively used for data augmentation in the NLP domain.
Aerogel: Lightweight Access Control Framework for WebAssembly-Based Bare-Metal IoT Devices.

Application latency requirements, privacy, and security concerns have naturally pushed computing onto smartphone and IoT devices in a decentralized manner. In response to these demands, researchers have developed micro-runtimes for WebAssembly (Wasm) on IoT devices to enable streaming applications to a runtime that can run the target binaries that are independent of the device. However, the migration of Wasm and the associated security research has neglected the urgent needs of access control on bare-metal, memory management unit (MMU)-less IoT devices that are sensing and actuating upon the physical environment. This paper presents Aerogel, an access control framework that addresses security gaps between the bare-metal IoT devices and the Wasm execution environment concerning access control for sensors, actuators, processor energy usage, and memory usage. In particular, we treat the runtime as a multi-tenant environment, where each Wasm-based application is a tenant. We leverage the inherent sandboxing mechanisms of Wasm to enforce the access control policies to sensors and actuators without trusting the bare-metal operating system. We evaluate our approach on a representative IoT development board: a cortex-M4 based development board (nRF52840). Our results show that Aerogel can effectively enforce compute resource and peripheral access control policies while introducing as little as 0.19% to 1.04% runtime overhead and consuming only 18.8% to 45.9% extra energy.
A Comparison of Some Estimation Methods for Var-Covariance matrix in Big Data with Application

The of the var-covariance matrix estimating is very important and represents a cornerstone in many statistical methods for several scientific fields, as many methods have emerged that are concerned with estimating the var-covariance matrix based on method of maximum likelihood. Nowadays these methods are classical methods and the process of estimating the covariance difficult with the increase in the number of variables under study. In this research, we used two methods to estimate the var-covariance matrix in big data in tow methods . first is Banding Estimator BE and the Tapering Estimator TE. Simulation study were used, as well as real data for living standards obtained from The Iraqi Ministry of Planning, the percentage improvement in average loss (PRIAL) criterion was used, as it was concluded that the BE Banding Estimator works better than the TE Tapering Estimator under big data conditions.
Adult Students’ Perceptions of a Synchronous Distance Education Teacher Training Programme Using Microsoft Teams

This qualitative survey studies the perceptions of adult students enrolled in a teacher training programme in Greece. It examines synchronous distance education, the Microsoft Teams platform, and the prospect of strengthening and establishing this type of education after the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey used the semi-structured interview as a basic tool to gather students’ perceptions of the teacher training programme, “EPPAIK”. The results show that the benefits to the user of synchronous distance education, and the possibilities provided by the Microsoft Teams platform, are many. Most respondents consider it necessary to evaluate contemporary education, to establish a combination of both traditional and contemporary educational practices (hybrid learning/education), to achieve the best results in the future.
Civil law and digitalization: Challenges and opportunities

In this scientific paper, an analysis of the impact of digitalization on civil law was made, as well as an analysis of the challenges and opportunities that modern civil law faces in the digital age. During the research and development of the scientific paper, the methods of analysis and the inductive-deductive method were used. The development of digitalization and the emergence of new technologies have completely redefined law. Thanks to the rapid development of digital technologies on a global level, certain phenomena that were unthinkable in the past have become common today and represent a great challenge both for civil law and for all entities that practice civil law. The development of digital technology has enabled the application of contracts in electronic form, electronically signed ones, the development of e-justice and many other possibilities, which will be discussed below. Digitization, in addition to offering numerous opportunities for civil law, is also a challenge. It is important to monitor rapid technical developments in the ongoing exchange of information between legal practitioners, policy makers and academia. Only then the appropriate legislative instruments can be implemented in a timely manner. The authors came to the conclusion that digitalization and development of digital technologies have a strong influence on the transformation of civil law
Articles: a / an / the / zero article

Highlights the differences between using a, an, the or no article at all (i.e. the zero article) particularly within a formal research paper.
Proofreading tools: checking the correctness of your English

Another totally new chapter. Outlines some of principle tools that can be used to correct and paraphrase your English: QuillBot, Word, Google Scholar, Reverso, etc. Also highlights the importance of checking your spelling.
Over-The-Air Federated Learning Over Scalable Cell-free Massive MIMO

Cell-free massive MIMO is emerging as a promising technology for future wireless communication systems, which is expected to offer uniform coverage and high spectral efficiency compared to classical cellular systems. We study in this paper how cell-free massive MIMO can support federated edge learning. Taking advantage of the additive nature of the wireless multiple access channel, over-the-air computation is exploited, where the clients send their local updates simultaneously over the same communication resource. Such an approach, known as over-the-air federated learning (OTA-FL), is proven to alleviate the communication overhead of federated learning over wireless networks. Considering channel correlation and only imperfect channel state information available at the central server, we propose a practical implementation of OTA-FL over cell-free massive MIMO. The convergence of the proposed implementation is studied analytically and experimentally, confirming the benefits of cell-free massive MIMO for OTA-FL.
On the Pivotal Role of Digital Signatures: A Review of Conception, Mensuration, and Applications

Information security is the process of protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access. It includes tools and processes where integrity is a critical feature, and it is one of the core triad components. Integrity ensures that data cannot be altered or destroyed by anyone other than its intended users. When changes need to be made, only authorized parties are allowed to do so. Cryptography helps us check for confidentiality, integrity, security, and privacy. Digital Signatures (DS) help verify that data has not been altered by unwanted parties and therefore prevent breaches of data privacy in the process. Cryptography ensures data integrity by cross-checking the mathematical hash values between incoming data with stored data; therefore it is easy to maintain consistency using cryptography. The process of matching the expected signature at the receiver’s end and then branding the message to be original with high confidence score is DS. The DS algorithm requires a secure channel between the sender and receiver, but there might be conditions to transform data from one form to another. For example, encryption converts data into an unreadable form and is unusable by unauthorized parties. Contrary to encryption, the inverse mathematical conditions convert data from the directly unreadable format into a form that is usable, without loss of information. Since the late 1970s, cryptography has gradually progressed as processing power increased; hence, DS algorithms must be stronger. A survey of different applications of DS is presented in this paper. Additionally, in this paper, we present an investigation of different applications, algorithms, technology, and mathematics used in the DS concept.
Weakly Nonlinear Surface Wave Prediction Using a Data-Driven Method With the Help of Physical Understanding

Abstract Accurate surface wave prediction can potentially improve the safety and efficiency of various offshore operations, such as heavy lifts and active control of wave energy converters and floating wind turbines. Prediction of surface waves, even if only for a few periods in advance, is of value for decision-making. This study aims to predict weakly nonlinear surface waves (up to the 2nd-order) in real-time using a data-driven model based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), where the application of physics is investigated to aid the development of a data-driven model. Based on numerically synthesized nonlinear wave records calculated using exact 2nd-order theory, ANN models were trained to separate the nonlinear bound components at an up-wave location, propagate the linear waves and reintroduce the nonlinear components as a correction to the prediction at a down-wave location. The results show that the optimal approach is to predict each stage separately following the basic physical structure of weakly nonlinear water waves using a series of ANN rather than direct prediction in a single step using ANN. Further, the generalization of the models for different sea states and the impact of the 2nd-order bound waves on prediction accuracy is investigated.
EVALUATION OF THE HAPPINESS INDEX OF STUDENTS OF THE UDMURT REPUBLIC

The key task of the state is to improve the quality of life and the happiness index of the population. The happiness index in this article is considered as an indicator of the well-being of people and the environment. In the ranking of countries of the world, Russia occupies 131st place, which cannot be ignored by the state. The better the life of a Russian, the higher the indicators of well-being of the whole country. But not only the state, but also every citizen can change the current situation and bring Russia to a higher level in terms of the index. To assess the happiness index of the Udmurt Republic, a survey was conducted with its subsequent analysis. The basis for compiling the online questionnaire was taken from open databases and research by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (hereinafter referred to as VTsIOM). The above study involved students of the Udmurt Republic, mainly 3rd year students. The article also describes the reasons why citizens consider themselves happy or unhappy, and what can improve their condition. The above findings and indicators helped to compile a list of 7 simple recommendations that will allow students and everyone to work on their condition daily, which will make their lives happier.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT “SCHOOL OF A YOUNG WORKER” AT THE ENTERPRISES OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Digitalization in education is one of the most relevant topics, since digital technologies affect all spheres of human life. Digitalization of learning is the process of transition to an electronic learning system. The essence of digital transformation is to effectively and flexibly apply the latest technologies to move towards a personalized and results-oriented educational process. Digitalization of training at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex is the concept of a new digital space, a unified training system for young workers. The main advantage is to increase the productivity of the enterprise by reducing the time for full-time training, as well as the formation of an integrated system for the training and development of young workers with unique knowledge and ready to perform complex production tasks. The article presents the process of implementing the “School of a Young Worker” project aimed at training young employees of defense industry enterprises in a single digital field. The “School of a Young Worker” project will solve the following tasks: increasing the level of competencies of employees, assessing their business and personal qualities, increasing the level of motivation and, as a result, educating young specialists as effective leaders capable of solving complex technical issues at high-tech production enterprises.
The impact of globalization on domestic growth in Africa

Research into the impacts of globalization on domestic growth in Africa has been scarce and the results of the research that does exist have been mixed. This research addresses this gap in the literature by using the newly revised KOF Globalization Index to determine the impact of social, political, and financial globalization on African economies. The KOF Index was revised substantially in 2019. Our full data set includes 40 years of data, from 1980-2019. Findings indicate that the relationship between globalization and GDP is best represented by a non-linear cubic model. With that model, social globalization has become Africa’s most important predictor of GDP, particularly in the most recent ten-year period. Economic globalization was also a small, but significant, predictor. Implications for policymaking are also discussed.
Designing Web-based English Listening Tasks for University Students

Some problems faced by the student in listening activities are limited vocabulary, unfamiliar phrases or words, inability to understand the message due to lack of exposure to listening. This study emphasizes the design of English listening tasks using websites to improve students' listening skill. Two main objectives were determined: (1) to present the process and need analysis of the development of web-based listening tasks; (2) to present the appropriateness of the web-based task and students’ improving in listening skill. This study is designed-based research using a mix method. ADDIE model was used as the process of design. The data were qualitative and quantitative which was collected by using questionnaire, observation and test. The result shows students' enhancement of around +11 from the pre test (score 71.75) and the post test (score 83.52). The web-based listening task was considered good by 63% of students. Expert judgments also confirmed score 4.4 for the content or listening tasks that covered the alignment of the content with learning outcomes, materials, originality, and students’ need; and score 4,1 for the media in the terms of instruction, multisensory experience, the visual, the communicative aspects.In conclusion, web-based listening tasks are the answer to improve students’ listening skills and boost their motivation to learn English.
Mitigating MEV Attacks with a Two-Tiered Architecture Utilizing Verifiable Decryption

Abstract A distributed ledger is a shared and synchronized database across multiple designated nodes, often referred to as miners, validators, or peers. These nodes record, distribute, and access data to ensure security and transparency. However, these nodes can be compromised and manipulated by selectively choosing which user transactions to include, exclude, or reorder, thereby gaining an unfair advantage. This is known as a Miner/Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) attack. Existing solutions can be classified into various categories, such as MEV auction platforms and time-based ordering properties, which rely on private transaction Mempools. In this paper, we first identify some architectural weaknesses inherent in the latest proposals that divide the block creation and execution roles into separate functions: block builders and block executors. The existing schemes mainly suffer from the verifiability of the decryption process, as a corrupted builder or executor can simply deny the inclusion of specific targeted transactions by exploiting the fact that all transactions are in plain format. To address this, we propose an enhanced version that incorporates a verifiable decryption process. On a very high level, within our proposal, whenever an executor or a builder performs a decryption, the decrypted values must be broadcasted. This enables any entity in the network to publicly verify whether the decryption was executed correctly. In this way, this approach prevents malicious behaviour by either party from going undetected. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive security analysis of our protocol against potential adversaries and present a performance analysis of the proposed solution.
NEURAL NETWORKS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR MOORED SHIPS IN HARBOURS

Within the BlueSafePort project, an early warning system (EWS) for moored ships in the port of Sines was developed. In order to improve the reliability and accuracy of the system, two neural networks (NN) were trained, using wave buoys measured datasets. Numerical models results for the wave propagation are adjusted and forecasts are improved. The trained neural networks were able to produce more accurate estimates for the significant wave height and mean wave period, at the buoy location, deployed in front of the Sines Port. The use of the new NN led to an overall reduction of the root mean square error of around 80percent compared with SWAN numerical model simulations, thus reducing potential errors in subsequential calculations and alert levels issued by the system for the moored ships.
Practical aspects of formation of foreign language communicative competence among students based on the intersubject approach

The foreign language communicative competence of high school students is formed within the framework of an interdisciplinary educational approach, the main principle of which is the principle of integration. The methodological justification for solving the research problem is the interaction of sociocultural, communicative-activity, personality-oriented, cognitive approaches with the dominance of an interdisciplinary approach. This research defines the importance of developing foreign language communicative competence among high school students on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach, presents pedagogical conditions that contribute to the process of forming a foreign language communicative competence of high school students based on an interdisciplinary approach, identifies criteria and determines the levels of development of foreign language communicative competence among high school students based on an interdisciplinary approach. approach. The results obtained in the form of lesson plans and conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary approach in English lessons in a general education school, aimed at the formation of foreign language communicative competence, can serve as the basis for identifying the level of formation of foreign language communicative competence of students, as well as creating teaching aids based on interdisciplinary approach in teaching foreign languages. We describe the effectiveness of integrated lessons, the stages of work for developing a lesson, the essence of which is the implementation of interdisciplinary connections.
Методологические и теоретические основания формирования готовности педагогов к самореализации в профессиональной деятельности

The issues of self-realization of the individual in the pedagogical environment remain relevant for many years due to dynamic processes of modernization and transformation of social and economic systems. We consider the methodological and theoretical grounds for the formation of teachers' readiness for self-realization in professional activities. As a methodological base, presented integrative concept combines traditionalist, collectivist and personal approaches. The theoretical grounds for solving the stated problem are dialectical patterns and the principles of formation of teachers' readiness for self-realization in professional activities, considered as instrumental phenomena given in the categories of the chosen pedagogical concept. In general, the stated principles (continuity, neo-collectivism, andragogy, contextually, interactivity) are based on the logic of the self-realization process and represent the relationship between external factors and internal conditions for the formation and development of a teacher in a professional environment. The carried out scientific analysis of the issues of formation of teachers' readiness for self-realization in professional activity allowed to form a theoretical and methodological system capable of assessing the phenomenon under consideration and the possibilities of its further development.