Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
European Linguists, Philosophers, and Intellectual Rabble-Rousers

Abstract To guide us in our understanding of the significant role the Gītā played in the development of Western philosophical thought, we examine the Gītā’s discovery in the West at the hands of European philosophers and Sanskritists (W. Humboldt, A.W. Schlegel, Hegel, Cousin). Schlegel’s 1823 Latin translation of Gītā and the commentary it engendered was caught up in nineteenth-century debates regarding the nature of language. Schlegel’s Latin translation inspired conflicting approaches to the idea of translation as a means of abetting European political trends and hegemonic designs. Humboldt defended Schlegel and the various attacks made upon his translation. Hegel’s response was particularly virulent; it was constructed to prioritize his own philosophy and offer a critique of the Romantic fascination with India. Hegel also refused to accept India as a source of philosophical force and orientation. Through his distortion of Schlegel’s Latin translation, Hegel successfully brought about a general dismissal of Indian philosophy from the history of philosophy. Cousin, his disciple, followed suit, relegating the Gītā to the realm of mysticism, and thereby marginalizing it. Both Hegel and Cousin manipulated the translation of the Gītā to build a and fatalist vision of Indian thought. Their critical detour from Enlightenment universalism within the hermeneutic tradition had the effect of opening up a revivalism of Romantic irrationalism legitimated by philosophical and philological discourse.
Introduction

Abstract The Introduction points out that a number of scholars have specifically examined the reception of the Bhagavad Gītā with regard to how it ‘defined’ Hinduism, acknowledging how its translations and interpretations coloured the understanding of Indian religion in given periods and among different populations. This chapter gives a broad view of how translation, as a site of textual analysis, along with its theories and methodologies, has informed the initial renditions and subsequent interpretations of the Gītā, which is ambiguous enough to justify good, bad, and dangerous actions. Past and present readers and translators seek to reconcile these possible meanings, but this is unnecessary if we accept that the Gītā’s seemingly ambiguous or contradictory messages concurrently serve different purposes, such as to proselytize a reformed or Christianized Hinduism, as a propitious exotic model to Western questers, or an alibi (an ‘elsewhere’) to dismiss the Other, reify the Self, promote false constructs, and explore darker purlieus of being. It provided a good reading for the Americans Transcendentalists against the confines of evangelical Christianity. In India, it could also support racialist arguments as well as offer a mystical worldview. For some Westerners, particularly in the Second World War, the Gītā provided inspiration in its call to duty or justification for violence. In India, it serves as a text for non-violence and counter-revolution. In the late twentieth century, it was adopted by Western ecumenical thinkers and counter-cultural poets and artists. Finally, countercultural America, fascinated with India, reinterpreted the Gītā for self-consciously ‘enlightened’ audiences.
Translation and Mystification: Wilkins

Abstract This chapter looks at the Gītā’s discovery in the West in its first English translation by Charles Wilkins (1785) and the commentary and analysis of this translation by his colonial sponsor, Warren Hastings. This early stage of conceptualization and contextualization is sketchy. However, Wilkins and Hastings present a cogent expression of the Indian Other to be studied in order to improve Europe’s cultural present and delimit British national identity. They valorize the act of translation itself and show the usefulness of translating from Sanskrit for Britain to better rule its subjects. Translation becomes part and parcel of empire building. Wilkins was very concerned with the issue of fidelity and recognized the challenge posed by the Gītā’s foreignness (mystery). He also raised the issue of the criteria needed to translate from Sanskrit into another language, particularly a Western idiom. This chapter shows the limitations of much postcolonial theory in not acknowledging the aesthetic and religious concerns raised in even this initial colonialist literary encounter. The exoticism of the Gītā, a concern raised by its initial translator, will continue to haunt subsequent readers and translators and necessitate the formulation of strategies for dealing with this text effectively.
Gandhi’s Convenient Text

Abstract Gandhi set up an elaborate theory of translation tied to his personal experience and dissociated from the text. He offered an allegorical reading, similar to the practices of the Theosophists who had first introduced him to the Gītā in a flowery English translation. Gandhi dismissed earlier interpretations in order to more easily construct his own. His Gītā, like Aurobindo’s, was also re-enculturated. They both brought a Gītā, translated abroad and transformed into another text, back to India and based their interpretations on it. Gandhi grafted his interpretation upon this altered text that he claimed would define the new cultural identity of modern India. Although Gandhi grossly overvalued his skills as a translator, he was able to create a reading of the Gītā that transcended the text because he insisted that interpretation was totally grounded in his perspective of moral sensibility. Gandhi’s translation strategy—meaning is what he said it was because of his experience of the text—was challenged by Ambedkar who in his work on the Gītā called out Gandhi’s deceptive manipulation of the text and what he called his bringing about the death of criticism. The role of translation is crucial, especially in Gandhi’s persona as a translator and the instability that he imposed on the text. With Gandhi, a distorted reading is legitimate because the meaning of a text is determined by what he experiences and says it is. Ambedkar saw the danger that such a definition of textuality and translation could have in independent India.
What Becomes of <i>Dharma</i> in a Conquered Country?

Abstract The Gītā served as a source of reference in the global conflict. The French philosopher Simone Weil also sought inspiration in the Gītā. This text supplemented her reading of the Iliad as a key text in her understanding of the theme of force, particularly after the defeat of France. As had been the case for Oppenheimer, Weil too found in the Gītā a master text to guide her during wartime. Her notebooks are filled with her attempts to translate the poem and the strategies she devised to make the text conform to the message she sought in it. Another Frenchwoman, who took the name Savitri Devi, also appropriated the Gītā as her sourcebook during and after World War II. Devi was an ardent anti-Semite and the Gītā informed her efforts as a propagandist after the Nazi defeat. She lived well into the 1980s and was instrumental in introducing New Age radicals and neo-Nazi groups to her reading of this text.
Nationalism, Sedition, and Mysticism

Abstract This chapter continues to show how the Gītā, unmoored from the language in which it was written or its exegetical tradition, could lend itself to multiple interpretations, becoming whatever the individual reader or translator wished to make of it. Translation theories were concocted to justify such transformative readings. Vivekananda read two Gītās: one interpreted at home and the other Gītā marketed in America. The American Gītā is curiously presented as a democratizing text for the consumerist and capitalist audience that he hoped to engage in interreligious dialogue. Tilak’s massive translation and commentary criticized traditional commentators (Rāmānuja, Śaṅkara, Jñānadeva, Madhva) and sought to correct their errors in his translation. He specifically promoted activism and social welfare as the focus of the Gītā. He called upon his fellow Indians to take up the kṣatriya’s role to further the nationalist cause. A deracinated Indian, such as Aurobindo, struggled with connecting with the text beyond its re-enculturated format. His commentary rejected the karmayoga reading and promoted spiritual uplift and a return to Aryan life. None of these Indian commentators sought to reform caste.
Ambedkar’s Counter-Revolutionary <i>Gītā</i>

Abstract Ambedkar took on Gandhi, his discourse on caste and his notion of trusteeship that evolved from his reading of the Gītā. He saw the Gītā as a counter-revolutionary text created to protect Hinduism from the onslaught of Buddhism. He recognized that the nationalists had co-opted the text to produce a binding ethics and mobilize the population. Gandhi, with his idiosyncratic view of translation as his lived experience not tied to textuality, had transformed the Gītā into a political treatise on non-violence. Ambedkar saw in Gandhi’s unique translation process a ploy to retain caste restrictions. Ambedkar viewed Gandhi’s theory of translation and the ensuing message of non-violence as a ploy that enabled the Gītā’s to impose further textual violence on his community.
Transitivity

Abstract We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic remain NExpTime-complete. Our treatment here employs the full power of the results on integer linear programming obtained in Chapter 7. In addition, we show that, if k=2, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
Guarded counting

Abstract We consider the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, a subfragment of the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers in which, in addition to the requirement of guarding, individual constants do not appear. We show that this logic lacks the finite model property, but that its satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems are both nevertheless ExpTime-complete. We introduce the concepts of database and data complexity, and show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers and databases remain in ExpTime, and are NPTime-complete for data-complexity.
Sojourn maps: A report of departure and return

These maps were drawn on a sandy isthmus known as the Neck on lunawuni / Bruny Island in Tasmania, Australia. This low-lying, tenuous geomorphology is one that both connects and protects, this material and psychological presence is amplified in the context of rapid climate change. The nature of the change, as a break from largely predictable patterns of the Holocene epoch, is not just about destruction of the environment and its biodiversity, it is also about the undermining of sedentary modes of existence. My drawings withdraw from mapping as a utility. Instead, they emphasize mapping as a process of documentation in discovery. Mapping in this way is not about representing the form of place through projection. It is about creating a drawing practice in movement, one that sees the value of uncertainty in the process of learning and development. My maps reconceptualize mapping as a performative production in a condition of departure and return. They frame mapping within an experiential and subjective manner, opening up a reflective and symbolic potential for practices of drawing, architecture and design.
Roots

Abstract We define the classical syllogistic, together with its extensions by either noun-level negation or transitive verbs, showing that the satisfiability problem for all three fragments is NLogSpace-complete. We show, however, that the satisfiability problem for the extension with both these features is ExpTime-complete. We go on to establish that the Aristotelian syllogisms---together with some auxiliary rules---constitute a sound and complete proof system for the classical syllogistic and its extension by noun-level negation. We exhibit a set of syllogism-like rules that is sound and refutation-complete for the extension by transitive verbs, and show that there is no such system which is sound and complete for this fragment. Finally, we show that, for the extension by both noun-level negation and transitive verbs, there is no system of syllogism-like rules that is even sound and refutation-complete.
Counting with one variable

Abstract This chapter introduces the notion of counting quantifiers, and presents some fundamental results in the theory of integer linear programming. We explain the notion of the minimal basis of an integer linear programming instance, and obtain bounds on the values occurring in it. We also introduce the notion of the footprint of a solution, and obtain an upper bound on its cardinality. These results will be used throughout the remainder of the book. In the present chapter, they enable us to show that the one-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is in NPTime. We additionally consider the numerical syllogistic, a subfragment of the one-variable fragment with counting quantifiers, originally investigated by A. De Morgan. We show that its satisfiability problem is NPTime-hard.
Trees

Abstract We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic interpreted over finite, ordered trees. The tree structure is accessed by means of a collection of distinguished, navigational predicates. These include the relations mother-daughter, descendant, next-sister and younger-sister. We determine the complexity of satisfiability for each combination of these navigational predicates. In the presence of counting quantifiers, most such logics are undecidable or have enormous complexity. However, if only the mother-daughter relation is available, then complexity is reduced. We show that the finite satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers remains in NExpTime, even in the presence of up to two distinguished relations interpreted as the mother-daughter relation in (independent) trees.
Equivalence

Abstract We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the resulting logic has the finite model property, and that the satisfiability problem remains NExpTime-complete. We further show that, if k=2, the resulting logic loses the finite model property, and that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems become 2-NExpTime-complete. Finally, we show that, if k=3, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
Fluting

Abstract We consider the so-called fluted fragment, a fragment of first-order logic originating in the work of W.V.O. Quine in which, roughly speaking, the order of quantification of variables is constrained to match the order of occurrence of those variables in atomic formulas. We show that this fragment has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is decidable, but with non-elementary complexity. We also determine, within certain bounds, the complexity of satisfiability for the k-variable subfragment, for all k.
Modalities

Abstract We explain how propositional modal logics can be understood as subfragments of the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, in which the interpretation of a distinguished binary relation is subject to various semantic constraints, in particular, the properties of reflexivity, seriality, symmetry and transitivity. We introduce graded modal logic, which extends propositional modal logics (thus understood) with counting quantifiers. We determine the complexity of the satisfiability problems for modal logics and graded modal logics defined by all possible conjunctions of the semantic constraints just mentioned. We also characterize the expressive power of propositional modal logic and briefly consider some extensions contained within the two-variable fragment of first-order logic.
Leaking

Abstract Leaking did not begin with the internet, but the internet has enabled the scale and significance of leaks to become far more prominent. Facilitating the flow of information across geographical and organizational boundaries is what the internet was designed to do. When information is confidential, secret, or otherwise restricted, then there is increasing reliance on the insiders within the organization to respect those boundaries. However, WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, and many other organizations have helped insiders leak information more anonymously or safely. Leaking is one of the most controversial Fifth Estate strategies, but it clearly exploits and enhances the network power of individuals to hold their own organization more accountable. The leaking and distribution of leaked information is developed through a discussion of WikiLeaks along with other remarkable cases. It might lead one to reconsider views on leaking even if one objects to particular cases.
Do cues in a video help in handling rare words in a machine translation system under a low-resource setting?

Video modality is an emerging research area among the numerous modalities utilized for multimodal machine translation. Multimodal machine translation uses multiple modalities to improve the machine-translated target language from the source language. However, the currently available multimodal dataset is focused on a few well-studied languages. In this paper, we propose a video-guided multimodal machine translation (VMMT) model under a low-resource setting by building a synthetic multimodal dataset of the English-Hindi language pair, the first one of its kind for this language pair. The VMMT system employs spatio-temporal video context as an additional input modality along with the source text. The spatio-temporal video context is extracted using a pre-trained 3D convolutional neural network. We report how well the VMMT systems outperform the text-only neural machine translation (NMT) system using automatic evaluation metrics and human evaluation on two test datasets: one in-domain and another out-domain. Our results indicate that the use of video context as an additional input modality enhances the performance of the MT system in resolving the various MT challenges, such as handling rare words, ambiguity, etc., in both English→Hindi and Hindi→English translations. Our experimental results show a significant improvement of up to +4.2 BLEU and +0.07 chrF scores in English→Hindi and +5.4 BLEU and +0.07 chrF scores in Hindi→English with our VMMT system over unimodal NMT system. Our findings highlight the potential of visual cues as an additional modality for improving machine translation systems especially in low-resource settings and emphasize the importance of synthetic multimodal datasets in addressing the scarcity of diverse data for less-studied language pairs.
A Joint Extraction System Based on Conditional Layer Normalization for Health Monitoring

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has played a pivotal role in health monitoring as an important artificial intelligence method. As a key technology in NLP, relation triplet extraction is closely related to the performance of health monitoring. In this paper, a novel model is proposed for joint extraction of entities and relations, combining conditional layer normalization with the talking-head attention mechanism to strengthen the interaction between entity recognition and relation extraction. In addition, the proposed model utilizes position information to enhance the extraction accuracy of overlapping triplets. Experiments on the Baidu2019 and CHIP2020 datasets demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively extract overlapping triplets, which leads to significant performance improvements compared with baselines.
A Variable Structure Multiple-Model Estimation Algorithm Aided by Center Scaling

The accuracy for target tracking using a conventional interacting multiple-model algorithm (IMM) is limited. In this paper, a new variable structure of interacting multiple-model (VSIMM) algorithm aided by center scaling (VSIMM-CS) is proposed to solve this problem. The novel VSIMM-CS has two main steps. Firstly, we estimate the approximate location of the true model. This is aided by the expected-mode augmentation algorithm (EMA), and a new method—namely, the expected model optimization method—is proposed to further enhance the accuracy of EMA. Secondly, we change the original model set to ensure the current true model as the symmetry center of the current model set, and the model set is scaled down by a certain percentage. Considering the symmetry and linearity of the system, the errors produced by symmetrical models can be well offset. Furthermore, narrowing the distance between the true model and the default model is another effective method to reduce the error. The second step is based on two theories: symmetric model set optimization method and proportional reduction optimization method. All proposed theories aim to minimize errors as much as possible, and simulation results highlight the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Denoising in Representation Space via Data-Dependent Regularization for Better Representation

Despite the success of deep learning models, it remains challenging for the over-parameterized model to learn good representation under small-sample-size settings. In this paper, motivated by previous work on out-of-distribution (OoD) generalization, we study the representation learning problem from an OoD perspective to identify the fundamental factors affecting representation quality. We formulate a notion of “out-of-feature subspace (OoFS) noise” for the first time, and we link the OoFS noise in the feature extractor to the OoD performance of the model by proving two theorems that demonstrate that reducing OoFS noise in the feature extractor is beneficial in achieving better representation. Moreover, we identify two causes of OoFS noise and prove that the OoFS noise induced by random initialization can be filtered out via L2 regularization. Finally, we propose a novel data-dependent regularizer that acts on the weights of the fully connected layer to reduce noise in the representations, thus implicitly forcing the feature extractor to focus on informative features and to rely less on noise via back-propagation. Experiments on synthetic datasets show that our method can learn hard-to-learn features; can filter out noise effectively; and outperforms GD, AdaGrad, and KFAC. Furthermore, experiments on the benchmark datasets show that our method achieves the best performance for three tasks among four.
A Fast Parallel Random Forest Algorithm Based on Spark

To improve the computational efficiency and classification accuracy in the context of big data, an optimized parallel random forest algorithm is proposed based on the Spark computing framework. First, a new Gini coefficient is defined to reduce the impact of feature redundancy for higher classification accuracy. Next, to reduce the number of candidate split points and Gini coefficient calculations for continuous features, an approximate equal-frequency binning method is proposed to determine the optimal split points efficiently. Finally, based on Apache Spark computing framework, the forest sampling index (FSI) table is defined to speed up the parallel training process of decision trees and reduce data communication overhead. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the efficiency of constructing random forests while ensuring classification accuracy, and is superior to Spark-MLRF in terms of performance and scalability.