Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Middle Verbs and Their Acquisition

The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the L2 learners’ acquisition of middle constructions. One of the properties of middle constructions is that the subject of middle verbs must be a definite NP. Middle verbs can occur by revealing an intrinsic characteristic or property of the definite NP. In addition, middle verbs can only occur along with short adverbs such as well and easily. In this paper, we conduct a survey and evaluate the L2 learners’ responses to middle verbs. More specifically, we have examined how the L2 learners acquired the abstract constraint, the middle construction condition, the definite DP condition, and the adverb constraint. It is worth noting that 45% of the adult subjects acquired the definite condition, 32.5% of the L2 learners acquired the middle construction condition, 50% of the adult subjects acquired the abstract noun constraint, and 20% of the L2 learners acquired the adverb constraint. This in turn indicates that that the abstract noun constraint was first acquired by the adult subjects, followed by the definite DP condition, the middle construction condition, and the adverb constraint, in that order. With regard to middle verbs, it is significant to note that English are subject to the abstract noun constraint, the middle construction condition, the definite DP condition, and the adverb constraint, whereas Korean is not subject to the abstract noun constraint, the middle construction condition, and the definite DP condition. This in turn suggests that Korean is a superset language, compared to English. Thus, learning difficulty arises. Finally, this paper argues that unlike Chomsky’s UG hypothesis (Chomsky 1981, 1982, 2019a, 2019b), the L2 learners looked for similarities between L1 and L2 and thus relied on their L1.
Context-driven Bengali Text Generation using Conditional Language Model

Text generation is a rapidly evolving field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) with larger Language models proposed very often setting new state-of-the-art. These models are exorbitantly effective in learning the representation of words and their internal coherence in a particular language. However, an established context-driven, end to end text generation model is very rare, even more so for the Bengali language. In this paper, we have proposed a Bidirectional gated recurrent unit (GRU) based architecture that simulates the conditional language model or the decoder portion of the sequence to sequence (seq2seq) model and is further conditioned upon the target context vectors. We have explored several ways of combining multiple context words into a fixed dimensional vector representation that is extracted from the same GloVe language model which is used to generate the embedding matrix. We have used beam search optimization to generate the sentence with the maximum cumulative log probability score. In addition, we have proposed a human scoring based evaluation metric and used it to compare the performance of the model with unidirectional LSTM and GRU networks. Empirical results prove that the proposed model performs exceedingly well in producing meaningful outcomes depicting the target context. The experiment leads to an architecture that can be applied to an extensive domain of context-driven text generation based applications and which is also a key contribution to the NLP based literature of the Bengali language.
PROBLEMS OF MATHEMATICAL EDUCATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS: IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONCEPTS

The purpose of this article is to investigate how the undergraduate students in the primary education programs understand mathematical information (concepts). Having an understanding of the mathematical content allows the teacher to design different approaches to teaching younger students with different learning styles and abilities. The analysis of theoretical studies published in Russian scientific literature has shown that one of the important criteria for understanding information in a particular field of knowledge is to identify logical connections between the concepts of this field. In this article the authors present the results of their study on how undergraduate students studying in the profiles of “Primary Education" and "Psychological and Pedagogical Education” form the links between the concepts used in everyday life versus the connections between mathematical concepts. The results show that other disciplines/ fields of study influence the formation of connections between mathematical concepts. In addition, some specific difficulties in establishing some of these connections were identified. Based on this research, the authors provide recommendations on specific strategies to improve the professional education for future teachers in the area of mathematical knowledge.
Hate Speech against Dalits on Social Media: Would a Penny Sparrow be Prosecuted in India for Online Hate Speech?

This article analyzes the Indian hate speech law from the perspective of social media. Recent research shows extensive use of caste-based hate speech on Facebook, including derogatory references to caste-based occupations such as manual scavenging. This article attempts to examine whether the Scheduled castes / Scheduled Tribes (SC / ST) Prevention of Atrocities Act is equipped to deal with online hate speech against Dalits. The jurisprudence around the applicability of Atrocities Act to caste-based hate speech has been analyzed. After the said analysis, the applicability of ‘International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)’ to caste- based discrimination has been studied. Thereafter, the standard of proof for prosecuting hate speech under Indian domestic law has been compared with ICERD to analyze whether Indian domestic law is in compliance with international standards. The article further analyzes whether caste-based hate speech ought to be regulated only when there is incitement to violence or hatred, or it can also be regulated when it violates the right to dignity of Dalits. At the same time, the article also briefly examines whether such prosecution would be in violation of global free-speech standards.
Pemanfaatan Aplikasi E-Learning untuk Pembelajaran Materi Umum Berbasis Android

E-learning application is one of the innovations used in learning. Learning with e-learning applications can provide flexibility in place and time for users. This research aims to develop an e-learning application as a learning medium called Teman belajar. In Teman belajar, there are two actors consisting of admin and users. Admin is an actor who manage all activities in Teman belajar. Users in this research can be divided into two functions, as an exercise maker and exercise seeker. The method used in developing Teman belajar uses the waterfall model. The result of test on Teman belajar in several different smartphones show that the resulting image quality or layout is good and there are no errors found, so it can be concluded that Teman belajar is going well as expected. With Teman belajar application, it hoped that it can fulfill user needs with various of general materials that can be selected as needed.
Objectivity and subjectivity criteria in english examination testing during the pandemic

Exams, being a good way to measure the academic achievement, can cause students serious psychological problems. One of the ways to eliminate stressful situations is to maximize the objectivity of students' assessment during examination testing. The article analyses the measures to reduce the subjectivity of assessment during examination testing in the context of a pandemic. Options for conducting examination testing at the university, at home and with the participation of a proctor are offered. Pros and cons of proctoring are discussed. The procedure for examination testing and the conditions for its implementation in the context of a pandemic are described in detail. The article provides a practical example of conducting an examination test in the specialty "Jurisprudence". The article considers the alternatives to examination testing. The author concludes saying that it is necessary to combine traditional and distance learning methods after the end of the pandemic period in Kazakhstan.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A MODERN TEACHER IN THE DIGITAL AGE

The article focuses on a teacher undergoing a transformation in the digital age. The authors considered the main socio-psychological characteristics of a modern teacher, conducted an empirical research and supplemented the professionogram of a modern teacher. The program of teachers’ professional development proposed by the authors is based on the idea of system-activity and anthropological approaches.
Critical Discourse Analysis Of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Speech

This study aimed at descrsibing language, power and ideology of SBY’s speech about receiving Doctor Honoris Cause degree from SOKA University, Japan. In someone’s speech, there is a relationship among language, power, and ideology which can be seen through the language use by the speaker. The analysis used was Critical Discourse Analysis method presented by Thomas N. Huckin. It was started form analyzing the features in the text as whole, in sentence-level, word-level and it was continued by doing contextual interpretation. The result showed that through the language use in SBY’s speech, there was a power and the purpose of the speaker in which the power was felt to increase from the beginning, it was felt a weak power and in the middle of the speech it was felt a strong power. The power was increased because it was based on who was aimed at and the ideology is clearly seen in the last part of the speech given in which SBY wanted to be more appreciated
Recognize the Characteristic and Make Innovations in the Running of Part-time Master of Engineering

In view of the present situation of part-time master of engineering training in our country, from the height of the school-running idea, the characteristics of innovation, the article explains how to from the training scheme, course construction, teaching courseware, paper work, and teaching management work at the characteristic of part-time master of engineering education innovation.It correctly handles the relationship between the above several aspects and promotes engineering master major degree education fully adapt to the need of social and economic development in our country, makes a part-time master of engineering education for the purpose of social services for the enterprise.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Matematika dengan Menggunakan Metode Subtraction Plus One di MIN 6 Gunungkidul

This research aims to improve students' learning outcomes in Math subjects using subtraction plus one method. This research uses class action research methods including planning, implementation, observation, and reflection activities. The study subjects are grade III-A MIN 6 Gunungkidul students in the 2019/2020 school year. Data is taken through observations, documentation, and tests. The results of the analysis showed an increase in each cycle. In cycle II, students scored above KKM as many as 19 students or about 83.6% with an average score of 83.6. Subtraction Plus One method can improve the math learning results of students in grade III-A MIN 6 Gunungkidul.
Multi-Agents Collaboration in Open System

Share constrained resources, accomplish complex tasks and achieve shared or individual goals are examples requiring collaboration between agents in multi-agent systems. The collaboration necessitates an effective team composed of a set of agents that do not have conflicting goals and express their willingness to cooperate. In such a team, the complex task is split into simple tasks, and each agent performs its assigned task to contribute to the fulfilment of the complex task. Nevertheless, team formation is challenging, especially in an open system that consists of self-interested agents performing tasks to achieve several simultaneous goals, usually clashing, by sharing constrained resources. The clashing goals obstruct the collaboration's success since the self-interested agent prefers its individual goals to the team’s shared goal. In open systems, the collaboration team construction process is impacted by the Multi-Agent System (MAS) model, the collaboration’s target, and dependencies between agents’ goals. This study investigates how to allow agents to build collaborative teams to realize a set of goals concurrently in open systems with constrained resources. This paper proposes a fully distributed approach to model the Collaborative Team Construction Model (CTCM). CTCM modifies the social reasoning model to allow agents to achieve their individual and shared goals concurrently by sharing resources in an open MAS by constructing collaborative teams. Each agent shares partial information (to preserve privacy) and models its goal relationships. The proposed team construction approach supports a distributed decision-making process. In CTCM, the agent adapts its self-interest level and adjusts its willingness to form an effective collaborative team.
ESP DISCOURSE FROM CONFIDENT LEARNERS’ PERSPECTIVE

The issue being in the focus of the attention in this paper is ESP discourse learning content considered from confident learners' point of view which is of primary importance both theoretically and practically for the wouldbe-specialists' professional activities.ESP discourse learning content is based on the corresponding needs analysis which should take into consideration requirements of the educational and qualification graduates' characteristics as well as specific job descriptions developed and validated by institutions.Involving students into the process of their needs analysis is one of the means to bridge the gap between specialism area discourse study and its practical application.From the point of view of confident students ESP discourse study should be aimed at extending communicative skills concerning topics of professional interest by focusing on content learning rather than on specific language objectives.Authentic integration of skills and processing of information from various sources reflecting real-life tasks which graduates will deal with in their future jobs lead to fostering confident and responsible ESP discourse learners.Hence, the latter should be involved in collecting data from authentic English language sources; processing, analysing and collating specialism-related information as well as in doing basic research, sharing experience and communicating the results to the target audience in the professional field.ESP discourse training and mastering is a multiple stage process which by means of content learning, improving students' language skills and cognitive abilities results in developing learners' autonomy and confidence.Confident ESP discourse learners are nurtured due to the development of: integrated professional language skills; learners' self-awareness and metacognitive strategies; positive interpersonal relationship including collaboration, interdependence and belonging to a learning community; active learning dialogue and feedback; students' autonomy and responsibility for learning decisions and outcomes.
DOCUMENTARY FUND AS A REFLECTION LEVEL OF INFORMATION CULTURE OF THE LIBRARY

The purpose of the article is to define the essence of the informational culture of the library, that represents the created documentary fund as an information product that is the result of the joint efforts of the staff, including its modeling, composition, and organization; to identify key elements and analyze components; outline directions for further research in terms of meeting the needs of the information society in the digital age. The methodology is to apply a culturological and systematic approach, general scientific methods of cognition, and the method of moving from the abstract to specific aspects. The scientific novelty of the work is to study the informational culture of the library and its documentary fund as a consolidated information product of joint efforts of its staff, which serves as an indicator of the level of the corporate culture of the library on the one hand and the informational culture of society on the other. The factors due to which the modern head of the library should take care of the informational culture of his institution, the main features and levels of the informational culture of the modern library are elaborated. Conclusions. The documentary fund as a product of joint activity and the main object of cultural creativity of the library staff can be presented as a complex, multidimensional structure, including the ability to collect and analyze source information, the ability to create electronic databases, knowledge of information retrieval systems and information retrieval techniques, ability to process information, skills of structuring documented information, knowledge of methods of preparation of different information documents, ability to provide information services. The combination of the main elements of the informational culture of the library is based on the principles of complexity, differential approach, and continuity and gives a new vision and understanding of the need for joint work on the formation of its documentary fund. The information culture of the library requires further research and detailed analysis of its components.&#x0D; Key words: informational culture; documentary fund; joint information product; information technologies; digital age.
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS

The article highlights the actual problem of spiritual and moral aspects of professional socialization of modern student youth, and in particular psychology students. The concepts of professional socialization, morality, spirituality are analyzed. The materialistic and religious points of view in understanding spirituality are considered.&#x0D; It was found that student youth is in the most intensive phase of socialization, which is associated with studying at a higher educational institution, and the important factors of professional socialization of students are the motivation and moral orientation of the individual, professional worldview, the values of professional activities of specialists and the system of value orientations. A theoretical analysis of the literature has shown that value orientations are a spiritual phenomenon, the essential basis of a person, a mechanism for self-organization of her spiritual world, and a person's moral self-determination is closely related to the level of his spiritual development. The connection of universal human moral values with personal and professional is the driving force behind the development of a specialist, and the conscious development of value orientations in students and the purposeful formation of spiritual and moral values in them are necessary for their successful professional socialization.&#x0D; The profession of a psychologist requires increased attention to the moral side of the functions performed, since his professional activity is directly related to interaction with people, influence on their inner world. Therefore, the ethics of his work is based on universal human moral values. In the professional activity of a psychologist, the main ones are the ideals of the free and all-round development of the personality and its respect, the rapprochement of people and a pronounced orientation towards the value of another person. Therefore, spiritual and moral development is a priority in the process of professional socialization of psychology students, during which special attention should be paid to the formation of the moral self-concept of personality, virtues, empathy, self-esteem and the assimilation of moral values of the professional activity of psychologists, taking into account their ethical code.
Designing of a conceptual framework for the obstacles to implementing e-learning in teaching chemistry in Nalut Libyan high schools: تصميم الإطار المفاهيمي لمعوقات تنفيذ التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس الكيمياء بالمدارس الثانوية نالوت الليبية.

This study aimed to build a conceptual framework by investigating the critical factors that impede the application of e-learning in secondary schools in Nalut, Libya. The conceptual framework for this study was suggested by investigating the obstacles and difficulties that hinder the use of e-learning in general and based on previous studies to build the questionnaire for this study, this study was limited to the scientific section of government secondary schools in Nalut. The field study was conducted during the first semester of the academic year 2018-2019. Barriers that may constitute difficulties in employing e-learning using a quantitative approach have been studied using a questionnaire consisting of four areas (individual difficulties, context difficulties, technology difficulties, difficulties with the chemistry approach), and based on the results of the correlative and influential study of the questionnaire for the random sample that reached (724) among which are teachers, supervisors and students from the Libyan high schools Nalut Libyan, the conceptual framework for the study community was built, through descriptive analysis using statistical analysis spss version (21.0) to identify the degree of difficulties of e-learning in teaching chemistry, and on laboratories To link Pearson Pearson Test to identify the degree of correlation between all the difficulties as well as the study used regression analysis Multiple Multiple Regression Analysis to identify the impact strength of difficulties. The study, which was derived from the analysis of the survey data, found a correlation between the difficulties of (contexts, technology and curriculum) and individual difficulties, and the presence of an influence correlation between the difficulties of each (contexts, technology and curriculum) and individual difficulties. The proposed conceptual framework for this study contributes to knowing the obstacles of e-learning by creating a guide for educational institutions and governments in order to develop and implement better, and it works as a tool to avoid the failure of implementing new e-learning projects through planning that meets the attitudes and tendencies of individuals towards the effective use of e-learning and as a method of evaluating the effectiveness of projects Current e-learning.
Practical Implementation of Encoding Range Top-2 Queries.

We design a practical variant of an encoding for range Top-2 queries (RT2Q), and evaluate its performance. Given an array A[1,n] of n elements from a total order, the range Top-2 encoding problem is to construct a data structure that can answer RT2Q queries, which return the positions of the first and the second largest elements within a given query range of A, without accessing the array A at query time. Davoodi et al. [Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. A, 2016] proposed a (3.272n + o(n))-bit encoding, which answers RT2Q queries in O(1) time, while Gawrychowski and Nicholson [ICALP, 2015] gave an optimal (2.755n + (n))-bit encoding which doesn't support efficient queries. In this paper, we propose the first practical implementation of the encoding data structure for answering RT2Q. Our implementation is based on an alternative representation of Davoodi et al.’s data structure. The experimental results show that our implementation is efficient in practice, and gives improved time-space trade-offs compared to the indexing data structures (which keep the original array A as part of the data structure) for range maximum queries.