Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
초등영어 수업 주체와 영어 학습부진 개선 주체에 대한 초등교사들의 인식에 관한 연구

This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of primary school teachers on who would be best to teach English and who should take responsibility for improving the English learning of underachievers in English. For the study, 107 elementary school teachers participated in the survey, and they consist of three groups: English subject specialized teachers (ETs), homeroom teachers (HTs), and homeroom teachers teaching English (HTEs). The results of the study are as follows. First, regarding who should teach English, 64.5% of 107 teachers answered ETs should be in charge of English classes, while only 28% of them suggested that HTs should. Compared to the other two groups, a higher percentage of HTEs favored having homeroom teacher teaching English. Second, regarding the responsibility of teaching English to underachievers, 70.5% of ETs and 86% of HTs answered that ETs should take more responsibility than HTs at a ratio higher than 8:2. In other words, most teachers think that ETs should have a higher percentage of responsibility in improving poor English learning.&#x0D; Discussions and suggestions are made on what to do in consideration of the findings on teachers’ perception and the ideal situation to help underachievers in English.
예비교사들의 초등영어 디지털교과서에 대한 인식 연구

The purpose of the present study was to examine how pre-service teachers evaluate current English digital textbooks and what their suggestions are for future digital textbooks. For this study, 94 pre-service teachers analyzed an elementary school English digital textbook and completed a survey in groups. They responded on a 5-point scale to 11 items evaluating digital textbook contents, support and management systems, and the system stability. Then they explained the rationale for the quantitative evalution. In general, the pre-service teachers positively evaluated the richness and usefulness of the contents. They also highly rated the system stability of the digital textbooks. However, they diagnosed that the support and management functions of teaching and learning were insufficient. Based on their analyses of the current textbooks, the pre-service teachers suggested improving the contents and functions of the glossary and audio materials, adjusting the screen composition to take into account the digital learning process, and enabling real-time interaction within the digital textbooks.
A Study on Native and Nonnative Teacher Assessment of Korean-speaking Children’s English Pronunciation

This study investigates the variability of native and nonnative raters in their assessments of Korean-speaking English (KSE) learners’ pronunciation with and without regards to the students’ English proficiency. Sixty 6th graders participated as speakers, and four KSE teachers and four native English-speaking (NES) teachers participated as assessors. The KSE and NES teacher ratings of the students’ English pronunciation in segmentals, stress-rhythm, and intonation were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA.&#x0D; The results were as follows. The KSE teachers were stricter on the assessments of the students’ pronunciation in the three features across students of all English proficiency levels. The main effect of the KSE and NES raters on the assessments of the three features did not vary significantly according to the students’ English proficiency. The NES and KSE teacher ratings of the three features conformed to the students’ proficiency levels diagnosed by a written test. Both groups of raters tended to assess the accuracy of the suprasegmentals significantly higher than that of segmentals across students of all English proficiency levels, although the two assessor groups differed in the accuracy of segmentals and intonation for students of upper and intermediate levels. Based on the findings, implications for teaching and assessing English pronunciation were suggested.
온라인 기반 초등 영어 다독의 성공 요인

This study focused on the success factors for English extensive reading on elementary students. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with elementary school students who had been successfully continuing their participation in the online extensive reading program in English. In the process, interview data from five students were collected and analyzed to sort out the success factors. The student’s extensive reading experiences were also analyzed and thematized through a repetitive qualitative thematization method. The results of the study were as follows: First, the sense of competition and achievement were strong agents to motivate students to successfully continue in extensive reading. Second, being positively influenced by the peer group was acting as a factor for enabling successful extensive reading. Third, it was found that the encouragement of parents, especially in the early stage of extensive reading, helped students continue to read. Students have gradually made it a habit to read the book in a self-directed form through encouragement of their parents. Fourth, students who successfully conducted online-based self-directed extensive reading experienced the improvement of integrated language function in the reading process.
자기주도적 학습역량 신장을 위한 초등영어교육에서의 온라인 콘텐츠 앱 활용 효과

The purpose of this study was to foster students’ self-directed learning capabilities by using online content applications in primary English teaching classes. For the study, Padlet, Kahoot!, and ThinkerBell applications were used for online content in the English classes for twelve weeks. To compare the pre- and post-test results, this study employed two evaluation tests, one developed by Kim, H. Y. &amp; Kim, M. J. (2022) and the other by Lee (2009), both of which were designed to examine students’ self-directed learning capabilities in English education. The two different tests were administered to a total of 52 Korean elementary students from two classrooms, comprised of 26 students in the experimental group and 26 students in the control group. The results indicated that the implementation of online content applications for elementary English classes in the study was statistically and significantly effective.&#x0D; Students remarked that online content classes not only allowed them to participate more in speaking English, but also to be more involved in revising English composition.&#x0D; Some suggestions and considerations were also presented in the study.
CEFR 단계 교재와 초등영어 교과서 어휘 분석

The purpose of this study was to analyze the vocabulary within Korean elementary text books and CEFR level textbooks, as vocabulary is a basic element for communication among language users. For this vocabulary analysis, the 2015 curriculum’s recommended vocabulary list and an EVP (English Vocabulary Profile) of CEFR were used. Both Korean and CEFR level textbooks used in this research were structured based on themes. The same theme categories were chosen for collecting content words. Content words were divided into the following categories. Elementary, above elementary, and those of categories not included in the 2015 curriculum’s recommended vocabulary list. Since this study was limited to a single type of Korean textbooks and CEFR level textbooks, the number and frequency of content words could be considered small. Based on this, it is suggested that a classification method according to the learner’s language proficiency is needed rather than classification by school in the curriculum. The development of a questionnaire tool to investigate the vocabulary proficiency of learners is also recommended. Since this study specifically presented the vocabulary required for the development of the test tool based on the frequency and CEFR Basic User level, a follow-up study is needed.
Optical path modulation of interference fringe density based on position errors analysis in oblique laser interferometry

When laser interferometry is applied to measure the form deviation of a helical tooth flank, dense interference fringes are almost inevitable because of the distorted shape of the helical tooth flank. The high-density fringe leads to poor processing accuracy of interferograms and is an important indicator of the interferogram quality. An optical path optimization method based on position errors analysis is proposed to modulate the fringe density. First, some factors that may affect fringe density in the optical system are modeled. Consequently, the incident angle of the measured light is proved to be the main factor affecting the fringe density and is the primary parameter that modulates the interference fringe density. Subsequently, an analytical model is established, and a fringe density modulation method based on the optimized incident angle is proposed for designing the optical path. Finally, simulated and actual experimental results are provided to verify the correctness of the analysis of the main factor affecting the fringe density and feasibility of the modulation method.
Reform and Innovation of Undergraduate Graduation Project (Thesis) Based on AHP Fuzzy Grey Comprehensive Method

The construction of "double first-class" and "four New" has put forward new requirements for undergraduate talent cultivation in colleges and universities. As a critical link affecting the quality of undergraduate talent cultivation, the undergraduate graduation project (thesis) needs to improve the management quality and strict evaluation standards. It can achieve by constructing the management quality evaluation model of the undergraduate graduation project (thesis). Specifically, the weights of each index in the management quality evaluation model are determined based on AHP and entropy method. Then the gray fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the management quality of the undergraduate graduation project (thesis). The case study of Northwestern Polytechnical University was carried out, and finally, the innovation experience and management evaluation suggestions were put forward.
Microcontroller-Based Intelligent Control for Reaction Wheel Pendulums Using a Fuzzy Broad-Learning System

This study presents an adaptive fuzzy broad-learning neural control (AFBNC) system applied to a reaction wheel pendulum without knowing its dynamic model. The AFBNC system uses a fuzzy broad-learning system (FBLS) to approximate an ideal controller online with keeping the reaction wheel pendulum balance. Moreover, the gradient descent method and chain rule are applied to online adjust all parameters of the FBLS with keeping the closed-loop control system stable. Finally, to implement the control algorithms and conduct experiments, a prototype of the reaction wheel pendulum is designed using a low-cost microcontroller. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AFBNC system using low-cost hardware.
A Hierarchical Design for Big Data Monitoring in IoT Network

In last decade, smart factory is proposed and discussed generally. The most obvious difference between the recent smart factory and the traditional automation factory is that the techniques about internet of thing (IoT) are introduced. In IoT network environment, the related technologies of big data management are the relatively slow developing areas, and also the areas of vigorous development of related research. So many data from manufacturing equipments and defect detection equipments in smart factory needs organized techniques and design for big data monitoring in IoT network. However, traditional parallel design induces data lag or data missing of big data monitoring in IoT network. Therefore, this study presents a hierarchical design for big data monitoring in IoT network. A proposed data process and transfer module and proposed Supervisor Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) software are applied in the experiments.
Some Aspects for Enhancement of Security in Noisy Environment

To escape eavesdropping, speech scrambling techniques are employed to scramble clear speech into unintelligible signals. Analog scramblers are intended for use in applications where the level of security is not critical and hardware modifications are prohibitively expensive. Lower the correlation between the speech samples to reduce the residual intelligibility of the speech signal. The use of a wide set of kasami sequences to improve security in a speech encryption system is discussed. The speech signal is separated into segments, and the polynomial is created using a chaotic map. Encryption using chaotic map is much better than traditional encryption methods. We are producing a large set of kasami sequences using this polynomial. Using this sequence as a key, the speech signal is encrypted using the AES-128 bit technique. The evaluation is carried out in terms of noise attack. The system's security is determined by the number of PN sequences included in the coding set. Also, the residual intelligibility is very low if each sample of the speech signal is encrypted with a different sequence rather than the same sequence for each sample, hence the signal is better encrypted if the code set comprises a larger number of sequences. &nbsp;&nbsp
Trusted Execution Environments for Internet of Things Devices: A Recent Study

It's natural to be concerned about the safety of Internet-connected gadgets and the people who use them (IoT). The inexpensive cost of low-end microcontrollers (MCUs) is one reason why many Internet of Things devices depend on them [1]. However, many MCUs lack any security protections other than the ability to partition important data and programs. Arm's Trustzone-M technology, a comprehensive security solution for safeguarding Internet of Things devices, is now available for integration with the company's Cortex-M microcontrollers (MCUs). It has been suggested that Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), which are based on Trustzone hardware, may be used to increase the level of security on portable devices. Over the course of the last several years, a large number of individuals have put in a lot of effort to pinpoint hundreds of security flaws and create a toolbox of defences that can be used against a broad variety of dangers. Despite the fact that they include the same vulnerabilities that were discovered in the past, Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) solutions that are based on Trustzone-M continue to thrive. UTANGO is the first product of its sort when it comes to TEEs for the Internet of Things. UTANGO presents an entirely new design for Trustzone (M) enhanced TEEs in order to address the problems that have been identified. To be more specific, we build independently secure execution zones without the need for specialised hardware by utilising the same Trustzone hardware primitives as dual-world implementations. This allows us to avoid the cost and complexity associated with purchasing additional hardware. UTANGO underwent testing on an authorised Trustzone-M hardware platform known as the Arm Musca-B1. To better understand how this window of opportunity has been utilised for the unusual IoT possibilities, which typically address features such as device usable resource constraints, we conducted a systematic literature review. The concepts of security, fog computing, the Internet of Things, and Intel SGX are among those primarily discussed.
Bitcoin: The Future of Money

From the ancient Lydians, who invented coins as a payment type, to the first paper money in China, money and payments have been evolving for centuries. In 2008, an anonymous person or group using Satoshi Nakamoto published a white paper titled, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Since then, Bitcoin (BTC) has ushered in a new era of decentralized digital currencies and blockchain technology. As a result, digital currencies have exploded in popularity in recent years. There are around 20,000 cryptos, with a total market value of nearly $1.2 trillion. As the original and most valuable cryptocurrency, Bitcoin holds about 45% of the whole cryptocurrency market. The second-largest cryptocurrency is Ethereum, which holds a 16% market value. The price of Bitcoin has fluctuated over the years, but it has generally increased in the long term. In November 2021, Bitcoin reached its highest-ever price of $68,789.63.
The Future of Blockchain

A blockchain is a global decentralized ledger technology consisting of a growing block list. These time-stamped, append-only blocks are linked together using cryptography. The data in the blocks are permanent, immutable, and impossible to tamper with. In the blockchain, anyone can carry out transactions directly and exchange any asset of value with another person without the need for middlemen. The blockchain establishes an alternative trust mechanism between two participants and enables a new era of Internet usage called the Internet of Value (IoV). In the IoV, digital assets can be exchanged with another person instantly in an automated, secure, and decentralized manner—from stocks to arts, medicine, intellectual property, and more. On today’s Internet, we can freely share information. Tomorrow, we will freely share value in the blockchain. Blockchain as a revolutionary technology is a marching phenomenon that will gradually impact business and reshape the world economy. Every industry, including finance, healthcare, education, real estate, and supply chain, could potentially be revolutionized with the help of blockchain technology.
Blockchain: A Groundbreaking Technology

In recent years, there has been a rising number of Americans who own cryptocurrency. Even among those who don’t, most Americans have heard of cryptocurrencies—does “bitcoin” sound familiar? If you have heard about blockchain, but you are unsure of how it works, then do not worry; you are not alone! Although blockchain may seem like an intimidating topic at first, we are here to help you become familiar with important concepts of blockchain.
Cryptography: The Backbone of Blockchain Security

Blockchains are built based on a range of different cryptographic concepts. From safeguarding wallets and securing transactions to protecting consensus protocols and encrypting private data for anonymous accounts, almost everything needs cryptography to ensure proper functioning. Cryptography is the backbone of blockchain security.
Metaverse: The World Reimagined

In 1974, philosopher Robert Nozick discussed an experience machine that would stimulate an individual's brain with happy experiences indistinguishable from experiences in the "real" world. Nozick asked a question: “If given a choice, would we choose the machine over reality?” In 1999, the sci-fi movie Matrix raised a similar question: red pill or blue pill? Pop the red pill and wake up in the real world where you see the world is just a simulation created by the Matrix, or swallow the blue pill and teleport to the virtual Matrix plot? The metaverse concept is similar to the Matrix, where the real and virtual worlds merge in the "future version of the Internet."
Lists and Arrays

ReScript has two first-class data structures that we can use to represent ordered collections of data: arrays and lists. Arrays are almost identical to JavaScript arrays, while lists are linked lists with immutable contents. In this chapter, we’ll go over syntax and examples for lists and arrays, and discuss differences and use cases for each one. We’ll also cover three important higher-order functions that can be used with collections: map, filter, and reduce.
Getting Started

PHP is the de facto programming language used to serve billions (“BILL” not “MILL”) a month. PHP has grown from a hodge-podge collection of scripts that could be used to stitch together a functional website into the backbone of several billion-dollar companies influencing how industry works across the globe. Yes, there are other languages out there that do many things, but you are not reading this book to understand them! You chose to step into the world of PHP and join the network of developers who focus on solutions, community, and the advancement of PHP. This chapter of the book will cover the why, when, and how of using the PHP programming language. It will also introduce some programming development environments and describe how to install Docker, which is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications.
Introduction to Symfony

In the previous chapters, you learned how to use Lavarel, which is a web application framework used with PHP. In this chapter, you will focus on Symfony, which is a very popular PHP framework already used to develop websites and applications, including a very nice number of reusable PHP components.
Data and Data Types

In this chapter, you will learn how PHP deals with data and data types and how variables are used to store data in PHP, from simple strings and numbers to more complicated arrays and objects.
A Basic Symfony Application

In the previous chapter, you installed and explored the Symfony PHP framework. In this chapter, you will focus on developing a basic Symfony application.
Introduction to Laravel

Lately the development of web applications and websites has become more and more simple as developers make use of development tools. Let’s explore which PHP framework can support web developers when building new web projects and applications.
Weakly supervised foreground learning for weakly supervised localization and detection

Modern deep learning models require large amounts of accurately annotated data, which is often difficult to satisfy. Hence, weakly supervised tasks, including weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) and detection (WSOD), have recently received attention in the computer vision community. In this paper, we motivate and propose the weakly supervised foreground learning (WSFL) task by showing that both WSOL and WSOD can be greatly improved if groundtruth foreground masks are available. More importantly, we propose a complete WSFL pipeline with low computational cost, which generates pseudo boxes, learns foreground masks, and does not need any localization annotations. With the help of foreground masks predicted by our WSFL model, we achieve 74.37% correct localization accuracy on CUB for WSOL, and 55.7% mean average precision on VOC07 for WSOD, thereby establish new state-of-the-art for both tasks. Our WSFL model also shows excellent transfer ability.
El aprendizaje matemático en el hogar durante la pandemia de covid-19 desde la perspectiva de las madres: diferentes escenarios de acuerdo con el nivel socioeconómico

The school closures in response to COVID-19 pandemic affected the in-person school attendance of Chilean children. Consequently, mothers became the main support for their primary school childrenâ€™s learning. Given that mathematical skills are central to later academic achievement, this article seeks to understand, according to a maternal perspective, how children learned mathematics during this period. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 mothers of 3rd Grade Â children from different socioeconomic levels (SES). The interviews covered topics such as the type of classes children received, home resources for learning, and type of support that was necessary, among others. The results show that schools offered different types of classes and teaching resources that varied according to the SES of the families. They also showed that mothers oversaw school support in mathematics, but sometimes they asked fathers for help when they felt unsure about teaching this subject. Finally, the findings highlight that the home resources to support mathematical learning also varied greatly according to family SES. Summarizing, these results reveal that children from the most vulnerable groups had fewer opportunities for learning mathematics.
Persistence and Domain Model

In the previous chapter, you learned the basics of Spring and how to build a project that exposes an endpoint that persists information into a database using an architecture of layers with Spring Data. Still, the endpoint only obtains the knowledge of one entity without any connection or relationship with another. This type of situation in the relational database is not so common.