Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Identify VPN Traffic Under HTTPS Tunnel Using Three-Dimensional Sequence Features

VPN traffic identification under HTTPS tunnel is an urgent problem in the field of network security and network management. In the research scenario of TLS encrypted VPN traffic, the existing work mainly focuses on the classification of traffic application types, and there is no specific research on VPN traffic identification under HTTPS tunnel, this makes the existing methods in the VPN traffic identification scenario under HTTPS tunnel subject to the impact of different application type traffic patterns and different network conditions, resulting in reduced identification accuracy and robustness of the model. At the same time, the existing work also lacks the analysis of the TPR and FPR indicators of the model, which results in that the practicability of the existing results cannot be guaranteed. To solve these problems, this paper has confirmed the simulation scenario of VPN traffic identification under HTTPS tunnel. In order to better mine the network behavior characteristics of VPN services, we propose three-dimensional sequence features (TSF) from three aspects: changes in the number of packets, changes in the payload length of packets, and changes in the interaction rules of uplink and downlink packets. Then we convert the features into RGB images to build a CNN based VPN traffic identification framework under HTTPS tunnel. Experiments on the ISCX-TOR dataset show that the Accuracy of the TSF method is 100%, the TPR and F1-Score are more than 99%, and the FPR is only 0.03%. This means that the TSF method has excellent identification accuracy in the VPN traffic identification scenario under the HTTPS tunnel, and can meet the requirements of actual use to a certain extent.
E. Demolins' concept of pedagogy in the context of the reform movement “New Education”

Introduction. The dispersion of didactic systems, the abundance of which is present in the modern world, prompts us to make some demarcation of these phenomena by analyzing a separate theory – natural education, using the example of the school (de)-Roche [fr. L’Ecole des Roches] of Edmond Demolins [fr. Edmond Demolins]. Theoretical analysis of the conducted research is based on the works of foreign and domestic scientists, mainly on the work «The Elementary School Teacher» by Edmond Demolins. Based on the analysis, a competence matrix of a «new education» teacher was developed, which meets the requirements of competitiveness and validity in the profession. In addition, based on the study of original and translated texts, the author outlined the position of contemporaries of the «school reform» in relation to the traditional teacher and the system of knowledge transfer to students in general. Conclusion. The assessment of the best practices of the «new education» represented by the Roche School of Edmond Demolins, allowed us to draw a number of conclusions that have theoretical and applied significance within the framework of the current direction of reforming national education. Firstly, the importance of the inner core of the student and the expediency of his free are stated. Secondly, it emphasizes the need for educational organizations to meet the needs of the student.
Modern book science as a platform for cross-communication of literary and publishing actors discourse

The article is devoted to the problems of books and bibliology in the actively developing information and cultural space. The authors consider the theoretical and methodological developments of classical and modern bibliology to update and conceptualize the understanding of the book as a means of cross-communication in the literary and publishing context.&nbsp; The purpose of the article is to analyze traditional and modern cross-approaches to the study of books and bibliology.&nbsp; Research methods: observation, modeling, comparative historical, functional and discourse analysis. At present, the fundamental questions of book science again require careful study, which is quite difficult not only due to the variety of approaches to the study of the existence of a book in modern information reality; but also the collapse of the previous system of book science, the disappearance of really working book science centers and the lack of systematic research in this direction. The denial of the relevance of book science in our time, in the opinion of the authors of the article, is caused by the simplification of the ways of creating and producing books, the formation of a new communication environment, cultural conditions (readers with gadgets), the weak inclusion of literary and publishing discourse in general humanitarian knowledge. Bibliological topics and problems are raised at scientific conferences and seminars, and there are interesting forecast articles, but there is no noticeable shift in solving the problems of bibliology. As a scientific idea, the hypothesis that modern books and bibliology are embedded in the structure of the media sphere as integral objects in a variety of cross-approaches and communication formats is presented. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of applying the results of the study in the process of training publishers and media professionals. &nbsp;Keywords: book, bibliology, actors, literary and publishing discourse, book business, cross-communications.
Adsorption purification of drinking water with activated carbons «Gold Carbon» produced from plum pit shells

The process of adsorption of sulfates and residual chlorine, which are the main sources of drinking water pollution, was investigated in the work. The shell of plum seeds activated by a vapor-gas mixture was used as an adsorbent. The shell of plum seeds is pre-carbonized at a temperature of 20 to 800 ° C and activated in a stream of CO2 and H2O in a mass ratio of 90:10 at a temperature of 750-850 ° C. The adsorption characteristics of sulfates and residual chlorine were investigated. The fastest adsorption of sulfates occurred on the adsorbent at a concentration of 500 mg/l. The characteristics of the kinetics of activated carbon adsorption by residual chlorine are found. The dependence of the absorption capacity of chlorine by activated carbons on the equilibrium concentration in water is determined. Upon reaching 90 minutes, we observe adsorption values of the order of 99%. The influence of the water flow speed on the absorption of residual chlorine by activated carbon was determined, where the optimal factor of the regime, the water flow speed, was 0.0022 m/s. The influence of the water flow speed on the turbidity index in the source and purified water was determined, where the maximum degree of purification for the activated shell of plum pits occurred at the water flow speed of 0.0022 m/s. The analysis of the data obtained indicates a satisfactory adsorption capacity of the studied activated carbons from the shell of plum pits and a high degree of water purification. Key words: adsorption, activated carbon, sulfate, residual chlorine, water purification, drinking water, water supply.
Should Reviewers and Website Moderators Censor Swearwords in Reviews? An Abstract

Swearing in product reviews is offensive but helpful to readers, particularly when the swearword qualifies a product attribute (e.g., “the dishwasher is damn quiet!”). Can reviewers and website moderators use censored swearwords to convey similar information about the product attribute (e.g., quietness) without causing offense? We investigate this research question using field data from Amazon and two experiments. We theorize and find that censorship changes the meaning of swearwords by suggesting that the product’s attribute is weaker. Thus, a censored (vs. uncensored) swearword in a review has less favorable effects on readers. Still, we find that reviews containing censored swearwords are less impactful only when readers attribute censorship to the reviewer (e.g., the reviewer did not think the product’s attribute was strong enough to use a swearword), rather than to the website (e.g., the website censored the reviewer). Swearwords that are censored by a website moderator remain helpful to readers because readers can infer the reviewer’s intentions from the swearword when they know the source of the censorship. We contribute to marketing and linguistics by being the first to empirically test the effects of censored language. While prior work in linguistics theorized about the meaning of swearwords (e.g., Löbner, 2013), it remains unclear if censored swearwords convey the same meaning. Our research shows that censorship can reduce the meaning and impact of swearwords. This work also qualifies past research suggesting that attributions in word of mouth occur on a product-reviewer continuum (e.g., Chen & Lurie, 2013). Although readers commonly make product or reviewer attributions, we show that the causal locus may also be platforms and that these platform inferences impact readers. Specifically, censored swearwords can be as impactful as uncensored swearwords if readers infer that the swearword was censored by the website because it clarifies the reviewer’s intentions. Thus, review websites can maintain the meaning of censored swearwords in reviews by disclosing when they censored content.
“Hey Google, Can I Text You?” Investigating AI Digital Assistants Modality to Service Emerging Customer Needs: An Abstract

The e-commerce environment has seen dramatic developments in recent years. The need for speed and convenience exhibited by the modern consumer has seen technology go beyond the “click” and embrace “touch” and voice. It has been observed that spoken interactions are more personal and human-like (Moussawi & Benbunan-Fich, 2020) and can foster warmer user attitudes (e.g. Novielli et al., 2010), resulting in users exhibiting higher levels of trust with voice-assistants holding more personal information (D’Mello et al., 2010). However, especially for high-complexity tasks, requiring user confirmation and control, text is often preferred to voice (Luger & Sellen, 2016). Literature extends this to incorporate the level of control people have in their lives and how “control”, or lack thereof (i.e. vulnerability) is fluid, resulting in anxiety (Canhoto & Dibb, 2016). Baker et al. (2005) establishes that digital vulnerability does not merely concern personal characteristics of a person but more concerns the state that someone may find themselves in. Although digital vulnerability has not been examined within this research context, literature highlights the importance of examining it within situations, rather than demographics (Banerjee & Dufflo, 2019; Glavis et al., 2020). Level of automation and autonomy must be balanced in order for consumers to feel more trusting towards them, as perceived control is considered higher and level of risk lower (Abbass, 2019); as such, trust must also be consideration when investigating the effects of modality and vulnerability on willingness to disclose (Pitardi & Marriott, 2021). In this research, using two experimental studies, we posit that the type of modality by which conversational digital assistants interact with users influence their perceived vulnerability, trust and willingness to disclose personal information. Previous research investigating consumers responses to digital assistants showed that, when interactions happen through voices (vs text) messages are perceived as more difficult to understand and perform (Berry et al., 2005; Jeng et al., 2013). Further, it has been highlighted that voice interactions are more likely to increase notions of vulnerability and prompt users’ concerns due to their natural ‘loudness’ (Melzner et al., 2020). Accordingly, we expect that when individuals interact with digital assistants through text (vs voice) interfaces, their perceptions of vulnerability decrease (increase), while comfort and trust increase (decrease) resulting in higher (lower) willingness to disclose. However, we expect such effect to be moderated by the nature of the conversation (i.e., social oriented vs functional oriented) (Chattaraman et al., 2019), and lead to more willingness to disclose information to the assistants (Hildebrand & Bergner, 2020).
I, Chatbot! The Impact of Anthropomorphism and Gaze Direction on Willingness to Disclose Personal Information and Behavioral Intentions: An Abstract

Although companies are increasingly adopting conversational agents, research on how chatbots have to be designed and deployed has yielded mixed results so far (e.g., Crolic et al., 2021). While many factors may influence customers’ interactions with chatbots, we focus on the interplay between two common features of the customer service chatbot experience: gaze direction and anthropomorphism. Currently, the prevailing logic in theory and practice is to make chatbots appear more humanlike (Brackeen, 2017), and gaze direction may affect the way chatbots mimic human’s social functioning making them more similar o dissimilar from humans in appearance (van Pinxteren et al., 2019) and, thus, producing different outcomes. Similarly, anthropomorphism has been found not to necessarily produce beneficial outcomes (e.g., Crolic et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2016). Two judgements which were ubiquitously found to affect social interactions are warmth and competence perceptions (Jha et al., 2020). Warmth is more affective in nature, whilst competence is more related to the cognitive side of the interaction as they reflect the quality (Aaker et al., 2012), and the efficacy (Hoegg & Lewis, 2011) of a social interaction respectively. Accordingly, we examine how anthropomorphism and gaze direction affect perceptions about the chatbot competence and warmth respectively. Moreover, since the technology often triggers consumer skepticism (Elsner, 2017), we address the role of consumers’ skepticism in the relationship between warmth and competence and consumers intentions. Skepticism reflects consumers’ cognitive responses to situational factors (Forehand & Grier, 2003) which lead them to doubt and distrust the chatbot (Mohr et al., 1998), and to hinder their decision to purchase the product (Obermiller et al., 2005) since skepticism increases consumers’ resistance to be influenced in their choices (Friestad & Wright, 1995; Kelly et al., 2010). Thus, we expect that consumers will be less willing to share their personal information and to purchase the recommended product within an interaction with a chatbot if they perceive high levels of skepticism toward the motivations they attribute to the counterpart. This study adopts an experimental approach by manipulating chatbots built with current technology to investigate consumers’ perceptions. More specifically, building on the Theory of Mind, it explores the extent to which the adoption of specific gaze direction and anthropomorphic cues in the chatbot design influence consumers’ skepticism and in turn consumers’ willingness to disclose personal information and future intentions toward the company. Results show that gaze direction and anthropomorphism affect perceptions about the chatbot warmth and competence respectively which in turn affect skepticism, which ultimately affects our dependent constructs.
The Role of AI Agents in Spreading and Detecting Fake Online Reviews: A Systematic Review: An Abstract

Researchers have underlined the need for a better understanding of the variables that contribute to and undermine the process of fake reviews detection, to help business, government, and non-profit organizations design more effective strategies (Grazioli & Jarvenpaa, 2000; Xiao & Benbasat, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to offer a comprehensive literature review on the role that AI-based technology plays in the creation, diffusion, as well as detection of fake online consumer reviews, and to propose a theoretical framework for future research. There is a developing literature on digital deception detection based on artificially intelligent tools, including machine learning and automated deception classifiers in analyzing textual and contextual indicators of manipulation (Anderson & Simester, 2014; Munzel, 2015). In this context, artificial intelligence represents a resource to automate business processes in online targeting, engaging consumers, as well as gain insights from data, analyzing numbers, text, voice, faces, and images (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018; Grewal et al., 2020; Shankar, 2018; Wirth, 2018; Yadav & Pavlou, 2020). AI agents have the potential to be successfully employed by both consumers and marketers in the process of spreading and detecting deceptive reviews, through technologies like social bots and machine learning algorithms that can make the process of manipulation more effective but can also help in its detection. Drawing from the theoretical framework based on the Persuasion Knowledge Model (Campbell & Kirmani, 2000; DeCarlo, 2005; Friestad & Wright, 1994) and the sinister attribution error in consumer judgments (Kramer, 1998; Main et al., 2007), we are proposing a framework for future research that focuses on both the intervention of AI-agents in the fake review process, as well as the changing equilibrium in consumer and business outcomes as a result of fake review use. This framework synthesizes the process of diffusing fake online reviews and their impact on consumers and organizations. This paper represents the first attempt to provide an extensive and critical review on the topic of AI-based manipulation and detection. A systematic review of the literature helps us advance our current knowledge of online reviews in several impactful ways. (1) It helps us identify AI-agents manipulation and detection mechanisms applied to understand deceptive online reviews, (2) It allows us to shed light on the unique characteristics of online reviews that allow for its manipulation and detection, and (3) it gives the ability to study the inter-relationship of literature themes using PKM to propose a direction for future research.
Business Ties, National Institutions, and Firm Performance: An Abstract

A firm’s relationships with business partners (distributors, suppliers, strategic partners) are critical in predicting firm performance (Samaha et al. 2014). There is, however, a lack of understanding of whether and how the impact of such business ties on firm performance varies across a range of levels of institutional variables. The reason for this shortfall in knowledge is that studies which investigate the impact of business ties on business outcomes are based on samples of firms from one country (or two, at most). This constitutes a critical problem for theory development as scholars have stressed the importance of national-level institutions in shaping the impact of resources on firm performance. Specifically, resources that are valuable, rare, and difficult to imitate in one context may turn out to be non-valuable, abundant, and easy to imitate in other contexts (Brouthers et al. 2008). To address this critical shortfall in knowledge this study develops and tests a multilevel model of the link between business ties and business performance, which examines the interplay among firm-level business ties and national-level institutional variables in predicting firm level profit performance. Specifically, the study examines two of Hostede’s (2001) cultural dimensions, namely power distance and uncertainty avoidance, as well as government decision-making effectiveness as moderators of the relationship between business ties and performance. Findings from a multi-country sample show that the positive impact of business ties on performance is weaker in countries with greater levels of power distance. In addition, business ties are very beneficial for performance in countries where effectiveness of government decision-making is low. However, the positive impact of business ties on performance is hindered as government decision-making effectiveness increases and is even negative in countries that have highly effective governments. Therefore, a firm’s investment in business ties should be revisited over time to guarantee that the firm maintains a fit between its level of business ties and the characteristics of the institutional contexts in which it operates.
What’s in a “Happy” Meal? The Effect of Smiley Faces in Restaurant Logos on Price and Healthfulness Perceptions: An Abstract

Emojis are being increasingly used in different types of communications, including in advertising campaigns. One prominent emoji, the smiley face, has become an integral part of consumer communications. Subsequently, smiley faces have become prominent in marketing communications, advertisements, and brand logos as well. For instance, in 2016, Wal-Mart brought back its smiley icon, signifying especially low prices and deals (Neff, 2016). Within restaurants, smileys now appear within the logos of several chains such as IHOP (Stinson, 2015), Hardee’s, and Carl’s Jr. However, the most well-known example is McDonald’s. While smiley faces are visible on brand logos across a wide variety of categories, we focus on the restaurant industry because of the prominence of the McDonald’s smiley face. The present research examines the role of smiley faces in restaurant logos as a form of marketing communication. A well-designed logo should have recognizable features and induce positive affect (Henderson & Cote, 1998). Inserting a smiley face in a logo design may act as a simple way to achieve the latter. However, Fajardo et al. (2016) show that existing associations with specific logo elements (such as frames or boundaries around a logo) can influence product purchase intent. Using logos with smiley faces on advertising and communication materials may, therefore, have unexpected consequences. Building on research on associative models of memory (Suzuki, 2005), we argue that a pre-existing association and categorization with the fast-food restaurant category would negatively influence healthfulness perceptions without other information about the restaurant brand. Specifically, the more the smiley logo for McDonald’s Happy Meal is seen, the stronger the association between the smiley and McDonald’s form in consumers’ minds. Subsequently when consumers see smiley faces within other restaurant logos, they will automatically associate that brand with McDonald’s as well as other encoded characteristics of McDonald’s (e.g. unhealthy, cheap). Therefore, if a smile within a logo is closely linked to McDonald’s, we expect the presence of a smiley face in another restaurant logo will decrease both healthfulness and price perceptions of the product offerings as a result of that connection. A set of four lab experiments and a field experiment in a middle school examine how restaurant logos with smiley faces (versus no smileys) influence perceptions of healthfulness and price. We find that restaurant logos that include smileys are perceived as lower in healthfulness, which in turn leads to lower price perceptions. Additionally, this effect is triggered by an association with a fast-food restaurant category.