Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Students’ Vocabulary Learning through Augmented Reality (AR): EFL Student Teachers’ Perceptions

This study explores the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into English language education, focusing on the topic of professions. Student teachers in a Micro Teaching class were invited to assess the AR-based learning activities designed to aid vocabulary comprehension. Questionnaires were distributed to gather perceptions on the potential usefulness and suitability of the AR product for classroom use. The results affirm that AR holds great promise in enlivening and enriching English language lessons, as student teachers provided numerous creative ideas for its implementation. Valuable recommendations for product improvement were also obtained. As English teachers strive to develop effective teaching media, they should consider how such technology facilitates meaningful learning objectives. This research offers insights into the positive impact of AR in language education and highlights its implications for improving students' language proficiency in specific domains.&#x0D; Highlights:&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; AR integration in English learning: Augmented Reality (AR) offers an innovative approach to enhance English vocabulary learning in the context of professions, fostering greater engagement and interactive classroom experiences.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Perceptions of student teachers: The study gathers valuable insights from student teachers' perceptions, highlighting their ideas and suggestions for effectively implementing AR-based learning activities in language classrooms.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Implications for language education: The research underscores the potential of AR as a teaching tool, emphasizing its positive impact on language proficiency and the importance of meaningful content to facilitate effective learning outcomes.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Augmented Reality (AR), English Vocabulary, Profession, Student Teachers, Learning Activities
Novel and Advanced Method of Tracking the Dementia cases using Global Positioning System (GPS) Incorporated Cheek Plumper an Indispensable System in Dentistry

New inventions will lay a new path,accordingly this is a novel technique in which GPS (Global Positioning System)is technically incorporated into the cheek plumpers of complete dentures. This technology will help to track a wide range of applications like patients with Alzheimer’s disease,dementia,old age patients suffering from neurological disorders, mental disorders and patients missing through natural calamities.Furthermore, in corporation of nano size GPS in denture makes it more comfortable for the patient. Also, it will help their families to point out them easily. This new approach will bring about a drastic change in dentistry.
Research on the reform of music education in universities in China based on the cultivation of core elements

The article first analyzes the significance of the curriculum reform of music education in universities under the guidance of core literacy, analyzes the demands of curriculum reform, and then expounds the problems existing in the current music education curriculum in universities, and puts forward reform measures, aiming at perfecting the music education curriculum in universities and promoting the good growth of students.
Implementing the Book Detail View

In this chapter, we will focus on implementing book details using React. Our goal is to create a hyperlink for each book in the book list, allowing users to click the book’s name and navigate to its dedicated detail page. This detail page will provide comprehensive information about the book, such as its title, cover image, description, reviews, and more. By developing this functionality, we aim to enhance the user experience by enabling seamless navigation and delivering specific content for each book. Let’s dive into the implementation of book details and create a dynamic and engaging browsing experience for our users.
Fast Enumeration Algorithm for Multivariate Polynomials over General Finite Fields

The enumeration of all outputs of a given multivariate polynomial is a fundamental mathematical problem and is incorporated in some algebraic attacks on multivariate public key cryptosystems. For a degree-d polynomial in n variables over the finite field with q elements, solving the enumeration problem classically requires $$O\left( \genfrac(){0.0pt}1{n+d}{d} \cdot q^n\right) $$ operations. At CHES 2010, Bouillaguet et al. proposed a fast enumeration algorithm over the binary field $$\mathbb {F}_2$$ . Their proposed algorithm covers all the inputs of a given polynomial following the order of Gray codes and is completed by $$O(d\cdot 2^n)$$ bit operations. However, to the best of our knowledge, a result achieving the equivalent efficiency in general finite fields is yet to be proposed. In this study, we propose a novel algorithm that enumerates all the outputs of a degree-d polynomial in n variables over $$\mathbb {F}_q$$ with a prime number q by $$O(d\cdot q^n)$$ operations. The proposed algorithm is constructed by using a lexicographic order instead of Gray codes to cover all the inputs. This result can be seen as an extension of the result of Bouillaguet et al. to general finite fields and is almost optimal in terms of time complexity. We can naturally apply the proposed algorithm to the case where q is a prime power. Notably, our enumeration algorithm differs from the algorithm by Bouillaguet et al. even in the case of $$q=2$$ .
NTWE: A Natural Combination of NTRU and LWE

Lattice-based cryptosystems are some of the primary post-quantum secure alternatives to the asymmetric cryptography that is used today. These lattice-based cryptosystems typically rely on the hardness of some version of either the NTRU or the LWE problem. In this paper, we present the NTWE problem, a natural combination of the NTRU and LWE problems, and construct a new lattice-based cryptosystem based on the hardness of the NTWE problem. As with the NTRU and LWE problems, the NTWE problem naturally corresponds to a problem in a q-ary lattice. This allows the hardness of the NTWE problem to be estimated in the same way as it is estimated for the LWE and NTRU problems. We parametrize our cryptosystem from such a hardness estimate and the resulting scheme has performance that is competitive with that of typical lattice-based schemes. In some sense, our NTWE-based cryptosystem can be seen as a less structured and more compact version of a cryptosystem based on the module-NTRU problem. Thus, parameters for our cryptosystem can be selected with the flexibility of a module-LWE-based scheme, while other properties of our system are more similar to those in an NTRU-based system.
Research on Failure Warning of Substation Equipment Based on Gaussian Hybrid Model

In view of the complex operation environment of substation and the uncertainty of the operation status of substation, this paper aims to study the fault warning problem of substation equipment. Based on the Gaussian hybrid model, the early warning application model is established, the active power and reactive power loss is selected as the operation characteristics of the transformer operation detection, and the distance between the Gaussian mixed model of the transformer operation characteristics is calculated by using the divergence, and the distance is transformed into probability information to represent the failure probability of the transformer. The failure probability is calculated by substituting the instance. By comparing the result data of the current operation with the historical data of the transformer operation, we can get the judgment of the current operation state, and view the historical record of the detection and the historical operation data of the state.
Faulting Winternitz One-Time Signatures to Forge LMS, XMSS, or $$\text {SPHINCS}^{+}$$ Signatures

Hash-based signature (HBS) schemes are an efficient method of guaranteeing the authenticity of data in a post-quantum world. The stateful schemes LMS and XMSS and the stateless scheme $$\text {SPHINCS}^{+}$$ are already standardised or will be in the near future. The Winternitz one-time signature (WOTS) scheme is one of the fundamental building blocks used in all these HBS standardisation proposals. We present a new fault injection attack targeting WOTS that allows an adversary to forge signatures for arbitrary messages. The attack affects both the signing and verification processes of all current stateful and stateless schemes. Our attack renders the checksum calculation within WOTS useless. A successful fault injection allows at least an existential forgery attack and, in more advanced settings, a universal forgery attack. While checksum computation is clearly a critical point in WOTS, and thus in any of the relevant HBS schemes, its resilience against a fault attack has never been considered. To fill this gap, we theoretically explain the attack, estimate its practicability, and derive the brute-force complexity to achieve signature forgery for a variety of parameter sets. We analyse the reference implementations of LMS, XMSS and $$\text {SPHINCS}^{+}$$ and pinpoint the vulnerable points. To harden these implementations, we propose countermeasures and evaluate their effectiveness and efficiency. Our work shows that exposed devices running signature generation or verification with any of these three schemes must have countermeasures in place.
Hash-Based Direct Anonymous Attestation

Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) was designed for the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and versions using RSA and elliptic curve cryptography have been included in the TPM specifications and in ISO/IEC standards. These standardised DAA schemes have their security based on the factoring or discrete logarithm problems and are therefore insecure against quantum attackers. Research into quantum-resistant DAA has resulted in several lattice-based schemes. Now in this paper, we propose the first post-quantum DAA scheme from symmetric primitives. We make use of a hash-based signature scheme, which is a slight modification of SPHINCS+, as a DAA credential. A DAA signature, proving the possession of such a credential, is a multiparty computation-based non-interactive zero-knowledge proof. The security of our scheme is proved under the Universal Composability (UC) model. While maintaining all the security properties required for a DAA scheme, we try to make the TPM’s workload as low as possible. Our DAA scheme can handle a large group size (up to $$2^{60}$$ group members), which meets the requirements of rapidly developing TPM applications.
WrapQ: Side-Channel Secure Key Management for Post-quantum Cryptography

Transition to PQC brings complex challenges to builders of secure cryptographic hardware. PQC keys usually need to be stored off-module and protected via symmetric encryption and message authentication codes. Only a short, symmetric Key-Encrypting Key (KEK) can be managed on-chip with trusted non-volatile key storage. For secure use, PQC key material is handled in masked format; as randomized shares. Due to the masked encoding of the key material, algorithm-specific techniques are needed to protect the side-channel security of the PQC key import and export processes. In this work, we study key handling techniques used in real-life secure Kyber and Dilithium hardware. We describe WrapQ, a masking-friendly key-wrapping mechanism designed for lattice cryptography. On a high level, WrapQ protects the integrity and confidentiality of key material and allows keys to be stored outside the main security boundary of the module. Significantly, its wrapping and unwrapping processes minimize side-channel leakage from the KEK integrity/authentication keys as well as the masked Kyber or Dilithium key material payload. We demonstrate that masked Kyber or Dilithium private keys can be managed in a leakage-free fashion from a compact WrapQ format without updating its encoding in non-volatile (or read-only) memory. WrapQ has been implemented in a side-channel secure hardware module. Kyber and Dilithium wrapping and unwrapping functions were validated with 100K traces of ISO 17825/TVLA-type leakage assessment.
On the Fuzzy Semi-Unital Rings and Their Algebraic Properties

Fuzzy rings are considered as generalizations of classical rings, where they are defined by using the fuzzical membership function. This paper is dedicated to defining and study fuzzy semi-unital ring of order n in a similar way to the same classical type of rings, where many elementary properties will be discussed in terms of theorems with many related examples that clarify the validity of this work.
An Architecture for Generating Questions, Answers, and Feedback from Ontologies

Automatically generating questions, answers, and feedback from ontologies and conceptual models is crucial for learning activities and knowledge validation. Existing proposals are limited to predefined types of questions and the modelling style that they are tailored to, lack feedback generation, and their core algorithm are dependent on those characteristics, therewith hampering maintainability and reusability. We designed a new architecture where the question, answer and feedback specifications, the core algorithm for selecting the contents from the ontology, and the verbaliser are modularised for resolving these problems. We instantiated the architecture as a proof-of-concept, examined three test cases, and showed that it compares favourably to related work.
European Environmental Metadata

Research Infrastructures (RI) of the Environment Domain as defined by ESFRI cover the main four subdomains of the complex Earth system (Atmosphere, Marine, Solid Earth, and Biodiversity/Terrestrial Ecosystems), thus forming the cluster of European Environmental and Earth System Research Infrastructures (ENVRIs). The overarching goal is that at the end of the proposed project, all participating RIs have built a set of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data services which enhances the efficiency and productivity of researchers, supports innovation, enables data- and knowledge-based decisions and connects the ENVRI Cluster to the European Open Science Cloud. The focus of the proposed work is on the provision of an environmental metadata catalogue describing in detail the FAIR services produced (or enhanced) in each subdomain; the complete set of thematic data services and tools provided by the ENVRI cluster can then be exposed to the EOSC catalogue of services.
Scoring Ontologies for Reuse: An Approach for Fitting Semantic Requirements

The process of reusing ontologies is still challenging for the ontological community. One of the challenging efforts is to select the most relevant ontology from a set of candidates that needs a deep consideration. After the step of finding the candidates, many of them can be more appropriate than others as they fit better to the ontology requirements expressed by competency questions. First, we develop a mathematical formalisation based on Set Theory and we design the problem as an optimization problem to assist the knowledge engineer in selecting ontologies. Then, we provide formal steps to make well-founded comparison across a set of candidate ontologies. At last, we propose metrics to quantify the decision during the selection step.
The Effect of Text Difficulty on Types of Miscues among Proficient, Average and Below Average Readers

The aim of this study was to understand the differences in the type of miscues among proficient, average and below average readers as text difficulty increases. It was hypothesised that the percentage of semantic and syntactic cues made by proficient in comparison to average and below average readers will increase as the text difficulty increases. The lack of available literature with regard to reading errors facilitated the designing of this study which could serve as a base to design remedial instruction and intervention tools. A quasi-experimental design was used to investigate this relationship. A sample of hundred and three students (N=103) were recorded while reading four levels of passages with increasing difficulty and miscues were analysed according to the three cueing system. The first level passage was a tested grade appropriate passage which was used to determine if the reader was proficient, average or below average based on their accuracy scores. Results revealed that there was no significant difference across the three cueing system and reading ability. However, it was observed that readers rely on the grapho phonics cueing system when encountered with a difficult word. The findings of this study can be used to design reading instruction and remedial systems. Keywords: Miscue; Grapho-phonics; Semantics; Syntactic
Shift in the Sri Lankan ESL Classroom – An Experiment with Mobile Assisted Language Learning

The young generation of the contemporary world is depended on the omnipresent smart devices Yu (2012). Their advancement has created a range of additional benefits and new means of learning (Chan, 2016). The use of mobile applications for various purposes is commonly experienced in the Sri Lankan context as well. Although frequently used in written and oral discourses, phrasal verbs are subject to be excluded if the correct use of them is challenging for the English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. Therefore, this research intends to inspect the efficacy of teaching Phrasal Verbs via one of the common mobile applications, since it is prevalent in the society. In this empirical study, thirty undergraduates were selected. Pre and post tests were included in it and forty popularly used Phrasal Verbs are used. For the Pre-test, any instructions on Phrasal verbs were not given, but for the Post-test instructions were given. Traditional classroom instructions were given to the controlled group within one hour and the experimental group was guided via the selected mobile application. The results of both the tests were analysed and found that the experimental group outperformed in the Posttest than the other group indicating that the use of mobile applications in the process of teaching English language is an effective resource in instructing on phrasal verbs. Keywords: Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL); Phrasal Verbs; English Language Teaching (ELT); Mobile Learning
Curricula Designer with Enhanced ECSF Analysis

In late 2022, the novel European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) was officially released by the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). It aims to connect cybersecurity education and training with practical needs of the job market. In particular, it maps role profiles, that reflect jobs, to the knowledge and skills they require. One of the first tools that demonstrated ECSF is the Curricula Designer web application that guides cybersecurity study program administrators in designing and analyzing their curricula. In this paper, we present a major update of the Curricula Designer tool. We develop a novel method for course scoring and quantitative analysis of curricula based on the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) credits. We describe the underlying methods and show their practical implementation into the publicly-available web application. Furthermore, we update the definitions of the Skills, Knowledge and Role Profiles according to the latest ECSF definition and present the mappings in comprehensive matrices in the appendices.
Enhancing Cybersecurity Education in Europe: The REWIRE’s Course Selection Methodology

The European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) was introduced by the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) to identify the necessary competencies, knowledge, and skills required for European cybersecurity professionals. The ECSF condenses all cybersecurity-related positions into 12 role profiles, aiming to establish a mutual understanding of essential roles and support the creation of cybersecurity training programs. In order to address the shortage of cybersecurity experts, a multi-criteria selection method is developed to increase the availability, accessibility, and quality of cybersecurity courses and certifications. This Course Selection methodology ensures high-quality training materials that meet the current and future needs of the cybersecurity industry and benefit a wide range of participants. The methodology considers six criteria and provides a scoring system to rank the occupational profiles and select the most relevant profiles for the course design. Our final score formula identifies Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), Cyber Incident Responder, Cyber Threat Intelligence Specialist, and Penetration Tester for the Course creation.
Team_Hawk at WASSA 2023 Empathy, Emotion, and Personality Shared Task: Multi-tasking Multi-encoder based transformers for Empathy and Emotion Prediction in Conversations

In this paper, we present Team Hawk’s participation in Track 1 of the WASSA 2023 shared task. The objective of the task is to understand the empathy that emerges between individuals during their conversations. In our study, we developed a multi-tasking framework that is capable of automatically assessing empathy, intensity of emotion, and polarity of emotion within participants’ conversations. Our proposed core model extends the transformer architecture, utilizing two separate RoBERTa-based encoders to encode both the articles and conversations. Subsequently, a sequence of self-attention, position-wise feed-forward, and dense layers are employed to predict the regression scores for the three sub-tasks: empathy, intensity of emotion, and polarity of emotion. Our best model achieved average Pearson’s correlation of 0.7710 (Empathy: 0.7843, Emotion Polarity: 0.7917, Emotion Intensity: 0.7381) on the released development set and 0.7250 (Empathy: 0.8090, Emotion Polarity: 0.7010, Emotion Intensity: 0.6650) on the released test set. These results earned us the 3rd position in the test set evaluation phase of Track 1.
Empirical Sufficiency Lower Bounds for Language Modeling with Locally-Bootstrapped Semantic Structures

In this work we build upon negative results from an attempt at language modeling with predicted semantic structure, in order to establish empirical lower bounds on what could have made the attempt successful. 1 More specifically, we design a concise binary vector representation of semantic structure at the lexical level and evaluate in-depth how good an incremental tagger needs to be in order to achieve better-than-baseline performance with an endto-end semantic-bootstrapping language model.We envision such a system as consisting of a (pretrained) sequential-neural component and a hierarchical-symbolic component working together to generate text with low surprisal and high linguistic interpretability.We find that (a) dimensionality of the semantic vector representation can be dramatically reduced without losing its main advantages and (b) lower bounds on prediction quality cannot be established via a single score alone, but need to take the distributions of signal and noise into account.
How Are Idioms Processed Inside Transformer Language Models?

Idioms such as “call it a day” and “piece of cake,” are prevalent in natural language. How do Transformer language models process idioms? This study examines this question by analysing three models - BERT, Multilingual BERT, and DistilBERT. We compare the embeddings of idiomatic and literal expressions across all layers of the networks at both the sentence and word levels. Additionally, we investigate the attention directed from other sentence tokens towards a word within an idiom as opposed to in a literal context. Results indicate that while the three models exhibit slightly different internal mechanisms, they all represent idioms distinctively compared to literal language, with attention playing a critical role. These findings suggest that idioms are semantically and syntactically idiosyncratic, not only for humans but also for language models.