Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Questions in Predicate Logic

Abstract In this chapter, we move on from propositional logic to the richer setting of predicate logic. We describe how classical first-order logic can be enriched with questions, leading to a system $$\textsf {InqBQ}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>InqBQ</mml:mi> </mml:math> of inquisitive first-order logic (the in the acronym stands for quantification ).
‘Could be the translation, of course’. Analysing the perception of literary fiction and literary translations

Abstract The advent of information technology has greatly expanded the methodological toolkit of literary scholars. In the digital humanities project The Riddle of Literary Quality, methods from literary studies, linguistics and computer science are combined with sociological approaches. I will describe how this project went about mixing and blending methods from different research disciplines in search of more knowledge about the modern-day Dutch and European literary systems.
Relations with Dependence Logic

Abstract We saw how by bringing questions into play in logic we can capture dependency relations as cases of (contextual or logical) entailment, and we can analyze such relations using standard tools of logic.
Questions in Propositional Logic

Abstract In the previous chapter we introduced the fundamental ideas of inquisitive logic. These ideas are general, and can be used to build many specific logical systems in which we can formalize both statements and questions. One way to build such systems is to start with a system of classical logic and extend it to an inquisitive system in two steps. In the first step, we re-implement the classical system by giving it a support semantics. In executing this step, we make sure our semantics satisfies the Truth-Support Bridge: as we discussed in Sect. 2.2 , this guarantees that the original logic of statements is preserved. In the second step, we extend the language with question-forming operators, which can be interpreted naturally in the context of a support semantics. The result is an inquisitive system which is conservative over the original logic. The strategy is illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
Foundations of Inquisitive Logic

Abstract In this chapter, we lay the foundations for our enterprise. In particular, we explain how an information-based semantics, inquisitive semantics , allows us to interpret statements and questions in a uniform way and to define a general notion of entailment in which questions can occur as premises and conclusions. We explore in detail the significance of this generalized notion of entailment, showing in particular that it captures as a special case an important logical notion that we call dependency . We explain how questions can be viewed as denoting information types and how inquisitive entailment can thus be seen as generalizing entailment from a notion relating pieces of informations to one relating information types. We also show how a logic based on inquisitive semantics can be equipped in a canonical way with an implication connective that internalizes, in a precise sense, the meta-language entailment relations into the object language. At the end of the section we motivate in more detail some of our setup choices and we relate our approach to previous work on questions in logic.
Performing Bayesian Network Inference Using Amortized Region Approximation with Graph Factorization

Exact inference for large, directed graphical models, also known as Bayesian networks (BNs), can be intractable as the space complexity grows exponentially in the tree-width of the model. Approximate inference, such as generalized belief propagation (GBP), is used instead. GBP treats inference as the Bethe/Kikuchi energy function optimization problem. The solution is found using iterative message passing, which is inefficient and convergent problematic. Recent progress on amortized technique for GBP is an attractive alternative solution that can optimize the Bethe/Kikuchi energy function using (deep) neural networks, requiring no message passing. Despite being efficient, the amortized technique for GBP is applied to undirected graphical models with specific structures and factors, with no guarantee of the approximation quality. This is because the energy function to be amortized is defined by a region (or factor) graph that is ad hoc and difficult to construct to ensure sensible approximations. This paper proposes a new amortized GBP algorithm applied to BN for efficient inference. The proposed algorithm is composed of the following: (i) a new pairwise conversion (PWC) algorithm that converts all the conditional probability distributions in the BN into pairwise factors to facilitate efficient region graph constructions; (ii) following PWC, an improved loop structured region graph (LSRG) algorithm was derived to generate a valid region graph satisfying desired regional properties; and (iii) the energy function defined by the proposed PWC-LSRG region graph can be directly amortized using (deep) neural networks to ensure sensible approximations. Empirical studies show that the proposed amortized PWC-LSRG algorithm is of practical use and significantly improves convergence and efficiency compared to conventional algorithms.
Global challenges reflected in software process improvement

Abstract This special issue comprises a selected set of high‐quality and extended articles of the 28th Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement (EuroSPI) Conference, held in 2021 in Krems, Austria. Conferences were held in Dublin (Ireland) in 1994, in Vienna (Austria) in 1995, in Brighton (UK) in 1996, in Budapest (Hungary) in 1997, in Gothenburg (Sweden) in 1998, in Pori (Finland) in 1999, in Copenhagen (Denmark) in 2000, in Limerick (Ireland) in 2001, in Nuremberg (Germany) in 2002, in Graz (Austria) in 2003, in Trondheim (Norway) in 2004, in Budapest (Hungary) in 2005, in Joensuu (Finland) in 2006, in Potsdam (Germany) in 2007, in Dublin (Ireland) in 2008, in Alcala (Spain) in 2009, in Grenoble (France) in 2010, in Roskilde (Denmark) in 2011, in Vienna (Austria) in 2012, in Dundalk (Ireland) in 2013, in Luxembourg in 2014, in Ankara (Turkey) in 2015, in Graz (Austria) in 2016, in Ostrava (Czech Republic) in 2017, in Bilbao (Spain) in 2018, in Edinburgh (UK) in 2019, in Düsseldorf (Germany) in 2020, and in Krems (Austria) in 2021.
Query-efficient model extraction for text classification model in a hard label setting

Designing a query-efficient model extraction strategy to steal models from cloud-based platforms with black-box constraints remains a challenge, especially for language models. In a more realistic setting, a lack of information about the target model’s internal parameters, gradients, training data, or even confidence scores prevents attackers from easily copying the target model. Selecting informative and useful examples to train a substitute model is critical to query-efficient model stealing. We propose a novel model extraction framework that fine-tunes a pretrained model based on bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) while improving query efficiency by utilizing an active learning selection strategy. The active learning strategy, incorporating semantic-based diversity sampling and class-balanced uncertainty sampling, builds an informative subset from the public unannotated dataset as the input for fine-tuning. We apply our method to extract deep classifiers with identical and mismatched architectures as the substitute model under tight and moderate query budgets. Furthermore, we evaluate the transferability of adversarial examples constructed with the help of the models extracted by our method. The results show that our method achieves higher accuracy with fewer queries than existing baselines and the resulting models exhibit a high transferability success rate of adversarial examples.
Development status, influencing factors, and prospects for internet hospitals

In this paper, the development history and status, operation mode, existing problems, and other aspects relating to Internet hospitals in China are studied through relevant research literature, government documents, and platform data information released by Internet hospitals. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of Internet hospitals are sorted, summarized, and compared, considering institutional, economic, social, and technological factors using the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, challenges and politics, economic, society, technology (SWOT-PEST) matrix analysis method. The competitive strength of Internet hospitals is also analyzed using Porter’s five forces analysis mode. Future development strategies and ideas are explored, and Internet hospitals are promoted as an innovative way to optimize the allocation of medical resources, so that patients can enjoy high-quality and convenient medical services.
The use of video as media in distance learning for deaf students

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that are facilitating or impeding the use of video media in distance learning for deaf students, as well as the solutions that have been implemented. The method of inquiry in this study was a phenomenological qualitative approach. This research also makes use of descriptive analysis. In this study, data was gathered by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data’s reliability may be checked and double-checked in a number of different ways, including via increased involvement, extended observation, and the use of triangulation. There were several steps involved in the data analysis process, starting with data collection and ending with conclusions drawn from the data. Attempts to use video media in distance learning for deaf students are entangled with a number of circumstances, some of which are helpful and others of which are hindering. These include the student, the teacher, and the school’s physical location. Aside from that, all teachers are attempting to address the challenges faced by deaf students who utilize video-based learning resources as part of their distance education courses.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="d1e4378" altimg="si182.svg"><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:math>-divergence NMF with biorthogonal regularization for data representation

Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) has become a commonly used method for data representation. Orthogonal NMF improves the clustering performance by adding orthogonal constraints to the decomposed matrices. The existing orthogonal NMF methods typically use Euclidean distance to measure the difference between before and after factorization for convenience and simplicity. However, limitations of the Euclidean distance can lead to inflexibilities. In addition, failure to consider orthogonality of the decomposed features and sparsity of the data representation can also lead to degraded performance of the algorithm. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, we propose a novel β-divergence-based NMF with biorthogonal regularization (BO-βNMF). Our BO-βNMF method uses generalized β-divergence instead of Euclidean distance to measure the similarity between matrices, and selects an appropriate β for each type of data to obtain a more flexible way of measuring similarity. In addition, we also incorporate biorthogonal constraints into the minimized objective function, which ensures both orthogonality of the decomposed features and sparsity of the data representation. Furthermore, we use trace rather than Euclidean distance to measure the orthogonality of the decomposed matrices, which reduces execution time. Finally, clustering experiments on image datasets show that the overall clustering effect of BO-βNMF is better than state-of-the-art methods.
Learning of neural network with optimal control tools

Any learned artificial neural network on a given set of observations represents a function of several variables with vector values or real values. However, in general it is unknown except very simply cases and we have trouble to tell anything about its properties behind very general results received from learning data. In applications, such as medicine, it needs to say not only that on training data we get some error, we have to know that an error is not greater than some ɛ for all data for which we consider the system. It is well known that the learned neural network define a function. However, we check correctness of it only on finite number of observed data. We develop an optimal control approach allowing to find approximation of an unknown function realizing the given observable data, parametrized by a set of controls and defined as ordinary differential equations. Moreover, to measure discrepancy, of the output of the network we define a functional into which we include probability distribution function estimating distribution of the data. We develop a dual dynamic programming ideas to formulate a new optimization problem. We apply it to derive and to prove sufficient approximate optimality conditions for approximate neural network which should work correctly for given ɛ with respect to built functional, on a data different than the set of observations.
The Role of the Rural Librarian on the Provision of Social Justice Education in South Africa

The author assesses rural community libraries' cultural strategies for the provision of online services. This chapter details social justice strategies in rural library settings to reduce the inequitable impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this chapter will give context to rural South Africa following apartheid legislation and connect this context to library services. Effectiveness of the social justice library strategy improved in South Africa Libraries of the former Bantustan state from the apartheid system to a democratic system in 1994. A Social Justice library strategy was developed to change the mindset of rural communities to adopt information communication technology to disseminate information. Libraries and information services are provided to communities irrespective of ethnic group, belief, or culture. Furthermore, the author will also analyze the transformation after the transition. The role played by the National Department of Arts and Culture department in the establishment of the recapitalization program as a strategy to empower rural libraries is discussed.
On Symbol-Pair Distance of a Class of Constacyclic Codes of Length 3ps over Fpm+uFpm

Let p≠3 be any prime. In this paper, we compute symbol-pair distance of all γ-constacyclic codes of length 3ps over the finite commutative chain ring R=Fpm+uFpm, where γ is a unit of R which is not a cube in Fpm. We give the necessary and sufficient condition for a symbol-pair γ-constacyclic code to be an MDS symbol-pair code. Using that, we provide all MDS symbol-pair γ-constacyclic codes of length 3ps over R. Some examples of the symbol-pair distance of γ-constacyclic codes of length 3ps over R are provided.
Aнгли хэлний энгийн одоо цагийн хэрэглээнд хийсэн алдааны дүн шинжилгээ (ШУС, ерөнхий суурийн оюутны жишээгээр)

The purpose of the present research study was to carry out an error analysis on the use of the present simple tense. We investigated the errors in a corpus of 23 essays written by 23 first year students of the School of Sciences at NUM. The instrument used for this was students’ written essays in the English language. All the errors related to the present simple tense in these essays were identified, described, explained and evaluated. Specifically, we aimed to identify the sources of the errors. Furthermore, we conducted an interview on the types of errors based on the essay results among 28 students and discussed the results.
Tie-Line Power Transferred: Data Security Using Block Chain Technology

In this paper, the authors have exploited Block Chain technology for tie-line power transferred data in respect to trustworthy monitoring, non-tamper proof and traceability. Nepanagar–Dharni tie-line between MP Electricity Board and Maharashtra Electricity Board is considered. Also, an example of a solar power plant connected to the grid and a consumer is considered to show the security concern using Block Chain Technology. The intrinsic features of decentralized block chain technology enable the grid owner, utility and consumer to maintain the privacy and security of the data set and Image sharing of tie-line power transferred data and Image. The smart contract can register and authorize the grid corporation authority to access the tie-line power transferred during the period and make payments to the concern in compliance with the regulatory and involved parties’ consent policy. Security’s role as a trust model is used to sort out the discrepancy in the exchange for power monitored by the phase measurement unit. Distributed and scalable data models based on the block chain are implemented using a heterogeneous set of MYSQL database management systems, hosted on the AWS cloud. If the power is transferred to a tie line connected to the Railway traction system, the data and Image of the train and its status can be secured with block chain.
Суралцагчдын лекц сонсож, тэмдэглэх чадварыг хөгжүүлэх асуудалд (Академик англи хэл-Харилцах дадал 3 хичээлийн жишээн дээр)

This article provides some review of literature related to lecture note-taking as a beneficial strategy to increase students’ ability to remember, understand and recall the listening material. Note-taking is considered as one of the most important tools in academic lecture listening. The present study investigates the effects of note-taking on listening comprehension and recall of lecture information provided in Academic English Oral Communication classes. The study was conducted among 4 groups consisting of 93 upper-intermediate level students of NUM and post tests were taken after each listening task. The findings are presented.
“Гуулин улсын судар”-ын тухай

History of Goryeo Dynasty is one of the official histories of Korea and included Goryeo Dynasty’s politic, economy, social culture and biography of public figures which is most important fundamental source for our current studying the ancient history of that time. Therefore, many research studies has been made on the History of Goryeo Dynasty in perspective of manuscript study, literature study and culture study in apart from of history, at present in Korea. This source is written right after establishment of Joseon Dynasty as chronicle of the Goryeo Dynasty’s late period, whereas Korean scholars cannot eject view that political justification view point reflected on establishment of Joseon Dynasty.&#x0D; However, the Goryeo Dynasty’s all time king’s Joseon wangjo sillok (실록. 實錄Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty) was used as the main source of creating the History of Goryeo Dynasty and the people present at that time such as “Comprehensive records arranged by year (편년통록. 編年通錄)” by Kim Kwan-ui (김관의. 金寬毅), “Comprehensive records of Gangmo (편년강목. 編年綱目)” by Min Ji (민지. 閔漬), “Records of reflection from Mirror (금경록. 金鏡錄)” by Yi Saek (이색. 李穡)and Yi Yinbok (이인복. 李仁復), “Sikmok pyeonsurok (식목편수록. 拭目編修錄)” and “Prescribed Ritual Text of the Past and Present (고금상정례. 古今詳定禮)” by Choe Yun-ui(최윤의. 崔允儀), “Ikjae-nango(익재난고. 益齋亂藁)” and “Scribbles of Old Man Oak (역옹패설. 櫟翁稗說)” by Yi Jehyeon (이제현. 李齊賢), and “Jugwanyukik (주관육익. 周官六翼)” by Kim, Goo-Yong(김구용. 金九容) are used as reference. Thus, researchers conclude that it describe assure true history of that period and one can say it elevate the value of the source.
Телевизийн хөгжөөнт нэвтрүүлгийн загварыг академик англи хэлний хичээлд ашигласан туршилт судалгаа

Nowadays, we are trying to teach academic English which covers a variety of academic disciplinary areas, with a comprehensive program in a tight schedule. It is hard to use activities which are interesting and engaging but require a quite long time in every lesson. Students should develop the ability to read texts on familiar, basic academic topics covering psychology computer and information technology, sociology, geology, humanity and ethical issues in scientific research with an emphasis on vocabulary expansion and application of critical reading skills in intermediate academic level. They review basic English sentence structures and develop the ability to write accurate, fluent, multiple sentences about basic academic topics with an emphasis on the use of specific detail and sentence combining in paragraphs and essays. In Oral Communication, Students need to develop speaking and listening skills necessary for participating in classroom discussions and expressing their opinions with critical listening skills. The most appropriate activity which can meet requirements of recalling, reviewing and reinforcing what they learn in a short period of time is a quiz, a form of game or mind sport in which participants attempt to answer questions correctly. There are many activities which improve students’ motivation and attention, make lessons more active, more engaging and more fun, such as Hangman, Bingo, Where is ….? etc. But, the method we experimented enables to include a full semester and an academic year’s contents and is distinctive to cover all skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking). It can be very interesting, effective, motivating and reinforcing. After teaching experimental lesson which based on this pattern, we studied the results while comparing the experimental class to checkpoint class. Here we present the compared results of exam grade and student satisfaction survey after taking exam according to the topics which we reviewed in the experimental lesson.&#x0D;
Их, дээд сургуулийн гадаад хэлний сургалтанд цахим сургалтын арга хэрэгслийг ашиглаж буй асуудалд

Podcasts can be used for several educational purposes. &#x0D; Podcast are great alternatives for delivering research content or lessons to students who need remedial or extended support, Students can create their own podcast to share their learning experiences with each other and also with other students from other schools.Teachers can record audio podcast to provide additional and revision material to students to download and review at a time that fits them the best.&#x0D; Podcast can hugely benefit auditory learners and help them in their learning. Creating podcast allows students to develop several important skills such as researching, writing, speaking effectively, solving problems, managing time, grabbing attention and improving their vocabulary.
Солонгос хэлний үнэлгээ, шалгалтын аргачлал (Солонгос хэлний түвшин тогтоох шалгалтын жишээгээр)

Test of Proficiency in Korean is co-organized by Department of Asian Studies of NUM and Korean National Institute for International Education and the 46th TOPIK is on the run. Due to the rising number of test takers more and more TOPIK courses are emerging. &#x0D; TOPIK trainers are facing many issues on running the test preparation course including the test knowledge, experience and strategies. For this reason, we did research on TOPIK and developed some strategies for students to answer the test questions. &#x0D; We aimed to invent strategies based on the study about the contents of the TOPIK, test takers’ results analysis and test questions.
How to find similar companies using websites?

The selection of industry partners for Research and Development (R&D) is a challenging task for many organizations. Present methods for partner-selection, based on patents, publications or company databases, do often fail for highly specialized SMEs. Our approach aims at calculating the technological similarity for partner discovery. We apply methods from Natural Language Processing (NLP) on companies’ website texts. We show that the deep-learning language model BERT outperforms other methods at this task. Tested against expert-proven ground truth, it achieves an F1-score up to 0.90. Our results imply that website texts are useful for the purpose of estimating the similarity between companies. We see great potential in the scalability of the semantic analysis of company website texts.