Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
HyMap airborne imaging spectroscopy for mineral potential mapping of cupriferous mineralization in a semi-arid region based on pixel/sub-pixel hydrothermal alteration minerals mapping – A case study

Recently, hyperspectral datasets recognized a great interest in mineral exploration studies due to their high accuracy in detecting and mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals. Remote and mountainous regions are hardly accessible by geologists, while the spectral richness of imaging spectroscopy could provide detailed information about geology/mineralogy without having a direct contact with the ground surface. The Kerdous inlier in the Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco is recognized by several occurrences of Cu, Pb, Zn Au, Ag, and Mn mineral deposits. This study is carried out in Eastern Kerdous where the abandoned Idikel mine occurs in order to perform a high-resolution mineral potential map using Gamma-Fuzzy logic approach with twenty HyMap-derived layers. The HyMap-based thematic layers were generated using Directed Principal Component Analysis (DPCA), Relative Absorption Band Depth (RBD), and the Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) for pixel/sub-pixel mineral mapping. The hydrothermally altered regions within the study area reveal several Minerals/Mineral mixtures of hematite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, muscovite, topaz, dolomite, and pyrophyllite. Then, the line density map extracted automatically from the HyMap data image was also integrated. The findings of the image processing were validated using field investigation, petrographic, and XRD analysis. This study demonstrates the great potential of the present research methodology and HyMap as a tool for mineral exploitation in similar areas in Morocco's western Anti-Atlas belt.
Earthquake Early Warning: observe, analyse, deduce and act in seconds

Over the past 7 years, Ocean Networks Canada has established an earthquake early warning system to alert key urban areas in southwestern British Columbia of the onset of a (potentially major) earthquake developing in the Cascadia subduction zone, a mere 200-300 km away.&amp;#160;With a new dedicated observing network comprised of about 35 new sites covering a detection area of about 200,000 km2, this digital twin is observing a critical section of the earth system with&amp;#160;underwater and land-based accelerometers, and GNSS receivers. The novel architecture and software system allow for a rapid analysis of minimal latency data, for sending notifications and for allowing recipients such as critical infrastructure operators to react in mere seconds to minimize the impact on life and property.&amp;#160;This contribution will describe the system, its architecture, the results of its commissioning and use cases from its subscribers.&amp;#160;
Spectroscopic Studies and Confirmatory Geochemical Analyses of Rare Earth Element Bearing Rocks from the Neoproterozoic Siwana Ring Complex, Rajasthan, India

Abstract:Rare earth elements (REEs) are of high economic value owing to their electronic, magnetic, optical, catalytic, and phosphorescent properties, thereby making them an important part of the development of green technology. They exhibit characteristic sharp absorption features in reflectance spectra in the visible-near infrared (VNIR) to short-wave infrared (SWIR) region due to their 4f-4f orbital intra-configurational electronic transitions.In this study laboratory based close-range imaging spectroscopy techniques are used along with confirmatory geochemical analytical techniques (petrography, ICPMS, SEM and EPMA) to study 20 samples collected from REE-bearing rocks of the Neoproterozoic Siwana Ring Complex (SRC), a collapsed caldera structure situated in Barmer District, Rajasthan (India).The SRC is an anorogenic, rift-related bimodal volcano-plutonic rock association belonging to the Malani Igneous Suite. It comprises of felsic and basic volcanic lava flows, rhyolite, peralkaline granite, pyroclastics, tuff and later microgranite, aplite and felsite dykes.The spectral reflectance curves of the samples collected using an ASD FieldSpec4 (350-2500 nm) exhibit characteristic absorption dips at 439, 491, 580, 740 and 800 nm indicating the presence of Nd3+. Other major absorption dips are attributed to the presence of Sm3+, U4+, etc. Various combinations of absorption features in the VIS-SWIR region indicate the presence of minerals like biotite, epidote, chlorite, nontronite, goethite, and REE fluorocarbonates. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the samples collected using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Nicolet 6700 (400-4000 cm-1) show symmetric and asymmetric bending and stretching vibration features of Si-O, P-O and O-H bonds, which are diagnostic of minerals like aegirine, riebeckite, and REE minerals like monazite apart from other major silicate minerals like quartz and feldspar. The presence of these minerals is confirmed by mineral chemistry, bulk and trace element data.The observations from the spectroscopic studies seem to correlate well with data obtained from various geochemical analyses. This study provides spectroscopic information on the rocks from SRC for the first time. It shows the proficiency of spectroscopic studies as a cost-effective and non-destructive technique for the identification of REE minerals which can be used before detailed geochemical and mineralogical studies as well as future exploration.Keywords: Siwana Ring Complex, Spectroscopy, REEAbbreviations:ASD &amp;#8211; Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc.EPMA &amp;#8211; Electron Probe Micro AnalyzerFTIR &amp;#8211; Fourier Transform InfraredICPMS &amp;#8211; Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass SpectrometryREE &amp;#8211; Rare Earth ElementsSRC &amp;#8211; Siwana Ring ComplexSWIR &amp;#8211; Short Wave InfraredVNIR &amp;#8211; Visible Near Infrared
SOLA Backus-Gilbert Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion tomography of North-West of Iran using local-regional earthquakes and ambient seismic noise. 

Imaging seismic velocity of the Earth has been implemented widely for years. The majority of these studies are based on linear or non-linear methods that minimize the difference between seismic observations and predictions of these observations from simplified models of the Earth (tomographic models). Another family of methods, based on the work of Backus &amp; Gilbert (1968), constrains Earth models by maximizing their resolution. A numerically tractable version of such linear local averaging methods, called SOLA, was recently been adapted to seismic tomography by Zaroli (2016). When correctly implemented, SOLA tends to reduce artifacts caused by uneven path coverage. It also provides information about model uncertainties and resolutions. We are the first to have applied the SOLA Backus-Gilbert method to group velocity dispersion tomography of the Northwest Iranian plateau. We used Rayleigh wave dispersion curves obtained from vertical component seismograms of local and regional M &amp;#8805; 4.5 earthquakes that occurred from 2010 to 2021. We also used cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise from January 2013 to the end of December 2015. We allowed the resolution to vary with location and adapted the target resolution based on the local path density. We included data uncertainties based on the location uncertainties of the earthquakes and on the energy in the dispersion curves at each period. We selected the trade-off parameter between model resolution and model uncertainties using a standard L-curve.We present group velocity maps at periods between 10 and 50 seconds as well as maps of model resolution lengths and uncertainties. We also present maps that mask regions where the anomalies are within the uncertainties to highlight the strongly anomalous regions. Our short-period maps reveal the relatively lower velocities in eastern Anatolia and western parts of NW Iran can be explained by partially melt zones in the crust, in accordance with the study of keshin (2003) who proposed extensive melting in the crust because of the interaction of hot asthenosphere with the Eastern Anatolian Accretionary Complex. Also, higher velocity anomalies along the Sanandaj-Srijan metamorphic zone (SSZ), can be related to the sedimentary and metamorphic Paleozoic-Cretaceous rocks. The low velocities observed along the Zagros fault thrust belt are also well correlated with high and shallow seismicity in this zone (Maggi et al 2000) which implies the presence of an upper crust tectonically very active.Our long-period maps reveal high-velocity anomalies beneath the Alborz and low-velocity zone in SSZ. The low-velocity anomalies are mainly due to a thin lithosphere or the absence of a lithospheric mantle, while high velocities can be related to the presence of a stable continental mantle lid or an oceanic-like lithosphere. Keywords: SOLA Backus-Gilbert, Group Velocity, Inverse theory, North-West of Iran, Tomography.
A multivariate approach to study the shape modifications of feldspar exsolution lamellae during cooling: A case study from Koraput Alkaline Complex, India

Like all the alkaline complexes, feldspar exsolution texture is common within different rock types of Koraput Alkaline Complex (KAC), India. Both perthite and mesoperthite exsolution texture are common in this alkaline complex. The former is present within nepheline syenite and granite whereas the latter is observed within alkali gabbro, syenite, granite and nepheline syenite. Shapes of plagioclase feldspar lamellae of perthite and mesoperthite texture vary widely. Plagioclase feldspar lamellae in mesoperthite at places bifurcate and merge with each other forming anastomosing pattern. On the other hand, plagioclase feldspar lamellae in perthite are commonly needle-like. Using two-feldspar and one-feldspar thermometry we have estimated the temperature of formation of these textures. Compositions of exsolved alkali feldspar and the adjacent plagioclase feldspar pairs are used in two-feldspar thermometry. In one-feldspar thermometry, we have used the reintegrated compositions of exsolved alkali feldspars. In two-feldspar thermometry compositions of alkali feldspars immediately after exsolution in these rocks are also estimated. Here we quantify the shape of perthite and mesoperthite grains to objectively understand how effects of different factors (temperature and composition) determines lamellae shape. To solve this problem, we use a multivariate shape analysis approach via geometric morphometrics tool supplemented by statistical methods such as ordinations and statistical analyses [Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA)]. Our result suggests that there is no influence of composition on the shape of plagioclase feldspar lamellae. On the other hand, a strong influence of temperature on the shape of lamellae is distinctly observed. Plagioclase feldspar lamellae showing anastomosing pattern formed at higher temperature. On the other hand, needle like plagioclase feldspar lamellae formed at the lower temperature. &amp;#160;Our data analytics-driven results provide a new perspective to understand the relation between the feldspar exsolution shape and formation temperature of the lamellae. The shape modification of the feldspar lamellae implies that the exsolution texture in alkali gabbro formed early followed by nepheline syenite, syenite and alkali feldspar granite. This finding is also coeval with the crystallisation history of the lithological units of this alkaline complex.
The Genesis of Oil in connection with a 1-layer Model of the Earth’s Crust

For the formation of oil (PG), a certain geological and geochemical environment of the Earth's Crust is necessary. Geologically, the current PG models are based on a 2-layer model of the Earth's Crust, consisting of Granite and Basalt layers. However, as the drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole (SG3) showed, there is no basalt layer on the continents. A model of a 1-layer Earth's Crust was compiled, consisting of a granite layer on the continents and a basalt layer in the Oceans:[1 layer&amp;#160; &amp;#1052;odel of the Earth's Crust Galant (MECG), ( AAPG, Athens 2007; EGU, Vienna 2013,2022;)] &amp;#1089;onsist of separated layers of &amp;#160;Granite &amp;#160;and separated layers of &amp;#160;Basalt. This Model of the Earth's Crust Galant (MECG) fundamentally changes the geological and geochemical setting of the Earth's Crust and hence the PG processes. Basalts and Granites are antipodes and therefore fluids migrating from the mantle with the goal of generating oil passing through the Earth's Crust that does not have Basalts but has only Granites will behave differently - respectively. In connection with the change in the geological and geochemical situation, the parameters of the fluid migrating from the mantle will also change: the C-O-H ratio, reactions with the components of the layer, the supply and removal of components, the change in T, the intensity of degassing, the change in the fugacity of O, the depth of the depleted mantle, etc. Since the Kola on the Baltic Shield did not reveal the basalt layer and due to this, the depth [According based on 1 layer Model of the Earth's Crust Galant (MECG), ( AAPG Athens 2007, EGU Vienna 2013)] of the granite layer reaches the mantle deeply and the greater the thickness the thickness of the depleted mantle is greater, from this it can be assumed that the mantle gave up light hydrocarbon components concentrated in the upper horizons of the Lithosphere, and heavy hydrocarbon components still remained in the depleted mantle or are now slowly migrating upward into the granite layer. This may explain that granites contain more light hydrocarbons. Due to the change in the physical and chemical conditions of the Earth's Crust, the PG depth zone changes, expands or localizes, and the composition of the oil changes accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: In connection with the 1-layer model of the Earth's Crust, the energy-material exchange between the domains of the Earth, the Mantle and the Lithosphere changes. Characteristics of the parameters of physic-chemical conditions change. And also the tactics, strategy, philosophy of PG research should change, taking into account the new model of the Earth's Crust.&amp;#160;
Enhanced phase sensitive amplification towards improving noise immunity

Quantum states are essential resource for quantum-enhanced applications. Loss incurred in the distribution channel, however, dissipates the high signal-to-noise ratio advantage enjoyed by the squeezed state. Here, we first demonstrate noise immunity enhancement by using phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA) with measurement-based noiseless linear amplifier (MB-NLA). We explore the signal transfer capability with the amplifier in a noisy channel. The MB-NLA enhanced PSA has obvious suppression effect on channel noises, especially it has improvement for the noise contaminated signal. Better performance can be achieved by flexibly adjusting amplifier parameters. With the amplifier, it is promising to overcome the entanglement-distribution loss and show its superiority in squeezing based quantum sensing.
Educational trails of the Carpathian Schools

Throughout my teaching career, I have been interested in the integrated approach of STEM subjects, therefore I have participated in several projects in this area. One of these is the project &amp;#8220;Educational trails of the Carpathian Schools&amp;#8221;, the MOVE4NATURE project implemented for secondary school students, from sixth to eighth grade.The development of science and technology is fundamental to a competitive knowledge society. Scientific and technical knowledge is increasingly required in a professional career and has a direct influence on the daily life of each individual. The STEM field (natural sciences &amp;#8211; physics, biology, chemistry, technology, engineering, mathematics) is a priority mentioned and supported by all EU educational initiatives, being a priority for our&amp;#160; Ministry of Education in all its strategic documents and actions.Together with my students, I have organized activities such as: Emotional map of the area, The adoption of a stream, Preservation, and use of drinking water, Solar Energy: Solar furnace, My Green City, The use of Physics in the Countryside Household as well as the Correspondence of traditional measurement units with the SI system.Thus, I believe that I succeeded to stimulate the student&amp;#8217;s interest in the study of physics, chemistry, biology, and technologies by underlining the importance of the notional content and knowledge acquired by the students through the educational and research projects carried out in the community. Promoting values and examples of good practice in the community. Inducing love for local traditions,&amp;#160; customs, and their connection with the study of STEM sciences.
Modeling the 4D coupled dynamics of magma propagation, ground deformation, and gravity changes

We illustrate GALES, a finite element C++ code that we developed during last &gt;10 years. GALES solves the time-dependent 3D thermo-fluid dynamics (4D space-time) of non-Newtonian multicomponent flows (magma) and 2-way coupled elastic structure (rocks). GALES accounts from incompressible to compressible flow regimes, and it is therefore suited to simulate from under-saturated magma conditions deep into the crust to the rapidly accelerating conditions along volcanic conduits including transonic flow regimes leading to explosive volcanic eruptions. The code is implemented with a suite of models describing the real properties of multi-component multiphase magmas, which are locally (in space and time) computed. Magma dynamics are fully coupled with rock elasto-dynamics, allowing computation of the transient signals (deformation, gravity) associated with magmatic flows by accounting for rock heterogeneities, free surface and real topography. Geometrical complexities associated with multiple magmatic reservoirs, connecting dykes, volcanic conduits etc. can all be accounted for, in separate or individual simulations. Typical computational time steps of 0.01 s and simulation lengths of order hours allow confident computation of signal frequencies in the range 0.001 &amp;#8211; 10 Hz, which is still under-investigated for magmatic and volcanic systems. The results illustrate several original aspects of magma dynamics and associated signals, such as the association between magma convection and generation of Ultra-Long-Period ground displacement dynamics; the ground deformation patterns associated with complex distributions of overpressure, both negative and positive, reflecting magma transfer across separate reservoirs; the decoupling of gravity and deformation sources associated with buoyancy-driven ascent of magma; the generation of transient explosive events associated with deep arrivals of gas-rich magmas in basaltic open system volcanoes; and many others.
2D mineral prospectivity mapping of hand specimen and outcrop walls using AHS and pXRF data in Bockau

The Goldeneye project combines different sensing technologies with proximal sensing to produce reference calibrated mineralogical maps through data fusion. In order to develop mineral detection applications, rock specimens, taken from an outcrop in Bockau (Erzgebirge, Germany), are analyzed with active hyperspectral scanning (AHS) as well as portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) devices. The received data is analyzed by means of artificial intelligence in order to develop an approach to automatically map the minerals with the samples. The analysis is carried out in advangeo&amp;#174; 2D Prediction, developed by Beak Consultants GmbH. Tin concentrations derived from pXRF measurements and AHS data from 2/3 of the specimen surface serve as training and validation data of the artificial intelligence algorithm (artificial neural networks). As a result, we developed a prediction model for the distribution of tin and its associated mineral cassiterite throughout the rock specimen, which allows to detect the mineral potential of hand specimens and larger outcrops in a fast and reliable manner.The paper has been prepared in the frame of the Horizon 2020 co-funded project GOLDENEYE, which has received funds through the Grant Agreement 869398.
New geological map and 3D section of the Loki crystalline massif and surrounding area (the Caucasus)

The Loki crystalline massif and adjacent territories are exposed in South Georgia within the northern marginal part of the Beiburt-Sevan terrane. It is part of the Loki-Karabakh tectonic zone. The Loki massif is a large anticlinal structure with a pre-Alpine crystalline basement exposed in the core surrounded by a Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary cover. According to the complex study of the massif, it was established that it is composed of autochthonous Upper Devonian gneissose quartz-diorites, allochthonous pre-Late Paleozoic Moshevani and Sapharlo-Lok-Jandari overthrust sheets of metasediments, Precambrian Lower Gorastskali ofiolite sheet and Upper Gorastskali m&amp;#233;lange sheet. All these rocks are cut by Late Paleozoic, Jurassic and Cretaceous intrusions. All sheets, except for ophiolite one, were metamorphosed during the Caledonian orogeny and then were overthrust during Bretonian and Early Cimmerian orogenies. The Loki massif is a part of the northern active continental margin of the Paleotethys oceanic basin, where supra-subduction regional metamorphism and granite formation occurred during Variscan orogeny. During the Late Bretonian orogeny, the obduction of Precambrian ophiolite rocks and the overthrusting of Paleozoic metamorphic sheets onto the continental margin took place. Later they were intruded by granites. Along the entire perimeter, the crystalline basement and granites are transgressively covered by Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. On the basis of detailed studies of terrigenous deposits in the section of the r. Gorastskali gorge on nanoplankton new age data have been obtained. Based on these data, for three lithostratigraphic units &amp;#8211; Moshevani (conglomerates and quartz sandstones), Lokchay (mica sandstones) and Jandari (argillites) suites, the following ages were established: Norian - Rhaetian, Hettangian - Low Pliensbachian and Upper Pliensbachian - Aalenian, respectively. Triassic deposits were discovered in this area for the first time. With the accumulation of new data on the Loki massif and surrounding area, a new corrected digital geological map, lithostratigraphic column and 3D section were compiled.
Relative phase analysis for volcanic tremor detection and source location

The analysis of highly coherent seismic signals produced during tremor episodes has been recently gained interest as a mean to study the structure of volcanic systems, and the underlying physical mechanism producing its activity. Volcanic tremor signals usually appear with a non-impulsive gradual onset and can last for long periods of time, ranging from hours to months, during which individual waves cannot be recognized. The lack of identifiable arrivals during tremor episodes and the long duration of the registered signals, renders ineffective classical methods based on the analysis of the travel times, making difficult the location of its sources.&amp;#160;We present observations showing that during tremor episodes, the relative phase of inter-station cross-correlations is approximately constant, which is directly linked to the stability of the source position and mechanism. We propose a new method to identify the relative phase stability (and therefore, wavefield coherence) in recordings obtained from a seismic network, that can also be applied to recordings from a single pair of stations. Then, we use a new approach based on the relative phase measurements to find the position of the source of a tremor episode in 2015 at the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group. &amp;#160;In general, we show several of the advantages of extracting information from the relative phase as opposed from methods relying on the identification of arrival phases.