Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Practitioners Perspective on Motivators of Agile in Global Software Development

In modern software development world, experts are trying to provide the best solutions to their clients. To achieve this, the organizations opt for the agile software development process as it enables them to develop and deliver the product in-time and as per clients expectations. Consequently, in software engineering industry, the Global Software Development (GSD) is the most widely considering software development paradigm as it offers significant strategic and business gains. Seeking the benefits of GSD, the European software engineering organizations are outsourcing their development activities in developing countries. Considering the criticalities of agile adoption in GSD, this work empirically studies the motivators that could positively influence the execution of agile-based GSD in European software industry. A quantitative survey was conducted and data from 139 practitioners working in agile and GSD based projects was collected. The collected observations were further analyzed using Smart-PLS (3.0). The results show that the identified motivators are important to consider by industry experts to successfully apply the agile practices in GSD context.
A note on incorrect inferences in non-binary qualitative probabilistic networks

Qualitative probabilistic networks (QPNs) combine the conditional independence assumptions of Bayesian networks with the qualitative properties of positive and negative dependence. They formalise various intuitive properties of positive dependence to allow inferences over a large network of variables. However, we will demonstrate in this paper that, due to an incorrect symmetry property, many inferences obtained in non-binary QPNs are not mathematically true. We will provide examples of such incorrect inferences and briefly discuss possible resolutions.
UKP-SQuARE v2: Explainability and Adversarial Attacks for Trustworthy QA

Question Answering (QA) systems are increasingly deployed in applications where they support real-world decisions. However, state-of-the-art models rely on deep neural networks, which are difficult to interpret by humans. Inherently interpretable models or post hoc explainability methods can help users to comprehend how a model arrives at its prediction and, if successful, increase their trust in the system. Furthermore, researchers can leverage these insights to develop new methods that are more accurate and less biased. In this paper, we introduce SQuARE v2, the new version of SQuARE, to provide an explainability infrastructure for comparing models based on methods such as saliency maps and graph-based explanations. While saliency maps are useful to inspect the importance of each input token for the model's prediction, graph-based explanations from external Knowledge Graphs enable the users to verify the reasoning behind the model prediction. In addition, we provide multiple adversarial attacks to compare the robustness of QA models. With these explainability methods and adversarial attacks, we aim to ease the research on trustworthy QA models. SQuARE is available on https://square.ukp-lab.de.
Testing Quantum Programs with Multiple Subroutines

Errors in quantum programs are challenging to track down due to the uncertainty of quantum programs. Testing is, therefore, an indispensable method for assuring the quality of quantum software. Existing testing methods focus only on testing quantum programs with quantum circuits or single subroutines and, therefore, cannot effectively test quantum programs with multi-subroutines. In this paper, we first discuss several critical issues that must be considered when testing multi-subroutine quantum programs and point out the limitations and problems with existing testing methods. We then present a novel framework for testing multi-subroutine quantum programs that allow for both unit and integration testing. Our framework includes two novel test coverage criteria for the equivalent class partition of quantum variables to guide our testing tasks and techniques to test quantum programs with several common patterns. We also discuss how to generate test cases based on our framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of our testing framework, we implemented a tool called QSharpTester for testing Q\# programs with multiple subroutines. We used it to conduct experiments on hundreds of mutation programs deriving from seven original Q\# programs. The experimental results show that our testing methods can deal with broader types of quantum programs than existing ones and perform well on almost all faulty mutation programs.
A novel method for local anomaly detection of time series based on multi entropy fusion

Abstract The fusion entropy of Shannon entropy and permutation distribution entropy (PDE), which denotes dynamic Shannon entropy (DySEn), has been used to identify local abnormal interval signals of time series. Deng entropy, which is an extended entropy of Shannon entropy, has better performance in describing uncertainty. In this paper, dynamic Deng entropy (DyE d ) is proposed by fusing Deng entropy and PDE to identify local anomalies of time series. In order to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method, Deng entropy, DySEn and (DyEd) are used to detect abnormal signals under six different periodic conditions, and the recognition rate η is set to compare the detection effect of three methods. The results show that the recognition rate η of our method is much higher than the other two methods in the experiments that original signal is generated by sin +0.2*Gaussian white noise (GWN), logistic map(a=4)+0.2*GWN, 0.2*GWN, logistic map(a=4)+0.2*GWN respectively and sin(randn), sin(2t) produce abnormal signal. And in the other two anomaly recognition experiments that original signal is sin, sin + +logistic map(a=4)+0.2*GWN and local shuffle, sin(2t) engender abnormal interference, the recognition rate of the new entropy is equal to that of the DySEn method, but the recognition rate η of the new method is always the largest. This indicates that dynamic Deng entropy is an effective method for signal anomaly detection with periodic background.
Daylighting system based on single-axis polar heliostat

The fight against climate change makes it necessary, among other measures, to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. One way of doing this is to improve the levels of natural lighting inside buildings. In this sense, this paper analyses the possible use of heliostats as natural illuminators in an educational space. For this purpose, a classroom in the Leonardo da Vinci building of the Rabanales Campus of the University of Cordoba (Spain) and an illuminator system based on a single-axis polar heliostat have been reproduced at a scale of 1:15. These devices have been exposed to the same solar irradiance conditions and the illuminance levels registered inside both devices have been compared. It was found that there is an increase in daylighting levels in the recreated classroom ranging from 70.40% to 242.58% compared to the situation without heliostat illuminators. Therefore, it can be concluded that heliostats can play a fundamental role to improve the efficiency of buildings and, therefore, in the fight against climate change.
Large-Scale Multimedia Communication on A Cloud Computing Platform

Abstract: This research examines the creation of a multimedia communication platform to expand the size of multimedia communication based on cloud computing (CC). The research focuses on high-quality material, multimedia profit avenues, and copyright awareness. Big data diversion under cloud computing optimizes data grouping and pattern identification. Cloud computing's typical large data shunting technology uses open-source embedded system architecture. The connecting coil ties the shunting system's switch to the cloud computing platform's switch, resulting in data loss and corruption. Using this method, it has been shown that CC cannot reach the ideal resource utilization, SLA violation rate, and energy use. Experiments reveal a divergence from this research. The major goal of media development is now the growth and self-awareness of media. Largescale multimedia communication needs an architecture for cloud computing with dynamic growth, efficient processing, and flexible resource scheduling
Case Study Analysis of Nontraditional Student Experience in Metro Campus MBA and MPA Programs

From an adult education perspective, the researcher discusses access to professional graduate education.An abbreviated literature review accentuates the finding that the existing literature has not addressed whether public universities have provided underrepresented populations with better access to professional graduate education.A case study was conducted to explore both elements that support nontraditional students to pursue an advanced degree at an urban campus and elements that impede their success.In this study, data were generated from interviews, direct observation, and document review.The findings highlight nontraditional student experience in Metro Campus MBA and MPA programs.Demonstrating a holistic understanding of the student experience helps students, faculty, staff, administrators, and policymakers to make more informed decisions on professional graduate education.
The Effects of Principal Support of Teacher Psychological Needs on Teacher Turnover and Organizational Commitment

ObjectiveIt is widely acknowledged that teacher commitment is integral to school effectiveness (Kushman, 1992; Firestone & Pennell, 1993; Ingersoll, 2001).Due to the complex nature of school organizations, it is unreasonable, and even counter-productive, to expect school leaders to elicit teacher commitment through the use of formal control, incentives, and strict monitoring of teacher work.In fact, the literature regarding motivation and commitment has shown that
Randomly Clicking on Experimental Items and Item Parameter Estimation

The present study aims to explore how giving up on experimental items and randomly clicking on them may affect item parameter estimation in IRT models.We examine the extent to which randomly clicking on experimental items may impact the item parameter estimation of 2PL models.Using a simulation study, it was found that increasing the proportion of randomly clicking examinees increased the bias and RMSE for both discrimination and difficulty parameter estimations.In addition, increasing the number of experimental items reduced the bias and RMSE of both the discrimination parameters and difficulty parameters.Finally, parameter recovery for both discrimination and difficulty, in terms of bias and RMSE, was the most robust to random clicking when the population's ability was around 0 or standard deviation was smaller, except that the bias of difficulty was more serious for smaller standard deviations.
Leveraging Digital Technology for Better Learning and Education

Technological integration in learning and education is an inevitable part of the ever-changing technological world.The main purpose of the study is to explore the effective way of integrating digital technology for better learning and education.The study identifies that there are mainly four types of technology integrated learning method like electronic learning, mobile learning, digital learning, and ubiquitous learning.The study reveals that leveraging technology is an essential part of every learning mode in the ever-changing technological world.Incorporating technology in the teaching-learning process can be a way to develop the learners and educators for better learning.Learning models presented in this study have a potential to leverage the related technology for ensuring the input and delivery of learning approach.
Differentiating Early Math Instruction Through Technology: KinderTEK iPad App Improves Students' Math Outcomes

KinderTEK iPad App Improves Students' Math OutcomesThe consistently low level of math performance among U.S. students is an ongoing concern for educators, and the challenges facing students with or at risk for MLD are even more pronounced and disconcerting (McFarland et al., 2018).Studies show that low performing kindergarten students are likely to continue to struggle throughout elementary school (Bodovski
Understanding Education Financing and the Role of Education Savings Accounts

Increasing families are expected to bear the cost of post-secondary education.This study draws on the institutional theory of saving to understand how savings account ownership enables families to save for educational purposes.Multilevel logistic modeling was applied to data from the Global Financial Inclusion survey and World Development Indicators to assess the link between account ownership and the probability of saving for education.Results show that the likelihood of saving for education is higher for individuals with savings accounts compared to those without accounts.Greater access to formal savings services may be a viable strategy to accumulate resources for education.Easy access to formal savings services would help individuals and families prepare financially for future education expenses.
The MakerLab Project: Using Makerspace Pedagogy to Engage Preservice Science Educators in Independent Scientific Inquiry

The proposed paper shares the design of a bold new experimental approach to the preparation of preservice science educators that explores the integration of the makerspace framework and teacher education.Blending formal and informal learning environments, the "MakerLab project" applies a Makerspace conceptual framework to secondary science education preparation by implementing a discovery lab studio called the MakerLab.The MakerLab project offers a three phase learning experience (1.Preparation, 2. Investigation, and 3. Transfer to Teaching) during the junior and senior years of students' B.Ed. Secondary Science Education (SSE) degree program.While the primary focus of this work is sharing the design of the MakerLab project, findings from the first phase of a three phase case-study will also be shared in relation to the following research question: What conditions are necessary for the conceptual framework of Making to be successfully leveraged in a science discovery lab for preservice teachers?
Code-Switching With Code: Exploring Bilingual Latinx High School Students' Making, Coding, and E-Crafting

This paper examines how first-time makers, who are also bilingual, switch between two languages, Spanish and English, as they attempt to create both collaborative and individual multimodal projects, facilitated through bidirectionally responsive design (Richard & Kafai, 2015).Bidirectionally responsive design combines digital media design and coding with physically interactive artifacts created through microcontrollers, such as with electronic textiles, to create simultaneously interactive projects.As a result, learners engage in a wide variety of computing skills.Utilizing microanalysis, we focus on instances of peer interaction without adult assistance during their coding and maker activities.Findings highlight that linguistic strategies are utilized with embodied actions to help facilitate peer learning, collaboration, and cultural solidarity, amongst a group with diverse linguistic needs and uses.
The Relationship Among Distributed Leadership, Teachers' Self-Efficacy, and Teachers' Job Satisfaction

Using TALIS (Teaching and Learning International Survey) 2013 data collected from Korean middle school teachers, this paper explores the relationship among distributed leadership, teachers' self-efficacy, and teachers' job satisfaction.The results from using the structural equation modeling showed that distributed leadership had a positive effect on teachers' job satisfaction.Additionally, distributed leadership had a positive effect on teachers' self-efficacy.Further, teachers' self-efficacy had a positive effect on teachers' job satisfaction.Finally, teachers' self-efficacy conducted a mediating variable between distributed leadership and teachers' job satisfaction.The results from the study suggest that policy for enhancing teachers' self-efficacy is needed as well as active implementation of distributed leadership in school as a way to increase teachers' job satisfaction.
Reading From Paper Compared to Electronic Media: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Given the increasing popularity of reading from screens, it is not surprising that numerous studies have been conducted comparing reading from paper and electronic sources.The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to consolidate the findings on reading performance, reading times and calibration of performance (metacognition) between reading text from paper compared to screens.Methods: A systematic literature search of reports of studies comparing reading from paper and screens was conducted in seven databases.Additional studies were identified by contacting researchers who have published on the topic, by a backwards search of the references of found reports and by a snowball search of reports citing what was initially found.Only studies that were experiments with random assignment and with participants who had fundamental reading skills and disseminated between 2008 and 2018 were included.Twenty-nine reports with 33 identified studies met inclusion criteria experimentally comparing reading performance (k = 33; n = 2,799), reading time (k = 14; n = 1,233) and/or calibration (k = 11; n = 698) from paper and screens.Results: Based on random effects models, reading from screens had a negative effect on reading performance relative to paper (g = À.25).Based on moderator analyses, this may have been limited to expository texts (g = À.32) as there was no difference with narrative texts (g = À.04).The findings were similar when analysing literal and inferential reading performance separately (g = À.33 and g = À.26, respectively).No reliable differences were found for reading time (g = .08).Readers had better calibrated (more accurate) judgement of their performance from paper compared to screens (g = .20).Conclusions: Readers may be more efficient and aware of their performance when reading from paper compared to screens.
Understanding College Students' Multicultural Education Perspectives

This study examines the perceptions of 729 college students about their multicultural educational perspectives.Results indicated that several demographic factors had impact on student multicultural perspectives.For example, female students were different from males on multicultural attitude and beliefs subscale and multicultural knowledge subscale.Younger students (25 years or less) had higher mean scores on multicultural attitude and belief than older students.White students reported statistically lower mean scores on multicultural attitude and belief and their multicultural background than other students (Black, Hispanic or International).Students who had previously taken a course that addressed multicultural issues had higher mean scores on multicultural knowledge scale than those who did not take a course.
Relational Analysis of Educational Belief Systems

We know little about how the American public organizes its beliefs about education.A key emerging insight from the sociology of culture is that the typical ways of studying public opinion data may mask heterogeneity in how people understand and structure their attitudes about areas of public life like education.In this paper, I explore educational belief systems using data from Phi Delta Kappa's annual public opinion survey on education.More specifically, I employ Correlational Class Analysis to identify three subsets of respondents whose members configure their beliefs about testing, integration, and enhanced curriculum in distinct ways.Compared to the full sample, these subsamples display more structure in the associations among their responses among these beliefs.I also examine relationships between attitudes and sociodemographic characteristics within these subgroups.The results demonstrate the value of examining structure within heterogeneous public attitudes about education.
Exploring the Measurement of School Leaders' Collective Efficacy and Collective Trust

Collective efficacy, or capability beliefs to improve student outcomes shared by a group (Bandura, 1997), has been shown to be positively associated with improvements in student achievement (Hattie, 2015).Collective trust, or a belief in a group to act in the best interest towards shared goals (Hoy & Tschannen-Moran, 2003), has been similarly related to student outcomes (Adams & Forsyth, 2013).The purpose of this study was to explore measures of collective efficacy and collective trust.School leaders (n = 34) from southeastern U.S. completed surveys at two time points.Results on a collective trust scale and multiple measures of collective efficacy demonstrated that the Collective Teacher Efficacy Scale -Short had the strongest correlation with the Faculty Trust in Colleagues measure.Accurate measurement of collective efficacy and collective trust in schools, ensures that the communal voice is empowered and challenges relevant to the group, often individually voiced, are identified.
Row–Column Sampling Design Using Auxiliary Ranking Variables

Abstract In this paper, we present a new class of row–column sampling design when a sampling region is presented by non-overlapping quadrats of an rp -by- p row–column grid. Quadrats are rank-ordered on a relevant auxiliary variable, first in the rp rows of the grid and then in the so formed p ranked columns. This ranking enhances the precision of the sampling using ideas from standard rank set sampling methods. The sampling design falls in the traditional sampling framework where the sample selection probabilities are independent of the variables of interest. Selection probabilities are governed by a spatial design and the auxiliary information to facilitate better sampling coverage over the sampling region. The paper constructs unbiased estimators for population mean, total and provides variance estimates for them. It also shows when the new sampling design performs better than its competitors. The new sampling design is applied to a forest and two agricultural field samples to estimate the population means. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
Quantum Error Mitigation by Pauli Check Sandwiching

Abstract We describe and analyze an error mitigation technique that uses multiple pairs of parity checks to detect the presence of errors. Each pair of checks uses one ancilla qubit to detect a component of the error operator and represents one layer of the technique. We build on the results on extended flag gadgets and put it on a firm theoretical foundation. We prove that this technique can recover the noiseless state under the assumption of noise not affecting the checks. The method does not incur any encoding overhead and instead chooses the checks based on the input circuit. We provide an algorithm for obtaining such checks for an arbitrary target circuit. Since the method applies to any circuit and input state, it can be easily combined with other error mitigation techniques. We evaluate the performance of the proposed methods using extensive numerical simulations on 1,850 random input circuits composed of Clifford gates and non-Clifford single-qubit rotations, a class of circuits encompassing most commonly considered variational algorithm circuits. We observe average improvements in fidelity of 34 percentage points with six layers of checks.