Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
EasyGaze: Hybrid eye tracking approach for handheld mobile devices

Eye-tracking technology for mobile devices has made significant progress. However, owing to limited computing capacity and the complexity of context, the conventional image feature-based technology cannot extract features accurately, thus affecting the performance. This study proposes a novel approach by combining appearance- and feature-based eye-tracking methods. Face and eye region detections were conducted to obtain features that were used as inputs to the appearance model to detect the feature points. The feature points were used to generate feature vectors, such as corner center-pupil center, by which the gaze fixation coordinates were calculated. To obtain feature vectors with the best performance, we compared different vectors under different image resolution and illumination conditions, and the results indicated that the average gaze fixation accuracy was achieved at a visual angle of 1.93° when the image resolution was 96 × 48 pixels, with light sources illuminating from the front of the eye. Compared with the current methods, our method improved the accuracy of gaze fixation and it was more usable.
High-reflectivity surface measurement in structured-light technique by using a transparent screen

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has been widely applied to measure objects, but for measurement of the high-reflectivity surfaces is still a tricky problem. In this paper, a new high-dynamic-range (HDR) technique by using a transparent screen as an optical mask for the camera is proposed. Specially, a transparent screen is placed in front of the camera, and each camera pixel’s intensity can be precisely controlled by adjusting its corresponding screen pixel’s intensity. Experiments has verified the effectiveness of our method: the dynamic range of the 4-step phase-shift method is increased from 48.13 dB to 71.83 dB, and a fewer number of projection patterns compared with the other techniques. The significance of this study is that our method can be easily combined with the other HDR technologies to obtain a greater dynamic range for the structured light technique.
FastMIE: Faster medical image encryption without compromising security

In the Internet age, medical image security is very important in the field of e-healthcare. Several encryption algorithms have been developed, but they either do not achieve high security or they are computationally overhead for medical images, and thus may not be suitable for e-healthcare applications. In this paper, we develop a medical image encryption algorithm, namely FastMIE, that can provide security at low computational time. To achieve high security, we encrypt the segmented part of the image by using a key generated by redundant-discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and randomized-singular value decomposition (RSVD) and scrambled segmented image. To reduce the computational cost, we encrypt only the significant part of the original-image instead of considering the whole image. Compared with the existing works, our FastMIE takes much less time in encrypting and has a greater ability of securing the image.
DCT-FANet: DCT based frequency attention network for single image super-resolution

In single-image super-resolution (SISR) task, it is challenging to recover high-frequency details from a low-resolution (LR) image due to its ill-posed problem. Most existing CNN-based super-resolution (SR) methods pursue an end-to-end solution from the low-resolution image to the high-resolution image through deeper or wider networks. However, these methods treat high-frequency information and low-frequency information equally which hinder the recovery of high-frequency details and result in low visual comfort. In this paper, we propose a DCT based frequency attention network (DCT-FANet) to distinguish different frequency of LR images, and enhance the high-frequency information adaptively. Specially, a DCT spatial cube extraction (DCT-SCE) module is proposed to decompose LR images into multiple frequency subbands. Different from other DCT based SISR methods that use DCT coefficients as subbands, our module considers the feature difference between spatial domain and frequency domain, and remains spatial structure information of each DCT subband. Then, based on the characteristics of DCT subbands, we design a Gaussian based frequency selection (GFS) module to give more attention to the high-frequency information. To promote communication between each frequency subband, an adaptive non-local dual attention (ANDA) module is developed, leading to a further enhancement of high-frequency information and improvement of the final performance. Experimental results demonstrates that our DCT-FANet recovers more high-frequency details, and achieves excellent performance with fewer parameters.
E2E-VSDL: End-to-end video surveillance-based deep learning model to detect and prevent criminal activities

Crime detection and their prediction is a fundamental process to reduce criminal activities before they actually happen. Moreover, the detection method is vital since can it potentially can save the victim's life, avoid all-time strain, and harm to the public/private property. In addition, it can be useful in predicting the possible terrorist activities. Crime detection using deep learning models is an attention-grabbing research area. Detecting and reducing the criminal activities is imperative to develop a peaceful society. Video surveillance automates the hazardous situations and enables a law enforcement system to take effective steps towards public safety. In this paper, an end-to-end deep learning model is proposed which is based on Bi-directional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) and Convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect and prevent criminal activities. The CNN extracts the spatial features from video frames whereas temporal and local motion features are extracted by the BiGRU from multiple frames CNN extracted features. The focused bag is created to select those video frames which indicate certain actions. Moreover, ranked-based loss is used to effectively detect and classify the suspicious activities. For classification of activities, various machine learning classifiers are used. The proposed deep learning video surveillance technique is able to track human trails and detect criminal events. The CAVIAR dataset is used to examine the proposed technique for video surveillance-based crime detection with a performance accuracy of almost 98.86%. The alerts received from the proposed technique can also be examined, demonstrates that the practiced video surveillance cameras systems can effectively detect unusual and criminal activities. In addition, the proposed technique showed considerable performance accuracy and outscored the related state-of-the-art (SOTA)DL models including CNN-LSTM, CNN, HMM, and DBN and achieved 21.88% absolute improvement in crime detection accuracy.
Image Steganalysis with Convolutional Vision Transformer

Recent research has shown that deep learning based methods offer more accurate detection for image steganalysis than the traditional detection paradigm based on rich media models. Existing network architectures based on deep learning, however, stack more and more convolutional layers to increase local receptive fields for image stegananlysis. Limited by hardware, the detector with several convolutional layers may not extract features of steganography images from a global perspective effectively. In this paper, we propose a Convolutional Vision Transformer for image stegananlysis, which can capture both local and global dependencies among noise features. In image processing phase, our network preserves CNN frame for its capacity of producing image noise residuals. Different from previous methods, we utilize the attention mechanism of vision transformer for feature extraction and classification. The proposed network is validated on two public image datasets (BOSSbase 1.01 and ALASKA #2). Experimental results demonstrate that our network performs well over fixed-size dataset and arbitrary-size dataset.
A Comparative Analysis of Container Orchestration Tools in Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is an emerging technology that is used not only by developers but also by end-users. It has vital importance in the Information Technology (IT) industries as its future would create a great transition from conventional IT services. These days, containerization in cloud computing has become an important research area. The selection of container orchestration tools is one of the difficult tasks for the organizations involved in the management of the vast number of containers. These tools have their strengths, weaknesses, and functionalities which need to be considered. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the container orchestration tools. This analysis would help the professionals to decide whether they need an orchestrator bound to a single technology or an orchestrator which provides the independent solution. In this paper, four popular orchestration tools viz., Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, Mesos, and Redhat OpenShift are analyzed on various parameters viz., security, deployment, stability, scalability, cluster installation, and learning curve. We observed that Kubernetes has the best scheduling features whereas Docker Swarm is easy to use. We also found that Mesos has good scalability whereas OpenShift is a highly secure orchestration tool.
Gradient Variance Loss for Structure-Enhanced Image Super-Resolution

Recent success in the field of single image super-resolution (SISR) is achieved by optimizing deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the image space with the L1 or L2 loss. However, when trained with these loss functions, models usually fail to recover sharp edges present in the high-resolution (HR) images for the reason that the model tends to give a statistical average of potential HR solutions. During our research, we observe that gradient maps of images generated by the models trained with the L1 or L2 loss have significantly lower variance than the gradient maps of the original high-resolution images. In this work, we propose to alleviate the above issue by introducing a structure-enhancing loss function, coined Gradient Variance (GV) loss, and generate textures with perceptual-pleasant details. Specifically, during the training of the model, we extract patches from the gradient maps of the target and generated output, calculate the variance of each patch and form variance maps for these two images. Further, we minimize the distance between the computed variance maps to enforce the model to produce high variance gradient maps that will lead to the generation of high-resolution images with sharper edges. Experimental results show that the GV loss can significantly improve both Structure Similarity (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance of existing image super-resolution (SR) deep learning models.
The Problem of Monitoring Activities of Older People in Multi-Resident Scenarios: An Innovative and Non-Invasive Measurement System Based on Wearables and PIR Sensors

This paper presents an innovative multi-resident activity detection sensor network that uses the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) signal emitted by tags worn by residents and passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors deployed in the house to locate residents and monitor their activities. This measurement system solves the problem of monitoring older people and measuring their activities in multi-resident scenarios. Metrics are defined to analyze and interpret the collected data to understand daily habits and measure the activity level (AL) of older people. The accuracy of the system in detecting movements and discriminating residents is measured. As the sensor-to-person distance increases, the system decreases its ability to detect small movements, while still being able to detect large ones. The accuracy in discriminating the identity of residents can be improved by up to 96% using the Decision Tree (DT) classifier. The effectiveness of the measurement system is demonstrated in a real multi-resident scenario where two older people are monitored during their daily life. The collected data are processed, obtaining the AL and habits of the older people to assess their behavior.
Privacy-preserving federated neural network learning for disease-associated cell classification

Training accurate and robust machine learning models requires a large amount of data that is usually scattered across data silos. Sharing or centralizing the data of different healthcare institutions is, however, unfeasible or prohibitively difficult due to privacy regulations. In this work, we address this problem by using a privacy-preserving federated learning-based approach, PriCell, for complex models such as convolutional neural networks. PriCell relies on multiparty homomorphic encryption and enables the collaborative training of encrypted neural networks with multiple healthcare institutions. We preserve the confidentiality of each institutions' input data, of any intermediate values, and of the trained model parameters. We efficiently replicate the training of a published state-of-the-art convolutional neural network architecture in a decentralized and privacy-preserving manner. Our solution achieves an accuracy comparable with the one obtained with the centralized non-secure solution. PriCell guarantees patient privacy and ensures data utility for efficient multi-center studies involving complex healthcare data.
Common feature learning for brain tumor MRI synthesis by context-aware generative adversarial network

Multi-modal structural Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) provides complementary information and has been used widely for diagnosis and treatment planning of gliomas. While machine learning is popularly adopted to process and analyze MRI images, most existing tools are based on complete sets of multi-modality images that are costly and sometimes impossible to acquire in real clinical scenarios. In this work, we address the challenge of multi-modality glioma MRI synthesis often with incomplete MRI modalities. We propose 3D Common-feature learning-based Context-aware Generative Adversarial Network (CoCa-GAN) for this purpose. In particular, our proposed CoCa-GAN method adopts the encoder-decoder architecture to map the input modalities into a common feature space by the encoder, from which (1) the missing target modality(-ies) can be synthesized by the decoder, and also (2) the jointly conducted segmentation of the gliomas can help the synthesis task to better focus on the tumor regions. The synthesis and segmentation tasks share the same common feature space, while multi-task learning boosts both their performances. In particular, for the encoder to derive the common feature space, we propose and validate two different models, i.e., (1) early-fusion CoCa-GAN (eCoCa-GAN) and (2) intermediate-fusion CoCa-GAN (iCoCa-GAN). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed iCoCa-GAN outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in synthesis of missing image modalities. Moreover, our method is flexible to handle the arbitrary combination of input/output image modalities, which makes it feasible to process brain tumor MRI data in real clinical circumstances.
Underwater image enhancement via two-level wavelet decomposition maximum brightness color restoration and edge refinement histogram stretching

Underwater images suffer color distortions and low contrast. This is because the light is absorbed and scattered when it travels through water. Different underwater scenes result in different color deviations and levels of detail loss in underwater images. To address these issues of color distortion and low contrast, an underwater image enhancement method that includes two-level wavelet decomposition maximum brightness color restoration, and edge refinement histogram stretching is proposed. First, according to the Jaffe-McGlamery underwater optical imaging model, the proportions of the maximum bright channel were obtained to correct the color of underwater images. Then, edge refinement histogram stretching was designed, and edge refinement and denoising processing were performed while stretching the histogram to enhance contrast and noise removal. Finally, wavelet two-level decomposition of the color-corrected and contrast-stretched underwater images was performed, and the decomposed components in equal proportions were fused. The proposed method can restore the color and detail and enhance the contrast of the underwater image. Extensive experiments demonstrated that the proposed method achieves superior performance against state-of-the-art methods in visual quality and quantitative metrics.
COVID-19 Mobile Health Apps: An Overview of Mobile Applications in Indonesia

Background Mobile health applications (mHealth apps) have been widely used for various purposes for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic, such as self-assessment, contact tracing, disseminating information, minimizing exposure, and reducing face-to-face health consultation. The objective of this study is to systematically review COVID-19 related mHealth apps and highlight gaps to inform the development of future mHealth initiatives in Indonesia. Methods A systematic search strategy using a PRISMA flowchart was used to identify mHealth apps available in Google Play and Apple Play stores. We searched mHealth apps using certain specific terms related to COVID-19 outbreaks. The inclusion criteria were apps-based smartphone users related to COVID-19 using local language, free of cost, available in the Google Play and Apple Play Stores, and supported by the Indonesian government. We excluded games, apps on infectious diseases unrelated to COVID-19 specifically, and apps with non-Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian language). The selected mHealth apps were assessed based on two measures: (1) the WHO guidelines on digital health intervention and (2) the four dimensions of the mHealth technology fit framework. In addition, user feedback from experienced and non-experienced users was conducted to evaluate four dimensions of the apps. Results A total of 339 mHealth apps were generated from the initial search, remaining seven selected apps that met inclusion criteria. The results highlighted that mHealth apps reviewed had still not been widely used by the general public. The applications were purposed to disseminate information, conduct a self-risk assessment, provide an online community forum, and telemedicine or teleconsultation regarding COVID-19. Data services, including data storage, aggregation, and data exchange, are available in most apps. The rarest function found was contact tracing and assisting health management and health workers, such as the availability of testing facilities, reporting test results, and prescribing medication. The main issues reported were the lack of data security and data privacy protection, integration and infrastructures, usability, and usefulness. Conclusion Our study highlighted the necessity to improve mHealth apps' functions related to assisting health workers and the function of digital contact tracing. An effort to increase public awareness regarding the use of mHealth is also necessary to streamline the function of this innovation. Policymakers must consider usefulness, usability, integration, and infrastructure issues to improve their mHealth function.
Operationalizing “One Health” as “One Digital Health” Through a Global Framework That Emphasizes Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits From the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Related Digital Technologies

The operationalization of One Health (OH) through digitalization is a means to deploy digital technologies (including Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data and related digital technologies) to better capacitate us to deal with growing climate exigency and related threats to human, animal and plant health. With reference to the concept of One Digital Health (ODH), this paper considers how digital capabilities can help to overcome 'operational brakes' in OH through new and deeper insights, better predictions, and more targeted or precise preventive strategies and public health countermeasures. However, the data landscape is fragmented and access to certain types of data is increasingly restrictive as individuals, communities and countries seek to assert greater control over data taken from them. This paper proposes for a dedicated global ODH framework-centered on fairness and equity-to be established to promote data-sharing across all the key knowledge domains of OH and to devise data-driven solutions to challenges in the human-animal-ecosystems interface. It first considers the data landscape in relation to: (1) Human and population health; (2) Pathogens; (3) Animal and plant health; and (4) Ecosystems and biodiversity. The complexification from the application of advance genetic sequencing technology is then considered, with focus on current debates over whether certain types of data like digital (genetic) sequencing information (DSI) should remain openly and freely accessible. The proposed ODH framework must augment the existing access and benefit sharing (ABS) framework currently prescribed under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in at least three different ways. First, the ODH framework should apply to all genetic resources and data, including DSI, whether from humans or non-humans. Second, the FAIRER principles should be implemented, with focus on fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Third, the ODH framework should adopt multilateral approaches to data sharing (such as through federated data systems) and to ABS. By operationalizing OH as ODH, we are more likely to be able to protect and restore natural habitats, secure the health and well-being of all living things, and thereby realize the goals set out in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the CBD.
An efficient rotational direction heap-based optimization with orthogonal structure for medical diagnosis

The heap-based optimizer (HBO) is an optimization method proposed in recent years that may face local stagnation problems and show slow convergence speed due to the lack of detailed analysis of optimal solutions and a comprehensive search. Therefore, to mitigate these drawbacks and strengthen the performance of the algorithm in the field of medical diagnosis, a new MGOHBO method is proposed by introducing the modified Rosenbrock's rotational direction method (MRM), an operator from the grey wolf optimizer (GWM), and an orthogonal learning strategy (OL). The MGOHBO is compared with eleven famous and improved optimizers on IEEE CEC 2017. The results on benchmark functions indicate that the boosted MGOHBO has several significant advantages in terms of convergence accuracy and speed of the process. Additionally, this article analyzed the diversity and balance of MGOHBO in detail. Finally, the proposed MGOHBO algorithm is utilized to optimize the kernel extreme learning machines (KELM), and a new MGOHBO-KELM is proposed. To validate the performance of MGOHBO-KELM, seven disease diagnostic questions were introduced for testing in this work. In contrast to advanced models such as HBO-KELM and BP, it can be concluded that the MGOHBO-KELM model can achieve optimal results, which also proves that it has practical significance in solving medical diagnosis problems.