Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Probability, Surprisal, and Information

Performance tests and diagnostic scales are essential to modern societies and to the people that provide the data. Although statistical models for testing data have been researched for decades, it remains nearly universal that test and scale scores are counts of numbers of correct answers or sums of weights assigned a priori to question choice options. For several reasons, these sum scores are inefficient and misleading. Several modifications of psychometric testing theory are proposed that demonstrate large improvements in the quality of test scores and also reveal many details on the performance of test questions. Test taker performance is defined as a position on a one-dimensional manifold. Transforming probability into surprisal or information imbues these manifold positions with a rigorous metric whose unit is a generalisation of the bit. The estimation algorithm permits the analysis of data from thousands of test takers in a few minutes on consumer level computing equipment using an easy-to-use programme, TestGardener, that will be introduced in this paper.
Analysis of Contingency Table by Two-Mode Two-Way Multidimensional Scaling with Bayesian Estimation

Visualisation methods for contingency tables, such as correspondence analysis and dual scaling, are widely used in many research fields. These methods are particularly useful for analysing data on human behaviour, which often involves many qualitative variables. One method for visualising contingency tables is based on a log-linear model and multidimensional scaling. The advantage of this method is that the distances between categories of row and column variables are directly modelled. However, the distances between categories in same variables are not modelled. In this paper, we propose a visualisation method for contingency tables based on a log-linear model and multidimensional scaling with Bayesian estimation. Using Bayesian estimation, prior knowledge of the distance between categories in the same variable is incorporated. Moreover, if the distance between categories for the same variable is treated as missing, we can impute the missing value in the Bayesian estimation framework. To investigate the performance of the proposed method, we conducted a numerical experiment. Results indicated that the proposed method had the best recovery of distances. In addition, we applied the proposed method to real data and obtained reasonable coordinate vectors.
What’s in a Name? Correspondence Analysis . . . Dual Scaling . . . Quantification Method III . . . Homogeneity Analysis . . .

This is an essay about nomenclature in statistics, in particular around the theme of dual scaling, a term invented by Shisuhiko Nishisato. The “branding” of statistical methods is examined, as well as the way equivalent terms compete for the attention of “consumers”, with some being adopted more easily and becoming more popular. While some terms are invented with no clear substantive meaning per se, others do convey meaning and are useful for statistical practice and clarity of exposition.
Low Lexical Frequencies in Textual Data Analysis

The description of lexical tables (cross-tabulating vocabulary and texts) is commonly performed through correspondence analysis (CA) and is often supplemented by clustering and/or additive trees. In many cases, however, a distance matrix, based more simply on the presence or absence of words in texts (and closely related to the $$\phi $$ coefficient of Pearson-Yule) can provide more meaningful visualisations. That matrix, easily derived from the correlation matrix of binary variables (presence-absence) is involved in the popular principal components analysis (PCA). After a review of the problems entailed in textual data analysis and information retrieval when dealing with low frequencies (and high discrepancies of frequencies), we show how the use of binary coding of lexical tables enriches and supplements other descriptive approaches.
Old and New Perspectives on Optimal Scaling

Processing in machine learning qualitative variables having a very large number of modalities is an opportunity to revisit the theory of optimal scaling and its applications. This revisitation starts with the pioneers of scaling in statistics, psychometrics and psychology before moving on to more contemporary treatments of scaling that fall within the realm of machine learning and neural networks.
History of Homogeneity Analysis Based on Co-Citations

This contribution is a slightly edited text of a 14-page section of my non-digital Ph.D. thesis at Leiden University; see van Rijckevorsel (1987, pp. 41–55). The text has been digitised and has undergone minimal changes. It describes the analysis of co-citations in early papers on correspondence analysis (CA) also known as dual scaling. The prehistory of this technique roughly spans the period between 1930 and 1970. The citations are collected in a symmetric matrix of co-citations of articles by authors known at the time in the field of CA, even if it was not called that. The cells of the co-citation matrix contain the number of citations two authors have in common. The resulting list of authors from 1987 largely corresponds to the list that Shizuhiko Nishisato mentions in his 2021 retrospective; see Nishisato et al. (2021, p. 9). This convergence of selection and the objective nature of co-citations lend credence to the resulting conclusions.
Encouragment of artistic creativity of students in the zone of proximal developments

The goal of the study is to experimentally examine the possibility of encouraging artistic creativity in the zone of proximal development. Cooperation with the more competent person enables the pupils to solve more complex tasks more successfully than they would independently, thereby practicing those functions. This progress was monitored before and after the assignment of visual, verbal, and auditory levels of assistance during the solving of art tasks. The instrument used is an adapted version of the LV1 test. The participants were pupils in the sixth grade of elementary school in Trebinje. The results of the research indicated that the pupil showed improvement in all tasks and it was much easier to do the testing after the experimental program which was designed to monitor the zone of proximal development. These results are considered in the context of Vygotsky's theory. The paper discusses the theoretical and practical implications and possibilities of encouraging artistic creativity in the zone of proximal development.
Applications of autonomous spacecraft health management

The chapter systematically describes and analyzes the developments in spacecraft health management systems over time, from a single fault diagnosis tool to an integrated spacecraft health management system that integrates hardware, software, fault prediction, fault diagnosis, and fault repair features.
A Dynamic Model of Personal Adaptive Potential in the Conditions of Media Ecosystem

Relevance . The modern stage of information and communication technology development is attracting more and more researchers’ attention to the problem of risk causing factors that arise during the process of digitalization and mediatization. The category of adaptive potential that is used in various fields of socio-humanitarian knowledge appears to be an adequate conceptual instrument for media ecosystem risk problematization. However, in the framework of humanitarian and scientific digitalization discourse this concept is underdeveloped, and this fact determines the relevance of the theoretical construction(model) of personal adaptive potential in the conditions of media ecosystem, as well as the promising directions of its application. The purpose of the article is theoretical substantiation and construction of a dynamic model of an individual's adaptive potential to the risks of the media ecosystem. Objectives : to reveal the theoretical and methodological foundations of personal adaptive potential conceptualization in the conditions of media ecosystem; to specify the contents of adaptive potential levels; to describe adaptive potential dynamic interrelations with the corresponding parameters of the media ecosystem. Methodology. In the article sociological theories that focus on the socio-constructionist nature of modern technologies (actor-network theory, social construction of technology theory) are applied; as well as a number of basic general scientific methods (inductive and deductive methods, structural and functional approach). Special attention is paid to the methods of analogy and modeling, which made it possible to create a dynamic model of the adaptive potential of the individual in the media ecosystem and to lay the foundations for further operationalization of this category. Results . Basing on the results of the theoretical sources study, the author has constructed a dynamic model of personal adaptive potential. The article describes the value, dispositional and practical levels of adaptive potential, as well as their relationship with the corresponding parameters of the media ecosystem (institutional norms and habituses, patterns, affordances). Conclusions . The dynamic model constructed can be used as a methodological basis for theoretical and applied research. A promising direction is further operationalization and empirical verification of the model presented, as well as explication of adaptive potential structural elements.
Stories of Inquiry: From Question to Creation: Fueling Inquiry through Makerspaces

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SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF APPLIED SKILLS OF INDIVIDUAL AND RESEARCH WORKS OF STUDENTS

The program of practical activities of the course “Methods of teaching biology” is diverse. In accordance with the requirements of the “Sectoral Qualifications Framework” (SQF) and on their basis, the goals and results of the Vocational Education Program in Biology established at ShSU were determined. They relate to the acquisition by the student of both professional knowledge and the acquisition of various skills and abilities. According to the requirements of the Standard, in addition to determining the program content of courses, an important issue is the correct choice of methods and forms of assessment. Some labs and seminars have educational/formative goals to help the student progress. For these, the current non-point grades are applied and do not affect the final grade. Edited, revised versions of these papers are already rated on a one scale as the end result of the student’s applied skills. Regardless of the educational activities and teaching methods, the best tool for an objective and reliable assessment of the level of work and achievements of the student are evaluation scales. In this paper, we will present two sample rating scales for assessing the outcomes of applied skills and research work.
MODERN NUMERICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF STATISTICAL DATA IN THE SCHOOL COURSE

Mathematical modelling of practical statistical problems is a current topic in the school course, related to the development of various approaches and methods of modern solutions to many practical problems. The purpose of mathematical statistics is the development of methods of statistical observation and the collection and analysis of statistical data. The given article shows several numerical methods for studying mathematical statistics in the school course: measurements of central tendency, measurements of position, measurements of dispersion. Measures of central tendency indicate the “center” of the data along a number line and are usually reported as values representing the data. There are three common measures of central tendency: the arithmetic mean, the median, and the mode. Position metrics represent the three most basic positions in a list of numeric data, ordered from smallest to largest: start, end, and middle. In addition to these, the most common measures of position, quartiles and percentages, are also presented. Measures of dispersion show the degree to which the data are spread out. Among the measures of dispersion of the statistic, the rank, interquartile range, and standard deviation are presented. The practice of solving statistical problems serves to develop the skills of using probabilistic statistical concepts and methods at school, so the work presents the brief content of each method, calculation formulas, and examples.
SAMPLE SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE FINAL RESULTS OF THE STUDENT’S PRACTICAL WORK

The article analyzes the role of rating scales in the objective assessment of training and results. Grading on scales in the training process is a guarantee in the sense of providing a constructive, mutually trusting working environment. It is especially effective when the work evaluation criteria and requirements are provided to the learner together with the proposal, and the learner himself participates in creating the scale. Methodical instructions for creating scales and requirements for a positive rating scale are given. Two evaluation scales with alternative approaches are also proposed for evaluating the final results of the student’s presentation of independent work and theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the practical classes of the courses “Methodology of Teaching Biology” and “Methodology of Solving Tasks”. When creating an evaluation scale, based on the features of the subject, first of all, it is necessary to select criteria that characterize the final results of the student’s activity. Then it is important to determine the requirements for different levels of scores based on the 146 principle of progressive complexity. Requirements must be measurable, realistic in terms of time, complexity and provision of knowledge, skills and abilities. The proposed scales are suitable as a model for objective assessment of similar final results of practical training in each professional course
29th NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN A COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL – 2023”: CONFERENCE REVIEW

This year, the scientific conference "Natural Science Education in a Comprehensive School - 2023" was held in its usual format. It is worth mentioning that during the Covid-19 pandemic, three conferences were held remotely, in 2020, 2021 and 2022. This two-day conference focused on science and technology education, which is a recent priority in society. There is a need to improve the teaching of science subjects and technology at all levels of general education. Particular attention should be paid to early science education. Ensuring adequate science and technology education means providing children with an education that teaches them to reason, think logically, explore, be creative and active. The plenary session of the conference was international and very interesting. A total of four keynote speeches were presented during this session. It is clear that the Plenary "bridged" different continents - Africa, Latin America, Europe. Professor Andris Broks discussed systemic issues in science and technology education, with a particular focus on the major challenges and changes of the present. Speakers from South Africa and Brazil shared their experiences in organising research activities for future teachers. Experiences from both countries in the training of science teachers were explored. The plenary also discussed developments in science education in the updated General Curricula in Lithuania. Informal discussions at the conference focused on educational experiences during the pandemic. All participants acknowledged that education in a pandemic is significantly more difficult. This is especially true for various non-formal education activities, or activities that take place outside the regular classroom (e.g. various project activities, research activities, etc.). Participants, especially those who are more or less regular attendees, stressed the importance of a "live" meeting. After all, informal communication has the main purpose of enabling a person to understand and be understood. This cannot be achieved in an online (remote) conference. It was hoped that the work of the conference would continue. Most conference reports were presented in the form of articles and published in the conference proceedings. One can find full texts in the database at: https://oaji.net/journal-archive-stats.html?number=1984&amp;year=2023&amp;issue=20002 Keywords: national conference, practical work, science education, science teachers, science pedagogy
ADVANCED TOOLS FOR EDUCATION: CHATGPT-BASED LEARNING PREPARATIONS

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly permeating our daily lives, and the field of education is no exception. Technology already plays a significant role in education, and AI is rapidly advancing. Chatbots, for instance, have been used as a valuable tool in schools for decades. With the emergence of tools like ChatGPT, their usage has expanded even further. The presence of such tools can be highly beneficial for teachers in the educational setting. The study focused on the fact that ChatGPT can serve as an excellent support for teachers in lesson planning. The usefulness of the tool and the challenges that teachers may encounter when using it to create lesson plans were explored. The results of the study, based on the analysis of 58 lesson plans created using ChatGPT, revealed certain limitations. Therefore, it is crucial to empower teachers to make prudent use of this tool. Keywords: artificial intelligence, chatbots in education, learning preparation, technology and engineering, STEM, natural science
VLCP: A High-Performance FPGA-based CNN Accelerator with Vector-level Cluster Pruning

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in computer vision, natural language processing, and other application scenarios. But deploying CNNs at the edge is challenging due to their large number of parameters. Pruning is a solution that can effectively reduce the number of parameters and off-chip memory accesses. However, high sparsity unstructured pruning is not hardware-friendly, while structured pruning has low compression efficiency. As a result, vector-level pruning, with a coarser granularity, is a promising alternative that balances pruning performance and hardware-friendliness. In this paper, a hardware-oriented vector-level pruning strategy is proposed based on the CNN vector distribution properties. By expanding the dynamic range of vector groups, more important weights can be preserved without sacrificing accuracy. When applied to the VGG-16 and ResNet-18 models on the ImageNet dataset, the proposed strategy achieved 10.93 × and 10.17 × compression ratios in convolutional layers with a 66% reduction in computation and an acceptable drop in top-1 accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed pruning scheme achieves a remarkable performance of 188 FPS on the VCU118 evaluation board, demonstrating its compatibility with hardware. Compared to the state-of-the-art, the proposed strategy reaches 69% performance improvement and up to 2.8 × higher LUT efficiency.
Solving the N-Queens Puzzle by a QUBO Model with Quadratic Size

A quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) model is defined by an objective function that consists of a quadratic formula involving multiple binary variables. The goal of the QUBO problem is to find an optimal assignment of values to the variables that minimizes the objective function. One of the most well-known problems that can be reduced to a QUBO problem is the N-Queens problem. The N-Queens problem seeks to find a configuration of n queens on an $n\times n$ chessboard such that no two queens can attack each other. It is widely recognized that a conventional technique can be used to design a QUBO model with an $n\times n$ matrix of binary variables representing the chessboard, where a queen is placed in a particular position if and only if the corresponding binary variable is set to 1. This technique involves incorporating terms in the objective function to ensure that the sum of each row and column is 1, and the sum of each diagonal and anti-diagonal is either 0 or 1. The resulting reduced QUBO model contains $\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}n^{3}-2n^{2}+\frac{1}{3}n$ quadratic terms. Due to the simplicity and straightforwardness of designing such a QUBO model, there are numerous resources available that explain this model as an easy example of QUBO models. However, to the best of our knowledge, no fundamentally different approach to designing a QUBO model for the N-Queens problem has been discovered. The prevailing view within the community is that this approach is the only method for designing a QUBO model for the N-Queens problem, and no superior alternative has been found. In this paper, we will present a counterintuitive result that demonstrates a more efficient QUBO model for the N-Queens problem, requiring fewer quadratic terms. Surprisingly, this alternative model involves only $12n^{2}-24n+12$ quadratic terms, which is smaller than the conventional QUBO model whenever n is greater than or equal to 7. This discovery marks a significant breakthrough in the theoretical challenge of minimizing a QUBO model for solving the N-Queens problem.
A New Approach to Disabling SSL/TLS: Man-in-the-Middle Attacks are still Effective

Captive Portals have been implemented with the widespread adoption of public Wi-Fi to ensure appropriate network usage and protect it from malicious users. A Captive Portal is a mechanism that restricts or limits external communication until tasks such as user authentication or registration are completed when a device connects to the network. Under certain acceptable conditions, this paper proposes a new Manin-the-Middle (MitM) attack that exploits this Captive Portal to circumvent SSL/TLS communication, enabling eavesdropping and tampering with communication content. While many existing studies have discussed methods of eavesdropping and tampering with communications using Captive Portal as a starting point, the technique proposed in this paper is novel as it focuses on the screen transition behavior after authentication within the Captive Portal to initiate the MitM attack. Furthermore, our proposed method does not require specific constraints on the victim’s device or its operating system, putting virtually all devices using public Wi-Fi at risk. Additionally, an attacker can carry out the attack using only the tool developed in this study and an Access Point equipped with Captive Portal functionality, making implementation straightforward. To demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of this attack method, we conducted evaluation experiments on various HTTPS-enabled websites in live operation. As a result, we confirmed that the attack proposed in this paper can successfully circumvent SSL/TLS communication without detection by the victim, enabling eavesdropping and tampering with communication content.