Virtual Reality and ADHD: Clinical Assessment and Treatment in the Metaverse

Free AccessVirtual Reality and ADHD: Clinical Assessment and Treatment in the MetaverseJulie B. Schweitzer and Albert "Skip" RizzoJulie B. SchweitzerProfessor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.Director of the Attention, Impulsivity, and Regulation Program at the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.Director of the Attention, Impulsivity, and Regulation Program at the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.Director of Medical Virtual Reality at Institute for Creative Technologies and Research Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California. Send correspondence to Julie B. Schweitzer, Ph.D. at [email protected]. and Albert "Skip" RizzoDirector of Medical Virtual Reality at Institute for Creative Technologies and Research Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California. Send correspondence to Julie B. Schweitzer, Ph.D. at [email protected].Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.Director of the Attention, Impulsivity, and Regulation Program at the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.Director of Medical Virtual Reality at Institute for Creative Technologies and Research Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California. Send correspondence to Julie B. Schweitzer, Ph.D. at [email protected].Published Online:May 2022https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2022.30.3.1PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutReferencesAdams R., , Finn P., , Moes E., , Flannery K., , & Rizzo A. (2009). Distractibility in attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The virtual reality classroom. Child Neuropsychol, 15(2), 120–135. Crossref, Google ScholarAmerican_Psychiatric_Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statisical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition: American Psychiatric Association. Crossref, Google ScholarAster H-C, , Romanos M., , Walitza S., , Gerlach M., , Mühlberger A., , Rizzo A., , Hasenauer N., , Hartrampf P.E., , Nerlich K., , Reiners C., , Lorenz R., , Buck A.K., & Deserno L. (2022, in press). Responsivity of the striatal dopamine system to methylphenidate—a within-subject I-123-ß-CIT-SPECT study in male children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience. Google ScholarAukstakalnis S., & Blatner D. (1992). Silicon mirage: The art and science of virtual reality. Peachpit Press, Berkeley, CA Google ScholarBarkley R.A. (1990). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. Guilford Press. Google ScholarBarkley R. A. (2019). Neuropsychological Testing is Not Useful in the Diagnosis of ADHD: Stop It (or Prove It)! | The ADHD Report. The ADHD Report, 27(2). https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/adhd.2019.27.2.1 Google ScholarBioulac S., , Lallemand S., , Rizzo A., , Philip P., , Fabrigoule C., , & Bouvard M. P. (2012). Impact of time on task on ADHD patient's performances in a virtual classroom. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 16(5), 514–521. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.006 Crossref, Google ScholarBioulac S., , Micoulaud-Franchi J-A., , Maire J., , Bouvard M.P., , Rizzo A.A., , Sagaspe P., , and Philip P. (2018). Virtual remediation versus methylphenidate to improve distractibility in children with ADHD: A controlled randomized clinical trial study. Journal of Attention Disorders. March. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718759751 Google ScholarColegrove R., , Homayounjam H., , Williams J., , Hanken J., and Horton N.L. (1999). The problem of overreliance upon behavioral checklists in the diagnosis of ADHD. Chapter presented at: The 107th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association; August, 1999, Washington, D.C. Google ScholarColeman B., , Marion S., , Rizzo A., , Turnbull J., & Nolty A. (2019). Virtual Reality Assessment of Classroom-Related Attention: An Ecologically Relevant Approach to Evaluating the Effectiveness of Working Memory Training. Frontiers in Psychology: Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01851 Google ScholarDíaz-Orueta U., , Garcia-López C., , Crespo-Equílaz N., , Sánchez-Carpintero R., , Climent G., , & Narbona J. (2014). AULA virtual reality test as an attention measure: convergent validity with Conners' Continuous Performance Test. Child Neuropsychol, 20(3), 328–342. Crossref, Google ScholarDifede J., , Cukor J., , Wyka K., , Olden M., , Hoffman H., , Lee F.S., & Altemus M. (2014) D-cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(5), 1052. Crossref, Google ScholarDifede J., , Rothbaum B.O., , Rizzo A.A., , Wyka K., , Spielman L., , Jovanovic T., , Reist C., , Roy M., , Norrholm S., , Glatt C., , & Lee F. (2019). Enhanced Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2019.105857 Google ScholarFried M., , Tsitsiashvili E., , Bonneh Y. S., , Sterkin A., , Wygnanski-Jaffe T., , Epstein T., , & Polat U. (2014). ADHD subjects fail to suppress eye blinks and microsaccades while anticipating visual stimuli but recover with medication. Vision Research, 101, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.05.004 Crossref, Google ScholarGerardi M., , Cukor J., , Difede J., , Rizzo A., , & Rothbaum B. (2010). Virtual reality exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 12(4), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-010-0128-4 Crossref, Google ScholarGershon J., , Zimand E., , Pickering M., , Rothbaum B. O., , & Hodges L. (2004). A pilot and feasibility study of virtual reality as a distraction for children with cancer. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 43(10), 1243–1249. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000135621.23145.05 Crossref, Google ScholarGilboa Y., , Rosenblum S., , Fattal-Valevski A., , Toledano-Alhadef H., , Rizzo A., , Josman N. (2011). Describing the Attention Deficit profile of Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Using a Virtual Classroom Environment. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 32(6), 2608–2613. Crossref, Google ScholarHoffman H.G., , Meyer W.J., , Drever S. A., , Soltani M., , Atzori B., , Herrero R., , Alhalabi W., , Richards T.L., , Sharar S.R., , Jensen M.P., & Patterson D.R. (2019). Virtual Reality Distraction to Help Control Acute Pain during Medical Procedures. In: Rizzo A., , Bouchard S. (Eds.) Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions. Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications. Springer, New York, NY. pp 195–208. Google ScholarHoffman H.G., , Patterson D. R., , Carrougher G. J., , & Sharar S. R. (2001). Effectiveness of virtual reality-based pain control with multiple treatments. The Clinical journal of pain, 17(3), 229–235. Crossref, Google ScholarInsel T. R., , & Cuthbert B. N. (2015). Medicine. Brain disorders? Precisely. Science, 348(6234), 499–500. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2358 Crossref, Google ScholarInsel T., , Cuthbert B., , Garvey M., , Heinssen R., , Pine D. S., , Quinn K., , … Wang P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a New Classification Framework for Research on Mental Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 Crossref, Google ScholarJang S., , Choi J., , Oh J., , Yeom J., , Hong N., , Lee N., , … Kim E. (2020). Use of Virtual Reality Working Memory Task and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Brain Hemodynamic Responses to Methylphenidate in ADHD Children. Front Psychiatry, 11, 564618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564618 Crossref, Google ScholarJentsch F., , & Curtis M. (2017). Simulation in aviation training. Routledge. Crossref, Google ScholarKrueger M. W., , & Gilden D. (1999). "KnowWare: virtual reality maps for blind people". Stud Health Technol Inform, 62, 191–197. Google ScholarLange B., , Koenig S., , Chang C. Y., , McConnell E., , Suma E., , Bolas M., , & Rizzo A. (2012). Designing informed game-based rehabilitation tasks leveraging advances in virtual reality. Disabil Rehabil, 34(22), 18631870. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.670029 Crossref, Google ScholarLev A., , Braw Y., , Elbaum T., , Wagner M., , & Rassovsky Y. (2020). Eye Tracking During a Continuous Performance Test: Utility for Assessing ADHD Patients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 108705472097278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720972786 Google ScholarLiu Z., , Ren L., , Xiao C., Zhang K., , Demian P.(2022). Virtual reality aided therapy towards health 4.0: a two-decade bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19: 1525. htpps://doi.org.33901/ijerph.19.03.1525 Crossref, Google ScholarMangalmurti A., , Kistler W. D., , Quarrie B., , Sharp W., , Persky S., , & Shaw P. (2020). Using virtual reality to define the mechanisms linking symptoms with cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sci Rep, 10(1), 529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56936-4 Crossref, Google ScholarMaskey M., , Lowry J., , Rodgers J., , McConachie H., , & Parr J. R. (2014). Reducing specific phobia/fear in young people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) through a virtual reality environment intervention. PLoS One, 9(7), e100374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100374 Crossref, Google ScholarMcLay R. N., , Graap K., , Spira J., , Perlman K., , Johnston S., , Rothbaum B. O., , … Rizzo A. (2012). Development and testing of virtual reality exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in active duty service members who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. Mil Med, 177(6), 635–642. Crossref, Google ScholarMühlberger A., , Jekel K., , Probst T., , Schecklmann M., , Conzelmann A., , Andreatta M., , Rizzo A.A., , Pauli P., , & Romanos M. (2016). The Influence of Methylphenidate on Hyperactivity and Attention Deficits in ADHD: A Virtual Classroom Test. Journal of Attention Disorders. 1–15. Google ScholarMurray A. L., , Booth T., , Ribeaud D., , & Eisner M. (2018). Disagreeing about development: An analysis of parent-teacher agreement in ADHD symptom trajectories across the elementary school years. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 27(3), e1723. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1723 Crossref, Google ScholarNarad M. E., , Garner A. A., , Peugh J. L., , Tamm L., , Antonini T. N., , Kingery K. M., , … Epstein J. N. (2015). Parent-teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms across development. Psychol Assess, 27(1), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037864 Crossref, Google ScholarNolin P., , Stipanicic A., , Henry M., , Lachapelle Y., , Lussier-Desrochers D., , Rizzo A., & Allain P. (2016). ClinicaVR: Classroom-CPT: A virtual reality tool for assessing attention and inhibition in children and adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 327–333. Crossref, Google ScholarOpris D., , Pintea S., , Garcia-Palacios A., , Botella C., , Szamoskozi S., , & David D. (2012). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety, 29(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20910 Crossref, Google ScholarParsons T. D., , Bowerly T., , Buckwalter J. G., , & Rizzo A. (2007). A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods. Child Neuropsychol, 13(4), 363–381. Crossref, Google ScholarParsons T. D., , & Rizzo A. A. (2008). Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39(3), 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 Crossref, Google ScholarParsons T.D., & Rizzo A. (2019). A Review of Virtual Classroom Environments for Neuropsychological Assessment. In: Rizzo A., , Bouchard S. (eds) Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions. Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications. Springer, New York, NY. pp 247–265. Google ScholarPollak Y., , Barhoum-Shomaly H., , Weiss P. L., , Rizzo A.A., , Gross-Tsur V. (2010). Methylphenidate effect in children with ADHD can be measured by an ecologically valid continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality. CNS Spectrums 15.125-130. Google ScholarPollak Y., , Weiss P. L., , Rizzo A., , Weizer M., , Shriki L., , Shalev R. S., , & Gross-Tsur V. (2009). The utility of a continuous performance test embedded in virtual reality in measuring ADHD-related deficits. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 30(1), 2–6. Crossref, Google ScholarPowers M. B., , & Emmelkamp P. M. (2008). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord, 22(3), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006 Crossref, Google ScholarReger G. M., , Holloway K. M., , Candy C., , Rothbaum B. O., , Difede J., , Rizzo A. A., , & Gahm G. A. (2011). Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy for active duty soldiers in a military mental health clinic. J Trauma Stress, 24(1), 93–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20574 Crossref, Google ScholarRiva G. (1998). Virtual environment for body image modification: virtual reality system for the treatment of body image disturbances. Computers in Human Behavior, 14(3), 477–490. Crossref, Google ScholarRiva G., , Gutiérrez-Maldonado J., , Dakanalis A., , & Ferrer-García M. (2019). Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Weight-Related Disorders. In: Rizzo A., , Bouchard S. (Eds.) Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions. Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications. Springer, New York, NY. pp 163–194. Google ScholarRizzo A.A., , Bowerly T., , Buckwater J.G., , Klimchuk D., , Mitura R., , & Parsons R.D. (2006). A virtual reality scenario for all seasons: the virtual classroom. CNS Spectums, 11(1). 35–44. Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A.A., , & Buckwalter J.G. (1995). Theoretical and practical issues for the use of virtual reality in the cognitive rehabilitation of persons with acquired brain injuries—an update. In Murphy, H.J. (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Virtual Reality and Persons with Disabilities. CSUN Northridge. Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~hfdss006/conf/1995/proceedings/0004.htm Google ScholarRizzo A. S., , Buckwalter J. G., , Forbell E., , Reist C., , Difede J., , Rothbaum B. O., , … Talbot T. (2013). Virtual Reality Applications to Address the Wounds of War. Psychiatric Annals, 43(3), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20130306-08 Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A.A., , Buckwalter J.G., , Humphrey L., , van der Zaag C., , Bowerly T., , Chua C., , Neumann U., , Kyriakakis C., , van Rooyen A., & Sisemore D. (2000). The Virtual Classroom: A Virtual Environment for the Assessment and Rehabilitation of Attention Deficits. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3(3), 483–499. Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A.A., , Buckwalter J.G., , and Neumann U. (1997). Virtual reality and cognitive Rehabilitation: A brief review of the future. The Jour. of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 12(6), 1–15. Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A., , Hartholt A., & Mozgai S. (2021). From Combat to COVID-19 - Managing the Impact of Trauma Using Virtual Reality. Journal of Technology in Human Services. 39, 1–34. Early online: https://www.tandfonline.com /doi/full/10.1080/15228835.2021.1915931 Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A.A., & Koenig S. (2017). Is Clinical Virtual Reality Ready for Primetime? Neuropsychology, 31(8), 877–899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000405 Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A., Hartholt A., & Mozgai S. (2021). Establishment of clinical virtual reality methodologies from the front lines of Afghanistan to COVID-19. In Greenleaf, W. Roberts, L. and Fine, R. (eds) Applied Virtual Reality in Healthcare: Case Studies and Perspectives. Cool Blue Media. Washington, DC, pp163–188. Google ScholarRizzo A., , Koenig S., & Lange B. (in press). Clinical Virtual Reality: The State of the Science. In G. G. Brown, B. Crosson, K. Y. Haaland, & T. Z. King (Eds.), APA handbook of neuropsychology: Vol. 2. Neuroscience and neuromethods. American Psychological Association. Google ScholarRizzo A.A., , Schultheis M.T., , Kerns K., & Mateer C. (2004). Analysis of Assets for Virtual Reality Applications in Neuropsychology. Neuropsychological Réhabilitation, 14(1/2), 207–239. Crossref, Google ScholarRizzo A. A., , & Shilling R. (2018). Clinical virtual reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup5), 1414560. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1414560 Crossref, Google ScholarRomero-Ayuso D., , Toledano-Gonzalez A., , Rodriguez-Martinez M. D. C., , Arroyo-Castillo P., , Trivino-Juarez J. M., , Gonzalez Segura-Fragoso A. (2021). Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children (Basel), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020070 Google ScholarRothbaum B. O., , Anderson P., , Zimand E., , Hodges L., , Lang D., , & Wilson J. (2006). Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behav Ther, 37(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.004 Crossref, Google ScholarRothbaum B. O., , Hodges L. F., , Kooper R., , Opdyke D., , Williford J. S., , & North M. (1995). Virtual reality graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia: A case report. Behavior therapy, 26(3), 547–554. Crossref, Google ScholarRothbaum B.O., , Price M., , Jovanovic T., , Norrholm S., , Gerardi M., , Dunlop B., , Davis M., , Bradley B., , Duncan E.J., , Rizzo A., , Ressler K. (2014). A Randomized, Double-blind Evaluation of D-Cycloserine or Alprazolam Combined with Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in OEF/OIF War Veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 640–648. Crossref, Google ScholarSalem Y., , & Elokda A. (2014). Use of virtual reality gaming systems for children who are critically ill. J Pediatr Rehabil Med, 7(3), 273276. https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-140296 Crossref, Google ScholarSlater M., , & Wilbur S. (1997). A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 6(6), 603–616. Crossref, Google ScholarSlater M., , Neyret S., , Johnston T., , Iruretagoyena G., , de la Campa Crespo M. Á., , Alabèrnia-Segura M., , Spanlang B., & Feixas G. (2019). An experimental study of a virtual reality counselling paradigm using embodied self-dialogue. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1–13. Crossref, Google ScholarStokes J. D., , Geng J. J., , Rizzo A., , & Schweitzer J. B. (2022). Measuring Attentional Distraction in Children with ADHD: Using Virtual Reality Technology with Eye-Tracking. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, March 8. https://doi.org./10.3389/frvir.2022.855895 Google ScholarVakil E., , Mass M., , & Schiff R. (2019). Eye Movement Performance on the Stroop Test in Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(10), 1160–1169. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705471664290 Crossref, Google ScholarVirtual Reality Society. (2017). Applications of Virtual Reality. Retrieved from: https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality-applications/ Google Scholar Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 30Issue 3May 2022 Information© 2022 The Guilford PressKeywordsvirtual realityADHDdistractionattentionPDF download