Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
Calibration of Intraoral 3-D Measurement System With Using Consummated Model Combined With Highly Accurate Data Pairs

Direct digital impressions can be obtained using intraoral three-dimensional (3D) scanners. Among them, the fringe projection profilometry (FPP)-based intraoral scanner serves as a micro-3D imaging system. Here, proper calibration is critical for highly accurate digital impressions. However, due to its miniaturized structure, some of the designed geometric parameters are difficult to be attained in factory assembly using model-based reconstruction. Moreover, the angle of the structured light is typically small to avoid shadows of the dental sulcus. Consequently, even a small error in detecting stripe feature within the FPP image is magnified in the reconstructed 3D point. Thus, it is challenging to achieve proper calibration and meet the accuracy requirements of an intraoral 3D scanner. In this study, we introduce a consummated calibration model, by importing all the geometric parameters to compensate for assembly errors. A subpixel cross-center detection algorithm is proposed to prepare the data pairs for optimization of parameters in the calibration model. All parameters are optimized using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. A 3D look-up table is used to refine the reconstructed 3D points. Excellent calibration results were achieved, demonstrating a precision of 15 μm for 3D teeth impression.
Towards Improved Scientific Knowledge Proliferation: Leveraging Large Language Models on the Traditional Scientific Writing Workflow

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An In-Depth Review of Test Automation Frameworks: Types and Trade-offs

As the domain of software development continues to progress in terms of intricacy and magnitude, the integration of automated testing has become a vital element in ensuring the excellence and dependability of software. The implementation of automated testing frameworks assumes a pivotal role in streamlining the testing procedure; nevertheless, the selection of the appropriate framework category presents challenges and necessitates making prudent compromises. This academic paper presents a comprehensive exploration of automated testing frameworks, exhaustively investigating their diverse categories, attributes, and the associated compromises that emerge from their adoption. The paper initiates with a comprehensive examination of the literature, encompassing a concise overview of the current research and industry patterns regarding test automation frameworks. Following this, it presents an intricate evaluation of various types of frameworks, such as keyword-driven, data-driven, and behavior-driven frameworks, clarifying their individual principles and functionalities. One of the main topics explored in this paper concerns the factors that influence the choice of a particular type of test automation framework. By presenting a framework for decision-making, we offer guidance to professionals and organizations in making informed decisions that align with their project requirements, team expertise, and testing goals. Furthermore, this paper critically evaluates the trade-offs and challenges associated with each type of framework, addressing concerns related to different aspects of the framework. To assist professionals and decision-makers, we conclude by providing best practices and recommendations for effectively implementing and managing test automation frameworks. Moreover, we investigate the perspective of test automation frameworks, accentuating emerging patterns and contemplating the consequences of developing technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning. In summary, this paper presents a comprehensive guide to the different types and trade-offs of test automation frameworks, equipping software professionals with the knowledge and insights necessary to make well-informed decisions and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their testing processes.
Discovery of interesting frequent item sets in an uncertain database using ant colony optimization

ABSTRACTApplications like business basket analysis, digital service analytics, bio-informatics, and mobile commerce have greatly benefited from the information retrieval of significant features from massive databases for improved decision-making. Item set mining is used to find intriguing patterns in databases. Discovering item sets in an uncertain database is a tedious task. Only mathematical correlations between the elements in an item set are the exclusive subject of recurring item set mining research. The finding is direct to optimal. This article introduces an ant colony that maps the viable solution space to a directed graph with quadratic space complexity. The proposed model evaluates an uncertain transaction database's item set. Compared to the current methods, the findings demonstrate the importance of the proposed model.KEYWORDS: Patternsassociation rule miningfrequent itemsdatabase Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Correction StatementThis article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
YOLOv7-CHS: An Emerging Model for Underwater Object Detection

Underwater target detection plays a crucial role in marine environmental monitoring and early warning systems. It involves utilizing optical images acquired from underwater imaging devices to locate and identify aquatic organisms in challenging environments. However, the color deviation and low illumination in these images, caused by harsh working conditions, pose significant challenges to an effective target detection. Moreover, the detection of numerous small or tiny aquatic targets becomes even more demanding, considering the limited storage and computing power of detection devices. To address these problems, we propose the YOLOv7-CHS model for underwater target detection, which introduces several innovative approaches. Firstly, we replace efficient layer aggregation networks (ELAN) with the high-order spatial interaction (HOSI) module as the backbone of the model. This change reduces the model size while preserving accuracy. Secondly, we integrate the contextual transformer (CT) module into the head of the model, which combines static and dynamic contextual representations to effectively improve the model’s ability to detect small targets. Lastly, we incorporate the simple parameter-free attention (SPFA) module at the head of the detection network, implementing a combined channel-domain and spatial-domain attention mechanism. This integration significantly improves the representation capabilities of the network. To validate the implications of our model, we conduct a series of experiments. The results demonstrate that our proposed model achieves higher mean average precision (mAP) values on the Starfish and DUO datasets compared to the original YOLOv7, with improvements of 4.5% and 4.2%, respectively. Additionally, our model achieves a real-time detection speed of 32 frames per second (FPS). Furthermore, the floating point operations (FLOPs) of our model are 62.9 G smaller than those of YOLOv7, facilitating the deployment of the model. Its innovative design and experimental results highlight its effectiveness in addressing the challenges associated with underwater object detection.
HS-YOLO: Small Object Detection for Power Operation Scenarios

Object detection methods are commonly employed in power safety monitoring systems to detect violations in surveillance scenes. However, traditional object detection methods are ineffective for small objects that are similar to the background information in the power monitoring scene, which consequently affects the performance of violation behavior detection. This paper proposed a small object detection algorithm named HS-YOLO, based on High-Resolution Network (HRNet) and sub-pixel convolution. First, to fully extract the microfeature information of the object, a small object feature extraction backbone network is proposed based on the HRNet structure. The feature maps of different scales are processed by multiple parallel branches and fused with each other in the network. Then, to fully retain the effective features of small objects, the sub-pixel convolution module is incorporated as the upsampling operator in the feature fusion network. The low-resolution feature map is upsampled to a higher resolution by reorganizing pixel values and performing padding operations in this module. On our self-constructed power operation dataset, the HS-YOLO algorithm achieved a mAP of 87.2%, which is a 3.5% improvement compared to YOLOv5. Particularly, the dataset’s AP for detecting small objects such as cuffs, necklines, and safety belts is improved by 10.7%, 5.8%, and 4.4%, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in detecting small objects in power operation scenarios.
The Effects of Visual Complexity and Task Difficulty on the Comprehensive Cognitive Efficiency of Cluster Separation Tasks

Cluster separation is required to perform multi-class visual statistics tasks and plays an essential role in information processing in visualization. This cognition behavioral study investigated the cluster separation task and the effects of visual complexity and task difficulty. A total of 32 college students (18 men and 14 women, with ages ranging from 18 to 25 years; mean = 21.2, SD = 3.9) participated in this study. The observers’ average response accuracy, reaction time, mental effort, and comprehensive cognitive efficiency were measured as functions of three levels of visual complexity and task difficulty. The levels of visual complexity and task difficulty were quantified via an optimized complexity evaluation method and discrimination judgment task, respectively. The results showed that visual complexity and task difficulty significantly influenced comprehensive cognitive efficiency. Moreover, a strong interaction was observed between the effects of visual complexity and task difficulty. However, there was no positive linear relationship between the mental effort and the complexity level. Furthermore, two-dimensional color × shape redundant coding showed higher cognitive efficiency at low task difficulty levels. In contrast, the one-dimensional color encoding approach showed higher cognitive efficiency at increased task difficulty levels. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into designing more efficient and user-friendly visualization in the future.
Explaining Deep Q-Learning Experience Replay with SHapley Additive exPlanations

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown promise in optimizing complex control and decision-making processes but Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) lacks interpretability, limiting its adoption in regulated sectors like manufacturing, finance, and healthcare. Difficulties arise from DRL’s opaque decision-making, hindering efficiency and resource use, this issue is amplified with every advancement. While many seek to move from Experience Replay to A3C, the latter demands more resources. Despite efforts to improve Experience Replay selection strategies, there is a tendency to keep the capacity high. We investigate training a Deep Convolutional Q-learning agent across 20 Atari games intentionally reducing Experience Replay capacity from 1×106 to 5×102. We find that a reduction from 1×104 to 5×103 doesn’t significantly affect rewards, offering a practical path to resource-efficient DRL. To illuminate agent decisions and align them with game mechanics, we employ a novel method: visualizing Experience Replay via Deep SHAP Explainer. This approach fosters comprehension and transparent, interpretable explanations, though any capacity reduction must be cautious to avoid overfitting. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of reducing Experience Replay and advocates for transparent, interpretable decision explanations using the Deep SHAP Explainer to promote enhancing resource efficiency in Experience Replay.
Robot Cooking—Transferring Observations into a Planning Language: An Automated Approach in the Field of Cooking

The recognition of human activities from video sequences and their transformation into a machine-readable form is a challenging task, which is the subject of many studies. The goal of this project is to develop an automated method for analyzing, identifying and processing motion capture data into a planning language. This is performed in a cooking scenario by recording the pose of the acting hand. First, predefined side actions are detected in the dataset using classification. The remaining frames are then clustered into main actions. Using this information, the known initial positions and virtual object tracking, a machine-readable planning domain definition language (PDDL) is generated.
Model of Message Transmission across Parallel Route Groups with Dynamic Alternation of These Groups in a Multichannel Steganographic System

The subject of this study is steganographic systems that are able to hide not only the content of the transmitted information but also the fact of its transmission. In this paper, we present a novel data transmission model within such systems, combining a modified Dijkstra’s algorithm with the dynamic utilization of multiple transmission routes. Consequently, this allows the simultaneous transmission of messages through parallel groups of routes with the dynamic alternation of these groups during the information exchange process between the sender and the receiver in the steganographic network. Thus, the speed, reliability, and security of message transmission are improved. Moreover, to increase the security level, the proposed model uses a route–time matrix that is available only to the sender and receiver. Additionally, the data transmission model has been tested on synthetic data and data obtained from real devices. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed model on the example of various structured steganographic systems shows the significant effectiveness of our model. As a result, in comparison with existing similar methods, the secrecy index was increased five times and the violation index was decreased four times.
Sign Language Recognition Using the Electromyographic Signal: A Systematic Literature Review

The analysis and recognition of sign languages are currently active fields of research focused on sign recognition. Various approaches differ in terms of analysis methods and the devices used for sign acquisition. Traditional methods rely on video analysis or spatial positioning data calculated using motion capture tools. In contrast to these conventional recognition and classification approaches, electromyogram (EMG) signals, which measure muscle electrical activity, offer potential technology for detecting gestures. These EMG-based approaches have recently gained attention due to their advantages. This prompted us to conduct a comprehensive study on the methods, approaches, and projects utilizing EMG sensors for sign language handshape recognition. In this paper, we provided an overview of the sign language recognition field through a literature review, with the objective of offering an in-depth review of the most significant techniques. These techniques were categorized in this article based on their respective methodologies. The survey discussed the progress and challenges in sign language recognition systems based on surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. These systems have shown promise but face issues like sEMG data variability and sensor placement. Multiple sensors enhance reliability and accuracy. Machine learning, including deep learning, is used to address these challenges. Common classifiers in sEMG-based sign language recognition include SVM, ANN, CNN, KNN, HMM, and LSTM. While SVM and ANN are widely used, random forest and KNN have shown better performance in some cases. A multilayer perceptron neural network achieved perfect accuracy in one study. CNN, often paired with LSTM, ranks as the third most popular classifier and can achieve exceptional accuracy, reaching up to 99.6% when utilizing both EMG and IMU data. LSTM is highly regarded for handling sequential dependencies in EMG signals, making it a critical component of sign language recognition systems. In summary, the survey highlights the prevalence of SVM and ANN classifiers but also suggests the effectiveness of alternative classifiers like random forests and KNNs. LSTM emerges as the most suitable algorithm for capturing sequential dependencies and improving gesture recognition in EMG-based sign language recognition systems.
Exploring Deep Learning for Adaptive Energy Detection Threshold Determination: A Multistage Approach

The concept of spectrum sensing has emerged as a fundamental solution to address the growing demand for accessing the limited resources of wireless communications networks. This paper introduces a straightforward yet efficient approach that incorporates multiple stages that are based on deep learning (DL) techniques to mitigate Radio Frequency (RF) impairments and estimate the transmitted signal using the time domain representation of received signal samples. The proposed method involves calculating the energies of the estimated transmitted signal samples and received signal samples and estimating the energy of the noise using these estimates. Subsequently, the received signal energy and the estimated noise energy, adjusted by a correction factor (k), are employed in binary hypothesis testing to determine the occupancy of the wireless channel under investigation. The proposed system demonstrates encouraging outcomes by effectively mitigating RF impairments, such as carrier frequency offset (CFO), phase offset, and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), to a considerable degree. As a result, it enables accurate estimation of the transmitted signal from the received signal, with 3.85% false alarm and 3.06% missed detection rates, underscoring the system’s capability to adaptively determine a decision threshold for energy detection.
Weakly Supervised Cross-Domain Person Re-Identification Algorithm Based on Small Sample Learning

This paper proposes a weakly supervised cross-domain person re-identification (Re-ID) method based on small sample data. In order to reduce the cost of data collection and annotation, the model design focuses on extracting and abstracting the information contained in the data under limited conditions. In this paper, we focus on the problems of strong data dependence, weak cross-domain capability and low accuracy in Re-ID in weakly supervised scenarios. Our contributions are as follows: first, we implement a joint training framework with the help of small sample learning and cross-domain migration for Re-ID. Second, with the help of residual compensation and fusion attention module, the RCFA module is designed, and the model framework is built on this basis to improve the cross-domain ability of the model. Third, to solve the problem of low accuracy caused by insufficient data coverage of small samples, a fusion of shallow features and deep features is designed to enable the model to weighted fusion of shallow detail information and deep semantic information. Finally, by selecting different camera images in Market1501 dataset and DukeMTMC-reID dataset as small samples, respectively, and introducing another dataset data for joint training, we demonstrate the feasibility of this joint training framework, which can perform weakly supervised cross-domain Re-ID based on small sample data.
Semantic Positioning Model Incorporating BERT/RoBERTa and Fuzzy Theory Achieves More Nuanced Japanese Adverb Clustering

Japanese adverbs are difficult to classify, with little progress made since the 1930s. Now in the age of large language models, linguists need a framework for lexical grouping that incorporates quantitative, evidence-based relationships rather than purely theoretical categorization. We herein address this need for the case of Japanese adverbs by developing a semantic positioning approach that incorporates large language model embeddings with fuzzy set theory to achieve empirical Japanese adverb groupings. To perform semantic positioning, we (i) obtained multi-dimensional embeddings for a list of Japanese adverbs using a BERT or RoBERTa model pre-trained on Japanese text, (ii) reduced the dimensionality of each embedding by principle component analysis (PCA), (iii) mapped the relative position of each adverb in a 3D plot using K-means clustering with an initial cluster count of n=3, (iv) performed silhouette analysis to determine the optimal cluster count, (v) performed PCA and K-means clustering on the adverb embeddings again to generate 2D semantic position plots, then finally (vi) generated a centroid distance matrix. Fuzzy set theory informs our workflow at the embedding step, where the meanings of words are treated as quantifiable vague data. Our results suggest that Japanese adverbs optimally cluster into n=4 rather than n=3 groups following silhouette analysis. We also observe a lack of consistency between adverb semantic positions and conventional classification. Ultimately, 3D/2D semantic position plots and centroid distance matrices were simple to generate and did not require special hardware. Our novel approach offers advantages over conventional adverb classification, including an intuitive visualization of semantic relationships in the form of semantic position plots, as well as a quantitative clustering “fingerprint” for Japanese adverbs that express vague language data as a centroid distance matrix.
Crop Water Productivity from Cloud-Based Landsat Helps Assess California’s Water Savings

Demand for food and water are increasing while the extent of arable land and accessible fresh water are decreasing. This poses global challenges as economies continue to develop and the population grows. With agriculture as the leading consumer of water, better understanding how water is used to produce food may help support the increase of Crop Water Productivity (CWP; kg/m3), the ratio of crop output per unit of water input (or crop per drop). Previous large-scale CWP studies have been useful for broad water use modeling at coarser resolutions. However, obtaining more precise CWP, especially for specific crop types in a particular area and growing season as outlined here are important for informing farm-scale water management decision making. Therefore, this study focused on California’s Central Valley utilizing high-spatial resolution satellite imagery of 30 m (0.09 hectares per pixel) to generate more precise CWP for commonly grown and water-intensive irrigated crops. First, two products were modeled and mapped. 1. Landsat based Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa; mm/d) to determine Crop Water Use (CWU; m3/m2), and 2. Crop Productivity (CP; kg/m2) to estimate crop yield per growing season. Then, CWP was calculated by dividing CP by CWU and mapped. The amount of water that can be saved by increasing CWP of each crop was further calculated. For example, in the 434 million m2 study area, a 10% increase in CWP across the 9 crops analyzed had a potential water savings of 31.5 million m3 of water. An increase in CWP is widely considered the best approach for saving maximum quantities of water. This paper proposed, developed, and implemented a workflow of combined methods utilizing cloud computing based remote sensing data. The environmental implications of this work in assessing water savings for food and water security in the 21st century are expected to be significant.