Reviewerly/exHarmony huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Bitcoin Mining Has Never Really Increased

The Bitcoin network is burning a large amount of energy for mining. In this paper we estimate the lower bound for the global energy cost for a period of ten years from 2010, taking into account changing oil costs, improvements in hashing technologies and hashing activity. Despite a ten-billion-fold increase in hashing activity and a ten-million-fold increase in total energy consumption, we find the cost relative to the volume of transactions has not increased nor decreased since 2010. This is consistent with the perspective that, in order to keep a the Blockchain system secure from double spending attacks, the proof or work must cost a sizable fraction of the value that can be transferred through the network. We estimate that in the Bitcoin network this fraction is of the order of 1%.
Finding more than one path through a simple maze with a quantum walk

Abstract We study quantum walks through chains consisting of two and three star graphs. The first star has a distinguished vertex labelled START and the last has one labelled END. There are multiple paths between these two vertices, and the object is to find these paths. We show that a quantum walk can do this with a quantum speedup.
Restricted Boltzmann Machine with Multivalued Hidden Variables: a model suppressing over-fitting

Generalization is one of the most important issues in machine learning problems. In this study, we consider generalization in restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs). We propose an RBM with multivalued hidden variables, which is a simple extension of conventional RBMs. We demonstrate that the proposed model is better than the conventional model via numerical experiments for contrastive divergence learning with artificial data and a classification problem with MNIST.
Rethinking Exploration for Sample-Efficient Policy Learning.

Off-policy reinforcement learning for control has made great strides in terms of performance and sample efficiency. We suggest that for many tasks the sample efficiency of modern methods is now limited by the richness of the data collected rather than the difficulty of policy fitting. We examine the reasons that directed exploration methods in the bonus-based exploration (BBE) family have not been more influential in the sample efficient control problem. Three issues have limited the applicability of BBE: bias with finite samples, slow adaptation to decaying bonuses, and lack of optimism on unseen transitions. We propose modifications to the bonus-based exploration recipe to address each of these limitations. The resulting algorithm, which we call UFO, produces policies that are Unbiased with finite samples, Fast-adapting as the exploration bonus changes, and Optimistic with respect to new transitions. We include experiments showing that rapid directed exploration is a promising direction to improve sample efficiency for control.
Freedom of Expression in Japan

The Constitution of Japan, enacted in 1946, protects freedom of expression in its article 21. If the legislature were to enact a ban on hate speech, then the constitutionality of that ban would become a critical issue. In light of the jurisprudence relating to freedom of expression established by the Supreme Court of Japan, it is highly likely that the Supreme Court would uphold the constitutionality of any such ban. However, constitutional academics have constructed an alternative freedom of expression jurisprudence mainly following that of the Supreme Court of United States. Under this alternative jurisprudence, it becomes much more difficult to uphold the constitutionality of any such ban, and this chapter considers whether and how such ban might be justified in Japan.
Construction of Intelligent Library Service System from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence

The extension of intelligent library knowledge service is the further development and upgrading of digital library knowledge service.It supports the comprehensive ability of library in teaching, scientific research, social management, cultural construction and social development.The extension of intelligent library knowledge service should change from resource-driven to service-oriented.The study found that 52 percent thought libraries should provide innovative services,45 percent thought it would help readers understand high technology,23 percent thought libraries helped them find jobs, and 14 percent thought libraries improved their job skills.
High‐dimensional Statistics: A Non‐asymptotic Viewpoint, Martin J.Wainwright, Cambridge University Press, 2019, xvii 552 pages, £57.99, hardback ISBN: 978‐1‐1084‐9802‐9

International Statistical ReviewVolume 88, Issue 1 p. 258-261 Book Review High-dimensional Statistics: A Non-asymptotic Viewpoint, Martin J. Wainwright, Cambridge University Press, 2019, xvii 552 pages, £57.99, hardback ISBN: 978-1-1084-9802-9 G. Alastair Young, Corresponding Author G. Alastair Young alastair.young@imperial.ac.uk Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, 180 Queen's Gate, London, SW7 2AZ UKSearch for more papers by this author G. Alastair Young, Corresponding Author G. Alastair Young alastair.young@imperial.ac.uk Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, 180 Queen's Gate, London, SW7 2AZ UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 April 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12370Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume88, Issue1April 2020Pages 258-261 RelatedInformation
A categorical reduction system for linear logic

Diagram chasing is not an easy task. The coherence holds in a generalized sense if we have a mechanical method to judge whether given two morphisms are equal to each other. A simple way to this end is to reform a concerned category into a calculus, where the instructions for the diagram chasing are given in the form of rewriting rules. We apply this idea to the categorical semantics of the linear logic. We build a calculus directly on the free category of the semantics. It enables us to perform diagram chasing as essentially one-way computations led by the rewriting rules. We verify the weak termination property of this calculus. This gives the first step towards the mechanization of diagram chasing.
Testing for Unobserved Heterogeneity via K-Means Clustering

Clustering methods such as k-means have found widespread use in a variety of applications. This paper proposes a formal testing procedure to determine whether a null hypothesis of a single cluster, indicating homogeneity of the data, can be rejected in favor of multiple clusters. The test is simple to implement, valid under relatively mild conditions (including non-normality, and heterogeneity of the data in aspects beyond those in the clustering analysis), and applicable in a range of contexts (including clustering when the time series dimension is small, or clustering on parameters other than the mean). We verify that the test has good size control in finite samples, and we illustrate the test in applications to clustering vehicle manufacturers and U.S. mutual funds.
CUMULATE AND TECTONITE DUNITE FROM MAWAT OPHIOLITE, KURDISTAN REGION, NORTHEASTERN IRAQ: FIELD EVIDENCE AND MINERAL CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS

The Mawat ophiolite Complex, with an exposed surface area of ~235 Km2, is one of the largest ophiolitic segments in the Zagros Imbricate Zone in Iraq of the main Zagros ophiolite belt. The ultramafic portion is studied in this paper to verify petrogenetic nature, occurrences and mineral constitutes of the dunites in the Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The dunites in Mawat ophiolite can be grouped into cumulate and tectonite based on the field observations, petrographic study and mineral chemical data of the constituents and stratigraphic succession. The lower tectonite member of the Mawat ophiolite is mainly composed of harzburgite-dunite association and the upper cumulate member is composed of dunite, cross cut by clinopyroxenite veins. The lower tectonite dunite shows typical characteristics of alpine-type II dunite which is characterized by metamorphic deformed rocks with a strong deformed fabric. These rocks have been subjected tosepentinization, spherical weathering, spinel alteration and chloritization of the dominant mineral phases. The upper cumulate dunite comprises the top summit of Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The rock is coarse crystalline massive highly fractured in the outcrop and shows granular mosaic texture in thin sections. The petrographic study shows that the cumulate dunite consists of primary mineral assemblages of olivine (black and green) + pyroxene (cpx and opx) + chromian spinel. No evidence of secondary alteration and metamorphism observed in hand samples and thin section, which may be attributed to crystallization in hydrous magmatic condition at crust-mantle boundary. As it was crystallized in equilibrium conditions with H2O rich fluid, thus would be stable during emplacement and exposure on the earth surface and unsusceptible to water to convert it to serpentine. Chromian spinels in dunites from Mawat ophiolite retain the peculiar major element signature of boninite melt and upper mantle peridotite, which are involved in the formation of cumulate and tectonite dunites in Mawat ophiolite respectively. Olivine and spinel from cumulates dunites have compositions in the range Fo 90 – 92 and Cr#0.81 – 0.82, whereas the same minerals in tectonite dunintes have compositions Fo 91 and Cr# 0.62 – 0.63. The black colored olivine in cumulate dunite may attribute to occurrences of minute inclusions of spinel + diopside, in addition to low Fo 90 – 91, MnO and NiO as compared to green olivine generation.
Evaluation of the Performance for Popular Three Classifiers on Spam Email without using FS methods

Email is one of the most economical and fast communication means in recent years; however, there has been a high increase in the rate of spam emails in recent times due to the increased number of email users. Emails are mainly classified into spam and non-spam categories using data mining classification techniques. This paper provides a description and comparative for the evaluation of effective classifiers using three algorithms - namely k-nearest neighbor, Naive Bayesian, and support vector machine. Seven spam email datasets were used to conducted experiment in the MATLAB environment without using any feature selection method. The simulation results showed SVM classifier to achieve a better classification accuracy compared to the K-NN and NB.
Byzantine Generals in the Permissionless Setting

Consensus protocols have traditionally been studied in the permissioned setting, where all participants are known to each other from the start of the protocol execution. What differentiates the most prominent blockchain protocol Bitcoin [15] from these previously studied protocols is that it operates in a permissionless setting, i.e. it is a protocol for establishing consensus over an unknown network of participants that anybody can join, with as many identities as they like in any role. The arrival of this new form of protocol brings with it many questions. Beyond Bitcoin and other proof-of-work (PoW) protocols, what can we prove about permissionless protocols in a general sense? How does the recent stream of work on permissionless protocols relate to the well-developed history of research on permissioned protocols? To help answer these questions, we describe a formal framework for the analysis of both permissioned and permissionless systems. Our framework allows for “apples-to-apples” comparisons between different categories of protocols and, in turn, the development of theory to formally discuss their relative merits. A major benefit of the framework is that it facilitates the application of a rich history of proofs and techniques for permissioned systems to problems in blockchain and the study of permissionless systems. Within our framework, we then address the questions above. We consider a programme of research that asks, “Under what adversarial conditions, and for what types of permissionless protocol, is consensus possible?” We prove several results for this programme, our main result being that deterministic consensus is not possible for permissionless protocols.
From the Purpose oft he Lesson to Success

This paper deals with efficiency in teaching. The purpose of the lesson and the criterion of success are complex elements in the didactic process. Between these elements are theory and practice, various forms of work, feedback and student self – evaluation. I would like to share my professional experience as an apprenticeship teacher, as well as a deputy head teacher (vice-director) observing the work of other teachers in formative assessment.
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY: APPROACHES TO STRUCTURING AND CLASSIFYING KEY ELEMENTS

Against the background of the formation of the knowledge economy, intellectual capital, and the ability to properly manage it become one of the key elements of the economic ecosystem. Universities, as the backbone organizations of the knowledge economy infrastructure, should demonstrate the most effective ways and methods of forming and managing intellectual capital. The purpose of the article is to describe the existing approaches to structuring the intellectual capital of the university and to propose the most effective approach to improve the quality of the infrastructure of the knowledge economy in universities. As a result of the study, the structure of the university’s intellectual capital is proposed in the context of improving the quality of intellectual capital management. It was concluded that the indicators of the development of the knowledge economy at the global and regional levels and the indicators of university performance used in international studies actually have common approaches and reflect the level of development and involvement of intellectual capital in the development of the system under study (region or university). To ensure effective operation, universities need to guarantee high-quality management of intellectual capital and to ensure the formation of a stable system for monitoring the state of its elements. The main objects of management in this case will be the talent of the staff and students of the university and the innovative infrastructure of the university.
COVID-19 and the Need for Innovation in International Education: Universidad San Francisco De Quito USFQ Case Study.

The value of international education lies in facilitating meaningful cultural immersion as a catalyst for intercultural learning and the creation of global citizens. As the current pandemic poses a threat to the survival of international education offices across the globe, Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) are facing not only unprecedented challenges, but also opportunities to strengthen students' capacity to address the issues of the 21st century. This essay will include a brief case study and address the importance of innovation in international education given the current pandemic.
Processor Anchor to Increase the Robustness Against Fault Injection and Cyber Attacks

One major advance in software security would be to use robust processors which could assist the code developer to thwart both cyber and physical attacks. This paper presents a hardware-based solution which increases the security by checking the integrity of executed code on any microcontroller. Unlike other Control Flow Integrity (CFI) protections, this solution does not require modifications of the CPU pipeline, but relies on monitoring the interface between the processor and its instruction cache. The integrity of the execution flow and the instruction sequences (called Basic Blocks) is checked by hardware with precomputed metadata. Another module is dedicated to speed up the access to these metadata. This paper shows the effectiveness of the solution as the impact is as much as 21% in average on the execution time at the price of using memory space to store metadata along with the code.
9 Nature-inspired optimization techniques

The problem of optimization of target functions in machine learning plays a vital role in accelerating the learning process, so much so that mapping of knowledge on the system shows the minimum error rate. An optimization algorithm iteratively executes in a search space, to find among them, the proper solutions and compares them accordingly, until the best solution is found. We present some of the most popular optimization techniques widely used presently - ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony and bat algorithm.
Enjoy Your Editing: Controllable GANs for Image Editing via Latent Space Navigation

Controllable semantic image editing enables a user to change entire image attributes with few clicks, e.g., gradually making a summer scene look like it was taken in winter. Classic approaches for this task use a Generative Adversarial Net (GAN) to learn a latent space and suitable latent-space transformations. However, current approaches often suffer from attribute edits which are entangled, global image identity changes, and diminished photo-realism. To address these concerns, we learn multiple attribute transformations simultaneously, we integrate attribute regression into the training of transformation functions, apply a content loss and an adversarial loss that encourage the maintenance of image identity and photo-realism. Beyond global transformations, we explore local edits that can succeed in failure cases of global directions. We propose quantitative evaluation strategies for measuring controllable editing performance, unlike prior work which primarily focuses on qualitative evaluation. Our model permits better control for both single- and multiple-attribute editing, while also preserving image identity and realism during transformation. We provide empirical results for both real and synthetic images, highlighting that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance for targeted image manipulation.
Active Crowd Defense

This chapter studies an emerging cyberattack called a “physical” denial-of-service (PDoS) attack, in which devices in the Internet of things overflow the “physical bandwidth” of a cyber-physical system. In order to model active defense used against a PDoS attack, we develop a “Poisson signaling game,” a signaling game with an unknown number of receivers, which have varying abilities to detect deception. Equilibrium results indicate that (1) defenders can bound botnet activity and (2) legal approaches to security have only a limited effect, while active defense can decrease botnet activity arbitrarily.
FORMATION OF MEDIA COMPETENCY OF SCHOOLCHILDREN AND STUDENTS IN A DIGITAL CULTURE

The pedagogic programme of formation of media competency of schoolchildren in extracurricular activities aimed at studying the basics of media culture, mastering skills in the fi eld of media criticism, including the development of critical thinking, the organisation of participation in the fi eld of media creative work is considered. Media competency today as one of the educational competencies plays an important role among the key competences and the level of its formation determines the success of the individual and its implementation in the modern world and society. The analysis of the results of determining media competency obtained by comparing the levels of information, interpretative-evaluative, perceptual, practical-operational and creative indicators of media competency development before and after the implementation of the programme, indicate positive dynamics of these indicators. Based on the results of our empirical research and the obtained data on the positive dynamics, practical recommendations for pedagogues on the development of media competency of schoolchildren and students were developed.
Implementation of ZYNQ for image defogging

In this paper, we propose a Zynq-based defogging algorithm for low-light images, firstly, we explain the background and significance of this topic, then we study several algorithms in Retinex, analyze and compare them to get the ideal algorithm. The VDMA module sends data to the 7-inch LCD LCD module (AN070) for control display; then use the mainstream pipeline design, parallel processing for the best FPGA to efficiently implement the Retinex-based image de-fogging algorithm porting, which mainly uses Vivado HLS to generate Retinex algorithm IP cores, including From RGB to HSV color space conversion, linear stretching of the S-space part of the attribute parameters and V-space part of the logarithmic operation, Gaussian fuzzy and other related algorithm modules, and finally download the debugging, optimization and summary of the system de-mist effect of various aspects of the algorithm.
Cross-State Self-Constraint for Feature Generalization in Deep Reinforcement Learning

Representation learning on visualized input is an important yet challenging task for deep reinforcement learning (RL). The feature space learned from visualized input not only dominates the agent's generalization ability in new environments but also affect the data efficiency during training. To help the RL agent learn general and discriminative representation among various states, we present cross-state self-constraint(CSSC), a novel constraint that regularizes the representation feature space by comparing similarity of different pairs of representations. Based on the representation-behavior connection derived from the agent's experience, this constraint helps reinforce the general feature recognition during the learning process and thus enhance the generalization to unseen environment. We test our proposed method on the OpenAI ProcGen benchmark and see significant improvement on generalization performance across most of ProcGen games.
Evaluation of Service Quality of Manado City Government Website with E-GovQual Approach to Calculate Importance Performance Analysis

The rapid advancement of information technology along with its potential for widespread use opens opportunities for accessing, managing and utilizing information in the global era. In accordance with Presidential Regulations No. 3 of 2003, policies and strategies for e-Government development with its applications, mainly Manado City Government Official Website, are crucial within each of its social level adapting in its ever-evolving global changes. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method will be used after the questionnaire approach has been done to find the result through mapping the attributes with IPA Cartesians diagram. Based on the results of the analysis of the suitability level, it found a value of <; 100% i.e. 91.94% and the results of the gap level with a comparison difference of -0.09595559. Based upon the IPA quadrant, the result concluded that some quality attributes are needed to be improved. Therefore, the services in Manado City Government Website is at its finest and almost reached the expectations to optimize use of information and communication technology.