Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah (died 16 August 1614) is the 12th Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1592 to 1614.
 Known as Raja Abdul Ghafur before his accession, he is the eldest son of the 10th Sultan of Pahang, Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah by a junior wife.
 He was appointed as regent for his younger half-brother of a royal mother, Ahmad Shah II after the death of their father in 1590.
 He subsequently deposed his charge and assumed power two years later.
Mas'ud I of Ghazni (Persian: مسعود غزنوی‎ ‎ ), known as Amīr-i Shahīd (امیر شهید ; "the martyr king")(998 – 17 January 1040), was "sultan" of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1030 to 1040.
 He rose to power by seizing the Ghaznavid throne from his younger twin Mohammad, who had been nominated as the heir upon the death of their father Mahmud of Ghazni.
 His twin was shortly blinded and imprisoned.
 However, when much of Mas'ud's western domains had been wrested from his control, his troops rebelled against him and reinstated Mohammad to the throne.
Shaikh Bayazid Jalayir was the Jalayirid ruler of Soltaniyeh (1382-1384) in opposition to his brother Sultan Ahmed Jalayir.
 He was the son of Shaikh Awais Jalayir.
 In 1382 Bayazid and his brothers Ahmad and Shaikh Ali Jalayir plotted to overthrow their brother Shaikh Hussain Jalayir.
 Ahmad acted first, advancing from Ardabil to Tabriz and ordered Hussain's execution.
 Bayazid, who was in Tabriz, barely managed to escape.
 One of Hussain's amirs, 'Adil Aqa, opposed Ahmad and had Bayazid proclaimed as sultan in Soltaniyeh.
 In order to secure his position Ahmad requested the assistance of the Black Sheep Turkmen; they killed Shaikh 'Ali in battle.
 Ahmad and Bayazid then attempted to form an agreement with each other; Bayazid was to receive the Jalayirid lands in Iraq-i 'Ajam (modern day western Iran) and Ahmad would receive Azerbaijan, while Iraq-i 'Arab would be split between them.
 The agreement with the brothers failed to last, however, and Ahmad occupied Baghdad.
 In 1383 he gained entry into Soltaniyeh.
 At this point, Shah Shuja of the Muzaffarids of Iran intervened, and a new peace was brokered.
 Bayazid was confirmed in his possession of 'Iraq-i 'Ajam; 'Adil Aqa then left with Shah Shuja for Shiraz.
 'Adil Aqa's departure left Bayazid without his principal ally, however, and in the spring of 1384 he gave up Soltaniyeh to Ahmad.
Sayyid Khalid bin Barghash Al-Busaid (1874 – 1927) (Arabic: خالد بن برغش البوسعيد‎ ‎ ) was the sixth Sultan of Zanzibar and the eldest son of the second Sultan of Zanzibar, Sayyid Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid.
 Khalid briefly ruled Zanzibar (August 25-August 27, 1896), seizing power after the sudden death of his cousin Sayyid Hamad bin Thuwaini of Zanzibar who many suspect was poisoned by Khalid.
 Britain refused to recognize his claim to the throne, citing a treaty from 1866 which stated that a new Sultan could only accede to the throne with British permission, resulting in the Anglo-Zanzibar War in which Khalid's palace and harem were shelled by British vessels for 38 minutes, killing 500 defenders, before a surrender was received.
 Khalid fled his palace to take refuge in the German consulate from which he was smuggled to German East Africa where he received political asylum.
 He was captured by British forces at Dar es Salaam in 1916 and was exiled to the Seychelles and Saint Helena before being allowed to return to East Africa where he died in Mombasa in 1927.
Ahmad Niyaltigin (Persian: ‎ ‎ ) was a treasurer of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi and later of his son Sultan Mas'ud Ghaznavi.
 Sultan Masud appointed him governor of Punjab region in 1033.
 Ahmad Niyaltigin with small detachment of soldiers raided Varanasi, before withdrawing back to Punjab.
An-Nasir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as an-Nasir Ahmad, (1316 – 16 July 1344) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt, ruling from January to June 1342.
 A son of Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad, he became embroiled in the volatile succession process following his father's death in 1341.
 An-Nasir Ahmad lived much of his life in the desert fortress of al-Karak in Transjordan and was reticent to assume the sultanate in Cairo, preferring al-Karak, where he was closely allied with the inhabitants of the city and the Bedouin tribes in its vicinity.
 His Syrian partisans, emirs Tashtamur and Qutlubugha al-Fakhri, successfully maneuvered to bring Syria under an-Nasir Ahmad's official control, while sympathetic emirs in Egypt were able to oust the Mamluk strongman Emir Qawsun and his puppet sultan, the five-year-old half-brother of an-Nasir Ahmad, al-Ashraf Kujuk.
 An-Nasir Ahmad eventually assumed the sultanate after frequently delaying his departure to Egypt.
Sultan Zainal Abidin III Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmad Muadzam Shah II, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , (12 April 1866 – 26 November 1918) was Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of the state of Terengganu from 1881 to 1918.
 Succeeding on the death of his father Sultan Ahmad, under his reign Terengganu became a British protectorate by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
 In 1911, Sultan Zainal Abidin III issued Terengganu's first constitution.
 He died in Kuala Terengganu on 26 November 1918, aged 52, after a nearly 37 year reign and was buried in the Zainal Abidin mosque.
 He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad Shah II.
YH Dato' Sri Mohamad Norza Zakaria (born in 1966) is a public figure in Malaysia and he was conferred the award of ‘Darjah Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (SSAP)’ which carries the title ‘DATO’ SRI’ by Tengku Mahkota of Pahang, Tengku Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah in conjunction with the birthday celebrations of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang on 24 October 2016.
Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse (Persian: حمام سلطان امیر احمد‎ ‎ , Hammam-e Sultan Amir Ahmad), also known as the Qasemi Bathhouse, is a traditional Iranian public bathhouse in Kashan, Iran.
 It was constructed in the 16th century, during the Safavid era; however, the bathhouse was damaged in 1778 as a result of an earthquake and was renovated during the Qajar era.
 The bathhouse is named after Imamzadeh Sultan Amir Ahmad, whose mausoleum is nearby.
Raja Khishtasub Khan was the most powerful ruler of Baghpurdheri and State of Khanpur.
 He was the son of sultan Raja Shair Ahmad khan,and he was the father of Sultan Raja Aziz Ahmad and grand father of Raja Pervaiz Ahmad.At his time he was most powerful then sultan Raja Jahandad khan.

Question: Ahmad Niyaltigin was the treasurer of a sultan who rose to power by seizing what from his younger twin?
Answer: the Ghaznavid throne