Humanitarian aid workers belonging to United Nations organisations, PVOs / NGOs or the Red Cross / Red Crescent have traditionally enjoyed both international legal protection, and "de facto" immunity from attack by belligerent parties.
 However, attacks on humanitarian workers have occasionally occurred, and became more frequent since the 1990s and 2000s.
 In 2012 there were 167 incidents of major violence against aid workers and in 2013 there were 474 attacks.
 This is attributed to a number of factors, including the increasing number of humanitarian workers deployed, the increasingly unstable environments in which they work, and the erosion of the perception of neutrality and independence .
 In 2012, road travel was seen to be most dangerous and kidnappings of aid workers have quadrupled in the decade with more aid workers victims of kidnapping than any other form of attack.
 ICRC promotes a framework for Neutral Independent Humanitarian Action (NIHA) to enable differentiated role understanding.
CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, formerly Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe) is a major international humanitarian agency delivering emergency relief and long-term international development projects.
 Founded in 1945, CARE is nonsectarian, impartial, and non-governmental.
 It is one of the largest and oldest humanitarian aid organizations focused on fighting global poverty.
 In 2016, CARE reported working in 94 countries, supporting 962 poverty-fighting projects and humanitarian aid projects, and reaching over 80 million people and 256 million people indirectly.
During the Japanese-led Nanking Massacre, the International Red Cross established a contingent in the city to coordinate the humanitarian aid effort.
Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance to people who need help.
 It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by government and other institutions replaces it.
 A report published by the network of European Universities on Professionalization of Humanitarian Action noted that humanitarian aid is a "fundamental expression of the universal value of solidarity between people and a moral imperative."
 Among the people in need belong homeless, refugees, victims of natural disasters, wars and famines.
 The primary purpose of humanitarian aid is to save lives, reduce suffering and respect to human dignity.
 Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disasters and man-made disaster.
 The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity.
 It may therefore be distinguished from development aid, which seeks to address the underlying socioeconomic factors which may have led to a crisis or emergency.
Mass murder (sometimes interchangeable with "mass destruction") is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.
 The FBI defines mass murder as murdering four or more persons during an event with no "cooling-off period" between the murders.
 A mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more people kill several others.
 Many acts of mass murder end with the perpetrator(s) dying by suicide or suicide by cop.
Writer and expert in humanitarian aid, Jordi Raich is particularly known for his book El espejismo humanitario, where he dissects and analyses from the inside the weaknesses of humanitarian aid and re-examines the polemic relations between the aid worker and the different actors of the humanitarian theatre.
 El espejismo humanitario has been at the centre of many passionate debates and has become a work reference for NGOs and aid workers.
 Raich is known as well for his controversial theory developed in his essay The Ethical Evolution of the Humanitarian Idea, where he claims that 21st century humanitarianism is a reductionist concept that damages the development and implementation of human rights.
Evidence Aid is an international platform that was formed out of the need to deliver time sensitive access to systematic reviews for use in the event of disasters and other humanitarian emergencies.
 The method of using systematic reviews (a collection of available evidence on any given topic) is to provide evidence for use by policy makers, clinicians, regulators, clinicians and even the general public who benefit when these materials are easy to understand and are accessible.
 The vision of Evidence Aid is to create and satisfy an increasing demand for evidence to improve the impact of humanitarian aid by stimulating the use of an evidence-based approach.
 Evidence Aid was founded in 2004.
 It is currently a project that is housed by the Cochrane Collaboration and Queens University Belfast.
 Evidence Aid was established by several members of the international Cochrane Collaboration following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
 Evidence Aid was formed to provide systematic reviews on the effects of interventions and actions of relevance prior to, in the course of and during the aftermath of disasters or other humanitarian emergencies, in order to improve health-related outcomes; their aim is to work with those who need and use this evidence (those preparing for and responding to disasters and humanitarian emergencies – policy-makers, guideline developers, trainers, as well as aid agencies and independent consultants), as well as working with researchers and publishers to facilitate freely accessible materials to meet the information needs for those facing humanitarian emergencies and disasters.
 Evidence Aid works in collaboration with other organizations including Public Health England; Red Cross Flanders, International Rescue Committee; Centers for Disease Control; Centre for Evidence Based Medicine; and the University of Oxford.
Violence during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 took a gender-specific form when, over the course of 100 days, up to half a million women were raped, sexually mutilated, or murdered.
 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) handed down the first conviction for the use of rape as a weapon of war during the civil conflict, and, because the intent of the mass violence against Rwandan women was to destroy, in whole or in part, a particular ethnic group, it was the first time that mass rape during wartime was found to be an act of genocidal rape.
Genocidal rape is a term used to describe the actions of a group who have carried out acts of mass rape during wartime against their perceived enemy as part of a genocidal campaign.
 During the Bangladesh Liberation War, the Yugoslav Wars, and the Rwandan genocide, the mass rapes that had been an integral part of those conflicts brought the concept of genocidal rape to international prominence.
 Although war rape has been a recurrent feature in conflicts throughout history, it has usually been looked upon as a by-product of conflict, and not an integral part of military policy.
The Nanking Massacre was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing ("Nanking"), then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
 The massacre is also known as the Rape of Nanking or, using Pinyin romanization, the Nanjing Massacre or Rape of Nanjing.

Question: During an episode of mass murder and mass rape, what institution attempted to coordinate humanitarian aid effort?
Answer: International Red Cross