Snap-dragon (also known as Flap-dragon, Snapdragon, or Flapdragon) was a parlour game popular from about the 16th century.
 It was played during the winter, particularly on Christmas Eve.
 Brandy was heated and placed in a wide shallow bowl; raisins were placed in the brandy which was then set alight.
 Typically, lights were extinguished or dimmed to increase the eerie effect of the blue flames playing across the liquor.
 The aim of the game was to pluck the raisins out of the burning brandy and eat them, at the risk of being burnt. Samuel Johnson's "Dictionary of the English Language" (1755) describes it as "a play in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy and, extinguishing them by closing the mouth, eat them".
 According to an eighteenth-century article in Richard Steele's "Tatler" magazine, "the wantonness of the thing was to see each other look like a demon, as we burnt ourselves, and snatched out the fruit."
 Snap-dragon was played in England, Canada, and the United States, but there is insufficient evidence of the practice in Scotland, or other countries.
Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 <nowiki>[</nowiki>OS 7 September]  – 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr. Johnson, was an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer.
 Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and is described by the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".
 He is also the subject of the biography, "The Life of Samuel Johnson" by James Boswell.
Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891 – April 9, 1953) was a leading philosopher of science, educator, and proponent of logical empiricism.
 He was influential in the areas of science, education, and of logical empiricism.
 He founded the "Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie" (Society for Empirical Philosophy) in Berlin in 1928, also known as the “Berlin Circle.”
 Carl Gustav Hempel, Richard von Mises, David Hilbert and Kurt Grelling all became members of the Berlin Circle.
 He authored "The Rise of Scientific Philosophy".
 In 1930, Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap became editors of the journal "Erkenntnis" (Knowledge).
 He also made lasting contributions to the study of empiricism based on a theory of probability; the logic and the philosophy of mathematics; space, time, and relativity theory; analysis of probabilistic reasoning; and quantum mechanics.
James Boswell's London Journal is a published version of the daily journal he kept between the years 1762 and 1763 while in London.
 Along with many more of his private papers, it was found in the 1920s at Malahide Castle in Ireland, and was first published in 1950, in an edition by Frederick A. Pottle.
 In it, Boswell, then a young Scotsman of 22, visits London for his second time.
 The most notable event in the journal is Boswell's meeting on 16 May Samuel Johnson, the famous writer, moralist, and lexicographer with whom Boswell would form a close relationship, eventually writing the biography "The Life of Samuel Johnson."
Joseph Jacobs (29 August 1854 – 30 January 1916) was an Australian folklorist, literary critic, social scientist, historian and writer of English literature who became a notable collector and publisher of English folklore.
 His work went on to popularize some of the world's best known versions of English fairy tales including "Jack and the Beanstalk", "Goldilocks and the three bears", "The Three Little Pigs", "Jack the Giant Killer" and "The History of Tom Thumb".
 He published his English fairy tale collections: "English Fairy Tales" in 1890 and "More English Fairytales" in 1893 but also went on after and in between both books to publish fairy tales collected from continental Europe as well as Jewish, Celtic and Indian fairytales which made him one of the most popular writers of fairytales for the English language.
 Jacobs was also an editor for journals and books on the subject of folklore which included editing the Fables of Bidpai and the Fables of Aesop, as well as articles on the migration of Jewish folklore.
 He also edited editions of "The Thousand and One Nights".
 He went on to join The Folklore Society in England and became an editor of the society journal "Folklore".
 Joseph Jacobs also contributed to "The Jewish Encyclopedia".
The Tatler was a British literary and society journal begun by Richard Steele in 1709 and published for two years.
 It represented a new approach to journalism, featuring cultivated essays on contemporary manners, and established the pattern that would be copied in such British classics Addison and Steele's "Spectator", Samuel Johnson's "Rambler" and "Idler", Goldsmith's "Citizen of the World", and influence essayists as late as Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt.
 Addison and Steele liquidated "The Tatler" in order to make a fresh start with the similar "Spectator", and the collected issues of "Tatler" are usually published in the same volume as the collected "Spectator".
The Guardian was a short-lived newspaper published in London from 12 March to 1 October 1713.
 It was founded by Richard Steele and featured contributions from Joseph Addison, Thomas Tickell, Alexander Pope and Ambrose Philips.
 Steele and Addison had previously collaborated on the "Tatler" and "The Spectator" (not related to the present-day "Spectator" or "Tatler").
Reginald Gibbons (born 1947) is an American poet, fiction writer, translator, literary critic, and Professor of English and Classics at Northwestern University and Director of the Center for the Writing Arts there.
 Gibbons has published numerous books, as well as poems, short stories, essays and reviews in journals and magazines, has held Guggenheim Foundation and NEA fellowships in poetry and a research fellowship from the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington D.C.
 He has won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Carl Sandburg Prize, the Folger Shakespeare Library's O. B. Hardison, Jr.
 Poetry Prize, and other honors, among them the inclusion of his work in "Best American Poetry" and "Pushcart Prize" anthologies.
 His book "Creatures of a Day" was a finalist for the 2008 National Book Award for poetry.
 He attended public school in Spring Branch (at that time, outside Houston, Texas; now incorporated into the city), Princeton University (BA Spanish and Portuguese), and Stanford University (MA in English and Creative Writing; PhD in Comparative Literature).
 Before moving to Northwestern University, he taught creative writing at Princeton and Columbia.
 At Northwestern, he was the editor of "TriQuarterly" magazine from 1981 to 1997, and co-founded TriQuarterly Books (after 1997, an imprint of Northwestern University Press).
 As the editor of "TriQuarterly", he edited or co-edited the special issues "Chicago" (1984), "From South Africa: New Writing, Photography and Art" (1987), "A Window on Poland" (1983), "Prose from Spain" (1983), "New Writing from Mexico" (1992), and others, as well as many general issues of the magazine.
 He edited two works of William Goyen (1915-1983): the 50th Anniversary edition of "The House of Breath" and the Goyen's posthumously published second novel, "Half a Look of Cain" (both published by Northwestern University Press).
 In 1989, he was one of a group of co-founders of the Guild Literary Complex (Chicago), a literary presenting organization, where he continues to volunteer, and he is a member of the large team that is creating the American Writers Museum (Chicago; opening in 2017).
Samuel Johnson: A Life is a prize-winning biography of 18th-century English lexicographer Samuel Johnson by British literary critic David Nokes.
 It was published on October 27, 2009, shortly before the author's death.
 Building on earlier work by scholars Robert DeMaria, Walter Jackson Bate, Lawrence Lipking and Peter Martin, many critics lauded "Samuel Johnson: A Life" as a significant step forward in Johnsonian biography and criticism.
 In the biography, Nokes challenges James Boswell's significance in Dr. Johnson's life, writing that "Johnson wished to keep...his acknowledged biographer at a distance" and even second-guessed his "annointment" of Boswell as his official biographer.
Muneeza Shamsie (née Habibullah) is a Pakistani writer, critic, literary journalist, and editor.
 She is author of a literary history "Hybrid Tapestries: The Development of Pakistani English Literature" (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2016) and is the Bibliographic Representative (Pakistan) of 'The Journal of Commonwealth Literature' (http://www.sagepub.in/journals/Journal201677/boards).
 She is on the International Advisory Board of 'The Journal of Postcolonial Writing' (http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=rjpw20#.VtR96DGDr4g) and has guest edited its Special Issue Volume 47 Issue 2, 2011: Beyond Geography: Literature, Politics and Violence in Pakistan.
 She is on the Advisory Committee of the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature (http://dscprize.com/category/advisories/ac-2015) and served as a 2013 jury member.
 From 2009-2011 she served as regional chair (Eurasia) for the Commonwealth Writers Prize (http://www.litencyc.com/php/members/showprofile.php?contribid=16062).
 She is editor of three pioneering anthologies of Pakistani English literature, of which the US edition of 'And the World Changed Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women" received the Gold IPPY award and the Bronze Foreword Award in the United States.
(http://www.litencyc.com/php/members/showprofile.php?contribid=16062)

Question: The Tatler was a British literary and society journal begun by Richard Steele in which year, and published for two years, it  represented a new approach to journalism, featuring cultivated essays on contemporary manners, and established the pattern that would be copied in such British classics such as Samuel Johnson's "Rambler", an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer?
Answer: 1709