The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the Eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009.
 Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other Eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Onihime VS (鬼姫VS , Onihime Vāsasu , lit. "
"Demon Princess VS"") is a manga series written by Dall-Young Lim and illustrated by Soo-Hyun Lee, both who are known for the Korean manhwa "Unbalance Unbalance" and the light novel "The Phantom King".
 The series revolves around Setsuna Kashiwagi, a Japanese high school student with a chronic heart problem who makes a deal with an Oni for 10 million yen in exchange for his life in a year.
 He is soon met by Kanna and Rena, two princesses of the Royal Oni Clan who act as bodyguards to protect his heart from other Oni in exchange for one of them eating his heart after the year has passed.
Banca Cívica, S.A. was a bank created as a result of the European debt crisis as an emergency response by the Spanish government regulatory authority "Institutional Protection System" (Spanish: "Sistema Institucional de Protección", or SIP) that comprised the savings banks of Caja Navarra, Caja Canarias, Caja de Burgos and Cajasol.
 It became part of CaixaBank on 3 August 2012, at which time shares for the company ceased to be quoted.
The Caja Navarra scandal unraveled in 2012 after the absorption of Caja Navarra (CAN), integrated in the financial conglomerate Banca Civica, by CaixaBank (3 August 2012).
 Caja Navarra lost all its worth, causing its actual demise.
 Caja Navarra's acronym and brand CAN was kept converted into a foundation.
 The highly controversial crash of the institution gave way to a demand of responsibilities.
Public Interest Watch (PIW) was established in September 2002 by Mike Hardiman.
 The PIW website states that the group was created "in response to the growing misuse of charitable funds by nonprofit organizations and the lack of effort by government agencies to deal with the problem."
 In March 2006 the "Wall Street Journal" reported that PIW received approximately 95% of its funding from ExxonMobil during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2004.
In class-based programming, the "factory method pattern" is a creational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created.
 This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by derived classes—rather than by calling a constructor.
The International Refugee Organization (IRO) was an intergovernmental organization founded on 20 April 1946 to deal with the massive refugee problem created by World War II.
 A Preparatory Commission began operations fourteen months previously.
 In 1948, the treaty establishing the IRO formally entered into force and the IRO became a United Nations specialized agency.
 The IRO assumed most of the functions of the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.
 In 1952, operations of the IRO ceased, and it was replaced by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
The stability problem of functional equations originated from a question of Stanisław Ulam, posed in 1940, concerning the stability of group homomorphisms.
 In the next year, Donald H. Hyers gave a partial affirmative answer to the question of Ulam in the context of Banach spaces in the case of "additive" mappings, that was the first significant breakthrough and a step toward more solutions in this area.
 Since then, a large number of papers have been published in connection with various generalizations of Ulam’s problem and Hyers’s theorem.
 In 1978, Themistocles M. Rassias succeeded in extending Hyers’s theorem for mappings between Banach spaces by considering an unbounded Cauchy difference subject to a continuity condition upon the mapping.
 He was the first to prove the stability of the "linear mapping".
 This result of Rassias attracted several mathematicians worldwide who began to be stimulated to investigate the stability problems of functional equations.
The Bank of Scotland plc (Scottish Gaelic: "Banca na h-Alba" ) is a commercial and clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland.
 With a history dating to the 17th century, it is the fifth-oldest surviving bank in the United Kingdom (the Bank of England having been established one year before), and is the only commercial institution created by the Parliament of Scotland to remain in existence.
 It was one of the first banks in Europe to print its own banknotes and it continues to print its own sterling banknotes under legal arrangements which allow Scottish banks to issue currency.
The posting system (ポスティングシステム , posutingu shisutemu ) is a baseball player transfer system that operates between Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) and the United States' Major League Baseball (MLB), or between the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and MLB.
 Despite the drafting of the United States – Japanese Player Contract Agreement, unveiled in 1967 to regulate NPB players moving to MLB, problems began to arise in the late 1990s.
 Some NPB teams lost star players without compensation, an issue highlighted when NPB stars Hideo Nomo and Alfonso Soriano left to play in MLB after using loopholes to void their existing contracts.
 A further problem was that NPB players had very little negotiating power if their teams decided to deal them to MLB, as when pitcher Hideki Irabu was traded to an MLB team for which he had no desire to play.
 In 1998, the Agreement was rewritten to address both problems; the result was dubbed the "posting system".

Question: The problem that Banca Civica was created to deal with began in what year?
Answer: 2009