A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.
 Relatively rare until the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the term was often used in the official name of countries smaller than most continental kingdoms of modern Europe (e.g., Denmark, Spain, United Kingdom) yet larger than most of the sovereign duchies in the Holy Roman Empire, Italy or Scandinavia (e.g. Anhalt, Lorraine, Modena, Schleswig-Holstein).
 During the 19th century there were as many as 14 grand duchies in Europe at once (a few of which were first created as exclaves of the Napoleonic empire but later re-created, usually with different borders, under another dynasty).
 Some of these were sovereign and nominally independent (Baden, Hesse and by Rhine, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar and Tuscany), some sovereign but held in personal union with larger realms by a monarch whose grand-dukedom was borne as a subsidiary title (Finland, Luxembourg, Transylvania), some of which were client states of a more powerful realm (Cleves and Berg), and some whose territorial boundaries were nominal and the position purely titular (Frankfurt).
An emperor (through Old French "empereor" from Latin imperator) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.
 Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ("empress consort"), mother ("empress dowager"), or a woman who rules in her own right ("empress regnant").
 Emperors are generally recognized to be of a higher honour and rank than kings.
 In Europe the title of Emperor has been used since the Middle Ages, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope, due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of Western Europe.
 The Emperor of Japan is the only currently reigning monarch whose title is translated into English as "Emperor".
The Battle of Mohács (] ; Hungarian: "Mohácsi csata" , Turkish: "Mohaç Muharebesi" ) was one of the most consequential battles in Central European history.
 It was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Louis II, and those of the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent.
 The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania.
 Further, the death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellon dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims passed to the House of Habsburg.
The Sovereign Prince or Princess of Monaco is the reigning monarch and head of state of the Principality of Monaco.
 All princes or princesses have officially taken the name of the House of Grimaldi, but have belonged to various other houses (Goyon de Matignon, Polignac) in male line.
 The present reigning prince is Albert II.
The Proclamation Gallery is a part of St. James Palace in London, England.
 It is used after the death of a reigning monarch.
 The Accession Council meets to declare the new monarch from the deceased monarch's line, and once the decision is made and the monarch makes a sacred oath to the council they step into the Proclamation Gallery which overlooks Friary Court to make the announcement of the new monarch.
The House of Grimaldi is associated with the history of the Republic of Genoa, Italy and of the Principality of Monaco.
The Duguwa dynasty is the line of kings ("mai") of the Kanem Empire prior to the rise of the Islamic Seyfawa dynasty in 1068.
 According to the Girgam, the Duguwa kings were the kings of Kanem whose dynastic name is derived from Duku, the third king of the Duguwa.
 Comparisons with accounts from Arab geographers show that the Duguwa were the kings of the ruling class called Zaghawa.
An institutional referendum ("referendum istituzionale", or "referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato", in Italian) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of Italian contemporary history.
 Until 1946, Italy was a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, kings of Italy since the Risorgimento and previously rulers of Savoy.
 However, Benito Mussolini, enjoying the support of the reigning monarch, imposed fascism after the 28 October 1922 March on Rome, eventually engaging Italy in World War II alongside Nazi Germany.
 In 1946, Italy became a republic after the results of a popular referendum.
 Monarchists had suspicions of fraud, but were never able to prove these.
 A Constituent Assembly was elected at the same time.
King's/Queen's Birthday Honours is, in some Commonwealth realms, the marking of the reigning monarch's official birthday by granting various individuals appointment into national or dynastic orders or the award of decorations and medals.
 The honours are presented by the monarch or a viceregal representative.
 New Year Honours and Birthday Honours are bestowed each year.
 All royal honours are published in the relevant gazette, and the daily newspapers of each realm.
"Long live our noble Duke" is an alteration traditionally made within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire to the anthem 'God Save the Queen'.
 The anthem still uses the same lyrics and instrumental tune, but the second line "Long live our noble Queen" is changed to "Long live our noble Duke" out of respect to the reigning monarch in their capacity as the Duke of Lancaster.
 The title is always held by the monarch as head of the royal Duchy of Lancaster, historically Lancaster being the county town of Lancashire.
 No matter if the sovereign is male or female, they always retain the style of Duke, therefore the variant second line never changes even if 'God save the Queen' changes to 'God Save the King' and vice versa.

Question: Who is the current reigning monarch whose dynastic lineage is associated with the historic Republic of Genoa in Italy?
Answer: Albert II