Jews in Bohemia (also known as Bohemian Jews/Czech Jews or, in some cases, Austro-Hungarian Jews), today's Czech Republic, are predominantly Ashkenazic Jews, and the current Jewish population is only a fraction of the pre-WWII Czechoslovakia's Jewish population.
 As of 2005, there were approximately 4,000 Jews living in the Czech Republic.
 There are ten small Jewish communities all around the country (seven in Bohemia and three in Moravia).
 The umbrella organisation for the Jewish communities in the country is the Federation of Jewish Communities (Federace židovských obcí, FŽO).
 Services have been held in Prague and some other cities.
The Holocaust in France refers to the persecution, deportation, and annihilation of Jews and Roma between 1940 and 1944 in occupied France, metropolitan Vichy, and in Vichy-North Africa, during World War II.
 The persecution began in 1940, and culminated in deportations of Jews from France to death camps in Germany and Nazi-occupied Poland from 1942 which lasted until July 1944.
 Of the 340,000 Jews living in metropolitan/continental France in 1940, more than 75,000 were deported to death camps, where about 72,500 were killed.
 French Vichy government and the French police participated in the roundup of Jews.
 Although most deported Jews died, the survival rate of the Jewish population in France was up to 75% which is one of the highest survival rates in Europe.
Kvitlech, also spelled Kvitlach, Quitli or Quitlok, (Yiddish: קוויטלך‎ , literally "notes", "slips") is a game similar to blackjack played in some Ashkenazi Jewish homes during the Hanukkah season.
 Most packs used to play the game consists of 24 cards with identical pairs numbered from 1 to 12.
 The pack may have originated from Hexenspiel decks by stripping them of picture cards so as to avoid idolatry.
 The game and deck were created by Hassidic Jews living in Austrian Poland during the 18th or 19th century.
 Piatnik & Söhne of Vienna was the largest producer of these cards during the 19th and 20th centuries which helped spread the game among Jews living in Austria-Hungary and their North American diaspora.
 Most European players were killed during the Holocaust and the number of North American players has dwindled.
The Jewish cemeteries of Kaunas are the four Jewish cemeteries of the Lithuanian Jews living in Kaunas, known to them as Kovne, Lithuania.
 Jewish people started settling in Kaunas in the second half of the 17th century.
 They were not allowed to live in the city, so most of them stayed in the Vilijampolė settlement on the opposite than Kaunas Castle right bank of the Neris River, near the its confluence with the Nemunas River.
 Since the second half of the 19th century, Kaunas became a major center of Jewish cultural and economic activity in Lithuania.
Algirdas Klimaitis (1910 in Kaunas – August 29, 1988 in Hamburg) was a Lithuanian paramilitary commander, infamous for his role in the Kaunas pogrom in June 1941.
The Jewish Archive (Archivo Judaico) was the name given to a collection of documents compiled by the regime of Francisco Franco in Spain during the Second World War.
 In accordance with instructions passed down from the Directorate of General Security ("Dirección General de Seguridad", DGS) the provincial governors of Spain assembled records of all Jews living in Spain, Spanish or not.
 The resulting list, which recorded 6,000 Jews living in Spain, was handed to the SS under Heinrich Himmler in 1941 and was included in Adolf Eichmann's Jewish Population Census, tabled at the Wannsee Conference chaired by Reinhard Heydrich in January 1942.
Following the re-emergence of sovereign Poland after World War I and during the interwar period the number of Jews in the country grew rapidly.
 According to the Polish national census of 1921, there were 2,845,364 Jews living in the Second Polish Republic; by late 1938 that number had grown by over 16 percent, to approximately 3,310,000, mainly through migration from Ukraine and the Soviet Russia.
 The average rate of permanent settlement was about 30,000 per annum.
 At the same time, every year around 100,000 Jews were passing through Poland in unofficial emigration overseas.
 Between the end of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919 and late 1938, the Jewish population of the Republic grew by nearly half a million, or over 464,000 persons.
 Jews preferred to live in relatively tolerant Poland rather than in the USSR, and continued to integrate, to marry into Polish Gentile families, to bring them into their community through marriage, to feel Polish and to form an important part of Polish society.
 Between 1933 and 1938, around 25,000 German Jews fled Nazi Germany to sanctuary in Poland.
Jews have lived in France since Roman times, with a rich and complex history.
 In the Middle Ages, French kings expelled most of the original Ashkenazi Jewish population to Germany.
 Since the French Revolution (and Emancipation), Jews have been able to contribute to all aspects of French culture and society.
 Moreover, the Cremieux decree gave in 1870 the full French citizenship to North-African Jews, living in the Maghreb under French colonization.
 During World War II, a significant number of Jews living in Metropolitan France perished in the Holocaust, deported to Nazi death camps by the French Vichy government.
 After 1945, France served as a haven for Askhenazi refugees, then after the independence of Morocco, Tunisia and the end of Algerian War, an influx of immigration of Sephardi Jews saw the Jewish population triple to around 600,000, making it the largest Jewish community in Western Europe.
 Behind the United States and Israel, France ranks 3rd by Jewish population.
 In 2008, the Jewish Agency evaluated the Jewish population in France to be 488,000, not mentioning French citizens with only one Jewish parent or grandparent.
The Kaunas pogrom was a massacre of Jewish people living in Kaunas, Lithuania that took place on June 25–29, 1941 – the first days of the Operation Barbarossa and of Nazi occupation of Lithuania.
 The most infamous incident occurred in the Lietūkis garage, where several dozen Jewish men were publicly tortured and executed on June 27.
 After June, systematic executions took place at various forts of the Kaunas Fortress, especially the Seventh and Ninth Fort.
Malaysian Jews are Jews living in Malaysia, or those originally from the country.
 The state of Penang was once home to a Jewish community, until the latter part of the 1970s, by which time most had emigrated due to growing state-sanctioned antisemitism.
 They were also found elsewhere in the nation, especially in Negeri Sembilan and Malacca.
 Indications of the growing racial and religious hostility in the nation has caused many Malaysian Jews to leave or flee the country.
 The Malaysian Jewish community consists of Jews of Sephardic origin who live amongst the Kristang people (Malacca-Portuguese), Mizrahi Jews (the majority of whom are Baghdadi Jews), Malabar Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.

Question: Where was the paramilitary commander famous for massacring Jews living in Kaunas, Lithuania born?
Answer: Hamburg