Catherine FitzCharles, born in 1658, was the illegitimate daughter of Charles II of England and his mistress, Catherine Pegge.
 Her older brother by one year, Charles FitzCharles, was made the 1st Earl of Plymouth by his father.
 Little is known about Catherine's life, but she is thought to have become a Benedictine nun at in Dunkirk, France, like many other highborn Englishwomen during the reign of Charles II.
 She is believed to have resided there under the religious name, Sister Ophelia, until her death in 1759 at the impressive age of 101.
 However, the shockingly small amount of information available about Catherine FitzCharles leads some to conclude that Catherine died in infancy or early childhood instead.
The Dutch Gift of 1660 was a collection of 28 mostly Italian Renaissance paintings and 12 classical sculptures, along with a yacht, the "Mary", and furniture, which was presented to King Charles II of England by the States-General of the Netherlands in 1660.
 In July 1660 Louis of Nassau arrived in London; his countrymen Simon van Hoorn, curator of the Athenaeum Illustre, Michiel van Gogh from Vlissingen and the (catholic) Joachim Ripperda arrived in November to negotiate the Act of Navigation and to present Charles II the Gift.
 The collection was given to Charles II to mark his return to power in the English Restoration, before which Charles had spent many years in exile in Paris, Cologne, and the Spanish Netherlands, during the rule of the English Commonwealth.
 It was intended to strengthen diplomatic relations between England and the Republic, but only a few years after the gift the two nations would be at war again in the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67.
The War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.
 Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe.
 Attempts to solve the problem by peacefully partitioning the empire among the eligible candidates from the royal houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach) ultimately failed, and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on his grandnephew Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second-eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France.
 With Philip ruling in Spain, Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty, but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability, jeopardising the balance of power.
Richard Rumbold (1622–1685) was a Cromwellian soldier who took part in the failed 1683 Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother James.
 When the plot was discovered, Rumbold fled the country.
 In 1685, after Charles II had died and James had become king, Rumbold participated in a plan to drive James from the throne.
 The plan failed and Rumbold was executed.
The Monmouth Rebellion, also known as The Revolt of the West or The West Country rebellion, was an attempt to overthrow James II, the Duke of York who had become King of England, Scotland, and Ireland upon the death of his elder brother Charles II on 6 February 1685.
 James II was a Roman Catholic, and some Protestants under his rule opposed his kingship.
 James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II, claimed to be rightful heir to the throne and attempted to displace James II.
Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, KG, FRS (27 July 1625 – 28 May 1672) was an English landowner and Infantry officer who later became a naval officer and a politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1645 and 1660.
 He served Oliver Cromwell loyally in the 1650s, but went on to play a considerable part in the Restoration of Charles II, and was rewarded with several Court offices.
 He served as the English Ambassador to Portugal 1661-1662, and Ambassador to Spain 1666-1668.
 He became an Admiral, serving in the two Anglo-Dutch Wars in the reign of Charles II, and was killed at the Battle of Solebay.
 Our best picture of him is contained in the diary of Samuel Pepys, who was his cousin and protégé.
Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (Hungarian: "Károly Róbert" ; Croatian: "Karlo Robert" ; Slovak: "Karol Róbert" ; 128816 July 1342) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death.
 He was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou and the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno.
 His father was the eldest son of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary.
 She laid claim to Hungary after her brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, died in 1290, but the Hungarian prelates and lords elected her cousin, Andrew III, king.
 Instead of abandoning her claim to Hungary, she transferred it to her son, Charles Martel, and after his death in 1295, to her grandson, Charles.
 On the other hand, her husband, Charles II of Naples, made their third son, Robert, heir to the Kingdom of Naples, thus disinheriting Charles.
Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth (September 1649 – 14 November 1734) was a mistress of Charles II of England.
 Through her son by Charles II, Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, she is ancestress of both wives of Prince Charles: Diana, Princess of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.
Sir Edward Spragge (name also written as Spragg or Sprague) (circa 1620 – 21 August 1673) was an Irish admiral of the Royal Navy.
 He was a fiery, brilliantly accomplished seaman who fought in many great actions after the restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was king of England, Scotland and Ireland.
 He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.

Question: What country do both Edward Spragge and Charles II of England have in common?
Answer: Ireland