The Rock Springs massacre, also known as the Rock Springs Riot, occurred on September 2, 1885, in the present-day United States city of Rock Springs in Sweetwater County, Wyoming.
 The riot, between Chinese immigrant miners and white immigrant miners, was the result of racial tensions and an ongoing labor dispute over the Union Pacific Coal Department's policy of paying Chinese miners lower wages than white miners.
 This policy caused the Chinese to be hired over the white miners, which further angered the white miners and contributed to the riot.
 When the rioting ended, at least 28 Chinese miners were dead and 15 were injured.
 Rioters burned 78 Chinese homes resulting in approximately US$150,000 in property damage ($ in present-day terms ).
Norvelt is a census-designated place in Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States.
 The community was part of the Calumet-Norvelt CDP for the 2000 census, but was split into the two separate communities of Calumet and Norvelt for the 2010 census.
 Calumet was a typical company town, locally referred to as a "patch" or "patch town", built by a single company to house coal miners as cheaply as possible.
 On the other hand, Norvelt was created during the depression by the federal government of the United States as a model community, intended to increase the standard of living of laid-off coal miners.
The Lattimer massacre was the violent deaths of 19 unarmed striking immigrant anthracite coal miners at the Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, on September 10, 1897.
 The miners, mostly of Polish, Slovak, Lithuanian and German ethnicity, were shot and killed by a Luzerne County sheriff's posse.
 Scores more workers were wounded.
 The massacre was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers (UMW).
The Hartford coal mine riot occurred on July 12, 1914, at Hartford, Arkansas.
 In a productive region of a state with 100% of its coal miners represented by the United Mine Workers, one mine owner attempted to open a non-union shop.
 In the resulting conflict, mines were flooded by sabotage, and on July 17 a crowd of union miners and sympathizers destroyed the surface plant of the Prairie Creek coal mine #3 and murdered two non-union miners.
Winter Quarters is a ghost town in Carbon County, Utah, United States.
 Coal was discovered in the area in 1875, and later that year, the Pleasant Valley Coal Company began coal mining operations.
 A group of coal miners were delayed during an early winter storm in 1877, which led to the town's name of Winter Quarters.
 On May 1, 1900, an explosion in the Winter Quarters Number Four mine killed 200 miners.
 Despite the mine explosion, the coal mining operations remained active until 1922, when the opening of a new mine in Castle Gate caused many people to relocate there.
 By 1930, Winter Quarters was abandoned.
Alexander Campbell (c. 1833 – June 21, 1877) was a tavern owner, who, with three other convicted Molly Maguires, was hanged for the murders of two mine operatives.
The United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA) is a North American labor union best known for representing coal miners.
 Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada.
 Although its main focus has always been on workers and their rights, the UMW of today also advocates for better roads, schools, and universal health care.
 By 2014, coal mining had largely shifted to open pit mines in Wyoming, and there were only 60,000 active coal miners.
 The UMW was left with 35,000 members, of whom 20,000 were coal miners, chiefly in underground mines in Kentucky and West Virginia.
 However it was responsible for pensions and medical benefits for 40,000 retired miners, and for 50,000 spouses and dependents.
The Molly Maguires was an Irish 19th-century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the eastern United States, best known for their activism among Irish-American and Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania.
 After a series of often violent conflicts, twenty suspected members of the Molly Maguires were convicted of murder and other crimes and were executed by hanging in 1877 and 1878.
 This history remains part of local Pennsylvania lore.
Calumet is a census-designated place in Mount Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States.
 Although the United States Census Bureau included it as a census-designated place with the nearby community of Norvelt for the 2000 census, they are in reality two very different communities, each reflecting a different chapter in how the Great Depression affected rural Pennsylvanians.
 As of the 2010 census, Calumet-Norvelt was divided into two separate CDPs officially.
 Calumet was a typical "patch town," another name for a coal town, built by a single company to house coal miners as cheaply as possible.
 The closing of the Calumet mine during the Great Depression caused enormous hardship in an era when unemployment compensation and welfare payments were nonexistent.
 On the other hand, Norvelt was created during the depression by the US federal government as a model community, intended to increase the standard of living of laid-off coal miners.
The Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911, or the Westmoreland coal miners' strike, was a strike by coal miners represented by the United Mine Workers of America.
 The strike is also known as the Slovak Strike because about 70 percent of the miners were Slovak immigrants.
 It began in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, on March 9, 1910, and ended on July 1, 1911.
 At its height, the strike encompassed 65 mines and 15,000 coal miners.
 Sixteen people were killed during the strike, nearly all of them striking miners or members of their families.
 The strike ended in defeat for the union.

Question: Alexander Campbell, was a tavern owner, who, with three other convicted, was hanged for the murders of two mine operatives, which  Irish 19th-century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the eastern United States, best known for their activism among Irish-American and Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania?
Answer: Molly Maguires