Galileo Galilei (] ; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath: astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician.
 He has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of science".
 Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances", inventing the thermoscope and various military compasses, and using the telescope (a Dutch optical instrument) for scientific observations of celestial objects.
Jacques Philippe Marie Binet (] ; 2 February 1786 – 12 May 1856) was a French mathematician, physicist and astronomer born in Rennes; he died in Paris, France, in 1856.
 He made significant contributions to number theory, and the mathematical foundations of matrix algebra which would later lead to important contributions by Cayley and others.
 In his memoir on the theory of the conjugate axis and of the moment of inertia of bodies he enumerated the principle now known as "Binet's theorem".
 He is also recognized as the first to describe the rule for multiplying matrices in 1812, and Binet's Formula expressing Fibonacci numbers in closed form is named in his honour, although the same result was known to Abraham de Moivre a century earlier.
The square–cube law (or cube–square law) is a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the area as a shape's size increases or decreases.
 It was first described in 1638 by Galileo Galilei in his "Two New Sciences" as the "...ratio of two volumes is greater than the ratio of their surfaces".
Decim periodical cicadas is a term used to group three closely related species of periodical cicadas: "Magicicada septendecim", "Magicicada tredecim", and "Magicicada neotredecim".
 "M. septendecim", first described by Linnaeus, has a 17-year lifecycle; the name "septendecim" is Latin for 17.
 "M. tredecim", first described in 1868, has a similar call and appearance but a 13-year lifecycle; "tredecim" is Latin for 13.
 "M. neotredecim" (Latin for "new 13"), first described in 2000 by Marshall and Cooley in an article in the journal Evolution, is a 13-year species but otherwise much more similar to "M. septendecim" than to "M. tredecim" as shown by studies of DNA and abdominal color variation by Simon and colleagues in a companion article in the same journal issue.
The cube rule or cube law is an empirical observation regarding democratic elections under the first-past-the-post system.
 The rule suggests that the party getting the most votes is over-represented (and conversely, the party getting the least votes is under-represented).
 It was first formulated in a report on British elections in 1909, then extended to elections in other countries.
 Both in theory and in practice, the cube rule is only applicable in a two-party system.
 In a multi-party democracy operating under the first-past-the-post system, the cube law invariably fails, often leading to capricious results.
For a time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was erroneously believed that there were canals on Mars.
 These were a network of long straight lines in the equatorial regions from 60° N. to 60° S. Lat.
 on the planet Mars observed by astronomers using early low-resolution telescopes without photography.
 They were first described by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli during the opposition of 1877, and confirmed by later observers.
 Schiaparelli called these "canali", which was translated into English as "canals".
 The Irish astronomer Charles E. Burton made some of the earliest drawings of straight-line features on Mars, although his drawings did not match Schiaparelli's.
 By the early 20th century, improved astronomical observations revealed the "canals" to be an optical illusion, and modern high resolution mapping of the Martian surface by spacecraft shows no such features.
Nicolae Donici (] ; 1/13 September 1874, Chişinău (currently the Republic of Moldova) - 1960, Puget-Theniers, Alpes-Maritimes, France) was a Romanian astronomer born in Bessarabia.
 Nicolae Donici (Donitch) was born into an old family of Romanian nobles from Bessarabia in the Petricani region of Chişinău.
 He graduated from the University in Odessa (Ukraine).
 Subsequently he served as state clerk in Saint Petersburg (Russia).
 Concomittantly he had his own private observatory.
 He conducted research in countries such as Spain, Russia, Portugal, Indonesia, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria and USA.
 He was an honorary member of the Romanian Academy and doctor honoris causa of the University of Heidleberg and of the Coimbra Institute in Portugal.
 His main scientific interest were the Sun and its eclipses, planetary astronomy, zodiacal light.
 The Astronomical observatory in Dubăsarii Vechi (Bessarabia), directed by Nicolae Donici enjoyed a number of astronomers from everywhere: the German: Emanuel von der Pahlen, the Russian emigrants: Lev Ocoulitch and Andrei Baikov.
 Donitch was a member of the International Union for Solar research, of the International Astronomical Union (since its first Congress in 1922), of the Romanian Academy (since 1922).
 In 1948 he was excluded from the Academy by communist authorities of Romania.
 He refugeed to France (Nice) where he continued to work in the collaboration with Henri Chrétien and other French astronomers.
 In 1991 He was reestablished to the Romanian Academy.
 He was married to Maria Perks.
 The asteroid 9494 Donici is named after him.
 The most important publications were signed as Donitch.
Double Jeopardy is a science fiction novel by Fletcher Pratt.
 It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1952, and reprinted as a selection of the Science Fiction Book Club in 1953.
 The first paperback edition was issued in digest form by Galaxy Publishing Corporation as its "Galaxy Science Fiction Novel" #30 in 1957; a second paperback edition was issued by Curtis Books in 1967.
 The novel has been translated into Italian.
 The book is a combination of two shorter pieces, the novellas "Double Jeopardy" and "The Square Cube Law," originally published in the magazine "Thrilling Wonder Stories" in the issues for April, 1952 and June, 1952, respectively.
In mathematics, the Vámos matroid or Vámos cube is a matroid over a set of eight elements that cannot be represented as a matrix over any field.
 It is named after English mathematician Peter Vámos, who first described it in an unpublished manuscript in 1968.
In computer graphics, free-form deformation (FFD) is a geometric technique used to model simple deformations of rigid objects.
 It is based on the idea of enclosing an object within a cube or another hull object, and transforming the object within the hull as the hull is deformed.
 Deformation of the hull is based on the concept of so-called "hyper-patches", which are three-dimensional analogs of parametric curves such as Bézier curves, B-splines, or NURBs.
 The technique was first described by Thomas W. Sederberg and Scott R. Parry in 1986, and is based on an earlier technique by Alan Barr.
 It was extended by Coquillart to a technique described as "extended free-form deformation", which refines the hull object by introducing additional geometry or by using different hull objects such as cylinders and prisms.

Question: The square–cube law was first described by an astronomer born in what year?
Answer: 1564