Arthropods make use of smooth adhesive pads as well as hairy pads for climbing and locomotion along non-horizontal surfaces.
 Both types of pads in insects make use of liquid secretions and are considered 'wet'.
 Dry adhesive mechanisms primarily rely on van der Waals’ forces and are also used by organisms other than insects.
 The fluid provides capillary and viscous adhesion and appears to be present in all insect adhesive pads.
 Little is known about the chemical properties of the adhesive fluids and the ultrastructure of the fluid producing cells is currently not extensively studied.
 Additionally, both hairy and smooth types of adhesion have evolved separately numerous times in insects.
 Few comparative studies between the two types of adhesion mechanisms have been done and there is a lack of information regarding the forces that can be supported by these systems in insects.
 Additionally, tree frogs and some mammals such as the arboreal possum and bats also make use of smooth adhesive pads.
 The use of adhesive pads for locomotion across non-horizontal surfaces is a trait that evolved separately in different species, making it an example of convergent evolution.
 The power of adhesion allows these organisms to be able to climb on almost any substance.
 The exact mechanisms of arthropod adhesion are still unknown for some species but this topic is of great importance to biologists, physicists and engineers.
 These highly specialized structures are not restricted to one particular area of the leg.
 They may be located on different parts, such as claws, derivatives of the pretarsus, tarsal apex, tarsomeres or tibia.
 From the scaling analysis, it has been suggested that animal lineages relying on the dry adhesion, such as lizards and spiders have a higher density of terminal contact elements compared to systems that use wet adhesive mechanisms such as insects.
 Since these effects are based on fundamental physical principles and highly related to the shape of the structure, they are also the same for artificial surfaces with similar geometry.
 Adhesion and friction forces per-unit-pad area were very similar in smooth and hairy systems when tested.
 Strong adhesion may be beneficial in many situations but it also can create difficulties in locomotion.
 Direction-dependence is an important and fundamental property of adhesive structures that are able to rapidly and controllably adhere during locomotion.
 Researchers are unsure whether direction-dependence is achieved through changes in contact area or through a change in shear stress.
 Friction and adhesion forces in most animal attachment organs are higher when they are pulled towards the body than when they push away from it.
 This has been observed in geckos and spiders but also in the smooth adhesive pads of ants, bush-crickets and cockroaches.
 Adhesive hairs of geckos are non-symmetrical and feature distally pointing setae and spatulae that are able to generate increased friction and adhesion when aligned with a proximal pull.
 The adhesive hairs of some beetles behave similarly to those of geckos.
 While directional-dependence is present in other animals, it has yet to be confirmed in insects with hairy adhesive pads.
Nuphar is genus of aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae, with a temperate to subarctic Northern Hemisphere distribution.
 Common names include water-lily (Eurasian species; shared with many other genera in the same family), pond-lily, alligator-bonnet or bonnet lily, and spatterdock (North American species).
Evolving digital ecological networks are webs of interacting, self-replicating, and evolving computer programs (i.e., digital organisms) that experience the same major ecological interactions as biological organisms (e.g., competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism).
 Despite being computational, these programs evolve quickly in an open-ended way, and starting from only one or two ancestral organisms, the formation of ecological networks can be observed in real-time by tracking interactions between the constantly evolving organism phenotypes.
 These phenotypes may be defined by combinations of logical computations (hereafter tasks) that digital organisms perform and by expressed behaviors that have evolved.
 The types and outcomes of interactions between phenotypes are determined by task overlap for logic-defined phenotypes and by responses to encounters in the case of behavioral phenotypes.
 Biologists use these evolving networks to study active and fundamental topics within evolutionary ecology (e.g., the extent to which the architecture of multispecies networks shape coevolutionary outcomes, and the processes involved).
The largest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size.
 Some organisms group together to form a superorganism (such as ants or bees), but such are not classed as single large organisms.
 The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest structure composed of living entities, stretching 2,000 km , but contains many organisms of many types of species.
Polianthes is a genus of plants in family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae.
 It includes tuberose ("Polianthes tuberosa"), a plant that is commonly used in perfume making.
 Both "Polianthes" and the related genus "Manfreda" are included in "Agave" by some sources.
Cyanobionts are cyanobacteria that live in symbiosis with a wide range of organisms such as terrestrial or aquatic plants; as well as, algal and fungal species.
 They can reside within extracellular or intracellular structures of the host.
 In order for a cyanobacterium to successfully form a sybiotic relationship, it must be able to exchange signals with the host, overcome defense mounted by the host, be capable of hormogonia formation, chemotaxis, heterocyst formation, as well as possess adequate resilience to reside in host tissue which may present extreme conditions, such as low oxygen levels, and/or acidic mucilage.
 The most well-known plant-associated cyanobionts belong to the "Nostoc" genus.
 With the ability to differentiate into several cell types that have various functions, members of the genus "Nostoc" have the morphological plasticity, flexibility and adaptability to adjust to a wide range of environmental conditions, contributing to its high capacity to form symbiotic relationships with other organisms.
 Several cyanobionts involved with fungi and marine organisms also belong to the genera "Richelia, Calothrix, Synechocystis, Aphanocapsa" and "Anabaena", as well as the species "Oscillatoria spongeliae".
 Although there are many documented symbioses between cyanobacteria and marine organisms, little is known about the nature of many of these symbioses.
 The possibility of discovering more novel symbiotic relationships is apparent from preliminary microscopic observations.
Osmoconformers are marine organisms that maintain an internal environment that is osmotic to their external environment.
 This means that the osmotic pressure, or osmolarity, of the organism’s cells is equal to the osmotic pressure of their surrounding environment.
 By minimizing the osmotic gradient, this subsequently minimizes the net influx and efflux of water into and out of cells.
 Even though osmoconformers have an internal environment that's isosmotic to their external environment the types of ions in the two environments differ greatly in order to allow critical biological functions to occur.
 A benefit to osmoconformation is that organisms don’t need to expend as much energy as osmoregulators in order to regulate ion gradients.
 However, to ensure the correct types of ions are in their desired location, a small amount of energy is expended on ion transport.
 A disadvantage to osmoconformation is that organisms are subject to changes in the osmolarity of their environment.
Polianthes tuberosa, the tuberose, is a perennial plant related to the agaves, extracts of which are used as a note in perfumery.
Cross-boundary subsidies are caused by organisms or materials that cross or traverse habitat patch boundaries, subsidizing the resident populations.
 The transferred organisms and materials may provide additional predators, prey, or nutrients to resident species, which can affect community and food web structure.
 Cross-boundary subsidies of materials and organisms occur in landscapes composed of different habitat patch types, and so depend on characteristics of those patches and on the boundaries in between them.
 Human alteration of the landscape, primarily through fragmentation, has the potential to alter important cross-boundary subsidies to increasingly isolated habitat patches.
 Understanding how processes that occur outside of habitat patches can affect populations within them may be important to habitat management.
Dosage Compensation is the process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members of different biological sexes.
 Across species, different sexes are often characterized by different types and numbers of sex chromosomes.
 In order to account for varying numbers of sex chromosomes, different organisms have acquired unique methods to equalize gene expression amongst the sexes.
 Because sex chromosomes contain different numbers of genes, different species of organisms have developed different mechanisms to cope with this inequality.
 Replicating the actual "gene" is impossible; thus organisms instead equalize the "expression" from each gene.
 For example, in humans, females (XX) silence the transcription of one X chromosome of each pair, and transcribe all information from the other, expressed X chromosome.
 Thus, human females have the same number of expressed X-linked genes as do human males (XY), both sexes having essentially one X chromosome per cell, from which to transcribe and express genes.

Question: What types of organisms are both Nuphar or water-lilly and Polianthes or tuberose?
Answer: plants