Malik ul Salih (Malik Al Saleh, Malik al Salih or Malik ul Saleh; Arabic: الملك الصالح) established the first Muslim state of Samudera Pasai in the year 1267.
 His original name was Mara Silu, Merah Silu, or Muerah Silu.
 It was said he saw an ant as big as a cat, he caught it and ate it.
 He named the place Samudera, meaning ocean in Sanskrit (samudra).
 King Mara Silu later converted to Islam, given an Ayyubid name of Malik Al-Salih.
 He married neighbour Perlak (Peureulak) Kingdom's daughter and had two sons.
 According to Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, he met Muhammad in dream thus accepts conversion of Islam.
 Another source claimed a prince Malik from Aceh sailed across the sea to Beruas (Gangga Negara) and established a sultanate there.
Shams-uddin Muhammad was the second malik of the Kurt dynasty.
 He ruled from 1245 until his death 1278.
Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1309 – 20 September 1388) was a Turkic Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388.
 His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title "Sipahsalar".
 He succeeded his cousin Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death at Thatta in Sindh, where Muhammad bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the ruler of Gujarat.
 For the first time in the history of Delhi Sultanate, a situation was confronted wherein nobody was ready to accept the reigns of power.
 With much difficulty, the camp followers convinced Firuz to accept the responsibility.
 In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy on throne claiming him to the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who meekly surrendered afterwards.
 Due to widespread unrest, his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's.
 Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence to Bengal and other provinces.
The House of Barcelona was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Crown of Aragon from 1137 (as kings from 1162).
 From the male part they descend from the Bellonids, the descendants of Wifred the Hairy.
 They inherited most of the Catalan counties by the thirteenth century and established a territorial Principality of Catalonia, uniting it with the Kingdom of Aragon through marriage and conquering numerous other lands and kingdoms until the death of the last legitimate male of the main branch, Martin the Humanist, in 1410.
 Cadet branches of the house continued to rule Urgell (since 992) and Gandia.
 Cadet branches of the dynasty had also ruled Ausona intermittently from 878 until 1111, Provence from 1112 to 1245, and Sicily from 1282 to 1409.
 By the Compromise of Caspe of 1412 the Crown of Aragon passed to a branch of the House of Trastámara, descended from the "infanta" Eleanor of the house of Barcelona.
Rusudan (Georgian: რუსუდანი ) (c. 1194–1245), a member of the Bagrationi dynasty, ruled as Queen of Georgia in 1223–1245.
The Sajid dynasty (Persian: ساجیان‎ ‎ ), was an Iranian muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929.
 Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.
 The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian) descent.
 Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890.
 Muhammad's father Abi'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs.
 Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state.
 Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia.
 The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929.
The Muhammad Ali Dynasty ruled Egypt without interruption from Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805 until the proclamation of the Republic in 1953.
 Eleven individuals (all of them men) ruled Egypt during the dynasty's 148-year lifespan.
 Due to the polygamous unions of several 19th-century rulers and their often numerous offspring, it is impossible to list all of the descendants of Muhammad Ali Pasha in a single chart.
 The family tree below is far from exhaustive; its mere aim is to show the family relationships between the dynasty's eleven rulers as well as its two regents.
The Jaunpur sultanate was an independent kingdom of northern India between 1394 and 1479, whose rulers ruled from Jaunpur or Jounpoor in the present day state of Uttar Pradesh.
 The Jaunpur sultanate was ruled by the "Sharqi" dynasty.
 The Khwajah-i-Jahan Malik Sarwar, the first ruler of the dynasty was a wazir (minister) under Sultan Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah IV Tughluq (1390–1394).
 In 1394, he established himself as an independent ruler of Jaunpur and extended his authority over Awadh and a large part of Ganges-Yamuna doab.
 The dynasty founded by him was named so because of his title "Malik-us-Sharq" (the ruler of the east).
 The most acclaimed ruler of this dynasty was Ibrahim Shah.
 The last ruler Hussain Shah was overthrown by Bahlul Lodi, and Jaunpur sultanate was permanently annexed to Delhi sultanate by Sikandar Lodi.
The Kurt dynasty, also known as the Kartids was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries.
 Ruling from their capital at Herat and central Khorasan in the Bamyan, they were at first subordinates of "Sultan Abul-Fateh" Ghiyāṣ-ud-din Muhammad bin Sām, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, of whom they were related, and then as vassal princes within the Mongol Empire.
 Upon the fragmentation of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Mu'izz-uddin Husayn ibn Ghiyath-uddin worked to expand his principality.
 The death of Husayn b. Ghiyath-uddin in 1370 and the invasion of Timur in 1381, ended the Kurt dynasty's ambitions.
The "Farooqi dynasty"' (also spelt Farooqui, Faruqi) was the ruling dynasty of the Khandesh sultanate from its inception in 1382 till its annexation by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1601.
 The founder of the dynasty, Malik Ahmad (also known as Malik Raja) participated in a rebellion against the Bahmani ruler Muhmmad Shah I in his early years.
 When he was compelled to flee from Deccan, he established in Thalner on the Tapti River (in present-day Dhule district in Maharashtra).
 After receiving the grant of the fiefdoms of Thalner and Karanda (the present day Karwand, 19 km north of Thalner) from Firuz Shah Tughluq in 1370, he conquered the region around Thalner, which later became known as Khandesh (the land of the Khans).
 By 1382, he started ruling independently.
 Malik Raja claimed his descent from the second Caliph Umar-al-Faruq.
 Hence, the dynasty founded by him was known as Faruqi dynasty.
 The next ruler, Nasir Khan conquered the Asirgarh fort and made it his capital.
 He founded the new capital Burhanpur in 1399.
 The most illustrious ruler of this dynasty was Adil Khan II.
 During his long reign, Burhanpur was transformed to a major centre for trade and textile production.
 In 1599, Akbar’s army occupied Burhanpur and on January 17, 1601 the citadel of Asirgarh also fell after a long siege.
 The last ruler Bahadur Shah surrendered to the Mughals.
 Khandesh became a Mughal Subah.
 The rulers of Faruqi dynasty were known as who fought against the Hindus and also the Shia's.

Question: Shams-uddin Muhammad was the second malik of the Kurt dynasty, he ruled from 1245 until his death in which year?
Answer: 1278