In theoretical physics, the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation (sometimes called the Jordan–Brans–Dicke theory) is a theoretical framework to explain gravitation.
 It is a competitor of Einstein's theory of general relativity.
 It is an example of a scalar-tensor theory, a gravitational theory in which the gravitational interaction is mediated by a scalar field as well as the tensor field of general relativity.
 The gravitational constant "G" is not presumed to be constant but instead 1/"G" is replaced by a scalar field formula_1 which can vary from place to place and with time.
In quantum field theory, gauge gravitation theory is the effort to extend Yang–Mills theory, which provides a universal description of the fundamental interactions, to describe gravity.
 It should not be confused with gauge theory gravity, which is a formulation of (classical) gravitation in the language of geometric algebra.
 Nor should it be confused with Kaluza-Klein theory, where the gauge fields are used to describe particle fields, and not gravity itself.
Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748.
 The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mundane corpuscles) impacting all material objects from all directions.
 According to this model, any two material bodies partially shield each other from the impinging corpuscles, resulting in a net imbalance in the pressure exerted by the impact of corpuscles on the bodies, tending to drive the bodies together.
 This mechanical explanation for gravity never gained widespread acceptance, although it continued to be studied occasionally by physicists until the beginning of the 20th century, by which time it was generally considered to be conclusively discredited.
Demographic gravitation is a concept of "social physics", introduced by Princeton University astrophysicist John Quincy Stewart in 1947.
 It is an attempt to use equations and notions of classical physics - such as gravity - to seek simplified insights and even laws of demographic behaviour for large numbers of human beings.
 A basic conception within it is that large numbers of people, in a city for example, actually behave as an attractive force for other people to migrate there, hence the notion of demographic gravitation.
 It has been related to W. J. Reilly's law of retail gravitation, George Kingsley Zipf's Demographic Energy, and to the theory of Trip distribution through gravity models Trip distribution#Gravity model.
Wholistic reference is reference to the whole—with respect to the context.
 In its strongest, unqualified form, the principle of wholistic reference is the proposition that each and every proposition, regardless how limited the referents of its non-logical or content terms, refers to the whole of its universe of discourse.
 According to this principle every proposition of number theory, even an equational proposition such as 5 + 7 = 12, refers not only to the individual numbers that it happens to mention but to the whole universe of numbers.
 The relation verb ‘refers’ is being used in its broad sense (loosely “is about”) and not as a synonym for ‘names’ in the sense of “is a name of”.
Gauge theory gravity (GTG) is a theory of gravitation cast in the mathematical language of geometric algebra.
 To those familiar with general relativity, it is highly reminiscent of the tetrad formalism although there are significant conceptual differences.
 Most notably, the background in GTG is flat, Minkowski spacetime.
 The equivalence principle is not assumed, but instead follows from the fact that the gauge covariant derivative is minimally coupled.
 As in general relativity, equations structurally identical to the Einstein field equations are derivable from a variational principle.
 A spin tensor can also be supported in a manner similar to Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory.
 GTG was first proposed by Lasenby, Doran, and Gull in 1998 as a fulfillment of partial results presented in 1993.
 The theory has not been widely adopted by the rest of the physics community, who have mostly opted for differential geometry approaches like that of the related gauge gravitation theory.
In theoretical physics, Nordström's theory of gravitation was a predecessor of general relativity.
 Strictly speaking, there were actually "two" distinct theories proposed by the Finnish theoretical physicist Gunnar Nordström, in 1912 and 1913 respectively.
 The first was quickly dismissed, but the second became the first known example of a metric theory of gravitation, in which the effects of gravitation are treated entirely in terms of the geometry of a curved spacetime.
Nicolas Fatio de Duillier {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (also spelled Faccio or Facio; 16 February 1664 – 12 May 1753) was a Swiss-born mathematician, natural philosopher, and inventor.
 He spent much of his adult life in England and Holland.
 Fatio is known for his work on the zodiacal light problem in astronomy, for originating the "push" or "shadow" theory of gravitation, for his close association with both Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton, and for his role in the Newton v. Leibniz calculus controversy.
 He also invented and developed the first method for fabricating jewel bearings for mechanical watches and clocks.
In physics, the Newtonian limit is a mathematical approximation applicable to physical systems exhibiting (1) weak gravitation, (2) objects moving slowly compared to the speed of light, and (3) slowly changing (or completely static) gravitational fields.
 Under these conditions, Newton's law of universal gravitation may be used to obtain values that are accurate.
 In general, and in the presence of significant gravitation, the general theory of relativity must be used.
General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
 General relativity is considered probably the most beautiful of all existing physical theories.
 General relativity generalizes special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime.
 In particular, the "" is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present.
 The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations.

Question: Who originated the proposition of the theory of gravitation?
Answer: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier