The history of the United States Army began in 1775.
 From its formation, the United States Army has been the primary land based part of the United States Armed Forces.
 The Army's primary responsibility has been the fighting of land battles and military occupation.
 The Corps of Engineers has a major role in controlling rivers inside the United States.
 The Continental Army was founded in response to a need for professional soldiery in the American Revolutionary War in order to fight the invading British Army.
 Until the 1940s, the Army was relatively small in peacetime.
 In 1947, the Air Force became completely independent from the Army Air Forces.
 The Army was under the control of the War Department until 1947, and the Defense Department since then.
 The U.S. Army fought the War of 1812 (1812–15), American Civil War (1861–65), Spanish–American War (1898), World War I (1917–18), World War II (1941–45), Korean War (1950–53) and Vietnam War (1965–71).
 After the Cold War ended in 1991, the U.S. Army has focused on Western Asia, and was involved in the 1991 Gulf War and war in Iraq, and the war in Afghanistan.
The campaigns of the American Civil War are categorized in various ways.
 The U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry has identified 25 campaigns that are used for streamers, decorative devices attached to unit flags that denote participation in historic battles or campaigns.
 (An alternative campaign categorization is that of the National Park Service, charged with maintaining Civil War battlefields and other historic sites.
 This categorization is more detailed and inclusive than the Army heraldry version, particularly for actions outside of the Eastern Theater and Western Theater; see .)
Eric J. Wittenberg (born March 26, 1961) is an American Civil War (Civil War) historian, author, lecturer, tour guide and battlefield preservationist.
 He is a practicing attorney in downtown Columbus, Ohio.
 His published works have focused especially on the Civil War cavalryman and the cavalry battles of the Civil War, with emphasis on the Army of the Potomac's Cavalry Corps.
 His first book, "Gettysburg's Forgotten Cavalry Actions", was chosen as the best new work addressing the Battle of Gettysburg in 1998, winning the Robert E. Lee Civil War Roundtable of Central New Jersey's Bachelder-Coddington Award.
 The second edition of this book, published in 2011, won the U. S. Army Historical Foundation's Distinguished Writing Award for that year's best reprint.
 In 2015, his book "The Devil's to Pay: John Buford at Gettysburg" won the Gettysburg Civil War Roundtable's 2015 Book Award.
 He was a member of the Governor of Ohio’s Advisory Commission on the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War and has been active with several Civil War battlefield preservation organizations.
 He and his wife Susan Skilken Wittenberg reside on the east side of Columbus, Ohio.
John C. Walker, more familiarly known as John Walker, is an American concert organist, choirmaster, and CD recording artist.
 He is also a former president of the American Guild of Organists, elected in May 2014 to a two-year term of the 16,000-member organization.
 Walker has performed throughout the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe.
 He is "widely recognized for his flawless technique and execution as well as his controlled and passionate playing," said Duke University in announcing a John Walker recital at Duke Chapel.
 Since 2006 he has served on the faculty of the Peabody Institute and George Mason University.
The Battle of Aquia Creek was an exchange of cannon fire between Union Navy gunboats and Confederate shore batteries on the Potomac River at its confluence with Aquia Creek in Stafford County, Virginia.
 The battle took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the early days of the American Civil War.
 The Confederates set up several shore batteries to block Union military and commercial vessels from moving in the Chesapeake Bay and along the lower Potomac River as well as for defensive purposes.
 The battery at Aquia also was intended to protect the railroad terminal at that location.
 The Union forces sought to destroy or remove these batteries as part of the effort to blockade Confederate States coastal and Chesapeake Bay ports.
 The battle was tactically inconclusive.
 Each side inflicted little damage and no serious casualties on the other.
 The Union vessels were unable to dislodge the Confederates from their positions or to inflict serious casualties on their garrisons or serious damage to their batteries.
 The Confederates manning the batteries were unable to inflict serious casualties on the Union sailors or cause serious damage to the Union vessels.
 Soon after the battle, on Sunday, July 7, 1861, the Confederates first used naval mines, unsuccessfully, off the Aquia Landing batteries.
 The Confederates ultimately abandoned the batteries on March 9, 1862 as they moved forces to meet the threat created by the Union Army's Peninsula Campaign.
 The U. S. National Park Service includes this engagement in its list of 384 principal battles of the American Civil War.
Keith Chapman (1945-1989) was an American concert organist known best for his flair at playing in the symphonic style of organ performance, and particularly for his long and distinguished association (1966-1989) with the Wanamaker's Department Stores of Philadelphia as their principal organist of the Wanamaker Organ.
John Wanamaker, the founder of the store that bears his name, was unable to join the U.S. Army during the American Civil War because of a persistent cough.
 Having been rejected from war duty, he ventured into business with his brother-in-law, Nathan Brown.
 In 1861, they founded a men's clothing store in Philadelphia called Oak Hall.
 Wanamaker carried on the business alone after Brown's death in 1868.
 In 1876, Wanamaker purchased the abandoned Pennsylvania Railroad station for use as a new, larger retail location.
 The concept was to renovate the terminal into a "Grand Depot" similar to London's Royal Exchange or Paris's Les Halles—two central markets, and forerunners of the modern department store, that were well known in Europe at that time.
John Cleveland Robinson (April 10, 1817 – February 18, 1897) had a long and distinguished career in the United States Army, fighting in numerous wars and culminating his career as a Union Army brigadier general of volunteers and brevet major general of volunteers in the American Civil War.
 In 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated and the U.S. Senate confirmed Robinson's appointment to the brevet grade of major general in the regular army.
 He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor in action in 1864 near Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia, where he lost a leg.
 When he retired from the U.S. Army on May 6, 1869, he was placed on the retired list as a full rank major general, USA.
 After his army service, he was Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1873 to 1874 and served two terms as the president of the Grand Army of the Republic.
John Lincoln Clem (August 13, 1851 – May 13, 1937) was a United States Army general who served as a drummer boy in the Union Army in the American Civil War.
 He gained fame for his bravery on the battlefield, becoming the youngest noncommissioned officer in Army history.
 He retired from the U.S. Army in 1915, having attained the rank of brigadier general in the Quartermaster Corps; he was the last veteran of the American Civil War still on duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.
 By special act of Congress on August 29, 1916, he was promoted to major general one year after his retirement.
Heinrich Fleischer (1912–2006) was an organist and pedagogue from Leipzig, Germany.
 A student of Karl Straube, Max Reger's close friend and acknowledged premier performer of his works, Fleischer was a member of the late romantic school of organ playing.
 Many of his students have become great performers and teachers worldwide.
 Fletcher's father acquiesced to his son's desire to attend the conservatory on the condition that he complete a PhD in musicology at the university, which would allow him to teach, should the performing career prove to provide too little as an income.
 Fleischer graduated from the Leipzig Conservatory in 1934.
 For organists, this was the finest school in Germany.
 Karl Straube invited him to come back as his teaching colleague and intended successor three years after Fleischer graduated.
 At the age of 25, Fleischer was the youngest professor at the Conservatory.
 Despite his position, Fleischer was called up for service in the German army in WW II.
 Serving in the signal corps of the German army in Russia, much of his time was spent at a typewriter, fortunate, given his lack of skill with a rifle.
 In December 1941 a transport vehicle in which he was riding overturned.
 Fleischer suffered injuries that required the complete amputation of the fourth finger and half of the fifth of his left hand.
 Although he maintained his church position, playing with right hand and pedal, he believed his career was over.
 However, in 1945 while reading proofs from C.F. Peters at the piano with Karl Straube for a new edition of Bach's organ works, Straube noticed that it might be possible for Fleischer to return to a performing career.
 He urged him to begin practicing again.
 After the war, Fleischer re-taught himself to play the organ with his remaining fingers.
 He played his first complete recital after the injury in July 1945.
 He was one of those instrumental in reestablishing the organ program in postwar DDR.
 Fleischer prepared a collection of pieces by a variety of composers, early and modern that were easy enough for amateurs to play in church services under the title, "73 leichte Choralvorspiele".
 The anthology was published by F.E.C. Leuckart, Munich.
 After Fleischer emigrated to the United States, at the instigation of Edward Klammer, he produced a version for American Lutherans under the title "The Parish Organist", and published by Concordia Publishing House, St Louis, Mo.
 In the United States, first he was organist and professor of music at Valparaiso University.
 Subsequently, he was at the University of Chicago, and then at the University of Minnesota.
 While still a professor at the University of Minnesota, Fleischer took on the role of organist at The First Unitarian Society in Minneapolis.
 He stated that he was probably the only Unitarian, Marxist organist in the Twin Cities who was also a direct descendant of Martin Luther.
 While in Germany his careful preparation of scores for performance resulted in many carefully hand-copied editions ranging from Praetorius through the Bach Kunst der Fuge to the large works of Max Reger.
 Some of these performing editions were later published by Concordia Publishing House.
 This pains-taking attention to detail, when shared with students, allowed many to play works that would otherwise have been beyond their technical abilities.
 The majority of these scores and other papers are now in the library at Dr Martin Luther College in New Ulm, Minnesota and the library of the Hochschule für Musik at the University of Leipzig.

Question: Keith Chapman, was an American concert organist known best for his flair at playing in the symphonic style of organ performance, and particularly for his long and distinguished association (1966-1989) with which founder of the store that bears his name, was unable to join the U.S. Army during the American Civil War because of a persistent cough?
Answer: John Wanamaker