, Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced ), also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium.
 The principle is named after Henry Louis Le Chatelier and sometimes Karl Ferdinand Braun who discovered it independently.
 It can be stated as:
The theory of response reactions (RERs) or response equilibria was elaborated for the thermodynamic systems in which more than one equilibrium is established simultaneously.
 It is based on detailed analysis of the Hessian determinant.
 The theory derives the sensitivity coefficient as the sum of the contributions of individual RERs.
 Thus all phenomena which are in apparent contradiction to the Le Chatelier principle could be interpreted.
 With the help of RERs the equilibrium coupling was defined.
 RERs could be derived based either on the species.
 or on the stoichiometrically independent reactions of a parallel system.
 The set of RERs is unambiguous in a given system; and the number of them (M) is formula_1, where S denotes the number of species and C refers to the number of components.
 In the case of three-component systems, RERs can be visualized on a triangle diagram.
Although sometimes dynamic strain aging is used interchangeably with the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (or serrated yielding), dynamic strain aging refers specifically to the microscopic mechanism that induces the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect.
 This strengthening mechanism is related to solid-solution strengthening and has been observed in a variety of fcc and bcc substitutional and interstitial alloys, metalloids like silicon, and ordered intermetallics within specific ranges of temperature and strain rate.
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate when a soluble compound containing one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in equilibrium with the precipitate.
 It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is increased, then, according to Le Chatelier's principle, some of the ions in excess should be removed from solution, by combining with the oppositely charged ions.
 Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ion product is equal to the solubility product.
 In short, the common ion effect is the suppression of the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion.
Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium.
 The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions.
 However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such as two liquids that do not mix (are immiscible).
 Partition equilibria are described by Nernst's distribution law.
Louis Le Chatelier (20 February 1815 – 10 November 1873) was a French chemist and industrialist who developed a method for producing aluminium from bauxite in 1855.
 His son was the well known chemist Henri Louis Le Chatelier.
 His name is inscribed on the Eiffel tower.
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which is organic in nature and reacts with a reagent to generate a product.
 In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified.
 In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts.
 When referring to Le Chatelier's principle, the substrate is the reagent whose concentration is changed.
 The term "substrate" is highly context-dependent.
Ernest-François Mallard (4 February 1833 – 6 July 1894) was a French mineralogist and a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
 He is also notable for his work with Henri Louis Le Chatelier in combustion as applied to mining safety.
Henry Louis Le Chatelier (] ; 8 October 1850 – 17 September 1936) was an influential French chemist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
 He is most famous for devising Le Chatelier's principle, with the help of his partner Jasper Rossi, used by chemists to predict the effect a changing condition has on a system in chemical equilibrium.
Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.
 Braun contributed significantly to the development of radio and television technology: he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Question: Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced ), also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium, the principle is named after Henry Louis Le Chatelier and sometimes Karl Ferdinand Braun who discovered it how?
Answer: independently