Philippa Ruth Foot, FBA ( ; née Bosanquet; 3 October 1920 3 October 2010) was a British philosopher, most notable for her works in ethics.
 She was one of the founders of contemporary virtue ethics, inspired by the ethics of Aristotle.
 Her later career marked a significant change in view from her work in the 1950s and 1960s, and may be seen as an attempt to modernize Aristotelian ethical theory, to show that it is adaptable to a contemporary world view, and thus, that it could compete with such popular theories as modern deontological and utilitarian ethics.
 Some of her work was crucial in the re-emergence of normative ethics within analytic philosophy, especially her critique of consequentialism and of non-cognitivism.
 A familiar example is the continuing discussion of an example of hers referred to as the trolley problem.
 Foot's approach was influenced by the later work of Wittgenstein, although she rarely dealt explicitly with materials treated by him.
Natural-rights libertarianism, also known as deontological libertarianism, philosophical libertarianism, deontological liberalism, rights-theorist libertarianism, natural rights-based libertarianism, or libertarian moralism, refers to the view that all individuals possess certain natural or moral rights, mainly a right of individual sovereignty, and that therefore acts of initiation of force and fraud are rights-violations and that is sufficient reason to oppose those acts.
 This is one of the two ethical view points within right-libertarianism, the other being consequentialist libertarianism, which "only" takes into account the consequences of actions and rules when judging them, and holds that free markets and strong private property rights have good consequences.
 Deontological libertarianism is based on the non-aggression principle, which states that no human being holds the right to "initiate" force or fraud against the person or property of another human being, under any circumstances.
 Deontological libertarians consider this principle to be the basis of all morality, and therefore they believe that any violation of the principle is immoral, no matter what other arguments may be invoked to justify that violation.
Proportionalism is an ethical theory that lies between consequential theories and deontological theories.
 Consequential theories, like utilitarianism, say that an action is right or wrong, depending on the consequences it produces, whereas deontological theories, like The Categorical Imperative, say that actions are either intrinsically right or intrinsically wrong.
 Proportionalist theories like rule utilitarianism, however, say it is never right to go against a principle unless a proportionate reason would justify it.
The ethics of care (alternatively care ethics or EoC) is a normative ethical theory that holds interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue as central to moral action.
 It is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century.
 While consequentialist and deontological ethical theories emphasize universal standards and impartiality, ethics of care emphasize the importance of response.
 The shift in moral perspective is manifested by a change in the moral question from "what is just?"
 to "how to respond?"
.
 Ethics of care criticize application of universal standards as "morally problematic, since it breeds moral blindness or indifference."
The Good Reasons approach is a meta-ethical theory that ethical conduct is justified if the actor has good reasons for that conduct.
 The Good Reasons approach is not opposed to ethical theory "per se", but is antithetical to wholesale justifications of morality and stresses that our moral conduct requires no further ontological or other foundation beyond concrete justifications.
Barbara Herman (born May 9, 1945) is the Griffin Professor of Philosophy and Professor of Law at the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Philosophy.
 A well-known interpreter of Kant's ethics, Herman works on moral philosophy, the history of ethics, and social and political philosophy.
 Among her many honors and awards include a Guggenheim Fellowship (1985-1986) and election to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1995).
Ethical theory in Greek culture predates philosophical reflection.
 The main ethical category for ancient Greeks was aretē, which is usually translated into English as "virtue" but sometimes as "excellence," which is closer in meaning.
 Aretē means an excellence of strength or ability, and is ultimately bound up with the notion of the fulfillment of purpose or function: the act of living up to one's full potential.
 The objective of a successful life was attaining timē, or honor.
 Also an important concept in Greek culture was that of hybris, trying to go beyond one's possibilities.
 The literary source of this folk ethical theory can be seen in Homer, Greek tragedy and also Aesop's fables.
Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.
 The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maximthe principle behind itis duty to the moral law.
 Central to Kant's construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people, regardless of their interests or desires.
 Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways.
 His principle of universalizability requires that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction occurring.
 His formulation of humanity as an end in itself requires that humans are never treated merely as a means to an end, but always also as ends in themselves.
 The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom.
 Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties.
 A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie, always holds true; an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied in particular time and place.
Jamie Lindemann Nelson is a philosophy professor and bioethicist currently teaching at Michigan State University.
 Nelson earned her doctorate in philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1980 and taught at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and St. John's University before moving to Michigan State University.
 In addition, Nelson was an Associate for Ethical Studies at The Hastings Center from 1990–95 and is both a Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow and a Fellow of the Hastings Center.
 Nelson currently teaches courses on biomedical ethics, ethical theory, moral psychology, feminist theory, and philosophy of language.
Eugène Dupréel (February 8, 1879 – February 14, 1967) was a Belgian philosopher.
 He has been professor at the Université libre de Bruxelles from 1907 to 1950, teaching logic, metaphysics, greek philosophy, moral philosophy and sociological theory.
 He developed an ethical theory and a theory of knowledge deeply influenced by sociology, and worked closely with the Institut de Sociologie Solvay.
 Leader of the "École de Bruxelles", he had a major influence on the argumentation theorist Chaïm Perelman and thus has been instrumental in the renewal of rhetoric.

Question: Barbara Herman is a well-known interpreter of a deontological ethical theory that was ascribed to which German philosopher?
Answer: Immanuel Kant