Justification and excuse are different defenses in a criminal case.
 Both defenses admit that the defendant committed an act proscribed by law.
 The proscribed act has justification if the act had positive effects that outweigh its negative effects, or is not wrong or blameworthy.
 The proscribed act is excused if the defendant's violation was not entirely voluntary, such as if they acted under duress or under a false belief. "
Martin v. Ohio" (1986) established that states may make justification an affirmative defense, placing the burden of proof on defendant. "
Patterson v. New York" (1977) established that states may make excuses, such as involving mental state, an affirmative defense, rather than part of the mens rea element the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
Pope Martin V (Latin: "Martinus V" ; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 11 November 1417 to his death in 1431.
 His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417).
Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case on the right to travel and passport restrictions as they relate to Fifth Amendment due process rights and First Amendment free speech, freedom of assembly and freedom of association rights.
 It is the first case in which the US Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of personal restrictions on the right to travel abroad.
Prospero Colonna (c. 1410–1463) was a cardinal-nephew of Pope Martin V (Odo Colonna), whose election ended the Western Schism.
 Colonna was excommunicated for a period due to his rebellion against Martin V's successor, Pope Eugene IV, becoming one of the few excommunicated cardinals.
 Despite this, Colonna was the leading candidate to succeed Eugene IV in the papal conclave, 1447, where he was two votes away from election for the first three days.
Martin v. Ziherl, 607 S.E.2d 367 (Va. 2005), was a decision by the Supreme Court of Virginia holding that the Virginia criminal law against fornication (sexual acts between unmarried people) was unconstitutional.
 The court's decision followed the 2003 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in "Lawrence v. Texas", which established the constitutionally-protected right of adults to engage in private, consensual sex.
Amedeo di Saluzzo (1361-28 June 1419) was a cardinal during the Western Schism.
 He was born as the second son of Frederick II, Marquess of Saluzzo and Beatrice of Geneva.
 He was nephew of Avignon Pope Clement VII on his mother's side.
 Saluzzo was appointed as Bishop of Valence and Die at 4 November 1383.
 In less than two months he was elevated as a cardinal-nephew by Clement VII, becoming Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria Nuova.
 In 1403 he was appointed as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
 He abandoned Antipope Benedict XIII after having been deposed by him on 21 October 1408.
 Then Saluzzo participated in the Council of Pisa, which elected Alexander V as pope.
 He also campaigned for the Council of Constance, and there, he attended the conclave of Pope Martin V.
 After the end of the Western Schism, Saluzzo kept his position as Camerlengo until his death in 1419.
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on March 20, 1816.
 It was the first case to assert ultimate Supreme Court authority over state courts in civil matters of federal law.
Joseph Story (September 18, 1779 – September 10, 1845) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1845.
 He is most remembered for his opinions in "Martin v. Hunter's Lessee" and "The Amistad" case, and especially for his magisterial "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States", first published in 1833.
 Dominating the field in the 19th century, this work is a cornerstone of early American jurisprudence.
 It is the second comprehensive treatise on the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and remains a critical source of historical information about the forming of the American republic and the early struggles to define its law.
Dorcas Martin (1537–1599) née Eccleston, Ecclestone or Eglestone was an English bookseller and translator.
 She married the goldsmith Richard Martin, later Lord Mayor of London, sometime before 1562, and they had five sons and one daughter.
 In 1573 she was the licensed bookseller for Thomas Cartwright's "A replye to An answere made of M. doctor Whitgifte", a response to John Whitgift's denunciation of Presbyterianism.
 She translated a catechism for the use of mother and child that was included in Thomas Bentley's "The Monument of Matrones" (published in 1582), the first published anthology of English women's writing.
 Dorcas and her husband were active in radical religious causes including the Admonition Controversy, part of an effort to encourage the queen to further reform Protestantism in England.
 Her epitaph reads, "Here lyeth Interred the body of Dame DORCAS Martin The late Wife of S Richard Martin, Knight twise Lord Mayor of the Cittie of London The Davghter of Iohn Ecclestone of ye Covntie of Lancastar gent who had Issve by the said S Rich Martin V sones, & one davght: and deceased Ovt of this mortall life ye first day of Septemb : 1599."
State v. Limon (280 Kan. 275, 122 P.3d 22) is a 2005 Kansas Supreme Court case in which a state law allowing for lesser punishment for statutory rape convictions if the partners were of different sexes than if they were of the same sex was found unconstitutional under both the federal and Kansas state constitutions.
 It was among the first cases to cite the United States Supreme Court decision "Lawrence v. Texas" as precedent, months after the Virginia Supreme Court did similarly in "Martin v. Ziherl".

Question: Which went to trial first: Aptheker v. Secretary of State or Martin v. Hunter's Lessee?
Answer: Martin v. Hunter's Lessee