Hermeticism is a historiographical term describing the work that attempts to reconstruct the mode of thought held by 17th century scientists.
 It primarily traces out the connections of Renaissance (16th century) modes of thought with those of the Scientific Revolution (17th century).
 This type of analysis began with English historians of science in the 1960s.
 This category of history of science work has largely subsumed earlier academic philosophers' work on the problem of transition from Aristotelianism to 17th century science.
The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park or simply the English garden (French: "Jardin à l'anglaise" , Italian: "Giardino all'inglese" , German: "Englischer Landschaftsgarten" , Portuguese: "Jardim inglês" , Spanish: "Jardín inglés" ), is a style of "landscape" garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical "jardin à la française" of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe.
 The English garden presented an idealized view of nature.
 It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin, and, in the Anglo-Chinese garden, from the classic Chinese gardens of the East, which had recently been described by European travellers.
 The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.
 The work of Lancelot "Capability" Brown was particularly influential.
 By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk, the gardens of the future Emperor Paul.
 It also had a major influence on the form of the public parks and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.
Caerlaverock Castle (from "caer laverock", "lark castle") is a moated triangular castle first built in the 13th century.
 It is located on the southern coast of Scotland, 11 km south of Dumfries, on the edge of the Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve.
 Caerlaverock was a stronghold of the Maxwell family from the 13th century until the 17th century when the castle was abandoned.
 It was besieged by the English during the Wars of Scottish Independence, and underwent several partial demolitions and reconstructions over the 14th and 15th centuries.
 In the 17th century, the Maxwells were created Earls of Nithsdale, and built a new lodging within the walls, described as among "the most ambitious early classical domestic architecture in Scotland".
 In 1640 the castle was besieged for the last time and was subsequently abandoned.
 Although demolished and rebuilt several times, the castle retains the distinctive triangular plan first laid out in the 13th century.
 Caerlaverock Castle was built to control trade in early times.
"The Bastard King of England" is a bawdy English folk song commonly misattributed to Rudyard Kipling, or less commonly Tennyson, Charles Dickens, Walt Whitman, and Charles Whistler.
 The earliest known appearance of the song was in 1927.
 The song depicts various sexual escapades involving the title character, an unnamed Queen of Spain, a French king named Phillip, and the "Duke of Zippity-Zap" who gives the King a case of the clap.
 The song has a number of historical inaccuracies, since the last French king to bear the name Phillip died in the 14th century, but Spain would not become a united kingdom until the 15th.
 Also, it would be quite impossible to drag anyone from France to England behind a horse before the Channel Tunnel was dug.
The Basques were among the first to catch whales commercially, and dominated the trade for five centuries, spreading to the far corners of the North Atlantic and even reaching the South Atlantic.
 The French explorer Samuel de Champlain, when writing about Basque whaling in Terranova (i.e. Newfoundland), described them "as the cleverest men at this fishing".
 By the early 17th century, other nations entered the trade in earnest, seeking the Basques as tutors, "for [they] were then the only people who understand whaling", lamented the English explorer Jonas Poole.
 Having learned the trade themselves, other nations adopted their techniques and soon dominated the burgeoning industry – often to the exclusion of their former instructors.
 Basque whaling peaked in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but was in decline by the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
 By the 19th century, it was moribund as the right whale was nearly extinct and the bowhead whale was decimated.
Louis XIII (] ; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
Nicolas Bergier (] ), Avocat au Siège Présidial de Rheims, lived in 17th-century Rheims and became interested in Roman roads there.
 Mentioning by chance his interest in the funding of Roman roads to Conde du Lis, advisor to Louis XIII, he found himself suddenly commanded by the king to undertake a study of all Roman roads.
 Five years later he published his "Histoire des Grands Chemins de l'Empire Romain", a two-volume work of over 1000 pages.
 There were many subsequent editions.
 This first scholarly study of Roman roads included engravings of the Tabula Peutingeriana.
 Edward Gibbon consulted Bergier's work while researching his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".
Nissen, von Nissen and von Nissen-Benzon is a Danish family of land owners from Southern Jutland, which was partially ennobled in 1710.
 It is descended from "Henrik Lorentzen (Schack)" (born "ca."
 1450), who in 1484 was granted the estate of Oldemorstoft (a so-called free estate, "frigård", i.e. a privileged estate) as a fief by John, King of Denmark.
 Members of the family were land owners and from the 17th century war commissioners, judges, councillors of state (etatsråd), Governors (stiftamtmann), Supreme Court Justice and General in Denmark.
 Family members served as Governor of Tranquebar, plantation owner and Vice Governor of the Danish West Indies in the 18th century.
 In Denmark, the family owned the estates of Oldemorstoft, Lerbæk, Rugballegaard, Brantbjerg, the Stamhus of Skærsø and others between the 15th century and the 18th century.
 In the 17th century, King Christian IV of Denmark was a guest at Oldemorstoft several times.
 The name "von Nissen" was used by the noble branch and military officers of the family.
Matthew de Crambeth (died 1309) was a late 13th and early 14th century bishop of Dunkeld.
 He had been a dean of the bishopric of Aberdeen and was a canon of the diocese of Dunkeld when, following the death of Bishop William, he was elected to the bishopric.
 He was consecrated at the hands of Pope Nicholas IV himself in 1288.
 His appointment appears to have had the backing of King Edward I of England.
 He was present at the Convention of Birgham on 17 March 1290.
 He was sent to France in 1295 by King John Balliol to negotiate with the French king.
 He joined other prominent Scots in revolt against the English crown, and subsequently had his possessions confiscated.
 He was ambassador to France in 1303.
 He is recorded as swearing fealty to King Edward on 4 May 1304, upon which act he had his personal and episcopal possessions restored to him.
 His personal property is known to have included lands in Kinross and in Fife.
 He died sometime in the first half of the year 1309.
The Holder of the World, (1993) is a novel by Bharati Mukherjee.
 It is a retelling of Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 novel "The Scarlet Letter", placing the story in two centuries (17th and 20th).
 The novel involves time travel via virtual reality, locating itself in 20th century Boston, 17th century Colonial America, and 17th century India during the spread of the British East India Company.
 It also references Thomas Pynchon's novel, "V.".

Question: For which French king did Nicolas Bergier serve as an advisor in the 17th century?
Answer: Louis XIII