The Romani genocide or the Romani Holocaust, also known as the Porajmos ( ] ), Pharrajimos ("Cutting up", "Fragmentation", "Destruction"), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a genocide, during World War II by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani people of Europe.
 Under the rule of Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews.
 Thus, in some ways the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews.
 Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or 25% to over 50% of the slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.
 Ian Hancock puts the death toll as high as 1.5 million.
 In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.
 In 2011 Poland passed a resolution for the official recognition of 2 August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.
Operation Bolero was the commonly used reference for the code name of the United States military troop buildup in the United Kingdom during World War II in preparation for the initial cross-channel invasion plan known as Operation Roundup, to be implemented in mid-1943, or for its lesser contingency alternative, Operation Sledgehammer, to be executed in the fall of 1942 in the event of German setbacks or to ease Axis pressure on the Eastern Front.
 ("Bolero" was the code name used in official communications to stand in for "United Kingdom" when describing the theater or movements.)
 What later became the Bolero plan – the buildup of a strategic air force in Great Britain in preparation for Roundup – was first submitted by Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces, Henry H. Arnold, to General George Marshall, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, on April 12, 1942, and set in motion a huge movement of men and material that laid the groundwork for Operation Overlord.
The Fabrikaktion (Factory Action) is the term for the roundup of the last Jews to be deported starting 27 February 1943.
 Most of these remaining Jews were working Berlin plants or they were working for the Jewish welfare organisation.
 The term was coined by the victims after World War II, the Gestapo called the plan "Großaktion Juden" (Major Action (on) Jews) and in the communications with the factories it was named "Evakuierungsaktion" (Evacuation Action).
 While the plan was not restricted to Berlin it became later most notable for the ensuing Rosenstrasse protest in Berlin.
The Holocaust in France refers to the persecution, deportation, and annihilation of Jews and Roma between 1940 and 1944 in occupied France, metropolitan Vichy, and in Vichy-North Africa, during World War II.
 The persecution began in 1940, and culminated in deportations of Jews from France to death camps in Germany and Nazi-occupied Poland from 1942 which lasted until July 1944.
 Of the 340,000 Jews living in metropolitan/continental France in 1940, more than 75,000 were deported to death camps, where about 72,500 were killed.
 French Vichy government and the French police participated in the roundup of Jews.
 Although most deported Jews died, the survival rate of the Jewish population in France was up to 75% which is one of the highest survival rates in Europe.
The people on this list are or were survivors of Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate the Jews in Europe before and during World War II; it is most widely accepted that a state-enforced persecution of Jews in Nazi-controlled Europe lasted from the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws in 1933 to Hitler's defeat in 1945.
 Although there were many victims of the Holocaust, the "International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims" (ICHEIC) defines a Holocaust survivor as, "Any Jew who lived for any period of time in a country that was ruled by the Nazis or their allies."
The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (French: "Rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver", commonly called the "Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv: "Vel' d'Hiv Police Roundup / Raid"") was a Nazi-directed raid and mass arrest of Jews in Paris by the French police, code named " Opération Vent printanier "("Operation Spring Breeze"), on 16 and 17 July 1942.
 The name "Vel' d'Hiv Roundup" is derived from the nickname of the "Vélodrome d'hiver" ("Winter Velodrome"), a bicycle velodrome and stadium where a majority of the victims were temporarily confined.
 The roundup, assisted by the French Milice, a Nazi-supported parallel police force, was one of several aimed at eradicating the Jewish population in France, both in the occupied zone and in the free zone.
 According to records of the " Préfecture de Police", 13,152 Jews were arrested, including more than 4,000 children.
 They were held at the "Vélodrome d'hiver" in extremely crowded conditions, almost without food and water, and with no sanitary facilities, as well as at the Drancy, Pithiviers, and Beaune-la-Rolande internment camps, then shipped in rail cattle cars to Auschwitz for their mass murder.
Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries, communities, and people before, during and after World War II.
 While the attempt of the regime to exterminate several nations viewed as subhuman by Nazi ideology was eventually stopped by the Allies, Nazi aggression nevertheless led to the deaths of many tens of millions of people, including several million Jews, and the ruin of several states.
The Final Solution (German: "Endlösung" ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (German: "die Endlösung der Judenfrage" , ] ) was a Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II.
 The “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” was the Nazi code name for the plan to murder all Jews within reach, and was not limited to the European continent.
 This policy of deliberate and systematic genocide starting across German-occupied Europe was formulated in procedural and geo-political terms by Nazi leadership in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin, and culminated in the Holocaust which saw the killing of 90 percent of Jewish Poles, and two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe.
During World War II, the Nazi German Einsatzkommandos were a sub-group of five "Einsatzgruppen mobile killing squads" (term used by Holocaust historians) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, homosexuals, communists and the NKVD collaborators in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front.
 After the outbreak of war with the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army began to retreat so rapidly that the large "Einsatzgruppen" had to be split into dozens of smaller commandos ("Einsatzkommandos"), responsible for systematically killing Jews and, among others, alleged Soviet partisans behind the Wehrmacht lines.
 After the war several "Einsatzkommando" officers were tried, in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted of war crimes and hanged.
Nazi German crimes against the Polish nation claimed the lives of 2.77 million ethnic Poles and 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews, according to estimates of the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN).
 Historians outside Poland put the number of Jewish victims of the Holocaust in occupied Poland at 3.0 million.
 The original assumptions of Generalplan Ost were based on Nazi plans to exterminate around 85% (over 20 million) of the ethnically Polish citizens of Poland, with the remaining 15% to be used as slaves.
 The dissemination of knowledge on the subject of Nazi German crimes in World War II was entrusted by an Act of the Polish Parliament in 2000 to the Institute, which replaced the former Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes against the Polish Nation.

Question: The Vel' d'Hiv Roundup was part of what plan to exterminate Jews during World War II?
Answer: The Final Solution