Floyd Lavinius Parks (9 February 1896 – 10 March 1959) was a United States Army general during World War II.
 During the war, he was chief of staff of the US Army Ground Forces and the First Allied Airborne Army.
 As such, he participated in Operation Market Garden that directed air drops into the Netherlands behind the German lines which were preventing Allied forces from crossing the Rhine river.
 He commanded the US First Airborne Army in 1945 on his promotion to major general.
 After the war, Parks commanded the US Sector in Berlin before going to Washington D.C. to become the chief of the Public Information Division for the Army.
 Later, he commanded American forces in the US Army, Pacific in 1949.
 After service in Hawaii, he became chief of the Information Department, whereafter he was known as the "father of modern Army public affairs."
 He received a promotion to lieutenant general in 1953 and thereafter served as Commanding General for the Second United States Army until his retirement in 1956.
The Battle of Manila, sometimes called the Mock Battle of Manila, was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish–American War, four months after the decisive victory by Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay.
 The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American forces led by United States Army Brigadier General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey.
 American forces were supported by units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
On 23 March 1815 USS "Hornet" captured HMS "Penguin" in a short battle off Tristan da Cunha.
 It was one of several engagements that took place after the War of 1812 had ended, and was the final action between British and American forces.
 The American gunnery was far more effective than the British, despite the two vessels being virtually identical in strength.
 After exchanges of broadsides and musket fire, the British commander was killed.
 The British brig rammed the American ship in an attempt to board, but the two were separated and "Penguin" was disabled shortly afterwards when the foremast fell, forcing the British to surrender.
 The British brig was too badly damaged to be salvaged and was set ablaze by the victors after its stores were removed.
James Winchester (February 26, 1752 – July 26, 1826) was an officer in the American Revolutionary War and a brigadier general during the War of 1812.
 He commanded the American forces at the Battle of Frenchtown, which led to the Massacre of the River Raisin.
The Battles of Frenchtown, also known as the Battle of the River Raisin and the River Raisin Massacre, was a series of conflicts that took place from January 18–23, 1813 during the War of 1812.
 It was fought between the United States and a British and Native American alliance near the River Raisin in Frenchtown, Michigan Territory (present-day Monroe, Michigan).
 The battle on January 22 had the highest number of fatalities of any battle during this war.
The Battle of Bataan (7 January – 9 April 1942) represented the most intense phase of Imperial Japan's invasion of the Philippines during World War II.
 In January 1942, forces of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy invaded Luzon along with several islands in the Philippine Archipelago after the bombing of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor.
 The commander-in-chief of all Filipino and American forces in the islands, General Douglas MacArthur, consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the Bataan Peninsula to fight against the Japanese invaders.
 By this time, the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia.
 The Bataan peninsula and the island of Corregidor were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region.
 Despite a lack of supplies, Filipino and American forces managed to fight the Japanese for three months, engaging them initially in a fighting retreat southward.
 As the combined Filipino and American forces made a last stand, the delay cost the Japanese valuable time and prevented immediate victory across the Pacific.
 The surrender at Bataan, with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether, was the largest in American and Filipino military histories, and was the largest United States surrender since the American Civil War's Battle of Harper's Ferry.
 Soon afterwards, Filipino and American prisoners of war were forced into the Bataan Death March.
During the War of 1812, Indiana Territory was home to several conflicts between the United States territorial government and partisan Native American forces backed by the British in Canada.
 The Battle of Tippecanoe, which had occurred just months before the war began, was one of the catalysts that caused the war.
 The war in the territory is often considered a continuation of Tecumseh's War, and the final struggle of the Sixty Years' War.
The VI Corps of the "Grande Armée" was the name of a French military unit that existed during the Napoleonic Wars.
 It was formed at the Camp de Boulogne and assigned to Marshal Michel Ney.
 From 1805 through 1811, the army corps fought under Ney's command in the War of the Third Coalition, the War of the Fourth Coalition, and the Peninsular War.
 Jean Gabriel Marchand was in charge of the corps for a period when Ney went on leave.
 In early 1811, Ney was dismissed by Marshal André Masséna for disobedience and the corps was briefly led by Louis Henri Loison until the corps was dissolved in May 1811.
 The VI Corps was revived in 1812 for the French invasion of Russia and placed under Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr.
 It entirely consisted of Bavarian soldiers at that time.
 After the disastrous winter retreat the corps was virtually destroyed.
 In 1813 during the War of the Sixth Coalition it was recreated with reorganized French troops.
 Marshal Auguste Marmont took command of the corps and managed it until Emperor Napoleon's abdication in 1814.
 It took part in many battles including Dresden and Leipzig in 1813.
 During the Hundred Days, Georges Mouton, Count de Lobau commanded the VI Corps at the Battle of Waterloo.
The Chatham Artillery has played a leading role in the history of the state of Georgia since the American Revolution.
 in 1776 Thomas Lee was authorized to enlist a provincial company of artillery for the defense of Savannah, the first such unit in Georgia's history.
 Commanded by Joseph Woodruff, they defended the right flank of American forces when the British attacked Savannah.
 They saw service in the Oconnee wars, The Embargo Wars, and The War of 1812.
 They were part of the force that occupied Fort Pulaski that opened the American Civil War, and served in and around Savannah and Charleston SC before joining General Johnston's forces in Columbia, SC.
 After reorganization in 1872, they mustered out to the border with Mexico, to stop Pancho Villa's raids in the United States.
 They served with the "Dixie Division" in France during World War I, and landed on Normandy Beach on D-day plus 4 in World War II.
 They breached the Siegfried Line, and were at the Elbe River when the war ended.
 In 2005 they were mobilized again into federal service, as an element of the 48th Brigade Combat team serving in Iraq, part of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
 The Chatham Artillery was re-mobilized in 2009 to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, personally training Afghan Troops and Police Forces.
 They were demobilized in 2010 at Fort Stewart, GA.
 Today they remain in service, as a modular artillery brigade of the Georgia Army National Guard, the 118th Field Artillery.
The Siege of Astorga of 1812 took place between 29 June and 19 August 1812, at Astorga, León, Castile-León, Spain, during the Peninsular War.
 On 29 June, the Spanish troops of Lieutenant-General Francisco Gómez de Terán y Negrete, Marquess of Portago, started the operations, and laid siege to Astorga.
 The siege was part of the Allied offensive in the summer of 1812.
 The "Spanish VI Army" led by General José María Santocildes, by order of General Francisco Castaños, take the measures necessary for the recovery of Astorga.
 On 18 August, after a hard resistance, the French garrison surrendered to the Spaniards.
<ref name=""> Capitulación de Astorga (1812)</ref> During the siege, part of the Spanish troops marched towards Salamanca to join the Allied army under Arthur Wellesley, commanded by General Santocildes, and contributed successfully in the campaign with the capture of Tordesillas, blocking Toro and Zamora, and occupying Valladolid.
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Question: Who commanded the American forces at the conflicts that took place from January 18–23, 1813 during the War of 1812?
Answer: James Winchester