Charles Guilfoyle Doran (1835–1909) was a leading figure in the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and the Fenian Brotherhood in Ireland from the middle of the 19th century.
 He was also Clerk of Works on the construction of St. Colman's Cathedral in Cobh, County Cork.
English clog dancing began in 19th century England during the Industrial Revolution.
 It is thought to have developed in the Lancashire cotton mills where wooden-soled clogs were preferred to leather soles because the floors were kept wet to help keep the humidity high, important in cotton spinning.
 Workers sitting at the weaving machines wore hard-soled shoes, which they would tap to the rhythms of the machines to keep their feet warm.
 At their breaks and lunches, they would have competitions, where they were judged on the best rhythm patterns.
 By the late 1800s they clog-danced on proper stages at competitions.
 In these competitions, the judges would watch the routine and judge it according to footwork, precision, and technique.
 Clog dancers were a common sight at music halls throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century.
 One such group was The Eight Lancashire Lads which included a young Charlie Chaplin as one of its members.
 Dan Leno became the world champion clog dancer in the 1880s, and records show that competitive clog dancing was a frequent occurrence throughout the 19th century.
People of Irish descent form the largest ethnic group in the city of Philadelphia and its surrounding counties.
 The Irish have lived in Philadelphia since the pre-American Revolution period.
 Irishmen had participated in pro-Revolutionary activities in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War.
 Like many American cities in the 19th century, Philadelphia, which was once a Quaker stronghold, changed dramatically with the influx of European immigrants.
 The first major influx of Irish came in 1844 from rural areas, spurred by the Irish Famine.
 Because of the Quakers belief and pledge of religious tolerance, Irish Catholics and Protestants, amongst others, made the city incredibly diverse.
 Philadelphia at the time had a need for industrial labor, and at the time Philadelphia was becoming a major industrial center in the United States.
 Irish took industrial positions.
 In the 1840s and 1850s, anti-Catholic sentiment grew against the Irish, and eventually led up to riots, such as the Philadelphia nativist riots and the Lombard Street riot.
 Eventually the Irish gained financial and social status in the latter half of the 19th Century and founded institutions during the period.
The Hancock Village Historic District encompasses the town center of Hancock, New Hampshire.
 It extends the length of Hancock's Main Street, from Pine Ridge Cemetery and the common to the west, and the junction of Bennington, Norway Hill, and Forest Roads to the east.
 It then extends a short way up Bennington Road.
 The center has its origins in 1785, when the town common was formally laid out.
 While a few buildings in the district date to the 18th century, most of them were built in the first half of the 19th century.
 Almost all of the houses are vernacular Greek Revival or Federal in their styling, There are commercial buildings lining a portion of Main Street which are also predominantly vernacular mid-to-late 19th century in their construction.
 Civic buildings include the town hall, grange, library, and a series of horse sheds near the common.
 The common also has structures related to its conversion in the early 20th century to a public park, including a bandstand, fountain, and war memorial.
Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century.
 Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.
 Its history stems all the way back to the 4th century.
 One of the first ecologists whose writings survive may have been Aristotle or perhaps his student, Theophrastus, both of whom had interest in many species of animals and plants.
 Theophrastus described interrelationships between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC.
 Ecology developed substantially in the 18th and 19th century.
 It began with Carl Linnaeus and his work with the economy of nature.
 Soon after came Alexander von Humboldt and his work with botanical geography.
 Alfred Russel Wallace and Karl Möbius then contributed with the notion of biocoenosis.
 Eugenius Warming’s work with ecological plant geography led to the founding of ecology as a discipline.
 Charles Darwin’s work also contributed to the science of ecology, and Darwin is often attributed with progressing the discipline more than anyone else in its young history.
 Ecological thought expanded even more in the early 20th century.
 Major contributions included: Eduard Suess’ and Vladimir Vernadsky’s work with the biosphere, Arthur Tansley’s ecosystem, Charles Elton's "Animal Ecology", and Henry Cowles ecological succession.
 Ecology influenced the social sciences and humanities.
 Human ecology began in the early 20th century and it recognized humans as an ecological factor.
 Later James Lovelock advanced views on earth as a macro-organism with the Gaia hypothesis.
 Conservation stemmed from the science of ecology.
 Important figures and movements include Shelford and the ESA, National Environmental Policy act, George Perkins Marsh, Theodore Roosevelt, Stephen A. Forbes, and post-Dust Bowl conservation.
 Later in the 20th century world governments collaborated on man’s effects on the biosphere and Earth’s environment.
The history of the Irish language begins with the period from the arrival of speakers of Celtic languages in Ireland to Ireland's earliest known form of Irish, Archaic Irish, which is found in Ogham inscriptions dating from the 3rd or 4th century.
 After the conversion to Christianity in the 5th century, Old Irish begins to appear as glosses and other marginalia in Latin manuscripts, beginning in the 6th century.
 It evolved in the 10th century to Middle Irish.
 Early Modern Irish, otherwise known as Classical Irish, was a literary language that represented a transition between Middle and Modern Irish.
 It was used by writers in both Ireland and Scotland until the 17th century, in the course of which slowly but surely writers began writing in the vernacular dialects, Ulster Irish, Connacht Irish, Munster Irish and Scottish Gaelic.
 As the number of hereditary poets and scribes dwindled under British rule in the early 19th century, Irish became a mostly spoken tongue with little written literature appearing in the language until the Gaelic Revival of the late 19th century.
 The number of speakers was also declining in this period with monoglot and bilingual speakers of Irish increasing adopting only English: while Irish never died out, by the time of the Revival it was largely confined to the less Anglicised regions of the island, which were often also the more rural and remote areas.
 In the 20th and 21st centuries, Irish has continued to survive in Gaeltacht regions and among a minority in other regions.
 It has once again come to be considered an important part of the island's culture and heritage, with efforts being made to preserve and promote it.
The Fenian Brotherhood (Irish: "Bráithreachas na bhFíníní" ) was an Irish republican organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny.
 It was a precursor to Clan na Gael, a sister organisation to the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
 Members were commonly known as "Fenians".
 O'Mahony, who was a Gaelic scholar, named his organisation after the Fianna, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by Fionn mac Cumhaill.
The Clan na Gael (in modern Irish orthography: "Clann na nGael ", ] , "family of the Gaels") was an Irish republican organization in the United States in the late 19th and 20th centuries, successor to the Fenian Brotherhood and a sister organization to the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
 It has shrunk to a small fraction of its former size in the 21st century.
The Nashoba Brook Stone Chamber is an underground stone structure in the woods of the Nashoba Brook Conservation Area of Acton, Massachusetts.
 Its more common name is the "potato cave", which comes from the traditional assumption that it was once used as a root cellar.
 Research and excavation from 2006 supports this assertion, finding evidence of construction from the 18th or 19th century for the purpose of storing food.
 Some argue that it may originally have been a pre-colonial native American ceremonial stone landscape structure.
 Local lore states that it also served as shelter for workers on the nearby railroad in the 19th century.
Ó Creachmhaoil is an Irish surname, often anglicised as Craughwell, Croughwell, Crockwell, and Crowell.
 It was largely unknown outside of the south-east of County Galway, where the village of Creachmhaoil is also found, until the latter end of the 19th century when emigres established branches of the family which still thrive in Newfoundland, Bermuda, Cornwall, Ohio and Berkshire County, Massachusetts, among other places.
 The surname was found in Barbados in the 19th Century, having evidently arrived in the 17th Century (probably as part of the involuntary Irish immigration to Barbados that followed the Cromwellian invasion of Ireland), but is now extinct there, possibly as a result of re-emigration (the Crockwells of Bermuda descend from a single white Barbadian who settled there in the 19th Century).
 Documentation on the origin of the surname is not recorded, but it is doubtless connected to the village.

Question: What was the common name for members of the Irish Brotherhood led by Charles Guilfoyle Doran in the 19th century?
Answer: Fenians