In information theory, Linguistics and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences.
 Informally, the Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other.
 It is named after Vladimir Levenshtein, who considered this distance in 1965.
Vladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein (Russian: Влади́мир Ио́сифович Левенште́йн ; ] ; born 1935) is a Russian scientist who has done research in information theory, error-correcting codes, and combinatorial design.
 Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance and a Levenshtein algorithm, which he developed in 1965.
The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm.
 It was discovered by Anatoly Karatsuba in 1960 and published in 1962.
 It reduces the multiplication of two "n"-digit numbers to at most formula_1 single-digit multiplications in general (and exactly formula_2 when "n" is a power of 2).
 It is therefore faster than the classical algorithm, which requires "n" single-digit products.
 For example, the Karatsuba algorithm requires 3 = 59,049 single-digit multiplications to multiply two 1024-digit numbers ("n" = 1024 = 2), whereas the classical algorithm requires (2) = 1,048,576.
Vitaly Dmitriyevich Kurdchenko (Russian: Виталий Дмитриевич Курдченко , born 23 September 1940) is a retired Russian rower who had his best achievements in the coxed fours, partnering with Vladimir Yevseyev, Anatoly Tkachuk, Boris Kuzmin and Anatoly Luzgin.
 In this event, they won two European titles and a silver medal at the 1966 World Rowing Championships; they finished in fifth place at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
 Kurdchenko also competed in the coxed eights and won a European silver in 1969.
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Yevseyev (Russian: Владимир Александрович Евсеев , 22 January 1939 – 20 June 2012) was a Russian rower who had his best achievements in the coxed fours, partnering with Anatoly Luzgin, Anatoly Tkachuk, Boris Kuzmin and Vitaly Kurdchenko.
 In this event, they won two European titles and a silver medal at the 1966 World Rowing Championships; they finished in fifth place at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
In information theory and computer science, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance (named after Frederick J. Damerau and Vladimir I. Levenshtein) is a string metric for measuring the edit distance between two sequences.
 Informally, the Damerau–Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of operations (consisting of insertions, deletions or substitutions of a single character, or transposition of two adjacent characters) required to change one word into the other.
Anatoly Alexeevitch Karatsuba (Russian: Анато́лий Алексе́евич Карацу́ба ; Grozny, Soviet Union, January 31, 1937 – Moscow, Russia, September 28, 2008) was a Russian mathematician working in the field of analytic number theory, "p"-adic numbers and Dirichlet series.
Anatoly Petrovych Tkachuk (Ukrainian: Анатолій Петрович Ткачук , born 15 February 1937) is a retired Ukrainian rower who had his best achievements in the coxed fours, partnering with Vladimir Yevseyev, Vitaly Kurdchenko, Boris Kuzmin and Anatoly Luzgin.
 In this event, they won two European titles and a silver medal at the 1966 World Rowing Championships; they finished in fifth place at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Boris Petrovich Kuzmin (Russian: Борис Петрович Кузьмин , 11 February 1941 – 30 November 2001) was a Soviet rower who had his best achievements in the coxed fours, partnering with Vladimir Yevseyev, Anatoly Tkachuk, Anatoly Luzgin and Vitaly Kurdchenko.
 In this event, they won two European titles and a silver medal at the 1966 World Rowing Championships; they finished in fifth place at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Levenstein coding, or Levenshtein coding, is a universal code encoding the non-negative integers developed by Vladimir Levenshtein.

Question: Anatoly Karatsuba and Vladimir Levenshtein, are of which nationality?
Answer: Russian