In mathematics, a character group is the group of representations of a group by complex-valued functions.
 These functions can be thought of as one-dimensional matrix representations and so are special cases of the group characters that arise in the related context of character theory.
 Whenever a group is represented by matrices, the function defined by the trace of the matrices is called a character; however, these traces "do not" in general form a group.
 Some important properties of these one-dimensional characters apply to characters in general:
In mathematics, the spin representations are particular projective representations of the orthogonal or special orthogonal groups in arbitrary dimension and signature (i.e., including indefinite orthogonal groups).
 More precisely, they are representations of the spin groups, which are double covers of the special orthogonal groups.
 They are usually studied over the real or complex numbers, but they can be defined over other fields.
In development studies, the concept of a value chain has been used to analyse international trade in global value chains which comprises “the full range of activities that are required to bring a product from its conception, through its design, its sourced raw materials and intermediate inputs, its marketing, its distribution and its support to the final consumer”.
 Specifically, when activities must be coordinated across geographies, the term global value chain (GVC) is used in the development literature.
 Simply put, the global value chain includes all of the people and activities involved in the production of a good or service and its global level supply, distribution and post sales activities (also known as the supply chain).
 GVC is similar to Industry Level Value Chain but encompasses operations at the global level.
A hamlet is a small human settlement.
 In different jurisdictions and geographies, hamlets may be the size of a town, village or parish, be considered a smaller settlement or subdivision of a larger, or be treated as a satellite entity to a larger settlement.
 The word and concept of a hamlet have roots in the Anglo-Norman settlement of England, where the old French "hemelet " came to apply to small human settlements.
 In British geography, a hamlet is considered smaller than a village and distinctly without a church.
In mathematics, Plancherel measure is a measure defined on the set of irreducible unitary representations of a locally compact group formula_1, that describes how the regular representation breaks up into irreducible unitary representations.
 In some cases the term Plancherel measure is applied specifically in the context of the group formula_1 being the finite symmetric group formula_3 – see below.
 It is named after the Swiss mathematician Michel Plancherel for his work in representation theory.
The Electronic Product Code (EPC) is designed as a universal identifier that provides a unique identity for every physical object anywhere in the world, for all time.
 Its structure is defined in the EPCglobal Tag Data Standard , which is an open standard freely available for download from the website of EPCglobal, Inc..
 The canonical representation of an EPC is a URI, namely the 'pure-identity URI' representation that is intended for use when referring to a specific physical object in communications about EPCs among information systems and business application software.
 The EPCglobal Tag Data Standard also defines additional representations of an EPC identifier, such as the tag-encoding URI format and a compact binary format suitable for storing an EPC identifier efficiently within RFID tags (for which the low-cost passive RFID tags typically have limited memory capacity available for the EPC/UII memory bank).
 The EPCglobal Tag Data Standard defines the structure of the URI syntax and binary format, as well as the encoding and decoding rules to allow conversion between these representations.
 The EPC is designed as a flexible framework that can support many existing coding schemes, including many coding schemes currently in use with barcode technology.
 EPC identifiers currently support 7 identification keys from the GS1 system of identifiers, as well as a General Identifier and EPC identifiers that can be used for encoding supplies to the US Department of Defense.
The concept of imagined (also referred as imaginative) geographies originated from Edward Said, particularly his work on critique on Orientalism.
 In this context, "imagined" does not mean to be “false” or “made-up”, but rather is used synonymous with “perceived”.
 Imagined geographies refers to the perception of a space created through certain imagery, texts, and/or discourses.
Bilingual lexical access is an area in psycholinguistics research that studies the activation or retrieval process of the mental lexicon for people who can speak two languages.
 Bilingual lexical access can be understood as all aspects of word processing, including all the mental activity from the perception of the word from one language until all its lexical knowledge from the target language is available.
 Research in this field seeks to fully understand these mental processes.
 Bilingual individuals have two mental lexical representations for an item or concept and are able to successfully select words from one language without significant interference from the other language.
 Thus, it is important to understand whether these dual representations interact or affect one another.
 Bilingual lexical access researchers focus on the control mechanisms bilinguals use to suppress the language not in use when in a monolingual mode and the degree to which the related representations within the language not in use are activated.
 For example, when a Dutch-English bilingual is asked to name a picture of a dog in English, he or she will come up with the English word "dog".
 Bilingual lexical access is the mental process that underlies this seemingly simple task: the process that makes the connection between the "idea" dog and the word "dog" in the target language.
 While activating the English word "dog", the Dutch word "hond" (its equivalent in Dutch)", "is most likely also in a state of activation.
Orientalism is a 1978 book by Edward W. Said, about the cultural representations that are the bases of Orientalism, defined as the West's patronizing representations of "The East"—the societies and peoples who inhabit the places of Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East.
 According to Said, orientalism (the Western scholarship about the Eastern World) is inextricably tied to the imperialist societies who produced it, which makes much Orientalist work inherently political and servile to power.
Originally, wild numbers are the numbers supposed to belong to a fictional sequence of numbers imagined to exist in the mathematical world of the mathematical fiction "The Wild Numbers" authored by Philibert Schogt, a Dutch philosopher and mathematician.
 Even though Schogt has given a definition of the wild number sequence in his novel, it is couched in a deliberately imprecise language that the definition turns out to be no definition at all.
 However, the author claims that the first few members of the sequence are 11, 67, 2, 4769, 67.
 Later, inspired by this wild and erratic behaviour of the fictional wild numbers, American mathematician J. C. Lagarias used the terminology to describe a precisely defined sequence of integers which shows somewhat similar wild and erratic behaviour.
 Lagaria's wild numbers are connected with the Collatz conjecture and the concept of the 3"x" + 1 semigroup.
 The original fictional sequence of wild numbers has found a place in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.

Question:  The concept of imagined geographies originated from an author who defined them as the West's patronizing representations of what?
Answer: The East