It was first performed in three acts by the Comédie-Italienne at the first Salle Favart in Paris on 21 October 1784.
 It was given in a revised four-act version at Fontainebleau on 25 October 1785.
 The opera reached the United Kingdom in 1786 and Boston, USA in 1797.
 It was immensely popular and was still being played in France at the end of the 19th century.
 Adolphe Adam provided new orchestration for the 1841 revival at the Opéra-Comique and through the following decades reached over 600 performances by that company by 1910.
The Padlock is a two-act 'afterpiece' opera by Charles Dibdin.
 The text was by Isaac Bickerstaffe.
 It debuted in 1768 at the Drury Lane Theatre in London as a companion piece to "The Earl of Warwick".
 It partnered other plays before a run of six performances in tandem with "The Fatal Discovery" by John Home.
 "The Padlock" was a success, largely due to Dibdin's portrayal of Mungo, a blackface caricature of a black servant from the West Indies.
 The company took the production to the United States the next year, where a portrayal by Lewis Hallam, Jr. as Mungo met with even greater accolades.
 The libretto was first published in London in 1768 (?)
 and in Dublin in 1775.
 The play remained in regular circulation in the U.S. as late as 1843.
 It was revived by the Old Vic Company in London and on tour in the UK in 1979 in a new orchestration by Don Fraser and played in a double-bill with Garrick's "Miss In Her Teens".
 The role of Mungo was, again, played by a white actor.
 Opera Theatre of Chicago have recently revived the piece (2007?)
 where, it would seem, the role of Mungo was changed to that of an Irish servant.
Grafton Volcano is a buried volcano in New Zealand's Auckland volcanic field that underlies much of the Auckland suburb of Grafton.
 First recognised in 2010, it includes the Outhwaite Park scoria cone that was first mapped by Hochstetter (1864) and inferred by later geologists to be a late phase vent of adjacent Domain Volcano.
 Borehole drilling and building excavations in the Grafton-Auckland Domain area during the 1990s and 2000s provided new subsurface geological information that allowed geologists to recognise the buried Grafton Volcano.
Adolphe Charles Adam (] ; 24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic.
 A prolific composer of operas and ballets, he is best known today for his ballets "Giselle" (1841) and "Le corsaire" (1856, his last work), his operas "Le postillon de Lonjumeau" (1836), "Le toréador" (1849) and "Si j'étais roi" (1852)
On December 19, 2006, the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA), Public Law No. 109-417, was signed into law by President George W. Bush.
 PAHPA has broad implications for the United States Department of Health and Human Services's (HHS) preparedness and response activities.
 Among other things, the act amended the Public Health Service Act to establish within the department a new Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR); provided new authorities for a number of programs, including the advanced development and acquisitions of medical countermeasures; and called for the establishment of a quadrennial National Health Security Strategy.
La reine Fiammette is an opera in four acts by composer Xavier Leroux.
 The opera uses a French language libretto by Catulle Mendès which is based on Mendès's 1898 work of the same name, a "conte dramatique" in six acts set in Renaissance Italy.
 The opera's premiere was given by the Opéra-Comique at the Salle Favart theatre in Paris on 23 December 1903.
 The production was directed by Albert Carré and conducted by André Messager.
 The United States premiere of the work was given at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on 24 January 1919.
 That production was directed by Richard Ordynski, conducted by Pierre Monteux, and starred Geraldine Farrar as Orlanda, Hipolito Lazaro as Danièlo, Adamo Didur as Giorgio, Léon Rothier as César, and Flora Perini as Pantasilée.
 Up to the Second World War the opera received 59 performances at the Opéra-Comique.
Saa Emerson Lamina, born in Koidutown, Kono District, is a Sierra Leoneean politician and the Mayor of Koidu City.
 Mr. Lamina is the youngest Mayor in Sierra Leone's history, and at the time of his inauguration was the youngest Mayor in West Africa.
 Mayor Lamina is adored and loved by the people of Kono for his humility and his progressive policies.
 He has always been focused on building his city lot by lot, block by block.
 He's known for bringing city government closer to the people, by holding regular town-hall meetings, press conferences and quarterly mobile council meetings in the various neighborhoods of the city (first of it kind in the country), which earned him the nickname "the mayor of neighborhoods."
 Soon after taking office, Mayor Lamina called for more transparent, participatory, and collaborative government.
 Mayor Lamina, also known as Mr. Incorruptible, introduced strict anti-corruption programs and open-government policies to the dismay of the district political elites, paramount chiefs, and party leaders in the national capital Freetown, who have been the beneficiaries of decades long culture of corruption that has kept the district on the bottom in terms of development.
 The diamond rich Kono District (the bread basket of the nation) has been the most neglected district in the country and its capital Koidu City was the most under-develop city in the country.
 The city was completely burnt down during the civil war in the nineteen-nineties.
 But under Mayor Lamina's leadership, Koidu City has seen a lot of improvements.
 His administration has installed hundreds of new solar lights in the city, paved major streets, rehabilitated and reconstructed schools, provided new furniture to primary and secondary schools, rehabilitated the Koidu Government Hospital and procured essential drugs for the hospital, established bi-lateral ties with cities around the world, and implemented policies targeting Diasporas as agents for development.
Richard Coeur de Lion: An historical romance is a 1786 semi-opera with an English text by John Burgoyne set to music by Thomas Linley the Elder.
 It was first staged at Drury Lane Theatre in October 1786.
 It was a translation of Michel-Jean Sedaine's opera "Richard Coeur-de-lion" about the life of the English Monarch Richard I with the ending significantly changed.
 The work was a major success and ran for 43 performances and was revived seven times before the end of the century.
 By contrast a rival version staged at the Covent Garden Theatre at the same time was a failure.
Grand traité d’instrumentation et d’orchestration modernes, abbreviated in English as the Treatise on Instrumentation (sometimes Treatise on Orchestration) is a technical study of Western musical instruments, written by Hector Berlioz.
 It was first published in 1844 after being serialised in many parts prior to this date, and had a chapter added by Berlioz on conducting in 1855.
 In 1904 Richard Strauss was asked to update the text to include some modern instruments and included musical examples from Wagner, and in 1905 the updated "Treatise" with a new preface by Strauss was published in German.
 The 1905 edition was translated into English in 1948.
 The book discusses the various technical aspects of instruments, such as chromatic range, tone quality, and limitations.
 An explanation of the role of particular instruments within the orchestra is also provided.
 The book also provides orchestral excerpts from classical scores to give examples of techniques discussed.
 These examples are sometimes of works by Berlioz himself, while Mozart, Wagner, Beethoven, and Gluck are also frequently cited.
Adolf Eybel (1808–1882), a German painter of historical and genre subjects and of portraits, was born at Berlin.
 He studied at the Berlin Academy, and under Professor Kolbe, as well as in Paris under Delaroche.
 One of his most noted pictures represents "Richard Coeur-de-Lion with his Court listening to Blondel's Song."
 He died at Berlin in 1882.
 The following works by him may also be mentioned:

Question: What ws the nationality of the composer who provided new orchestration for the 1841 revival at the Opéra-Comique for "Richard Coeur-de-lion"?
Answer: French