Punjabi ( ; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ "pañjābī" ; Shahmukhi: "paṉjābī" ) is a native language of the Punjab region belonging to the Northwestern Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family.
 Spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, it ranks as the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world.
 It is the native language of the Punjabi people, who associate with the historical Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
 Among Indo-European languages, it is unusual in having lexical tone.
Native Esperanto speakers (Esperanto: "denaskuloj" or "denaskaj esperantistoj") are people who have acquired Esperanto as one of their native languages.
 As of 1996, there were 350 or so attested cases of families with native Esperanto speakers.
 Estimates from associations indicate that there are currently around 1,000 Esperanto-speaking families, involving perhaps 2,000 children.
 In all known cases, speakers are natively bilingual, or multilingual, raised in both Esperanto and either the local national language or the native language of their parents.
 In all but a handful of cases, it was the father who used Esperanto with the child.
 In the majority of such families, the parents had the same native language, though in many the parents had different native languages, and only Esperanto in common.
A first language, native language or mother tongue (also known as father tongue, arterial language or L1) is a language that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
 In some countries, the term "native language" or "mother tongue" refers to the language of one's ethnic group rather than one's first language.
 Children brought up speaking more than one language can have more than one native language, and be bilingual or multilingual.
 By contrast, a "second language" is any language that one speaks other than one's first language.
The Crusades: An Arab Perspective is a four-part series produced by Al Jazeera English, which presents the dramatic story of the medieval religious war through Arab eyes.
 The series provides a new perspective on the history of the Crusades for a global, English-speaking audience, that has largely read about or studied the famous struggle from a primarily Christian and Western point of view.
The official language of Ukraine is Ukrainian, an East Slavic language which is the native language of 67.5% of Ukraine's population.
 Russian is the native language of 29.6% of Ukraine's population and the rest (2.9%) are native speakers of other languages.
 Ethnologue lists 40 minority languages and dialects; nearly all are native to the former Soviet Union.
James Kari is a linguist and Professor Emeritus with the Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) specializing in the Dene or Athabascan languages of Alaska.
 In the past forty years he has done extensive linguistic work in many Dene languages including Ahtna, Dena'ina, Koyukon, Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, and Babine-Witsuwit'en.
 He was on the faculty of UAF from 1973 until his retirement in 1997.
 He continues to work on numerous Alaska Native language projects.
 He is the author or editor of over 200 publications, including more than 3000 pages of bilingual texts in seven Dene languages.
 He is the most prolific contributor to the Alaska Native Language Archive (with more than 950 entries).
 His special interest is Dene ethnogeography, and he has compiled or documented more than 12,000 place names in fourteen Alaska or Canadian or Southwest Dene languages.
 He worked with Dena'ina writer and ethnographer Peter Kalifornsky on a 1991 compilation of his creative writings.
 In 2008 he was the organizer of the Dene–Yeniseian Symposium in Alaska, and co-editor of the volume "The Dene–Yeniseian Connection" published in 2010.
 In 2009 Alaska governor Sarah Palin selected Kari to receive the Governor's Award for the Humanities.
 In March 2013 Kari received the Professional Achievement Award at the 40th annual meeting of the Alaska Anthropological Association.
North African Arabs (Arabic: عرب شمال أفريقيا‎ ‎ "‘Arab Shamal Ifriqiya") or "Maghrebi Arabs" (Arabic: :العرب المغاربة‎ ‎ "al-‘Arab al-Maghariba") is a term that denotes the inhabitants of the North African Maghreb region whose native language is a dialect of Arabic and identify as Arab.
 This ethnic identity is a product of the Arab conquest of North Africa during the Arab–Byzantine wars and the spread of Islam to Africa.
 The migration of Arab tribes to North Africa in the 11th century was a major factor in the linguistic and cultural Arabization of the Maghreb region, mainly Beni Hassan, Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym.
The Alaska Native Language Archive (ANLA) in Fairbanks, Alaska, known officially as the Michael E. Krauss Alaska Native Language Archive, is an extensive repository for manuscripts and recordings documenting the Native Languages of Alaska.
 The Archive was created as part of the Alaska Native Language Center by state legislation in 1972.
 In 2009 the Archive was administratively separated and now exists as a sister organization to the Alaska Native Language Center, collaborating on numerous language efforts in Alaska.
The Crusades Through Arab Eyes (French: "Les Croisades vues par les Arabes" ) is a French language historical essay by Lebanese author Amin Maalouf.
Amin Maalouf (Arabic: أمين معلوف‎ ‎ ; born 25 February 1949) is an award-winning Lebanese-born French author who has lived in France since 1976.
 Although his native language is Arabic, he writes in French, and his works have been translated into over 40 languages.
 He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his novel "The Rock of Tanios" as well as the 2010 Prince of Asturias Award for Literature.
 He is a member of the Académie française.

Question: What is the native language of the author of the essay, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes?
Answer: Arabic