The Drummond Professorship of Political Economy at All Souls College, Oxford has been held by a number of distinguished individuals, including three Nobel laureates.
 The professorship is named after and was founded by Henry Drummond.
 Holders of the Drummond Professorship include:
Thomas Reid FRSE ( ; 26 April 1710 – 7 October 1796) was a religiously trained Scottish philosopher, a contemporary of David Hume as well as "Hume's earliest and fiercest critic".
 He was the founder of the Scottish School of Common Sense and played an integral role in the Scottish Enlightenment.
 The early part of his life was spent in Aberdeen and he graduated from the University of Aberdeen.
 He began his career as a Minister of the Church of Scotland but ceased to be a Minister (or called 'Reverend') when he was given a professorship at King's College, Aberdeen in 1752.
 He obtained his doctorate and wrote "An Inquiry Into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense" (published in 1764).
 He and his colleagues founded the 'Aberdeen Philosophical Society' which was popularly known as the 'Wise Club' (a literary-philosophical association).
 Shortly after the publication of his first book, he was given the prestigious Professorship of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow when he was called to replace Adam Smith.
 He resigned from this position in 1781, after which he prepared his university lectures for publication in two books: "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man" (1785) and "Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind" (1788).
 Reid was buried at Blackfriars Church in the grounds of Glasgow College and when the university moved to Gilmorehill in the west of Glasgow, his tombstone was inserted in the main building.
 See separate article on Thomas Reid's tombstone.
The Law of Peoples is American philosopher John Rawls' work on international relations.
 First published in 1993 as a short article (1993: "Critical Inquiry", no.20), in 1999 it was expanded and joined with another essay, "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" (1997: "University of Chicago Law Review", vol.64, no.3) to form a full-length book.
 It is an attempt to show "how the content of a Law of Peoples might be developed out of a liberal idea of justice similar to, but more general than, the idea I call justice as fairness" (L.P. p. 3).
Robert Nozick ( ; November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher.
 He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at Harvard University, and was president of the American Philosophical Association.
 He is best known for his books "Philosophical Explanations" (1981), which included his counterfactual theory of knowledge, and "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls' "A Theory of Justice" (1971), in which Nozick also presented his own theory of utopia as one in which people can freely choose the rules of the society they enter into.
 His other work involved ethics, decision theory, philosophy of mind, metaphysics and epistemology.
 His final work before his death, "Invariances" (2001), introduced his theory of evolutionary cosmology, by which he argues invariances, and hence objectivity itself, emerged through a theory of evolutionary cosmology across possible worlds.
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John Bordley Rawls ( ; February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition.
 He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University and the Fulbright Fellowship at the University of Oxford.
 Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999, the latter presented by President Bill Clinton, in recognition of how Rawls's work "helped a whole generation of learned Americans revive their faith in democracy itself."
Lawrence D. Kritzman, an American scholar, is the Willard Professor of French, Comparative Literature and Oratory at Dartmouth College.
 He has previously held the Edward Tuck professorship in French, the Ted and Helen Geisel Third Century Professorship in the Humanities, and the John and Pat Rosenwald Research Professorship.
 He has written works on, edited works on, or given lectures on Barthes, Foucault, Kristeva, Sartre, Camus, Malraux, Derrida, Montaigne, Simone de Beauvoir, and others, focusing especially on twentieth-century French philosophy.
 Drawing on psychoanalytic theory, he has innovated sixteenth century French studies in his readings of Marguerite de Navarre, Scève, Ronsard, Rabelais, Montaigne, and the "poètes rhétoriqueurs".
Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered.
 The concept of justice differs in every culture.
 An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work "The Republic".
 Advocates of divine command theory argue that justice issues from God.
 In the 17th century, theorists like John Locke argued for the theory of natural law.
 Thinkers in the social contract tradition argued that justice is derived from the mutual agreement of everyone concerned.
 In the 19th century, utilitarian thinkers including John Stuart Mill argued that justice is what has the best consequences.
 Theories of distributive justice concern what is distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the "proper" distribution.
 Egalitarians argued that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality.
 John Rawls used a social contract argument to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness.
 Property rights theorists (like Robert Nozick) take a deontological view of distributive justice and argue that property rights-based justice maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system.
 Theories of retributive justice are concerned with punishment for wrongdoing.
 Restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring what is good, and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and offenders.
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498 (1998), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act (Coal Act) constituted an unconstitutional regulatory taking of property which required the Act to be invalidated.
 The import of this decision is that it was made in the context of a purely economic regulation.
 The plurality examines the statute and its resultant harm as an ad hoc factual inquiry based on factors delineated in Penn Central such as the economic impact of the regulation, its interference with reasonable investment backed expectations, and the character of the governmental action.
("Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City"), The decision thereby moved beyond the traditional notions of equal protection which had been applied to economic regulation since the time of ("Lochner v. New York"), requiring extreme deference to Congress, and applied a regulatory takings analysis to the problem resulting in a much less deferential result.
 While the plurality recognizes that this is not a traditional takings case where the government appropriates private property for public use, they also state this is the type of case where the "Armstrong Principle" of preventing the government from forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole.
 ("Armstrong v. United States", 364 U.S. 40, 49 (1960)) However, while the plurality seems to invalidate this particular law on takings grounds, the concurrences and the dissents warn of such an analysis as this should actually be examined under substantive due process or ex post facto theories.
Justice as Fairness: A Restatement is a 2001 work of political philosophy by John Rawls, a revision of his 1971 classic "A Theory of Justice" (1971).
Martha Albertson Fineman (born 1943) is an American jurist, legal theorist and political philosopher.
 She is Robert W. Woodruff Professor of Law at Emory University School of Law.
 Fineman was previously the first holder of the Dorothea S. Clarke Professorship of Feminist Jurisprudence at Cornell Law School and held the Maurice T. Moore Professorship at Columbia Law School.

Question: Justice as Fairness: A Restatement was written by the philosopher who held a Professorship at what college?
Answer: Harvard University