In plasma physics, waves in plasmas are an interconnected set of particles and fields which propagates in a periodically repeating fashion.
 A plasma is a quasineutral, electrically conductive fluid.
 In the simplest case, it is composed of electrons and a single species of positive ions, but it may also contain multiple ion species including negative ions as well as neutral particles.
 Due to its electrical conductivity, a plasma couples to electric and magnetic fields.
 This complex of particles and fields supports a wide variety of wave phenomena.
Electron precipitation (also called energetic electron precipitation or EEP) is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when previously trapped electrons enter the Earth's atmosphere, thus creating communications interferences and other disturbances.
 Electrons are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt by Earth's magnetic fields and begin to spiral around field lines in the radiation belt.
 They may remain there for an indefinite period of time (in some cases years).
 When broadband very low frequency (VLF) waves propagate the radiation belts, the electrons exit the radiation belt and "precipitate" (or travel) into the ionosphere (a region of Earth's atmosphere) where the electrons will collide with ions.
 Electron precipitation is regularly linked to ozone depletion.
 It is often caused by lightning strikes.
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
 The ions are atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions, which are negatively charged) and atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations, which are positively charged).
 This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence.
 In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH or SO.
 In simpler words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.
Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma.
 Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a mixture of these gases.
 Some include additional substances, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides, which are vaporized during startup to become part of the gas mixture.
 In operation, some of the electrons are forced to leave the atoms of the gas near the anode by the electric field applied between the two electrodes, leaving these atoms positively ionized.
 The electrons ejected from these atoms flow onto the anode, while the cations thus formed are accelerated by the electric field and flow towards the cathode.
 Typically, after traveling a very short distance, the ions collide with neutral gas atoms, which transfer their electrons to the ions.
 The atoms, having lost an electron during the collisions, ionize and speed toward the cathode while the ions, having gained an electron during the collisions, return to a lower energy state while releasing energy in the form of photons.
 Light of a characteristic frequency is thus emitted.
 In this way, electrons are relayed through the gas from the anode to the cathode.
 The color of the light produced depends on the emission spectra of the atoms making up the gas, as well as the pressure of the gas, current density, and other variables.
 Gas discharge lamps can produce a wide range of colors.
 Some lamps produce ultraviolet radiation which is converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface.
 The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp.
A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind that is captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field.
 The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created.
 The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen, and as a result the Earth's belts are known as the Van Allen belts.
 Earth's two main belts extend from an altitude of about 500 to 58,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary.
 Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the Earth's atmosphere from destruction.
Interbol (Russian: Интербол ) is an international space project under the leadership of the Russian Space Agency and the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
 The list of participants includes the Institute of Atmospheric Research of the Czech Academy of Sciences, NASA, European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency.
 The goal of the project is to study the correlations between plasma processes in the tail of the magnetosphere and in the Van Allen radiation belt (auroral particles acceleration region) with a high time-space resolution.
 Two space probes have been launched into high-altitude elliptical orbits:
Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα , meaning "moldable substance" or "jelly") can simply be considered as a gaseous mixture of negatively charged electrons and highly charged positive ions, however, true plasma production is from the distinct separation of these ions and electrons that produces an electric field, which in turn, produces electric currents and magnetic fields. Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter and was first introduced by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.
 Unlike, the other three states of solid, liquid, and gas, plasma does not freely exist on the Earth.
 Plasma can be generated by heating neutral gases or by subjecting gas to a strong electromagnetic field.
A Birkeland current is a set of currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth’s magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.
 In the Earth’s magnetosphere, the currents are driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field and by bulk motions of plasma through the magnetosphere (convection indirectly driven by the interplanetary environment).
 The strength of the Birkeland currents changes with activity in the magnetosphere (e.g. during substorms).
 Small scale variations in the upward current sheets (downward flowing electrons) accelerate magnetospheric electrons which, when they reach the upper atmosphere, create the Auroras Borealis and Australis.
 In the high latitude ionosphere (or auroral zones), the Birkeland currents close through the region of the auroral electrojet, which flows perpendicular to the local magnetic field in the ionosphere.
 The Birkeland currents occur in two pairs of field-aligned current sheets.
 One pair extends from noon through the dusk sector to the midnight sector.
 The other pair extends from noon through the dawn sector to the midnight sector.
 The sheet on the high latitude side of the auroral zone is referred to as the Region 1 current sheet and the sheet on the low latitude side is referred to as the Region 2 current sheet.
An astrophysical plasma is a plasma (a highly ionized gas) whose physical properties are studied as part of astrophysics.
 Much of the baryonic matter of the universe is thought to consist of plasma, a state of matter in which atoms and molecules are so hot, that they have ionized by breaking up into their constituent parts, negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. Because the particles are charged, they are strongly influenced by electromagnetic forces, that is, by magnetic and electric fields.
 All astrophysical plasmas are likely influenced by magnetic fields.
Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, chemistry and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions.
 Since an electron has charge, it has a surrounding electric field, and if that electron is moving relative to an observer it will generate a magnetic field.
 Electromagnetic fields produced from other sources (not those self-produced) will affect the motion of an electron according to the Lorentz force law.
 Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated.
 Laboratory instruments are capable of trapping individual electrons as well as electron plasma by the use of electromagnetic fields.
 Special telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space.
 Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.

Question: Interbol, is an international space project under the leadership of which organization, and the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the goal of the project is to study the correlations between which item, can simply be considered as a gaseous mixture of negatively charged electrons and highly charged positive ions, however, true plasma production is from the distinct separation of these ions and electrons that produces an electric field, which in turn, produces electric currents and magnetic fields, in the tail of the magnetosphere and in the Van Allen radiation belt?
Answer: Russian Space Agency