Birks' law (named after British physicist John B. Birks) is an empirical formula for the light yield per path length as a function of the energy loss per path length for a particle traversing a scintillator, and gives a relation that is not linear at high loss rates.
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), also known as MPEG-DASH, is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers.
 Similar to Apple's HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) solution, MPEG-DASH works by breaking the content into a sequence of small HTTP-based file segments, each segment containing a short interval of playback time of content that is potentially many hours in duration, such as a movie or the live broadcast of a sports event.
 The content is made available at a variety of different bit rates, i.e., alternative segments encoded at different bit rates covering aligned short intervals of playback time.
 While the content is being played back by an MPEG-DASH client, the client automatically selects from the alternatives the next segment to download and play based on current network conditions.
 The client selects the segment with the highest bit rate possible that can be downloaded in time for playback without causing stalls or re-buffering events in the playback.
 Thus, an MPEG-DASH client can seamlessly adapt to changing network conditions and provide high quality playback with fewer stalls or re-buffering events.
WLNN-CD (branded as the "Mountain Television Network" and "MTN 18") is a digital class A television station in Boone, North Carolina.
 It broadcasts over-the-air on channel 24, and on cable channel 18 in the Boone area.
 It is an independent station with some programming from Youtoo America.
 WLNN produces college and high school game broadcasts and sports broadcasts, the EndZone football friday night show, ASU Chalktalk football highlight show, newscasts, morning show, noon show, and many hours every week of programming that covers local affairs in the High Country region.
 MTN produces more hours of television programs than any other television station in the United States.
 The station was previously owned by Steve Rondinaro, who was also the evening news anchor before taking that position at WWAY in Wilmington.
 Rondinaro later sold WLNN to Terry Smith in 2008.
 WLNN's local programming can also be seen on the second digital subchannel of WTBL-CD in Lenoir and on 16 cable channels throughout the broadcast area, reaching a total of 2 Million viewers in four states.
According to the National Association of Legal Fee Analysis (NALFA), legal auditing is a litigation management practice and risk management tool, used by insurance and other consumers of legal services, to determine if hourly billing errors, abuses, and inefficiencies exist by carefully examining and identifying unreasonable attorney fees and expenses.
 Because the majority of corporate law firms charge clients on an hourly basis, and base attorney promotion and compensation almost entirely on the number of hours billed, rather than the results achieved for clients, lawyers and law firms have much incentive to bill as many hours as possible, and little incentive to work efficiently or to bill fewer hours.
 According to the California State Bar, most lawyers who block-bill their time inflate each client bill by 10-30 percent, and at the average national billing rate of $661 per hour (as of April 2012) that means that most big-firm lawyers overcharge clients anywhere from $150,000 to $400,000 each year.
The DH98 de Havilland Mosquito was the successor to the de Havilland DH.88 Comet, a twin-engined British aircraft designed for and winner of the 1934 MacRobertson Air Race between London and Melbourne (see De Havilland DH.88).
 The DH 98 served in many roles during and after the Second World War.
 Mosquito-equipped squadrons were asked to perform medium bomber, reconnaissance, tactical strike, anti-submarine warfare and shipping attack and Night fighter duties, both defensive and offensive, until the end of the war.
 Mosquitos were widely used by the RAF Pathfinder Force, which marked targets for night-time strategic bombing.
 Despite an initially high loss rate, the Mosquito ended the war with the lowest losses of any aircraft in RAF Bomber Command service.
 Post war, the RAF found that when finally applied to bombing, in terms of useful damage done, the Mosquito had proven itself 4.95 times more cost-efficient than the Lancaster.
Ronald Nels Running (born 1941) is a retired United States Air Force Major General who has more than 3,800 flying hours in F-105D, F-5 A/E, F-4 D/E and F-16A aircraft.
 This number of flying hours is significantly higher than the level of 3,000 flying hours that the Air Force requires to award its highest ranking of Command Pilot.
The Republic F-105 Thunderchief was a supersonic fighter-bomber used by the United States Air Force.
 The Mach 2 capable F-105 conducted the majority of strike bombing missions during the early years of the Vietnam War; it was the only U.S. aircraft to have been removed from combat due to high loss rates.
 Originally designed as a single-seat, nuclear-attack aircraft, a two-seat Wild Weasel version was later developed for the specialized Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) role against surface-to-air missile sites.
 The F-105 was commonly known as the "Thud" by its crews.
The 23 class were rigid airships produced in the United Kingdom during the First World War.
 They were designed by Vickers, who also built the first and last of the four ships, with the other two being built by William Beardmore and Company and Armstrong-Whitworth.
 While the 23 class airships were never used in combat, the four ships provided many hours of valuable training and experimental data for British airship crews and designers.
 Although a total of 17 of these ships were contemplated at one time, only four were ever built.
 The 23 class was found to be significantly overweight, leading to its cancellation in favour of the more-refined R23X class.
In railroad terminology, a stock car, cattle car or cattle wagon (British English) is a type of rolling stock used for carrying livestock (not carcasses) to market.
 A traditional stock car resembles a boxcar with louvered instead of solid car sides (and sometimes ends) for the purpose of providing ventilation; stock cars can be single-level for large animals such as cattle or horses, or they can have two or three levels for smaller animals such as sheep, pigs, and poultry.
 Specialized types of stock cars have been built to haul live fish and shellfish and circus animals such as camels and elephants. Until the 1880s, when the Mather Stock Car Company and others introduced "more humane" stock cars, loss rates could be quite high as the animals were hauled over long distances.
 Improved technology and faster shipping times have greatly reduced losses.
A powered parachute often abbreviated PPC and also called a motorised parachute or paraplane is a type of aircraft that consists of a parachute with a motor and wheels.
 The aircraft's airspeed is typically about 25–35 mph (40–60 km/h).
 PPCs operate safely at heights ranging from a few feet off the ground (while ground skimming, a popular use of the aircraft) to altitudes as high as 10,000+ feet (5.5 km).
 But typical operating heights are between 500 and 1500 feet (150–500 meters).
 Equipped with the standard 5 or 10 gallon fuel tank, PPCs can typically be flown for about three hours.
 They have very short take-off and landing rolls, sometimes less than 100 ft (30 m).
 PPCs are among the least expensive aerial vehicles.
 A new one-person powered parachute may cost as little as $5,000, though double-seaters more typically cost about $10,000.
 Top end two-seater PPCs usually cost $15,000–$25,000.
 Empty weight is typically around 200–300 lb (90–135 kg) and payload can be upwards of 500 lb (225 kg).
 In the United States, most single place PPCs are flown under part 103 of the Federal Aviation Regulations and, therefore, may be flown without a license or flight instruction.
 Flight instruction is, however, highly recommended, and an average student can learn to fly a PPC safely with 5 to 10 hours of flight instruction.
 Two-seat PPCs are light sport aircraft in the United States.
 The pilot must have at least a sport pilot certificate issued by the FAA to fly them.
 A minimum of 10 hours of flight instruction, and 2 hours of solo as a student pilot, is required to obtain this certificate.
 Powered parachuting is not to be confused with powered paragliding.

Question: How many hours did Ronald Nels Running fly in an aircraft removed from combat due to high loss rates?
Answer: 3,800 flying hours