The Chipko Movement or Chipko Andolan was primarily a forest conservation movement in India that began in 1973 and went on to become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world it created a precedent for starting of non-violent protest in India, and its success meant that the world immediately took notice of this non violent movement, which was to inspire in time many such eco-groups by helping to slow down the rapid deforestation, expose vested interests, increase ecological awareness, and demonstrate the viability of people power.
 Above all, it stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalized people.
 Today, beyond the eco-socialism hue, it is being seen increasingly as an ecofeminism movement.
 Although many of its leaders were men, women were not only its backbone, but also its mainstay, because they were the ones most affected by the rampant deforestation, which led to a lack of firewood and fodder as well as water for drinking and irrigation.
 Over the years they also became primary stakeholders in a majority of the afforestation work that happened under the Chipko movement.
Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1931.
 On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college.
 They in turn elected the President.
 The result was a victory for Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who won on the third ballot by just two votes.
 The turnout for the popular vote was 47.3%.
 This presidential election was held during an ideologically, politically, socially and economically tense time.
 The Great Depression was impoverishing many Finnish farmers and workers.
 The far-right Lapua Movement had not settled for the ban of the Communist Party and its affiliated organizations in the autumn of 1930.
 It wanted to help elect a President who would also strongly oppose the Social Democrats and moderate bourgeois parties, such as the Progressives.
 Although Svinhufvud disapproved of the Lapua Movement's violent kidnappings of left-wing politicians and other illegal acts, he was their preferred presidential candidate.
 Former President K.J. Ståhlberg, a champion of democracy, parliamentarism and the rule of law, had been briefly kidnapped by some activists of the Lapua Movement with his wife in October 1930.
 He was chosen as the Progressive presidential candidate.
 Speaker of the Finnish Parliament, Kyösti Kallio, held ideals similar to those of Ståhlberg, and he became the Agrarian presidential candidate.
 The outgoing President, Lauri Kristian Relander, had lost the Agrarian presidential candidacy to Kallio, because he did not condemn the Lapua Movement as strongly as Kallio did, and a sufficient number of Agrarians believed that Kallio could control the Lapua Movement's extremists more effectively than Relander.
 Right-wing Finns and some centrists, such as a prominent Agrarian parliamentarian, Juho Niukkanen, were concerned that Ståhlberg's re-election (after a six-year break) as the Finnish President would escalate political tensions in Finland.
 The Commander-in-Chief of the Civil Guards (a bourgeois voluntary defence organization), Major General Lauri Malmberg, announced in the Finnish Parliament that he would not guarantee order among the Civil Guards, if Ståhlberg was elected President.
 Svinhufvud's razor-thin victory required Niukkanen's arm-twisting tactics, whereby he pressured all the Agrarian presidential electors to support Svinhufvud.
 This 69-year-old and slightly ailing conservative politician was considered by his supporters as a sufficiently bold, solid and patriotic man to re-unite the ideologically divided Finns.
 His pro-democracy supporters hoped that he could keep both right-wing extremists and left-wing extremists in check (see, for example, Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents I / Suomen presidentit I. Helsinki: Otava Ltd., 1994, pgs.
 242-245 (Relander), pgs.
 11-14 (Svinhufvud); Pentti Virrankoski, A History of Finland / Suomen historia, volumes 1&2.
 Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society / Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 2009, pgs.
 810-816; Raimo Salokangas, "The Independent Republic" (Itsenäinen tasavalta), pgs.
 635-639 in Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen.
 Helsinki: WSOY, 2003).
The Gwangju Students Movement, or 광주 학생 운동, is a movement that was started to fight against Japanese Imperialism.
 This began to take place starting on November 3, 1929.
 However, this wasn't the only movement of the time.
 There was a second movement which was led by a great amount of Gwangju Middle School students in May 20, 1943.
 The reason why these movements had originally sparked was because of a small incident where a Korean girl was being harassed at Naju (나주) Station on October 30 of that same year as the first movement.
 These movements were important because it gained Korea their freedom from the Japanese and thus receiving the independence that they fought for although there were many casualties and upsets.
Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Persian: حرکت اسلامی افغانستان‎ ‎ , "Harakat-e Islami-yi Afghanistan") is a political party and former faction of the Afghan Northern Alliance (United Front) in Afghanistan.
 The movement is registered as a political party with the Ministry of Justice.
 From its foundation to 2005, the movement was led by Ayatollah Muhammad Asif Muhsini.
 The movement emerged in 1978, as a political formation of non-Shiites.
 Initially the movement was inspired by the Islamic revolutionary ideas of Ali Shari'ati, but over time this influence waned.
The Alternative Ulster Covenant was a declaration launched at a public meeting in 1913 in reaction to the Ulster Covenant of 28 September 1912.
 The original Ulster Covenant, signed by just under half a million men and women from Ulster, protested against the Third Home Rule Bill, introduced by the British Government in that same year.
 The essence of the Alternative Covenant was to dispute the anti-Home Rule assertions made by the Ulster Covenanters.
 The movement is notable because it was a largely Protestant organisation, at a time when the vast majority of Protestants were anti-Home Rule.
The Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, commonly known as the Chetniks (, Четници, ] ; Slovene: "Četniki" ), was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović, an anti-Axis movement in their long-term goals which engaged in marginal resistance activities for limited periods.
 They also engaged in tactical or selective collaboration with the occupying forces for almost all of the war.
 The Mihailović Chetniks were not a homogeneous movement.
 The Chetnik movement adopted a policy of collaboration with regard to the Axis, and engaged in cooperation to one degree or another by establishing "modus vivendi" or operating as "legalised" auxiliary forces under Axis control.
 Over a period of time, and in different parts of the country, the Chetnik movement was progressively drawn into collaboration agreements: first with the Nedić forces in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, then with the Italians in occupied Dalmatia and Montenegro, with some of the Ustaše forces in northern Bosnia, and after the Italian capitulation also with the Germans directly.
Gibson Jama Sibanda (1944 – 24 August 2010) was a Zimbabwean politician and trade unionist.
 He was a founding member of the Movement for Democratic Change and at the time of his death was the Vice-President of the faction of the Movement for Democratic Change led by Arthur Mutambara.
 A former president of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, he was first elected to the House of Assembly in the 2000 parliamentary election.
 He was a member of the Senate and a Minister of State in the Office of Deputy Prime Minister Arthur Mutambara at the time of his death in 2010.
Sergei Ervandovich Kurginyan (Russian: "Сергей Ервандович Кургинян" ) is a Russian scientist, better known as a theatre producer and a politician.
Essence of Time (Russian: "Суть времени" ) is a Russian movement, founded and led by political scientist, philosopher and theater director Sergei Kurginyan.
Spatialism (Italian: "Spazialismo" ) is an art movement founded by Italian artist Lucio Fontana in Milan in 1947 in which he grandiosely intended to synthesize colour, sound, space, movement, and time into a new type of art.
 The main ideas of the movement were anticipated in his "Manifiesto blanco" (White Manifesto) published in Buenos Aires in 1946.
 In it he spoke of a new "spatial" art in keeping with the spirit of the post-war age.
 It repudiated the illusory or "virtual" space of traditional easel painting and sought to unite art and science to project colour and form into real space by the use of up-to-date techniques such as neon lighting and television.
 Five more manifestos followed; they were more specific in their negative than their positive aspects, and carried the concept of Spatialism little further than the statement that its essence consisted in "plastic emotions and emotions of colour projected upon space".
 In 1947 Fontana created a "Black Spatial Environment", a room painted black, which was considered to have foreshadowed Environment art.
 His stabbed and slashed canvases (beginning in 1949 and 1959 respectively) are also considered to embody Spatialism.
 An example of the slashed type (the slash made with a razor blade) is "Spatial Concept Waiting" (1960, Tate, London).
 Although Fontana's ideas were vague, his outlook was influential, for he was one of the first, certainly the first European artist to truly promote the idea of art as gesture or performance, rather than as the creation of an enduring physical work.

Question: What politician led the Essence of Time movement?
Answer: Sergei Ervandovich Kurginyan