In physics, the no-communication theorem is a no-go theorem from quantum information theory which states that, during measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is not possible for one observer, by making a measurement of a subsystem of the total state, to communicate information to another observer.
 The theorem is important because, in quantum mechanics, quantum entanglement is an effect by which certain widely separated events can be correlated in ways that suggest the possibility of instantaneous communication.
 The no-communication theorem gives conditions under which such transfer of information between two observers is impossible.
 These results can be applied to understand the so-called paradoxes in quantum mechanics, such as the EPR paradox, or violations of local realism obtained in tests of Bell's theorem.
 In these experiments, the no-communication theorem shows that failure of local realism does not lead to what could be referred to as "spooky communication at a distance" (in analogy with Einstein's labeling of quantum entanglement as "spooky action at a distance").
Abner Eliezer Shimony ( ; March 10, 1928 – August 8, 2015) was an American physicist and philosopher.
 He specialized in quantum theory and philosophy of science.
 As a physicist he concentrated on the interaction between relativity theory and quantum mechanics.
 He has authored many works and research on complementarity in quantum entanglement as well as multiparticle quantum interferometry, both relating to quantum coherence.
 He has authored research articles and books on the foundations of quantum mechanics.
 He received the 1966 Lakatos Prize for his work in Philosophy of Science.
The John Stewart Bell Prize for Research on Fundamental Issues in Quantum Mechanics and their Applications (short form: "Bell Prize") was established in 2009, funded and managed by the University of Toronto, Centre for Quantum Information & Quantum Control ("CQIQC").
 It is awarded every odd-numbered year, for significant contributions relating to the foundations of quantum mechanics and to the applications of these principles – this covers, but is not limited to, quantum information theory, quantum computation, quantum foundations, quantum cryptography, and quantum control.
 The selection committee has included Gilles Brassard, Peter Zoller, Alain Aspect, John Preskill, and Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain, in addition to previous winners Sandu Popescu, Michel Devoret, and Nicolas Gisin.
In quantum mechanics, negativity is a measure of quantum entanglement which is easy to compute.
 It is a measure deriving from the PPT criterion for separability.
 It has shown to be an entanglement monotone and hence a proper measure of entanglement.
Anton Zeilinger (] ; born 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist who in 2008 received the Inaugural Isaac Newton Medal of the Institute of Physics (UK) for "his pioneering conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, which have become the cornerstone for the rapidly-evolving field of quantum information".
 Zeilinger is professor of physics at the University of Vienna and Senior Scientist at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information IQOQI at the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
 Most of his research concerns the fundamental aspects and applications of quantum entanglement.
Quantum radar is a remote-sensing method based on quantum entanglement.
 The most convincing model has been proposed by an international team of researchers.
 This team designed a model of quantum radar for remote sensing of a low-reflectivity target that is embedded within a bright microwave background, with detection performance well beyond the capability of a classical microwave radar.
 By using a suitable wavelength converter, this scheme generates excellent quantum correlations (quantum entanglement) between a microwave signal beam, sent to probe the target region, and an optical idler beam, retained for detection.
 The microwave return collected from the target region is subsequently converted into an optical beam and then measured jointly with the idler beam.
 Such a technique extends the powerful protocol of quantum illumination to its more natural spectral domain, namely microwave wavelengths.
Alain Aspect (] ; born 15 June 1947) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.
William "Bill" Kent Wootters is an American theoretical physicist, and one of the founders of the field of quantum information theory.
 In a joint paper with Wojciech H. Zurek he proved the no cloning theorem, also independently discovered by Dennis Dieks.
 He is known for his contributions to the theory of quantum entanglement including quantitative measures of it, entanglement-assisted communication (notably quantum teleportation, discovered by Wootters and collaborators in 1993) and entanglement distillation.
 He is also credited by Benjamin Schumacher as being the inspiration behind the term qubit.
Squashed entanglement, also called CMI entanglement (CMI can be pronounced "see me"), is an information theoretic measure of quantum entanglement for a bipartite quantum system.
 If formula_1 is the density matrix of a system formula_2 composed of two subsystems formula_3 and formula_4, then the CMI entanglement formula_5 of system formula_2 is defined by
Quantum Coupling is an effect in quantum mechanics in which two or more quantum systems are bound such that a change in one of the quantum states in one of the systems will cause an instantaneous change in all of the bound systems.
 It is a state similar to quantum entanglement but whereas quantum entanglement can take place over long distances quantum coupling is restricted to quantum scales.

Question: Who funded the award for Research on Fundamental Issues, who's selection committees have included a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.?
Answer: University of Toronto