---
language:
- en
task_categories:
- token-classification

---
# AutoTrain Dataset for project: auto2

## Dataset Description

This dataset has been automatically processed by AutoTrain for project auto2.

### Languages

The BCP-47 code for the dataset's language is en.

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

A sample from this dataset looks as follows:

```json
[
  {
    "tokens": [
      "Pd",
      "has",
      "been",
      "regarded",
      "as",
      "one",
      "of",
      "the",
      "alternatives",
      "to",
      "Pt",
      "as",
      "a",
      "promising",
      "hydrogen",
      "evolution",
      "reaction",
      "(HER)",
      "catalyst.",
      "Strategies",
      "including",
      "Pd-metal",
      "alloys",
      "(Pd-M)",
      "and",
      "Pd",
      "hydrides",
      "(PdH<sub><i>x</i></sub>)",
      "have",
      "been",
      "proposed",
      "to",
      "boost",
      "HER",
      "performances.",
      "However,",
      "the",
      "stability",
      "issues,",
      "e.g.,",
      "the",
      "dissolution",
      "in",
      "Pd-M",
      "and",
      "the",
      "hydrogen",
      "releasing",
      "in",
      "PdH<sub><i>x</i></sub>,",
      "restrict",
      "the",
      "industrial",
      "application",
      "of",
      "Pd-based",
      "HER",
      "catalysts.",
      "We",
      "here",
      "design",
      "and",
      "synthesize",
      "a",
      "stable",
      "Pd-Cu",
      "hydride",
      "(",
      "PdCu<sub>0.2</sub>H<sub>0.43</sub>",
      ")",
      "catalyst,",
      "combining",
      "the",
      "advantages",
      "of",
      "both",
      "Pd-M",
      "and",
      "PdH<sub><i>x</i></sub>",
      "structures",
      "and",
      "improving",
      "the",
      "HER",
      "durability",
      "simultaneously.",
      "The",
      "hydrogen",
      "intercalation",
      "is",
      "realized",
      "under",
      "atmospheric",
      "pressure",
      "(1.0",
      "atm)",
      "following",
      "our",
      "synthetic",
      "approach",
      "that",
      "imparts",
      "high",
      "stability",
      "to",
      "the",
      "Pd-Cu",
      "hydride",
      "structure.",
      "The",
      "obtained",
      "PdCu<sub>0.2</sub>H<sub>0.43</sub>",
      "catalyst",
      "exhibits",
      "a",
      "small",
      "overpotential",
      "of",
      "28",
      "mV",
      "at",
      "10",
      "mA/cm<sup>2</sup>",
      ",",
      "a",
      "low",
      "Tafel",
      "slope",
      "of",
      "23",
      "mV/dec",
      ",",
      "and",
      "excellent",
      "HER",
      "durability",
      "due",
      "to",
      "its",
      "appropriate",
      "hydrogen",
      "adsorption",
      "free",
      "energy",
      "and",
      "alleviated",
      "metal",
      "dissolution",
      "rate.",
      "</p>",
      "<p>"
    ],
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  },
  {
    "tokens": [
      "A",
      "critical",
      "challenge",
      "in",
      "energy",
      "research",
      "is",
      "the",
      "development",
      "of",
      "earth",
      "abundant",
      "and",
      "cost-effective",
      "materials",
      "that",
      "catalyze",
      "the",
      "electrochemical",
      "splitting",
      "of",
      "water",
      "into",
      "hydrogen",
      "and",
      "oxygen",
      "at",
      "high",
      "rates",
      "and",
      "low",
      "overpotentials.",
      "Key",
      "to",
      "addressing",
      "this",
      "issue",
      "lies",
      "not",
      "only",
      "in",
      "the",
      "synthesis",
      "of",
      "new",
      "materials,",
      "but",
      "also",
      "in",
      "the",
      "elucidation",
      "of",
      "their",
      "active",
      "sites,",
      "their",
      "structure",
      "under",
      "operating",
      "conditions",
      "and",
      "ultimately,",
      "extraction",
      "of",
      "the",
      "structure-function",
      "relationships",
      "used",
      "to",
      "spearhead",
      "the",
      "next",
      "generation",
      "of",
      "catalyst",
      "development.",
      "In",
      "this",
      "work,",
      "we",
      "present",
      "a",
      "complete",
      "cycle",
      "of",
      "synthesis,",
      "operando",
      "characterization,",
      "and",
      "redesign",
      "of",
      "an",
      "amorphous",
      "cobalt",
      "phosphide",
      "(",
      "CoP",
      "<sub><i>x</i></sub>",
      ")",
      "bifunctional",
      "catalyst.",
      "The",
      "research",
      "was",
      "driven",
      "by",
      "integrated",
      "electrochemical",
      "analysis,",
      "Raman",
      "spectroscopy",
      "and",
      "gravimetric",
      "measurements",
      "utilizing",
      "a",
      "novel",
      "quartz",
      "crystal",
      "microbalance",
      "spectroelectrochemical",
      "cell",
      "to",
      "uncover",
      "the",
      "catalytically",
      "active",
      "species",
      "of",
      "amorphous",
      "CoP",
      "<sub><i>x</i></sub>",
      "and",
      "subsequently",
      "modify",
      "the",
      "material",
      "to",
      "enhance",
      "the",
      "activity",
      "of",
      "the",
      "elucidated",
      "catalytic",
      "phases.",
      "Illustrating",
      "the",
      "power",
      "of",
      "our",
      "approach,",
      "the",
      "second",
      "generation",
      "cobalt-iron",
      "phosphide",
      "(",
      "CoFeP<sub>x</sub>",
      ")",
      "catalyst,",
      "developed",
      "through",
      "an",
      "iteration",
      "of",
      "the",
      "operando",
      "measurement",
      "directed",
      "optimization",
      "cycle,",
      "is",
      "superior",
      "in",
      "both",
      "hydrogen",
      "and",
      "oxygen",
      "evolution",
      "reactivity",
      "over",
      "the",
      "previous",
      "material",
      "and",
      "is",
      "capable",
      "of",
      "overall",
      "water",
      "electrolysis",
      "at",
      "a",
      "current",
      "density",
      "of",
      "10",
      "mA",
      "cm<sup>-2</sup>",
      "with",
      "1.5",
      "V",
      "applied",
      "bias",
      "in",
      "1",
      "M",
      "KOH",
      "electrolyte",
      "solution.",
      "</p>",
      "<p>"
    ],
    "tags": [
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    ]
  }
]
```

### Dataset Fields

The dataset has the following fields (also called "features"):

```json
{
  "tokens": "Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id=None), length=-1, id=None)",
  "tags": "Sequence(feature=ClassLabel(names=['CATALYST', 'CO-CATALYST', 'O', 'Other', 'PROPERTY_NAME', 'PROPERTY_VALUE'], id=None), length=-1, id=None)"
}
```

### Dataset Splits

This dataset is split into a train and validation split. The split sizes are as follow:

| Split name   | Num samples         |
| ------------ | ------------------- |
| train        | 166 |
| valid        | 44 |