CVE-2017-12595: Improper Input Validation (CWE-20)
value: The tokenizer in QPDF 6.0.0 and 7.0.b1 is recursive for arrays and dictionaries, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (stack consumption and segmentation fault) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a PDF document with a deep data structure, as demonstrated by a crash in QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal in libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc.
CWE description: The product receives input or data, but it does
        not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the
        properties that are required to process the data safely and
        correctly.
CVSS v3 base score: 7.8
Published: 2017-08-27T15:29Z
Repository: https://github.com/qpdf/qpdf
Language: Other
Files changed: ChangeLog, include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh, libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc, qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test, qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.out, qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.pdf
Commit date: 2017-08-25 21:56:45 -0400
Commit message: Parse iteratively to avoid stack overflow (fixes #146)

Diff: diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index bd0acc2b..9d4f18e1 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 2017-08-25  Jay Berkenbilt  <ejb@ql.org>
 
+	* Re-implement parser iteratively to avoid stack overflow on very
+	deeply nested arrays and dictionaries. Fixes #146.
+
 	* Detect infinite loop while finding additional xref tables. Fixes
 	#149.
 
 2017-08-22  Jay Berkenbilt  <ejb@ql.org>
 
diff --git a/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh b/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh
index 7763a666..344f6a94 100644
--- a/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh
+++ b/include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh
@@ -665,11 +665,10 @@ class QPDFObjectHandle
     static QPDFObjectHandle parseInternal(
         PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
         std::string const& object_description,
         QPDFTokenizer& tokenizer, bool& empty,
         StringDecrypter* decrypter, QPDF* context,
-        bool in_array, bool in_dictionary,
         bool content_stream);
     static void parseContentStream_internal(
         PointerHolder<Buffer> stream_data,
         std::string const& description,
         ParserCallbacks* callbacks);
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc b/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
index 893da3f2..e854253a 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
@@ -881,12 +881,11 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseContentStream_internal(PointerHolder<Buffer> stream_data,
     tokenizer.allowEOF();
     bool empty = false;
     while (static_cast<size_t>(input->tell()) < length)
     {
         QPDFObjectHandle obj =
-            parseInternal(input, "content", tokenizer, empty,
-                          0, 0, false, false, true);
+            parseInternal(input, "content", tokenizer, empty, 0, 0, true);
         if (! obj.isInitialized())
         {
             // EOF
             break;
         }
@@ -943,55 +942,54 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parse(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
                         std::string const& object_description,
                         QPDFTokenizer& tokenizer, bool& empty,
                         StringDecrypter* decrypter, QPDF* context)
 {
     return parseInternal(input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
-                         decrypter, context, false, false, false);
+                         decrypter, context, false);
 }
 
 QPDFObjectHandle
 QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
                                 std::string const& object_description,
                                 QPDFTokenizer& tokenizer, bool& empty,
                                 StringDecrypter* decrypter, QPDF* context,
-                                bool in_array, bool in_dictionary,
                                 bool content_stream)
 {
     // This method must take care not to resolve any objects. Don't
     // check the type of any object without first ensuring that it is
     // a direct object. Otherwise, doing so may have the side effect
     // of reading the object and changing the file pointer.
 
     empty = false;
-    if (in_dictionary && in_array)
-    {
-	// Although dictionaries and arrays arbitrarily nest, these
-	// variables indicate what is at the top of the stack right
-	// now, so they can, by definition, never both be true.
-	throw std::logic_error(
-	    "INTERNAL ERROR: parseInternal: in_dict && in_array");
-    }
 
     QPDFObjectHandle object;
 
-    qpdf_offset_t offset = input->tell();
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> olist;
+    std::vector<std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> > olist_stack;
+    olist_stack.push_back(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>());
+    enum state_e { st_top, st_start, st_stop, st_eof, st_dictionary, st_array };
+    std::vector<state_e> state_stack;
+    state_stack.push_back(st_top);
+    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> offset_stack;
+    offset_stack.push_back(input->tell());
     bool done = false;
     while (! done)
     {
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& olist = olist_stack.back();
+        state_e state = state_stack.back();
+        qpdf_offset_t offset = offset_stack.back();
+
 	object = QPDFObjectHandle();
 
 	QPDFTokenizer::Token token =
             tokenizer.readToken(input, object_description);
 
 	switch (token.getType())
 	{
           case QPDFTokenizer::tt_eof:
             if (content_stream)
             {
-                // Return uninitialized object to indicate EOF
-                return object;
+                state = st_eof;
             }
             else
             {
                 // When not in content stream mode, EOF is tt_bad and
                 // throws an exception before we get here.
@@ -1010,13 +1008,13 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
                          "treating unexpected brace token as null"));
             object = newNull();
 	    break;
 
 	  case QPDFTokenizer::tt_array_close:
-	    if (in_array)
+	    if (state == st_array)
 	    {
-		done = true;
+                state = st_stop;
 	    }
 	    else
 	    {
 		QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle bad array close");
                 warn(context,
@@ -1027,13 +1025,13 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
                 object = newNull();
 	    }
 	    break;
 
 	  case QPDFTokenizer::tt_dict_close:
-	    if (in_dictionary)
+	    if (state == st_dictionary)
 	    {
-		done = true;
+                state = st_stop;
 	    }
 	    else
 	    {
 		QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle bad dictionary close");
                 warn(context,
@@ -1044,19 +1042,17 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
                 object = newNull();
 	    }
 	    break;
 
 	  case QPDFTokenizer::tt_array_open:
-	    object = parseInternal(
-		input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
-                decrypter, context, true, false, content_stream);
-	    break;
-
 	  case QPDFTokenizer::tt_dict_open:
-	    object = parseInternal(
-		input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
-                decrypter, context, false, true, content_stream);
+            olist_stack.push_back(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>());
+            state = st_start;
+            offset_stack.push_back(input->tell());
+            state_stack.push_back(
+                (token.getType() == QPDFTokenizer::tt_array_open) ?
+                st_array : st_dictionary);
 	    break;
 
 	  case QPDFTokenizer::tt_bool:
 	    object = newBool((token.getValue() == "true"));
 	    break;
@@ -1082,16 +1078,16 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
 		std::string const& value = token.getValue();
                 if (content_stream)
                 {
                     object = QPDFObjectHandle::newOperator(value);
                 }
-		else if ((value == "R") && (in_array || in_dictionary) &&
-		    (olist.size() >= 2) &&
-                    (! olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isIndirect()) &&
-		    (olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isInteger()) &&
-                    (! olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isIndirect()) &&
-		    (olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isInteger()))
+		else if ((value == "R") && (state != st_top) &&
+                         (olist.size() >= 2) &&
+                         (! olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isIndirect()) &&
+                         (olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isInteger()) &&
+                         (! olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isIndirect()) &&
+                         (olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isInteger()))
 		{
                     if (context == 0)
                     {
                         QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle indirect without context");
                         throw std::logic_error(
@@ -1104,12 +1100,11 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
 			olist.at(olist.size() - 2).getIntValue(),
 			olist.at(olist.size() - 1).getIntValue());
 		    olist.pop_back();
 		    olist.pop_back();
 		}
-		else if ((value == "endobj") &&
-			 (! (in_array || in_dictionary)))
+		else if ((value == "endobj") && (state == st_top))
 		{
 		    // We just saw endobj without having read
 		    // anything.  Treat this as a null and do not move
 		    // the input source's offset.
 		    object = newNull();
@@ -1151,97 +1146,136 @@ QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal(PointerHolder<InputSource> input,
                          "reading object"));
             object = newNull();
 	    break;
 	}
 
-	if (in_dictionary || in_array)
-	{
-	    if (! done)
-	    {
-		olist.push_back(object);
-	    }
-	}
-	else if (! object.isInitialized())
-	{
-            warn(context,
-                 QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input->getName(),
-                         object_description,
-                         input->getLastOffset(),
-                         "parse error while reading object"));
+        if ((! object.isInitialized()) &&
+            (! ((state == st_start) ||
+                (state == st_stop) ||
+                (state == st_eof))))
+        {
+            throw std::logic_error(
+                "QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal: "
+                "unexpected uninitialized object");
             object = newNull();
-	}
-	else
-	{
-	    done = true;
-	}
-    }
+        }
 
-    if (in_array)
-    {
-	object = newArray(olist);
-    }
-    else if (in_dictionary)
-    {
-        // Convert list to map. Alternating elements are keys. Attempt
-        // to recover more or less gracefully from invalid
-        // dictionaries.
-        std::set<std::string> names;
-        for (std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::iterator iter = olist.begin();
-             iter != olist.end(); ++iter)
+        switch (state)
         {
-            if ((! (*iter).isIndirect()) && (*iter).isName())
+          case st_eof:
+            if (state_stack.size() > 1)
             {
-                names.insert((*iter).getName());
+                warn(context,
+                     QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input->getName(),
+                             object_description,
+                             input->getLastOffset(),
+                             "parse error while reading object"));
             }
-        }
+            done = true;
+            // Leave object uninitialized to indicate EOF
+            break;
 
-        std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict;
-        int next_fake_key = 1;
-        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < olist.size(); ++i)
-        {
-            QPDFObjectHandle key_obj = olist.at(i);
-            QPDFObjectHandle val;
-            if (key_obj.isIndirect() || (! key_obj.isName()))
+          case st_dictionary:
+          case st_array:
+            olist.push_back(object);
+            break;
+
+          case st_top:
+            done = true;
+            break;
+
+          case st_start:
+            break;
+
+          case st_stop:
+            if ((state_stack.size() < 2) || (olist_stack.size() < 2))
+            {
+                throw std::logic_error(
+                    "QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal: st_stop encountered"
+                    " with insufficient elements in stack");
+            }
+            state_e old_state = state_stack.back();
+            state_stack.pop_back();
+            if (old_state == st_array)
             {
-                bool found_fake = false;
-                std::string candidate;
-                while (! found_fake)
+                object = newArray(olist);
+            }
+            else if (old_state == st_dictionary)
+            {
+                // Convert list to map. Alternating elements are keys.
+                // Attempt to recover more or less gracefully from
+                // invalid dictionaries.
+                std::set<std::string> names;
+                for (std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::iterator iter =
+                         olist.begin();
+                     iter != olist.end(); ++iter)
+                {
+                    if ((! (*iter).isIndirect()) && (*iter).isName())
+                    {
+                        names.insert((*iter).getName());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict;
+                int next_fake_key = 1;
+                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < olist.size(); ++i)
                 {
-                    candidate =
-                        "/QPDFFake" + QUtil::int_to_string(next_fake_key++);
-                    found_fake = (names.count(candidate) == 0);
-                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle found fake",
-                            (found_fake ? 0 : 1));
+                    QPDFObjectHandle key_obj = olist.at(i);
+                    QPDFObjectHandle val;
+                    if (key_obj.isIndirect() || (! key_obj.isName()))
+                    {
+                        bool found_fake = false;
+                        std::string candidate;
+                        while (! found_fake)
+                        {
+                            candidate =
+                                "/QPDFFake" +
+                                QUtil::int_to_string(next_fake_key++);
+                            found_fake = (names.count(candidate) == 0);
+                            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle found fake",
+                                    (found_fake ? 0 : 1));
+                        }
+                        warn(context,
+                             QPDFExc(
+                                 qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
+                                 input->getName(), object_description, offset,
+                                 "expected dictionary key but found"
+                                 " non-name object; inserting key " +
+                                 candidate));
+                        val = key_obj;
+                        key_obj = newName(candidate);
+                    }
+                    else if (i + 1 >= olist.size())
+                    {
+                        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key");
+                        warn(context,
+                             QPDFExc(
+                                 qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
+                                 input->getName(), object_description, offset,
+                                 "dictionary ended prematurely; "
+                                 "using null as value for last key"));
+                        val = newNull();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        val = olist.at(++i);
+                    }
+                    dict[key_obj.getName()] = val;
                 }
-                warn(context,
-                     QPDFExc(
-                         qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
-                         input->getName(), object_description, offset,
-                         "expected dictionary key but found"
-                         " non-name object; inserting key " +
-                         candidate));
-                val = key_obj;
-                key_obj = newName(candidate);
+                object = newDictionary(dict);
             }
-            else if (i + 1 >= olist.size())
+            olist_stack.pop_back();
+            offset_stack.pop_back();
+            if (state_stack.back() == st_top)
             {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key");
-                warn(context,
-                     QPDFExc(
-                         qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
-                         input->getName(), object_description, offset,
-                         "dictionary ended prematurely; using null as value"
-                         " for last key"));
-                val = newNull();
+                done = true;
             }
             else
             {
-                val = olist.at(++i);
+                olist_stack.back().push_back(object);
             }
-            dict[key_obj.getName()] = val;
         }
-        object = newDictionary(dict);
     }
 
     return object;
 }
 
diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test
index 9ecf0005..94e24908 100644
--- a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test
+++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test
@@ -219,10 +219,11 @@ my @bug_tests = (
     ["120", "other infinite loop", 3],
     ["106", "zlib data error", 3],
     ["141a", "/W entry size 0", 2],
     ["141b", "/W entry size 0", 2],
     ["143", "self-referential ostream", 3],
+    ["146", "very deeply nested array", 2],
     ["149", "xref prev pointer loop", 3],
     );
 $n_tests += scalar(@bug_tests);
 foreach my $d (@bug_tests)
 {
diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.out b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.out
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70584f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.out
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+WARNING: issue-146.pdf: file is damaged
+WARNING: issue-146.pdf: can't find startxref
+WARNING: issue-146.pdf: Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table
+WARNING: issue-146.pdf (trailer, file position 20728): unknown token while reading object; treating as string
+issue-146.pdf (trailer, file position 20732): EOF while reading token
diff --git a/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.pdf b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..557349e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.pdf
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+%PDF-1.4 0 obj
+
+1 0 obj
+<</Type//Parent 4 0 R/Reces 6 0 R/Meox[092]/S/Trcy/CS/DeRGB/I true>>0 R>1>>
+endobj
+
+7 0 obj
+<</Type/log/s 4 /Opeion[1 0 R =X 0]
+/Lang(en-US)
+>>
+endo>
+endobj 9
+0n 
+trailer
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9/Root 7 0 R
+/Info 8 0 R
+/ID [ <F0E> ]
+/Dum /
+>>
+EOF

Vulnerable code:         bool in_array, bool in_dictionary,
            parseInternal(input, "content", tokenizer, empty,
                          0, 0, false, false, true);
                         decrypter, context, false, false, false);
                                bool in_array, bool in_dictionary,
    if (in_dictionary && in_array)
    {
	// Although dictionaries and arrays arbitrarily nest, these
	// variables indicate what is at the top of the stack right
	// now, so they can, by definition, never both be true.
	throw std::logic_error(
	    "INTERNAL ERROR: parseInternal: in_dict && in_array");
    }
    qpdf_offset_t offset = input->tell();
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> olist;
                // Return uninitialized object to indicate EOF
                return object;
	    if (in_array)
		done = true;
	    if (in_dictionary)
		done = true;
	    object = parseInternal(
		input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
                decrypter, context, true, false, content_stream);
	    break;

	    object = parseInternal(
		input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
                decrypter, context, false, true, content_stream);
		else if ((value == "R") && (in_array || in_dictionary) &&
		    (olist.size() >= 2) &&
                    (! olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isIndirect()) &&
		    (olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isInteger()) &&
                    (! olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isIndirect()) &&
		    (olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isInteger()))
		else if ((value == "endobj") &&
			 (! (in_array || in_dictionary)))
	if (in_dictionary || in_array)
	{
	    if (! done)
	    {
		olist.push_back(object);
	    }
	}
	else if (! object.isInitialized())
	{
            warn(context,
                 QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input->getName(),
                         object_description,
                         input->getLastOffset(),
                         "parse error while reading object"));
	}
	else
	{
	    done = true;
	}
    }
    if (in_array)
    {
	object = newArray(olist);
    }
    else if (in_dictionary)
    {
        // Convert list to map. Alternating elements are keys. Attempt
        // to recover more or less gracefully from invalid
        // dictionaries.
        std::set<std::string> names;
        for (std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::iterator iter = olist.begin();
             iter != olist.end(); ++iter)
            if ((! (*iter).isIndirect()) && (*iter).isName())
                names.insert((*iter).getName());
        }
        std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict;
        int next_fake_key = 1;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < olist.size(); ++i)
        {
            QPDFObjectHandle key_obj = olist.at(i);
            QPDFObjectHandle val;
            if (key_obj.isIndirect() || (! key_obj.isName()))
                bool found_fake = false;
                std::string candidate;
                while (! found_fake)
                    candidate =
                        "/QPDFFake" + QUtil::int_to_string(next_fake_key++);
                    found_fake = (names.count(candidate) == 0);
                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle found fake",
                            (found_fake ? 0 : 1));
                warn(context,
                     QPDFExc(
                         qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                         input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                         "expected dictionary key but found"
                         " non-name object; inserting key " +
                         candidate));
                val = key_obj;
                key_obj = newName(candidate);
            else if (i + 1 >= olist.size())
                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key");
                warn(context,
                     QPDFExc(
                         qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                         input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                         "dictionary ended prematurely; using null as value"
                         " for last key"));
                val = newNull();
                val = olist.at(++i);
            dict[key_obj.getName()] = val;
        object = newDictionary(dict);
Fixed code: 	* Re-implement parser iteratively to avoid stack overflow on very
	deeply nested arrays and dictionaries. Fixes #146.

            parseInternal(input, "content", tokenizer, empty, 0, 0, true);
                         decrypter, context, false);
    std::vector<std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> > olist_stack;
    olist_stack.push_back(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>());
    enum state_e { st_top, st_start, st_stop, st_eof, st_dictionary, st_array };
    std::vector<state_e> state_stack;
    state_stack.push_back(st_top);
    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> offset_stack;
    offset_stack.push_back(input->tell());
        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& olist = olist_stack.back();
        state_e state = state_stack.back();
        qpdf_offset_t offset = offset_stack.back();

                state = st_eof;
	    if (state == st_array)
                state = st_stop;
	    if (state == st_dictionary)
                state = st_stop;
            olist_stack.push_back(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>());
            state = st_start;
            offset_stack.push_back(input->tell());
            state_stack.push_back(
                (token.getType() == QPDFTokenizer::tt_array_open) ?
                st_array : st_dictionary);
		else if ((value == "R") && (state != st_top) &&
                         (olist.size() >= 2) &&
                         (! olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isIndirect()) &&
                         (olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isInteger()) &&
                         (! olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isIndirect()) &&
                         (olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isInteger()))
		else if ((value == "endobj") && (state == st_top))
        if ((! object.isInitialized()) &&
            (! ((state == st_start) ||
                (state == st_stop) ||
                (state == st_eof))))
        {
            throw std::logic_error(
                "QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal: "
                "unexpected uninitialized object");
        }
        switch (state)
          case st_eof:
            if (state_stack.size() > 1)
                warn(context,
                     QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input->getName(),
                             object_description,
                             input->getLastOffset(),
                             "parse error while reading object"));
            done = true;
            // Leave object uninitialized to indicate EOF
            break;
          case st_dictionary:
          case st_array:
            olist.push_back(object);
            break;

          case st_top:
            done = true;
            break;

          case st_start:
            break;

          case st_stop:
            if ((state_stack.size() < 2) || (olist_stack.size() < 2))
            {
                throw std::logic_error(
                    "QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal: st_stop encountered"
                    " with insufficient elements in stack");
            }
            state_e old_state = state_stack.back();
            state_stack.pop_back();
            if (old_state == st_array)
                object = newArray(olist);
            }
            else if (old_state == st_dictionary)
            {
                // Convert list to map. Alternating elements are keys.
                // Attempt to recover more or less gracefully from
                // invalid dictionaries.
                std::set<std::string> names;
                for (std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::iterator iter =
                         olist.begin();
                     iter != olist.end(); ++iter)
                {
                    if ((! (*iter).isIndirect()) && (*iter).isName())
                    {
                        names.insert((*iter).getName());
                    }
                }

                std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict;
                int next_fake_key = 1;
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < olist.size(); ++i)
                    QPDFObjectHandle key_obj = olist.at(i);
                    QPDFObjectHandle val;
                    if (key_obj.isIndirect() || (! key_obj.isName()))
                    {
                        bool found_fake = false;
                        std::string candidate;
                        while (! found_fake)
                        {
                            candidate =
                                "/QPDFFake" +
                                QUtil::int_to_string(next_fake_key++);
                            found_fake = (names.count(candidate) == 0);
                            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle found fake",
                                    (found_fake ? 0 : 1));
                        }
                        warn(context,
                             QPDFExc(
                                 qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                                 input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                                 "expected dictionary key but found"
                                 " non-name object; inserting key " +
                                 candidate));
                        val = key_obj;
                        key_obj = newName(candidate);
                    }
                    else if (i + 1 >= olist.size())
                    {
                        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key");
                        warn(context,
                             QPDFExc(
                                 qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                                 input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                                 "dictionary ended prematurely; "
                                 "using null as value for last key"));
                        val = newNull();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        val = olist.at(++i);
                    }
                    dict[key_obj.getName()] = val;
                object = newDictionary(dict);
            olist_stack.pop_back();
            offset_stack.pop_back();
            if (state_stack.back() == st_top)
                done = true;
                olist_stack.back().push_back(object);
    ["146", "very deeply nested array", 2],
WARNING: issue-146.pdf: file is damaged
WARNING: issue-146.pdf: can't find startxref
WARNING: issue-146.pdf: Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table
WARNING: issue-146.pdf (trailer, file position 20728): unknown token while reading object; treating as string
issue-146.pdf (trailer, file position 20732): EOF while reading token
%PDF-1.4 0 obj

1 0 obj
<</Type//Parent 4 0 R/Reces 6 0 R/Meox[092]/S/Trcy/CS/DeRGB/I true>>0 R>1>>
endobj

7 0 obj
<</Type/log/s 4 /Opeion[1 0 R =X 0]
/Lang(en-US)
>>
endo>
endobj 9
0n 
trailer
[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[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9/Root 7 0 R
/Info 8 0 R
/ID [ <F0E> ]
/Dum /
>>
EOF