Je–Tupi–Carib languages indigenous to South America
Macro-Chaco hypothesisNikulin (2019) suggests a Macro-Chaco hypothesis linking Jê-Tupí-Cariban (including Karirian and Bororoan) with Mataco-Guaicuruan (possibly including Zamucoan):
Macro-ChacoMacro-Guaicurú
Matacoan
Guaicurú
(?) Zamuco
Jê-Tupí-Cariban
Macro-Tupian
Tupian
Macro-Jê + Chiquitano
Macro-Cariban
Cariban
Karirí
BoróroIn addition to likely shared morphology, there are also various possible Macro-Chaco shared basic vocabulary items, listed below.
‘tooth’: p-Tupian *j-ãc, p-Tupian *j-uñ, p-Bororo *o, Chiquitano oʔo-, p-Cariban *jə, p-Kariri *dza, p-Guaicurú *-owe
‘liquid’: p-Tupian *j-ɯ, Chiquitano uʔu- ‘honey’, p-Matacoan *-ʔi
‘name’: p-Tupian *j-et, p-Tupian *-jet, p-Bororo *idʒe, Kariri *dze, p-Matacoan *-ej, p-Zamocoan *i, (?) Chiquitano ɨri-
‘blood’: p-Tupian *əɯ, p-Tupian *j-O, p-Matacoan *’woj-, p-Guaicurú *-awot, Ayoreo ijo
‘seed’: pre-pMundurukú *j-a, p-Tupian *j-əm, p-Bororo *a, Chiquitano ijo-, p-Chiquitano *a, p-Matacoan *-oʔ, p-Guaicurú -a ‘fruit’Reconstructed pronominal affixes of the protolanguages of the Macro-Chaco families are given in the following table:
In this table the forms marked with (A) refer to ergative/agentive case, and the forms marked with (O) are referred to absolutive/patient/experiencer case.
originated in native to belonging to endemic to naturally occurring in