Esen Taishi position held Khagan
Reign and death
Taisun Khan and Esen Taishi quarreled over the heir to the throne. Esen wanted a son of his sister to be the successor of Taisun Khan, but Taisun nominated a son of his eastern Mongol khatun instead, leading to a war between the factions. Agbarjin jinong, who was married to Esen's daughter Tsetseg, was promised the new title of khan and deserted to the Oirats. Taisun, supported by the Ming dynasty's Three Guards, openly led his own forces against Esen and Agbarjin in 1451, but they were outnumbered and the khan was eventually killed in 1452 while attempting to flee. Esen wasn't satisfied with this victory alone, and later murdered Agbarjin and his Borjigin heirs at a feast, with the intention of becoming khan himself. Tsetseg was pregnant at the time, and Esen promised to kill the baby if it was male, but Samur Gunj helped the infant prince escape when he was born. This prince would grow up to be Bayan-Mongke, the father of Dayan Khan. In 1453, eighteen months after his defeat of Taisun Khan, Esen himself took the title of “Tian-sheng Khagan of the Great Yuan” (大元天盛大可汗 Tengri Bogd Khan). At the same time, the Oirats launched an invasion against Moghulistan, Tashkent, and Transoxiana.
The Ming emperor was among the first to acknowledge the new title, but the reaction of Esen's fellow Mongols, Oirat and otherwise, mostly ranged from disapproving to enraged. Though Esen's lineage was related to the royal line descended from Temüjin (Genghis Khan) through his grandmother Samur Gunj (princess), it was unlikely that he would have been considered eligible for election as Khan, and in any case, Esen ignored the usual selection process. Rather than the title of khan falling automatically to the eldest eligible male of the line, as in primogeniture, Mongol leaders were traditionally chosen by means of the kurultai, an elective monarchy system, with members of the lineage voting to choose the title's successor from among themselves. This dissatisfaction soon escalated into open revolt against Esen.
Esen gave his son Amasanj the title of taishi, an action which led Alag, his powerful general and leader of the Baatud, into rebellion as he had expected to be awarded the title himself. Other Oirat leaders joined the rebellion against Esen, and he was defeated in battle and murdered in 1454, a year after his assumption of the title of khan. After his death, the Oirats no longer held sway over eastern Mongolia, which had come under their control through Esen and his father's influence. The eastern and western Mongols remained divided for the centuries to come. The 17th and 18th century Zunghar rulers considered themselves to be descendants of Esen Taishi.
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