ProcureTap/us-government-bids-sample huggingface dataset:
Bid Results BDC21-25/26 Fort Clinch State Park - Road Repair & Waterline Replacement
Issuing organization: Florida MyFloridaMarketPlace (state)
Location: Tallahassee, FL
Industry: construction
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T20:20:28.000Z | Due: 2026-05-20T21:00:00.000Z

TABULATION OF BIDS, BID NUMBER: BDC21-25/26 OPENING DATE AND TIME: May 7, 2026, 3:30 PM ET Fort Clinch State Park - Road Repair &amp; Waterline Replacement &nbsp; &nbsp; VENDOR&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; BASE&nbsp;BID &nbsp; 1. Baker Consulting &amp; Engineering, LLC dba Baker Design Build&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$ 289,963.77 219 N Newnan St., 2nd Floor Jacksonville, FL 32202 (904) 356-8520 &nbsp; 2. American Civil Construction, Inc.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$ 386,771.00 77 Hargrove Grade Palm Coast, FL 32137 (386) 263-0044 &nbsp; 3. T B Landmark Construction, Inc.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;$ 449,398.00 11220 New Berlin Rd. Jacksonville, FL 32226 (904) 751-1016 &nbsp; 4. Dickerson Infrastructure, Inc. dba Dickerson Florida, Inc.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$ 492,500.00 3122 N 25th St. Ft Pierce, FL 34946 (772) 429-4444 &nbsp; 5. JWS Contracting Services. LLC&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$ 620,000.00 6715 Five Acre Rd.&nbsp; Plant City, FL 33565 (561) 348-0835 &nbsp; 6. Hager Construction Company&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&
Intent to Award Single Source provider to NWEA, a division of HMH Education Company
Issuing organization: Florida MyFloridaMarketPlace (state)
Location: St. Augustine, FL
Industry: information_technology
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T20:05:14.000Z | Due: 2026-06-11T20:30:00.000Z

Single Source Award to: NWEA, a division of HMH Education Company Advertisement Number: IA-26-156 Original Single Source Advertisement Number: SS-26-155 Version Number: 000 &nbsp; Advertisement Begin Date/Time: June 8, 2026 – 4:30 PM Advertisement End Date/Time: June 11, 2026 – 4:30 PM &nbsp; Commodities: 43232500&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Educational or reference software 60101700&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Teacher resource materials 86141500&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Educational guidance services &nbsp; Re: Intent to Award&nbsp;Single Source provider&nbsp;to NWEA, a division of HMH Education Company &nbsp; NOTE: THIS IS NOT A COMPETITIVE SOLICITATION OR REQUEST FOR BIDS. IT IS A NOTICE OF AN "INTENT TO AWARD A SINGLE SOURCE PURCHASE" WHICH IS POSTED PURSUANT TO §287.057(5)(c), F.S., §120.57(3), F.S., AND RULE 60A-1.045, F.A.C. BE SURE TO READ THE ENTIRE ADVERTISEMENT BEFORE CONTACTING THE AGENCY WITH BID RELATED QUESTIONS. &nbsp; Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind hereby announces its decision to procure the products/services described in the Original Single Source Advertisement Number referenced in the heading to the vendor referenced in the heading in the amount indicated in the Original Single Source Advertisement Number referenced in the heading.&nbsp;
HHS WRC Campus Utility Decentralization Phase 5
Issuing organization: Iowa Department of Administrative Services (state)
Location: , IA
Industry: construction
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T20:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-09T19:00:00.000Z

The Iowa Department of Administrative Services will be receiving bids for demolition of utilities in tunnels, re-route water lines, and fill tunnels with grout at Woodward Resource Center, Woodward, Iowa 50276.

The Iowa Department of Administrative Services anticipates construction to begin on July 6, 2026 and end on June 30, 2028.
Electronic Mass Spectral Library of Designer Drugs
Issuing organization: Florida MyFloridaMarketPlace (state)
Location: Tallahassee, FL
Industry: information_technology
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T15:14:10.000Z | Due: 2026-05-20T15:30:00.000Z

This is not a solicitation for services or commodities pursuant to 287.057 F.S.. This is a public notice posting of an agency decision for a single source procurement.&nbsp; It is the Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s intended decision to award the referenced single source to John Wiley &amp; Son's Inc.
Toilet, Urinal, & Sink Replacement at the I75 Welcome Center in Hamilton County, FL Agency Decision
Issuing organization: Florida MyFloridaMarketPlace (state)
Location: Lake City, FL
Industry: construction
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T13:07:12.000Z | Due: 2026-05-20T21:00:00.000Z

The Department opened bids received in response to DOT-ITB-26-2032-JB: Toilet, Urinal, and Sink Replacement at the I-75 Welcome Center in Hamilton County, Florida on May 13, 2026 @ 2:30 pm. The Department has identified the vendor below for recommended award: Barrs Plumbing, Inc&nbsp; Please see “Downloadable Files for Advertisement” below for a copy of the Bid Tabulation.
PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT FOR RFQ-26-104-Design Build for Walker Annex Remodel
Issuing organization: Florida MyFloridaMarketPlace (state)
Location: St Augustine, FL
Industry: construction
Bid type: rfq | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T11:32:37.000Z | Due: 2026-06-29T18:00:00.000Z

Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind (FSDB) requests qualifications from Design Build Firms (as defined by §287.055(2)(h), F.S. &amp; §60D-13.002, F.A.C.) to provide Design Build services for the Walker Annex Remodel project located at 207 San Marco Avenue, St. Augustine, FL. 32084-2799. Firms interested in being considered for this project should contact the agency by e-mail to obtain the Owner’s Program Requirements and related documentation. The selection will be made in accordance §60D-13.007, F.A.C.&nbsp; &nbsp; Be sure to read the entire solicitation document before contacting the Agency with questions, which must be submitted via e-mail. Only procedural questions will be answered on receipt – all other questions will only be answered according to the published timeline. &nbsp; QUALIFICATIONS SUBMISSION DUE DATE: June 29, 2026, no later than 1:45PM. &nbsp; INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMITTAL: Firms interested in being considered for this project should access&nbsp; the Solicitation Document from:&nbsp; Purchasing | Florida School for the Deaf &amp; the Blind Click “View Active Competitive Solicitations” and navigate to the project folder. RESPONDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE for checking the FSDB website for amendments and addenda. Failure to comply with any changes published to the FSDB website may be grounds for rejecting a proposal. &nbsp; Primary Contact: Please submit all questions by e-mail to:&nbsp; Christine Skaggs, Purchasing Analyst,&nbsp; skaggsc@fsdbk12.org and &nbsp; Kim Whitwam, Director of Purchasing,&nbsp; whitwamk@fsdbk12.org
Electronic Benefits Transfer System & Services
Issuing organization: Washington Department of Enterprise Services (state)
Location: , WA
Industry: information_technology
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T03:59:59.000Z | Due: 2026-06-20T03:59:59.000Z

This competitive procurement is for eWIC Electronic Benefits Transaction (EBT) Services. WA WIC manages and authorizes WIC benefits for eligible individuals and families through the WIC Cascades System. Through an interface with WIC Cascades, the current Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) system receives accurate, updated vendor and client benefits information. WIC EBT provides transaction data and real-time benefit balances and account changes to WIC Cascades. [Amendment: 05/14/26]
RFP Electronic Employment Reference Verification
Issuing organization: Washington Department of Enterprise Services (state)
Location: , WA
Industry: information_technology
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T03:59:59.000Z | Due: 2026-05-30T03:59:59.000Z

The University seeks to procure an electronic employment reference verification service to support hiring and recruitment activities. The purpose of this project is to streamline, standardize, and improve the efficiency, consistency, and compliance of employment reference checks across Finance, Planning & Budgeting (FPB). [Amendment: 05/14/26]
Sole Source
Issuing organization: Washington Department of Enterprise Services (state)
Location: , WA
Industry: professional_services
Bid type: sole_source | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T03:59:59.000Z | Due: 2026-05-28T03:59:59.000Z

The Department of Children, Youth, and Families contemplates awarding a sole source contract to allow Within Reach, the Help Me Grow Statewide Affiliate, the capacity to provide consultation to the State in the planning and growth of a statewide Help Me Grow resource and referral network. [Amendment: 05/14/26]
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Software
Issuing organization: Washington Department of Enterprise Services (state)
Location: , WA
Industry: information_technology
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T03:59:59.000Z | Due: 2026-05-22T03:59:59.000Z

The State of Washington is in the process of developing specifications for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Software and is requesting input from the business community. The state is seeking to create a new statewide contract. [Amendment: 05/14/26]
On-Call Training and Coaching Services
Issuing organization: Washington Department of Enterprise Services (state)
Location: , WA
Industry: professional_services
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T03:59:59.000Z | Due: 2026-05-22T03:59:59.000Z

The Seattle Housing Authority (SHA) is seeking firms to provide On-Call Training and Coaching Services to help SHA’s employees work toward our agency’s mission and strategic plan. The training and coaching services may include leadership development for SHA supervisors or senior leaders and training for SHA teams in topics such as culturally responsive, trauma informed customer service, community engagement, or other topics relevant to SHA’s mission and strategic plan. [Amendment: 05/14/26]
Biological Safety Cabinet - B - 6D063-253974
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, INTL
Industry: healthcare
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-05T14:00:00.000Z

Please note that late submissions will not be considered or accepted. 
 
Reissue of Solicitation of Offers. This solicitation of offers cancels and supersedes previous solicitation of offers number Doc5634542237 dated April 8, 2026 with a closing of April 27, 2026 at 09:29. A debriefing or feedback session will be provided upon request to Offeror's who offered on the previous solicitation of offers.
 
Solicitation of Offer Submission Eligibility. This solicitation of offers is subject to the Policy on Reciprocal Procurement. This means that only Canadian Suppliers, as defined in the Annex Solicitation of Offers Definitions, are eligible for this solicitation of offers. Offers submitted by Suppliers of a Non-Trading Partner will be rejected.
 
The Public Health Agency of Canada has a requirement for the supply and delivery of one (1) new NSF/ANSI 49 Listed, 6-foot Class II Type A2 Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC) with a certified 12-inch sash opening designed for Small Animal Handling.  The requirement will include the option to purchase up to two (2) additional units within three years after contract award.
H4004-253841 Nitrogen Generator, Air Receiver and Air Compressor
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, INTL
Industry: supplies_and_equipment
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-09T14:00:00.000Z

AMENDMENT TO CLOSING TIME: Please disregard the Ariba Discovery posting response deadline closing time and CanadaBuys posting closing time. All required supporting documentation and bid submission must be submitted by 2026-06-09 at 14:00 EDT. All bids submitted after 14:00 EDT will result in the bid being declared non-responsive. Canada is seeking offers from Offerors to supply, deliver and install a nitrogen generator, an air compressor and air-receiver to Health Canada (HC), Toronto Strategic Research and Science Development (SRSD) and Drug Analysis Service (DAS). There is a mandatory work site visit for this requirement. Please refer to section 5.2 Site Visit, in the Request for Proposal document.
RFP - EP777-261284 - Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for SPIB.
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, INTL
Industry: facilities_and_maintenance
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-26T14:00:00.000Z

AMENDMENT TO CLOSING TIME: Please disregard the Ariba Discovery posting response deadline closing time and Buyandsell posting closing time. All offers must be submitted on June 26, 2026 by 2PM EDT. All offers submitted after 2PM EDT will result in the id being declared non-responsive. Requirement Description: Canada is seeking offers from Offerors to provide provide services for the implementation and maintenance of an Integrated Pest Management Program (IPM) for all Science and Parliamentary Infrastructure Branch (SPIB) buildings. Expected Contract Period: The period of the Contract is from September 01, 2026 to March 31, 2028 inclusive, with an irrevocable option to extend the Contract by up to 3 additional 1-year period(s).   Tendering procedures: All interested suppliers may submit an offer. Social Procurement: Indigenous Participation Plan (IPP) is part of this requirement. Security Requirements.  There are security requirements associated with this requirement.
Tax Preparation Software
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, INTL
Industry: information_technology
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-24T14:00:00.000Z

The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) intends to enter into a contract with a single contractor for the provision of commercial off-the-shelf tax preparation software to support the delivery of the Community Volunteer Income Tax Program (CVITP) and the Income Tax Assistance – Volunteer Program (ITAVP) in the province of Quebec.
The CVITP and ITAVP are community-based outreach programs designed to help individuals with low income and simple tax situations complete their income tax and benefit returns. Under these programs, the CRA provides training to volunteers who assist eligible individuals.

This requirement is for a commercial off-the-shelf software solution capable of performing all tasks required to prepare and file Canadian federal income tax and benefit returns (T1) as well as provincial and territorial income tax returns, including Quebec TP-1 returns, in both English and French. The software must support all applicable tax calculations and credits.

The resulting contract will be for an initial period of twelve (12) months, with options to extend the contract for up to five (5) additional one-year periods.

Bids must comply with all requirements of the bid solicitation and meet all mandatory technical evaluation criteria to be declared responsive. The responsive bid with the highest combined rating of technical merit and price will be recommended for contract award.

Proposal documents and supporting information must be submitted in either English or French.

Questions regarding this solicitation must be submitted in writing to the Contracting Authority by email at:
hamza.khangui@cra-arc.gc.ca

Bids must be submitted using the Canada Post Corporation’s Connect service. When responding, proposals must be delivered to:
Canada Revenue Agency
Bid Receiving Unit
BRUg@cra-arc.gc.ca
Bids will not be accepted if emailed directly to this email address. This email address must be used only to request that CRA open a Connect conversation, as detailed in Standard Instructions 2003. Bidders must not use their own licensing agreement for Connect to initiate a Connect conversation with CRA.

The CRA reserves the right to negotiate with suppliers on any procurement.

Delivery points are within Canada.

There are no security requirements associated with this requirement.

This procurement is subject to the following trade agreements:

World Trade Organization – Agreement on Government Procurement (WTO-GPA)
Canadian Free Trade Agreement (CFT
Kitchen spare parts
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, INTL
Industry: supplies_and_equipment
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-24T14:00:00.000Z

The Department of National Defence has a requirement for the items detailed below.  The delivery is requested at:

Department of National Defence
25 CFSD Montreal
6363 Notre Dame St. E.
Montreal, Quebec
H1N 1V9

Department of National Defence
7 CF Supply Depot
195 Ave & 82nd St., Bldg. 236
Edmonton, Alberta
T5J 4J5

by or before 31 March 2027

Item 1, GSIN: 5340, NSN: 20-004-8314 Catch Friction
Part No.:   TC-210-SS, NCAGE: 76EG0
Quantity: 4000 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 2, GSIN: 5340, NSN: 20-004-8314 Catch Friction 
Part No.:   TC-210-SS, NCAGE: 76EG0
Quantity: 3000 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Edmonton

Item 3, GSIN: 5330, NSN: 21-914-7064 Seal, Non-Metallic
Part No.:   AACCG/GY, NCAGE: 3AG65
Quantity: 150 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 4 GSIN: 5330, NSN: 21-914-7064 Seal, Non-Metallic
Part No.:   AACCG/GY, NCAGE: 3AG65
Quantity: 100 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Edmonton

Item 5, GSIN: 5340, NSN: 20-004-8312 Strike, Catch
Part No.:   T-211-SS, NCAGE: 3AG65
Quantity: 500 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 6, GSIN: 5340, NSN: 20-004-8312 Strike, Catch
Part No.:   T-211-SS, NCAGE: 3AG65
Quantity: 500 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Edmonton

Item 7, GSIN: 4530, NSN: 21-108-0370 Generator Gasoline Burner
Part No.:   3000005108, NCAGE: 08397
Quantity: 250 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 8, GSIN: 4530, NSN: 21-108-0370 Generator Gasoline Burner
Part No.:   3000005108, NCAGE: 08397
Quantity: 50 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Edmonton

Item 9, GSIN: 7310, NSN: 21-896-0225 Tank, Fuel, Portable Stove
Part No.:   431M1651, NCAGE: 08397
Quantity: 150 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 10, GSIN: 4240, NSN: 01-160-5618 Fire Starting Tool
Part No.:   8702, NCAGE: 62561
Quantity: 1250 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 11, GSIN: 4240, NSN: 01-160-5618 Fire Starting Tool
Part No.:   8702, NCAGE: 62561
Quantity: 250 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Edmonton

Item 12, GSIN: 7340, NSN: 21-108-4573 Knife and Fork Combination
Part No.:   9190022-1, NCAGE: 35907
Quantity: 7000 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Montreal

Item 13, GSIN: 7340, NSN: 21-108-4573 Knife and Fork Combination
Part No.:   9190022-1, NCAGE: 35907
Quantity: 7000 Unit of Issue: EA to be delivered to CFSD Edmonton

Item 14, GSIN: 62
Office Seating
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Gander, Newfoundland, Canada, INTL
Industry: supplies_and_equipment
Bid type: other | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-05-31T14:00:00.000Z

Office seating is required for Military Family Resource Centre (MFRC) in Gander, Newfoundland utilizing existing Supply Arrangements.
Business System Analyst and Business Analyst
Issuing organization: Government of Canada (CanadaBuys) (federal)
Location: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, INTL
Industry: professional_services
Bid type: rfp | Status: open
Posted: 2026-05-15T00:00:00.000Z | Due: 2026-06-11T14:00:00.000Z

The Department of National Defence (DND) has a requirement for a Level 3 Business System Analyst and a Level 3 Business Analyst to support Director General Human Capital Management Modernization – Military (DGHCMM-M) to map one of the designated Military Personnel Management System (MPMS) capabilities and its end-to-end workflows, data, and integration dependencies to establish a clear, enterprise view of that personnel management operation.