Question: what groups opposed the effort to increase public education in the 1800s

title: Education reform
text: Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education . Historically , reforms have taken different forms because the motivations of reformers have differed . However , since the 1980s , education reform has been focused on changing the existing system from one focused on inputs to one focused on outputs ( i.e. , student achievement ) . In the United States , education reform acknowledges and encourages public education as the primary source of K - 12 education for American youth . Education reformers desire to make public education into a market ( in the form of an input - output system ) , where accountability creates high - stakes from curriculum standards tied to standardized tests . As a result of this input - output system , equality has been conceptualized as an end point , which is often evidenced by an achievement gap among diverse populations . This conceptualization of education reform is based on the market - logic of competition . As a consequence , competition creates inequality which has continued to drive the market - logic of equality at an end point by reproduce the achievement gap among diverse youth . Overall , education reform has and continues to be used as a substitute for needed economic reforms in the United States .