Repository: keras-team/keras-nlp (python)

Issue:
Add compute_output_shape method to WordPieceTokenizer
When we run Pretraining Transformer from Scratch guide with PyTorch and JAX backend, it raises

```

RuntimeError: Exception encountered when calling WordPieceTokenizer.call().

Could not automatically infer the output shape / dtype of 'word_piece_tokenizer_1' (of type WordPieceTokenizer). Either the `WordPieceTokenizer.call()` method is incorrect, or you need to implement the `WordPieceTokenizer.compute_output_spec() / compute_output_shape()` method. Error encountered:

'string'

Arguments received by WordPieceTokenizer.call():
  • args=('<KerasTensor shape=(None,), dtype=string, name=keras_tensor_59>',)
  • kwargs=<class 'inspect._empty'>
```

cc: @mattdangerw 

Pull request:
Add compute_output_shape to tokenizer
Closes #1159 

Patch:
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/__init__.py b/keras_nlp/models/__init__.py
index 12ae1534..701f31cc 100644
--- a/keras_nlp/models/__init__.py
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/__init__.py
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ from keras_nlp.models.gpt2.gpt2_causal_lm_preprocessor import (
 from keras_nlp.models.gpt2.gpt2_preprocessor import GPT2Preprocessor
 from keras_nlp.models.gpt2.gpt2_tokenizer import GPT2Tokenizer
 from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_backbone import GPTNeoXBackbone
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_causal_lm import GPTNeoXCausalLM
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_causal_lm_preprocessor import (
+    GPTNeoXCausalLMPreprocessor,
+)
 from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_preprocessor import (
     GPTNeoXPreprocessor,
 )
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_attention.py b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_attention.py
index 41be273b..38fb99e2 100644
--- a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_attention.py
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_attention.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class GPTNeoXAttention(keras.layers.Layer):
             output_shape=(None, self.num_heads, 3 * self.attn_head_size),
             bias_axes="de",
             **self._get_common_kwargs_for_sublayer(use_bias=True),
-            name="query",
+            name="query_key_value",
         )
         self._qkv_dense.build(input_shape)
 
@@ -145,16 +145,41 @@ class GPTNeoXAttention(keras.layers.Layer):
     def call(
         self,
         hidden_states,
-        attention_mask,
+        attention_mask=None,
+        cache=None,
+        cache_update_index=None,
         training=None,
     ):
         query_key_value = self._qkv_dense(hidden_states)
 
         query = query_key_value[..., : self.attn_head_size]
-        key = query_key_value[
-            ..., self.attn_head_size : 2 * self.attn_head_size
-        ]
-        value = query_key_value[..., 2 * self.attn_head_size :]
+
+        if cache is not None:
+            key_cache = cache[:, 0, ...]
+            value_cache = cache[:, 1, ...]
+            if cache_update_index is None:
+                key = key_cache
+                value = value_cache
+            else:
+                key_update = query_key_value[
+                    ..., self.attn_head_size : 2 * self.attn_head_size
+                ]
+                value_update = query_key_value[..., 2 * self.attn_head_size :]
+                start = [0, cache_update_index, 0, 0]
+                key = ops.slice_update(key_cache, start, key_update)
+                value = ops.slice_update(value_cache, start, value_update)
+                cache = ops.stack((key, value), axis=1)
+        else:
+            if cache_update_index is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "`cache_update_index` should not be set if `cache` is "
+                    f"`None`. Received: cache={cache}, "
+                    f"cache_update_index={cache_update_index}"
+                )
+            key = query_key_value[
+                ..., self.attn_head_size : 2 * self.attn_head_size
+            ]
+            value = query_key_value[..., 2 * self.attn_head_size :]
 
         query_rot, query_pass = (
             query[..., : self.rotary_dim],
@@ -165,7 +190,8 @@ class GPTNeoXAttention(keras.layers.Layer):
             key[..., self.rotary_dim :],
         )
 
-        query_rot, key_rot = self.rotary_embedding(query_rot, key_rot)
+        query_rot = self.rotary_embedding(query_rot)
+        key_rot = self.rotary_embedding(key_rot)
 
         query = ops.concatenate((query_rot, query_pass), axis=-1)
         key = ops.concatenate((key_rot, key_pass), axis=-1)
@@ -190,7 +216,7 @@ class GPTNeoXAttention(keras.layers.Layer):
 
         attention_output = self._output_dense(attention_output)
 
-        return attention_output
+        return attention_output, cache
 
     def get_config(self):
         config = super().get_config()
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_backbone.py b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_backbone.py
index eaf55d68..43689c27 100644
--- a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_backbone.py
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_backbone.py
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+
+"""GPT-NeoX backbone model."""
+
 from keras_nlp.api_export import keras_nlp_export
 from keras_nlp.backend import keras
 from keras_nlp.models.backbone import Backbone
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_causal_lm.py b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_causal_lm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f74aa1ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_causal_lm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The KerasNLP Authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""GPTNeoX Causal LM (Language Model)."""
+
+from keras_nlp.api_export import keras_nlp_export
+from keras_nlp.backend import keras
+from keras_nlp.backend import ops
+from keras_nlp.models.generative_task import GenerativeTask
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_backbone import GPTNeoXBackbone
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_causal_lm_preprocessor import (
+    GPTNeoXCausalLMPreprocessor,
+)
+from keras_nlp.utils.python_utils import classproperty
+
+
+class ReverseEmbedding(keras.layers.Layer):
+    def __init__(self, embedding, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.embedding = embedding
+
+    def call(self, inputs):
+        kernel = ops.transpose(ops.convert_to_tensor(self.embedding.embeddings))
+        return ops.matmul(inputs, kernel)
+
+    def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
+        return (input_shape[0],) + (self.embedding.embeddings.shape[0],)
+
+
+@keras_nlp_export("keras_nlp.models.GPTNeoXCausalLM")
+class GPTNeoXCausalLM(GenerativeTask):
+    """An end-to-end GPTNeoX model for causal langauge modeling.
+
+    A causal language model (LM) predicts the next token based on previous
+    tokens. This task setup can be used to train the model unsupervised on
+    plain text input, or to autoregressively generate plain text similar to
+    the data used for training. This task can be used for pre-training or
+    fine-tuning a GPT-NeoX model, simply by calling `fit()`.
+
+    This model has a `generate()` method, which generates text based on a
+    prompt. The generation strategy used is controlled by an additional
+    `sampler` argument on `compile()`. You can recompile the model with
+    different `keras_nlp.samplers` objects to control the generation. By
+    default, `"top_k"` sampling will be used.
+
+    Args:
+        backbone: A `keras_nlp.models.GPTNeoXBackbone` instance.
+        preprocessor: A `keras_nlp.models.GPTNeoXCausalLMPreprocessor` or `None`.
+            If `None`, this model will not apply preprocessing, and inputs
+            should be preprocessed before calling the model.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        backbone,
+        preprocessor=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        inputs = backbone.input
+        x = backbone(inputs)
+        # Use token embedding weights to project from the token representation
+        # to vocabulary logits.
+        outputs = ReverseEmbedding(
+            backbone.token_embedding,
+            name="reverse_embedding",
+        )(x)
+
+        # Instantiate using Functional API Model constructor.
+        super().__init__(
+            inputs=inputs,
+            outputs=outputs,
+            include_preprocessing=preprocessor is not None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self.backbone = backbone
+        self.preprocessor = preprocessor
+        self.generate_function = None
+        self._sampler = None
+
+        # Default compilation
+        self.compile(
+            loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
+            optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(2e-5),
+            metrics=[keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy()],
+            jit_compile=True,
+        )
+
+    @classproperty
+    def backbone_cls(cls):
+        return GPTNeoXBackbone
+
+    @classproperty
+    def preprocessor_cls(cls):
+        return GPTNeoXCausalLMPreprocessor
+
+    def call_with_cache(
+        self,
+        token_ids,
+        cache,
+        cache_update_index,
+    ):
+        """Forward pass of `GPTNeoXCausalLM` with cache.
+
+        `call_with_cache` adds an additional forward pass for the model for
+        autoregressive inference. Unlike calling the model directly, this method
+        allows caching previous key/value Tensors in multi-head attention layer,
+        and avoids recomputing the outputs of seen tokens.
+
+        Args:
+            token_ids: a dense int Tensor with shape `(batch_size, max_length)`.
+            cache: a dense float Tensor, the cache of key and value.
+            cache_update_index: int, or int Tensor. The index of current inputs
+            in the whole sequence.
+
+        Returns:
+            A (logits, hidden_states, cache) tuple. Where `logits` is the
+            language model logits for the input token_ids, `hidden_states` is
+            the final hidden representation of the input tokens, and `cache` is
+            the decoding cache.
+        """
+        token_embedding = self.backbone.get_layer("token_embedding")(token_ids)
+        x = self.backbone.get_layer("embeddings_dropout")(token_embedding)
+        # Each decoder layer has a cache; we update them separately.
+        caches = []
+        for i in range(self.backbone.num_layers):
+            current_cache = cache[:, i, ...]
+            x, next_cache = self.backbone.get_layer(f"transformer_layer_{i}")(
+                x,
+                self_attention_cache=current_cache,
+                self_attention_cache_update_index=cache_update_index,
+            )
+            caches.append(next_cache)
+        cache = ops.stack(caches, axis=1)
+        x = self.backbone.get_layer("layer_norm")(x)
+        hidden_states = x
+        logits = self.get_layer("reverse_embedding")(x)
+        return logits, hidden_states, cache
+
+    def _build_cache(self, token_ids):
+        """Build an empty cache for use with `call_with_cache()`."""
+        batch_size = ops.shape(token_ids)[0]
+        max_length = ops.shape(token_ids)[1]
+        num_layers = self.backbone.num_layers
+        num_heads = self.backbone.num_heads
+        head_dim = self.backbone.hidden_dim // self.backbone.num_heads
+        shape = [batch_size, num_layers, 2, max_length, num_heads, head_dim]
+        cache = ops.zeros(shape, dtype=self.compute_dtype)
+        # Seed the cache.
+        _, hidden_states, cache = self.call_with_cache(token_ids, cache, 0)
+        return hidden_states, cache
+
+    def generate_step(
+        self,
+        inputs,
+        end_token_id=None,
+    ):
+        """A compilable generation function for a single batch of inputs.
+
+        This function represents the inner, XLA-compilable, generation function
+        for a single batch of inputs. Inputs should have the same structure as
+        model inputs, a dictionary with keys `"token_ids"` and `"padding_mask"`.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: A dictionary with two keys `"token_ids"` and
+                `"padding_mask"` and batched tensor values.
+            end_token_id: The id of the end token to stop on. If all
+                sequences have produced a new `end_token_id`, generation
+                will stop.
+        """
+        token_ids, padding_mask = inputs["token_ids"], inputs["padding_mask"]
+        # Create and seed cache with a single forward pass.
+        hidden_states, cache = self._build_cache(token_ids)
+        # Compute the lengths of all user inputted tokens ids.
+        row_lengths = ops.sum(ops.cast(padding_mask, "int32"), axis=-1)
+        # Start at the first index that has no user inputted id.
+        index = ops.min(row_lengths)
+
+        def next(prompt, cache, index):
+            # The cache index is the index of our previous token.
+            cache_update_index = index - 1
+            batch_size = ops.shape(prompt)[0]
+            prompt = ops.slice(prompt, [0, cache_update_index], [batch_size, 1])
+            logits, hidden_states, cache = self.call_with_cache(
+                prompt,
+                cache,
+                cache_update_index,
+            )
+            return (
+                ops.squeeze(logits, axis=1),
+                ops.squeeze(hidden_states, axis=1),
+                cache,
+            )
+
+        token_ids = self._sampler(
+            next=next,
+            prompt=token_ids,
+            cache=cache,
+            index=index,
+            mask=padding_mask,
+            end_token_id=end_token_id,
+            hidden_states=hidden_states,
+        )
+
+        # Compute an output padding mask with the token ids we updated.
+        if end_token_id is not None:
+            # Build a mask of `end_token_id` locations not in the original
+            # prompt (not in locations where `padding_mask` is True).
+            end_locations = ops.logical_and(
+                ops.equal(token_ids, end_token_id),
+                ops.logical_not(padding_mask),
+            )
+            end_locations = ops.cast(end_locations, "int32")
+            # Use cumsum to get ones in all locations after end_locations.
+            cumsum = ops.cast(ops.cumsum(end_locations, axis=-1), "int32")
+            overflow = cumsum - end_locations
+            # Our padding mask is the inverse of these overflow locations.
+            padding_mask = ops.logical_not(ops.cast(overflow, "bool"))
+        else:
+            # Without early stopping, all locations will have been updated.
+            padding_mask = ops.ones_like(token_ids, dtype="bool")
+        return {
+            "token_ids": token_ids,
+            "padding_mask": padding_mask,
+        }
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_decoder.py b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_decoder.py
index 7fe102e0..1ad2fd26 100644
--- a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_decoder.py
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_decoder.py
@@ -144,9 +144,15 @@ class GPTNeoXDecoder(keras.layers.Layer):
         decoder_sequence,
         decoder_padding_mask=None,
         decoder_attention_mask=None,
+        self_attention_cache=None,
+        self_attention_cache_update_index=None,
     ):
         self_attention_mask = self._compute_self_attention_mask(
-            decoder_sequence, decoder_padding_mask, decoder_attention_mask
+            decoder_sequence=decoder_sequence,
+            decoder_padding_mask=decoder_padding_mask,
+            decoder_attention_mask=decoder_attention_mask,
+            self_attention_cache=self_attention_cache,
+            self_attention_cache_update_index=self_attention_cache_update_index,
         )
 
         residual = decoder_sequence
@@ -154,9 +160,11 @@ class GPTNeoXDecoder(keras.layers.Layer):
         x = self._self_attention_layernorm(decoder_sequence)
 
         # Self attention block.
-        x = self._self_attention_layer(
+        x, self_attention_cache = self._self_attention_layer(
             hidden_states=x,
             attention_mask=self_attention_mask,
+            cache=self_attention_cache,
+            cache_update_index=self_attention_cache_update_index,
         )
         x = self._self_attention_dropout(x)
         attention_output = x
@@ -165,25 +173,40 @@ class GPTNeoXDecoder(keras.layers.Layer):
         x = self._feedforward_intermediate_dense(x)
         x = self._feedforward_output_dense(x)
         feedforward_output = x
+        x = feedforward_output + attention_output + residual
 
-        return feedforward_output + attention_output + residual
+        if self_attention_cache is not None:
+            return (x, self_attention_cache)
+        else:
+            return x
 
     def _compute_self_attention_mask(
         self,
         decoder_sequence,
         decoder_padding_mask,
         decoder_attention_mask,
+        self_attention_cache=None,
+        self_attention_cache_update_index=None,
     ):
         decoder_mask = merge_padding_and_attention_mask(
             decoder_sequence, decoder_padding_mask, decoder_attention_mask
         )
         batch_size = ops.shape(decoder_sequence)[0]
         input_length = output_length = ops.shape(decoder_sequence)[1]
+        # We need to handle a rectangular causal mask when doing cached
+        # decoding. For generative inference, `decoder_sequence` will
+        # generally be length 1, and `cache` will be the full generation length.
+        if self_attention_cache is not None:
+            input_length = ops.shape(self_attention_cache)[2]
 
         causal_mask = compute_causal_mask(
-            batch_size, input_length, output_length, 0
+            batch_size,
+            input_length,
+            output_length,
+            0
+            if self_attention_cache_update_index is None
+            else self_attention_cache_update_index,
         )
-
         return (
             ops.minimum(decoder_mask, causal_mask)
             if decoder_mask is not None
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/rotary_embedding.py b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/rotary_embedding.py
index e15f58f9..611b97df 100644
--- a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/rotary_embedding.py
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/rotary_embedding.py
@@ -20,16 +20,15 @@ class RotaryEmbedding(keras.layers.Layer):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.max_wavelength = max_wavelength
 
-    def call(self, query, key):
-        rotary_dim = ops.shape(query)[-1]
+    def call(self, inputs):
+        rotary_dim = ops.shape(inputs)[-1]
 
         cos_emb, sin_emb = self._compute_cos_sin_embedding(
-            key, rotary_dim, seq_dim=1
+            inputs, rotary_dim, seq_dim=1
         )
-        query = self._apply_rotary_pos_emb(query, cos_emb, sin_emb)
-        key = self._apply_rotary_pos_emb(key, cos_emb, sin_emb)
+        outputs = self._apply_rotary_pos_emb(inputs, cos_emb, sin_emb)
 
-        return query, key
+        return outputs
 
     def _apply_rotary_pos_emb(self, tensor, cos_emb, sin_emb):
         cos_emb = cos_emb[:, : ops.shape(tensor)[1], :, :]
@@ -63,3 +62,6 @@ class RotaryEmbedding(keras.layers.Layer):
             }
         )
         return config
+
+    def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
+        return input_shape
diff --git a/keras_nlp/tokenizers/tokenizer.py b/keras_nlp/tokenizers/tokenizer.py
index dbc7c4bb..e03123b0 100644
--- a/keras_nlp/tokenizers/tokenizer.py
+++ b/keras_nlp/tokenizers/tokenizer.py
@@ -123,3 +123,6 @@ class Tokenizer(PreprocessingLayer):
 
     def call(self, inputs, *args, training=None, **kwargs):
         return self.tokenize(inputs, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def compute_output_shape(self, inputs_shape):
+        return tuple(inputs_shape) + (self.sequence_length,)
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index aafbf77f..99adbbd6 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Core deps.
-tensorflow~=2.12.0
-tensorflow-text~=2.12.0
+tensorflow~=2.13.0
+tensorflow-text~=2.13.0
 tensorflow-datasets
 
 # Common deps.


Test patch:
diff --git a/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_causal_lm_test.py b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_causal_lm_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1106e184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keras_nlp/models/gpt_neo_x/gpt_neo_x_causal_lm_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# Copyright 2023 The KerasNLP Authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+"""Tests for GPTNeoX causal LM model."""
+
+import os
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+import tensorflow as tf
+
+from keras_nlp.backend import keras
+from keras_nlp.backend import ops
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_backbone import GPTNeoXBackbone
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_causal_lm import GPTNeoXCausalLM
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_causal_lm_preprocessor import (
+    GPTNeoXCausalLMPreprocessor,
+)
+from keras_nlp.models.gpt_neo_x.gpt_neo_x_tokenizer import GPTNeoXTokenizer
+from keras_nlp.tests.test_case import TestCase
+
+
+class GPTNeoXCausalLMTest(TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.vocab = {
+            "!": 0,
+            "air": 1,
+            "Ġair": 2,
+            "plane": 3,
+            "Ġat": 4,
+            "port": 5,
+            "
": 6,
+        }
+        self.merges = ["Ġ a", "Ġ t", "Ġ i", "Ġ b", "a i", "p l", "n e"]
+        self.merges += ["Ġa t", "p o", "r t", "Ġt h", "ai r", "pl a", "po rt"]
+        self.merges += ["Ġai r", "Ġa i", "pla ne"]
+        self.preprocessor = GPTNeoXCausalLMPreprocessor(
+            GPTNeoXTokenizer(vocabulary=self.vocab, merges=self.merges),
+            sequence_length=8,
+        )
+        self.backbone = GPTNeoXBackbone(
+            vocabulary_size=self.preprocessor.tokenizer.vocabulary_size(),
+            num_layers=2,
+            num_heads=4,
+            hidden_dim=32,
+            intermediate_dim=32,
+            max_sequence_length=self.preprocessor.packer.sequence_length,
+        )
+        self.causal_lm = GPTNeoXCausalLM(
+            backbone=self.backbone,
+            preprocessor=self.preprocessor,
+        )
+
+        self.raw_batch = [
+            " airplane at airport",
+            " airplane at airport",
+        ]
+
+        self.preprocessed_batch = self.preprocessor(self.raw_batch)[0]
+        self.raw_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(
+            self.raw_batch
+        ).batch(2)
+        self.preprocessed_dataset = self.raw_dataset.map(self.preprocessor)
+
+    def test_valid_call_causal_lm(self):
+        self.causal_lm(self.preprocessed_batch)
+
+    def test_predict(self):
+        self.causal_lm.predict(self.raw_batch)
+        self.causal_lm.preprocessor = None
+        self.causal_lm.predict(self.preprocessed_batch)
+
+    def test_fit(self):
+        self.causal_lm.fit(self.raw_dataset)
+        self.causal_lm.preprocessor = None
+        self.causal_lm.fit(self.preprocessed_dataset)
+
+    def test_fit_no_xla(self):
+        self.causal_lm.preprocessor = None
+        self.causal_lm.compile(
+            loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=False),
+            jit_compile=False,
+        )
+        self.causal_lm.fit(self.preprocessed_dataset)
+
+    def test_generate(self):
+        # String input.
+        prompt = " airplane at airport"
+        output = self.causal_lm.generate(" airplane at airport")
+        self.assertTrue(prompt in output)
+        # String tensor input.
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.causal_lm.generate(self.raw_batch)[0], str)
+        # String dataset input.
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.causal_lm.generate(self.raw_dataset)[0], str)
+        # Int tensor input.
+        self.causal_lm.preprocessor = None
+        outputs = self.causal_lm.generate(self.preprocessed_batch)
+        # Assert prompt is in output in token id space.
+        self.assertAllEqual(
+            outputs["token_ids"][:, :5],
+            self.preprocessed_batch["token_ids"][:, :5],
+        )
+        self.assertAllEqual(
+            outputs["padding_mask"][:, :5],
+            self.preprocessed_batch["padding_mask"][:, :5],
+        )
+
+    def test_early_stopping(self):
+        call_with_cache = self.causal_lm.call_with_cache
+
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            """Modify output logits to always favor end_token_id"""
+            logits, hidden_states, cache = call_with_cache(*args, **kwargs)
+            index = self.preprocessor.tokenizer.end_token_id
+            update = ops.ones_like(logits)[:, :, index] * 1.0e9
+            update = ops.expand_dims(update, axis=-1)
+            logits = ops.slice_update(logits, (0, 0, index), update)
+            return logits, hidden_states, cache
+
+        with patch.object(self.causal_lm, "call_with_cache", wraps=wrapper):
+            prompt = [" airplane at airport", " airplane"]
+            output = self.causal_lm.generate(prompt)
+            # We should immediately abort and output the prompt.
+            self.assertEqual(prompt, output)
+
+    def test_generate_compilation(self):
+        # Assert we do not recompile with successive calls.
+        self.causal_lm.generate(self.raw_batch)
+        first_fn = self.causal_lm.generate_function
+        self.causal_lm.generate(self.raw_batch)
+        second_fn = self.causal_lm.generate_function
+        self.assertEqual(first_fn, second_fn)
+        # Assert we do recompile after compile is called.
+        self.causal_lm.compile(sampler="greedy")
+        self.assertIsNone(self.causal_lm.generate_function)
+
+    def test_serialization(self):
+        new_causal_lm = keras.saving.deserialize_keras_object(
+            keras.saving.serialize_keras_object(self.causal_lm)
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            new_causal_lm.get_config(), self.causal_lm.get_config()
+        )
+
+    @pytest.mark.large
+    def test_saved_model(self):
+        keras.utils.set_random_seed(42)
+        model_output = self.causal_lm.predict(self.raw_batch)
+        path = os.path.join(self.get_temp_dir(), "model.keras")
+        self.causal_lm.save(path, save_format="keras_v3")
+        restored_model = keras.models.load_model(path)
+
+        # Check we got the real object back.
+        self.assertIsInstance(restored_model, GPTNeoXCausalLM)
+
+        # Check that output matches.
+        keras.utils.set_random_seed(42)
+        restored_output = restored_model.predict(self.raw_batch)
+        self.assertAllClose(model_output, restored_output)