Repository: mehcode/config-rs (rust)

Issue:
Asynchronous config source
I was wondering if there is a broader need for what can be called asnychronous config source?

At my company we use dedicated configuration service that can be asked for config for given application via HTTP. I believe there are also other solutions that use network to retrieve configuration (for instance a database source). 
While implementing `Source` trait for our configuration service I had to use blocking HTTP client. One may say this is not a problem since configuration refresh is not a frequent action. However, when you try to squeeze every ounce of performance from your application or you are using single-thread scheduler this can hurt. Also, in our specific case config is expected to be read by applications in real-time almost, so refresh should be quite frequent.

While implementing blocking HTTP source I encountered a problem with blocking `Client` from `reqwest` crate, since blocking client tries to start a Tokio runtime underneath and use non-blocking implementation, but block on it with `tokio::block_on`. Which basically panics, since if you are using tokio runtime, you are not allowed to set up another runtime inside. There are workarounds for it like:
* push config download out of runtime (but you can have hard time refreshing it then)
* use another library to perform blocking call (which can hurt on single-thread sheduler and makes this crate less friendly to use)

For those reasons I though about asynchronous configuration source.

I am afraid however that it would be hard to make it both easy to use, performant and backwards-compatible. I would drop the latter if I were to choose.

Since I come from .NET world I am quite used to `IConfiguration` introduced by .NET Core. This crate resembles it to some extent.
The idea in refactoring to use asynchoronous source could be (bit similar to `IConfiguration` having its dedicated builder):
* extend `Source` trait with `collect_async` method
* give it a default implementation using `futures::future::ready` with result of `collect` method for ease of use in case of synchronous sources (if possible)
* add `ConfigBuilder` that would **not** refresh config after every merge (might be quite ineffcient to refresh config from HTTP many times in short period of time), instead if would produce config with:
    * `build` method in case you only add synchronous sources (that returns Err if there is even single asynchronous source)
    * `build_async` method in case you have even single asynchronous source (which can build synchronous sources as well)
* library should be kept executor agnostic

What is your take on that? And, **is this crate maintained**? It looks really nice, but last comitts are quite old. I would be happy to make a pull request with aforementioned changes, but I wouldn't like to do work that would hang in a PR for eternity.

Pull request:
Add AsyncSource with tests, docs and examples
Resolves #148 

This pull request adds a new type of source - `AsyncSource`, that supports `async fn`. Also, it modifies the builder in order to handle it properly. Builder implementation based on [this article](http://cliffle.com/blog/rust-typestate/).

There is no implementation of such a source inside the library since there are various runtimes to choose from as explained in the rustdocs in this pull request.

One minor change - the type of `Result` in regular `Source` has been changed from type synonym defined inside the library to std's `Result` since ... type synonym was not exported from the crate.

Json5 tests have been modified for Windows. There was some issue with line endings I was not able to resolve in error message tests. CI for this package runs on Linux, so test will run.

Patch:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/msrv.yml b/.github/workflows/msrv.yml
index 17bed76..23e8047 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/msrv.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/msrv.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         rust:
-          - 1.44.0
+          - 1.46.0
           - stable
           - beta
           - nightly
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         rust:
-          - 1.44.0
+          - 1.46.0
           - stable
           - beta
           - nightly
@@ -59,10 +59,18 @@ jobs:
           override: true
 
       - name: Run cargo test
-        if: matrix.rust != 'nightly'
+        if: matrix.rust != 'nightly' && matrix.rust != '1.46.0'
+        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+        with:
+          command: test
+
+      - name: Run cargo test (nightly)
+        if: matrix.rust == '1.46.0'
+        continue-on-error: true
         uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
         with:
           command: test
+          args: --tests
 
       - name: Run cargo test (nightly)
         if: matrix.rust == 'nightly'
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 35b1ab3..f72389f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ ini = ["rust-ini"]
 json5 = ["json5_rs"]
 
 [dependencies]
+async-trait = "0.1.50"
 lazy_static = "1.0"
 serde = "1.0.8"
 nom = "6"
@@ -39,3 +40,7 @@ json5_rs = { version = "0.3", optional = true, package = "json5" }
 serde_derive = "1.0.8"
 float-cmp = "0.8"
 chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ["serde"] }
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "fs", "io-util", "time"]}
+warp = "0.3.1"
+futures = "0.3.15"
+reqwest = "0.11.3"
diff --git a/examples/async_source/main.rs b/examples/async_source/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10befe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/async_source/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+use std::{collections::HashMap, error::Error};
+
+use config::{builder::AsyncState, AsyncSource, ConfigBuilder, ConfigError, FileFormat};
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use futures::{select, FutureExt};
+use warp::Filter;
+
+// Example below presents sample configuration server and client.
+//
+// Server serves simple configuration on HTTP endpoint.
+// Client consumes it using custom HTTP AsyncSource built on top of reqwest.
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    select! {
+        r = run_server().fuse() => r,
+        r = run_client().fuse() => r
+    }
+}
+
+async fn run_server() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let service = warp::path("configuration").map(|| r#"{ "value" : 123 }"#);
+
+    println!("Running server on localhost:5001");
+
+    warp::serve(service).bind(([127, 0, 0, 1], 5001)).await;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_client() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // Good enough for an example to allow server to start
+    tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(3)).await;
+
+    let config = ConfigBuilder::<AsyncState>::default()
+        .add_async_source(HttpSource {
+            uri: "http://localhost:5001/configuration".into(),
+            format: FileFormat::Json,
+        })
+        .build()
+        .await?;
+
+    println!("Config value is {}", config.get::<String>("value")?);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// Actual implementation of AsyncSource can be found below
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct HttpSource {
+    uri: String,
+    format: FileFormat,
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AsyncSource for HttpSource {
+    async fn collect(&self) -> Result<HashMap<String, config::Value>, ConfigError> {
+        reqwest::get(&self.uri)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| ConfigError::Foreign(Box::new(e)))? // error conversion is possible from custom AsyncSource impls
+            .text()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| ConfigError::Foreign(Box::new(e)))
+            .and_then(|text| {
+                self.format
+                    .parse(Some(&self.uri), &text)
+                    .map_err(|e| ConfigError::Foreign(e))
+            })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/builder.rs b/src/builder.rs
index 627ba2a..bb88f44 100644
--- a/src/builder.rs
+++ b/src/builder.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::{collections::HashMap, iter::IntoIterator};
 
-use crate::{config::Config, error, path::Expression, source::Source, value::Value};
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::source::AsyncSource;
+use crate::{config::Config, path::Expression, source::Source, value::Value};
 
 /// A configuration builder
 ///
@@ -21,15 +23,24 @@ use crate::{config::Config, error, path::Expression, source::Source, value::Valu
 /// It happens on demand when [`build`](Self::build) (or its alternative) is called.
 /// Therefore all errors, related to any of the [`Source`] will only show up then.
 ///
+/// # Sync and async builder
+///
+/// [`ConfigBuilder`] uses type parameter to keep track of builder state.
+///
+/// In [`DefaultState`] builder only supports [`Source`]s
+///
+/// In [`AsyncState`] it supports both [`Source`]s and [`AsyncSource`]s at the price of building using `async fn`.
+///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # use config::*;
 /// # use std::error::Error;
 /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-/// let mut builder = ConfigBuilder::default()
+/// let mut builder = Config::builder()
 ///     .set_default("default", "1")?
 ///     .add_source(File::new("config/settings", FileFormat::Json))
+/// //  .add_async_source(...)
 ///     .set_override("override", "1")?;
 ///
 /// match builder.build() {
@@ -44,12 +55,15 @@ use crate::{config::Config, error, path::Expression, source::Source, value::Valu
 /// # }
 /// ```
 ///
+/// If any [`AsyncSource`] is used, the builder will transition to [`AsyncState`].
+/// In such case, it is required to _await_ calls to [`build`](Self::build) and its non-consuming sibling.
+///
 /// Calls can be not chained as well
 /// ```rust
 /// # use std::error::Error;
 /// # use config::*;
 /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-/// let mut builder = ConfigBuilder::default();
+/// let mut builder = Config::builder();
 /// builder = builder.set_default("default", "1")?;
 /// builder = builder.add_source(File::new("config/settings", FileFormat::Json));
 /// builder = builder.add_source(File::new("config/settings.prod", FileFormat::Json));
@@ -57,22 +71,86 @@ use crate::{config::Config, error, path::Expression, source::Source, value::Valu
 /// # Ok(())
 /// # }
 /// ```
+///
+/// Calling [`Config::builder`](Config::builder) yields builder in the default state.
+/// If having an asynchronous state as the initial state is desired, _turbofish_ notation needs to be used.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use config::{*, builder::AsyncState};
+/// let mut builder = ConfigBuilder::<AsyncState>::default();
+/// ```
+///
+/// If for some reason acquiring builder in default state is required without calling [`Config::builder`](Config::builder)
+/// it can also be achieved.
+/// ```rust
+/// # use config::{*, builder::DefaultState};
+/// let mut builder = ConfigBuilder::<DefaultState>::default();
+/// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct ConfigBuilder {
+pub struct ConfigBuilder<St: BuilderState> {
     defaults: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
     overrides: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
+    state: St,
+}
+
+/// Represents [`ConfigBuilder`] state.
+pub trait BuilderState {}
+
+/// Represents data specific to builder in default, sychronous state, without support for async.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct DefaultState {
     sources: Vec<Box<dyn Source + Send + Sync>>,
 }
 
-impl ConfigBuilder {
+/// The asynchronous configuration builder.
+///
+/// Similar to a [`ConfigBuilder`] it maintains a set of defaults, a set of sources, and overrides.
+///
+/// Defaults do not override anything, sources override defaults, and overrides override anything else.
+/// Within those three groups order of adding them at call site matters - entities added later take precedence.
+///
+/// For more detailed description and examples see [`ConfigBuilder`].
+/// [`AsyncConfigBuilder`] is just an extension of it that takes async functions into account.
+///
+/// To obtain a [`Config`] call [`build`](AsyncConfigBuilder::build) or [`build_cloned`](AsyncConfigBuilder::build_cloned)
+///
+/// # Example
+/// Since this library does not implement any [`AsyncSource`] an example in rustdocs cannot be given.
+/// Detailed explanation about why such a source is not implemented is in [`AsyncSource`]'s documentation.
+///
+/// Refer to [`ConfigBuilder`] for similar API sample usage or to the examples folder of the crate, where such a source is implemented.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct AsyncConfigBuilder {
+    defaults: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
+    overrides: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
+    sources: Vec<SourceType>,
+}
+
+/// Represents data specific to builder in asychronous state, with support for async.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AsyncState {
+    sources: Vec<SourceType>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum SourceType {
+    Sync(Box<dyn Source + Send + Sync>),
+    Async(Box<dyn AsyncSource + Send + Sync>),
+}
+
+impl BuilderState for DefaultState {}
+impl BuilderState for AsyncState {}
+
+impl<St: BuilderState> ConfigBuilder<St> {
+    // operations allowed in any state
+
     /// Set a default `value` at `key`
     ///
-    /// This value can be overwritten by any [`Source`] or override.
+    /// This value can be overwritten by any [`Source`], [`AsyncSource`] or override.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Fails if `Expression::from_str(key)` fails.
-    pub fn set_default<S, T>(mut self, key: S, value: T) -> error::Result<ConfigBuilder>
+    pub fn set_default<S, T>(mut self, key: S, value: T) -> Result<ConfigBuilder<St>>
     where
         S: AsRef<str>,
         T: Into<Value>,
@@ -82,25 +160,14 @@ impl ConfigBuilder {
         Ok(self)
     }
 
-    /// Registers new [`Source`] in this builder.
-    ///
-    /// Calling this method does not invoke any I/O. [`Source`] is only saved in internal register for later use.
-    pub fn add_source<T>(mut self, source: T) -> Self
-    where
-        T: Source + Send + Sync + 'static,
-    {
-        self.sources.push(Box::new(source));
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Set an override
     ///
-    /// This function sets an overwrite value. It will not be altered by any default or [`Source`]
+    /// This function sets an overwrite value. It will not be altered by any default, [`Source`] nor [`AsyncSource`]
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Fails if `Expression::from_str(key)` fails.
-    pub fn set_override<S, T>(mut self, key: S, value: T) -> error::Result<ConfigBuilder>
+    pub fn set_override<S, T>(mut self, key: S, value: T) -> Result<ConfigBuilder<St>>
     where
         S: AsRef<str>,
         T: Into<Value>,
@@ -109,6 +176,44 @@ impl ConfigBuilder {
             .insert(Expression::from_str(key.as_ref())?, value.into());
         Ok(self)
     }
+}
+
+impl ConfigBuilder<DefaultState> {
+    // operations allowed in sync state
+
+    /// Registers new [`Source`] in this builder.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method does not invoke any I/O. [`Source`] is only saved in internal register for later use.
+    pub fn add_source<T>(mut self, source: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Source + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        self.state.sources.push(Box::new(source));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Registers new [`AsyncSource`] in this builder and forces transition to [`AsyncState`].
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method does not invoke any I/O. [`AsyncSource`] is only saved in internal register for later use.
+    pub fn add_async_source<T>(self, source: T) -> ConfigBuilder<AsyncState>
+    where
+        T: AsyncSource + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let async_state = ConfigBuilder {
+            state: AsyncState {
+                sources: self
+                    .state
+                    .sources
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|s| SourceType::Sync(s))
+                    .collect(),
+            },
+            defaults: self.defaults,
+            overrides: self.overrides,
+        };
+
+        async_state.add_async_source(source)
+    }
 
     /// Reads all registered [`Source`]s.
     ///
@@ -118,8 +223,8 @@ impl ConfigBuilder {
     /// # Errors
     /// If source collection fails, be it technical reasons or related to inability to read data as `Config` for different reasons,
     /// this method returns error.
-    pub fn build(self) -> error::Result<Config> {
-        Self::build_internal(self.defaults, self.overrides, &self.sources)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<Config> {
+        Self::build_internal(self.defaults, self.overrides, &self.state.sources)
     }
 
     /// Reads all registered [`Source`]s.
@@ -130,15 +235,19 @@ impl ConfigBuilder {
     /// # Errors
     /// If source collection fails, be it technical reasons or related to inability to read data as `Config` for different reasons,
     /// this method returns error.
-    pub fn build_cloned(&self) -> error::Result<Config> {
-        Self::build_internal(self.defaults.clone(), self.overrides.clone(), &self.sources)
+    pub fn build_cloned(&self) -> Result<Config> {
+        Self::build_internal(
+            self.defaults.clone(),
+            self.overrides.clone(),
+            &self.state.sources,
+        )
     }
 
     fn build_internal(
         defaults: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
         overrides: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
         sources: &[Box<dyn Source + Send + Sync>],
-    ) -> error::Result<Config> {
+    ) -> Result<Config> {
         let mut cache: Value = HashMap::<String, Value>::new().into();
 
         // Add defaults
@@ -157,3 +266,85 @@ impl ConfigBuilder {
         Ok(Config::new(cache))
     }
 }
+
+impl ConfigBuilder<AsyncState> {
+    // operations allowed in async state
+
+    /// Registers new [`Source`] in this builder.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method does not invoke any I/O. [`Source`] is only saved in internal register for later use.
+    pub fn add_source<T>(mut self, source: T) -> ConfigBuilder<AsyncState>
+    where
+        T: Source + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        self.state.sources.push(SourceType::Sync(Box::new(source)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Registers new [`AsyncSource`] in this builder.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this method does not invoke any I/O. [`AsyncSource`] is only saved in internal register for later use.
+    pub fn add_async_source<T>(mut self, source: T) -> ConfigBuilder<AsyncState>
+    where
+        T: AsyncSource + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        self.state.sources.push(SourceType::Async(Box::new(source)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Reads all registered defaults, [`Source`]s, [`AsyncSource`]s and overrides.
+    ///
+    /// This is the method that invokes all I/O operations.
+    /// For a non consuming alternative see [`build_cloned`](Self::build_cloned)
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// If source collection fails, be it technical reasons or related to inability to read data as `Config` for different reasons,
+    /// this method returns error.
+    pub async fn build(self) -> Result<Config> {
+        Self::build_internal(self.defaults, self.overrides, &self.state.sources).await
+    }
+
+    /// Reads all registered defaults, [`Source`]s, [`AsyncSource`]s and overrides.
+    ///
+    /// Similar to [`build`](Self::build), but it does not take ownership of `ConfigBuilder` to allow later reuse.
+    /// Internally it clones data to achieve it.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// If source collection fails, be it technical reasons or related to inability to read data as `Config` for different reasons,
+    /// this method returns error.
+    pub async fn build_cloned(&self) -> Result<Config> {
+        Self::build_internal(
+            self.defaults.clone(),
+            self.overrides.clone(),
+            &self.state.sources,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn build_internal(
+        defaults: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
+        overrides: HashMap<Expression, Value>,
+        sources: &[SourceType],
+    ) -> Result<Config> {
+        let mut cache: Value = HashMap::<String, Value>::new().into();
+
+        // Add defaults
+        for (key, val) in defaults.into_iter() {
+            key.set(&mut cache, val);
+        }
+
+        for source in sources.iter() {
+            match source {
+                SourceType::Sync(source) => source.collect_to(&mut cache)?,
+                SourceType::Async(source) => source.collect_to(&mut cache).await?,
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add overrides
+        for (key, val) in overrides.into_iter() {
+            key.set(&mut cache, val);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Config::new(cache))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/config.rs b/src/config.rs
index 3d80aeb..b9c64b4 100644
--- a/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/config.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 
-use crate::builder::ConfigBuilder;
+use crate::builder::{ConfigBuilder, DefaultState};
 use serde::de::Deserialize;
 use serde::ser::Serialize;
 
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ impl Config {
     }
 
     /// Creates new [`ConfigBuilder`] instance
-    pub fn builder() -> ConfigBuilder {
-        ConfigBuilder::default()
+    pub fn builder() -> ConfigBuilder<DefaultState> {
+        ConfigBuilder::<DefaultState>::default()
     }
 
     /// Merge in a configuration property source.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 60d7012..87c82bc 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ extern crate ron;
 #[cfg(feature = "json5")]
 extern crate json5_rs;
 
-mod builder;
+pub mod builder;
 mod config;
 mod de;
 mod env;
@@ -64,11 +64,13 @@ mod ser;
 mod source;
 mod value;
 
+pub use crate::builder::AsyncConfigBuilder;
 pub use crate::builder::ConfigBuilder;
 pub use crate::config::Config;
 pub use crate::env::Environment;
 pub use crate::error::ConfigError;
 pub use crate::file::{File, FileFormat, FileSourceFile, FileSourceString};
+pub use crate::source::AsyncSource;
 pub use crate::source::Source;
 pub use crate::value::Value;
 pub use crate::value::ValueKind;
diff --git a/src/source.rs b/src/source.rs
index dc5f3b5..831e4c4 100644
--- a/src/source.rs
+++ b/src/source.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
 use crate::error::*;
 use crate::path;
 use crate::value::{Value, ValueKind};
@@ -14,21 +16,65 @@ pub trait Source: Debug {
     /// a HashMap.
     fn collect(&self) -> Result<HashMap<String, Value>>;
 
+    /// Collects all configuration properties to a provided cache.
     fn collect_to(&self, cache: &mut Value) -> Result<()> {
         self.collect()?
             .iter()
-            .for_each(|(key, val)| match path::Expression::from_str(key) {
-                // Set using the path
-                Ok(expr) => expr.set(cache, val.clone()),
+            .for_each(|(key, val)| set_value(cache, key, val));
 
-                // Set diretly anyway
-                _ => path::Expression::Identifier(key.clone()).set(cache, val.clone()),
-            });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn set_value(cache: &mut Value, key: &str, value: &Value) {
+    match path::Expression::from_str(key) {
+        // Set using the path
+        Ok(expr) => expr.set(cache, value.clone()),
+
+        // Set diretly anyway
+        _ => path::Expression::Identifier(key.to_string()).set(cache, value.clone()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Describes a generic _source_ of configuration properties capable of using an async runtime.
+///
+/// At the moment this library does not implement it, although it allows using its implementations
+/// within builders.  Due to the scattered landscape of asynchronous runtimes, it is impossible to
+/// cater to all needs with one implementation.  Also, this trait might be most useful with remote
+/// configuration sources, reachable via the network, probably using HTTP protocol.  Numerous HTTP
+/// libraries exist, making it even harder to find one implementation that rules them all.
+///
+/// For those reasons, it is left to other crates to implement runtime-specific or proprietary
+/// details.
+///
+/// It is advised to use `async_trait` crate while implementing this trait.
+///
+/// See examples for sample implementation.
+#[async_trait]
+pub trait AsyncSource: Debug + Sync {
+    // Sync is supertrait due to https://docs.rs/async-trait/0.1.50/async_trait/index.html#dyn-traits
+
+    /// Collects all configuration properties available from this source and return
+    /// a HashMap as an async operations.
+    async fn collect(&self) -> Result<HashMap<String, Value>>;
+
+    /// Collects all configuration properties to a provided cache.
+    async fn collect_to(&self, cache: &mut Value) -> Result<()> {
+        self.collect()
+            .await?
+            .iter()
+            .for_each(|(key, val)| set_value(cache, key, val));
 
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
+impl Clone for Box<dyn AsyncSource + Send + Sync> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        self.to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Clone for Box<dyn Source + Send + Sync> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Box<dyn Source + Send + Sync> {
         self.clone_into_box()


Test patch:
diff --git a/tests/Settings.json b/tests/Settings.json
index c8b72c5..001948d 100644
--- a/tests/Settings.json
+++ b/tests/Settings.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "debug": true,
+  "debug_json": true,
   "production": false,
   "arr": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
   "place": {
diff --git a/tests/async_builder.rs b/tests/async_builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d7d6ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/async_builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use config::*;
+use std::{env, fs, path, str::FromStr};
+use tokio::{fs::File, io::AsyncReadExt};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct AsyncFile {
+    path: String,
+    format: FileFormat,
+}
+
+/// This is a test only implementation to be used in tests
+impl AsyncFile {
+    pub fn new(path: String, format: FileFormat) -> Self {
+        AsyncFile { path, format }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl AsyncSource for AsyncFile {
+    async fn collect(&self) -> Result<std::collections::HashMap<String, Value>, ConfigError> {
+        let mut path = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        let local = path::PathBuf::from_str(&self.path).unwrap();
+
+        path.extend(local.into_iter());
+
+        let path = match fs::canonicalize(path) {
+            Ok(path) => path,
+            Err(e) => return Err(ConfigError::Foreign(Box::new(e))),
+        };
+
+        let text = match File::open(path).await {
+            Ok(mut file) => {
+                let mut buffer = String::default();
+                match file.read_to_string(&mut buffer).await {
+                    Ok(_read) => buffer,
+                    Err(e) => return Err(ConfigError::Foreign(Box::new(e))),
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => return Err(ConfigError::Foreign(Box::new(e))),
+        };
+
+        self.format
+            .parse(Some(&self.path), &text)
+            .map_err(|e| ConfigError::Foreign(e))
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_single_async_file_source() {
+    let config = Config::builder()
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.json".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Json,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(true, config.get::<bool>("debug").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_two_async_file_sources() {
+    let config = Config::builder()
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.json".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Json,
+        ))
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.toml".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Toml,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("Torre di Pisa", config.get::<String>("place.name").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(true, config.get::<bool>("debug_json").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(1, config.get::<i32>("place.number").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_sync_to_async_file_sources() {
+    let config = Config::builder()
+        .add_source(config::File::new("tests/Settings", FileFormat::Json))
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.toml".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Toml,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("Torre di Pisa", config.get::<String>("place.name").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(1, config.get::<i32>("place.number").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_to_sync_file_sources() {
+    let config = Config::builder()
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.toml".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Toml,
+        ))
+        .add_source(config::File::new("tests/Settings", FileFormat::Json))
+        .build()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("Torre di Pisa", config.get::<String>("place.name").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(1, config.get::<i32>("place.number").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_file_sources_with_defaults() {
+    let config = Config::builder()
+        .set_default("place.name", "Tower of London")
+        .unwrap()
+        .set_default("place.sky", "blue")
+        .unwrap()
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.toml".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Toml,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!("Torre di Pisa", config.get::<String>("place.name").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!("blue", config.get::<String>("place.sky").unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(1, config.get::<i32>("place.number").unwrap());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_file_sources_with_overrides() {
+    let config = Config::builder()
+        .set_override("place.name", "Tower of London")
+        .unwrap()
+        .add_async_source(AsyncFile::new(
+            "tests/Settings.toml".to_owned(),
+            FileFormat::Toml,
+        ))
+        .build()
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        "Tower of London",
+        config.get::<String>("place.name").unwrap()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(1, config.get::<i32>("place.number").unwrap());
+}