Repository: distribution/distribution (go)

Issue:
Registry garbage-collect --delete-untagged removes multi-arch manifests
Hello!
We are currently experimenting with using multi-arch images in our infrastructure, as we have a mix of IBM Power and regular AMD64-based machines, and are currently using different tags/repositories to distinguish between the architectures, which is not ideal. 

We found that the garbage-collect command with the -m parameter on the registry removes the manifests that enable us to use multi-arch, thus rendering us unable to run garbage collection and keep our registry somewhat clean and space-efficient. 

I have compiled the following script which shows the behaviour. Beware that it runs `docker system prune --all --volumes`:
```
# Remove old registry, clean slate
docker rm -f registry
docker system prune --all --volumes -f

# Start registry
docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --name registry registry

# Pull AMD64-image
docker pull "docker"
docker tag "docker" "localhost:5000/amd64/docker:latest"
docker push "localhost:5000/amd64/docker:latest"

# ARM-image
docker pull "ppc64le/docker"
docker tag "ppc64le/docker" "localhost:5000/ppc64le/docker:latest"
docker push "localhost:5000/ppc64le/docker:latest"

#Create and push manifest for multi-arch ubuntu
docker manifest create --insecure "localhost:5000/docker:latest" "localhost:5000/amd64/docker:latest" "localhost:5000/ppc64le/docker:latest"
docker manifest push -p "localhost:5000/docker:latest"

# Clear local cache
docker system prune --all -f

# Garbage-collect registry
docker exec registry registry garbage-collect --delete-untagged /etc/docker/registry/config.yml

# Pull multi-arch image
docker pull "localhost:5000/docker:latest"
```
The last couple of lines of output on my machine is: 
```
Total reclaimed space: 439.4MB
amd64/docker
amd64/docker: marking manifest sha256:5782329618eaf703204c70f61c1697a428275bc8d8e5a58fa324798e78e31937 
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:61d75b305666b5c672c2dc789c526f405402c3d37eb44a77470e9217790b9a41
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:530afca65e2ea04227630ae746e0c85b2bd1a179379cbf2b6501b49c4cab2ccc
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:33702c1843d19cf7c37af730bcf50c456ac6456ed789053432b000db75d3bed3
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:d1c203384d5b9b22606055f5a6708153653df701158a6c04748cb77be8238c9e
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:146feb07c33136aba6d87c2a8d6882cd4d438d957eaaa8f388f59214f1269bd0
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:cee6b871713b8386f334ada3f80a6f187b8e9130ce7d69236e34fee9f9d44556
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:db8946a7c6c2c651e2344e7e9ebb692ff53ae6ab2b108a5f484384e165056beb
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:649b2db28c4901ee36039690e8086767f9c069ebef2f819f53937774a4b74d6b
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:e7b044ff4e6b0f04ba45ff9f486263b0741ce55315ac6fb0498aec49a0375ee0
amd64/docker: marking blob sha256:dbd7811a8fce869b1e3e2698db341271fcedfe91a3c90e63b19b243ba4187d91
docker
manifest eligible for deletion: sha256:18d3c182508d401451fe7a0c538dff3686360456b233675b4ddb2371aa9d1608
docker: marking manifest sha256:1abd08c6dc1cea1308a4f3213cdb7d7264548ab21beedbde30aa7eed7f209d2d 
docker: marking blob sha256:5782329618eaf703204c70f61c1697a428275bc8d8e5a58fa324798e78e31937
docker: marking blob sha256:18d3c182508d401451fe7a0c538dff3686360456b233675b4ddb2371aa9d1608
manifest eligible for deletion: sha256:5782329618eaf703204c70f61c1697a428275bc8d8e5a58fa324798e78e31937
ppc64le/docker
ppc64le/docker: marking manifest sha256:18d3c182508d401451fe7a0c538dff3686360456b233675b4ddb2371aa9d1608 
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:a10903a7995b02bb2bb17f3be3423e93bd2ff6a70618d0d42cfed01639a17ec9
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:d6201b52ea9b908d4d6e950e2a79ded27be48979d6f0f63bd3a57b16b621f188
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:7c5cedde51de1c8ffccd5521fd02fc1efc1cc44ece2d5dccb1e550a65366cd80
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:7ab4b28968b92237adc6438d06c14d4680a3936996176f2cea20d781885af568
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:387f12b774ebb4a88b15e4f754eb9c772618a15230f9c093759496c41f5c6c8f
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:8847e0f1fbcbc029817eb1d930620fd68a65b6bf9dcb73b6d2e96d4e8161ba75
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:b7425929e73f782470c79b835b77e1d923e63be874374d247c1deb271178256f
ppc64le/docker: marking blob sha256:72d865172b780f7e0c045e1d59db4d57be4d6f52d93a27f7d7444edead40260b
time="2022-08-01T13:30:53.876986875Z" level=info msg="deleting manifest: /docker/registry/v2/repositories/docker/_manifests/revisions/sha256/18d3c182508d401451fe7a0c538dff3686360456b233675b4ddb2371aa9d1608" go.version=go1.16.15 instance.id=f87bf88e-d8d2-4dfa-9095-71d90367e1aa service=registry 
time="2022-08-01T13:30:53.877150402Z" level=info msg="deleting manifest: /docker/registry/v2/repositories/docker/_manifests/revisions/sha256/5782329618eaf703204c70f61c1697a428275bc8d8e5a58fa324798e78e31937" go.version=go1.16.15 instance.id=f87bf88e-d8d2-4dfa-9095-71d90367e1aa service=registry 

21 blobs marked, 0 blobs and 2 manifests eligible for deletion
latest: Pulling from docker
manifest for localhost:5000/docker:latest not found: manifest unknown: manifest unknown

```

I have confirmed that the issue is present on my workstation, which is running:
docker version:
```
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.17
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.17.11
 Git commit:        100c701
 Built:             Mon Jun  6 23:02:57 2022
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.17
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.17.11
  Git commit:       a89b842
  Built:            Mon Jun  6 23:01:03 2022
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.6.6
  GitCommit:        10c12954828e7c7c9b6e0ea9b0c02b01407d3ae1
 runc:
  Version:          1.1.2
  GitCommit:        v1.1.2-0-ga916309
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0
```
docker info:
```
Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Docker Buildx (Docker Inc., v0.8.2-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.17.0)

Server:
 Containers: 5
  Running: 5
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 0
 Images: 27
 Server Version: 20.10.17
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: extfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
  userxattr: false
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: systemd
 Cgroup Version: 2
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 10c12954828e7c7c9b6e0ea9b0c02b01407d3ae1
 runc version: v1.1.2-0-ga916309
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:
  apparmor
  seccomp
   Profile: default
  cgroupns
 Kernel Version: 5.15.0-41-generic
 Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 12
 Total Memory: 31.19GiB
 Name: FLPC8286
 ID: OF2W:RJAA:ZPBP:WO6M:H4GP:GDZC:R5PE:PARX:O3CO:2BPW:CM4U:KJHB
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false
```
docker exec registry registry --version:
```
registry github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.1+unknown
```

Pull request:
Fix garbage-collect --delete-untagged to handle schema 2 manifest list and OCI image index
resolves #3178 

Patch:
diff --git a/registry/storage/garbagecollect.go b/registry/storage/garbagecollect.go
index 7895c9b5..87046b76 100644
--- a/registry/storage/garbagecollect.go
+++ b/registry/storage/garbagecollect.go
@@ -68,12 +68,14 @@ func MarkAndSweep(ctx context.Context, storageDriver driver.StorageDriver, regis
 					return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve tags for digest %v: %v", dgst, err)
 				}
 				if len(tags) == 0 {
-					emit("manifest eligible for deletion: %s", dgst)
 					// fetch all tags from repository
 					// all of these tags could contain manifest in history
 					// which means that we need check (and delete) those references when deleting manifest
 					allTags, err := repository.Tags(ctx).All(ctx)
 					if err != nil {
+						if _, ok := err.(distribution.ErrManifestUnknownRevision); !ok {
+							return nil
+						}
 						return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve tags %v", err)
 					}
 					manifestArr = append(manifestArr, ManifestDel{Name: repoName, Digest: dgst, Tags: allTags})
@@ -84,18 +86,14 @@ func MarkAndSweep(ctx context.Context, storageDriver driver.StorageDriver, regis
 			emit("%s: marking manifest %s ", repoName, dgst)
 			markSet[dgst] = struct{}{}
 
-			manifest, err := manifestService.Get(ctx, dgst)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve manifest for digest %v: %v", dgst, err)
-			}
-
-			descriptors := manifest.References()
-			for _, descriptor := range descriptors {
-				markSet[descriptor.Digest] = struct{}{}
-				emit("%s: marking blob %s", repoName, descriptor.Digest)
-			}
-
-			return nil
+			return markManifestReferences(dgst, manifestService, ctx, func(d digest.Digest) bool {
+				_, marked := markSet[d]
+				if !marked {
+					markSet[d] = struct{}{}
+					emit("%s: marking blob %s", repoName, d)
+				}
+				return marked
+			})
 		})
 
 		// In certain situations such as unfinished uploads, deleting all
@@ -113,6 +111,8 @@ func MarkAndSweep(ctx context.Context, storageDriver driver.StorageDriver, regis
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to mark: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	manifestArr = unmarkReferencedManifest(manifestArr, markSet)
+
 	// sweep
 	vacuum := NewVacuum(ctx, storageDriver)
 	if !opts.DryRun {
@@ -149,3 +149,40 @@ func MarkAndSweep(ctx context.Context, storageDriver driver.StorageDriver, regis
 
 	return err
 }
+
+// unmarkReferencedManifest filters out manifest present in markSet
+func unmarkReferencedManifest(manifestArr []ManifestDel, markSet map[digest.Digest]struct{}) []ManifestDel {
+	filtered := make([]ManifestDel, 0)
+	for _, obj := range manifestArr {
+		if _, ok := markSet[obj.Digest]; !ok {
+			emit("manifest eligible for deletion: %s", obj)
+			filtered = append(filtered, obj)
+		}
+	}
+	return filtered
+}
+
+// markManifestReferences marks the manifest references
+func markManifestReferences(dgst digest.Digest, manifestService distribution.ManifestService, ctx context.Context, ingester func(digest.Digest) bool) error {
+	manifest, err := manifestService.Get(ctx, dgst)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve manifest for digest %v: %v", dgst, err)
+	}
+
+	descriptors := manifest.References()
+	for _, descriptor := range descriptors {
+
+		// do not visit references if already marked
+		if ingester(descriptor.Digest) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if ok, _ := manifestService.Exists(ctx, descriptor.Digest); ok {
+			err := markManifestReferences(descriptor.Digest, manifestService, ctx, ingester)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}


Test patch:
diff --git a/registry/storage/garbagecollect_test.go b/registry/storage/garbagecollect_test.go
index be67ce7a..eb133701 100644
--- a/registry/storage/garbagecollect_test.go
+++ b/registry/storage/garbagecollect_test.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/internal/dcontext"
+	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/manifest/ocischema"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/registry/storage/driver"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/registry/storage/driver/inmemory"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/testutil"
@@ -129,6 +130,29 @@ func uploadRandomSchema2Image(t *testing.T, repository distribution.Repository)
 	}
 }
 
+func uploadRandomOCIImage(t *testing.T, repository distribution.Repository) image {
+	randomLayers, err := testutil.CreateRandomLayers(2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	digests := []digest.Digest{}
+	for digest := range randomLayers {
+		digests = append(digests, digest)
+	}
+	manifest, err := testutil.MakeOCIManifest(repository, digests)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	manifestDigest := uploadImage(t, repository, image{manifest: manifest, layers: randomLayers})
+	return image{
+		manifest:       manifest,
+		manifestDigest: manifestDigest,
+		layers:         randomLayers,
+	}
+}
+
 func TestNoDeletionNoEffect(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := dcontext.Background()
 	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
@@ -270,6 +294,128 @@ func TestDeleteManifestIfTagNotFound(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestDeleteManifestIndexWithDanglingReferences(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
+
+	registry := createRegistry(t, inmemoryDriver)
+	repo := makeRepository(t, registry, "deletemanifests")
+	manifestService, _ := repo.Manifests(ctx)
+
+	image1 := uploadRandomOCIImage(t, repo)
+	image2 := uploadRandomOCIImage(t, repo)
+
+	ii, _ := ocischema.FromDescriptors([]distribution.Descriptor{
+		{Digest: image1.manifestDigest}, {Digest: image2.manifestDigest},
+	}, map[string]string{})
+
+	id, err := manifestService.Put(ctx, ii)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("manifest upload failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = repo.Tags(ctx).Tag(ctx, "test", distribution.Descriptor{Digest: id})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete tag: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// delete image2 => ii has a dangling reference
+	err = manifestService.Delete(ctx, image2.manifestDigest)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete image: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	before1 := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	before2 := allManifests(t, manifestService)
+
+	// run GC (should not remove anything because of tag)
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	after1 := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	after2 := allManifests(t, manifestService)
+	if len(before1) == len(after1) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection did not affect blobs storage: %d == %d", len(before1), len(after1))
+	}
+	if len(before2) != len(after2) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection affected manifest storage: %d != %d", len(before2), len(after2))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeleteManifestIndexIfTagNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
+
+	registry := createRegistry(t, inmemoryDriver)
+	repo := makeRepository(t, registry, "deletemanifests")
+	manifestService, _ := repo.Manifests(ctx)
+
+	image1 := uploadRandomOCIImage(t, repo)
+	image2 := uploadRandomOCIImage(t, repo)
+
+	ii, _ := ocischema.FromDescriptors([]distribution.Descriptor{
+		{Digest: image1.manifestDigest}, {Digest: image2.manifestDigest},
+	}, map[string]string{})
+
+	d4, err := manifestService.Put(ctx, ii)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("manifest upload failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = repo.Tags(ctx).Tag(ctx, "test", distribution.Descriptor{Digest: d4})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete tag: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	before1 := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	before2 := allManifests(t, manifestService)
+
+	// run GC (should not remove anything because of tag)
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+	beforeUntag1 := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	beforeUntag2 := allManifests(t, manifestService)
+	if len(before1) != len(beforeUntag1) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection affected blobs storage: %d != %d", len(before1), len(beforeUntag1))
+	}
+	if len(before2) != len(beforeUntag2) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection affected manifest storage: %d != %d", len(before2), len(beforeUntag2))
+	}
+
+	err = repo.Tags(ctx).Untag(ctx, "test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete tag: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Run GC (removes everything because no manifests with tags exist)
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	after1 := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	after2 := allManifests(t, manifestService)
+	if len(beforeUntag1) == len(after1) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection did not affect blobs storage: %d == %d", len(beforeUntag1), len(after1))
+	}
+	if len(beforeUntag2) == len(after2) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection did not affect manifest storage: %d == %d", len(beforeUntag2), len(after2))
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGCWithMissingManifests(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := dcontext.Background()
 	d := inmemory.New()
@@ -479,3 +625,225 @@ func TestOrphanBlobDeleted(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTaggedManifestlistWithUntaggedManifest(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
+
+	registry := createRegistry(t, inmemoryDriver)
+	repo := makeRepository(t, registry, "foo/taggedlist/untaggedmanifest")
+	manifestService, err := repo.Manifests(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	image1 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+	image2 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+
+	// construct a manifestlist to reference manifests that is not tagged.
+	blobstatter := registry.BlobStatter()
+	manifestList, err := testutil.MakeManifestList(blobstatter, []digest.Digest{
+		image1.manifestDigest, image2.manifestDigest,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to make manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	dgst, err := manifestService.Put(ctx, manifestList)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to add manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = repo.Tags(ctx).Tag(ctx, "test", distribution.Descriptor{Digest: dgst})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete tag: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	before := allBlobs(t, registry)
+
+	// Run GC
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	after := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	if len(before) != len(after) {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection affected storage: %d != %d", len(before), len(after))
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := after[image1.manifestDigest]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("First manifest is missing")
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := after[image2.manifestDigest]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Second manifest is missing")
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := after[dgst]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Manifest list is missing")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnTaggedManifestlistWithUntaggedManifest(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
+
+	registry := createRegistry(t, inmemoryDriver)
+	repo := makeRepository(t, registry, "foo/untaggedlist/untaggedmanifest")
+	manifestService, err := repo.Manifests(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	image1 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+	image2 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+
+	// construct a manifestlist to reference manifests that is not tagged.
+	blobstatter := registry.BlobStatter()
+	manifestList, err := testutil.MakeManifestList(blobstatter, []digest.Digest{
+		image1.manifestDigest, image2.manifestDigest,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to make manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = manifestService.Put(ctx, manifestList)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to add manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Run GC
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	after := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	if len(after) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection affected storage: %d != %d", len(after), 0)
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestUnTaggedManifestlistWithTaggedManifest(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
+
+	registry := createRegistry(t, inmemoryDriver)
+	repo := makeRepository(t, registry, "foo/untaggedlist/taggedmanifest")
+	manifestService, err := repo.Manifests(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	image1 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+	image2 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+
+	err = repo.Tags(ctx).Tag(ctx, "image1", distribution.Descriptor{Digest: image1.manifestDigest})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete tag: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = repo.Tags(ctx).Tag(ctx, "image2", distribution.Descriptor{Digest: image2.manifestDigest})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete tag: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// construct a manifestlist to reference manifests that is tagged.
+	blobstatter := registry.BlobStatter()
+	manifestList, err := testutil.MakeManifestList(blobstatter, []digest.Digest{
+		image1.manifestDigest, image2.manifestDigest,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to make manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	dgst, err := manifestService.Put(ctx, manifestList)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to add manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Run GC
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	after := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	afterManifests := allManifests(t, manifestService)
+
+	if _, ok := after[dgst]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Untagged manifestlist still exists")
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := afterManifests[image1.manifestDigest]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("First manifest is missing")
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := afterManifests[image2.manifestDigest]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Second manifest is missing")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTaggedManifestlistWithDeletedReference(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	inmemoryDriver := inmemory.New()
+
+	registry := createRegistry(t, inmemoryDriver)
+	repo := makeRepository(t, registry, "foo/untaggedlist/deleteref")
+	manifestService, err := repo.Manifests(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
+	}
+
+	image1 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+	image2 := uploadRandomSchema2Image(t, repo)
+
+	// construct a manifestlist to reference manifests that is deleted.
+	blobstatter := registry.BlobStatter()
+	manifestList, err := testutil.MakeManifestList(blobstatter, []digest.Digest{
+		image1.manifestDigest, image2.manifestDigest,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to make manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = manifestService.Put(ctx, manifestList)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to add manifest list: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = manifestService.Delete(ctx, image1.manifestDigest)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete image: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = manifestService.Delete(ctx, image2.manifestDigest)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete image: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Run GC
+	err = MarkAndSweep(dcontext.Background(), inmemoryDriver, registry, GCOpts{
+		DryRun:         false,
+		RemoveUntagged: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed mark and sweep: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	after := allBlobs(t, registry)
+	if len(after) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Garbage collection affected storage: %d != %d", len(after), 0)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/testutil/manifests.go b/testutil/manifests.go
index 4f2134df..0bcc4ddb 100644
--- a/testutil/manifests.go
+++ b/testutil/manifests.go
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 package testutil
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/internal/dcontext"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/manifest/manifestlist"
+	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/manifest/ocischema"
 	"github.com/distribution/distribution/v3/manifest/schema2"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 )
@@ -49,6 +51,20 @@ func MakeSchema2Manifest(repository distribution.Repository, digests []digest.Di
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected error storing content in blobstore: %v", err)
 	}
 	builder := schema2.NewManifestBuilder(d, configJSON)
+	return makeManifest(ctx, builder, digests)
+}
+
+func MakeOCIManifest(repository distribution.Repository, digests []digest.Digest) (distribution.Manifest, error) {
+	ctx := dcontext.Background()
+	blobStore := repository.Blobs(ctx)
+
+	var configJSON []byte
+
+	builder := ocischema.NewManifestBuilder(blobStore, configJSON, make(map[string]string))
+	return makeManifest(ctx, builder, digests)
+}
+
+func makeManifest(ctx context.Context, builder distribution.ManifestBuilder, digests []digest.Digest) (distribution.Manifest, error) {
 	for _, digest := range digests {
 		if err := builder.AppendReference(distribution.Descriptor{Digest: digest}); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected error building manifest: %v", err)