Intrinsically stretchable all-polymer neuromorphic visual adaptive transistors based on multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh

Domain: neuroscience
Published: 2026-02-14
Editorial outcome: major_revision

Abstract
Stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics requiring real-time perception and dynamic adaptive processing create tempting opportunities for wearable intelligent vision equipment. Existing bionic vision devices often lack scale-modulus deformable photosensitive materials and exhibit redundant manufacturing for complex structures to integrate optical neuro functions, highlighting a critical gap in achieving both ductility and multifunctionality. Herein, we propose a defect-tunable viscoelastic photosensitive bulk-heterojunction based on multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh for all-organic intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic visual adaptive transistors. The resultant devices demonstrate maintained high photosensitivity and multimodal broad-wavelength photoadaptation even under 100% biaxial mechanical strain. Notably, a record-ultrafast adaptive time down to 0.4 s is achieved by the all-organic intrinsically stretchable visual adaptive transistors, allowing a high energy-saving ratio of 88.4%. Moreover, a low paired-pulsed depression index down to 44.37% is also accomplished, exhibiting the ability of abnormal discharges reduction and normal neural network function restore. The superior bionic visual adaptive systems allowing detailed time-varying intelligent information conversion, can realize highly misleading encrypted wireless optical communications. Furthermore, contrast vision-adaptive pixels are successfully constructed to avoid element absence for advanced driving assistance systems simulation in extreme environments. This technology promises to advance skin-like neuromorphic vision systems for applications including visual cryptography, bioinspired robots and unmanned intelligence.

Introduction
Evolving neuromorphic optoelectronic systems herald a paradigm shift in bionic intelligent vision and autonomous environment-adaptive controls. By synergistically integrating cognition, adaptation and determination, the advanced systems aspire to emulate intricate visual neural networks, unlocking unparalleled potential for next-generation artificial intelligence equipment, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), medical auxiliary gadgets, augmented reality displays and bionic robots1–5. Neuromorphic visual adaptive electronics can substantially enlighten the efficiency and elegance of real-time visual feedback, thereby enabling rapid adaptation to the complex and dynamic contexts. Such devices require innovative photosensitive material design, delicate tunable defect construction, and multiple neuro-functional engineering6–8, while significant progresses have been made on two-dimensional materials with energy level modulation9–11, synergistic effects of multilayered heterojunctions12–14, and complex functional circuit integration15,16. Among them, the multi-layer heterojunction design effectively broadens the adaptive wavelength range and enhances speed by the acceptor-donor polymers and the defect state within intermediate layer; while diverse material design endows it with the potential for adaptive tunability. However, existing neuromorphic visual adaptive electronics have still been revealed some obvious limitations on advancing applications, due to typical mono-functionality, challenging preparation and severe performance degradation under mechanical strain resulting from intrinsic material stiffness17,18.

As the human-computer interaction intelligence (HCI) proliferates across various fields, bionic wearable and implantable equipment that allows personalized feedback and adaptation, is driving innovation and urgency19,20. Therefore, intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics with convenient fabrication, high versatility and cross-scale modulus adaptability are of great satisfaction and attractiveness21. Notably, organic materials are becoming an inevitable componence as they can provide excellent biocompatibility, mechanical compliance and tunable optoelectronic properties for seamless attachment onto complex-shaped surfaces and designable bionic functionality8,22. However, all-organic intrinsically stretchable adaptive phototransistors have not yet been achieved, and major challenges remain in merging free deformation, tunable defect design, and high photosensitivity into a single device. To address these issues, organic bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) stand out as ideal candidates, allowing tunable optoelectronic properties, lot-cost solution processes and compatible large-scale manufacturing23,24. Consequently, enabling multi-component engagement and specific phase separation modulation to integrate efficient charge transport, broad wavelength absorption and scalable adaptive behaviors will crucially pave the way for advancing intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronic devices25,26.

Herein, we report an intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic visual adaptive transistor (ISNVaT) based on organic viscoelastic photosensitive bulk heterojunctions by employing donor-acceptor polymers and polar elastomers. Due to uneven surface energies and thermodynamics, Van der Waals force enabled unique multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh (MPSM) evolutions. Such MPSM films not only ensured intrinsic stretchability and retentive photosensitivity but also provided tunable charge-trapping defects for visual adaptive neuromorphic behaviors. The resultant ISNVaT obtained high near-infrared light photosensitivity (Ilight/Idark ≈ 104), high biaxial stretchability (up to 100%), multimodal broad-wavelength photoadaptation (from visible to near-infrared light) and considerable inhibitory synaptic behaviors. Notably, our device, developed as the all-organic intrinsically stretchable adaptive transistor, achieved a record-ultrafast adaptive time down to 0.4 s, allowing a high energy-saving ratio of 88.4%. Moreover, an extreme low paired-pulse depression index down to 44.37% was also accomplished, exhibiting the ability of abnormal discharges reduction and normal neural network function restore. Consequently, superior bionic visual adaptive systems resolved complicated environmental information into detailed time-varying intelligence, thus enabling highly misleading encrypted wireless optical communications and advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) simulation in extreme environments. MPSM-based skin-like neuromorphic vision systems technology would push forward emerging applications including visual cryptography, bioinspired robots and unmanned intelligence.

Results
MPSM viscoelastic photosensitive semiconductor
Vision enables individuals to interpret complex environmental information and form profound perceptual experiences by accurately capturing subtle changes in light and color6. (Fig. 1a, b) As an extremely delicate mechanism in biological visual systems, visual adaptation provides dynamical adjustment and real-time cognitive stability to optimize visual input to cope with a dynamic world, thus guaranteeing effective transformation of diverse visual information into a clear and consistent cognitive experience27,28. To model visual system, intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronic devices based on organic photosensitive heterojunctions, which process high photosensitivity, excellent ductility, multifunctionality and biocompatibility, are potential candidates. Notably, polymer aggregation and crystallization behavior of heterojunctions play a crucial role in the performance29,30. However, gaining control over multicomponent polymer self-assembly and phase separation morphology to introduce tunable defect states and process high carrier transport capability with high photosensitivity performance remains challenging. Thus, we proposed an all-polymer bulk heterojunction composed of ideal doner DPP-DTT, acceptor N2200, and highly polarized elastomer polyurethane (PU) (Fig. 1c).

Typically, the DPP-DTT/N2200 polymer doner-acceptor system is widely employed due to matchable energy levels and similar surface energies31 (Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1). While the surface energy of hybrid materials controls the morphological evolutions under phase separation, the DPP-DTT/N2200 blends crystallized into a closely intertwined fibrous network, exhibiting a smooth surface morphology and good crystallinity after solvent evaporation (Supplementary Fig. 2). Though the favorable mixture led to highly effective photosensitivity and charge transport, it was unable to construct neuromorphic functions and lacked stretchability. However, the high polar elastomer PU processed mismatch surface energy which resulted in great morphological evolutions (Fig. 1c and Supplementary Table 1). The composite polymer thin films with different weight percentages of PU were prepared, and their morphologies were examined by AFM (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 2). With the incorporation of PU, the composite polymer film demonstrated isolated micro-spherical domains which were dispersed in the polymer fiber networks, appearing as distinct holes with an approximate average diameter of 0.8 μm and a depth of 15 nm. (Fig. 1d). As the PU weight percentage increased, the isolated micromesh grew and tended to bridge with one another, generating a new continuous phase. The dimensionality of the phase separation greatly affected the film physical properties, as well as the charge transport behavior. We further explored the actual existing micromesh forms by AFM and SEM of both surfaces and cross sections (Fig. 1e-g). While the neat film exhibited fibrous morphologies, the bottom of the ternary blend film equally demonstrated apparent micromesh with denser but smaller-diameter microspheres (Fig. 1e, f). The heavier mass and higher surface energy of the elastomer led to more aggregation at the bottom. Moreover, we could observe not only surface but also vertical multi-location distribution of elastomers in the ternary blend film cross-section while the DPP-DTT/N2200 blend film exhibited a flat fiber morphology. (Fig. 1g and Supplementary Fig. 3) Consequently, it turned out that the micromesh was multidimensionally dispersed in the entire three-dimensional space. We showed the hole statistics under specific range area, in which the coefficient of variation was obtained as 0.261 which could be regarded as moderate uniformity. Different from individual horizontal or vertical distribution which was susceptible to obvious cracks under mechanical deformation due to uneven stress dispersion, the multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh (MPSM) would enable the ternary blending film adequate stress dissipation sites to maintain favorable elasticity and multi-level tunable defect states for optoelectronic neuromorphic applications32,33.

Further, UV-vis absorption spectra were conducted to evaluate the effect of MPSM-based elastic photosensitive heterojunction on optical properties (Supplementary Fig. 4). Due to the strong complementary absorption between DPP-DTT and N2200, the neat photosensitive heterojunction showed a broad complementary absorption from visible to near-infrared light, and a strong peak at 808 nm and 400 nm that corresponds to the characteristic peaks of DPP-DTT and N2200, respectively. However, the MPSM films showed a slight blue shift, verifying the non-destructive hybridization with the elastomer. In addition, the broad absorption guaranteed visual detection in a wider range of wavelengths. Besides, due to its excessive polarity and hydrophilicity, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with high polarity did not perform well when hybrid with semiconductors. It proved that the proper polarity, which differed greatly from that of polymer semiconductors, promoted the formation of micromesh morphologies. As recently extensively studied, nanoconfined morphology benefited carrier transport properties by confining polymer fiber networks34. However, the MPSM films showed similar surface roughness or even less, which would provide comparably great surface contact for carrier transport. We then constructed fundamental bottom-electrode silicon-based transistors to test the photoelectric capability among those films and demonstrated the morphology structure-film properties-optical function correlation under different elastomers hybridization. It turned out that the specific polarity provided appropriate morphology, while the optimized film surface and well-fused hybridization offered better photosensitivity. Therefore, MPSM films exhibited the highest photosensitivity while the SEBS-hybrid films showed the second (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. 6).

Moreover, we replaced some common donor and acceptor organic semiconductors that hybrid with PU to evaluate the generalizability. Even with different organic donor-acceptor systems, including small molecules, those films exhibited similar micromesh morphology and low roughness, which proved the unique morphology was mainly dependent on the elastomer PU properties (Supplementary Fig. 7). Among various organic donor-acceptor hybrid systems, the DPP-DTT/N2200 system exhibited the best photosensitivity (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 8). Consequently, MPSM had been validated to have excellent optoelectronic properties and are universally applicable to existing most organic heterojunction systems, which would offer new opportunities in the future wearable optoelectronic devices.

Subsequently, we identified the DPP-DTT/N2200/PU based ternary blend heterojunction as the core for subsequent optoelectronic neuromorphic transistors preparation. As solvent and annealing temperature/evaporation rate had considerable impact on film morphology and performance35–37, their effects were also explored. To fairly compare relevant variations, we first extracted the ratio of hole area on the film surface at a fixed area for morphological comparison. On the one hand, the solvent would cause changes in pre-aggregation forms, so that higher solvent polarity resulted in a smaller diameter, higher hole ratio and higher roughness of the micromesh films38–40 (Supplementary Figs. 9, 10 and Supplementary Table 3). On the other hand, the annealing temperature would modify polymer crystallization, while the solvent evaporation would force the elastomer movement via Marangoni effect41. It turned out that too high or too low a solvent temperature affected the polymer fibers size, while an optimal evaporation temperature would provide the highest photo responsibility (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 11).

As the elastomer PU offered intrinsic viscoelasticity, the MPSM films would be endowed with tight polymer intertwining and improved mechanical ductility. Peak-force quantitation nanomechanical mapping (PFQNM) were well characterized to perform those features (Supplementary Fig. 12). With increasing PU content, obvious upward trends of adhesion (from 1.13 to 8.57 nN) and slight increase work of adhesion (from 58.29 to 60.01 mJ m-2) were observed, which would allow compact contact in the stretchable device construction and better resistance to strains (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Table 4). It was worth mentioning that microstructural component variations were largely responsible for stress distribution optimization and crack concentration reduction42. As the PU microspheres functioned as multiple stress dispersion locations and internal binder, the MPSM heterojunctions exhibited excellent stretchability that could effectively delocalize the tension stress and prevent the crack propagation that no obvious cracks were observed even under 100% strain26 (Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14).

We then conducted the scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) to detailly determine the spatial distribution of each component43,44. From the infrared curves recorded by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, it was clearly observed that the MPSM films did not alter the structure of each polymer, to a certain extent, proving that the hybridization would not break the optoelectronic ability of photosensitive semiconductors (Supplementary Fig. 15). Among the differences in their peaks, the characteristic wavelengths of 1546 cm−1 and 1125 cm−1 could be selected to further analyze the polymer semiconductor and elastomer domains, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 16). As shown in Fig. 2e, f, it could be deduced that the PU was mainly concentrated in the isolated hole area and formed a thin covering on the surrounding surface. In contrast, the DPP-DTT/N2200 were mostly distributed in the continuous areas, while also existed a minority in hole areas. Additionally, similar conclusions could be reached according to the distinguished modulus region in PFQNM (Supplementary Fig. 12). Furthermore, we applied the characteristic wavelengths of 1023 cm−1 and 964 cm−1 in SNOM measurement to make a distinction between DPP-DTT and N2200, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 17). Due to similar chemical structure, molecular weight and surface energy, two semiconductors were tightly intertwined as fiber networks which guaranteed the high-efficiency exciton separation and charge transport for sensitive broad photodetection. To confirm this perspective, we immersed the MPSM films into N,N-Dimethylformamide to selectively wash off PU, since PU could be dissolved while DPP-DTT/N2200 could not. As shown in AFM image, the continuous mesh-like phase was maintained, whereas most of the isolated domains were washed off and the polymers exhibited a network of tightly intertwined fibers (Supplementary Fig. 18). As a result, the PU not only provided optimized MPSM films for excellent strain tolerance but also promoted close interconnections between polymer semiconductors for high conversion efficiency. Moreover, the tunable discontinuous hole areas broke up the uniformity of heterojunction films, which allowed for the defect state introduction.

To confirm the potential correlation between defect states and morphology evolution, and provide a detailed assessable quantification, the capacitance measurement and the hole-only devices measurement were applied by constructing specific devices45,46 (Supplementary Figs. 19 and 20). As the elastomer content increased, the hole ratio was significantly raised to 38.12%, accompanied by a certain introduction of the defect state from flat films (6.03 × 1016 cm−3) to micromesh films (12.66 × 1016 cm−3) (Fig. 2g and Supplementary Table 5). To further explore the reconfiguration of charge carriers in relation with the photo-modulating behavior, in situ Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) was utilized to measure the surface potential of the neat and MPSM films before and after the illumination47,48 (Fig. 2h and Supplementary Fig. 21). In the dark state, a low surface potential was demonstrated for the neat film (4.53 mV for average). However, due to the phase separation induced by the elastomers, the charge distribution was not homogeneous, causing a large potential difference on the surface of the film, which leads to a much higher average surface potential for the hybrid film (36.4 mV for average). Generally, the accumulation of holes or the release of electrons led to the rise of the surface potential49,50. After illumination at fixed irradiance, the neat film demonstrated a slight increase in surface potential due to the excellent photovoltaic conversion of the polymer, which resulted in the enrichment of surface photogenerated holes (5.15 mV for average). In contrast, significant intrinsic defects were introduced into the hybrid film by phase separation, which significantly enhanced the capture ability of photogenerated carriers. Thereby, the photogenerated holes would be largely trapped, leading to an interfacial hole-deficient state on the surface and further resulting in an obvious potential drop diametrically (17.3 mV for average). Therefore, the defect-tunability was certified to a strong positive correlation with the hole ratio, providing non-volatile photoconductive behavior for neuromorphic computing. Having quantitatively identified defect state development, we continued to characterize the relevant aggregation and crystallization variation between the neat and MPSM heterojunctions for qualification51. 2D grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) patterns and their corresponding intensity profiles along the out-of-plane and in-plane directions were applied in Fig. 2i-l. Obviously, the neat films displayed sharper and better-defined diffraction peaks compared to MPSM films, which suggested a greater structural disorder in the lateral (Fig. 2i, j). More elaborately, the GIWAXS 1D line cuts corresponding to the in-plane (qxy) and out-of-plane (qz) scattering intensities indicated that the polymer presented much less crystallinity and orientation as the elastomer content increased, both in the view of in-plane and out-of-plane (Fig. 2k, l). As a result, the MPSM allowed rich intrinsic defect states in the heterojunction, and such intrinsic defects could be significantly modulated by the elastomer content as well as the micromesh morphology.

All-organic intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision adaptive transistors
Integrating multiple features such as excellent stretchability, photoresponse ability and defect state tunability, our viscoelastic MPSM photosensitive heterojunction was regarded as a cornerstone for intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision devices. We applied such heterojunctions into intrinsically stretchable phototransistors with a bottom-gate-top-contact configuration to simultaneously emulate visual and neuromorphic functions (Fig. 3a). Notably, the all-in-one MPSM heterojunction effectively simplified device structure and enabled convenient construction (Supplementary Fig. 22). Through a sequential thermal lamination and transfer procedures, the MPSM heterojunction owned an ideal contact interface with dielectric layer due to stable work of adhesion, which ensured the multiple optical neuro behaviors of ISNVaTs (Supplementary Figs. 23 and 24). We preliminarily investigated the optoelectronic properties of MPSM with different PU contents and surface morphology (Supplementary Fig. 25). It was observed that the high-content PU, as well as large hole ratio, effectively reduced off-state current and enhanced photocurrent/dark current ratio (Ilight/Idark), which was attributed to inhibited carrier recombination through the elastomer. Consequently, the MPSM films of 70% PU content were selected for subsequent preparation, as it exhibited comparable Ilight/Idark level with that of 50% content but more superior stretchability. We demonstrated typical transfer curves with hysteresis of the ISNVaTs under different conditions (Fig. 3b), and the optimum performance including a remarkable light intensity-dependent modulation, a high photocurrent/dark current ratio (Ilight/Idark) up to 104 and excellent operational stability were observed in the ISNVaTs based on MPSM films for NIR illumination (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Fig. 23). Along with the high photoresponse to NIR, the prepared ISNVaTs also showed obvious photoswitching behaviors under visible light, which was mainly ascribed to the wide absorption of MPSM heterojunction (Fig. 3d and Supplementary Fig. 4). Due to the introduced defect states, our devices demonstrated unique photocurrent decay behaviors, and typically produced diverse behavioral patterns with light intensity variations, which were associated with the visual adaptation (Fig. 3e). Notably, this phototriggered dynamic adaptation was largely modulated by morphology evolution, while the MPSM with higher PU content displayed better visual adaptation. The aforementioned tunable states were mainly responsible for the strong negative correlation between adaptive time and hole ratio (Fig. 3f). As visual adaptation relied primarily on the switching of rod and cone cells, and this intercellular transmission of photosensitive information depended on the binding of calcium ions to protein channels. Based on the adaptation mechanism in photoreceptors52, when the photocurrent decays to 30-50%, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration would fall to a critical threshold, at which point the rate of acclimatization would slow down. Therefore, we defined the time of 40% decay of maximum photocurrent to evaluate adaptive ability, and faster adaptive time would provide more potential for the future visual bionic applications. (Supplementary Fig. 24) We further extracted the average diameter of holes at different elastomer ratios and plotted it with the adaptation time in Supplementary Fig. 25. It was demonstrated that, as the elastomer ratio increased from 30%, 50% to 70%, the average diameter changed from 0.18 μm, 0.57 μm to 0.80 μm, and the adaptive time showed a negative correlation decreasing from 30.4 s, 1.6 s to 0.4 s which proved the holes in the micromesh promoted neuromorphic visual functions.

Moreover, we measured the temporal photoresponse curves of ISNVaTs, in which the defect-tunable MPSM film showed a rapid photocurrent decay and even an energy-saving ratio of 88.4% over a typical non-adaptive phototransistor. That was, the energy-saving ratio indicated the energy saving of the photo adaptive device under the same voltage, time and illumination conditions compared with the general photodetector with the same photosensitivity, which could be calculated by (Ephotodetect - Eadaptation)/Ephotodetect. (Fig. 3g) Lower energy consumption further supported advantages of the MPSM-based devices in neuromorphic applications. Notably, we comprehensively reviewed the latest research on adaptive devices to compare the corresponding adaptive performance, and it turned out our ISNVaT exhibited record-fast adaptive speed of 0.4 s among current reports9–13,16,53–62, while it was also a novel all-organic intrinsically stretchable vision adaptive transistor (Fig. 3h, Supplementary Fig. 26 and Supplementary Table 6). Based on donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction, our devices integrated excellent photosensitivity and defect states in one. Compared with other reports that using multilayer heterojunction combination12 or layer heterojunction13, it simplified the device structure and would be potential to improve the adaptive time15. To demonstrate composite bionic visual adaptation, we then carefully engaged the multiple adaptive behaviors for our device. As the light intensity increased, the peak photocurrent was substantially increased, and while it would prominently decrease within the following few seconds, the amplitude and duration of the current decay were also affected. To characterize the adaptive performance of ISNVaTs, the time dependent photosensitivity (Pt) was defined as follows12
Pt = It / Idark
where It represented the current after t-second illumination, and Idark represented the dark current, respectively.
Pt enabled to visualize the photo responsivity, as well as the extent of photocurrent changes by the difference between the corresponding illumination duration. As shown in Supplementary Fig 27, the devices displayed a huge difference in Pt under various illuminations, while the P0.1 and P10 were dropped from 33.14 to 22.22 under 5.87 μW cm−2, and from 946.22 to 357.61 under 1050.14 μW cm−2. It was proved that light intensity was positively correlated with photoresponsivity and temporal current decay. The normalized I-T curves intuitively revealed the critical effects of Pin in photodetection, where the current exhibited obvious tunable decay. We further extracted adaptive rate (AR) and adaptive amplitude (AA) from the data to analyze adaptive behaviors from multiple perspectives, and they were defined as follows:
AR = dIt / dt
AA = (Imax - It) / Imax
where Imax represented the peak photocurrent, and t represented the moment of illumination, respectively.
To benchmark adaptive performance, higher AR and AA generally were denoted as greater adaptive abilities with stronger photocurrent inhibition. The AR was evaluated from 1.02 to 116.75 nA s−1 which achieved a more than 110 times increase, which is consistent with the AA ranging from 24.7% to 88.2% depending on the light intensity (Fig. 3i and Supplementary Fig. 27). After multiple repeated measurement cycle, the adaptive capacity of our devices remained well preserved and showed acceptable decrease in the maximum photocurrent (Supplementary Fig. 28). These results indicated that our device processed excellent phototriggered adaptive photoelectric behaviors, enabling the potential to emulate negative feedback functions in the visual system.

Moreover, the gate modulation effect and broad wavelength absorption of our device would also lead to multi-conditional tunable adaptive behaviors. Then we further evaluated the photo-adaptive characteristics under applying various VG at a fixed illumination condition of 1050.14 μW cm−2. Though the inhibition behaviors in Pt were observed when applying positive and negative VG, the adaptive behaviors did not perform the same way as the opposite gate voltage caused diverse effect on carrier transport (Fig. 3j and Supplementary Fig. 29). Owing to the characterization based on donor-acceptor heterojunctions, the engaged gate voltage caused higher the dark current but lower photo responsibility, which exhibited lower Pt and AA compared to that at 0 V no matter positive or negative. However, the AR index demonstrated an obviously increasing trend from negative to positive voltage, which was attributed to the massive trapping of electrons by defect states. It was worth mentioning that all the photoadaptation could be achieved in the detectable wavelengths, from the NIR to visible light region (Fig. 3k and Supplementary Fig. 30). As UV-vis patterns confirmed, our device demonstrated an obvious photosensitivity drift from 808 nm, composite white light, 425 nm, 520 nm, to 625 nm, respectively. The differential light utilization resulted in distinct adaptive behaviors. Specifically, the superior photopic adaptation was achieved under 808 nm with the highest adaptive rate and amplitude value up to 130 nA s−1 and 0.4, whereas a limited adaptation under 625 nm with the lowest value of 40 nA s−1 and 0.2, respectively. Consequently, the ISNVaTs could simulate photopic adaptation of visual adaptation processes by time-varying inhibitive photocurrent, in which the light intensity, gate voltage and wavelength were critical to modulate the adaptive behaviors and processed reliable statistical validation.

Skin-like vision systems endeavor to be seamlessly wearable and sufficiently cope with various buckling movements while ensuring remarkable neuromorphic optoelectronic tunability8,63. Therefore, high mechanical durability is of great significance to avoid any wearable limitations and performance degradation (Fig. 4a). Since our devices were made in fully stretchable organic materials, they behaved relatively stable photoelectric properties under mechanical strains, proving potential usage in wearable and implanted electronics. In detail, all tests were based on specially designed stretching equipment, so that after fixing the device to the equipment, we could adjust to the corresponding tension degree and complete the strain-tolerance test statically. The on-current (Ion) and photocurrent/dark current ratio (Ilight/Idark) did not occur significant degradation when the devices were subjected to stretching strains up to 100% in the directions parallel or perpendicular to the carrier transport (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Fig. 31). Moreover, the photoswitching behaviors of the devices could be maintained even after 1000 cycles of stretching-releasing test up to 25% biaxal strain (Fig. 4c, Supplementary Fig. 32). These excellent mechanical properties were achieved by allowing strain dissipation in the elastomer-rich hole area, while the polymer semiconductor fiber ensured photoelectric transport. To evidence the potential application in future wearable adaptive equipment of our devices, we further measured adaptive performance under stretching strain. Figure 4d and Supplementary Fig. 33 demonstrated the stability and tunability of adaptive behavior even under 100% strain and release state. Since mechanical strain altered effective photoactive area, a decreasing highest photocurrent value and slower adaptation with increasing stretching strain regularly and slightly. However, it could approximately return to the initial adaptive level. Besides, the gate voltage remained a critical role in effectively modulating adaptive behaviors when the devices were subjected to strain (Supplementary Fig. 34 and 35). For the adaptive rate, it was relatively constant under incremental strains and only exhibited less significant differences due to the gate voltage. Comparatively, for the adaptive amplitude, it showed an obvious decreasing trend with increasing strain at positive gate voltage, while it displayed less influence at negative gate voltage and even strain-enhanced at zero. As a result, elastic holes not only provided significant stress release sites, but also introduced tunable defect states, which ensured excellent strain tolerance and visual adaptation. Benefiting from this morphology, we could accomplish both various optoelectronic neuromorphic functions such as synaptic simulation by altering light input forms.

Synapses enable delicate communication and coordination in visual system, which directly contributes to cognitive function and emotion regulation by supporting brain memory, learning and other complex behavior64,65. Correspondingly, our device could perform the basic synaptic characteristics and typical excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) response by applying various optical pulses. According to the retention time, the synaptic plasticity can be classified into short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term plasticity (LTP), in which STP can rapidly adjust synaptic transmission efficiency to aid in immediate adaptation and signal processing17,18. As a figure of merit for quantifying the STP, paired-pulse depression (PPD) describes the inhibition effect of EPSC by two successively applied light interspikes, which permits better environmental adaptation and emotion regulation66 (Fig. 4e). In this work, the developed ISNVaTs with time-dependent response and memory characteristics could easily merge the photoadaptation and paired-pulse depression (PPD) photosynaptic behaviors even without the involvement of unique architecture design. The PPD index can be defined as followed67,68:
PPD = A2 / A1 × 100%
where A1 and A2 are the peak amplitudes of the EPSC induced by the first and second optical simulations, respectively.
As shown in Fig. 4f, the calculated PPD index all increased gradually when increasing the interspike intervals (Δt), regardless of the gate voltage. We attributed this to the fact that short intervals would reduce the contribution of the latter pulsed photogenerated carriers, interacting with undissipated photocarriers of the former pulse in the MPSM films, while the dissipated carriers progressively restored to initial state after prolonged intervals. Notably, as the gate voltage allowed tunable carrier distributions, the devices manifested tunable PPD index that positive gate voltage weakened short-term inhibitory synaptic characteristics and an optimal PPD index up to 44.37% was achieved by applying negative gate voltage (1050.14 μW cm−2, 0.2 s) (Fig. 4f and Supplementary Fig. 36). Notably, to date, it was one of the lowest PPD index among recent depressive synaptic transistors66–78. (Supplementary Fig. 37 and Supplementary Table 7) Furthermore, the PPD index was also strongly dependent on the light intensities and showed a similar negative correlation with the gate voltage (Fig. 4g and Supplementary Fig. 39). At low light intensities, few photogenerated carriers were produced and sufficiently conveyed by the electric field, proving a lower effect on the second pulsed photocurrent; whereas at high light intensities, the excessive photogenerated carriers demonstrated more obvious influence. At shorter optical pulse intervals, the filled defect states could not recover in time, thereby reducing the generation rate of phototriggered carriers in the heterojunction and thus forming inhibitory synaptic behaviors. Besides, the gate voltage-dominated carrier transport capacity and differentiated utilization of wavelength in the device also had a marked effect on synaptic behavior (Fig. 4h and Supplementary Fig. 40). Although gate voltage and source-drian voltage could affect the characteristics of optical synapses, our devices based on MPSM did not demonstrate good performance as synapses under electrical pulses.

It has been verified that the relaxation of trapped charges and tunable interface defects were responsible for the synaptic17,18 and vision-adaptive characteristics9,12, respectively. In our devices, the MPSM films integrated photosensitization, carrier transport, and defect modulation in one (Fig. 4i). To further elucidate the mechanism of adaptive behaviors in ISNVaTs, it briefly described the possible charge transport and defect state tunability during the adaptation processes. While the acceptor-donner photosensitive semiconductor fiber tightly intertwined with each other, the photogenerated excitons were liberally generated, and the rapidly separated photogenerated carriers allowed directly transport under illumination, leading to the fast-reached peak photocurrent. Under constant illumination, the photogenerated holes were gradually trapped in defect states, thus causing a rapid decrease in photocurrent. Due to the defect states being eventually filled and dissipation of carriers, the photocurrent ultimately would drop to a fixed value with a dynamic balance between carrier capture and release. In detail, various light intensity and wavelength ensured direct effects on adaptive rate and amplitude through the quantities and separate efficiency photogenerated carriers. Since there was a limit level to carriers that could be transported by the electric field, high light intensity and strong absorption wavelength could generate excess carriers that resulted in more defect trapping processes. Different from the traditional donor-acceptor heterojunction-based photodetectors with a constant saturated photocurrent, our devices achieved the relative position shift between the intrinsic states and the quasi-Fermi level (EF) by designing defect-tunable elastic heterojunctions under various illumination conditions, thus achieving dynamic balance and self-modulation of photocurrent. Therefore, gate voltage could also be a crucial modification of adaptive behavior. When subjected to positive (negative) VG, more electrons (holes) in the conductive channel were produced, thus promoting (weakening) recombination with photogenerated carriers and leading to tunable adaptive behaviors. As a result, the ISNVaTs enabled by coupling adaptive modulation of light intensity, wavelength and gate voltage and achieved excellent adaptive performance with tunable current inhibition to light irradiation. Diverse tunable neuromorphic optoelectronic functionality and attachable strain-tolerance provided sufficient access and promise for intelligent wearable and implantable equipment76. Moreover, this adaptive neuromorphic optoelectronic function in complex light environment processes great potential to be applied in aerospace star tracker and other related products79–82.

Vision-adaptive pixel with an ISNVaT array
In contrast to conventional non-adaptive phototransistors with stable and consistent photocurrent, our adaptive transistors engaged both gradient photosensitivity and enriched information on timescales83,84 (Fig. 5a). Multidimensional information could be artificially extracted and processed as an optical wireless encrypted method for human-machine interaction85–87. More importantly, benefiting from specific merits of near-infrared light such as covertness, low electromagnetic interference, high-speed data delivery and security, our broad-absorption adaptive devices could elaborate on high-quality modern military communications44. We picked representative indexes of adaptive behaviors and encoded them with specific rules to represent the International Morse code, in which English alphabet and confidential messages could be addressed (Fig. 5b and Supplementary Fig. 41). In details, we set Iph-max and τt as key condition and accessed to a private codebook within a defined factor, in which the threshold τt was determined based on the adaptive characteristics of our devices. As the adaptive speed of adaptive devices under strong illumination showed a trend from rapid adaptation to slow and stable, we extracted the tangent slopes at different time points under different adaptive curves to evaluate the general trend change. It appeared that when τt = It/Iph-max around 0.26, the absolute value of tangent slope was close to 1, which could be regarded as the boundary area of trend change. Therefore, we regarded 0.26 as an important basis to distinguish the output that τt ≈ 0.26 implied an output of “1” for example. However, under other specific encryption requirements, the threshold value could also be customized according to the user or the event itself to achieve a unique encryption effect. We provided a visual schematic that would enhance the intuitiveness of the optical encryption concept (Supplementary Fig. 42). Therefore, by encoding specific programmed light stimulation with different wavelength and light intensity, the true as-input messages “PART” and “BOMB” were efficiently conveyed (conditioned t=0.5 s), respectively (Supplementary Figs. 43 and 44). However, in facing the risk of intelligence leakage, our adaptive signals could be erroneously interpreted and get false instructions to confuse misfits, as a minor conditional offset would result in completely opposite output signals. As shown in Fig. 5c, d, when conditioning time was informed from “t=0.5 s” to “t=1.5 s”, the false messages “FAKE” and “JUMP” were obtained. Consequently, the multimode information interpretation of adaptive behavior ensured highly secure and reliability communications, and demonstrated potential for human-machine interaction visualization.

Due to the remarkable adaptability of the ISNVaTs, we first effectively emulated the vision-adaptive functions of the human eye. To demonstrate spatially resolved images, a composite uniform 5×5 transistor array with the small device-to-device variation was constructed to mimic visual adaptation behaviors. For an intuitive description of how human eyes adaptively receive information in extreme optical environments, we designed a special component distribution that the 13 adaptive devices were in an ‘A’ pattern, while the non-adaptive photodetectors were positioned in the other area as a reference, where extreme light could be directly applied to the array. Converging pixel current to the same level, the normalized images could be obtained under different illumination periods. By virtue of time-varying characteristics in the ISNVaTs, high-contrast A-shaped images were provoked in the instantaneous exposure that the non-adaptive photodetectors continuously maintained high photocurrent while our devices gradually adapt to the outside world. (Supplementary Fig. 45). These results implied that our ISNVaT array exhibited remarkable visual adaptation with a faster response comparison (<10 s) than the human eyes (3–30 min), and would hopefully be more advantageous for further dynamic adaptive imaging and elastic visual prosthetics over common phototransistors88. Therefore, deriving benefit from this obvious contrast, we explored the specificities further more future intelligent applications.

The adaptive current inhibition phenomenon was revealed using an ISNVaT pixel that attached to the ocular prosthesis and intelligent driving as a light-emitting diode (LED) driver, where the LED visualized the expected photopic behaviors from bright to dark (Fig. 5e and Supplementary Fig. 46). As the driver pixel demonstrated excellent ability to convert NIR light inspection to visible commands and avoid surrounding information loss, it was of significance for simulating Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) in cars since intelligent driving required monitoring the distance to oncoming traffic and maintaining a stable environmental perception in complex weather conditions such as solarization, cloudy and foggy89,90. Thus, we applied a reference LED with low brightness to emulate stable and low-intensity signal feedback from the environment, while the drive pixel represented adaptive modulation in response to sudden emergencies. Typically, a non-adaptive pixel was also addressed for comparison. As shown in Fig. 5f, as soon as it sensed an external danger, the adaptive pixel immediately issued a strong alarm (LED was illuminated brightly), and then adapted to the desired level in a very short time, exposing external information to analyze the current situation. Instead, non-adaptive pixel continually maintained an alert to the emergency, and therefore obscured outside information, making it impossible to have a rational reaction, as the blurry reference LED was unnoticeable next to such a dazzling driven LED (Supplementary Fig. 47 and Supplementary Movie. 1). In particular, the adaptive pixel could also respond in special environments such as smoggy days, or unconventional circumstances such as crash-resulted deformation, for stable and reliable recognition91–93 (Fig. 5g, Supplementary Figs. 48-49 and Supplementary Movie. 2 and Movie. 3). Traditional ADAS used submodular processing and relied on rule-based algorithms to identify targets and generate control commands. However, algorithmic identification would consume significant resources to calibrate the information perceived by the sensors. As a comparison, our adaptive system integrated perception, computation, and decision-making through visual neurofunctional bionics, which directly recognized events and made decisions on alarms from the device level. This not only contributed to resource consumption reduction but also improved the response speed time in case of an emergency. The adaptive system transforms ADAS into a potential of growing AI co-driver, resolving long-tail challenges of traditional approaches while reducing hardware iteration costs and development cycles94.

Consequently, our devices were capable of high-speed encrypted communication and real-time decision making, advancing their positions as pivotal components in the evolution of intelligent, secure, and interconnected infrastructures. While secure digital interactions and seamless artificial intelligence integration escalates were in high demand, such devices held transformative potential for advanced wearable intelligent neuromorphic optoelectronics.

Discussion
Through surface energy and thermodynamic induced bulk-heterojunction engineering, unique multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh films with intrinsic stretchability, retentive photosensitivity and defect tunability are successfully employed for neuromorphic optoelectronics. Benefiting from the superior adjustable properties of MPSM films, we achieved a universal all-organic neuromorphic visual adaptive system based on intrinsically stretchable phototransistors. The resultant devices exhibit maintained high broad-wavelength photosensitivity, multimodal photoadaptation and considerable depressive synaptic behaviors even under 100% biaxial mechanical strain. Notably, a record-ultrafast adaptive time down to 0.4 s is achieved by the all-organic intrinsically stretchable visual adaptive transistors, allowing a high energy-saving ratio of 88.4%. Also, low PPD index down to 44.37% is accomplished, which may help reduce abnormal discharges and restore normal neural network function. Furthermore, highly misleading encrypted wireless optical communications and advanced driving assistance systems simulation in extreme environments are implemented, proving excellent intelligent time-varying information processing capabilities. Therefore, our bionic visual adaptive system provides a universal strategy for visual cryptography, bioinspired robots and unmanned intelligence.

Methods
Materials and chemicals
All the processing solvents, such as chlorobenzene, toluene, cyclohexane, 2-propanol, were easily purchased from commercial sources and used as received. The polymer poly(3,6-di(2-thien-5-yl)-2,5-di(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (DPP-DTT), poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c′]dithiophene-4,8- dione)] (PM6)>, PYT, PSV, poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,29-bisthiophene)} (N2200), small molecular acceptor 2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-((12,13-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-1,2,5thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2,′′3″:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′:4, 5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene)) dimalononitrile (Y6) were supplied by Derthon Optoelectronic Materials Science Technology Co. LTD. (Shenzhen, China). The polymer elastomer PU was provided by Innochem. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) (10 mg mL-1, toluene) with an average diameter of 4 nm, were supplied by Nanjing MK NANOTech. Co., Ltd. (www.mukenano.com), which were covered with plenty of carboxylic groups and hydroxyl groups. SEBS (H1221 and H1052) was provided by Asahi Kasei company. SEBS H1052 with 80% volume fraction of poly(ethylene-co-butylene) was incorporated with CQDs as the dielectric layer in the stretchable devices. SEBS H1221 with 88% volume fraction of poly(ethylene-co-butylene) was employed as the stretchable substrate and encapsulation layer in the stretchable devices, and as the elastic component in the hybrid polymer semiconductor and photosensitive layer. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, Sylgard 184, base and crosslinker) was purchased from Dow Corning. Carbon nanotubes (P3-SWNTs) for gate, source and drain electrodes were purchased from Carbon Solutions.

Preparation of constituent thin films
To optimize the transfer characteristics of various constituent layers, Si wafer was cleaned with the piranha solution (70 vol% H2SO4 + 30 vol% H2O2), deionized water, alcohol and acetone, and then modified by octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) molecules to increase surface hydrophobicity. The CNT solutions (0.6 mg mL−1) were spray-coated onto the OTS-modified Si wafer with designed mask for the gate and source/drain electrodes (L/W=200/4000 μm). For organic bulk heterojunction films, a series of DPP-DTT:N2200:PU solutions (5:5:0, 3.5:3.5:3, 2.5:2.5:5, 1.5:1.5:7 by weight ratio) were prepared in chlorobenzene with a fixed total concentration of 10 mg/mL, which were further spin-coated onto the substrate at 4000 rpm, and then annealed at 150 °C for 20 min. Notably, the donor-acceptor polymers, elastomers, and solvents could be accordingly replaced in generalizability and modulation studies. For the dielectric layer, the SEBS-H1052 and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were simultaneously dissolved in the toluene solvent at a specific weight ratio of 100:3.5. The dielectric film with a thickness of 2 μm was obtained by spin-coating the CQD/SEBS solution on the substrate at 1500 rpm, and then annealed at 90 °C for 40 min. Both semiconductor and dielectric layers were prefabricated on OTS-modified Si wafers for the subsequent use. The SEBS-H1221 solution with 200 mg mL-1 was dropped onto OTS-modified glass as a substrate.

Fabrication of ISNVaTs
The ISNVaTs with a bottom-gate-top-contact (BGTC) configuration were fabricated through consecutive thermal lamination-transfer procedures. The elastomer substrate was employed to successively transfer the patterned gate electrodes, dielectric layer, nanoconfined semiconductor film, patterned source/drain electrodes from OTS-treated Si wafer, The measured thickness of each layer was about 50 nm, 50 nm, 1800 nm, 80 nm and 2 mm for the CNT source/drain electrodes, hybrid semiconductor layer, hybrid dielectric layer, CNTs gate electrode, and SEBS substrate, respectively. Each thermal lamination process was performed in a vacuum drying oven (about −0.1 MPa) at 60 °C for 15 min, and each transfer process was conducted at room temperature.

Electrical and optical characterization
All electrical characteristics were measured using a Keithley 4200-SCS and a Keysight B2900A in a nitrogen-filled glove box. UV-vis absorption spectra for organic bulk heterojunction films were measured by the UV visiblespectrophotometer (UH4150, Hitachi). For all hybrid bulk heterojunction films, the optical images were collected by an Olympus BX51 cross-polarized optical microscope; the SEM images were taken with a Hitachi S-4800 field emission scanning electron microscope; the AFM images were obtained with NanoMan VS atomic force microscopy in the tapping mode. The GIWAS data were obtained at 1W1A Diffuse X-ray Scattering Station, Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF-1W1A). The NIR wavelength was performed by a Bruker VERTEX 70v FT-IR Spectrometer. Infrared nanoimaging was conducted by an infrared scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (Neaspec GmbH, Germany). The differences in potential of the films were characterized by Bruker Multimode 8-HR atomic force microscope. The water (H2O)- and diiodomethane (CH2I2)-contact angles were acquired by a motorized drop-shape analysis system (DSA100) from KRÜSS according to the Owens-Wendt method. Furthermore, for the photoelectrical characterization, multiple light sources with wavelengths of 460, 520, 625 and 808 nm, were used to illuminate the active channel of the ISNVaTs. Photoswitching characteristics of the devices were investigated by modulating the incident illumination intensities that were determined by a calibrated Si-photodiode (818-UV, Newport).

Peer review rounds
[{"round": 1, "reviewer_comments": {"reviewer_1": "The core contribution of this study lies in developing an intrinsically stretchable, organic neuromorphic phototransistor through precisely engineered multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh structures. This strategy effectively combines stretchability, photosensitivity, and adjustable defect states into a single all-polymer system, achieving rapid adaptive responses, efficient energy usage, and distinct synaptic behavior suitable for wearable intelligent optoelectronics. However, the manuscript significantly lacks clarity, particularly regarding figure readability, excessively small font sizes, inconsistent use of abbreviations, and insufficient definitions or experimental conditions for key parameters. Improving these aspects substantially is necessary for accurately demonstrating the significance and potential impact of this work.\n1. Please clearly specify the experimental polarity order of the elastomers used, providing quantitative evidence. Consider rearranging Figure 2a accordingly to better illustrate the correlations between polarity, surface morphology, and photosensitivity.\n2. The exact definition of Adaptive time is missing from the main text. From Supplementary Figure 23, it seems Adaptive time was defined using a normalized current value of 0.4. Provide a clear rationale explaining the choice of this specific criterion.\n3. In Figures 4b and 4c, explicitly indicate the gate voltage used for measuring the I_light/I_dark data, as the current axis lacks clear labeling. Additionally, clarify the full term represented by \"D\" in the inset figures.\n4. Supplementary Figures 28 and 29 require clearer presentation. Clearly show sweep characteristics for all conditions and explicitly label dark and light conditions, distinguishing line and dotted-line plots for improved readability.\n5. The experimental conditions for the PPD measurements are not explicitly stated. Moreover, the peak currents shown in the PPD data appear significantly lower compared to those presented in Figures 3c and 3d. Clearly discuss the reason for this discrepancy, comparing your findings with similar studies to indicate if this phenomenon is typical or unique.\n6. Provide a detailed discussion on how variations in gate pulse intensity affect the PPD characteristics, supported by experimental data. This will enhance the clarity of your conclusions regarding neuromorphic performance.\n7. Demonstrating neuromorphic behavior through sweep characteristics in transfer curves is important. Consider revising Figures 3c and 3d to clearly present sweep measurement data, emphasizing neuromorphic properties.\n8. Include detailed experimental analyses describing how variations in the average micromesh size influence the photoadaptation and synaptic performance of your device. Discuss quantitatively determining an optimal micromesh size range to strengthen your conclusions.\n9. Given the rapid initial photoadaptation reported, provide experimental evidence showing stability after repeated long-term illumination. Clearly discuss whether any reduction or change in response speed occurs with repeated cycles, providing supporting stability data.\n10. Present experimental data evaluating the photoadaptation and electrical performance under dynamic mechanical conditions, such as rapid deformation or vibration, resembling practical wearable environments. This would substantiate your claims regarding real-world applicability and mechanical robustness.\nMinor comments:\nA. Revise all figures (including Supplementary Information) using sufficiently large and clear fonts to enhance readability.\nB. Fully define abbreviations (\"DN,\" \"P\") in Supplementary Figure 4 to improve clarity.\nC. Correct grammatical errors on page 5: revise \"To develop...\" to \"Developing...\", and replace \"when hybrid\" with \"when hybridized.\"\nD. Rewrite the legend of Supplementary Figure 6, explicitly defining channel dimensions and illumination conditions to improve reader understanding. Apply similar clarifications to other figures as necessary.\nE. Clearly indicate whether surface roughness values in Figure 2a represent average or RMS values.", "reviewer_2": "In this manuscript, the authors used a multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh photosensitive bulk-heterojunction film to fabricate intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision-adaptive transistors. The all-organic ISNVaTs demonstrate multimodal broad-wavelength photoadaptation and are believed to attract attention in stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics. However, the reviewer suggests that this manuscript is suitable for publication in Nature Communication with minor revisions. To strengthen the manuscript, several points seemed to be discussed in detail.\n1. In this paper, the author used the high-polar elastomer PU to construct bulk-heterojunctions, and the main solvent is chlorobenzene. However, PU is often soluble in solvents such as DMSO and DMF. So, what makes the used PU different from the common ones, or how soluble is it in chlorobenzene?\n2. Since PU is chosen in the text, will the use of PU rather than SEBS as dielectric layers lead to better properties?\n3. What is the average diameter and depth of the multidimensional micromesh? It is recommended to add relevant descriptions to the paper.\n4: The author claims that the as-fabricated morphology leads to faster visual adaptation, and a further explanation compared to other papers based on organic materials (Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 522-529. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 3123.) is suggested.\n5. What are the main reasons that affect adaptive speed? What are the effects of visual adaptation on other organic donor-acceptor systems that the authors compare? If the differences are significant, why are they so?\n6. The author mentions the universality and ease of preparation of MPSM to demonstrate its potential future applications in industry, so what about the stability of MPSM film-based devices? It is suggested additional relevant data.\n7. The authors claim the fastest adaptive time is 0.4s, and the definition seems to be the time to decay to 40% of maximum photocurrent. Why is this definition made? What is the relevance to biological vision mechanisms?\n8. How does PU compare to SEBS as an elastomer that enhances the stretchability of the active layer, and what is the intrinsic stretchability of PU? It is suggested to add the comparison of AFM images of stretched films.\n9. It seems that CCR is the commonly used comparison criterion in other papers, so why does the author use adaptive speed or adaptive amplitude as a judgement criterion?\n10. As only a description and data related to photopic adaptation are given in the paper, are the devices able to achieve scotopic adaptation? If not, why?\n11. The simulation of the advanced driving assistance system shown in the paper requires further clarification. What mechanisms are existing ADAS based on? What are the advantages of the adaptive system used by the authors?", "reviewer_3": "The author developed an intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision-adaptive transistor based on a designed bulk-heterojunction film of hybrid PU and donor-acceptor polymer. The modulated phase separation promoted the formation of micromesh morphology and thus enabled neuromorphic functions. The fabricated transistor exhibited impressive visual adaptive properties which would contribute to the development of wearable equipment and autonomous intelligence. However, further elaboration would be needed in terms of morphology and application mechanisms. Therefore, after resolving the following questions, it is recommended to publish this work in Nature Communications.\n1. As a core component, the author analyzed the cause of multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh (MPSM) formation from a polarity perspective. Is there any impact at the molecular level?\n2. Previous work (Nat Electron 5, 881–892 (2022).) has proposed lateral phase separation of P3HT and SEBS to achieve electrical synapses, and it is suggested that the author add a comparison of the proposed multidimensional phase separation with other phase-separation-induced morphologies. Also, whether electrical synapses can be achieved?\n3. The adaptive behaviors mentioned by the authors is self-defined and inconsistent with the current definitions of adaptive behaviors reported in most works (Nat Electron 5, 84–91 (2022), Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2409844). Moreover, the regulation of the adaptive behaviors described in the manuscript is not realized within the same device (Fig. S23), which also does not align with the previously proposed views on adaptive behaviors by the research group (Nature Communications. 2024, 15:3123). Please clearly elaborate on the adaptive behaviors defined by the authors in the revised manuscript and compare it with the adaptive behaviors reported in the works.\n4. The adaptive time mentioned by the authors essentially refers to the rate of decay of the device's photo-response current. Many articles have discussed the decay process of the photo-response current, but they have not calculated it according to the definition provided in the manuscript. However, the authors use this as a key indicator and compare it with other works. Is such a comparison meaningful?\n5. The manuscript mentions \"the first all organic intrinsically stretchable adaptive transistor.\" What is the definition of \"adaptive\" referred to here? Is it accurate to emphasize being the first to propose this concept?\n6. How to assess that the neuromorphic functions were constructed due to the defect states introduced by MPSM morphology?\n7. The author did not show synaptic properties under stretched state in the paper. Would stable synaptic properties be ensured when stretching?\n8. The author claimed to have significantly optimized adaptive performance in this work. It would be more helpful for the readers to understand the novelty by adding the deficiencies and innovations of current related current research in Introduction part.\n9. Further explanation on why the light response under stretched state has an inflection point around 25% needs to be added.\n10. The mechanism of inhibitory synapses needs further explanation, and it is better to add mechanism comparison among other synaptic functional constructions.\n11. In the application part of advanced driving assistance system simulation, it is necessary to further compare the difference between the proposed adaptive system and the traditional silicon-based electronic adaptive system, and the practical application significance of extensibility.\n12. The author applied SNOM to distinguish the position distribution of different components in the bulk-heterojunction. However, the distribution of N2200 in the Figure S17 seems unclear. Why is it? How to identify the relationship between DPP-DTT and N2200 positions?"}, "author_response": "Responses (R) to the Comments (C)\nResponses to the reviewer 1\nC: The core contribution of this study lies in developing an intrinsically stretchable,\norganic neuromorphic phototransistor through precisely engineered multidimensional-\nphase-separation-induced micromesh structures. This strategy effectively combines\nstretchability, photosensitivity, and adjustable defect states into a single all-polymer\nsystem, achieving rapid adaptive responses, efficient energy usage, and distinct\nsynaptic behavior suitable for wearable intelligent optoelectronics. However, the\nmanuscript significantly lacks clarity, particularly regarding figure readability,\nexcessively small font sizes, inconsistent use of abbreviations, and insufficient\ndefinitions or experimental conditions for key parameters. Improving these aspects\nsubstantially is necessary for accurately demonstrating the significance and potential\nimpact of this work.\nR: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s thoughtful comments and constructive\nsuggestions, which have helped us to significantly improve the clarity and overall\nquality of our manuscript. We have carefully revised the text, figures, and\nSupplementary Information to address all concerns. Point-by-point responses are\nprovided below.\nC1: Please clearly specify the experimental polarity order of the elastomers used,\nproviding quantitative evidence. Consider rearranging Figure 2a accordingly to better\nillustrate the correlations between polarity, surface morphology, and photosensitivity.\nR1: We thank the reviewer for this constructive suggestion. We have added a\ncomparison of the surface energies of the selected elastomers in the Supporting\nInformation (Table R1, Table S2) to distinguish their polarity.\nTable R1. Surface energy of different elastomers.\nAs shown in Table R1, the polarity decreases in the order PEG > PU > SBS > SEBS >\nPDMS. PEG exhibited excessive polarity and hydrophilicity, resulting in poor\ncompatibility with semiconductors, whereas low-polarity elastomers such as SEBS\nreadily formed nanoconfined morphologies. These results confirm that optimal polarity\ndifferences from the polymer semiconductors promote micromesh formation. In\naddition, Figure 2a has been revised to improve readability.\nC2: The exact definition of Adaptive time is missing from the main text. From\nSupplementary Figure 23, it seems Adaptive time was defined using a normalized\ncurrent value of 0.4. Provide a clear rationale explaining the choice of this specific\ncriterion.\nR2: We appreciate the reviewer’s careful reading. Visual adaptation refers to the rapid\nadjustment of photosensitivity upon entering a strong-light environment until clear\nperception is restored. Physiological studies have shown that when photocurrent decays\nto 30–50%, the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration reaches a threshold that slows\nadaptation [Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81(1)]. Accordingly, we defined adaptive time as the\nduration required for photocurrent to decay by 40%, representing this critical point.\nThis definition provides a physiologically meaningful criterion for evaluating visual\nadaptation potential.\nC3: In Figures 4b and 4c, explicitly indicate the gate voltage used for measuring the\nI_light/I_dark data, as the current axis lacks clear labeling. Additionally, clarify the\nfull term represented by \"D\" in the inset figures.\nR3: We are grateful for the valuable comments and apologize for our mistakes. In the\nmanuscript, Figures 4b and 4c demonstrated strain-tolerance characteristics and tensile\nstability with different stretching cycles, and the data was extracted from the\ncorresponding transfer curves in Figures S28 and S29 when the gate voltages were\napproximately zero (V\nDS\n= -30V, 808 nm, P\nin\n= 1050 μW cm-2). Besides, the “D” was\nused to represent the ratio of photocurrent to dark current. Based on the reviewer’s\nsuggestion, we have added descriptions of relevant conditions and content to the\ncaptions in the manuscript.\nC4: Supplementary Figures 28 and 29 require clearer presentation. Clearly show\nsweep characteristics for all conditions and explicitly label dark and light conditions,\ndistinguishing line and dotted-line plots for improved readability.\nR4: We thank the reviewer for highlighting this important issue. In Figures S28 and\nS29, solid and dashed lines now explicitly represent dark- and light-state currents,\nrespectively. Captions have been revised to clearly indicate all measurement conditions.\nC5: The experimental conditions for the PPD measurements are not explicitly stated.\nMoreover, the peak currents shown in the PPD data appear significantly lower\ncompared to those presented in Figures 3c and 3d. Clearly discuss the reason for\nthis discrepancy, comparing your findings with similar studies to indicate if this\nphenomenon is typical or unique.\nR5: We sincerely thank the reviewer. The inhibitory synaptic properties and PPD\nindex were measured under basic settings (808 nm 1050.14 μW cm-2, t = 0.2s, Δt = 0.2 s, V\nG\n= 0 V, V = -10 V). In contrast, the transfer curves in Figures 3c and 3d were obtained\nDS\nat V = −30 V, producing higher photocurrents. Thus, the lower peak currents in the\nDS\nsynaptic measurements arise from the reduced source–drain bias, a commonly observed\neffect.\nC6: Provide a detailed discussion on how variations in gate pulse intensity affect the\nPPD characteristics, supported by experimental data. This will enhance the clarity of\nyour conclusions regarding neuromorphic performance.\nR6: We appreciate the reviewer’s helpful comments. Our devices exhibited promising\ninhibitory optical synaptic performance, however, from the perspective of electrical\nsynapses, our devices based on MPSM did not demonstrate the same excellent\nperformance as visual synapses. This might be because the acceptor-receptor hybrid\nsystem promoted the recombination rate of carriers compared to neat P-type or N-type\nsemiconductors, resulting in less prominent electrical synaptic performance. In fact,\ngate voltage could affect optical synapse performance that it demonstrated a lower PPD\nindex under negative gate voltage and higher under positive gate voltage which had\nbeen shown in Figure 4f and 4g (Figure S33 and S35). This was because under negative\ngate voltage conditions, the transport and recombination of photo-generated charge\ncarriers were promoted, thus resulting in better inhibitory characteristics under\nsuccessive light pulses.\nC7: Demonstrating neuromorphic behavior through sweep characteristics in transfer\ncurves is important. Consider revising Figures 3c and 3d to clearly present sweep\nmeasurement data, emphasizing neuromorphic properties.\nR7: We thank the reviewer for pointing out the distinction between scotopic and\nphotopic adaption concepts, which is significant to improve the quality of our\nmanuscript. We demonstrated Typical transfer curves with hysteresis of the ISNVaTs in\nFigure R1 (Figure S23).\nFigure R1. Typical transfer curves with hysteresis of the ISNVaTs under different conditions: a. 808 nm\nillumination with various intensities. b. various wavelengths (Pin = 1050 μW cm-2).\nIt showed that in the dark state, the device exhibited a distinct hysteresis window,\nindicating the presence of defect states that could be used for neuromorphic behavior.\nAfter illumination, the defect states were filled with photogenerated carriers, and the\ntransfer curve exhibited a smaller hysteresis window. Therefore, these results from the\ntransfer curve demonstrated the neuromorphic properties of our device.\nC8: Include detailed experimental analyses describing how variations in the average\nmicromesh size influence the photoadaptation and synaptic performance of your device.\nDiscuss quantitatively determining an optimal micromesh size range to strengthen your\nconclusions.\nR8: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable suggestions. In addition to the hole\narea per unit originally provided, we further extracted the average hole diameter at\ndifferent elastomer ratios and correlated it with adaptive time (Figure R2,\nSupplementary Figure S25). As the elastomer ratio increased from 30% to 50% and\n70%, the average diameter increased from 0.18 μm to 0.57 μm and 0.80 μm, while the\nadaptive time decreased from 30.4 s to 1.6 s and 0.4 s, respectively. These results\nconfirm that micromesh formation promotes neuromorphic visual functions. Since\nsynaptic behavior was negligible or underperforming at low elastomer ratios, we were\nunable to further quantify its relationship with micromesh size. We apologize for this\nlimitation and appreciate the reviewer’s understanding.\nFigure R2. Average hole diameter and adaptive time under different elastomer ratios.\nC9: Given the rapid initial photoadaptation reported, provide experimental evidence\nshowing stability after repeated long-term illumination. Clearly discuss whether any\nreduction or change in response speed occurs with repeated cycles, providing\nsupporting stability data.\nR9: We sincerely thank the reviewer for this important suggestion. Following the\nrecommendation, we measured operational and storage stability, as shown in Figure R3\n(Supplementary Figure S28).\nFigure R3. a. Adaptation under continuous testing (808 nm, Pin = 1050.14 μW cm-2). b. Extracted date of\nphotocurrent and adaptative time.\nWe applied continuous illumination for 50 s with a 5 s interval, repeated four times.\nThe results showed a decrease in maximum photocurrent, but the adaptive capacity was\nlargely preserved. The adaptive time increased only slightly, from 0.4 s to 1.0 s, which\nremains highly competitive. The attenuation may result from filling of deep defect\nstates, which weakens carrier separation and cannot be fully restored under continuous\ntesting.\nC10: Present experimental data evaluating the photoadaptation and electrical\nperformance under dynamic mechanical conditions, such as rapid deformation or\nvibration, resembling practical wearable environments. This would substantiate your\nclaims regarding real-world applicability and mechanical robustness.\nR10: We appreciate the reviewer’s valuable comments. The intrinsic stretchability of\nour devices enabled them to maintain photosensitivity and neuromorphic functions\nunder static strain. However, all tests were conducted with specially designed stretching\nequipment, where the device was fixed and stretched to defined levels in a controlled\nstatic manner. Due to current limitations in testing apparatus and illumination stability\nduring motion, we could not assess photoadaptation and electrical performance under\ndynamic mechanical conditions such as vibration or rapid deformation. We\nacknowledge this limitation and are committed to developing suitable methods for real-\ntime dynamic testing in future work. Once again, we thank the reviewer for this\nconstructive suggestion.\nMinor comments:\nC11: Revise all figures (including Supplementary Information) using sufficiently large\nand clear fonts to enhance readability.\nR11: We fully appreciate the reviewer’s valuable suggestion. All figures in the main\ntext and Supplementary Information have been revised with enlarged and clearer fonts\nto improve readability.\nC12: Fully define abbreviations (\"DN,\" \"P\") in Supplementary Figure 4 to improve\nclarity.\nR12: We thank the reviewer for the careful reading and helpful comment. The\nabbreviations “DN” and “P” have been fully defined in Supplementary Figure 4 and\nclarified in the corresponding captions.\nC13: Correct grammatical errors on page 5: revise \"To develop...\" to \"Developing...\",\nand replace \"when hybrid\" with \"when hybridized.\"\nR13: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s attention to detail. The grammatical errors\non page 5 have been corrected accordingly in the revised manuscript.\nC14: Rewrite the legend of Supplementary Figure 6, explicitly defining channel\ndimensions and illumination conditions to improve reader understanding. Apply similar\nclarifications to other figures as necessary.\nR14: We thank the reviewer for this valuable suggestion. The channel dimensions (L/W\n= 2800 um/50 um) and illumination conditions (808 nm, P = 1050.14 μW cm-2) have\nin\nbeen added to the relevant figures and the captions.\nC15: Clearly indicate whether surface roughness values in Figure 2a represent average\nor RMS values.\nR15: We sincerely thank the reviewer for this meaningful suggestion. The surface\nroughness values in Figures 2a and 2b represent RMS values, which are now explicitly\nstated in the figure captions.\nResponses to the reviewer 2\nC: In this manuscript, the authors used a multidimensional-phase-separation-induced\nmicromesh photosensitive bulk-heterojunction film to fabricate intrinsically stretchable\nneuromorphic vision-adaptive transistors. The all-organic ISNVaTs demonstrate\nmultimodal broad-wavelength photoadaptation and are believed to attract attention in\nstretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics. However, the reviewer suggests that this\nmanuscript is suitable for publication in Nature Communication with minor revisions.\nTo strengthen the manuscript, several points seemed to be discussed in detail.\nR: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s positive and insightful comments, which are\nof great significance to improving our manuscript. We have carefully revised the text\nand addressed all the issues raised. Detailed point-by-point responses are provided\nbelow.\nC1: In this paper, the author used the high-polar elastomer PU to construct bulk-\nheterojunctions, and the main solvent is chlorobenzene. However, PU is often soluble\nin solvents such as DMSO and DMF. So, what makes the used PU different from the\ncommon ones, or how soluble is it in chlorobenzene?\nR1: We sincerely thank the reviewer for the careful reading. Indeed, most PUs are\nsoluble in DMSO and DMF due to their high polarity. However, the PU we used had a\nrelatively low polymerization degree, which allowed it to dissolve in chlorobenzene at\na concentration of 100 mg/mL for subsequent use.\nC2: Since PU is chosen in the text, will the use of PU rather than SEBS as dielectric\nlayers lead to better properties?\nR2: We understand the reviewer’s concern. While PU may provide better interfacial\ncontact as a dielectric layer due to the homologous effect, its intrinsic viscoelasticity is\ninferior to SEBS. As a result, using PU as the dielectric layer would reduce adhesion\nand compromise device stability compared with SEBS.\nC3: What is the average diameter and depth of the multidimensional micromesh? It is\nrecommended to add relevant descriptions to the paper.\nR3: We thank the reviewer for this helpful comment. The micromesh size mainly\ndepended on the hybrid ratio. In our optimized structure, the micromesh exhibited an\naverage diameter of 0.8 μm and a depth of 15 nm (Page 5, Line 1). These details have\nbeen added to the manuscript.\nC4: The author claims that the as-fabricated morphology leads to faster visual\nadaptation, and a further explanation compared to other papers based on organic\nmaterials (Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 522-529. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 3123.) is suggested.\nR4: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable comments. Our devices were based\non donor–acceptor bulk heterojunctions, integrating both excellent photosensitivity and\ndefect states within a single layer. Compared with reports using multilayer\nheterojunctions (Nat. Electron. 2021, 4, 522–529) or bilayer heterojunctions (Nat.\nCommun. 2024, 15, 3123), our approach simplified the device structure and\nsignificantly improved adaptive time (Page 10, Line 30).\nC5: What are the main reasons that affect adaptive speed? What are the effects of visual\nadaptation on other organic donor-acceptor systems that the authors compare? If the\ndifferences are significant, why are they so?\nR5: We are grateful for this constructive comment. In our ISNVaTs, adaptive speed was\nprimarily influenced by photosensitivity and defect-state construction. High\nphotosensitivity enabled broadband photoresponsivity, providing the basis for visual\nfunctions, while tunable defect states allowed sensitivity modulation under varying\nlight intensities to emulate visual adaptation. Compared with other donor–acceptor\nsystems, our DNP system exhibited superior photosensitivity and more distinct\nmicromesh morphologies, leading to more advanced adaptive functionality.\nC6: The author mentions the universality and ease of preparation of MPSM to\ndemonstrate its potential future applications in industry, so what about the stability of\nMPSM film-based devices? It is suggested additional relevant data.\nR6: We thank the reviewer for this valuable recommendation. Benefiting from the\ninherent stability of polymer semiconductors, our devices tolerated multiple testing\ncycles.\nFigure R4. a. Adaptation under continuous testing (808 nm, Pin = 1050.14 μW cm-2). b. Extracted date of\nphotocurrent and adaptative time. c. Typical transfer curves for 50-time measurements in dark.\nWe applied 50 s illumination with 5 s intervals, repeated four times. Although the\nmaximum photocurrent decreased slightly, the adaptive capacity remained well\npreserved. As shown in Figure R4b, adaptive time increased only from 0.4 s to 1.0 s,\nwhich is still highly competitive. This attenuation may result from deep-trap filling,\nwhich reduces carrier separation and is not fully restored under continuous testing.\nHowever, the devices maintained stable electrical properties in the dark. Relevant data\nand figures have been added (Figure S28).\nC7: The authors claim the fastest adaptive time is 0.4s, and the definition seems to be\nthe time to decay to 40% of maximum photocurrent. Why is this definition made? What\nis the relevance to biological vision mechanisms?\nR7: We thank the reviewer for raising this important point. In living organisms, visual\nadaptation relies on rod–cone switching, where Ca²⁺ binding to protein channels\nregulates signal transmission. According to Physiol. Rev. (2001, 81(1)), when\nphotocurrent decays to 30–50%, intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration reaches a threshold\nthat slows adaptation. Therefore, we defined adaptive time as the duration required for\nphotocurrent to decay to 40% of its maximum, providing a physiologically relevant\nmeasure of adaptation ability.\nC8: How does PU compare to SEBS as an elastomer that enhances the stretchability of\nthe active layer, and what is the intrinsic stretchability of PU? It is suggested to add the\ncomparison of AFM images of stretched films.\nR8: We thank the reviewer for this constructive suggestion. SEBS typically exhibits\nelongations of 300–800%, whereas PU ranges from 200–1100%. The comparative\nAFM images of stretched films in Supplementary Figure 14.\nC9: It seems that CCR is the commonly used comparison criterion in other papers, so\nwhy does the author use adaptive speed or adaptive amplitude as a judgement criterion?\nR9: We appreciate the reviewer’s valuable comments. Currently, no consensus key\nmetric exists for evaluating visual adaptation. Given the ultrafast adaptive speed of our\ndevices, CCR was not considered appropriate. Instead, adaptive speed and amplitude\nmore directly reflect improvements in visual adaptation.\nC10: As only a description and data related to photopic adaptation are given in the\npaper, are the devices able to achieve scotopic adaptation? If not, why?\nR10: We thank the reviewer for this insightful question. Our devices demonstrated\nweaker scotopic adaptation compared with photopic adaptation, likely due to the\nmaterial system and higher defect-state density, which favored photopic performance.\nWe will further explore balancing high performance with multiple adaptation modes in\nfuture studies.\nC11: The simulation of the advanced driving assistance system shown in the paper\nrequires further clarification. What mechanisms are existing ADAS based on? What are\nthe advantages of the adaptive system used by the authors?\nR11: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s insightful comments. Traditional ADAS\nsystems rely on modular processing and rule-based algorithms, which require\nsignificant computational resources for sensor calibration and decision-making. By\ncontrast, our adaptive system integrates perception, computation, and decision-making\nat the device level through neuromorphic visual bionics. This reduces resource\nconsumption and enhances emergency response speed.\nResponses to the reviewer 3\nC: The author developed an intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision-adaptive\ntransistor based on a designed bulk-heterojunction film of hybrid PU and donor-\nacceptor polymer. The modulated phase separation promoted the formation of\nmicromesh morphology and thus enabled neuromorphic functions. The fabricated\ntransistor exhibited impressive visual adaptive properties which would contribute to\nthe development of wearable equipment and autonomous intelligence.\nHowever, further elaboration would be needed in terms of morphology and application\nmechanisms. Therefore, after resolving the following questions, it is recommended to\npublish this work in Nature Communications.\nR: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable and insightful comments, which are\nof great importance to improving our manuscript. We have carefully revised the text\naccording to the suggestions and provide detailed point-by-point responses below.\nC1: As a core component, the author analyzed the cause of multidimensional-phase-\nseparation-induced micromesh (MPSM) formation from a polarity perspective. Is there\nany impact at the molecular level?\nR1：We thank the reviewer for this thoughtful question. As shown in the Supporting\nInformation, infrared spectra under different hybrid conditions did not reveal obvious\nmolecular changes. Therefore, MPSM formation was mainly attributed to polarity-\ndriven phase separation rather than molecular-level modifications.\nC2: Previous work (Nat Electron 5, 881–892 (2022).) has proposed lateral phase\nseparation of P3HT and SEBS to achieve electrical synapses, and it is suggested that\nthe author add a comparison of the proposed multidimensional phase separation with\nother phase-separation-induced morphologies. Also, whether electrical synapses can\nbe achieved?\nR2: We appreciate the reviewer’s constructive suggestion. The referenced work\ndemonstrated lateral phase separation driven by polarity differences. In contrast, our\nMPSM exhibited both lateral and radial phase separation, producing multidimensional\nmorphology and enabling advanced visual neuromorphic functions. However, electrical\nsynaptic performance in our devices was less pronounced, likely due to enhanced\ncarrier recombination in the donor–acceptor system compared with neat\nsemiconductors.\nC3: The adaptive behaviors mentioned by the authors is self-defined and inconsistent\nwith the current definitions of adaptive behaviors reported in most works (Nat Electron\n5, 84–91 (2022), Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2409844). Moreover, the regulation of the\nadaptive behaviors described in the manuscript is not realized within the same device\n(Fig. S23), which also does not align with the previously proposed views on adaptive\nbehaviors by the research group (Nature Communications. 2024, 15:3123). Please\nclearly elaborate on the adaptive behaviors defined by the authors in the revised\nmanuscript and compare it with the adaptive behaviors reported in the works.\nR3: We thank the reviewer for this important comment. In biology, visual adaptation\nmanifests as changes in photosensitivity. Analogously, photocurrent decay under\ncontinuous illumination reflects photopic adaptation in devices. Previous works (Nat.\nElectron. 2022, 5, 84–91; Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2409844) achieved broader adaptation\nthrough multi-parameter modulation (e.g., light intensity, gate voltage). In our study,\nwe focused on photopic adaptation, with an optimal hybrid ratio enabling ultrafast\nadaptation (0.4 s to 40% photocurrent decay). While CCR is commonly used, it does\nnot capture the temporal advantages of our devices. We therefore adopted adaptive time\nas a more intuitive and physiologically relevant metric.\nC4: The adaptive time mentioned by the authors essentially refers to the rate of decay\nof the device's photo-response current. Many articles have discussed the decay process\nof the photo-response current, but they have not calculated it according to the definition\nprovided in the manuscript. However, the authors use this as a key indicator and\ncompare it with other works. Is such a comparison meaningful?\nR4: We appreciate the reviewer’s observation. Since no standard evaluation metric\nexists, CCR alone may not adequately reflect our devices’ ultrafast performance.\nAdaptive time directly captures the reaction and adjustment speed under extreme\nillumination, aligning with biological processes where Ca²⁺ binding regulates visual\nadaptation (Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81(1)). We therefore believe this comparison is both\nmeaningful and relevant for neuromorphic vision.\nC5: The manuscript mentions \"the first all organic intrinsically stretchable adaptive\ntransistor.\" What is the definition of \"adaptive\" referred to here? Is it accurate to\nemphasize being the first to propose this concept?\nR5: We thank the reviewer for highlighting this ambiguity. Here, “adaptive” refers\nspecifically to photopic visual adaptation. While research on visual adaptation\ntransistors is growing, intrinsic stretchability has rarely been addressed. To avoid\nconfusion, we have revised the phrasing and clarified the novelty in the manuscript.\nC6: How to assess that the neuromorphic functions were constructed due to the defect\nstates introduced by MPSM morphology?\nR6: We thank the reviewer for this valuable question. Compared with neat films,\nMPSM films showed increased defect density (from 6.03×10¹⁶ cm⁻³ to 12.66×10¹⁶ cm⁻³).\nKPFM revealed heterogeneous charge distribution with higher average surface\npotential (36.4 mV vs. 4.53 mV). GIWAXS indicated increased structural disorder after\nphase separation. Together, these results confirm that defect states introduced by MPSM\nmorphology contributed to non-volatile photoconductive behavior and neuromorphic\nfunctionality.\nC7: The author did not show synaptic properties under stretched state in the paper.\nWould stable synaptic properties be ensured when stretching?\nR7: We thank the reviewer for this important point. Achieving high-performance\ninhibitory synapses in stretchable devices remains challenging. In our study, synaptic\nproperties were significantly affected under strain, so we did not include detailed results.\nWe plan to further optimize and investigate this in future work.\nC8: The author claimed to have significantly optimized adaptive performance in this\nwork. It would be more helpful for the readers to understand the novelty by adding the\ndeficiencies and innovations of current related current research in Introduction part.\nR8: We thank the reviewer for this constructive suggestion. We have added relevant\ndiscussion of existing limitations and the novelty of our approach in the Introduction\n(Page 2, Line 18).\nC9: Further explanation on why the light response under stretched state has an\ninflection point around 25% needs to be added.\nR9: We thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. Under strain, both channel area\nchanges and film reorientation affect carrier transport (Matter 2023, 6(10), 3434–3448;\nNat. Commun. 2022, 13, 7163). In our case, the PU micromesh compressed polymer\nfibers at low strain, enhancing photocurrent. At higher strain, deformation disrupted\ntransport, leading to the observed inflection.\nC10: The mechanism of inhibitory synapses needs further explanation, and it is better\nto add mechanism comparison among other synaptic functional constructions.\nR10: We thank the reviewer for this helpful suggestion. We have added further\ndiscussion of inhibitory synapse mechanisms and a comparison with other approaches\nin the revised manuscript (Page 14, Line 25).\nC11: In the application part of advanced driving assistance system simulation, it is\nnecessary to further compare the difference between the proposed adaptive system and\nthe traditional silicon-based electronic adaptive system, and the practical application\nsignificance of extensibility.\nR11: We thank the reviewer for this valuable suggestion. Traditional ADAS systems\nrely on modular processing and rule-based algorithms, which are computationally\nintensive. Our adaptive system integrates perception, computation, and decision-\nmaking at the device level, reducing resource consumption and improving response\nspeed. This approach may transform ADAS into a neuromorphic AI co-driver,\naddressing long-tail challenges while lowering hardware iteration costs. We have added\nrelevant discussion for clarity (Page 17, Line 30).\nC12: The author applied SNOM to distinguish the position distribution of different\ncomponents in the bulk-heterojunction. However, the distribution of N2200 in the\nFigure S17 seems unclear. Why is it? How to identify the relationship between DPP-\nDTT and N2200 positions?\nR12: We thank the reviewer for pointing out the issues that need to be improved in our\nmanuscript. SNOM determined the specific position distribution of materials through\nthe change of near-field optical information caused by the differences in properties of\ndifferent materials. Indeed, it seemed unclear in the Figure S17 to distinguish the\nposition of DPP-DTT and N2200. This was due to the difficulty to avoid the influence\nof the used Si-substrate while its signal would cover up part of information of N2200.\nHowever, we could still prove the position of N2200 according to the AFM figures of\nthe MPSM film with washed PU and the SNOM at 1023 cm-1 wavelength, while the\nDPP-DTT/N2200 were mostly distributed in the continuous areas and tightly\nintertwined as fiber networks."}, {"round": 2, "reviewer_comments": {"reviewer_1": "The authors have implemented certain textual and caption level edits, yet several central issues remain only partially addressed and some responses read as perfunctory rather than substantive. In particular, the definition and robustness of the adaptive time metric are not supported by an analysis that demonstrates stability of conclusions to reasonable threshold choices; the requested exploration of gate pulse intensity and basic dynamic mechanical performance is still absent; and figure readability, including resolution, font size, and on figure labeling, remains below the standard expected for a manuscript at this level. A revision opportunity in Nature Communications should be approached with visible rigor and care. Many researchers devote extraordinary effort to meet this bar; the present response does not yet reflect comparable seriousness. I therefore recommend major revision, with the expectation that the points below are addressed clearly and comprehensively in the manuscript itself.\nResponse to C1 R1:\nIntroducing DI water contact angles and surface energies is a useful starting point, but it does not answer the original request to establish a correlation from polarity to surface morphology and onward to photosensitivity. As it stands, polarity is reported in isolation, without demonstrating how it maps onto morphological outcomes such as hole ratio or roughness, or device behavior such as Ilight/Idark and adaptive time. The revision should articulate this structure–property–function link within the manuscript so that readers can follow a coherent mechanistic narrative rather than a collection of disconnected measurements.\nResponse to C2 R2:\nThe rebuttal explanation of the 40 percent threshold for adaptive time is intelligible, but the definition and its rationale must appear in the main text with enough clarity that readers, not only the reviewers, can understand how the metric is defined, extracted, and interpreted. The revision should place the definition, the extraction procedure, and a concise demonstration of robustness directly in the manuscript to make the concept transparent and reproducible.\nResponse to C4 R4:\nClarifying solid versus dashed lines as dark versus light does not resolve the original point, which concerned sweep characteristics including the presence and direction of forward and backward sweeps and the resulting hysteresis. The figures remain ambiguous on these aspects. The revision should make sweep direction explicit and present the associated behavior in a way that allows readers to unambiguously identify the phenomena under discussion.\nResponse to C5 R5:\nThe narrative explanation for differing current magnitudes under distinct VDS values is plausible, yet the current figures do not allow readers to visually reconcile these differences. Presenting the data under matched conditions within a single comparison would make the magnitude shift immediately clear and eliminate ambiguity.\nResponse to C6 R6:\nThe request pertained to gate pulse intensity, meaning amplitude, duration, and interval, not merely to DC bias polarity. Without a systematic exploration of the pulse parameters, the interplay between electrical pulsing and optical response remains uncertain. The revision should include an analysis that demonstrates how the relevant pulse parameters influence the reported synaptic or photosensitive behavior.\nResponse to C7 R7:\nMain text Figs. 3c and 3d still do not show explicit forward and backward sweeps with clear directionality or a quantified hysteresis window. Opening the rebuttal with remarks on scotopic and photopic adaptation is tangential to this point and suggests the comment was not fully understood. The manuscript should display a representative hysteresis result in the main figures with sufficient annotation to stand on its own.\nResponse to C8 R8:\nAlthough the trend of increasing hole size and decreasing adaptive time is reproduced, the presentation lacks statistical context and does not extend to synaptic metrics. The revision should report the appropriate summary statistics and, where feasible, relate synaptic behavior to mesh size so that the claimed relationships are supported quantitatively rather than qualitatively.\nResponse to C9 R9:\nFour short cycles cannot be reasonably described as long term behavior. Without testing over a more meaningful timescale and cycle count, and without basic comparisons across common environments and recovery intervals, the stability claims remain preliminary. Extending this part of the study would materially strengthen the reliability narrative.\nResponse to C10 R10:\nWhile instrument limitations are noted, the area of intrinsically stretchable devices typically includes at least baseline dynamic measurements such as simple cyclic deformation or low frequency stretching to substantiate applicability claims. Absent such data, the scope of the application narrative should be calibrated accordingly, or a minimal dynamic characterization should be incorporated to align the manuscript with community expectations.\nResponse to C11 R11:\nThe assertion that figure readability has been improved is not supported by the current appearance of the figures. Several remain low resolution, with small fonts and insufficiently clear labeling. Differences from the original are not discernible, suggesting only superficial edits. For a journal at this level, this is unacceptable. The revision should re prepare figures to a standard where axes, tick labels, legends, and experimental conditions are easily readable at final size in both print and screen formats, and apply this consistently across the main text and the Supplementary Information.", "reviewer_2": "The authors have well revised the manuscript and answered the reviewers' comments. Thus, I agree to accept the manuscript.", "reviewer_3": "The authors have made significant revisions to the manuscript, effectively addressing the previous round of comments. The work on intrinsically stretchable all-polymer neuromorphic visual adaptive transistors based on the multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh (MPSM) is highly innovative and represents a substantial advancement in the field of stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics. The manuscript is now much stronger and is suitable for publication pending the following minor corrections and clarifications:\n1. The energy-saving ratio of 88.4% is a key performance metric. Please briefly specify in the main text (e.g., around Figure 3g) the calculation method or the baseline (the \"typical non-adaptive phototransistor\") used for this comparison, ensuring readers fully appreciate the significance of this value.\n2. The optical encryption concept (Figure 5b-d) is compelling. To make it even more intuitive, consider adding a simple schematic or flowchart in the Supplementary Information that visually outlines the encoding/decoding process based on Iph-max and τt, supplementing the textual description.\n3. In the description of the optical encryption scheme (Page 16), the threshold for the adaptive time constant (τt) is mentioned (e.g., \"τt > 0.26 as an output of '1'\"). It would be helpful to briefly state in the main text or the caption of Figure 5b/d how this specific threshold value was determined (e.g., based on the distribution of τt values for the \"0\" and \"1\" states under the test conditions), to enhance the reproducibility and scientific rigor of the encryption method.\n4. While the average diameter and depth of the micromesh are provided (0.8 μm and 15 nm), statistical data regarding the size distribution, connectivity, and three-dimensional uniformity of the micropores are lacking. Additional AFM or SEM analyses with pore size distribution histograms would help better evaluate the structural consistency and its impact on device performance."}, "author_response": "Responses (R) to the Comments (C)\nResponses to the reviewer 1\nC: The authors have implemented certain textual and caption level edits, yet several central issues remain only partially addressed and some responses read as perfunctory rather than substantive. In particular, the definition and robustness of the adaptive time metric are not supported by an analysis that demonstrates stability of conclusions to reasonable threshold choices; the requested exploration of gate pulse intensity and basic dynamic mechanical performance is still absent; and figure readability, including resolution, font size, and on figure labeling, remains below the standard expected for a manuscript at this level. A revision opportunity in Nature Communications should be approached with visible rigor and care. Many researchers devote extraordinary effort to meet this bar; the present response does not yet reflect comparable seriousness. I therefore recommend major revision, with the expectation that the points below are addressed clearly and comprehensively in the manuscript itself.\nR: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer for the thorough and constructive feedback on our manuscript and for the opportunity to revise and resubmit. We sincerely apologize that our initial responses were perceived as perfunctory; we have taken this critique to heart and have undertaken a comprehensive, substantive revision to address all the points raised, both in this response letter and within the manuscript itself. We are committed to meeting the high standards of Nature Communications and have devoted significant effort to ensuring the revision is rigorous and complete.\nC1: Introducing DI water contact angles and surface energies is a useful starting point, but it does not answer the original request to establish a correlation from polarity to surface morphology and onward to photosensitivity. As it stands, polarity is reported in isolation, without demonstrating how it maps onto morphological outcomes such as hole ratio or roughness, or device behavior such as I /I and adaptive time. The light dark\nrevision should articulate this structure–property–function link within the manuscript so that readers can follow a coherent mechanistic narrative rather than a collection of disconnected measurements.\nR1: We are grateful for the reviewer’s constructive comments and suggestions.\nFollowing the reviewer’s suggestion, we have re-edited Figure 2a (Figure R1) to show the relationship between morphology, film properties and optical functions of different elastomers hybridization.\nFigure R1. Typical relationship between morphology, film properties and optical functions of different elastomers\nhybridization.\nAs shown in Figure R1, the polarity of elastomers decreased in the following order of\nPEG, PU, SBS, SEBS and PDMS, and the PU with MPSM morphologies demonstrated\ngood roughness and best photosensitivity. We have guided the readers to understand the\ncorrelation of morphology structure-film properties-optical function in the manuscript.\nC2: The rebuttal explanation of the 40 percent threshold for adaptive time is intelligible,\nbut the definition and its rationale must appear in the main text with enough clarity that\nreaders, not only the reviewers, can understand how the metric is defined, extracted,\nand interpreted. The revision should place the definition, the extraction procedure, and\na concise demonstration of robustness directly in the manuscript to make the concept\ntransparent and reproducible.\nR2: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s constructive feedback, which is key to\nimproving the transparency and reproducibility of our work, and apologize for our\nthoughtlessness. All revisions are integrated into the revised manuscript (Page 10, Line\n23) and Supplementary Information, ensuring the metric’s definition, extraction, and\nrobustness are transparent to all readers.\nC3: Clarifying solid versus dashed lines as dark versus light does not resolve the\noriginal point, which concerned sweep characteristics including the presence and\ndirection of forward and backward sweeps and the resulting hysteresis. The figures\nremain ambiguous on these aspects. The revision should make sweep direction explicit\nand present the associated behavior in a way that allows readers to unambiguously\nidentify the phenomena under discussion.\nR3: We apologize for our lack of clarity about the figure representation. According to\nthe reviewer's opinion, we have disassembled the original figure into Figure R2 and R3\n(Supplementary Figure 31 and 32) again and presented it in a more definite way.\nBesides, due to the large number of pictures, we used a horizontal page for better\nreadability. Thank the reviewer again for patient guidance to help us improve our article.\nFigure R2. Independent strain-tolerance characteristics and electrical stability characteristics against stretching\nstrain of ISNVaTs. The ISNVaTs with MPSM photosensitive films were subjected to stretching strain from 0% to\n100% in different directions, while the solid and dashed lines represented the current curves under dark state and\nlight state, respectively (VDS = -30V, 808 nm, Pin = 1050 μW cm-2, VG swept from 10V to -30V). a. Typical transfer\ncurves under the stretching direction parallel to the charge transport direction. b. Typical transfer curves under the\nstretching direction perpendicular to the charge transport direction.\nFigure R3. Independent strain-tolerance characteristics and electrical stability characteristics against stretching\ncycle of ISNVaTs. The ISNVaTs with MPSM photosensitive films were then subjected to multiple stretching-\nreleasing cycles up to 1000 times at 25% strain in different direction, while the solid and dashed lines represented\nthe current curves under dark state and light state, respectively (VDS = -30V, 808 nm, Pin = 1050 μW cm-2, VG\nswept from 10V to -30V). a. Typical transfer curves under the stretching direction parallel to the charge transport\ndirection. b. Typical transfer curves under the stretching direction perpendicular to the charge transport direction.\nC4: The narrative explanation for differing current magnitudes under distinct VDS\nvalues is plausible, yet the current figures do not allow readers to visually reconcile\nthese differences. Presenting the data under matched conditions within a single\ncomparison would make the magnitude shift immediately clear and eliminate ambiguity.\nR4: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable suggestions. We demonstrated the\ninhibitory synaptic properties and PPD index under V = -30 V in Figure R4. Although\nDS\nhigher source-drain voltages did result in higher photocurrent under the same\nillumination conditions, the inhibitory synaptic properties were weakened, which was\nbecause the higher basic carrier concentration reduced the role of defect states to some\nextent. As shown in Figure R4, even under more than 80-time light pulses, its PPD\nindex was only 84.03%. Therefore, based on better performance and power\nconsumption, we show the inhibitory synaptic properties under the condition of V =\nDS\n-10 V in manuscript. In addition, we have optimized the description and clarity of the\nrelated figures for better readability.\nFigure R4. Synaptic behavior at VDS=-30 V. (808 nm, 1050.14 μW cm-2, VG = 0 V)\nC5: The request pertained to gate pulse intensity, meaning amplitude, duration, and\ninterval, not merely to DC bias polarity. Without a systematic exploration of the pulse\nparameters, the interplay between electrical pulsing and optical response remains\nuncertain. The revision should include an analysis that demonstrates how the relevant\npulse parameters influence the reported synaptic or photosensitive behavior.\nR5: We appreciate the reviewer for explaining the problem more clearly. In Figure S36\nand S38, we applied V =-10 V, specific gate voltage (stable -5V, 0V, and +5V rather\nDS\nthan gate voltage pulses), and different optical pulses, to demonstrate effects of different\ngate voltages on optical inhibitory synapses. However, our devices based on MPSM did\nnot demonstrate good performance as synapses under electrical pulses. As shown in\nFigure R5, we applied different gate voltage pulses to the device in dark to confirm\nwhether it had the function of electrical synapses. But in fact, the device showed a low\ndark current level and did not show synaptic functions. We have stated in the revised\nmanuscript that our device did not show the characteristics of electrical synapses. (Page\n15, Line 20)\nFigure R5. I-T curve under different gate voltage pulses in dark.\nC6: Main text Figs. 3c and 3d still do not show explicit forward and backward sweeps\nwith clear directionality or a quantified hysteresis window. Opening the rebuttal with\nremarks on scotopic and photopic adaptation is tangential to this point and suggests\nthe comment was not fully understood. The manuscript should display a representative\nhysteresis result in the main figures with sufficient annotation to stand on its own.\nR6: We apologize for misunderstanding the reviewer's comments. We have replaced\nand expanded the transition curves under different conditions in the Supporting Figure\n23 to show the directionality or a quantified hysteresis window. We also used a\nhorizontal page for better readability, and displayed a representative hysteresis result in\nthe main figures that Figure 3b has been changed into typical transfer curves with\nhysteresis of the 70%-PU-based ISNVaTs under dark state and 808 nm illumination.\nFigure R6. Independent typical transfer curves with hysteresis of the ISNVaTs under different conditions: a. 808\nnm illumination with various intensities. b. various wavelengths (Pin = 1050 μW cm-2).\nC7: Although the trend of increasing hole size and decreasing adaptive time is\nreproduced, the presentation lacks statistical context and does not extend to synaptic\nmetrics. The revision should report the appropriate summary statistics and, where\nfeasible, relate synaptic behavior to mesh size so that the claimed relationships are\nsupported quantitatively rather than qualitatively.\nR7: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable suggestions. We previously\nextracted the average diameter of holes at different elastomer ratios and plotted it with\nthe adaptation time in Figure S25, in which the average diameter was the statistics of\n30 holes represented by 10 μm × 10 μm AFM figures and the adaptive time was\nobtained by the best performance at specific ratio. Based on the reviewer’s suggestion,\nwe revised the figure again to increase synaptic properties at different hybridization\nratios, and added a brief statistic of relevant data. However, the synaptic behavior did\nbe almost unobservable or underperforming at low elastomer ratios. As shown in Figure\nR7, when the elastomer content was 30%, the obtained synaptic PPD index was only\n96.12%, and it was only optimized to 76.46% even at 50%.\n1000 102\n) PPD index\nm\n30.4\nn 800 800 )\n( s\ne\nr\n101e\n(\ne t 600 570 m\nm ti\na e\ne\ndi\n400\n1.6\n100p\nti\nv\ng a\ne r a 200 180 0.4 A d\nv\nA 96.12% 76.46% 44.37%\n0 10-1\n30% 50% 70%\nElastomer ratio\nFigure R7. Average hole diameter, adaptive time and PPD index under different elastomer ratios. (The average\ndiameter was the statistics of 30 holes represented by 10 μm × 10 μm AFM figures, while the adaptive time and\nPPD index were obtained by the best performance at specific ratio).\nC8: Four short cycles cannot be reasonably described as long term behavior. Without\ntesting over a more meaningful timescale and cycle count, and without basic\ncomparisons across common environments and recovery intervals, the stability claims\nremain preliminary. Extending this part of the study would materially strengthen the\nreliability narrative.\nR8: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable suggestions. In accordance with\nthe reviewer’s suggestion, we have revised the operational and storage stability as\nshown in Figure R6 (Figure S28).\nFigure R6. a. Adaptation under continuous testing (808 nm, Pin = 1050.14 μW cm-2). b. Extracted date of\nphotocurrent and adaptative time under continuous testing. c. Adaptation under long-time storage. d. Extracted\ndate of photocurrent and adaptative time under long-time storage.\nAs shown in Figure R6, we supplemented the repeated cycle measurements which was\nexpanded to 8 times, and long-time storage adaptation around one month. It showed\nthat although the maximum photocurrent did decrease, the worsen of adaptation time\nwas still in an acceptable range. We have added relevant images and descriptions in the\nrevised manuscript.\nC9: While instrument limitations are noted, the area of intrinsically stretchable devices\ntypically includes at least baseline dynamic measurements such as simple cyclic\ndeformation or low frequency stretching to substantiate applicability claims. Absent\nsuch data, the scope of the application narrative should be calibrated accordingly, or\na minimal dynamic characterization should be incorporated to align the manuscript\nwith community expectations.\nR9: We appreciate the reviewer’s valuable comments. Due to the limitation of\nstretching and testing equipment, we provided the performance data of the device under\ndifferent stretched conditions. Thank the reviewer for pointing out our shortcomings.\nWe will also explore methods to realize dynamic measurement and display in the future.\nWe have added corresponding descriptions to the relevant test deficiencies to ensure\nthat readers will not be misled. (Page 13, Line 18)\nC10: The assertion that figure readability has been improved is not supported by the\ncurrent appearance of the figures. Several remain low resolution, with small fonts and\ninsufficiently clear labeling. Differences from the original are not discernible,\nsuggesting only superficial edits. For a journal at this level, this is unacceptable. The\nrevision should re prepare figures to a standard where axes, tick labels, legends, and\nexperimental conditions are easily readable at final size in both print and screen\nformats, and apply this consistently across the main text and the Supplementary\nInformation.\nR10: We sincerely apologize for the lack of readability of figures and fully realize this\nkey issue-meeting the high visual standards of magazines is important, and we take full\nresponsibility for the shortcomings in the current revision. In fact, it may be that the\nuploaded files are compressed, which leads to the poor readability of the figures. We\nhave comprehensively and systematically revised all the charts to ensure the clarity,\nreadability and consistency of the printing and screen formats.\nResponses to the reviewer 2\nC: The authors have well revised the manuscript and answered the reviewers' comments.\nThus, I agree to accept the manuscript.\nR: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s positive evaluation and constructive\nfeedback on our revised manuscript. The meticulous review process has significantly\nenhanced the rigor and clarity of our work. We would like to extend our gratitude to the\nreviewer again for their valuable insights and the editorial team for their efficient\ncoordination throughout the review process.\nResponses to the reviewer 3\nC: The authors have made significant revisions to the manuscript, effectively\naddressing the previous round of comments. The work on intrinsically stretchable all-\npolymer neuromorphic visual adaptive transistors based on the multidimensional-\nphase-separation-induced micromesh (MPSM) is highly innovative and represents a\nsubstantial advancement in the field of stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics. The\nmanuscript is now much stronger and is suitable for publication pending the following\nminor corrections and clarifications:\nR: We sincerely appreciate highly positive evaluation of our revised manuscript. We\nattach great importance to the specific comments the reviewer addressed, and further\nenhance the scientific rigor, clarity and completeness of the manuscript to fully meet\nthe high academic standards We have gratefully received the reviewer’s suggestions\nand carefully addressed the concerns in the revised version. Thanks again for the\nreviewer’s careful reading, valuable comments, and helpful suggestions.\nC1: The energy-saving ratio of 88.4% is a key performance metric. Please briefly\nspecify in the main text (e.g., around Figure 3g) the calculation method or the baseline\n(the \"typical non-adaptive phototransistor\") used for this comparison, ensuring readers\nfully appreciate the significance of this value.\nR1：We are grateful for the reviewer’s valuable comments. Different from general\nphotodetectors which proceed with a consistent photocurrent, our device could show\nthe trend of photocurrent attenuation under the same strong illumination. Therefore, in\na certain period, we could calculate the energy consumption difference of the two\nreactions to the same light event according to the formula:\n∆𝐸 = 𝐸 −𝐸 = 𝑉∫∆𝐼(𝑡)\npℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒\nThus, as shown in the Figure 3g, the energy-saving ratio indicated the energy saving of\nthe photoadaptive device under the same voltage, time and illumination conditions\ncompared with the general photodetector with the same photosensitivity, which could\nbe calculated by ∆𝐸 ∕𝐸 . According to reviewer’s suggestion, we have also\npℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟\nadded relevant descriptions in the revised manuscript.\nC2: The optical encryption concept (Figure 5b-d) is compelling. To make it even more\nintuitive, consider adding a simple schematic or flowchart in the Supplementary\nInformation that visually outlines the encoding/decoding process based on I and\nph-max\nτt, supplementing the textual description.\nR2: We appreciate the reviewer’s constructive suggestions to help us improve the\nquality of the manuscript. We fully agree that a visual schematic would enhance the\nintuitiveness of the optical encryption concept. We have added a concise flowchart\nFigure R7 (Figure S42), which outlines the encoding/decoding process as follows:\nFigure R7. The logic of the encryption scheme and encoding/decoding process.\nThe flowchart supplements the description in Figure 5b-d and clearly illustrates the\nlogic of the encryption scheme.\nC3: In the description of the optical encryption scheme (Page 16), the threshold for the\nadaptive time constant (τ) is mentioned (e.g., \"τ > 0.26 as an output of '1'\"). It would\nt t\nbe helpful to briefly state in the main text or the caption of Figure 5b/d how this specific\nthreshold value was determined (e.g., based on the distribution of τ values for the \"0\"\nt\nand \"1\" states under the test conditions), to enhance the reproducibility and scientific\nrigor of the encryption method.\nR3: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s valuable suggestions. In fact, the threshold\nτ was determined based on the adaptive characteristics of our devices. Similar to\nt\nhuman eyes, the adaptive speed of adaptive devices under strong illumination showed\na trend from rapid adaptation to slow and stable. Thus, we extract the tangent slopes at\ndifferent time points under different adaptive curves to evaluate the general trend\nchange. It appeared that when τₜ = I/I around 0.26, the absolute value of tangent\nt ph-max\nslope was close to 1, which could be regarded as the boundary area of trend change.\nTherefore, we chose 0.26 as an important basis to distinguish whether the output was\n“1” or “0”. However, under other specific encryption requirements, the threshold value\ncould also be customized according to the user or the event itself to achieve a unique\nencryption effect. We have added the briefly state in the revised manuscript to enhance\nthe reproducibility of the encryption method. (Page 17, Line 5)\nC4: While the average diameter and depth of the micromesh are provided (0.8 μm and\n15 nm), statistical data regarding the size distribution, connectivity, and three-\ndimensional uniformity of the micropores are lacking. Additional AFM or SEM\nanalyses with pore size distribution histograms would help better evaluate the\nstructural consistency and its impact on device performance.\nR4: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s insightful comment for structural statistical\ndata to validate the micromesh’s consistency. We have supplemented SEM\ncharacterizations and statistical analyses in Figure R8 and R9.\nFigure R8. The SEM images for hybrid films.\nFigure R9. Hole statistics under 10um×10um area.\nAs shown in Figure R9, we showed the hole statistics under the range area, in which\nthe average pore size was about 832 nm, and the standard deviation was 217 nm.\nTherefore, the coefficient of variation (CV = std/average ×100%) was obtained as 0.261\nwhich could be regarded as moderate uniformity. Although there were some small\nholes (< 400 nm), the surface morphology was occupied by large holes (> 400 nm) as\na whole, and a lower variation trend would ensure excellent device performance. We\nhave added relevant descriptions in the manuscript and Figure S3. We thank the\nreviewer again for the comments."}, {"round": 3, "reviewer_comments": {"reviewer_1": "I acknowledge the effort invested in revising the manuscript and preparing the responses. While some of the points I previously raised remain only partially addressed in my view, my intention in providing these comments has been not only to evaluate the present manuscript but also to offer perspectives that may be helpful for strengthening related studies in the future.\nI hope the authors will consider the comments already provided as guidance on how issues such as mechanistic clarity, experimental scope, and figure presentation can be approached more comprehensively in subsequent work, particularly when targeting journals with high expectations for rigor and clarity.\nTaking into account the revisions made and the overall assessment by the other reviewers, I agree with acceptance of the manuscript.", "reviewer_3": "The reviewer’s concerns have been clarified; therefore, the reviewer would recommend the publication of this work in nature communications."}, "author_response": "Responses (R) to the Comments (C)\nResponses to the reviewer 1\nC: I acknowledge the effort invested in revising the manuscript and preparing the responses. While some of the points I previously raised remain only partially addressed in my view, my intention in providing these comments has been not only to evaluate the present manuscript but also to offer perspectives that may be helpful for strengthening related studies in the future.\nI hope the authors will consider the comments already provided as guidance on how issues such as mechanistic clarity, experimental scope, and figure presentation can be approached more comprehensively in subsequent work, particularly when targeting journals with high expectations for rigor and clarity.\nTaking into account the revisions made and the overall assessment by the other reviewers, I agree with acceptance of the manuscript.\nR: We greatly appreciate the reviewer’s recognition of our revision efforts and response preparation, and we will carefully consider and further explore the perspectives the reviewer raised regarding mechanistic clarity, experimental scope and figure presentation in our subsequent research work. These insights will serve as important guidance for us to conduct more comprehensive and in-depth studies, especially in meeting the high academic standards of top journals for rigor and clarity in future submissions. We are also thankful for the reviewer’s agreement on the acceptance of the manuscript.\nResponses to the reviewer 3\nC: The reviewer’s concerns have been clarified; therefore, the reviewer would recommend the publication of this work in nature communications.\nR: We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s positive evaluation and constructive feedback on our revised manuscript. The meticulous review process has significantly enhanced the rigor and clarity of our work. We would like to extend our gratitude to the reviewer again for their valuable insights and the editorial team for their efficient coordination throughout the review process."}]

Decision letter