Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography of a transient plumbing system under unrest, Vulcano, Italy

Domain: earth_science
Published: 2025-08-27
Editorial outcome: minor_revision

Abstract
Volcanic risk escalates significantly during unrest. In late 2021, the Italian island of Vulcano entered into a phase of unrest featuring Very Long Period seismic events, which are considered to be markers of magma and gas flowing across the volcanic plumbing system. Here we show how Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography generates a high-resolution shear-wave velocity model for investigating the causative drivers of Vulcano’s unrest. Using a deep learning model we harvest seismic dispersion data from a dense nodal seismic network deployed during the early unrest’s phase. The inverted 3-D model reveals a high-resolution tomography of the shallow part of a volcanic system in unrest. If deployed and rapidly processed in (near) real-time during periods of unrest, Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography can lead to dynamic and adaptive evacuation plans. Such advances would contribute to more effective, source-dependent risk mitigation schemes in volcanic regions, potentially saving lives.

Introduction
The island of Vulcano, along with Lipari and Salina, constitutes the central volcanic ridge of the Aeolian archipelago on the Tyrrhenian Sea, southern Italy (Fig. 1A). This central sector is aligned with the NNW-SSE regional Aeolian-Tindari-Letojanni (ATLF) strike-slip fault system1–4 (Fig. 1A–B). Vulcano experienced multiple Vulcanian-style eruptions with frequent transitions from magmatic to phreatomagmatic activity5, and has remained quiescent since its last eruption in 1888-1890 AD. However, below La Fossa caldera (Fig. 1C), the primary volcanic feature of Vulcano, an active hydrothermal system at a depth of between 0.5 and 1 km below sea level (b.s.l.)6–8 has been intermittently affected by episodic inputs of magmatic fluids and volcanic degassing unrest over the past four decades9,10. Considering the importance of the island for tourists, the exposure to volcanic hazards remains exceedingly high even for minor eruptive events or episodes of increased degassing3,11,12.

Since early September 2021, La Fossa caldera exhibited increased activity characterized by a rapid intensification of previously unseen unrest indicators8,12–16. This activity was marked by a large rate of increase in fumarolic temperatures, accompanied by substantial emissions of CO2-rich and SO2 magmatic gases and diffuse soil fluxes8,10,13,14,16. A centimeter-scale uplift was also observed at La Fossa, along with a significant increase of local seismicity, and the detection of Very Long Period (VLP) seismic signals8,14–16. VLPs are a distinctive feature of this unrest as they are usually attributed to the release of magma and/or pressurized magmatic fluids through the shallow fractured volcanic conduits12,14,16–18. Although the unrest phase is no longer at its peak, and the yellow alert level declared by the Italian Civil Protection on October 1st 2021 was set back to green on December 19th 202319, an increase in VLP events, fumaroles temperatures and gas emissions was detected again starting from May 202420. The current unrest shares similarities with Vulcano’s previous crisis of the late 1970s to early 1990s16, suggesting that the current episode may continue for several more years21.

The latest conceptual models discussing this unrest suggest either the persistent degassing, at a reduced rate, of a deep-seated magmatic source at about 4-5 km depth8, or increased activity of the shallow hydrothermal system16,21. In the past, some authors proposed the replenishment of the shallow hydrothermal system with magmatic fluids originating from the pulsating degassing process of a deeper, pressurized, and stationary magmatic body5,7–9,11–14,22,23. Nonetheless, Vulcano’s plumbing system is believed to be a polybaric intricate magmatic network with reservoirs having sill and dike-like structures8,11,22. Unfortunately, the geophysical data are sparse and mainly constrained by airborne geophysics24–27. Onshore studies do not penetrate enough in the plumbing system to reveal the interplay between magmatic and hydrothermal fluids28–30. Only recent investigations have shown the plumbing system down to a few kilometers depth but none of them had enough resolution to distinguish between the magmatic and the hydrothermal system12,31. The recent development of nodal technologies allows the investigation of highly scattering systems with a great resolution32–34. To understand what may have driven the 2021 Vulcano unrest, we deployed a nodal network of 196 sensors across Vulcano and Lipari islands (Fig. 1C).

In this work, we harness the capabilities of a deep neural network to facilitate the automatic and rapid recovery of extensive seismic dispersion data, conducting a Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography (N3ANT) of Vulcano. This endeavor aims to investigate the seismic S-wave velocity structure of a volcanic system under unrest, with the objective of understanding its nature and improving the volcanic hazard assessment in the region. Our findings reveal how tectonic and volcanic processes interact and suggest that fault dynamics may trigger volcanic unrest.

Results
We present the 3-D S-wave velocity model of Vulcano retrieved from the N3ANT workflow. As detailed in the Supplementary Methods, N3ANT leverages a deep neural network to harvest nodal array dispersion data from depth-sensitive Rayleigh waves, which dominate virtual seismograms estimated from ambient noise cross-correlation. These data are inverted using a two-step inversion scheme to retrieve the 3-D S-wave velocity model. This involves nonlinear 2-D travel-time tomography inversions35 that are followed by a trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) probabilistic search algorithm36 for 1-D depth inversions. The 3-D S-wave velocity model is shown by means of horizontal (Fig. 2) and vertical (Figs. 3–4) sections. The traces of the vertical sections are indicated in Fig. 2A, and the main anomalies are distinguished between high (H) and low (L) velocity anomalies. A detailed interpretation of each anomaly mentioned below is provided in the Supplementary Discussion and summarized in the Supplementary Table 1. Additionally, the 3-D S-wave velocity model is shown by mean of the Supplementary Movie 1.

Ray-path density maps (Supplementary Fig. 1), combined with a noise directivity analysis (Supplementary Fig. 2A), synthetic resolution tests (Supplementary Figs. 3–6) and a depth-sensitivity analysis (Supplementary Fig. 14), demonstrate the capacity of our network configuration to retrieve reliable information up to 2 km depth. Maximum resolution is reached within the upper first kilometer, below which it starts to decrease and becomes poor below 2 km. Note that the lower resolution achieved in the northern parts of the model allows to spatially detect the anomalies, but prevents the systematic resolution of their precise geometry. For sake of clarity and to avoid drawing interpretations on poorly resolved areas, we combine ray-path density (Supplementary Fig. 1), synthetic tests (Supplementary Figs. 3–6), and depth-sensitivity (Supplementary Fig. 14) information to remove parts of the 3-D model in our illustrations (Supplementary Methods section).

The S-wave velocity model of Vulcano shows La Fossa surrounded in all azimuths by low-velocity zones (L3 in Figs. 2A–B, 3, and 4) that largely fill the caldera between 0 and ~1 km b.s.l., and extend towards the northwest and southeast of the velocity model. These anomalies are overlying and connected to NE-striking, sub-vertical, low-velocity regions (L2 in Figs. 2C–E, 3, and 4), which originate from the bottom of the velocity model at 2 km b.s.l. and are located below the northwestern and southeastern extremities of La Fossa cone. High-velocity anomalies (H2 and H3 in Figs. 2, 3, and 4) are observed from near-surface to greater depths along the rims of La Fossa caldera, respectively located along the eastern (il Piano-Mt. Rosso-Mt. Lucia) and western (Mt. Saraceno-Mt. Lentia-Porto di Ponente) rim. At greater depths, between 1 and 2 km b.s.l., a large and elongated high-velocity region (H1 in Figs. 2C–E, 3, and 4) is observed centered below La Fossa cone. This anomaly appears to be connected to H2 and to H3, respectively below the eastern and western rim of La Fossa caldera (Figs. 2C–E and 3A,C,E). However, the sub-vertical L2 regions (Figs. 2C–E, 3A,B,D, and 4) seem to interrupt these connections, effectively offsetting this large high-velocity domain (H1+H2+H3) into distinct anomalies. One high-velocity anomaly (H4 in Figs. 2C–E and 4) is observed below the southernmost part of Lipari, between 1 and 2 km b.s.l. This anomaly is offset from those below Vulcano by a noticeably large sub-vertical low-velocity region (L1 in Figs. 2, 3A, and 4), which, like the L2 anomalies, originates from the bottom of the velocity model at 2 km b.s.l. and is located below the Bocche di Vulcano region between Lipari and Vulcanello.

The velocity of seismic shear waves is sensitive to several physical attributes such as, among others, stress conditions, porosity, permeability, and pore fluid content, which in turn strongly depend on water saturation, temperature and confining pressure37–40. While the elastic properties of rocks hosting active hydrothermal systems differ from unaltered conditions16, fractured and fluid-saturated regions exhibit lower S-wave velocities (Vs)37,41–43 compared to their intact protoliths. Volcanoes with low Vs usually reflect the presence of (mixed sea/meteoric, magmatic brines and/or hydrothermal) fluid-filled pores and/or partial melts37–40,44–46, as well as fractured units and unconsolidated shallow volcanoclastic deposits40,44,46–48. In short, discriminating among the physical state of fluids solely based on Vs is non-unique and statements would be speculative, which applies to the proposed interpretation.

The N3ANT model is in agreement with previous local earthquake tomographies31,49 (LET) acquired at Vulcano and neighboring regions. At the regional scale, the Vs model supports the separation of Vulcano into two distinct regions, namely the southern high and northern low Vs sectors49. At the local scale, this separation remains consistent but a disagreement is observed at shallow depths (<1 km). The central portion of La Fossa cone and Vulcanello are marked by low Vs (L3 anomalies in Figs. 2A–B and 3), where the local scale LET features high P-wave velocity (Vp) anomalies31. Discrepancies between N3ANT and LET models lie in the parameterization of the inverse problem and the type of wave energy (surface and body waves, respectively) employed for the tomography. Nonetheless, N3ANT offers higher lateral resolution than LET at shallow depths due to the dense ray-path coverage of surface waves (Supplementary Fig. 1) made possible by the large number of stations and the homogeneous distribution of noise sources (Supplementary Fig. 2A). In addition, our acquisition occurred during a volcanic unrest, when increased advective fluid flow characterizes the upper portion of the volcanic edifice. The combination of rising fluids (which condense and percolate through the cone) and hydrothermal circulation of sea and meteoric waters through the loose and permeable infills of La Fossa is expected to lower Vs beneath the volcanic structure. In fact, time-lapse tomography studies have shown the highly transient nature of plumbing systems50, which justifies the differences observed from tomographies decades apart.

Further comparisons can be drawn from a magnetotelluric (MT) model12 acquired during our experiment. The MT model reveals an elongated resistive structure below La Fossa surrounded by shallow conductive zones. This aligns with the Vs model, which shows a system articulated by a broad low-velocity domain within La Fossa caldera, overlaying a large high-velocity region culminating at ~1 km depth (L3, and H1–3 anomalies in Figs. 2A–B and 3A–C and E). The presence of cooled magmatic intrusions is often interpreted from high seismic velocities51 coinciding with high resistivity40,52–54, while seismic velocities in association with high conductivity suggest fracturing along with (hydrothermal) fluid circulation and alteration47,55,56.

Observations made by geothermal exploration wells (Fig. 1C) also strongly support our Vs model. For instance, the L2 and L3 anomalies located on Baia di Levante marks the hydrothermal alteration and hot steam discharges at shallow depths (~200∘C at ~200 m b.s.l.) evidenced by the VU1 and VU2 wells57–59. The Vulcano Porto well (VP1) indicates a convection-conduction transition boundary (between shallow permeable rocks and deep impermeable lavas) at ~600 m b.s.l., and sub-volcanic bodies at the maximum depth of 1’000 m12,58. While the transition boundary remains undetected due to the strong low-velocity intensity of the L2 and L3 anomalies, the 1 km deep sub-horizontal roof delineated by the observed high-velocity anomalies (Figs. 3 and 4) fit the first occurrence of intrusive bodies seen in the well. This further aligns and is supported by ~300 concurrent VLP events, which remained spatially quasi-stationary throughout their monitoring period14. The average VLP hypocenter has a depth of ~0.85±0.23 km b.s.l.14, which falls at the L2–L3 anomalies’ interface (Figs. 3A and 4). The Isola di Vulcano well (IV1) penetrated a monzodioritic intrusion at 1.36 km depth60, which was also detected by the local-scale LET31. The H3 anomaly fits the detection of this intrusion below Grotta dei Palizzi (Fig. 3D).

Figure 4 shows the conceptual model we propose for the shallow plumbing system of Vulcano superimposed on a vertical section of the S-wave velocity 3-D model. This section is sub-parallel to the ATLF and connects the southernmost part of Lipari to il Piano across the sites of Vucanello, Baia di Levante, and La Fossa. All anomalies mentioned above are shown, as well as the locations of key wells57,58 and the average VLP hypocenter14. Our model does not require the shallow emplacement of new batches of magma, although we cannot exclude the occurrence of ancient melts ponding at shallow depths22,61. For instance, the L1 and L2 anomalies show Vs values as low as 1 km s−1, which may be compatible with melts (e.g., magma, mush, etc.). However, they are also compatible with a fluid-rich and highly fractured region or with a more ductile rheology, such as a crystallizing domain where fluids are not as mobile as in a freshly emplaced melt.

We propose a key role of local tectonics in driving unrest and argue, in agreement with previous authors, that the ATLF is a right-lateral NW-striking transtensional fault along which the Vulcano-Lipari-Salina volcanism develops1,2,4,62. 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formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation 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pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation 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pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation 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pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation of local pull-apart basins and the formation

Methods

Peer review rounds
[{"round": 1, "reviewer_comments": {"reviewer_1": "Please find our review in the attached document.\nBest Regards\nLuca De Siena", "reviewer_2": "I co-reviewed this manuscript with one of the reviewers who provided the listed reports. This is part of the Nature\nCommunications initiative to facilitate training in peer review and to provide appropriate recognition for Early Career\nResearchers who co-review manuscripts.", "reviewer_3": "This manuscript presents a detailed study of the Vulcano volcanic system using Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography (NANT)\nto reveal the subsurface structure during volcanic unrest. The study is timely and relevant given the recent activity of the\nvolcano and its potential hazard to surrounding populations. However, while the application of NANT is robust, there are\nseveral points regarding the methodology, results, and overall contribution that require further clarification. Below are\nspecific comments and suggestions for improvement.\nDetailed Comments:\n• Line 208: The connection between the bandpass filter and the assumption of group velocity and array aperture is unclear.\nCould you explain how these factors are related?\n• Line 240: What criteria were used to re-extract the 557 dispersion curves? Please provide a clear explanation to justify this\ndecision.\n• Figure S1: The period for the ray path density map is not specified. Please clarify which period this map represents to\nprovide a clearer understanding of the data coverage.\n• Figure S2: In panel B, many early arrivals before the 2 km/s threshold suggest the noise sources may be unevenly\ndistributed. Could this non-uniform distribution affect the accuracy of your dispersion measurements? If so, please discuss\nhow it might influence the results.\n• Figures S3 and S4: There are visible artifacts in the northern and southern parts of the inversion results, where the\nresolution appears to be poor. These areas should either be removed from the model or flagged as regions with low\nconfidence.\n• Coordinate Systems (Figures S3, S4, and 2): There is an inconsistency in the coordinate systems used (Lat/Lon in Figures\nS3 and S4 vs. UTM in Figure 2), which makes it difficult to assess and compare the resolution of the model. Please use a\nconsistent coordinate system throughout the manuscript.\n• Figure S6: The caption does not provide sufficient information for panels B, C, and D. If these panels are not explained, it\nmay be better to remove them. Additionally, for panel A, how was the white line generated?\n• Figure S7: The parameters for Vp, Vs, layer thickness, and density are not well explained. What were these values, and\nwhat is the rationale for selecting them? Please justify the choices made in this figure.\nAdditional Suggestions:\n1. Novelty and Contribution:\nWhile the paper offers valuable insights into the subsurface structure of Vulcano during unrest, the methodological\ninnovation appears limited. The study primarily employs well-established techniques using existing open-source algorithms\nfor processing and inversion. To strengthen the paper’s impact, I recommend emphasizing any new developments in the\napproach or highlighting how this methodology can be applied to other volcanic systems. The application of deep learning\nfor automated dispersion curve extraction is notable but should be further discussed in terms of its broader implications.\n2. Significance of the Sub-Horizontal Magmatic Intrusion:\nOne of the key findings is the identification of a sub-horizontal magmatic intrusion at 1.5 km depth. This could represent a\nsignificant contribution to the understanding of Vulcano’s magmatic plumbing system. However, I would recommend\nproviding more context about how this discovery advances existing models of volcanic unrest and whether similar structures\nhave been identified in other volcanic systems. This would help position the study within a global context and enhance its\nrelevance.\n3. Broader Implications for Volcanic Hazard Mitigation:\nThe study highlights the potential for using NANT to inform hazard mitigation strategies. However, the discussion on how\nthis method could be operationalized in real-time volcanic monitoring is underdeveloped. I suggest expanding on how this\ntechnique could be rapidly implemented during periods of volcanic unrest to aid decision-making and potentially prevent\ndisasters.\n4. Uncertainty and Limitations:\nThe manuscript could benefit from a more thorough discussion of the uncertainties and limitations of the study. For example,\nthe poor resolution in certain areas, as seen in Figures S3 and S4, should be explicitly addressed. Moreover, considering\nthe non-uniform distribution of noise sources, the potential impact on the accuracy of the dispersion curves should be\ndiscussed.\n5. Integration with Other Geophysical Data:\nWhile the study focuses on ambient noise tomography, integrating additional geophysical methods, such as\nmagnetotellurics, gravity, or resistivity, could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subsurface structure.\nI encourage the authors to explore the possibility of using these complementary data sources to validate or enhance their\nfindings.\nOverall, this study provides valuable insights into the subsurface structure of Vulcano during unrest. However, the\nmanuscript could benefit from clearer explanations of the methods, a more in-depth discussion of the findings’ broader\nimplications, and addressing some inconsistencies and limitations in the results. Improving these areas will enhance the\nmanuscript’s scientific contribution and potential impact.", "reviewer_4": "Review of “Imaging volcanoes during unrest: Ambient Noise Tomography of a transient plumbing system, Vulcano, Italy.” by Stumpp et al., submitted to Nature: Communications.\n\nOverview and Impact:\nThis work provides a novel isotropic S-wave velocity model of the volcanic structure under Volcano Island using surface wave dispersion curves obtained from Ambient Noise. Dispersion curves were obtained from data recorded at a novel high-N (≈ 200 ) nodal seismic array deployed at the volcano using advanced deep neural network strategies. The final Bayesian MCMC inversion leads to a preferred velocity model that is interpreted with available geophysical and geological/volcanological data in terms of the volcano's deep structures, leading to unrest.\n\nIt is daunting to describe so many recording sites and the corresponding data processing. The authors use a rigorous and very robust approach for dispersion curve quality selection, exploiting recent advancements in deep neural networks. The overall preliminary work on the data is at an excellent standard. The figures are of exceptional quality, especially Figs. 1 and 3, which provides the necessary framework to interpret the results. Fig. 4 represents a clear, high-impact view of the structures and processes interpreted by the authors under Volcano. The interpretation is based on the most recent research regarding Volcano’s unrest, which is skillfully used by the study and explains nicely trade-offs between deformation and previous seismic models. Nature: Communications is an appropriate outlet for such a work, considering the many high-impact works published on this topic by the journal through the last decade.\n\nWe present several critical comments, which are divided into Technique and Interpretation (which includes representation). Additional comments can be followed at the discretion of the authors in case they can improve the flow of the paper and correct Typos. If published, the paper would be highly impactful, providing much-needed data on the deep volcanic structure and processes. We can only provide sufficient expertise to review the seismology used by the study, evaluate the reliability of the volcanological interpretation, and assess the general quality/impact of the study. However, the results might become a standard for the understanding/interpretation of volcanic processes at Volcano. For this reason, we highly recommend a revision from a volcanologist expert in the processes acting under the volcano.\n\nIn Summary, we answer the primary questions proposed to reviewers by this journal as follows:\n- What are the noteworthy results? Any work using seismological data from massive arrays like this is remarkable and valuable. The selection process in a volcanic environment is extremely challenging and addressed very well by the study. The interpretation of the results is grounded on very extended literature and a relevant amount of volcanological data and experience. The retrieved connection between the volcanic systems of Lipari and Volcano, with its deep source under the second, represents an important result for our understanding of the two volcanic systems.\n- Will the work be of significance to the field and related fields? How does it compare to the established literature? If the work is not original, please provide relevant references. The work is original and represents an important improvement relative to the current geophysical understanding of the volcano.\n- Does the work support the conclusions and claims, or is additional evidence needed? Further evidence is required in order to support all the work’s claims.\n- Are there any flaws in the data analysis, interpretation and conclusions? - Do these prohibit publication or require revision? None of the flaws in data analysis, interpretation and conclusions we found forbid publication, but they require revision.\n- Is the methodology sound? Does the work meet the expected standards in your field?\nThe methodology of the current study requires further work and clarifications to meet the standard in our field.\n- Is there enough detail provided in the methods for the work to be reproduced? The details provided are currently insufficient.\n\nCritical Comments:\n1) Technique\na) 2-D group-velocity maps:\nWhile the processing and quality assessment of dispersion curves are excellent, the technical description of how they obtain 2-D group velocity maps lacks clarity and details:\n1. The only paper mentioned is [54], but the reader cannot rely only on that. The authors should say more about the experimental assumptions they make. For example, do they take into account finite frequencies, or do they use ray theory to describe wave propagation? They mention a \"Nonlinear inversion\", but it is not clear what they are referring to. If they use ray theory, does it mean that they take ray bending into account? Assuming ray theory, what algorithm do they use for forward modelling? Do they solve the Eikonal with the Fast Marching/Sweeping Method, or do they use a Shortest Path Network? Despite the sharpness required by the journal, it is their job to clarify these points.\n2. The authors talk about refinements of the parameterisation (i.e., discretisation?), but they do not say anything about the type of basis functions they use. Do they use pixels? Do they use splines or sines/cosines? What does this refinement of the parameterisation consist of? Is it done a priori based on the coverage? Showing a figure to clarify is necessary.\n3. The 1. authors do not discuss the inversion method. We guess they use an iterative approach with linearisation at each step, like the Gauss-Newton or Levemberg–Marquardt method. If this is the case, do they use some regularisation (Norm vs roughness damping.)? If it is roughness damping, do they use the first or second derivative of the model? How did they select the damping?\n4. More generally, while the paper [54], developed by Cabrera-Peréz, is a starting point, it remains a theoretical paper that starts from concepts applied to the nonlinear inversion of seismic refraction profiles. To understand its full reliability, the authors must accurately develop and describe the model and approximations within this study, especially in the Supplementary Materials. For example, the authors use a test for „scales“ without clearly defining what this scale is: as it is, it appears redundant with Fig S3. Only by reading previous literature can one guess that in the case of Fig S4, scale is (maybe!) node parametrisation. The reader is supposed to get all the information necessary here without having to guess the steps that have led to the results.\n5. The scale is selected based on 0.02º x 0.02º anomalies (Fig. S4), but the entire workflow and all results are interpreted at a resolution of 0.01º x 0.01º. This is inappropriate, and assessing with 0.01º x 0.01º is central to understanding eventual trade-offs in the increasing parametrisation strategy used by the inversion.\n6. We need to understand why a single checkerboard test is shown for the group velocities (Fig. S3). The authors use five periods between 0.5 s and 2.5 s: the period is not declared for Fig. S3, and no resolution assessment is made for the other periods. Does the previous selection criteria require the same source station pairs to be available at all periods? This could be the explanation, but it would reduce the number of available data without reason.\n\nb) Vs model (MCMC inversion):\nWe also have critical comments about the final Vs inversion:\n1. The authors use a Bayesian inversion, but they do not show the resulting uncertainty anywhere.\n2. We do not understand what their favourite model is. Is it the ensemble mean or the median? How far apart are the mean and median? Typically (certainly in our experience), when the mean and median are quite far apart, it indicates that some Markov chains are stuck in some region of the parameter space associated with a relatively high (low) likelihood (misfit) that is not associated with a sensible earth model. For example, high velocities at shallow depths and low velocities at depths can produce low misfits in the inversion of surface-wave dispersion curves. Still, such a 1D model needs to make sense geophysically, even within complex volcanic structures.\n3. Regarding the Bayesian sampling, we need to understand how many models the authors save (among the accepted ones) in the iterations after the burn-in. This information is important because keeping all the accepted models in a perturbative approach (where each proposed model is proposed by randomly perturbing the last accepted model) means having a final ensemble that is highly autocorrelated, which goes against the Bayesian paradigm, whereby the various models that compose the ensemble are independent of each other.\n4. To mitigate this autocorrelation problem, most Bayesian sampling software saves one model for every N accepted models. BayHunter does it differently: it saves them all, and at the end of the inversion, it selects a random subset of the ensemble. This generally works fine; however, the authors only run ~17,300 iterations after burn-in, which means that the randomly selected subset could still be affected by autocorrelations. Given this, we suggest increasing the number of iterations after burn-in to at least 100k total iterations.\n\n2) Interpretation\na) Assessment and Figures\nThe paper's figures are of high quality and very well crafted; however, they do not consider the results of the checkerboard testing accurately, and novel synthetic tests appear necessary when interpreting features. This adds to our concerns about testing different group velocity maps for various periods.\n1. The checkerboard tests are shown for horizontal sections and different periods, but parts of the areas cannot be recovered adequately. These parts are still present in the S-wave velocity maps (Fig. 2) and are sometimes interpreted. Fig. 2 should report only areas where the velocity model can be reconstructed at a level allowing interpretation (thus at a minimum of 0.01º x 0.01º), Fig. S3F. The shading on unresolved areas should consider the results of testing scales for 0.01º x 0.01º checkerboard anomalies.\n2. Fig. 4 will be indubitably the one the majority of readers will remember, sparking interpretations about the volcanoes from different disciplines. This figure must better acknowledge resolution issues. Volumes below 2.5 km are defined as those where resolution is maximum and then starts to decrease: we strongly disagree. If looking at Fig. S7, only periods of 2.5 s (primarily) and 2 s (partially) have any sensitivity at this depth. Resolutions on the volumes below this depth might not even be at a scale of 0.02º x 0.02º. The authors effectively have no way to assess if the contrast observed in Figure S5 at 2 s is real with the current materials. The contrast is strongly dampened at 2.5 s. It is necessary to shade any volume below this depth for all figures, certainly avoiding drawing any interpreted feature in Figure 4 below this depth.\n3. Anomalies H1 and H4 are both in the northern part of the study area, where resolution testing is negative. The two H1 anomalies have quite an important role in the interpretation [Lines 121-139]. Still, at present, its recovery cannot be considered reliable, even less its description as a spherical anomaly and, consequently, its interpretation. A spike test of the corresponding dimension could better prove its reliability. The authors only note H4 as it corresponds to the high velocities of [42], so its lack of recovery is not as problematic, but the lack of resolution should be acknowledged in the text. A second spike test would better clarify the resolution.\n4. While L1 can be recovered in the resolved depth span, we recommend a wider synthetic test of L1 at all periods considered. This would provide stronger evidence that L2, and especially the low-velocity pathway connecting to Lipary through Vulcanello, are no ghosts.\n\nb) Interpreted features\nHere, we discuss interpreted features, highlighting where we find inconsistencies.\n1. Throughout the paper, the authors make no mention of high-velocity anomalies that might correspond to crater rims. Velocity tomography (Di Stefano et al., 2002; Vanorio et al., 2005; Battaglia et al., 2008), including ANT results (De Siena et al, 2018) show that high-velocity shallow anomalies (< 1.5 km) like those recovered around L1 are the buried trace of such rims at 1 km (Figs. 2 and 3): the correlation with the crater rims shown in Fig, 1 of H2 and H3 supports this interpretation. This interpretation would greatly simplify the discussion and fit with the conclusions and discussions better than what is currently proposed.\n2. The break in the high-velocity continuity around L1 in the NNW can be due to the collapsed caldera collapse, as discussed by the authors. In this case, we need to understand the role of H1. Are the authors claiming these anomalies are a signature of supercritical fluids? Are they a remnant of past intrusions? Suppose the anomalies can be resolved separately (see previous point). In that case, do we see them as forming a caprock for low-velocity fluids feeding Baia di Levante (see, e.g., Vanorio & Kanitpanyacharoen, 2015), as suggested by the „Sealing cap“ in Fig. 4 (but never mentioned in the text? Lines 121-139 should better clarify the geochemistry of the fluids involved, making the interpretation of the S-wave velocity anomaly unclear. From our experience, such an interpretation is challenging without measurements of Vp/Vs (Vanorio et al., 2005; Vanorio & Kanitpanyacharoen, 2015).\n3. Line 171: Throughout the paper, the authors are very loose in the description of what magma is for them. Here, they write “The top of the magma is hypothesized.. “ What magma? A body, a sill, a mush? More generally, this is a problem in the text that could come back to bite from petrologists experts of the magma system. The interpretation of a low-velocity anomaly using Vs values is considered weak. The strength of having the anomaly correctly explaining both deformation and VLP models is indubitable. However, the work can be attacked without a correct petrophysical explanation of what type of magma is interpreted. Using current literature and petrological observations, such as those done by Jaxybulatov et al. (2014), appears crucial to mitigate criticisms.\n\n3) Additional comments\na) The authors could specify if they add noise to their synthetics.\nb) It could be more elegant to avoid the use of code lines in equations: the authors could use a mathematic one instead of VarRed in Eq. 1.\nc) Abstract: “entered in unrest” or “entered into unrest”\nd) Abstract: “and help discriminateing” as it still refers to “can”.\ne) Line 168: We strongly advise against this sentence, which reduces the study's impact. The fact that it agrees with previous studies is likely not the concept the authors want to express; it is that the model resolves apparent contradictions between different interpretations of seismic and deformation models.\nf) Adding the additional references in this review is not necessary for publication: they are only mentioned to clarify our points.\n\nBest Wishes,\nLuca De Siena and Fabrizio Magrini\n\nReferences in this review, not in the text\nBattaglia, J., Zollo, A., Virieux, J., & Iacono, D. D. (2008). Merging active and passive data sets in traveltime tomography: the case study of Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy). Geophysical Prospecting, 56(4), 555-573.\nDe Siena, L., Sammarco, C., Cornwell, D. G., La Rocca, M., Bianco, F., Zaccarelli, L., & Nakahara, H. (2018). Ambient seismic noise image of the structurally controlled heat and fluid feeder pathway at Campi Flegrei caldera. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(13), 6428-6436.\nDi Stefano, R., & Chiarabba, C. (2002). Active source tomography at Mt. Vesuvius: Constraints for the magmatic system. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B11), ESE-4.\nJaxybulatov, K., Shapiro, N. M., Koulakov, I., Mordret, A., Landès, M., & Sens-Schönfelder, C. (2014). A large magmatic sill complex beneath the Toba caldera. science, 346(6209), 617-619.\nVanorio, T., & Kanitpanyacharoen, W. (2015). Rock physics of fibrous rocks akin to Roman concrete explains uplifts at Campi Flegrei Caldera. Science, 349(6248), 617-621.\n\nDear Douglas and coauthors,\nThe manuscript presents a well-conducted study on seismic noise tomography in Vulcano, and the joint interpretation with multiple geophysical datasets provides valuable insights into the structure of the volcanic system. However, I believe the manuscript is not yet ready for publication and would benefit from revisions. Below, I detail major and minor comments that I hope will help improve the clarity, organization, and readability of the paper.\n\nMajor Comments\n1. Writing:\nSome paragraphs in the manuscript are lengthy, making it challenging for readers to clearly follow the progression of ideas. I recommend following writing guidelines that suggest each paragraph focus on a single idea, with a clear introduction, development, and conclusion. Additionally, the manuscript would benefit from a thorough proofreading to improve readability. Below, I outline a few specific examples, though similar issues recur throughout the text.\n- The introduction begins with a geological context overview, followed by a general background on the study. It concludes with a very long paragraph that combines the study’s goals with detailed methodological information. This structure might be streamlined for clarity, especially given the journal’s broad readership. A more cohesive approach would involve clearly separating the scientific background, motivation, and study objectives, with less emphasis on methodological specifics in this section.\n- In the introduction’s final paragraph, the current goal statement—“We perform the first Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography (NANT) of Vulcano to investigate the seismic velocity structure of a volcanic system under unrest”—may give the impression that the study’s aim is solely to map the velocity structure. Given the broader significance outlined in the abstract and conclusions, reframing this goal could add impact. For example, the goal could be framed as aiming to shed light on the nature of volcanic unrest with an eye toward enhancing volcanic hazard assessment in the region. This would better emphasize the study’s importance and its relevance to societal risk.\n- The results section begins rather abruptly with a series of concise, almost telegraphic sentences, which may benefit from additional contextualization. Providing a brief introduction to the data and methods here, with a reference to the full methodology section, would facilitate a smoother transition into the findings. Additionally, while the detailed seismic velocity values demonstrate a thorough analysis, they may not be essential for this paper’s broader target audience. A more general summary of key findings could enhance accessibility.\n- Organizing the manuscript to focus on a central scientific question may enhance its accessibility and impact. Based on the abstract, this question seems to center on differentiating between hydrothermal and magmatic influences on the volcanic unrest. Anchoring the results and discussion sections around this core question could make the manuscript’s purpose and findings clearer to readers, especially those less familiar with technical aspects of seismic tomography.\n2. Interpretation Clarifications:\n• In the manuscript, you state that “(NANT) can accurately identify regions of magma occurrence at depth and help discriminate between magmatic and hydrothermal drivers of unrest.” However, it is not entirely clear how seismic velocity differences specifically enable this distinction. While your results align well with other observables, it would be beneficial to clarify how you can “accurately” differentiate between magma and hydrothermal influences. Additionally, the first and second paragraphs of the discussion could be combined to improve coherence. For example, the sentences “We assume that S-wave velocities below ∼1 km/s at depths greater than 1 km may represent regions of magma. Around the interpreted magmatic bodies, we assume the occurrence of the hydrothermal system where velocities are low” feel somewhat disconnected from the preceding context, and the interpretation could benefit from additional support.\n• VLP events are mentioned frequently in the abstract but are only briefly addressed in the main text. Since these events are integral to the study’s interpretation, it would help readers if they were highlighted in Figure 3, particularly if profile AA’ crosses the VLP area. Additionally, further clarification is needed on the number and location of detected VLP events, as the figure currently suggests that all events occ"}, "author_response": "Geneva, 12th March 2025\nResponse to reviewer's comments for the article :\nImaging volcanoes during unrest: Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise\nTomographie of a transient plumbing system, Vulcano, Italy.\nby\nDouglas Stumpp, Iván Cabrera-Pérez, Geneviève Savard, Tullio Ricci, Mimmo Palano,\nSalvatore Alparone, Andrea Ursino, Federica Sparacino, Anthony Finizola, Francisco\nMuñoz Burbano, María-Paz Reyes Hardy, Joël Ruch, Costanza Bonadonna, and Matteo\nLupi\nReviewers #1 and #2\nOverview and Impact:\nThis work provides a novel isotropic S-wave velocity model of the volcanic structure under Volcano Island\nusing surface wave dispersion curves obtained from Ambient Noise. Dispersion curves were obtained from\ndata recorded at a novel high-N (≈ 200) nodal seismic array deployed at the volcano using advanced deep\nneural network strategies. The final Bayesian MCMC inversion leads to a preferred velocity model that is\ninterpreted with available geophysical and geological/volcanological data in terms of the volcano's deep\nstructures, leading to unrest.\nIt is daunting to describe so many recording sites and the corresponding data processing. The authors use\na rigorous and very robust approach for dispersion curve quality selection, exploiting recent advancements\nin deep neural networks. The overall preliminary work on the data is at an excellent standard. The figures\nare of exceptional quality, especially Figs. 1 and 3, which provides the necessary framework to interpret\nthe results. Fig. 4 represents a clear, high-impact view of the structures and processes interpreted by the\nauthors under Volcano. The interpretation is based on the most recent research regarding Volcano’s\nunrest, which is skillfully used by the study and explains nicely trade-offs between deformation and\nprevious seismic models. Nature: Communications is an appropriate outlet for such a work, considering\nthe many high-impact works published on this topic by the journal through the last decade.\nWe present several critical comments, which are divided into Technique and Interpretation (which\nincludes representation). Additional comments can be followed at the discretion of the authors in case\nthey can improve the flow of the paper and correct Typos. If published, the paper would be highly impactful,\nproviding much-needed data on the deep volcanic structure and processes. We can only provide sufficient\nexpertise to review the seismology used by the study, evaluate the reliability of the volcanological\ninterpretation, and assess the general quality/impact of the study. However, the results might become a\nstandard for the understanding/interpretation of volcanic processes at Volcano. For this reason, we highly\nrecommend a revision from a volcanologist expert in the processes acting under the volcano.\n[...]\nLuca De Siena and Fabrizio Magrini\nDear Prof. De Siena, Dear Dr. Magrini,\nThank you for the time spent on our manuscript. We are very pleased with the supportive statements at the\nbeginning of your review and with your thorough evaluation of the technical and interpretation aspects of\nour work. Indeed, novel deep neural network models can remarkably help in processing such large\ndatasets, and we believe that their integration with novel tomography techniques requires a robust and\nwell documented methodological framework.\nAs mentioned above, we are grateful to you for your insight regarding the McMC iteration parameters,\nwhich proved crucial. Implementing these changes led to an improved velocity model that reveals the fast\nroots of the plumbing system. Because of such an improved model, we adapted the interpretation of the\ninversion.\nWe hope that we well-understood all your suggestions and correctly addressed them. Please find our\ndetailed answers, in blue, below. Given our revised model, some of your specific comments about our\nabout our\nprevious findings are no longer applicable. We specify it when this is the case.\nBest regards,\nDouglas Stumpp\n1) Technique\na) 2-D group-velocity maps: While the processing and quality assessment of dispersion curves are\nexcellent, the technical description of how they obtain 2-D group velocity maps lacks clarity and\ndetails:\nR: The lack of clarification and documentation on the employed methodology to obtain the 2-D group\nvelocity maps have been addressed and fully detailed under the Supplementary Methods – 2-D group\nvelocity maps section.\nSee lines 236-282 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n1) The only paper mentioned is [54], but the reader cannot rely only on that. The authors should say more\nabout the experimental assumptions they make. For example, do they take into account finite frequencies,\nor do they use ray theory to describe wave propagation? They mention a \"Nonlinear inversion\", but it is not\nclear what they are referring to. If they use ray theory, does it mean that they take ray bending into account?\nAssuming ray theory, what algorithm do they use for forward modelling? Do they solve the Eikonal with the\nFast Marching/Sweeping Method, or do they use a Shortest Path Network? Despite the sharpness required\nby the journal, it is their job to clarify these points.\nR: We theorize wave propagation using ray theory and Fermat’s and Huygen’s principles. We chose Klimeš\nand Kvasnička's (1994) Shortest Path (SP) ray tracing algorithm to retrieve the first-arrival traveltimes and\ntheir associated ray paths.\nSee lines 238-253 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n2) The authors talk about refinements of the parameterisation (i.e., discretisation?), but they do not say\nanything about the type of basis functions they use. Do they use pixels? Do they use splines or\nsines/cosines? What does this refinement of the parameterisation consist of? Is it done a priori based on\nthe coverage? Showing a figure to clarify is necessary.\nR: The model parameterization consists of a regular grid of nodes with an assigned slowness determined\nby the inverse problem, between which slowness is linearly interpolated. At each iteration, we increase the\nnumber of nodes in the model, hence decreasing the node spacing. We refer each model parameterization\nto a scale, with a higher scale number indicating a denser grid of nodes. The successive refinement in\nparameterization consists of incorporating additional rows and columns of nodes between those of a given\nscale s to produce the scale s+1.\nSee lines 256-261 and 266-274 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nWe further clarify our definition of model parametrization and iterative refinement by displaying the node\ndistributions for the scales shown in Supplementary Fig. 3. We also refer to the schematic Fig. 1 of Cabrera-\nPérez et al., 2021.\n3) The authors do not discuss the inversion method. We guess they use an iterative approach with\nlinearisation at each step, like the Gauss-Newton or Levemberg–Marquardt method. If this is the case, do\nthey use some regularisation (Norm vs roughness damping.)? If it is roughness damping, do they use the\nfirst or second derivative of the model? How did they select the damping?\nR: We use an iterative linearization of the nonlinear problem at trial solutions using a Levemberg-Marquadt-\nlike approach. For each 2-D map at a given period, we perform a linear damped least-squares inversion\nwith weighted zeroth and second order Tikhonov regularization. We select the best fitting model as\nreference based on variance reduction [equation 1], using the regularization parameters ε (for damping,\nautomatically inferred by the L-curve method) and θ (for weighting the Tikhonov roughening matrices,\nset\nto 0.5 according to the statistical analysis of Cabrera-Pérez et al., 2021). The reference linear model gets\nsmoothed (by an upgrade operator) into a unique cell and serves as the first trial solution of the nonlinear\ninversion at scale 1.\nSee lines 253-256 and 261-269 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n4) More generally, while the paper [54], developed by Cabrera-Peréz, is a starting point, it remains a\ntheoretical paper that starts from concepts applied to the nonlinear inversion of seismic refraction\nprofiles. To understand its full reliability, the authors must accurately develop and describe the model and\napproximations within this study, especially in the Supplementary Materials. For example, the authors use\na test for „scales“ without clearly defining what this scale is: as it is, it appears redundant with Fig S3. Only\nby reading previous literature can one guess that in the case of Fig S4, scale is (maybe!) node\nparametrisation. The reader is supposed to get all the information necessary here without having to guess\nthe steps that have led to the results.\nR: In summary, we start with a linear damped least-squares inversion with Tikhonov regularization at scale\ns0 = 0. We use the mean of the best-fitting model as the initial homogeneous model for the scale s1 = 1. The\nnonlinear damped least squares inversion with Tikhonov regularization iterates from this trial solution\nfollowing a Levemberg-Marquadt-like approach to determine the best-fitting model of the considered\nscale sn. The model parameterization is then upgraded and used as the reference model for the new\nnonlinear inversion at scale sn+1 = sn + 1, and so forth until the stopping criterion is met.\nSee lines 274-282 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nThe revised methodology section should clarify that a scale indeed corresponds to node parametrization.\nFig S4 (now Supplementary Fig. 3) shows the increasing refinement of the node parametrization and\nwhich one (scale 6 on Supplementary Fig. 3D) has been retained for the real data based on synthetic\nmodel reconstruction.\n5) The scale is selected based on 0.02º x 0.02º anomalies (Fig. S4), but the entire workflow and all results\nare interpreted at a resolution of 0.01º x 0.01º. This is inappropriate, and assessing with 0.01º x 0.01º is\ncentral to understanding eventual trade-offs in the increasing parametrisation strategy used by the\ninversion.\nR: It was indeed not judicious to compile Fig. S4 using 0.02º x 0.02º anomalies while we could have done\nit with 0.01º x 0.01º anomalies directly and avoided confusion. Supplementary Figs. 3 to 7 now show that\nthe retained scale of 6 (corresponding to a grid size of 0.28x0.28 km) allows well reconstruction for 0.01º x\n0.01º (1.11x1.11 km) anomalies. Therefore, our interpreted results at such resolution remain appropriate.\nSee lines 284-296 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nWe apologies for the poor quality of the methodology on that part and the unique checkerboard test of the\npreprint, which we believe were the reasons for this misunderstanding and confusion.\n6) We need to understand why a single checkerboard test is shown for the group velocities (Fig. S3). The\nauthors use five periods between 0.5 s and 2.5 s: the period is not declared for Fig. S3, and no resolution\nassessment is made for the other periods. Does the previous selection criteria require the same source\nstation pairs to be available at all periods? This could be the explanation, but it would reduce the number\nof available data without reason.\nR: Following your suggestion, we extend our resolution assessments across the other periods using\nclassical checkerboard (Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5) and gaussian spikes (Supplementary Figs. 6 and 7)\ntests. These tests show appropriate resolution on 0.01º x 0.01º (1.11x1.11 km) anomalies.\nSee lines 296-300 and 304-308 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nb) Vs model (MCMC inversion): We also have critical comments about the final Vs inversion:\nR: The lack of clarification concerning the McMC inversion has been addressed and fully detailed under\nthe Supplementary Methods – 1-D depth inversion section.\nSee lines 347-409 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n1) The authors use a Bayesian inversion, but they do not show the resulting uncertainty anywhere.\nR: We now show the resulting uncertainty for a 1-D profile located on La Fossa summit (Supplementary\nFig. 9).\n2) We do not understand what their favourite model is. Is it the ensemble mean or the median? How far\napart are the mean and median? Typically (certainly in our experience), when the mean and median are\nquite far apart, it indicates that some Markov chains are stuck in some region of the parameter space\nassociated with a relatively high (low) likelihood (misfit) that is not associated with a sensible earth model.\nFor example, high velocities at shallow depths and low velocities at depths can produce low misfits in the\ninversion of surface-wave dispersion curves. Still, such a 1D model needs to make sense geophysically,\neven within complex volcanic structures.\nR: For each location, we retain the mean 1-D profile as the favorite model, which remains close to the\nmedian profile on the one we show in Supplementary Fig. 9 and 10.\nSee lines 397-409 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n3) Regarding the Bayesian sampling, we need to understand how many models the authors save (among\nthe accepted ones) in the iterations after the burn-in. This information is important because keeping all the\naccepted models in a perturbative approach (where each proposed model is proposed by randomly\nperturbing the last accepted model) means having a final ensemble that is highly autocorrelated, which\ngoes against the Bayesian paradigm, whereby the various models that compose the ensemble are\nindependent of each other.\nR: For each control point (node) of the 2-D group velocity maps, we choose to keep as posterior distribution\nan ensemble composed of a maximum of one million accepted models from the exploration phase, evenly\nand randomly selected among the non-outlier chains.\nSee lines 395-399 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n4) To mitigate this autocorrelation problem, most Bayesian sampling software saves one model for every\nN accepted models. BayHunter does it differently: it saves them all, and at the end of the inversion, it\nselects a random subset of the ensemble. This generally works fine; however, the authors only run ~17,300\niterations after burn-in, which means that the randomly selected subset could still be affected by\nautocorrelations. Given this, we suggest increasing the number of iterations after burn-in to at least 100k\ntotal iterations.\nR: Following your suggestion, we increased the number (of Markov chains to 30 and) of iterations to\n204’800 iterations during the burn-in phase, followed by 102’400 iterations for the exploration phase. We\nare grateful for this methodological insight as it proved crucial and led to a much better model and\nresolution below La Fossa.\nSee lines 386-388 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n2) Interpretation\na) Assessment and Figures\nThe paper's figures are of high quality and very well crafted; however, they do not consider the results of\nthe checkerboard testing accurately, and novel synthetic tests appear necessary when interpreting\nfeatures. This adds to our concerns about testing different group velocity maps for various periods.\nR: As mentioned above, we extend our resolution assessment to other periods with novel synthetic tests.\nAlso, we further explain in the Results and Supplementary Methods sections, which parts of the group\nvelocity maps are retained for depth inversion. Therefore, we believe we now retain for the 3-D velocity\nmodel only the regions where we have well and adequate resolution.\nSee lines 55-61 of the Results section, and lines 313-321 and 421-426 of the Supplementary Information\nmaterials.\n1) The checkerboard tests are shown for horizontal sections and different periods, but parts of the areas\ncannot be recovered adequately. These parts are still present in the S-wave velocity maps (Fig. 2) and are\nsometimes interpreted. Fig. 2 should report only areas where the velocity model can be reconstructed at\na level allowing interpretation (thus at a minimum of 0.01º x 0.01º), Fig. S3F. The shading on unresolved\nareas should consider the results of testing scales for 0.01º x 0.01º checkerboard anomalies.\nR: For each period, we retain for depth inversion cells of the group velocity maps with a minimum of 50\n(straight) ray measurements available over the scale 6 grid (black contours in Supplementary Figs. 3 to 8).\nThis was chosen as the most balanced compromise between the quantity and quality of the data\nconsidered. The previous and novel synthetic tests (Supplementary Figs. 3 to 7) show adequate 0.01º x\n0.01º recovery within these areas, for each period, except for the northwestern part that we mention to\ndeliberately remove from the Vs model.\nSee lines 313-321 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n2) Fig. 4 will be indubitably the one the majority of readers will remember, sparking interpretations about\nthe volcanoes from different disciplines. This figure must better acknowledge resolution issues. Volumes\nbelow 2.5 km are defined as those where resolution is maximum and then starts to decrease: we strongly\ndisagree. If looking at Fig. S7, only periods of 2.5 s (primarily) and 2 s (partially) have any sensitivity at this\ndepth. Resolutions on the volumes below this depth might not even be at a scale of 0.02º x 0.02º. The\nauthors effectively have no way to assess if the contrast observed in Figure S5 at 2 s is real with the current\nmaterials. The contrast is strongly dampened at 2.5 s. It is necessary to shade any volume below this\ndepth.\nR: We agree and choose to cut the model at 2 km depth based on the newly computed Sensitivity Kernels\n(Supplementary Fig. 11). We explain in the Supplementary Methods section how we combine ray path\ndensity (Supplementary Fig. 1), synthetic tests (Supplementary Figs. 3-7), and depth-sensitivity\n(Supplementary Fig. 11) information to remove lateral parts of the 3-D model. We also explain why we\nremoved manually parts of the model based on our resolution tests.\nSee lines 313-321 and 416-426 of the Supplementary Information materials.\n3) Anomalies H1 and H4 are both in the northern part of the study area, where resolution testing is negative.\nThe two H1 anomalies have quite an important role in the interpretation [Lines 121-139]. Still, at present,\nits recovery cannot be considered reliable, even less its description as a spherical anomaly and,\nconsequently, its interpretation. A spike test of the corresponding dimension could better prove its\nreliability. The authors only note H4 as it corresponds to the high velocities of [42], so its lack of recovery\nis not as problematic, but the lack of resolution should be acknowledged in the text. A second spike test\nwould better clarify the resolution.\nR: This comment is no longer applicable regarding the previous two H1 anomalies, which are no longer\noccurring in the new model.\nThe extensive resolutions tests show that we adequately retrieve reliable information in the model’s\nextents that we retain. However, we acknowledge the lower resolution achieved in the northern parts of\nour model where we spatially detect the anomalies but do not always recover their accurate geometry.\nSee lines 57-59 of the Results section, and lines 300-304 and 308-313 of the Supplementary Information\nmaterials.\n4) While L1 can be recovered in the resolved depth span, we recommend a wider synthetic test of L1 at all\nperiods considered. This would provide stronger evidence that L2, and especially the low-velocity pathway\nconnecting to Lipari through Vulcanello, are no ghosts.\nR: This comment is no longer applicable regarding the previous L1 anomaly, which is no longer occurring\nin the new model.\nThe unique anomaly as large as the previous L1 anomaly is the new L1 anomaly, which is however not\nlocated below La Fossa and whose resolution uncertainty was addressed above. Therefore, we believe\nthat the conducted synthetic tests (Supplementary Fig. 4 to 7) show that L3 (previously L2) and the low-\nvelocity pathways (currently L2) are well resolved and represented in the 3-D model.\nb) Interpreted features\nHere, we discuss interpreted features, highlighting where we find inconsistencies.\n1) Throughout the paper, the authors make no mention of high-velocity anomalies that might correspond\nto crater rims. Velocity tomography (Di Stefano et al., 2002; Vanorio et al., 2005; Battaglia et al., 2008),\nincluding ANT results (De Siena et al, 2018) show that high-velocity shallow anomalies (< 1.5 km) like those\nrecovered around L1 are the buried trace of such rims at 1 km (Figs. 2 and 3): the correlation with the crater\nrims shown in Fig, 1 of H2 and H3 supports this interpretation. This interpretation would greatly simplify\nthe discussion and fit with the conclusions and discussions better than what is currently proposed.\nR: Thanks to your suggestions, Fig. 2 does not show any caldera rim. We instead find strong evidence of\nfissure-like structures (that we call NE-faults in the text to avoid any genetical interpretation when\ndiscussing results – fissures imply the emission of magma).\nTherefore, we do not mention high-velocity anomalies that might correspond to the crater rims but solely\nmention if the discussed anomalies are spatially correlated with previously interpreted rims.\nSee lines 66-68 of the Results section, lines 130-132 of the Discussion section, and lines 35-40 of the\nSupplementary Discussion section.\n2) The break in the high-velocity continuity around L1 in the NNW can be due to the collapsed caldera\ncollapse, as discussed by the authors. In this case, we need to understand the role of H1. Are the authors\nclaiming these anomalies are a signature of supercritical fluids? Are they a remnant of past intrusions?\nSuppose the anomalies can be resolved separately (see previous point). In that case, do we see them as\nforming a caprock for low-velocity fluids feeding Baia di Levante (see, e.g., Vanorio & Kanitpanyacharoen,\n2015), as suggested by the „Sealing cap“ in Fig. 4 (but never mentioned in the text? Lines 121-139 should\nbetter clarify the geochemistry of the fluids involved, making the interpretation of the S-wave velocity\nanomaly unclear. From our experience, such an interpretation is challenging without measurements of\nVp/Vs (Vanorio et al., 2005; Vanorio & Kanitpanyacharoen, 2015).\nR: This comment is no longer applicable regarding the previous two H1 anomalies, which are no longer\noccurring in the new model.\nAlthough we do not mention it openly in the text for sake of conservativeness, anomaly L2 in Fig. 4 could\nrepresent an old, cooling and crystallizing magmatic body (e.g. mush?) seated below the northern part of\nLa Fossa and below Baia di Levante. Any perturbation of the plumbing system (tectonic or magmatic\ninjection at depth below our resolution) can also affect this body that while crystallizing can release\nvolatiles.\nSee lines 28-29 of the Introduction section and lines 82-86, 123-126 and 147-149 of the Discussion\nsection.\n3) Line 171: Throughout the paper, the authors are very loose in the description of what magma is for them.\nHere, they write “The top of the magma is hypothesized.. “ What magma? A body, a sill, a mush? More\ngenerally, this is a problem in the text that could come back to bite from petrologists experts of the magma\nsystem. The interpretation of a low-velocity anomaly using Vs values is considered weak. The strength of\nhaving the anomaly correctly explaining both deformation and VLP models is indubitable. However, the\nwork can be attacked without a correct petrophysical explanation of what type of magma is interpreted.\nUsing current literature and petrological observations, such as those done by Jaxybulatov et al. (2014),\nappears crucial to mitigate criticisms.\nR: We acknowledge that Vs interpretations on the occurrence of magma is speculative and weak. We can\nonly make assumptions based on previous studies indicating potential ancient melts ponding at shallow\ndepths (e.g. L2 in Fig. 4). We explain and describe that the Vs values observed in L2 may be associated with\nmagma but also with other kinds of rheology affected, for instance, by the presence of fractures and/or\nfluids. We agree with you that not only petrologists, but also different schools of petrologists have different\nopinions. Because of this we built the study with very conservative terminology.\nSee lines 123-126 of the Discussion section.\n3) Additional Comments\na) The authors could specify if they add noise to their synthetics.\nR: We did not add noise to the original synthetic tests but decided to add noise in the novel synthetic tests.\nWe mention, in each caption of the synthetic figures (Supplementary Figs. 3 to 7), if we added noise to our\nsynthetics or not.\nb) It could be more elegant to avoid the use of code lines in equations: the authors could use a mathematic\none instead of VarRed in Eq. 1.\nR: We appreciate the suggestion but decided to keep the current VarRed expression as it is a common\nabbreviation employed in Ambient noise tomography studies. For example:\nGuerin, G., Rivet, D., Deschamps, A., Larroque, C., Mordret, A., Dessa, J. X., & Martin, X. (2020). High\nresolution ambient noise tomography of the Southwestern Alps and the Ligurian margin. Geophysical\nJournal International, 220(2), 806-820.\nMacquet, M., Paul, A., Pedersen, H. A., Villaseñor, A., Chevrot, S., Sylvander, M., ... & Pyrope Working\nGroup. (2014). Ambient noise tomography of the Pyrenees and the surrounding regions: inversion for a 3-\nD Vs model in the presence of a very heterogeneous crust. Geophysical Journal International, 199(1), 402-\n415.c) Abstract: “entered in unrest” or “entered into unrest”\nR: We changed it accordingly.\nd) Abstract: “and help discriminateing” as it still refers to “can”.\nR: We changed it accordingly.\ne) Line 168: We strongly advise against this sentence, which reduces the study's impact. The fact that it\nagrees with previous studies is likely not the concept the authors want to express; it is that the model\nresolves apparent contradictions between different interpretations of seismic and deformation models.\nR: We removed it.\nf) Adding the additional references in this review is not necessary for publication: they are only mentioned\nto clarify our points.\nR: Thank you for these additional references, which proved useful.\nReviewers #3\nRemarks to the Author:\nThis manuscript presents a detailed study of the Vulcano volcanic system using Nodal Ambient Noise\nTomography (NANT) to reveal the subsurface structure during volcanic unrest. The study is timely and\nrelevant given the recent activity of the volcano and its potential hazard to surrounding populations.\nHowever, while the application of NANT is robust, there are several points regarding the methodology,\nresults, and overall contribution that require further clarification. Below are specific comments and\nsuggestions for improvement.\n[...]\nOverall, this study provides valuable insights into the subsurface structure of Vulcano during unrest.\nHowever, the manuscript could benefit from clearer explanations of the methods, a more in-depth\ndiscussion of the findings’ broader implications, and addressing some inconsistencies and limitations in\nthe results. Improving these areas will enhance the manuscript’s scientific contribution and potential\nimpact.\nDear Reviewer 3,\nThank you for the time you spent on our manuscript and for the suggestions.\nWe acknowledge the points that you raised regarding the clarifications of our data processing and\nselection, and more specifically on the potential uneven distribution of noises sources and associated\nuncertainties on the dispersion measurements. Indeed, this enabled us to further investigate the quality\nof our dataset through a noise directivity analysis, which provides even more robust arguments to support\nthe legitimacy of our results. We appreciated your suggestions focusing on elevating the scientific broader\nimpact of both our approach and findings, thus positioning our study in a relevant global scientific context.\nWe hope that we well-understood all your suggestions and correctly addressed them. Please find our\ndetailed answers, in blue, below.\nBest regards,\nDouglas Stumpp\nDetailed Comments:\nLine 208: The connection between the bandpass filter and the assumption of group velocity and array\naperture is unclear. Could you explain how these factors are related?\nR: We further explain, under the Supplementary Methods – Ambient noise data processing section, how,\nsimilarly to the study of Calò et al., 2023, the far-field criterion translates into the chosen filter frequency\nband for the assumed lowest group velocity combined with the array aperture.\nSee lines 131-145 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nLine 240: What criteria were used to re-extract the 557 dispersion curves? Please provide a clear\nexplanation to justify this decision.\nR: We further explain, under the Supplementary Methods – Ambient noise data processing section, how,\nusing the dispersion curves quality criteria of Jiwani-Brown et al., 2022, the manual revision and additional\ndispersion curves picking were conducted.\nSee lines 210-218 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nFigure S1: The period for the ray path density map is not specified. Please clarify which period this map\nrepresents to provide a clearer understanding of the data coverage.\nR: We did not clarify the period in Figure S1 as it only showed the density from all possible ray paths,\nindependently of the periods. However, we acknowledged that it not only brings confusion but also does\nnot show and support the real coverage of our data. The Supplementary Fig. 1 has been revised to the real\ndata coverage, where we show the rays for which we have retained a dispersion curve (Supplementary Fig.\n2). The real data coverage is shown for all the periods (panel A) and for specific periods (panels B to E).\nFigure S2: In panel B, many early arrivals before the 2 km/s threshold suggest the noise sources may be\nunevenly distributed. Could this non-uniform distribution affect the accuracy of your dispersion\nmeasurements? If so, please discuss how it might influence the results.\nR: The Supplementary Fig. 2 has been revised to only show the arrivals for which a dispersion curve is\navailable. Moreover, panel A has been changed with a noise directivity analysis figure to show that the\nnoise sources are indeed evenly distributed. The associated methodology of this analysis is detailed under\nthe Supplementary Methods – Ambient noise data processing section. We also further discuss how these\nearly arrivals before 2 km/s are common in ANT studies for the shortest inter-station distances (∆ <∼ 1.5λ\n), and how the associated dispersion data are discarded by the automatic picker and post-processing\nsteps.\nSee lines 167-183 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nFigures S3 and S4: There are visible artifacts in the northern and southern parts of the inversion results,\nwhere the resolution appears to be poor. These areas should either be removed from the model or flagged\nas regions with low confidence.\nR: We performed novel synthetic tests and, combined with depth-sensitivity and ray path density\ninformation, we shaded the 2D group velocity maps outside the well resolved region and cropped the 3D\nVs model accordingly.\nSee lines 55-61 of the Results section, and lines 313-321 and 421-426 of the Supplementary Information\nmaterials. See Figs. 2 to 4 and Supplementary Fig. 8.\nCoordinate Systems (Figures S3, S4, and 2): There is an inconsistency in the coordinate systems used\n(Lat/Lon in Figures S3 and S4 vs. UTM in Figure 2), which makes it difficult to assess and compare the\nresolution of the model. Please use a consistent coordinate system throughout the manuscript.\nR: We now remain consistent and use the UTM 33 S coordinate system for all the figures.\nFigure S6: The caption does not provide sufficient information for panels B, C, and D. If these panels are\nnot explained, it may be better to remove them. Additionally, for panel A, how was the white line generated?\nR: Figure S6 has been split and further detailed into the new Supplementary Figs. 9 and 10 (both in their\ncaptions and under the Supplementary Methods – 1-D depth inversion section). Since the previous white\nline (statistic mode) is neither addressed in the text nor considered for the final Vs model, it has been\nremoved to avoid confusion.\nSee lines 383-388 and 400-406 of the Supplementary Information materials. See Supplementary Figs. 9\nand 10.\nFigure S7: The parameters for Vp, Vs, layer thickness, and density are not well explained. What were these\nvalues, and what is the rationale for selecting them? Please justify the choices made in this figure.\nR: We added a description of the Disba software used to compute the depth sensitivity kernels under the\nSupplementary Methods – 1-D depth inversion section while justifying the chosen parameters for Vp, Vs,\nthickness, and density.\nSee lines 410-416 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nAdditional Suggestions:\n1) Novelty and Contribution:\nWhile the paper offers valuable insights into the subsurface structure of Vulcano during unrest, the\nmethodological innovation appears limited. The study primarily employs well-established techniques\nusing existing open-source algorithms for processing and inversion. To strengthen the paper’s impact, I\nrecommend emphasizing any new developments in the approach or highlighting how this methodology\ncan be applied to other volcanic systems. The application of deep learning for automated dispersion curve\nextraction is notable but should be further discussed in terms of its broader implications.\nR: We thank the reviewer for this specific aspect regarding the novelty of our work. We emphasize\nthroughout the entire revised manuscript that the insights into the subsurface structure of Vulcano that we\npresent were possible thanks to the deep learning model that we use. We conclude our Discussion section\nmentioning the broader implications of our method, both in terms of high-fidelity imaging, rapidity and\nconsequences for risk mitigation plans. Finally, we now state Neural Network in the title.\nSee the Abstract, lines 48-50 of the Introduction section, lines 150-156 of the Discussion section and lines\n170-172 of the Conclusion section.\n2) Significance of the Sub-Horizontal Magmatic Intrusion:\nOne of the key findings is the identification of a sub-horizontal magmatic intrusion at 1.5 km depth. This\ncould represent a significant contribution to the understanding of Vulcano’s magmatic plumbing system.\nHowever, I would recommend providing more context about how this discovery advances existing models\nof volcanic unrest and whether similar structures have been identified in other volcanic systems. This\nwould help position the study within a global context and enhance its relevance.\nR: We agree that the newly L2 anomaly is key, although it is complex to robustly interpret its nature with Vs\nonly. Nonetheless, we find similarities of our novel conceptual model with other volcanic settings.\nSee lines 123-126 and 140-142 of the Discussion section, and lines 75-79 of the Supplementary Discussion\nsection.\n3) Broader Implications for Volcanic Hazard Mitigation:\nThe study highlights the potential for using NANT to inform hazard mitigation strategies. However, the\ndiscussion on how this method could be operationalized in real-time volcanic monitoring is\nunderdeveloped. I suggest expanding on how this technique could be rapidly implemented during periods\nof volcanic unrest to aid decision- making and potentially prevent disasters.\nR: We agree.\nSee the Abstract, lines 150-156 of the Discussion section, and lines 170-172 of the Conclusion section.\n4) Uncertainty and Limitations:\nThe manuscript could benefit from a more thorough discussion of the uncertainties and limitations of the\nstudy. For example, the poor resolution in certain areas, as seen in Figures S3 and S4, should be explicitly\naddressed. Moreover, considering the non-uniform distribution of noise sources, the potential impact on\nthe accuracy of the dispersion curves should be discussed.\nR: We believe the novel synthetic tests (Supplementary Fig. 3 to 7) now support the adequate resolution of\nthe considered areas used to create the 3-D Vs model, with poor resolution areas either discarded or\ncropped adequately. Moreover, the additional noise directivity analysis via beamforming supports that the\nnoise sources are evenly distributed, which, combined with the data picking and post-processing\nworkflow, strengthens the accuracy of the dispersion curves.\n5) Integration with Other Geophysical Data:\nWhile the study focuses on ambient noise tomography, integrating additional geophysical methods, such\nas magnetotellurics, gravity, or resistivity, could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the\nsubsurface structure. I encourage the authors to explore the possibility of using these complementary data\nsources to validate or enhance their findings.\nR: In the Discussion section, we address how the comparison with the magnetotelluric model could be\nquantitively explored with established clustering techniques. We also consider performing a future\nseismic attenuation tomography from our ambient noise data. Moreover, we have a parallel study of (Lupi\net al., Under review in JVGR) to complement and refine our study.\nSee lines 151-153 of the Discussion section.\nReviewer 4\nDear Douglas and coauthors,\nThe manuscript presents a well-conducted study on seismic noise tomography in Vulcano, and the joint\ninterpretation with multiple geophysical datasets provides valuable insights into the structure of the\nvolcanic system. However, I believe the manuscript is not yet ready for publication and would benefit from\nrevisions. Below, I detail major and minor comments that I hope will help improve the clarity, organization,\nand readability of the paper.\n[...]\nI hope these comments are found helpful in strengthening the manuscript. Best of luck with the revisions!\nBest regards,\nPilar.\nDear Dr. Sanchez, Dear Pilar,\nThank you very much for the time spent on our manuscript.\nWe acknowledge your comments that very much improved the study. We aimed to restructure and write\nclearly the current manuscript to improve its readability while enhancing the scientific relevance of our\nfindings. As suggested, we expanded both our lack of methodological details and comparisons with\nprevious studies, which now provide robust support for our work’s claims and make them more accessible\nto a broad audience.\nWe hope that we well-understood all your suggestions and correctly addressed them. Please find our\ndetailed answers, in blue, below.\nBest regards,\nDouglas Stumpp\nMajor Comments\n1) Writing:\nSome paragraphs in the manuscript are lengthy, making it challenging for readers to clearly follow the\nprogression of ideas. I recommend following writing guidelines that suggest each paragraph focus on a\nsingle idea, with a clear introduction, development, and conclusion. Additionally, the manuscript would\nbenefit from a thorough proofreading to improve readability. Below, I outline a few specific examples,\nthough similar issues recur throughout the text.\nThe introduction begins with a geological context overview, followed by a general background on the study.\nIt concludes with a very long paragraph that combines the study’s goals with detailed methodological\ninformation. This structure might be streamlined for clarity, especially given the journal’s broad\nreadership. A more cohesive approach would involve clearly separating the scientific background,\nmotivation, and study objectives, with less emphasis on methodological specifics in this section.\nR: We restructured the Introduction section while aiming for shorter and clearer sentences to help the\nreaders. The methodological information previously provided in the Introduction has been moved as an\nintroductive paragraph for the Supplementary Methods section.\nSee the Introduction section and lines 83-108 of the Supplementary Information materials.\nIn the introduction’s final paragraph, the current goal statement—“We perform the first Nodal Ambient\nNoise Tomography (NANT) of Vulcano to investigate the seismic velocity structure of a volcanic system\nunder unrest”—may give the impression that the study’s aim is solely to map the velocity structure. Given\nthe broader significance outlined in the abstract and conclusions, reframing this goal could add impact.\nFor example, the goal could be framed as aiming to shed light on the nature of volcanic unrest with an eye\ntoward enhancing volcanic hazard assessment in the region. This would better emphasize the study’s\nimportance and its relevance to societal risk.\nR: Due to the changes associated with the revised model, both the abstract, results, discussion,\nconclusion and goal of this study have been reframed while emphasizing as best as possible the study’s\nfindings and importance.\nThe results section begins rather abruptly with a series of concise, almost telegraphic sentences, which\nmay benefit from additional contextualization. Providing a brief introduction to the data and methods here,\nwith a reference to the full methodology section, would facilitate a smoother transition into the findings.\nAdditionally, while the detailed seismic velocity values demonstrate a thorough analysis, they may not be\nessential for this paper’s broader target audience. A more general summary of key findings could enhance\naccessibility.\nR: The Results section has been reframed with a smoother description of the results, where we explain\nhow they were processed for presentation. We refer to the Supplementary Methods section to avoid\nbringing heavy concepts in this part of the reading.\nSee the complete Results section (lines 51-77).\nOrganizing the manuscript to focus on a central scientific question may enhance its accessibility and\nimpact. Based on the abstract, this question seems to center on differentiating between hydrothermal and\nmagmatic influences on the volcanic unrest. Anchoring the results and discussion sections around this\ncore question could make the manuscript’s purpose and findings clearer to readers, especially those less\nfamiliar with technical aspects of seismic tomography.\nR: We further focused on our main scientific goal, which is to efficiently unravel the shallow velocity\nstructure of a deforming volcano under unrest. We constrained our Discussion section around this core\nproblematic and avoided technical interpretations to invite all kinds of readers into our study.\nCurious readers are invited to refer to the Supplementary Discussion for further insights into the detailed\ninterpretation of our velocity model.\nSee the complete Discussion section (lines 78-156) and the complete Supplementary Discussion section\n(lines 26-82).\n2) Interpretation Clarifications:\nIn the manuscript, you state that “(NANT) can accurately identify regions of magma occurrence at depth\nand help discriminate between magmatic and hydrothermal drivers of unrest.” However, it is not entirely\nclear how seismic velocity differences specifically enable this distinction. While your results align well with\nother observables, it would be beneficial to clarify how you can “accurately” differentiate between magma\nand hydrothermal influences. Additionally, the first and second paragraphs of the discussion could be\ncombined to improve coherence. For example, the sentences “We assume that S-wave velocities below\n∼1 km/s at depths greater than 1 km may represent regions of magma. Around the interpreted magmatic\nbodies, we assume the occurrence of the hydrothermal system where velocities are low” feel somewhat\ndisconnected from the preceding context, and the interpretation could benefit from additional support.\nR: It is indeed pretentious to state that we can “accurately” differentiate between magma and\nhydrothermal influences solely based on Vs, something that was also mentioned by Reviewers 1 and 2. We\nnow acknowledge that Vs interpretations on the physical state of fluids is non-unique and speculative. We\nbring interpretations with the support of previous studies and observations while considering every other\npossibility that might diverge from our claims.\nSee lines 28-29 of the Introduction section and lines 82-86, 123-126 and 147-149 of the Discussion\nsection.\nVLP events are mentioned frequently in the abstract but are only briefly addressed in the main text. Since\nthese events are integral to the study’s interpretation, it would help readers if they were highlighted in\nFigure 3, particularly if profile AA’ crosses the VLP area. Additionally, further clarification is needed on the\nnumber and location of detected VLP events, as the figure currently suggests that all events occur at the\nexact same point.\nR: We further describe and clarify the number and spatial stability of the VLP events concurrent to our\nexperiment in the Discussion section. We choose not to highlight them in the vertical sections, except for\nthe conceptual model (Fig. 4) as it is the only profile that crosses the VLP area. However, we specify that\nthe quasi-stationary average source location (shown on Fig. 1) systematically falls within the newly L2\nanomaly, allowing the readers to estimate the projected location on Fig. 2 and 3.\nSee lines 113-115 of the Discussion section. See Figs. 1 and 4.\nThe source of deformation is a key component of this study but is not fully explained in the text. For\nexample, Traglia et al. (2023) describe the source deformation with an elongated shape and an\napproximately 20-degree inclination. A brief discussion of which point of the deformation model you chose\nto compare with your own model, and the reasoning behind this choice, would enhance clarity and allow\nfor a more robust comparison.\nRe: We deliberately choose to not emphasize our discussion around the source of deformation of Di Traglia\net al., (2023) because different causative models are available in the literature and our work under Revision\nin JVGR shows that there is another source of deformation that went unnoticed in 2018. Because of this we\ndecided to not consider this source of deformation in our interpretation.\nThe assumption that degassing begins at a depth of 1 km is unclear. If this depth is based on well\nmeasurements, additional context would be helpful to explain why this threshold was chosen, as it does\nnot rule out the possibility of gas at greater depths. Further clarification on this point would strengthen the\ninterpretation.\nR: We removed the previous degassing level as we are indeed not able to evidence the absence of gas at\ngreater depth.\nThe manuscript attributes differences between earthquake tomography and NANT to the volcanic\nconditions present during field campaigns. However, earthquake tomography and NANT differ in the types\nof waves analyzed: earthquake tomography estimates Vp and Vs models, while NANT relies on Rayleigh\nwaves, each of which responds differently to thermodynamic conditions. Additionally, earthquake\ntomography typically has a more localized resolution. In my experience, variations in tomography models\ncan arise from differences in method or inversion schemes rather than purely from the properties of the\nmedium. Besides, the noise sources during the unrest period can have an impact in the cross-correlations\nand hence on the tomography. For these reasons, it may be premature to attribute discrepancies solely to\nthe state of the volcano without considering methodological factors.\nR: We address and present the discrepancies between these two different geophysical methods in the\nDiscussion section. We further explain how these affect their resulting resolution power and discuss the\npotential reasons explaining the differences observed among these two kinds of tomography.\nSee lines 91-100 of the Discussion section.\n3) Methodological Clarifications:\nThe depth inversion process requires additional explanation to enhance transparency and robustness. In\nFigure S6, it is unclear how the probability distributions for Vs as a function of depth were used to\ndetermine the final model. Providing a clearer description of the process used to extract the final Vs values\nfrom these distributions would be helpful. Additionally, while the terms “burn-in phase” and “exploration\nphase” are illustrated in the figure, they are not explained in the text. Since this inversion method is quite\nnovel, a more detailed methodological explanation in the manuscript would strengthen confidence in the\napproach and clarify its unique aspects for readers.\nR: The lack of clarification concerning the McMC inversion has been addressed and fully detailed in the\nSupplementary Methods – 1-D depth inversion section. Figure S6 has been split and further detailed in the\nnewly Supplementary Figs. 9 and 10 (both in their captions and the text).\nSee lines 347-409 of the Supplementary Information materials, and Figs. 9 and 10.\nMinor Comments\na) Abstract: Clarify “3C sensors” as not all readers may be familiar with this term.\nR: We clarified and changed “3C” to “three-component” in the Abstract.\nb) Line 19: For clarity, specify Vulcano’s hydrothermal system depth and provide context (e.g., “Vulcano\nhas a hydrothermal system at [xxx] depth (refs), which has intermittently…”).\nR: We clarified that in the Introduction at line 23 of the manuscript.\nc) Line 25: Consider whether “Enhanced hydrothermal activity” refers to increased geothermal\nharnessing in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS).\nR: We rephrased it at line 39 of the manuscrit.\nd) Line 29: Simplify for readability by rephrasing “A significant ground deformation pattern (e.g., an\nuplift)” as “A significant uplift was observed.”\nR: We rephrased it at lines 29-30 of the manuscript.\ne) Line 36: Change “down to a few km” to “down to a few kilometers” for consistency.\nR: We rephrased it at line 45 of the manuscript.\nf) Figure 1: This figure is visually engaging but may contain extraneous details (e.g., geological units) that\nare not referenced in the text.\nR: We acknowledge this comment but believe that while visually engaging it does not bring confusion to\nuninitiated readers and provides further context for earth scientists, which could make correlations on\ntheir own through the reading of the manuscript. Therefore, we did not modify Fig. 1 significantly. We\nbelieve Figure 1 could geologically reference our model better to the large community (including\ngeologists) working in Vulcano.\ng) Figure S6: Ensure each subplot has a clear caption for reader guidance.\nR: We made sure that each subplot of every figure has a clear and addressed caption. The unaddressed\ncaptions of previous Fig. S6 are now completed in the ones of the Supplementary Figs. 9 and 10."}, {"round": 2, "reviewer_comments": {"reviewer_1": "We congratulate the authors for thoroughly addressing our comments from the first review. The paper has improved\nsignificantly, both technically and interpretively, and fulfils its initial technical and high-impact promises. Our initial review\nwas very extensive and we feel the effort to respond and honesty of the responses is commendable. The work is now at a\nvery high standard: we are particularly impressed by the volcanological implications of the results.\nHowever, after these changes, we still have one major technical concern. If this issue is resolved, we strongly support the\npublication of this work.\nOur concern pertains to Fig. S9 in the supplementary materials. The probability density of the shear wave velocity profile\nappears very rough. As the authors illustrate in the histogram (panel c), the chosen data noise is exceptionally low. We\nunderstand that they use a standard deviation for the uniform prior ranging from 1x10^5 to 1x10-3: is this true? Even the\nmaximum is very low, translating to Vs/1000 for Vs=3 km/s. This leads to overfitting, which is evident in the rough histogram\nin panel a. One can employ such a small standard deviation, but more than 100 iterations are required to sample the\nposterior. Such a posterior appears undersampled.\nThe solution is to increase the maximum standard deviation in the inversion to 10-1, a value that will produce a much\nsmoother posterior and greater, yet more reliable, uncertainty. The robustness must be tested following this procedure, as\nwe are also discussing volcanic media, where uncertainties are higher than at regional and continental scales. Since this is\nthe only figure presented by the authors, we infer that it represents one of the best-case scenarios.\nBest Wishes,\nLuca De Siena and Fabrizio Magrini", "reviewer_2": "I co-reviewed this manuscript with one of the reviewers who provided the listed reports. This is part of the Nature\nCommunications initiative to facilitate training in peer review and to provide appropriate recognition for Early Career\nResearchers who co-review manuscripts.", "reviewer_3": "The authors have addressed my concerns thoroughly, and I am satisfied with their responses and revisions. I recommend\naccepting the manuscript in its current form.", "reviewer_4": "Dear authors,\nThank you very much for your thorough revision and for addressing the questions and concerns I raised in the previous\nround. The manuscript has significantly improved, and I appreciate the effort you have put into strengthening the scientific\ncontent and structure.\nHowever, I believe the manuscript would still benefit from improvements in writing and English proofreading. I also would\nlike to suggest the following minor edits for your consideration:\n- Line 47: Please remove e.g.\n- Line 49: Consider explaining the concept of the neural network nodal configuration, or at least providing a relevant citation\nin the introduction. As this is not yet a well-established method, a brief explanation would help readers better appreciate the\ninnovative techniques employed in the study.\n- The supplementary figures are not presented in the same order in which they are cited in the main text, please ensure\nconsistency.\n- The Results section would be clearer if introduced with a brief paragraph describing the nature of the data or calculations.\nCurrently, the transition from the introduction to the results feels abrupt.\n- Line 80: I suggest replacing e.g. with among others.\n- In some paragraphs, the bibliography appears somewhat narrowly focused on publications from your research network. I\nrecommend including additional references from the wider international literature.\nI hope these suggestions help further improve this nice manuscript.\nBest wishes,\nPilar."}, "author_response": "University of Geneva Geneva, 10th June 2025\nResponse to reviewer's comments for the article :\nImaging volcanoes during unrest: Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise\nTomographie of a transient plumbing system, Vulcano, Italy.\nby\nDouglas Stumpp, Iván Cabrera-Pérez, Geneviève Savard, Tullio Ricci, Mimmo Palano,\nSalvatore Alparone, Andrea Ursino, Federica Sparacino, Anthony Finizola, Francisco\nMuñoz Burbano, María-Paz Reyes Hardy, Joël Ruch, Costanza Bonadonna, and Matteo\nLupi\nReviewer #1 and #2 (Remarks to the Author):\nWe congratulate the authors for thoroughly addressing our comments from the first review. The paper has\nimproved significantly, both technically and interpretively, and fulfils its initial technical and high-impact\npromises. Our initial review was very extensive and we feel the effort to respond and honesty of the\nresponses is commendable. The work is now at a very high standard: we are particularly impressed by the\nvolcanological implications of the results.\nHowever, after these changes, we still have one major technical concern. If this issue is resolved, we\nstrongly support the publication of this work.\nOur concern pertains to Fig. S9 in the supplementary materials. The probability density of the shear wave\nvelocity profile appears very rough. As the authors illustrate in the histogram (panel c), the chosen data\nnoise is exceptionally low. We understand that they use a standard deviation for the uniform prior ranging\nfrom 1x10^5 to 1x10-3: is this true? Even the maximum is very low, translating to Vs/1000 for Vs=3 km/s.\nThis leads to overfitting, which is evident in the rough histogram in panel a. One can employ such a small\nstandard deviation, but more than 100k iterations are required to sample the posterior. Such a posterior\nappears undersampled.\nThe solution is to increase the maximum standard deviation in the inversion to 10-1, a value that will\nproduce a much smoother posterior and greater, yet more reliable, uncertainty. The robustness must be\ntested following this procedure, as we are also discussing volcanic media, where uncertainties are higher\nthan at regional and continental scales. Since this is the only figure presented by the authors, we infer that\nit represents one of the best-case scenarios.\nBest Wishes,\nLuca De Siena and Fabrizio Magrini\nUniversity of Geneva Geneva, 10th June 2025\nR: Dear Colleagues,\nThank you very much for acknowledging our work and for your valuable suggestions. We followed them in\nthe previous round, and we have done so again this time. Once again, your suggestions have proved\nvaluable — please find the technical aspects related to our second revision below.\nWe agree that over-fitting occurred in our previous model as we observed this noise posterior behavior\noccurring for every single investigated posterior of our model. As mentioned in line 378 of our previous\nSupplementary Information materials, we indeed used a standard deviation for the uniform prior ranging\nfrom 1x10^(-7) to 1x10^(-3). Following your suggestion, we tested the robustness of our results by\nincreasing the maximum standard deviation from 1x10^(-3) to 1x10^(-1). Our tests were not satisfactory to\nmeet this suggestion while producing meaningful results (more outlier chains, poorer fits, apart mean and\nmedian profiles, unrealistic Vs model), which forced us to take a step back and review our methodology.\nThe effective changes added to our methodology are briefly listed below and fully elaborated in the text\n(see lines 255-270, 303-309, 272-284, and 329-338 of the Supplementary Information materials):\n- Presenting a 2-D nonlinear travel-time tomography using a fixed grid size (0.375 x 0.375 km).\n- Retention of stable (reasonable variance reduction) group velocity maps.\n- Synthetic tests using identical ray-paths as used in the inversions.\n- Savitsky-Golay filtering of the dispersion curves prior to 1-D depth inversions.\n- Retention of the median (instead of the mean) profiles to constitute the 3-D velocity model.\nWe believe these changes are legitimate and sound, producing robust results that meet all\nrecommendations and concerns mentioned since the beginning of the revision process of our work.\nSupplementary Figures S8 to S13 show the 1-D depth inversions for three different locations across\nVulcano island, where the probability density of the shear wave velocity profile now appears much\nnarrower (in the considered upper 2 km). Moreover, the posterior noise distributions are now smoother\n(gaussian-shaped), providing a more reliable uncertainty. The new inversion still highlights the “fast root”\nof the plumbing system, while our resolution power (see Supplementary Figures S3 to S6) and claims on\ntectonic-volcanic activity interplay remain. Therefore, we slightly tuned the results and interpretation to fit\nwith our new inversion, and we modified the Supplementary Information materials accordingly.\nWe hope that we understood and corrected your concerns properly, and that you will support the changes\nmade to the methodology that achieved those new results and find them in line with your\nrecommendations.\nBest regards,\nDouglas Stumpp\nUniversity of Geneva Geneva, 10th June 2025\nReviewer #3 (Remarks to the Author):\nThe authors have addressed my concerns thoroughly, and I am satisfied with their responses and\nrevisions. I recommend accepting the manuscript in its current form.\nR: Dear Reviewer 3,\nThank you for the time you spent on our manuscript and for your suggestions.\nBest regards,\nDouglas Stumpp\nUniversity of Geneva Geneva, 10th June 2025\nReviewer #4 (Remarks to the Author):\nDear authors,\nThank you very much for your thorough revision and for addressing the questions and concerns I raised in\nthe previous round. The manuscript has significantly improved, and I appreciate the effort you have put\nin to strengthening the scientific content and structure.\nHowever, I believe the manuscript would still benefit from improvements in writing and English\nproofreading. I also would like to suggest the following minor edits for your consideration:\n[...]\nI hope these suggestions help further improve this nice manuscript.\nBest wishes,\nPilar.\nR: Dear Dr. Sánchez,\nThank you very much for the time spent on our manuscript. We acknowledge your comments and\nincluded them in the manuscript.\nPlease find our detailed answers, in blue, below.\nBest regards,\nDouglas Stumpp\n- Line 47: Please remove e.g.\nR: We removed it.\n- Line 49: Consider explaining the concept of the neural network nodal configuration, or at least providing\na relevant citation in the introduction. As this is not yet a well-established method, a brief explanation\nwould help readers better appreciate the innovative techniques employed in the study.\nR: We further explain and detail the meaning behind the Neural Network Nodal Ambient Noise Tomography\n(N3ANT) terminology.\nSee lines 48-50 of the Introduction section and lines 54-56 of the Results section.\n- The supplementary figures are not presented in the same order in which they are cited in the main text,\nplease ensure consistency.\nR: The Supplementary Figures are now presented in a consistent order.\nUniversity of Geneva Geneva, 10th June 2025\n- The Results section would be clearer if introduced with a brief paragraph describing the nature of the data\nor calculations. Currently, the transition from the introduction to the results feels abrupt.\nR: We introduce the Results section with a brief paragraph explaining the nature of the data and the\nmethodology that we applied to it. We also redirect the readers to the Supplementary Methods where\nthose aspects are fully detailed.\nSee lines 54-58 of the Results section.\n- Line 80: I suggest replacing e.g. with among others.\nR: We replaced it.\n- In some paragraphs, the bibliography appears somewhat narrowly focused on publications from your\nresearch network. I recommend including additional references from the wider international literature.\nR: We believe this comment refers to some paragraphs of the Discussion and Supplementary Methods\nsections, where we further include references coming from a wider international literature spectrum. Also,\nwhen possible, we removed repeated citations of the same papers from our research network to avoid\nbringing this feeling.\nSee lines 86-91, 111-113, and 161 of the Discussion section. See line 91 of the Supplementary Methods\nsection."}]

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