English: Aside from the aesthetical standards laid out by Bienvenido Lumbera in his Formalization of Tradition, the formalistic lens in Virgilio Almario's Taludtod at Talinghaga (1991) was also used in reading and analyzing the poems.
Filipino: Maliban sa mga pamantayang estetikal na inilatag ni Bienvenido Lumbera sa kaniyang Formalization of Tradition, ginamit din ang iba pang pormalistikong lente sa pagsusuri ng tulang tradisyonal sa Taludtod at Talinghaga ni Virgilio Almario (1991).