Manifesto of the 343

Manifesto of the 343
The Manifesto of the 343 is a French petition penned by Simone de Beauvoir, and signed by 343 women, all publicly declaring that they had had an illegal abortion. The manifesto was published under the title, "" ('an appeal by 343 women'), on 5 April 1971, in issue 334 of Le Nouvel Observateur, a social democratic French weekly magazine. The piece was the sole topic on the magazine cover. Abortion was illegal in France, and by admitting publicly to having aborted, women exposed themselves to criminal prosecution.
The manifesto called for the legalization of abortion and free access to contraception. It paved the way for the "Veil Act"—named for Health Minister Simone Veil—which repealed the penalty for voluntarily terminating a pregnancy. The law was passed in December 1974 and January 1975, and afforded women the ability to abort during the first ten weeks (later extended to fourteen weeks).
Background
Following the Liberation of Paris in 1944, the death penalty for abortion was reformed, but abortion continued to be prosecuted vigorously. Illegal abortion rates remained fairly high during the post-war period, and increasing numbers of women began to travel to the United Kingdom to procure abortions after the UK legalized abortion in 1967.
During the period of civil unrest during and after the events of May 1968, a new civil rights movement was becoming prominent throughout the media campaigning for more equal rights and opportunities for women. The Mouvement de Libération des Femmes's ('The Women's Liberation Front') main goal was to advocate for the right of autonomy from their husbands as well as rights that pertained to the use of contraception and legalization of abortion.
The text
The text of the manifesto was written by Simone de Beauvoir. It began (and translated into English):
Response
The week after the manifesto appeared, the front page of the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo carried a drawing attacking male politicians with the question "Qui a engrossé les 343 salopes du manifeste sur l'avortement?" ("Who got the 343 sluts from the abortion manifesto pregnant?"). This drawing by Cabu gave the manifesto its familiar nickname, often mistaken as the original title. For Maud Gelly, doctor and author, "A caricature meant at ridiculing politicians left a macho insult to qualify these women, and that tells a lot about the anti-feminism sometimes dominating the rewriting of the history of women's struggles."
In 1971, the feminist group ('To Choose') was founded by Gisèle Halimi, to protect the women who had signed the manifesto. In 1972, formed itself into a clearly reformist body, and the campaign greatly influenced the passing of the law allowing contraception and legal abortion carried through by Simone Veil in 1974.
It was the inspiration for a February 3, 1973, manifesto by 331 French doctors declaring their support for abortion rights:We want freedom of abortion. It is entirely the woman's decision. We reject any entity that forces her to defend herself, perpetuates an atmosphere of guilt, and allows underground abortions to persist ...
Notable signatories
Françoise Arnoul
Brigitte Auber
Stéphane Audran
Colette Audry
Tina Aumont
Hélène de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir
Loleh Bellon
Catherine Claude
Iris Clert
Geneviève Cluny
Lila De Nobili
Lise Deharme
Christine Delphy
Catherine Deneuve
Dominique Desanti
Marguerite Duras
Françoise d'Eaubonne
Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre
Françoise Fabian
Annie Fargue
Brigitte Fontaine
Antoinette Fouque
Claude Génia
Gisèle Halimi
Catherine Joly
Olga Kosakiewicz
Bernadette Lafont
Danièle Lebrun
Violette Leduc
Marceline Loridan-Ivens
Françoise Lugagne
Judith Magre
Geneviève Mnich
Ariane Mnouchkine
Claudine Monteil
Jeanne Moreau
Michèle Moretti
Liane Mozère
Bulle Ogier
Marie Pillet (Julie Delpy's mother)
Marie-France Pisier
Micheline Presle
Marthe Robert
Christiane Rochefort
Yvette Roudy
Françoise Sagan
Delphine Seyrig
Alexandra Stewart
Gaby Sylvia
Nadine Trintignant
Irène Tunc
Agnès Varda
Ursula Vian-Kübler
Marina Vlady
Anne Wiazemsky
Monique Wittig
Anne Zelensky
See also
from France
:fr:Mouvement pour la liberté de l'avortement et de la contraception (MLAC)
We've had abortions! (1971)
You Know Me movement (2019)
Further reading
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References
External links
Charlie Hebdo. Rétrospective - Le manifeste des 343 salopes at YouTube
Feminism in France
Abortion in France
Political manifestos
1971 in politics
1971 in France
1971 documents
1971 in women's history