Young Americans

Young Americans is the ninth studio album by the English musician David Bowie, released on 7March 1975 through RCA Records. A departure from the glam rock style of previous albums, the album showcased Bowie's interest in soul and R&B. Music critics have described the record as blue-eyed soul; Bowie himself labelled the album's sound "plastic soul".
Recording sessions began at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia in August 1974, after the first leg of his Diamond Dogs Tour. The record was produced by Tony Visconti, and includes a variety of musicians, such as the guitarist Carlos Alomar, who became one of Bowie's most frequent collaborators, and the backing vocalists Ava Cherry, Robin Clark and then-unknown singer Luther Vandross. As the tour continued the setlist and design began to incorporate the influence of the new material. The recording sessions continued at the Record Plant in New York City at the tour's end. A collaboration between Bowie and John Lennon yielded a cover of Lennon's Beatles song "Across the Universe" and "Fame" during a January 1975 session at Electric Lady Studios, produced by Harry Maslin. The album's cover artwork is a back-lit photograph of Bowie taken by Eric Stephen Jacobs.
Young Americans was Bowie's breakthrough in the US, reaching the top 10 on the Billboard chart; the single "Fame" became Bowie's first number one hit. Bowie continued developing its sound on Station to Station (1976). It has received mixed critical reviews on release and in later decades; Bowie himself had mixed feelings about the album. The album proved influential. Bowie was one the first white artists of the era to overtly engage with black musical styles; other British artists followed suit. The album has been reissued multiple times with outtakes, and was remastered in 2016 as part of the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) box set.
Background and development
David Bowie released his eighth studio album Diamond Dogs in May 1974. His final album in the glam rock genre, it contained two songs, "Rock 'n' Roll with Me" and "1984", that exhibit elements of funk and soul, which predicted the musical direction for Bowie's next project. While his interest in soul music dated back to his mod days in the mid-1960s, he began listening to soul records extensively and incorporating soul material into his live sets. In July, towards the end of the first leg of his Diamond Dogs Tour, he performed covers of the soul songs "Knock on Wood" by Eddie Floyd and "Here Today and Gone Tomorrow" by the Ohio Players for shows in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania that yielded the live album David Live (1974). Bowie had grown tired of the tour's lavish set-pieces and theatricality and was ready to fully embrace black soul music.
In early 1974, Bowie met funk guitarist Carlos Alomar, an Apollo Theater session musician who had played with James Brown, Chuck Berry and Wilson Pickett. One of Bowie's favourite records was Brown's Live at the Apollo (1963), so meeting a musician who played at the Apollo meant a lot to him. Alomar had never heard of Bowie when they met, but they immediately connected and formed a working relationship that would last almost 15 years; Alomar became Bowie's guide into American black music.
While in Pennsylvania, Bowie visited Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia to work on recordings with American musician Ava Cherry. Sigma Sound was the home of Philadelphia soul and the favourite studio of writer-producer duo Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff; the two had co-founded Philadelphia International Records, the home of many well-known black American musicians. At the end of the first leg of the tour, Bowie returned to New York City to mix David Live, listening to various black albums in preparation for his return to Sigma Sound.
Recording history
For the backing band, Bowie wanted to hire MFSB ("Mother Father Sister Brother"), Sigma Sound's house band of over 30 session musicians. All members were unavailable except for percussionist Larry Washington, so Bowie went to New York City for further recruitment. Pianist Mike Garson, saxophonist David Sanborn and percussionist Pablo Rosario were retained from the Diamond Dogs Tour, while guitarist Earl Slick was replaced by Alomar. At Alomar's suggestion, Bowie hired former Sly and the Family Stone drummer Andy Newmark and bassist Willie Weeks of the Isley Brothers to replace Tony Newman and Herbie Flowers, respectively. Producer Tony Visconti joined the project immediately after Bowie informed him of Weeks' involvement; Visconti co-produced much of Bowie's work for the rest of the decade. Cherry, Alomar's wife Robin Clark, then-unknown singer Luther Vandross, Anthony Hinton and Diane Sumler performed backing vocals for the sessions.
Philadelphia sessions
Demo work began at Sigma Sound on 8August 1974, with official work starting three days later on 11August upon Visconti's arrival. Before Philadelphia, Bowie had spent most of his recording career in Britain, where recording methods were different from those in the United States. At Olympic and Trident Studios in Britain, engineers applied equalisers and reverb as they were recording, so these effects were heard upon playback. At Sigma Sound, however, the engineers applied effects during the mixing stage. Bowie was initially confounded when hearing the tapes back, as according to biographer Chris O'Leary, he "hadn't heard his 'naked' voice on tape in years."
The sessions were productive and moved rapidly, only taking two weeks to complete. It was agreed early on to record as much of the album as possible live, with the full band playing together, including Bowie's vocals, as a single continuous take for each song. According to Visconti, the album contains "about 85% 'live' David Bowie". Most of the material was built out of jam sessions. The album represented a change in Bowie's approach to production, allowing the musicians to come up with ideas that Bowie used to write lyrics and melodies. Cherry, Clark and Vandross, in particular, became driving forces of the project.
During his time at Sigma Sound, Bowie completely immersed himself in soul music. He created a new persona called "The Gouster", a slang term for a hip street boy, which became one of the album's working titles. Visconti commented that "It wasn't so much a concept as a way of setting the tone that we were going to make a very hip album." Bowie's cocaine addiction heightened at a rapid pace during the period; he often stayed awake day and night recording while the band slept. Alomar said the sessions were "fuelled" by drugs, recalling: "He used drugs to keep himself awake. [I assumed] it was more a functional thing [than an addiction], so he'd be 'on' whenever the moment came to record." Bowie's cocaine use affected his voice, creating what Bowie himself called "a real raspy sound" that prevented him from singing higher notes. Bowie believed the album contained the highest notes he ever sang on record.
The sessions produced numerous outtakes, including "After Today", "Who Can I Be Now?", "It's Gonna Be Me", a rerecording of Bowie's 1972 single "John, I'm Only Dancing" titled "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)", "Lazer", "Shilling the Rubes", a scrapped rerecording of Bruce Springsteen's "It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City" and "Too Fat Polka". After these sessions, Bowie was eager to perform his new work live. Embarking on the second half of the Diamond Dogs tour, lasting September to December 1974, this portion is nicknamed the Soul Tour due to the influence of the new material. The shows were heavily altered and no longer featured elaborate set-pieces, due to Bowie's exhaustion with the design and wanting to explore the new sound he was creating. Songs from the previous leg were dropped, while new ones were added, including some from the new album. On 2 November, Bowie appeared on The Dick Cavett Show and performed "1984", "Young Americans" and a version of the Flairs' "Footstompin. He was inarticulate and visibly drugged during his interview.
Bowie and Visconti added overdubs and started mixing following the conclusion of the Soul tour in November 1974. Local fans, whom Bowie referred to as the "Sigma Kids", waited outside the studio over the course of the sessions. On the final day of tracking, these fans were invited into the studio to listen to rough versions of the new songs. Apart from The Gouster, the album's other several working titles included Dancin, Somebody Up There Likes Me, One Damned Song, Shilling the Rubes and Fascination. An early acetate of The Gouster provided by Visconti showed "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)", "Who Can I Be Now?" and "It's Gonna Be Me" in the track-listing.
New York sessions
The Soul tour ended in December 1974, after which Bowie, Visconti and Alomar regrouped at the Record Plant in New York City to record two new songs, "Fascination" and "Win". At this point, Bowie told Disc the album title was Fascination (after the newly recorded track); "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)" was still in the track-listing, and the two new tracks replaced "Who Can I Be Now?" and "Somebody Up There Likes Me". Visconti, who believed the album was completely finished, returned to London to record string arrangements for "Can You Hear Me", "Win" and "It's Gonna Be Me" at AIR Studios, while Bowie remained in New York, working on separate mixing with in-house engineer Harry Maslin.
During this time, former Beatle John Lennon was working at the Record Plant on his 1975 covers album Rock 'n' Roll. Lennon, who was in what he later termed his "Lost weekend" period, had met Bowie in Los Angeles in September 1974. The two connected and decided to record together. With Alomar, the two convened at New York City's Electric Lady Studios in January 1975, recording a cover of Lennon's Beatles song "Across the Universe" and a new song, "Fame". In Visconti's absence, the session was co-produced by Bowie and Maslin. Alongside Alomar, Bowie invited Slick and drummer Dennis Davis, making their debuts on a Bowie record, as well as bassist Emir Ksasan from the Soul tour band. Percussionist Ralph MacDonald and backing vocalists Jean Fineberg and Jean Millington also contributed.
Mixing for Young Americans was completed at the Record Plant on 12January 1975. Bowie contacted Visconti about the collaborations with Lennon two weeks later. Bowie was apologetic and requested the two tracks be on the final album; they replaced "Who Can I Be Now?", "It's Gonna Be Me" and "After Today". Visconti later said: "[They were] beautiful songs and it made me sick when [Bowie] decided not to use them. I think it was the personal content of the songs which he was a bit reluctant to release, although it was so obscure I don't think even I knew what he was on about in them!"
Songs
Young Americans presented a new musical direction for Bowie, exploring blue-eyed soul and R&B. Bowie himself labelled its sound "plastic soul", or, in the words of author Benoît Clerc, "a pale synthetic derivative of authentic soul music". Garson later argued: "I think because he was uncertain if he was good at it, he demeaned himself by calling it plastic soul." Other writers have classified it "sax-y white soul" and music white soul. Ashley Naftule of Consequence of Sound said the album "plays matchmaker between Bowie's artsy rocker tendencies and the warm earnestness of soul and R&B." Biographer Marc Spitz said the album does not showcase "Bowie does black music", but rather "Bowie and black music do each other". Lyrical themes throughout the album include loneliness, despair and alienation. Biographer Christopher Sandford writes that the album is "a record of high spirits and lively, colliding ideas". One of Bowie's major inspirations when writing the album was Aretha Franklin.
Side one
"Young Americans" opens the album, which Bowie said was about "a newly-wed couple who don't know if they really like each other". The song also presents new lyrical directions for the artist: instead of "shady" characters living in worlds fraught with darkness, "Young Americans" shows typical American teenagers. References are made to McCarthyism and the resignation of president Richard Nixon, which occurred a week before the recording sessions began. The line "I heard the news today, oh boy" was taken from the Beatles' song "A Day in the Life", acknowledging Lennon's influence on Bowie and their imminent collaboration later on the album. Author Peter Doggett writes that the song introduced the world to an entirely new Bowie, catching everyone by surprise. Bowie said "Win" was about people who "don't work very hard". According to author James E. Perone, the lyrics are more abstract than the previous track and are open to interpretation. Saxophones and strings feature throughout, while the backing vocalists are more relaxed and in line with Bowie's lead. Biographer David Buckley calls the track the album's standout and "one of the most gorgeous melodies Bowie has ever written."
"Fascination" evolved out of a Vandross track titled "Funky Music (Is a Part of Me)", which Bowie added new lyrics to. Bowie kept most of Vandross' structure but changed the interplay of the backing vocalists. Doggett cites elements in the novels City of Night (1963) and The Occult Reich (1974) as inspirations for the title, while Buckley writes that it reaffirms the 'strange fascination' motif of Bowie's 1971 track "Changes". "Right" is the only track on Young Americans to feature Bowie's old friend Geoff MacCormack. The call and response between Bowie and the backing singers "lends an air of immaculate sophistication to the lyric's paean to positive thinking", according to biographer Nicholas Pegg. In 1975, Bowie called the song a mantra: "People forget what the sound of Man's instinct is—it's a drone, a mantra. And people say, 'Why are so many things popular that just drone on and on?' But that's the point really. It reaches a particular vibration, not necessarily a musical level." Bowie, Vandross, Clark and Cherry can be seen rehearsing the song in the BBC documentary Cracked Actor (1975).
Side two
The title of "Somebody Up There Likes Me" was taken from the 1956 film of the same name. Similar to "Right", it uses a call-and-response structure and is embellished in strings, saxophone and synthesisers that hide dark lyrics. Pegg states that the lyrics discuss the idea of celebrity and the "hollowness of fame and adulation". Bowie himself described the song as a "Watch out mate, Hitler's on your back" warning. Bowie's rendition of "Across the Universe" is a blue-eyed soul reworking that features Lennon on guitar and backing vocals. Bowie had previously called the Beatles' original version "very watery" and wanted to "hammer the hell out of it". His cover has been maligned by critics and biographers. Perone argues it succeeds as a "groove piece".
"Can You Hear Me?", originally "Take It in Right", is described by O'Leary as contemporary R&B, while Doggett believes its style is more reminiscent of southern music rather than Philly soul. Pegg praises Visconti's string arrangement as one of the album's highlights. Perone likens Bowie's vocal performance to singer Al Green. In 1975, Bowie stated that the song was "written for somebody" but declined to disclose who; his biographers agree that it was most likely for Cherry.
"Fame" is a funk rock song that represents Bowie and Lennon's dissatisfaction with the troubles of fame and stardom. Alomar originally developed the guitar riff for Bowie's cover of "Footstompin, which Bowie then used to create "Fame". Lennon's voice is heard interjecting the falsetto "Fame" throughout the song. Bowie later said that Lennon was the "energy" and the "inspiration" for "Fame", which is why he received a writing credit. In 1980, Lennon stated: "We took some Stevie Wonder middle eight and did it backwards, you know, and we made a record out of it!"
Outtakes
"Who Can I Be Now?" reflects the theme of self-identity. Over its runtime, it builds to a what Pegg calls a "gospel-choir climax". Doggett writes that its title summarises Bowie's career up to this point, sharing a similar theme as "Changes". "It's Gonna Be Me" is a ballad similar in style to Aretha Franklin. Originally titled "Come Back My Baby", it is lyrically similar to "Can You Hear Me?", in that it follows a casual seducer who realises the error of his ways and works to redeem himself. Biographers have generally praised the track as one of the most overlooked gems of Bowie's entire career. "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)" is a radical seven-minute funk and disco reworking of Bowie's 1972 glam rock single "John, I'm Only Dancing". This new version mostly retains the original's chorus, but with new verses and an entirely different melody. It was released as a single in 1979. "After Today" is a soul-disco song with a falsetto vocal from Bowie and less polished production compared to other album tracks.
Artwork
For the album cover artwork, Bowie initially wanted to commission Norman Rockwell to create a painting but retracted the offer when he heard that Rockwell would need at least six months to do the job. According to Pegg, another rejected idea was a full-length portrait of Bowie in a "flying suit" and white scarf, standing in front of an American flag and raising a glass. The final cover photo, a back-lit and airbrushed photo of Bowie, was taken in Los Angeles on 30August 1974 by photographer Eric Stephen Jacobs. Jacobs took inspiration from a similar photo he took of choreographer Toni Basil for the September 1974 cover of After Dark magazine. Using that photo, Craig DeCamps designed the final cover at RCA Records' New York City office. Sandford calls it one of the "classic" album covers.
Release
RCA released "Young Americans" as the lead single to the album on 21February 1975, with the Ziggy Stardust track "Suffragette City" as the B-side. In the US, it was released in edited form, with a length of 3:11, omitting two verses and a chorus. It reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart and number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100, his second top 40 entry and second-highest chart peak in the US up to that point. Bowie's November 1974 performance of the song on The Dick Cavett Show was used as promotion, airing on the BBC's Top of the Pops on 21February 1975.
Young Americans was released in the UK on 7March 1975, with the catalogue number RS1006. It reached number nine on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart and remained on the chart for 51 weeks. It stayed on the UK Albums Chart for 17 weeks, peaking at number two, being kept off the top spot by Tom Jones's 20 Greatest Hits. Elsewhere, Young Americans reached the top five in New Zealand and Sweden, the top ten in Australia and Finland, number 12 in France, 13 in Norway, 17 in Canada and 82 in Japan. According to Buckley, sales were lower than Diamond Dogs overall.
The second single "Fame" was released on 2June in the US and on 25July in the UK, with album track "Right" as the B-side. Although it only reached number 17 in the UK, "Fame" topped the charts in the US. Its chart success was a surprise to Bowie, who recalled in 1990: "Even though [Lennon] had contributed to it and everything, and I had no idea, as with 'Let's Dance', that that was what a commercial single is. I haven't got a clue when it comes to singles. I just don't know about them, I don't get it, and 'Fame' was really out of left-field for me." In early November, he became one of the first white artists to appear on ABC TV's Soul Train, where he gave a mimed performance of "Fame" and his new single "Golden Years"; he was one of the first white artists to appear on the programme. He then sang "Fame" and "Can You Hear Me?" live on the CBS variety show Cher a few weeks later.
Critical reception
Young Americans was released to a generally favorable reception, particularly in America. Billboard predicted that the album would appease Bowie's current fans and open him up to new ones. It was further described by Record World as his "most compelling album to date", while Cashbox praised Bowie as an artist. Michael Gross of Crawdaddy called Young Americans Bowie's best studio record since Ziggy Stardust, and one that "holds up as being phenomenologically precise".
Amongst mixed reviews, some enjoyed certain tracks but disregarded the collection as a whole. Rolling Stones Jon Landau praised the title-track and thought that "the rest of the album works best when Bowie combines his renewed interest in soul with his knowledge of English pop, rather than opting entirely for one or the other." Ray Fox-Cumming of Record Mirror described the sound as "spasmodic, awkward, frustrating" and having "a joyless energy". In The Philadelphia Inquirer, Jack Lloyd called Young Americans a "gem" and a "triumph" filled with "superb" songs aside from the "pretentious" title track, but felt "Across the Universe" and "Fame" were out of place.
Several critics were negative. In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau called the record "an almost total failure", saying "although the amalgam of rock and Philly soul is so thin it's interesting, it overwhelms David's voice, which is even thinner." He nonetheless appreciated Bowie's renewed "generosity of spirit to risk failure" following Diamond Dogs and David Live, which Christgau had found disappointing. In Phonograph Record, John Mendelsohn criticised the lyrics, Bowie's vocal performance, found the melodies "as good as non-existent" and the overall album very weak. In the NME, Ian MacDonald felt the record was more of a transitional one, created out of a confused state of mind not knowing where to take his career next. He enjoyed it despite its flaws. In Melody Maker, Michael Watts praised the backing band but found the record too "pastiche" to be credible and Bowie's worst release up to that point. In Canada, Bill Man of The Gazette was also disappointed, believing Bowie should "focus his talents more directly". In their end-of-year list, NME ranked Young Americans the seventh best album of 1975.
Legacy
Subsequent events
Bowie continued developing the funk and soul of Young Americans, with electronic and German krautrock influences, for his next studio album, Station to Station, recorded in Los Angeles from September to November 1975 and released in January 1976. Biographers recognise songs from the Young Americans period that foreshadowed the album's direction include "Win", "Can You Hear Me?" and "Who Can I Be Now?" The album continued Bowie's run of commercial success, reaching number three in the US. However, his cocaine use continued throughout 1975; he later admitted he had almost no recollection of recording Station to Station. After completing the Isolar Tour in May 1976, he moved to Europe to rid himself of his drug addiction.
Commentators have acknowledged Young Americans as Bowie's first album that he performed as himself rather than as a persona. Sandford believed that Bowie showed maturity by not featuring Ziggy Stardust, which secured his breakthrough into the US market. Pegg says the album turned Bowie from "a mildly unsavoury cult artist to a chat-show friendly showbiz personality" in the US. Bowie, however, expressed varying statements about the album throughout his lifetime. In late 1975, he described it as "the phoniest R&B I've ever heard. If I ever would have got my hands on that record when I was growing up I would have cracked it over my knee." He further described it as "a phase" in a 1976 interview with Melody Maker. He later reversed his stance in 1990, telling Q magazine: "I shouldn't have been quite so hard on myself, because looking back it was pretty good white, blue-eyed soul [and] it was quite definitely one of the best bands I ever had."
Influence
Young Americans has been called one of Bowie's most influential records. With the album, Bowie was one of the first mainstream white artists to embrace black musical styles, paving the way for other artists to engage in similar styles. Daryl Easlea summarised in Record Collector: "While all rock'n'roll was based on white men's appropriation of black popular music, very few artists had embraced the form wholesale, to the point of using the same studios and musicians, as Bowie [did]." Buckley commented that it brought fans of both glam rock and soul together in the wake of the disco era. In subsequent years, British artists who experimented with funk and soul after Bowie included Elton John, Roxy Music, Rod Stewart, the Rolling Stones, Bee Gees, Talking Heads, Spandau Ballet, Japan and ABC. Bowie was also referenced directly by George Clinton in the Parliament song "P. Funk (Wants to Get Funked Up)" (1976) and in the film Saturday Night Fever (1977). Clinton also used a modified version of the "Fame" instrumental for Parliament's "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)" (1976), while James Brown used "Fame" riff verbatim for "Hot (I Need to Be Loved, Loved, Loved)" (1975). In 2016, Joe Lynch of Billboard argued that "Fame" and Young Americans as a whole served as an influence not only on other funk artists such as George Clinton but also early hip hop artists and the West Coast G-funk genre of the early 1990s.
Retrospective reviews
Young Americans has received mixed reviews from critics and fans in later decades, being dismissed as a purely transitional record and an inauthentic excursion by an artist whose talents lied elsewhere. Others have criticised it for being inconsistent, lacking strong songwriting and lacking the musical cohesiveness of Bowie's other 1970s albums. Douglas Wolk stated in Pitchfork: "It doesn't have the mad theatrical scope of Diamond Dogs or the formal audacity of Station to Station; at times, it comes off as an artist trying very hard to demonstrate how unpredictable he is." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that Young Americans is "more enjoyable as a stylistic adventure than as a substantive record".
Some critics have viewed Young Americans as an overlooked album that occupies a troubled place in Bowie's discography, being sequenced between Bowie's Ziggy and Thin White Duke periods. Rob Sheffield opined that the album is "easy to overlook" because Bowie "did most of these robot-soul space-funk tricks better two years later on Station to Station". Mark Beaumont of The Independent argued: "Those rock historians who dismiss the album as a white elephant among Bowie's 1970s output [...] underestimate its significance. Because this was Bowie's first display of true fearlessness, rock's most celebrated shape-shifter attempting his first real post-fame metamorphosis." Others agree that Young Americans deserves a spot in Bowie's discography, with Sam Kemp of Far Out arguing that "it's impossible to imagine Bowie's later albums without Young Americans". Easlea called the record "Bowie for the connoisseur". Positive reviews of the album say that it has aged well, even being considered by some as a masterpiece of "white soul". In 1991, Jon Wilde of Melody Maker said that Young Americans "serves as a reminder of just how far Bowie was ahead of the game in the mid-[1970s]." Actor Bob Geldof said: "Young Americans is a fantastic soul record, but soul with something else going on. There's an edginess to it."
Young Americans was voted Bowie's ninth best album in a 2013 readers' poll for Rolling Stone. The magazine argued that its style shift helped introduce Bowie to a wider audience. That same year, NME ranked the album at number 175 in its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2004, Charles Shaar Murray voted it the 88th best British album in a list for The Observer. The album was also included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Reissues
Young Americans was first released on CD by RCA in 1984, and then by Rykodisc/EMI in 1991, with three bonus tracks. The reissue charted at number 54 on the UK Albums Chart for one week in April 1991. A 1999 edition on EMI featured 24-bit digitally remastered sound and no extra tracks. The 2007 reissue, marketed as a "Special Edition", included an accompanying DVD, containing 5.1 surround sound mixes of the album and Bowie's November 1974 interview and performances on The Dick Cavett Show. In 2016, the album was remastered for the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) box set, which also includes an earlier, rawer-sounding draft of the album, titled The Gouster. It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats, both as part of this compilation and separately.
The 1991 and 2007 reissues featured "Who Can I Be Now?", "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)" and "It's Gonna Be Me" as bonus tracks; the latter was released in an alternate version with strings on the 2007 edition. The 1991 reissue replaced the original versions of "Win", "Fascination" and "Right" with alternate mixes, but later reissues restored the original mixes. Another outtake, "After Today", appeared on the 1989 box set Sound + Vision, as did the alternate mix of "Fascination".
Track listing
Personnel
According to the liner notes and biographer Nicholas Pegg, except where noted.
David Bowie – vocals, guitar, keyboards
Carlos Alomar – guitars
Mike Garson – piano
David Sanborn – saxophone
Willie Weeks – bass guitar
Andy Newmark – drums
Earl Slick – guitars
Additional musicians
Larry Washington – congas
Ava Cherry – backing vocals
Robin Clark – backing vocals
Luther Vandross – backing vocals, vocal arrangements
Anthony Hinton – backing vocals
Diane Sumler – backing vocals
Tony Visconti – string arrangements
Pablo Rosario – percussion
John Lennon – vocals, guitar, backing vocals
Emir Ksasan – bass guitar
Dennis Davis – drums
Ralph MacDonald – percussion
Jean Fineberg – backing vocals
Jean Millington – backing vocals
Technical
David Bowie – producer
Tony Visconti – producer, mixer
Harry Maslin – producer, mixer, engineer
Carl Parulow – engineer
Mike Hutchinson – tape operator
Eddie Kramer – engineer
David Whitman – tape operator
Kevin Herron – tape operator
David Thoener – tape operator
Eric Stephen Jacobs – cover photograph
Craig DeCamps – cover design
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Notes
References
Sources
External links
1975 albums
Albums produced by David Bowie
Albums produced by Tony Visconti
Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios
Albums recorded at Sigma Sound Studios
David Bowie albums
EMI Records albums
RCA Records albums
Rykodisc albums
Virgin Records albums
Parlophone albums