Nicolaus Bruhns

Nicolaus Bruhns (also Nikolaus, Nicholas; late 1665 – in Husum) was a Danish-German organist, violinist, and composer. He was one of the most prominent organists and composers of his generation.
Biography
Bruhns was born in Schwabstedt (Danish: Svavsted), a small settlement near Husum. He came from a family of musicians and composers. His grandfather, Paul Jakob Bruhns (died 1655), worked as lutenist in Lübeck. His three sons all chose musical careers; Bruhns' father, also named Paul (1640–c. 1689), became organist at Schwabstedt, possibly after studying with Franz Tunder. Nicolaus was apparently a child prodigy: according to Ernst Ludwig Gerber, he could play the organ and compose competent works for keyboard and voice already at an early age. He probably received his first music lessons from his father.
At age sixteen, Bruhns, together with his younger brother Georg (1666-1742), was sent to Lübeck to live with their uncle Peter, who would teach Bruhns the violin and the viola da gamba. The two brothers also studied the organ and composition; Georg under Bernhard Olffen, organist of St. Aegidien, and Nicolaus under Dieterich Buxtehude. The latter, one of the best composers of his time, was so impressed with Bruhns' talents and progress that he considered him his best pupil and eventually recommended him for Copenhagen. There Bruhns worked as organist and violinist. On 29 March 1689 he competed for the position of organist of the Stadtkirche in Husum and was unanimously accepted. In a few months he was offered a position at Kiel, but declined when the authorities at Husum increased his salary. Bruhns remained in Husum until his untimely death in 1697, at the age of 31. His only son, Johan Paul, chose a career in theology. Bruhns was succeeded in Husum by his brother Georg.
Works
Bruhns' surviving oeuvre is unfortunately small: only 12 vocal and 5 organ pieces are extant. The vocal works include four sacred concertos that established a new level of virtuosity in the genre, and three sacred madrigal cantatas that represent a direct link with the next century and the work of Johann Sebastian Bach. Although the instrumental writing in most of these works suggests that Bruhns could only rely on musicians of average skill, there are movements, such as the opening sonatina of the solo cantata Mein Herz ist bereit, that feature highly developed, virtuosic textures. Bruhns almost certainly wrote chamber music, which may have been of the same high quality, but none of these works survive.
The organ works comprise four praeludia and a chorale fantasia on the hymn "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland". The most significant of these pieces is the larger of the two E minor praeludia, which is usually cited as one of the greatest works of the North German organ tradition. Although Johann Sebastian Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach claimed that his father admired and studied Bruhns' work, no direct influence has been traced by scholars.
List of works
Vocal
Muss nicht der Mensch auf dieser Erden in stetem Streite sein
O werter heil'ger Geist
Hemmt eure Traenenflut
Ich liege und schlafe
Jauchzet dem Herren
Wohl dem, der den Herren fürchtet
De profundis
Paratum cor meum
Die Zeit meines Abschieds ist vorhanden
Erstanden ist der heilige Christ
Der Herr hat seinen Stuhl im Himmel bereitet
Mein Herz ist bereit – Example and sheet music
Instrumental
Organ works
Großes Praeludium in E minor – Example (info), sheet music
Kleines Praeludium in E minor – Example and sheet music
Chorale Fantasy on "Nun Komm der Heiden Heiland"
Praeludium in G major
Fragment of Praeludiums in D major
Praeludium in G minor (also attributed to Brunckhorst)
References
Other sources
The most recent and concise summary of Bruhns' life and works available in English.
Webber, Geoffrey. North German church music in the age of Buxtehude. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. .
Covers a wide variety of topics related to church music, with considerable space given to Bruhns.
Snyder, Kerala J. Dieterich Buxtehude: Organist in Lübeck. New York: Schirmer Books, 1987. .
This definitive biography of Buxtehude includes significant discussion of Bruhns' early life and context.
Fosse, R.C. "Nicolaus Bruhns", pp. 92–107 in The Musical Heritage of the Lutheran Church, ed. T. Hoelty-Nickel. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959.
The first substantial consideration of Bruhns in English.
Geck, Martin. Nicolaus Bruhns: Leben und Werk. Köln: Musikverlag H. Gerig, 1968.
Somewhat dated, this remains the central study of Bruhns to date.
Kölsch, Heinz. Nicolaus Bruhns. Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag, 1958. Issued in 1938 as thesis, Kiel.
The first landmark study of Bruhns' life and works.
Fructus, Michel. L'oeuvre d'orgue de Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697), Essai sur la persuasion musicale dans l'Allemagne baroque du XVIIe siècle, DEA de Musicologie, Lyon, 1999, 2 vol.
Fructus, Michel. Les cantates de Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697), Thèse de Doctorat de Musicologie, Lyon, 2009, 3 vol.
External links
1665 births
1697 deaths
People from Nordfriesland
German Baroque composers
Danish classical composers
German male classical composers
German classical composers
German classical organists
Organists and composers in the North German tradition
German male organists
People from the Duchy of Schleswig
17th-century classical composers
Danish Baroque composers
17th-century Danish composers
17th-century male musicians
Male classical organists