PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Clarence Kingsbury

Clarence Kingsbury
Clarence Brickwood Kingsbury (3 November 1882 – 4 March 1949) was a British track cyclist who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He belonged to the Paddington and North End cycling clubs.
Biography
Kingsbury was born and died in Portsmouth, Hampshire.
He was the son of Martha Brickwood (née White) and William Salter Kingsbury. His mother Martha was previously married to Thomas Brickwood of Brickwoods Brewery. In 1904 he married Maud Jennings.
In 1908 he won the gold medal in the 20 kilometres competition as well as in the team pursuit as member of the British team.
He finished fifth in the 5000 metres competition and was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 660 yards event. In the sprint event he participated in the final when the time limit was exceeded, resulting in the race being declared void and no medals being awarded.
Golden Book of Cycling
He was given his own entry in the Golden Book of Cycling.
Kingsbury was living at 41 Queens Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, during the 1901 census, his occupation listed as 'cycle agent'.
When Kingsbury died he was living at 4 Nightingale Road, Southsea.
References
External links
1882 births
1949 deaths
English male cyclists
English Olympic medallists
English track cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Portsmouth
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
تشربنت (أولاد علي)

تشربنت (أولاد علي)
تشربنت هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة اڭزناية الجنوبية، إقليم تازة، جهة فاس مكناس في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة أولاد علي التي تضم 11 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 271 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في أولاد علي (اڭزناية الجنوبية)
Julia Lajos

Julia Lajos (24 February 1894 – 21 June 1963) was a Spanish film actress. She appeared in more than 50 films between 1926 and 1963.
Selected filmography
A Palace for Sale (1942)
Orosia (1943)
Lady in Ermine (1943)
Life Begins at Midnight (1944)
The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks (1944)
The Road to Babel (1945)
Bamboo (1945)
Lady in Ermine (1947)
The Faith (1947)
Guest of Darkness (1948)
Rumbo (1949)
Just Any Woman (1949)
Apollo Theatre (1950)
The Troublemaker (1950)
The Last Horse (1950)
Don Juan (1950)
My Beloved Juan (1950)
Service at Sea (1951)
Captain Poison (1951)
The Great Galeoto (1951)
Nobody Will Know (1953)
Doña Francisquita (1953)
Malvaloca (1954)
High Fashion (1954)
The Cock Crow (1955)
External links
1894 births
1963 deaths
Spanish film actresses
20th-century Spanish actresses
Actresses from Castile and León
Burr Williams

Burr Williams
Burton Williams (August 30, 1908 – February 9, 1981) was an American ice hockey defenseman who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Detroit Red Wings, the St. Louis Eagles and the Boston Bruins between 1933 and 1935. He was born in Okemah, Oklahoma, but grew up in Duluth, Minnesota. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1927 to 1941, was spent in the minor league American Hockey Association, International Hockey League, and International American Hockey League. He died at a Duluth, Minnesota hospital in 1981.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1908 births
1981 deaths
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Boston Bruins players
Detroit Olympics (IHL) players
Detroit Red Wings players
Duluth Hornets players
Ice hockey people from Minnesota
Kansas City Americans players
Minneapolis Millers (AHA) players
New Haven Eagles players
Omaha Knights (AHA) players
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Pittsburgh Hornets players
St. Louis Eagles players
St. Louis Flyers players
Tulsa Oilers (AHA) players
Wichita Blue Jays players
ذا سورج 2

ذا سورج 2
سورج 2 (بالإنجليزية:The Surge 2)، هي لعبة فيديو من نوع أكشن تقمص الأدوار، وهي من تطوير ستوديو ديك13 إنتراكتيف الألمانية، وسينشر اللعبة فوكس هوم انتراكتيف بتاريخ 24 سبتمبر 2019، وهي الجزء الثاني من سلسلة ذا سورج، وتعمل على منصات بلاي ستيشن 4، إكس بوكس ون ومايكروسوفت ويندوز.
معرض الصور
مصادر
الموقع الخارجي
(الإنكليزية)
ألعاب إكس بوكس كلاود
ألعاب إكس بوكس ون
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن 4
ألعاب فيديو 2019
ألعاب فيديو أكشن تقمص أدوار
ألعاب فيديو تتميز بإمكانية اختيار الجنس
ألعاب فيديو عن الطوائف
ألعاب فيديو فردية
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في ألمانيا
ألعاب ويندوز
Pleospora

Pleospora is a genus of ascomycete fungi. This genus was originally described by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst in 1857 and was revised by Wehmeyer and Müller. There was an estimated 63 species in 2008. , the GBIF lists up to 440 species, while Species Fungorum lists about 375 species.
Selected species
A selected few species are shown here;
Pleospora alfalfae
Pleospora allii, Stemphylium leaf blight
Pleospora ambigua
Pleospora bardanae Niessl 1876
Pleospora betae now Neocamarosporium betae
Pleospora bjoerlingii
Pleospora eturmiuna
Pleospora gaudefroyi, Patouillard, now in genus Decorospora
Pleospora gigaspora
Pleospora gracilariae
Pleospora halophila
Pleospora herbarum
Pleospora iqbalii
Pleospora lamnaria
Pleospora leptosphaerulinoides
Pleospora lycopersici
Pleospora mullerii
Pleospora paludiscirpi
Pleospora papaveracea, possible biocontrol for oriental poppy, now in genus Crivellia.
Pleospora pelagica
Pleospora pelvetiae
Pleospora rubicunda
Pleospora rudis
Pleospora sedicola
Pleospora shepherdiae, attacks dead twigs of Crataegus
Pleospora spartinae
Pleospora theae
Pleospora tomatonis
Pleospora triglochinicola
Pleospora welwitschiae
References
Other sources
S.T. Tilak Two new species of Pleospora from India
Spp
External links
Photo: Asci of Pleospora herbarum
Pleosporaceae
Dothideomycetes genera
أنابيب نانونية

أنابيب نانونية
الأنابيب النانونية هي بناء نانومتري له شكل يشبه الأنبوب، والأنابيب النانومترية هي نوع من الجزيئات النانونية، ومن الممكن أن تكون كبيرة بما يكفي لتعمل كأنبوب، غير أن الجزيئات النانونية الأخرى يمكن أن تُكون قنوات، أو بالاعتماد على المادة، يمكن أن تستخدم كموصل كهربائي أو عازل كهربائي.
أول أنبوب نانوني تم اكتشافه كان الأنبوب النانوني الكربوني في 1952 .ل.ف.رايوشكيفك وف.م.لوكيانفك نشروا صورة واضحة عن 50 أنبوب ذات قطر نانومتري مصنوعه من الكربون في مجلة السوفييت للكيمياء الفيزيائية، 1هذا الاكتشاف كان غير مدون بشكل كبير، كما أن المقال نشر في روسيا، ووصول العلماء الغربيين إلى الصحافة السوفييتيه كان محدوداً خلال الحرب الباردة.
قبل أن تعرف بالأنبوب النانوني الكربوني، عام 1976، مورينبو آندو من المركز الوطني الفرنسي للبحث العلمي (CNRS) أنابيب جوفاء من صفائح الجرافيت صنعت من خلال تقنية نمو البخار الكيميائية.2 أول عينة شوهدت أصبحت تعرف فيما بعد ب الأنبوب النانوني الأحادي الحائط.3 العلماء الثلاث كانوا أول من شاهدوا صورة لأنبوب نانوني مع حائط جرافيني منعزل.
أنواع الأنابيب النانونية
الأنابيب (BCN (BCN & BC2N)، تتكون من كميات متساوية من البورون، الكربون والنايتروجين.
أنابيب نايترايد البورون النانونية، شكل نايترايد البورون تنبأ بها في 1994 .5 وتقريباً اكتشفت في 1995. 6
الأنابيب النانونية الكربونية، وتتضمن مصطلح الانابيب النانونية العام والرسوم البيانية.
الأنابيب النانونية الحمض نووية، بنية ثنائية الأبعاد والتي تغطى مره أخرى، 7 تشبه بالحجم والشكل الأنابيب النانونية الكربونيه قليلا.
أنابيب نتريد الجاليوم النانونية، أنابيب نانونية من الجاليوم نتريد.
أنابيب السيليكون النانونية، مصنوعة من ذرات السيليكون واكتشفت لأول مره حوالي سنة ال 2000 .8
الأنابيب النانونية الغير عضوية، خصوصاً أنابيب سلفايدالتنجستن، أكتشفت لأول مره في 1992 .9
الأنابيب النانونية الغشائية، غشاء انبوبي يربط بين الخلايا.
الأنابيب النانونية التيتانونية، يصنع من خلال تحويل معدن الأناتيز بالتوليف الحراري. 10
خصائص الأنابيب النانونية
قوية جداً.
صغيرة ذات مساحة سطحية كبيرة.
موصله للكهرباء.
استخدامات الأنابيب النانونية
تحويل الطاقة الكهربائية إلى طاقة حركيه.
لتحسين التوافر الحيوي لبعض الأدوية.
تحليل الصناعات.
انظر أيضًا
.تقنية النانو
.المواد النانونية.الأشكال الهيكلية النانونية.الببتيدات المجمعة ذاتياً
المراجع
تقانة حيوية
كيمياء فيزيائية
UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Volkov

UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Volkov (also known as UFC Fight Night 127) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that was held on March 17, 2018, at The O2 Arena in London, England.
Background
A heavyweight bout between former UFC Heavyweight Champion Fabrício Werdum and former Bellator Heavyweight Champion Alexander Volkov headlined this event.
Promotional newcomer Dmitry Poberezhets was expected to face Mark Godbeer at this event. However, Poberezhets was forced to pull out from the card on January 25 due to injury and was replaced by fellow newcomer Dmitry Sosnovskiy.
Rustam Khabilov was expected to face Kajan Johnson at this event. However, Khabilov pulled out of the fight on February 8 citing injury and was replaced by Stevie Ray.
Elizeu Zaleski dos Santos was scheduled to face Jack Marshman at the event. However, Zaleski pulled out of the fight on February 19 citing a knee injury. He was replaced by Brad Scott. In turn, Marshman was removed from the card two days before the event due to medical issues surrounding his weight cut and the bout was scrapped.
On March 8, it was reported that Alex Reyes pulled out of his bout against Nasrat Haqparast due to injury. On March 12, Nad Narimani was announced as his replacement. The bout was scrapped minutes before the event as Haqparast was deemed unfit to fight by the medical team due to an infectious eye condition.
Results
Bonus awards
The following fighters were awarded $50,000 bonuses:
Fight of the Night: Jan Błachowicz vs. Jimi Manuwa
Performance of the Night: Alexander Volkov and Paul Craig
See also
List of UFC events
List of current UFC fighters
2018 in UFC
References
UFC Fight Night
2018 in mixed martial arts
2018 sports events in London
2018 in English sport
Mixed martial arts in the United Kingdom
March 2018 sports events in the United Kingdom
إبداع (توضيح)

إبداع (توضيح)
إبداع (جريدة) : مجلة أدبية عربية شهرية مصرية.
مارجوري باترسون

مارجوري باترسون (13 مايو 1891 - 11 مارس 1948)؛ ممثلة وروائية أمريكية.
روابط خارجية
المصادر
روائيات أمريكيات
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون من ماريلند
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات من بالتيمور
مواليد 1886
مواليد 1891
وفيات 1948
برونير (ميزوري)

برونير (ميزوري)
برونير هي إحدى المجتمعات الفردية (غير مصنفة) في ولاية ميزوري في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
مراجع
مجتمعات فردية في ميزوري
مجتمعات فردية في مقاطعة كريستشيان (ميزوري)
امصاعا

امصاعا هي إحدى قرى عزلة جعار بمديرية خنفر التابعة لمحافظة أبين، بلغ تعداد سكانها 34 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع وروابط خارجية
World Gazetteer:Yemen
الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بالجمهورية اليمنية
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
قرى مديرية خنفر
قاي ميزجر

قاي ميزجر هو ملاكم كيك بوكسينغ أمريكي، ولد في 1968 في هيوستن في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
بطولة القتال النهائي للمقاتلين الذكور
لاعبو تايكوندو أمريكيون
لاعبو جودو أمريكيون
مقاتلو فنون قتالية مختلطة أمريكيون
مقاتلو فنون قتالية مختلطة من تكساس
مقاتلو كيك بوكسنغ أمريكيون
مقاتلو كيك بوكسنغ من تكساس
ممارسو كاراتيه أمريكيون
مواليد 1968
Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital

Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital
The Yedikule Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital is a hospital in the Yedikule quarter of Fatih district of Istanbul which was established and continues to be managed by Turkish Armenians.
History
Yedikule Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital's construction was started by Sultan II.Mahmut's edict in 1832 and hospital opened to service on 31 May 1834. Hospital is established by Ottoman Armenians led by Kazaz Artin Amira Bezciyan.
Today
The hospital today stands as a fully equipped, first-rate institution, serving the public, irrespective of ethnicity or religion. The hospital has a museum, Bedros Şirinoğlu Müzesi, inaugurated by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Prime Minister of Turkey in 2004, which displays various artifacts and paintings belonging to the Armenian cultural heritage of Istanbul.
References
Hospitals in Istanbul
Zeytinburnu
Ottoman hospitals
Hospitals established in 1834
كاسترو (تشيلي)

كاسترو (تشيلي)
كاسترو أو قشطرة هي مدينة وبلدية في الجزيرة التشيلية جزيرة شيلوي. كاسترو هي عاصمة مقاطعة شيلوي في لاغوس منطقة انجليس. وتقع المدينة على استيرو دي كاسترو على الساحل الشرقي بوسط جزيرة تشيلوي الواقعة ضمن أرخبيل تشيلوي.
أعلام
هيل هيرنانديز
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1567
تأسيسات سنة 1567 في الإمبراطورية الإسبانية
عواصم محافظات في تشيلي
مدن تشيلي
مدن موانئ في تشيلي
دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم

دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم هي سلسلة من ثلاث مجلات أكاديمية تخضع لمراجعة الأقران تنشرها إلزيفير. تأسست عام 1970 كمجلة واحدة، وقسمت إلى قسمين؛ دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم الجزء أ ودراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم الجزء ب: دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة الفيزياء الحديثة في عام 1995. في 1998، جرى إنشاء قسم ثالث، دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم، الجزء ج: دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم البيولوجية والطبية الحيوية. في يناير 2021، دمجت الأقسام الثلاثة في الجزء أ، دراسات في تاريخ وفلسفة العلوم.
المراجع
مجلات أكاديمية صادرة عن إلزيفير
مجلات فلسفة العلوم
منشورات أسست في 1970
نشرات دورية أكاديمية أسست في 1970
Dan Carey (lacrosse)

Dan Carey (lacrosse)
Dan Carey (born April 23, 1982) is a Canadian former professional lacrosse player and current general manager and vice-president of lacrosse operations of the Rochester Knighthawks of the National Lacrosse League. Carey previously served as the general manager of the Colorado Mammoth. Carey played six seasons in the National Lacrosse League for both the Colorado Mammoth and the Toronto Rock. Carey was selected in the first round (seventh overall) by the Mammoth in the 2005 NLL Entry Draft after playing one season at Canisius College. Carey played three full seasons and part of a fourth before a concussion during a Major Series Lacrosse game forced him to miss part of the 2009 and all of the 2010 NLL seasons. Carey returned to the Mammoth during the 2011 season, scoring 13 goals and 22 assists in 12 games.
In July 2011, Carey was traded to the Toronto Rock for Creighton Reid and Mat McLeod. After one season in Toronto, during which he scored 25 points in 12 games, Carey announced his retirement due to a second concussion suffered near the end of the 2012 season.
In 2006, as a member of the Peterborough Lakers, Carey was awarded the Mike Kelly Memorial Trophy as most valuable player in the Mann Cup competition.
Carey is married to Lisa Foligno, the daughter of former NHL player Mike Foligno and the sister of current NHL players Nick Foligno and Marcus Foligno.
Statistics
NLL
Reference:
Awards
References
1982 births
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Canadian lacrosse players
Canisius Golden Griffins men's lacrosse players
Colorado Mammoth players
Lacrosse forwards
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Living people
National Lacrosse League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Peterborough, Ontario
Toronto Rock players
Pantea Bahram

Pantea Bahram (born 4 March 1970) is an Iranian actress. She has received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh and an Iran Cinema Celebration Award, in addition to nominations for six Hafez Awards and four Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Awards.
Biography
Pantea Bahram was born in 1970 in Tehran, Iran. She attended the school of Arts and Literature at the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting College and began her acting career in theater in 1988. She first became well known as an actor for her role in Mosafer (The Passenger).
Bahram directed the play "Made in Iran" ("Avazhick") in 2005, which was also staged in Finland in 2007.
Filmography
Cinema
1999: Zesht-o ziba
2000: Through Sunglasses
2003: Banoo-ye man
2003: Tokyo bedoone tavaghof
2005: Eternal Children
2006: Fireworks Wednesday
2008: Sandali khali
2008: Shirin
2009: Endless Dreams
2009: Khabhaye Donbaledar
2009: Postchi se bar dar nemizanad
2010: Farewell Baghdad
2010: Hich
2010: Tehran, Tehran
2011 : Asb heyvan-e najibi ast
2012: Needlessly and Causelessly
2012: Man Madar Hastam
2012: Migren
2013: Tabaghe ye Hasas
2013: The Bright Day
2014: Biganeh
2014: Tabagheye hasas
2014: Tragedy
2015: Marge Mahi
2015: The Nameless Alley
2016: Gozar movaghat
2021: Butterfly Stroke
2022: Killing a Traitor
2022: Drown
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Actresses from Tehran
Iranian film actresses
Iranian stage actresses
University of Tehran alumni
Iranian television actresses
21st-century Iranian actresses
Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actress winners
Kota Kinabalu City Mosque

Kota Kinabalu City Mosque
The Kota Kinabalu City Mosque is the second main mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, after State Mosque in Sembulan. The head imam is Ustaz Haji Hafiz Bin Datuk Dr Haji Hamzah.
History
Preparations for the mosque began in 1989, and the installation of foundation piles began in 1992. Construction was delayed between 1993 and 1994 owing to a lack of funds. The mosque was officially opened on 2 February 2000 following a proclamation of the city status of Kota Kinabalu. Construction of the mosque cost 34 million Malaysian ringgits. The architectural design is based on the Nabawi Mosque, the second holiest site in Islam, in Medina, Saudi Arabia. The dome is blue and gold, inspired by similar Arabic architecture.
Features
The mosque sits on a site at Pasir Road on the shores of Likas Bay, on the South China Sea. It is partially surrounded by a human-made lagoon; this has given rise to the nickname "The Floating Mosque". It has a maximum capacity of 12,000 worshipers. The mosque features an ATM, three madrasas, a palliative care clinic, and – in a joint project with Universiti Malaysia Sabah – a fish farm. In 2008, the mosque introduced paddle boat rides, from which visitors could see the mosque from the water; a mosque committee member stated that this was to "mak[e] the mosque more relevant to the community's life encompassing religion, economy and social aspects".
The mosque is a common tourist destination and included in several tours; it is also a common destination for photographers. The mosque may be visited by non-Muslims, except during prayers. Visitors are required to wear modest clothing; Lonely Planet recommends long trousers and covered arms.
See also
Islam in Malaysia
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Kota Kinabalu
Mosques in Sabah
Mosques completed in 2000
2000 establishments in Malaysia
Mosque buildings with domes
ويليام جي. وايت

ويليام جي. وايت هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 7 أكتوبر 1850 في في كندا، وتوفي في 16 فبراير 1923 في كليفلاند في الولايات المتحدة. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب .
مراجع
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من أوهايو
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من أوهايو
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري
جمهوريون من ولاية أوهايو
رؤساء بلديات في أوهايو
سياسيون من كليفلاند
مدفونون في مقبرة ليك فيو
مواليد 1850
وفيات 1923
UFC Fight Night: Gustafsson vs. Manuwa

UFC Fight Night: Gustafsson vs. Manuwa (also known as UFC Fight Night 37) was a mixed martial arts event held on March 8, 2014, at The O2 Arena in London, England. The event was shown live in the UK on Channel 5 and BT Sport and in the United States on UFC Fight Pass.
Background
A bout between Alexander Gustafsson and Jimi Manuwa headlined the event.
UFC President Dana White initially announced that a bout between Gustafsson and Antônio Rogério Nogueira would be headlining the event. However, just 5 days after the fight was announced news came that Nogueira had to withdraw from the bout due to an injury. Later, reports came that said that Nogueira had never agreed to take the fight against Gustafsson at all.
Ross Pearson was expected to face Melvin Guillard in a rematch at the event. However, Pearson pulled out of the bout citing a knee injury and was replaced by Michael Johnson.
Brad Pickett was expected to make his Flyweight debut against Ian McCall on this card. However, on February 13, it was announced that McCall had pulled out of the bout and was replaced by promotional newcomer Neil Seery.
A bout between Roland Delorme and Davey Grant was cancelled after the weigh ins the day before the event due to Grant suffering a torn meniscus.
Results
Bonus awards
The following fighters were awarded $50,000 bonuses:
Fight of the Night: Alexander Gustafsson vs. Jimi Manuwa
Performance of the Night: Alexander Gustafsson and Gunnar Nelson
See also
List of UFC events
2014 in UFC
References
UFC Fight Night
2014 in mixed martial arts
2014 sports events in London
Mixed martial arts in the United Kingdom
Events in London
Jafarabad, Bijar

Jafarabad, Bijar
Jafarabad (also Romanized as Ja‘farābād) is a village in Siyah Mansur Rural District of the Central District of Bijar County, Kurdistan province, Iran. The village is populated by Kurds with an Azerbaijani minority.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 698 in 165 households. The following census in 2011 counted 694 people in 168 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 558 people in 193 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Bijar County
Populated places in Kurdistan Province
Populated places in Bijar County
Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province
Terminal cisternae

Terminal cisternae are enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.
Function
Terminal cisternae are discrete regions within the muscle cell. They store calcium (increasing the capacity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium) and release it when an action potential courses down the transverse tubules, eliciting muscle contraction. Because terminal cisternae ensure rapid calcium delivery, they are well developed in muscles that contract quickly, such as fast twitch skeletal muscle. Terminal cisternae then go on to release calcium, which binds to troponin. This releases tropomyosin, exposing active sites of the thin filament, actin.
There are several mechanisms directly linked to the terminal cisternae which facilitate excitation-contraction coupling. When excitation of the membrane arrives at the T-tubule nearest the muscle fiber, a dihydropyridine (DHP) channel is activated. This is similar to a voltage-gated calcium channel, but is not actually an ionotropic channel. Instead, it serves to activate ryanodine, which will let calcium ions pass into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and triggers calcium release to the muscle fiber itself.
A T-tubule surrounded by two terminal cisternae is called a triad. The terminal cisternae, along with the transverse tubules, are the mechanisms of transduction from a nervous impulse to an actual muscle contraction.
References
Anatomy articles needing expert attention
Anatomy