PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
بونتيفيفينس

بونتيفيفينس
بونتيفيفنز جنس بكتيريا سلبية الغرام وهوائية من فصيلة البكتيريا العصوية (رودوباكتيراسيا). يضم الجنس نوعا واحدا معروفا هو بونتيفيفينس إنسولا . وجدت بونتيفيفينس إنسولا في مياه البحر عند جزيرة جيوجي في كوريا.
المراجع
أجناس بكتيرية أحادية الطراز
أجناس بكتيرية
Miloš Petrović (footballer)

Miloš Petrović (footballer)
Miloš Petrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Петровић; born 5 May 1990) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Bulgarian club Lokomotiv Plovdiv.
Career
Petrović began his career at Radnički Niš, where he played over 200 games between 2007 and 2018. After eleven seasons at Radnički he left to join Bulgarian First League club Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 16 July 2018. With Lokomotiv, he won the 2018–19 and the 2019–20 Bulgarian Cup.
Career statistics
Honours
Club
Lokomotiv Plovdiv
Bulgarian Cup (2): 2018–19, 2019–20
Bulgarian Supercup: 2020
References
External links
Living people
1990 births
Serbian men's footballers
FK Radnički Niš players
PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Niš
نايل بلير

نايل بلير هو إطفائي وسياسي أسترالي، ولد في 22 مايو 1977 في غولبرن في أستراليا. نشط حزبياً في . وقد انتخب (26 مارس 2011 – 16 أكتوبر 2019).
مراجع
أستراليون من أصل أيرلندي شمالي
أشخاص من غولبرن (نيوساوث ويلز)
خريجو جامعة ويسترن سيدني
سياسيون أستراليون في القرن 21
مواليد 1977
خريجو جامعة نيوكاسل (أستراليا)
أعضاء الحزب الوطني الأسترالي في برلمان نيوساوث ويلز
سبينيا

سبينيا هي بلدة في مدينة البندقية ، في مقاطعة فينيتو، في دولة إيطاليا . إنه داخل حزام ركاب ميستر ، ويمر عبر طريق المقاطعة SP32.
المدن التوأم
لدى سبينيا إتفاقية تعاون مع:
بلدية فيرولي في إيطاليا، منذ 2008
المصادر
(خرائط جوجل)
بلديات مقاطعة البندقية الحضرية
مدن وبلدات في فينيتو
دريقة جريسية

دريقة جريسية (الاسم العلمي:Aspidistra campanulata) هي من النباتات تتبع الدريقة من ال الهليونية. تم وصف هذا النوع من النبات علمياً لأول مرة من قبل هانس-يورغن تيليش سنة 2007.
تنمو في الغابات دائمة الخضرة على المنحدرات الشديدة المتآكلة من جبال الحجر الجيري في فيتنام. ويرجع اسم هذا النوع من النبات إلى شكل غِف الزهرة الشبيه بالجرس.
انظر أيضاً
الدريقة
مراجع
دريقة جريسية
دريقة جريسية
دريقة جريسية
دريقة جريسية
دريقة جريسية
دريقة جريسية
القنيطرة (الرقة)

القنيطرة (الرقة)
القنيطرة قرية سورية تتبع ناحية سلوك في منطقة تل أبيض في محافظة الرقة. بلغ عدد سكانها 218 نسمة في عام 2004 حسب إحصاء المكتب المركزي للإحصاء.
مراجع
القنيطرة
NGC 7274

NGC 7274 في الفهرس العام الجديد، هي مجرة، تقع في كوكبة العظاءة. اكتشفت في 20 سبتمبر 1876 بواسطة إدوارد ستيفان.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
اكتشافات إدوارد ستيفان
الفهرس العام الجديد
Diaphorobacter ruginosibacter

Diaphorobacter ruginosibacter is a Gram-negative and non-endospores-forming bacterium from the genus of Diaphorobacter which has been isolated from root nodule of soybean plant near Baoji in China.
References
Comamonadaceae
Bacteria described in 2015
رجل الذئب المغطى

رجل الذئب المغطى (الاسم العلمي:Lycopodium vestitum) هو من النباتات يتبع رجل الذئب من الرجل الذئبية.
انظر أيضا
رجل الذئب
مراجع
رجل الذئب المغطى
رجل الذئب المغطى
رجل الذئب المغطى
نباتات وصفها جان لوي ماري بواريه
نباتات وصفها نيكيز أوغست ديفو
George Swan (politician)

George Swan (politician)
George Henry Swan (1833 – 25 July 1913) was a 19th-century businessman and Member of Parliament in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.
Biography
Born in Sunderland, England, Swan went to Australia in 1854 and settled in New Zealand in 1857. Swan served as the Mayor of Napier from 1885 to 1901; at that time, he held the record for holding the longest continuous mayoralty in New Zealand.
He represented the Napier electorate from to 1893, concurrently as Mayor, when he was defeated. Though sometimes described as "Independent", he was really a "conservative"; although those opposed to the Liberals had not yet formed the Reform Party. He was opposed to party government, and wanted Maori and local shipping to pay taxes.
Swan owned his own brewery. He was initially a photographer by trade.
He died in Whanganui on 25 July 1913. He married an actress, Frances Stopher in 1884. She died in Whanganui in 1939.
References
1833 births
1913 deaths
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Mayors of Napier, New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1893 New Zealand general election
Politicians from Sunderland
Politicians from Tyne and Wear
English emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand photographers
Napier City Councillors
19th-century New Zealand politicians
Camille Guérin

Camille Guérin
Jean-Marie Camille Guérin (22 December 1872 – 9 June 1961) was a French veterinarian, bacteriologist and immunologist who, together with Albert Calmette, developed the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a vaccine for immunization against tuberculosis.
Biography
Camille Guérin was born in Poitiers to a family of modest means. His father died of tuberculosis in 1882 (as well as his wife, in 1918). He studied veterinary medicine at the Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort from 1892 to 1896, working, while a student, as an assistant to pathologist Edmond Nocard (1850–1903).
In 1897, he joined the Institut Pasteur de Lille (Lille, France) and started to work with its director, French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist Albert Calmette (1863–1933). He started as a technician in charge of preparing Calmette's serum (antivenom against snake bites) and the vaccine against smallpox. He considerably improved the production techniques of the latter by using rabbits as intermediate hosts and developed a method to quantify the remaining virulence of these vaccines.
At Lille, he was promoted to Head of Laboratory in 1900. Thereafter, from 1905 to 1915, and from 1918 to 1928 he devoted himself to the research on a vaccine against tuberculosis, in close association with Calmette, until his death in 1933.
He discovered in 1905 that the bovine tuberculosis bacillum, the Mycobacterium bovis, could immunize the animals without causing the disease. Henceforth, he and Calmette developed ways of attenuate the pathogenic activity of Mycobacterium, using successive transferrals of culture. In 1908, after successfully obtaining an immunologically active preparation that could be used to produce a vaccine, he published with Calmette the results of what was named the BCG.
In 1919 he was promoted again, this time to Head of Services. Finally, in 1921, after 230 passages of the BCG culture, they obtained an effective vaccine that could be used in humans. In 1928 he moved to Paris to become the director of the Tuberculosis Service at the Pasteur Institute.
In 1939 he became vice-president of the "Comité National de Défense contre la Tuberculose" (National Defense Committee against Tuberculosis). In 1948 Guérin was chairman of the First International Congress on BCG. He was also President of the Veterinary Academy of France (1949), and President of the Academy of Medicine (1951). In 1955, the French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Scientific Grand Prix.
He died aged 88, in the Hôpital Pasteur in Paris.
References
External links
Jean Marie Camille Guérin. WhoNamedIt site.
Camille Guérin (1872–1961). Pasteur Institute, Paris (In French).
1872 births
1961 deaths
People from Poitiers
Scientists from Lille
Vaccinologists
French veterinarians
Academic staff of the University of Lille Nord de France
French bacteriologists
جمال ليفة

جمال ليفة (مواليد 1 مارس 1969) هو ملاكم ألماني، مثّل بلاده في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1992.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص من آكس أون بروفانس
ملاكمو وزن خفيف
ملاكمون أولمبيون من فرنسا
ملاكمون فرنسيون
ملاكمون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1992
مواليد 1969
رياضيون من بوش دو رون
رياضيون من آكس أون بروفانس
البطولات الفرنسية 1954 - فردي السيدات

البطولات الفرنسية 1954 - فردي السيدات
في البطولات الفرنسية 1954 - فردي السيدات فازت الأمريكية مورين كونولي بلقب البطولة بعد فوزها على الفرنسية جينيت بوكاي في المباراة النهائية بنتيجة 6–4، 6–1.
التوزيع
المباريات
النهائيات
مراجع
البطولات الفرنسية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة - فردي السيدات
كرة المضرب في 1954
كرة مضرب فرنسية في 1954
عتيقة كروية عميقة

عتيقة كروية عميقة (الاسم العلمي:Archaeoglobus profundus) هي نوع من العتائق تتبع جنس العتيقة الكروية من فصيلة العتيقية الكروية.
انظر أيضاً
عتيقة كروية
عتيقة كروية لامعة (الاسم العلمي:Archaeoglobus fulgidus)
عتيقة كروية ناقصة (الاسم العلمي:Archaeoglobus infectus)
عتيقة كروية حجرية التغذية (الاسم العلمي:Archaeoglobus lithotrophicus)
عتيقة كروية سامة (الاسم العلمي:Archaeoglobus veneficus)
عتيقة كروية أليفة الكبريتات (الاسم العلمي:Archaeoglobus sulfaticallidus)
مراجع
عتيقة كروية عميقة
أنواع وصفت في 1990
عتائق عريضة
عتائق وصفت في 1990
عتيقة كروية عميقة
كاسر الحجر المغيار

كاسر الحجر المغيار أو سفرس مغيار هو نوع من جنس كاسر الحجر في فصيلة كاسرات الحجر.
المصادر
نباتات جبال الألب
كاسر الحجر
Ian Holland

Ian Holland
Ian Gabriel Holland (born 3 October 1990) is an American cricketer who plays for the United States cricket team and for Hampshire County Cricket Club in England. He has also played domestic cricket in Australia.
Career
Holland made his first-class debut for Victoria on 3 February 2016 in the 2015–16 Sheffield Shield. Holland earned his first contract with Victoria by winning Cricket Superstar, a reality TV series.
He made his List A debut for the English side Hampshire in the 2017 Royal London One-Day Cup on 27 April 2017. He made his Twenty20 cricket debut, also for Hampshire, in the 2017 NatWest t20 Blast on 3 August 2017.
Holland holds a United States passport. In June 2019, he was named in a 30-man training squad for the United States cricket team, ahead of the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier tournament in Bermuda. The following month, he was one of twelve players to sign a three-month central contract with USA Cricket. In November 2019, he was named in the United States' squad for the 2019–20 Regional Super50 tournament. On 11 November 2019, he made his debut for the United States, against Guyana.
In December 2019, he was named in the United States' One Day International (ODI) squad for the 2019 United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series. He made his ODI debut for the United States, against the United Arab Emirates on 8 December 2019.
In August 2020, in the third round of matches in the 2020 Bob Willis Trophy, Holland took his maiden five-wicket haul in first-class cricket.
In October 2021, he was named in the American Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier tournament in Antigua. He made his T20I debut on 7 November 2021, for the United States against Belize.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
American cricketers
Australian cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
People from Stevens Point, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Victoria cricketers
United States One Day International cricketers
United States Twenty20 International cricketers
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
English cricketers
جايسون دونهام

جايسون دونهام هو عسكري أمريكي، ولد في 10 نوفمبر 1981 في في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 22 أبريل 2004 في في الولايات المتحدة بسبب تلف الدماغ.
مراجع
أشخاص من مقاطعة ألليغاني (نيويورك)
أفراد عسكريون أمريكيون قتلوا في حرب العراق
أفراد مشاة البحرية الأمريكية في حرب العراق
جنود البحرية الأمريكية
مواليد 1981
وفيات 2004
Kevin Scott (American football)

Kevin Scott (American football)
Kevin Scott (born May 19, 1969) is a former professional American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played four seasons for the Detroit Lions. He attended Stanford University where he was an All-Pac 10 1st team selection as a Defensive Back. He was chosen by the Detroit Lions with the 91st pick in the fourth round. He played four seasons with the Lions. His career included stops in Denver, Chicago, NFL Europe-Scotland Claymores, XFL-Las Vegas Outlaws, AFL-Detroit Fury and CFL-Toronto Argonauts.
References
1969 births
Living people
Players of American football from Phoenix, Arizona
American football cornerbacks
Stanford Cardinal football players
Detroit Lions players
Scottish Claymores players
Las Vegas Outlaws (XFL) players
Detroit Fury players
Toronto Argonauts players
مخروش طاح بكروش (مسرحية)

مخروش طاح بكروش (مسرحية)
مخروش طاح بكروش هي مسرحية كويتية فكاهية من تأليف مبارك الحشاش ومن إخراج حسين الصالح عرضت عام 1991.
القصة
تحاكي المسرحية فترة الإحتلال العراقي لدولة الكويت والأحداث التي دارت أثناء ذلك الوقت بطابع كوميدي فكاهي.
تمثيل
مراجع
مسرحيات كويتية
حراجي

حراجي
الحِراجيّ أو الأَحراجيّ أو الحرّاج أو اختصاصي بالحراج هو الشخص المُكلف برعاية حيز الغابة ونباتاته وحيواناته، والعمل على حمايته من كل ما من شأنه أن يؤثر سلباً على الحيز أو على بعض مكوناته. والذي يمارس العلوم ومهنة إدارة الغابات كما ينخرط الحراج في مجموعة واسعة من الأنشطة بما في ذلك استعادة البيئة وإدارة المناطق المحمية.
المراجع
تاريخ علم الغابات
مهن الغابات
إبوسفاتن (بني يخلف)

إبوسفاتن (بني يخلف)
إبوسفاتن هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة وردانة، إقليم الدريوش، جهة الشرق في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة بني يخلف التي تضم 9 دواوير. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 978 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في بني يخلف (وردانة)
Glabellar reflex

Glabellar reflex
The glabellar reflex, also known as the "glabellar tap sign", is a primitive reflex elicited by repetitive tapping of the the smooth part of the forehead above the nose and between the eyebrows. Subjects respond to the first several taps by blinking; if tapping were to then be made to persist, in cognitively intact individuals this would lead to habituation and consequent suppression of blinking. If instead the blinking were to persist along with the tapping, this is known as Myerson's sign, and is abnormal and a sign of frontal release; it is often seen in people who have Parkinson's disease.
The afferent sensory signals are transmitted by the trigeminal nerve to the brain stem; the efferent signals go to the orbicularis oculi muscle via the facial nerve, causing the muscle to reflexively contract, yielding blinking.
This reflex was first identified by Walker Overend.
See also
Glabella
References
Reflexes
جي. هارولد غريدي

جي. هارولد غريدي هو محامي وقاضي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 27 فبراير 1917 في ويليامسبورت في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 9 يناير 2002. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الديمقراطي. وقد انتخب .
مراجع
عملاء مكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي الأمريكي
ديمقراطيون من ولاية ماريلند
سياسيون من ويليامسبورت (بنسيلفانيا)
عمدات في بالتيمور
قضاة أمريكيون في القرن 20
قضاة محكمة ولاية ماريلند
مواليد 1917
وفيات 2002
إسطركن برازيلي

إسطركن برازيلي (الاسم العلمي:Strychnos brasiliensis) هو من النباتات يتبع الإسطركن من ال اللوغانية.
انظر أيضا
الإسطركن
مراجع
إسطركن برازيلي
إسطركن برازيلي
إسطركن برازيلي
نباتات وصفها كارل مرتيوس
نباتات وصفها كورت سبرنغل
Aurélien Kahn

Aurélien Kahn (born 30 December 1968) is a French equestrian. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed in the individual and team eventing.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
People from Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne
French male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for France
Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Val-de-Marne
Armant, Egypt

Armant, Egypt
Armant (or jwn.w-šmꜥ.w; Bohairic: ; Sahidic: ), also known as Hermonthis, is a town located about south of Thebes. It was an important Middle Kingdom town, which was enlarged during the Eighteenth Dynasty. It is located today in the Luxor Governorate on the west bank of the Nile.
The ruined Temple of Hermonthis (sometimes Temple of Monthu) sits in the middle of the modern town.
History
The Ancient Egyptian name for the city meant "the Heliopolis of Montu", an Egyptian god whose root of name means "nomad". Montu was associated with raging bulls, strength and war. He was also said to manifest himself in a white bull with a black face, which was referred to as the Bakha. Egypt's greatest general-kings called themselves Mighty Bulls, the sons of Montu. In the famous narrative of the Battle of Kadesh, Ramesses II was said to have seen the enemy and "raged at them like Montu, Lord of Thebes".
A temple dedicated to Montu existed at Hermonthis as early as the Eleventh Dynasty, which perhaps originated at Hermonthis. Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II is the earliest builder known with certainty. Important additions were made during the Twelfth dynasty and during the New Kingdom. Destroyed during the Late Period, a new temple was started in the reign of Nectanebo II and was continued by the Ptolemies. Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV Caesarion added a birth house with a sacred lake. The building remained visible until the nineteenth century, when it was recycled to build a sugar factory. Only the remains of the pylon of Thutmose III are visible today.
Two gates, one of them built by Antoninus Pius, have also been found. The Bucheum, the burial place of the sacred Buchis bulls of Hermonthis, is on the desert edge north of the city. The earliest bull burial dates to Nectanebo II, and the complex remained in use until the mid 4th century AD. The burial place of the Mother of Buchis cows has also been located. Extensive cemeteries of all periods are found in the neighbourhood of Hermonthis.
Under Cleopatra VII, Hermonthis became the capital of the 4th Upper Egyptian nome. The city remained in use during the Coptic era.
See also
List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
References
External links
Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Roman sites in Egypt
Populated places in Luxor Governorate
Richard Rober

Richard Rober (born Richard Steven Rauber; May 14, 1906 – May 26, 1952) was an American stage and film actor. From the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s he featured in numerous theatre productions, including being part of the original cast of Born Yesterday in Chicago, and the long-running Oklahoma!. In 1947 he moved to Hollywood and appeared in dozens of B-movies and film noir-type films, including Call Northside 777 (1948), Sierra (1950), and The Well (1951). He died in an automobile accident in 1952 at the age of 46.
Early life and family
Richard Steven Rauber was born in Rochester, New York, on May 14, 1906. He was the son of Frederick S. Rauber, an attorney, and Elizabeth Ford.
Career
Rober began his career as a stage actor in the mid-1930s under his real name, Richard Rauber. Penniless and looking for work after his graduation from the University of Rochester, he landed a small part in a play by the Lyceum Players starring Louis Calhern. He went on to act with nearly every repertory theatre company on the East Coast. He was part of the original Chicago company of Born Yesterday. He also performed in the long-running Oklahoma!.
In 1947, Rober embarked on a career in Hollywood, appearing in his first film role in Call Northside 777 (1948). He appeared in many B-movies—including Sierra (1950)—and film noir drama films such as The File on Thelma Jordon (1950) and The Well (1951). In July 1951 it was reported that he had appeared in 26 films in his 3 1/2 years in Hollywood.
While Rober mostly played supporting roles, his career began to go on the ascendancy before his death in 1952. He had a starring role in The Well (1951), and had traveled to Austria to play the lead in the MGM production The Devil Makes Three (1952). The week before his death, he played the lead in Corny Johnson, a television film produced by Bing Crosby Enterprises.
Personal life
Rober was married twice. His second marriage, at age 40, was to Mary Hay Barthelmess, age 23, daughter of actors Richard Barthelmess and Mary Hay, in New York in January 1946. They later divorced.
Death
Rober died after crashing his car in the San Fernando Valley on May 26, 1952. He had been driving with a passenger, actress Norma Britton. The car swerved off the highway in heavy fog and plummeted over a embankment, something which, three years earlier, in The File on Thelma Jordon, he actually depicted, sitting next to Barbara Stanwyck. Rescuers took the pair to Santa Monica Hospital, where Rober died a few hours later. Britton survived with rib injuries.
Rober was eulogized in Rochester and buried in the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery there.
Filmography
Stage credits
Sources:
References
Sources
External links
1906 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Rochester, New York
Road incident deaths in California
University of Rochester alumni
Al Kelley

Al Kelley
Albert Lee Kelley Jr. (February 9, 1935 – December 17, 2017) was an American professional golfer. Kelley played on the PGA Tour in the 1960s, and found success on the Senior PGA Tour (now PGA Tour Champions) over 20 years later. From 1988 to 1992, Kelley garnered 17 top-10 finishes, including a second-place finish at the 1990 Ameritech Senior Open and his sole win at the 1990 Newport Cup.
In 1988 and 1989, Kelley had to compete each week in the Monday qualifying rounds in order to gain entry to that week's Senior PGA tournament, earning one of the few qualifying spots available. Prior to his victory at Newport, he “earned the nickname ‘Mr. Monday’ for his ability to gain entry into tournaments via the open qualifier on Mondays.
Kelley won 18 titles before becoming a professional, including the Florida Amateur championship (1960, 1962) and the Air Force World Wide title (1962). In his first round as a professional at the 1962 Coral Gables Open, he led the tournament at the end of the first day, ultimately finishing 15th.
In addition to a successful career on the Senior PGA Tour and a limited run on the PGA Tour, Kelley served for as a club pro and teaching pro in positions throughout Central Florida. His head golf professional positions included stints at Mid-Florida, Dubsdread, Silver Lake Country Clubs, and Mount Dora County Club near Leesburg, Florida.
Kelley died December 17, 2017 at his home in Eustis, Florida.
Professional wins (1)
Senior PGA Tour wins (1)
References
External links
American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
People from Eustis, Florida
Sportspeople from Lake County, Florida
1935 births
2017 deaths
جاك غروت

جاك غروت هو لاعب غولف أمريكي، ولد في 24 مارس 1910 في أوكلاهوما سيتي في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 13 مايو 1989 في توكويستا في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
جاك نيكولاس
رياضيون من أوكلاهوما سيتي (أوكلاهوما)
لاعبو غولف أمريكيون
لاعبو غولف بغا تور
لاعبو غولف من أوكلاهوما
لاعبو غولف من فلوريدا
مواليد 1910
وفيات 1989
أشخاص من توكويستا (فلوريدا)
رياضيون من مقاطعة بالم بيتش، فلوريدا
السترتوبوز

السترتوبوز
الستراتوبوز هي طبقة تمتد بشكل وسطي من ارتفاع 11 كم حتى 48 كم، تشكل طبقة التروبوبوز حدها السفلي، وطبقة الستراتوبوز حدها السفلي، أخذت اسمها من الطبيعة المتطبقة Layered nature للهواء عند هذه المستويات، فهو هواء مستقر تنعدم فيه حركات المزج والحركات الحملانية بعكس (التروبوسفير).
الستراتوسفير السفلى
تمتد هذه الطبقة حتى ارتفاع 20 كم وسطيًا، حيث تبقى درجة الحرارة ثابتة مع الارتفاع باستثناء بعض المواقع، وتبلغ درجة الحرارة هنا -55 درجة مئوية فوق العروض المعتدلة، يلاحظ في هذه الطبقة وجود أنماط مختلفة من الجريان الريحي، مع سرعات ريحية عالية في أسفل هذه الطبقة (التيارات النفاثة Jet streams)،تتشكل في بعض المواقع السحب السمحاقية Cirrus التي تعرف بأم السحب اللؤلؤية Pearl clouds.
الستراتوسفير العليا
تبدأ هذه الطبقة عندما تأخذ درجة الحرارة بالارتفاع فوق العروض المدارية والمعتدلة حتى الستراتوبوز (نهاية الستراتوسفير)، حيث يبدأ انخفاض حاد لدرجة الحرارة، قدر معدل تزايد الحرارة في الستراتوسفير العليا بحوالي 4 درجات مئوية/كم.
ومادامت نسبة الأوزون الجوي تبدأ بالتناقص من الستراتوبوز (تركيزه بين 25-40 كم) حتى الستراتوسفير السفلى، لذا فإن درجة الحرارة تبدأ بالتناقص بشكل مشابه لأن طبقة الأوزون تمتص الأشعة الشمسية فوق البنفسجية.
يتميز طقس طبقة الستراتوسفير بالاستقرار وخلوه من السحب، كما يتصف هواء هذه الطبقة بالجفاف لقلة محتواه من بخار الماء (أقل من 0,02 غ/كغ)،بينما تبلغ هذه النسبة عند سطح البحر 40 غ/كغ وسطيًا.
مراجع
غلاف الأرض الجوي