Post-Keynesian economics

Post-Keynesian economics is a school of economic thought with its origins in The General Theory of John Maynard Keynes, with subsequent development influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor, Sidney Weintraub, Paul Davidson, Piero Sraffa and Jan Kregel. Historian Robert Skidelsky argues that the post-Keynesian school has remained closest to the spirit of Keynes' original work. It is a heterodox approach to economics.
Introduction
The term "post-Keynesian" was first used to refer to a distinct school of economic thought by Eichner and Kregel (1975) and by the establishment of the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics in 1978. Prior to 1975, and occasionally in more recent work, post-Keynesian could simply mean economics carried out after 1936, the date of Keynes's General Theory.
Post-Keynesian economists are united in maintaining that Keynes' theory is seriously misrepresented by the two other principal Keynesian schools: neo-Keynesian economics, which was orthodox in the 1950s and 60s, and new Keynesian economics, which together with various strands of neoclassical economics has been dominant in mainstream macroeconomics since the 1980s. Post-Keynesian economics can be seen as an attempt to rebuild economic theory in the light of Keynes' ideas and insights. However, even in the early years, post-Keynesians such as Joan Robinson sought to distance themselves from Keynes, and much current post-Keynesian thought cannot be found in Keynes. Some post-Keynesians took a more progressive view than Keynes himself, with greater emphases on worker-friendly policies and redistribution. Robinson, Paul Davidson and Hyman Minsky emphasized the effects on the economy of practical differences between different types of investments, in contrast to Keynes' more abstract treatment.
The theoretical foundation of post-Keynesian economics is the principle of effective demand, that demand matters in the long as well as the short run, so that a competitive market economy has no natural or automatic tendency towards full employment. Contrary to the views of new Keynesian economists working in the neoclassical tradition, post-Keynesians do not accept that the theoretical basis of the market's failure to provide full employment is rigid or sticky prices or wages. Post-Keynesians typically reject the IS–LM model of John Hicks, which is very influential in neo-Keynesian economics, because they argue endogenous bank lending to be more significant than central banks' money supply for the interest rate.
The contribution of post-Keynesian economics has extended beyond the theory of aggregate employment to theories of income distribution, growth, trade and development in which money demand plays a key role, whereas in neoclassical economics these are determined by the forces of technology, preferences and endowment. In the field of monetary theory, post-Keynesian economists were among the first to emphasise that money supply responds to the demand for bank credit, so that a central bank cannot control the quantity of money, but only manage the interest rate by managing the quantity of monetary reserves.
This view has largely been incorporated into mainstream economics and monetary policy, which now targets the interest rate as an instrument, rather than attempting to accurately control the quantity of money. In the field of finance, Hyman Minsky put forward a theory of financial crisis based on financial fragility, which has received renewed attention.
Main features
In 2009 Marc Lavoie listed the main features of post-Keynesian economics:
Effective demand
Historical and dynamic time
He also lists 5 auxiliary features:
The possible negative impact of flexible prices
The monetary production of the economy
Fundamental uncertainty
Relevant and contemporary microeconomics
Pluralism of theories and methods
Strands
There are a number of strands to post-Keynesian theory with different emphases. Joan Robinson regarded Michał Kalecki's theory of effective demand to be superior to Keynes' theories. Kalecki's theory is based on a class division between workers and capitalists and imperfect competition. Robinson also led the critique of the use of aggregate production functions based on homogeneous capital – the Cambridge capital controversy – winning the argument but not the battle. The writings of Piero Sraffa were a significant influence on the post-Keynesian position in this debate, though Sraffa and his neo-Ricardian followers drew more inspiration from David Ricardo than Keynes. Much of Nicholas Kaldor's work was based on the ideas of increasing returns to scale, path dependence, and the key differences between the primary and industrial sectors.
Paul Davidson follows Keynes closely in placing time and uncertainty at the centre of theory, from which flow the nature of money and of a monetary economy. Monetary circuit theory, originally developed in continental Europe, places particular emphasis on the distinctive role of money as means of payment. Each of these strands continues to see further development by later generations of economists.
Modern Monetary Theory is a relatively recent offshoot influenced by the macroeconomic modelling of Wynne Godley and Hyman Minsky's ideas on the labour market, as well as chartalism and functional finance.
Recent work in post-Keynesian economics has attempted to provide micro-foundations for capacity underutilization as a coordination failure (economics), justifying government intervention in the form of aggregate demand stimulus.
Current work
Journals
Much post-Keynesian research is published in the Review of Keynesian Economics (ROKE), the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (founded by Sidney Weintraub and Paul Davidson), the Cambridge Journal of Economics, the Review of Political Economy, and the Journal of Economic Issues (JEI).
United Kingdom
There is also a United Kingdom academic association, the Post-Keynesian Economics Society (PKES). It was founded by Philip Arestis and Victoria Chick in 1988 as the Post-Keynesian Economics Study Group (PKSG) and changed its name in 2018. In the UK, post-Keynesian economists can be found in:
SOAS University of London
University of Greenwich
University of Leeds
Kingston University
King's College London, International Political Economy
Goldsmiths, University of London
University of the West of England, Bristol
University of Hertfordshire
Cambridge University, Land Economy
Birmingham City University
University College London, Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose
Open University
University of Winchester
United States
In the United States, there are several universities with a post-Keynesian bent:
The New School, New York City
The University of Massachusetts Amherst
The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
Denison University, Granville, Ohio
Levy Economics Institute at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York
University of Missouri–Kansas City
University of Denver
Colorado State University, Fort Collins
The University of Massachusetts Boston
John Jay College of Criminal Justice at City University of New York, New York City
Netherlands
Erasmus University, Rotterdam
International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague
University of Groningen, Groningen
France
Sorbonne Paris North University
Canada
In Canada, post-Keynesians can be found at the University of Ottawa and Laurentian University.
Germany
In Germany, post-Keynesianism is very strong at the Berlin School of Economics and Law and its master's degree courses: International Economics [M.A.] and Political Economomy of European Integration [M.A.]. Many German Post-Keynesians are organized in the Forum Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policies.
Australia
University of Newcastle
The University of Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia, houses the post-Keynesian think-tank the Centre of Full Employment and Equity (CofFEE).
Major post-Keynesian economists
Major post-Keynesian economists of the first and second generations after Keynes include:
Victoria Chick
Alfred Eichner
James Crotty
Paul Davidson
Wynne Godley
Geoff Harcourt
Donald J. Harris
Michael Hudson
Nicholas Kaldor
Michał Kalecki
Frederic S. Lee
Augusto Graziani
Steve Keen
Jan Kregel
Marc Lavoie
Paolo Leon
Abba P. Lerner
Hyman Minsky
Basil Moore
Edward J. Nell
Luigi Pasinetti
Joan Robinson
George Shackle
Anthony Thirlwall
Fernando Vianello
William Vickrey
L. Randall Wray
Dimitri B. Papadimitriou
Sidney Weintraub
See also
Disequilibrium macroeconomics
Endogenous money
Job guarantee
Keynesian economics
Neo-Keynesian economics
New Keynesian economics
Notes
References
Further reading
Holt, Ric; Pressman, Steven (2006). Empirical Post Keynesian Economics: Looking at the Real World. M.E. Sharpe.
External links
Structure of Post Keynesian Economics-Geoff Harcourt
William Vickrey -----Fifteen Fatal Fallacies of Financial Fundamentalism: A Disquisition on Demand Side Economics
Presentation of post Keynesian economics Marc Lavoie
Samuelson and the Keynes/Post Keynesian Revolution:by Paul Davidson
Professor L. Randall Wray:Why The Federal Budget Is Not Like a Household Budget
Post-Keynesian economics: towards coherence Cambridge Journal of Economics
Keynesian economics