PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Karl Helm

Karl Helm (full name Karl Hermann Georg Helm, born 19 May 1871 in Karlsruhe, died 9 September 1960 in Marburg) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies
Biography
Karl Helm was born in Karlsruhe, Germany on 19 May 1871. He studied German philology in Heidelberg and Freiburg, earning his doctorate in 1895 with a study on 16th-century poetry.
Helm's habilitation was on the literature surrounding the Teutonic Order, published 1899 in Giessen. After teaching in Giesen, Würzburg and Frankfurt, he received tenure in Marburg as professor for early Germanic philology (Altgermanistik) in 1921.
Helm took over editorship of the Althochdeutsche Grammatik, Althochdeutsches Lesebuch and Gotische Grammatik from Wilhelm Braune, all standard works in Germanic studies. His own research focused on Middle High German, Old High German, Germanic folklore and religion. students of Helm include Karl Bischoff Hans Kuhn, Nechama Leibowitz, Eduard Neumann and Jost Trier.
Helm adhered to a national conservative ideology throughout his life, expressing sympathy for the German National People's Party (without however becoming a regular member). He was a member of the Militant League for German Culture from 1933, but he never became a member of the Nazi party. In November 1933 Helm signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.
Helm retired from Marburg as professor emeritus in 1936, but continued hold lectures there until 1958. He died in Marburg on 9 September 1960.
Selected works
Zur Rhythmik der kurzen Reimpaare des 16. Jahrhunderts, 1895
(Publisher) Das Evangelium Nicodemi, 1902
(Publisher) Dichtungen des Deutschen Ordens. 1: Die Apokalypse Heinrichs von Hesler: aus der Danziger Handschrift, 1907
Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, 1913
Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. 2: Die nachrömische Zeit; Teil 1: Die Ostgermanen, 1937
Die Literatur des Deutschen Ritterordens, 1951
Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. 2: Die nachrömische Zeit; Teil 2: Die Westgermanen, 1953
See also
Rudolf Much
Andreas Heusler
Eugen Mogk
Otto Höfler
References
Sources
Peter Wengel: Karl Helm. In: Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800-1950, eds. König, Wägenbaur, Frindt, vol. 1, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 2003. .
Bernhard Maier: Karl Helm, In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer (eds.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol.14, Berlin – New York 1999,
Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, 1996.
External links
Karl Helm in the OPAC of Regesta Imperii
German medievalists
Germanic studies scholars
Linguists of Germanic languages
Germanists
Militant League for German Culture members
Pagan studies scholars
1871 births
1960 deaths
German male non-fiction writers
Writers on Germanic paganism
Brahim Akhiat

Brahim Akhiat (c. 1941 – 7 February 2018) was a Moroccan author and poet, and a Berber activist.
Early life
Brahim Akhiat was born in 1941 in Akhiaten, Morocco.
Career
Akhiat began his career as a mathematics teacher in Kenitra and Rabat. Meanwhile, he became an Amazigh, or Berber, activist. In Rabat in 1967 he co-founded the Association marocaine de recherches et d'échanges culturelles, an Amazigh cultural organization which rose to prominence, alongside Abdellah Bounfour, Ahmed Akouaou, Omar El Khalfaoui and Ali El Jaoui. He served as its secretary general until his death. He joined the board of the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture in 2002.
Akhiat was the author of four books. He wrote both prose and poetry in Arabic and in French. His main theme was the relationship between Berber culture and Moroccan national identity. He was also the editor-in-chief of Amud and Tamunt. A conference was held in his honor near Kenitra in 2009.
Death
Akhiat died on 7 February 2018.
Selected works
References
1940s births
2018 deaths
People from Souss-Massa
20th-century Moroccan writers
21st-century Moroccan writers
Berber activists
Berber poets
Moroccan male writers
20th-century Moroccan poets
Shilha people
21st-century Moroccan poets
جايك شراير

جايك شراير (و. 1980 – م) هو مخرج سينمائي، ومنتج أفلام من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية . ولد في بيركيلي، كاليفورنيا .
التعليم
تعلم في مدرسة تيش العليا للفنون
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو مدرسة تيش العليا للفنون
مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون
مواليد 1980
مواليد 1981
مواليد في بيركيلي (كاليفورنيا)
2014 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics

2014 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
The 2014 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships were held at the Complejo Deportivo Bicentenario in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, between 4–6 July 2014.
In the junior category, a total of 43 events were contested, 21 by boys and 22 by girls, whereas in the youth category, a total of 42 events were contested, 21 by boys and 21 by girls.
Medal summary
Complete results can be found on the Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation webpage.
Boys U-20 (Junior)
Girls U-20 (Junior)
Boys U-18 (Youth)
Girls U-18 (Youth)
Medal table
An unofficial medal count is in agreement with published official numbers.
Participation
According to an unofficial count, 431 athletes from 24 countries participated.
(2)
(2)
(1)
(31)
(12)
(2)
(12)
(6)
(10)
(3)
(21)
(12)
(4)
(11)
(3)
(54)
(147)
(9)
(35)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(1)
(45)
References
External links
Official CACAC Website
Full results (archived)
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
21st century in Michoacán
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
International athletics competitions hosted by Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
Morelia
Sport in Michoacán
EIF2S2

EIF2S2 (Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit beta) هوَ بروتين يُشَفر بواسطة جين EIF2S2 في الإنسان.
الوظيفة
الأهمية السريرية
المراجع
قراءة متعمقة
جينات على كروموسوم 20
جوزيف ديكسون (سياسي)

جوزيف ديكسون (سياسي)
جوزيف ديكسون هو قاضي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 9 أبريل 1828، وتوفي في 3 مارس 1883. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب عضو مجلس نواب كارولينا الشمالية وانتخب عضو مجلس النواب الأمريكي.
مراجع
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في كارولاينا الشمالية
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من كارولاينا الشمالية
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في مجلس نواب ولاية كارولاينا الشمالية
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من كارولاينا الشمالية
أعضاء مجلس نواب ولاية كارولاينا الشمالية
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 19
قضاة أمريكيون في القرن 19
قضاة محكمة ولاية كارولاينا الشمالية
مواليد 1828
وفيات 1883
Serhiy Serebrennikov

Serhiy Serebrennikov (born 1 September 1976) is a retired Russian-born Ukrainian professional football player, a central midfielder. Since June 2011 till 2014 he worked a Belgian coach career.
Biography
At the age of 16, Serebrennikov moved from Ulan-Ude, in the east of Siberia, to Moscow where he would go to a sports school for 5 years. During this period, he played for football teams as Shinnik Yaroslavl, Vympel Rybinsk and Dynamo Vologda.
In 1999 when Serhiy was 22, he took on the Ukrainian citizenship, after his move to Dynamo Kyiv. So far, he has played 12 times for Ukraine, scoring once. Even though Johan Cruijff had words of praise for Serebrennikov, he never managed to fulfil the expectations in Kyiv.
Career in Belgium
In 2002, Serebrennikov was transferred to Belgian First division side Club Brugge. Due to injuries, he has only played 46 times for Club between 2002 and 2006.
In the 2005-2006 season, Serebrennikov was loaned for a half season to Charleroi SC. One season later, he was loaned for the whole season to Cercle Brugge, breaking his fibula during training in the first week of his loan.
Serebrennikov signed a 4-year deal with Cercle Brugge, starting with the 2007-2008 season. He signed his contract while he was playing on loan with Cercle.
On 30 June 2011, it was announced that Serebrennikov would be loaned out for the 2011–12 season to become player-manager at SV Roeselare (his first job as a coach).
Stats for main squads
International
His first international game Serebrennikov played in a friendly game on 15 August 2001 against Latvia away.
International games
International goals
Honours
Club Brugge
Belgian First Division A: 2002–03
Belgian Super Cup: 2002, 2003
References
Sergiy Serebrennikov player info at the official Club Brugge site
Serebrennikov in Belgium - fotos, goals, career
External links
Living people
1976 births
Russian men's footballers
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Ukraine men's international footballers
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Men's association football midfielders
R. Charleroi S.C. players
Club Brugge KV players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv players
FC Dynamo-3 Kyiv players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
K.S.V. Roeselare players
Russian football managers
Ukrainian football managers
Player-coaches
Russian emigrants to Ukraine
Naturalized citizens of Ukraine
People from Ulan-Ude
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
FC Dynamo Vologda players
Russian expatriate football managers
Ukrainian expatriate football managers
Sportspeople from Buryatia
ثيودور مارستون

ثيودور مارستون هو كاتب سيناريو ومخرج أمريكي، ولد في 10 أغسطس 1868 في مينيسوتا في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 2 أكتوبر 1920 في لوس أنجلوس في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
مخرجو أفلام صامتة
مخرجو أفلام من مينيسوتا
مواليد 1868
وفيات 1920
توم بيرني

توم بيرني هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكية أمريكي، ولد في 1956.
مراجع
رياضيون من بلزهيل
لاعبو غرين باي باكرز
مسددون في كرة القدم الأمريكية
مواليد 1956
1975 French Open – Men's singles

1975 French Open – Men's singles
Defending champion Björn Borg defeated Guillermo Vilas in the final, 6–2, 6–3, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1975 French Open. It was his second French Open title.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Björn Borg was the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Björn Borg (champion)
Manuel Orantes (first round)
Ilie Năstase (third round)
Guillermo Vilas (final)
Roscoe Tanner (third round)
John Alexander (fourth round)
Raúl Ramírez (quarterfinals)
Harold Solomon (quarterfinals)
Alex Metreveli (second round)
Eddie Dibbs (semifinals)
Jaime Fillol Sr. (fourth round)
François Jauffret (fourth round)
Brian Gottfried (fourth round)
Jan Kodeš (fourth round)
Stan Smith (fourth round)
Onny Parun (quarterfinals)
Qualifying
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1975 French Open Men's Singles draw
1975 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
1975
1975 Grand Prix (tennis)
Kirsten Dufour

Kirsten Dufour (born 23 February 1941) is a Danish visual artist. She works with performance as well as other mediums to bring attention to social injustices. Dufour was co-curator of the 2004 interdisciplinary exhibition Minority Report: Challenging Intolerance in Contemporary Denmark. She currently lives and works in Copenhagen, Denmark.
References
1941 births
Living people
20th-century Danish women artists
20th-century Danish artists
21st-century Danish women artists
Danish women curators
Eduard Heis

Eduard Heis (18 February 1806, Cologne – 30 June 1877 in Münster) was a German mathematician and astronomer.
He completed his education at the University of Bonn in 1827, then taught mathematics at a school in Cologne. In 1832 he taught at Aachen, and remained there until 1852. He was then appointed by King Frederick William IV to a chair position at the Academy of Münster in 1852. In 1869 he became rector of the Academy.
While at the academy he made a series of observations of the night sky, including the Milky Way, zodiacal light, stars, and shooting stars. These were published in the following works, among others:
Atlas Coelestis Novus, Cologne, 1872.
Zodiakal-Beobachtungen.
Sternschnuppen-Beobachtungen.
De Magnitudine, 1852.
His star atlas, which was based on Argelander's Uranometria Nova (1843), helped define the selection of constellations in the northern sky that was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. His other publications included a treatise on the eclipses during the Peloponnesian war, Halley's comet, and some mathematical text books.
He was also the first person to record a count of the Perseid meteor shower in 1839, giving an hourly rate of 160. Observers have recorded the hourly count every year since that time.
Awards and honors
Order of the Red Eagle, 1870.
Awarded doctor honoris causa by Bonn University, 1852.
Foreign associate, Royal Astronomical Society of London, 1874.
Honorary member, Leopoldine Academy, 1877.
Honorary member, Scientific Society of Brussels, 1877.
The crater Heis on the Moon is named after him.
References
External links
Atlas Coelestis Eclipticus, Coloniae ad Rhenum, 1878 da www.atlascoelestis.com
The Atlas ‍Coelestis ‍Novus of Eduard ‍Heis
1806 births
1877 deaths
19th-century German astronomers
German Roman Catholics
19th-century German mathematicians
Scientists from Cologne
Scientists from the Rhine Province
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
إيدا كوكس

إيدا كوكس هي مغنية أمريكية، ولدت في 25 فبراير 1896 في توكوا في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفيت في 10 نوفمبر 1967 في نوكسفيل في الولايات المتحدة بسبب سرطان.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
فنانو أداء الوجوه السوداء الغنائية
أشخاص من توكوا
أشخاص من كيدرتون
إفريقيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون أمريكيون من أصل إفريقي
مغنون من ولاية جورجيا
مغنيات أمريكيات إفريقيات
مغنيات أمريكيات إفريقيات في القرن 20
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مواليد 1896
مواليد القرن 19
وفيات 1967
وفيات السرطان في تينيسي
2023–24 Qatar Stars League

2023–24 Qatar Stars League
The 2023–24 Qatar Stars League, or the QSL, also called Expo Stars League for sponsorship reasons, is scheduled to be the 50th edition of top-level football championship in Qatar.
Al-Duhail are the defending champions.
Teams
Stadia and locations
Personnel and kits
Foreign players
Clubs can register a total of seven foreign players over the course of the season, provided that two of them do not exceed the age of 21 (born in 2002 and under).
Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window.
Players in italics were out of squad or left club within the season after pre-season transfer window or in the mid-season transfer window and at least had one appearance.
League table
Results
Season statistics
Top scorers
(Flashscore)
References
External links
Qatar Stars League
Stars League
Qatar
|}
جوليان لويس

جوليان لويس هو سياسي بريطاني، ولد في 26 سبتمبر 1951 في سوانزي في المملكة المتحدة. حزبياً، نشط في حزب المحافظين.
مناصب
في ، انتخب عضو البرلمان الثاني والخمسون للمملكة المتحدة عن دائرة نيو فوريست الشرقية وقد انضم خلال (1 مايو 1997 – 14 مايو 2001) للكتلة البرلمانية حزب المحافظين.
في ، انتخب عضو برلمان المملكة المتحدة الـ53 عن دائرة نيو فوريست الشرقية وقد انضم خلال (7 يونيو 2001 – 11 أبريل 2005) للكتلة البرلمانية حزب المحافظين.
في ، انتخب عضو برلمان المملكة المتحدة الـ54 عن دائرة نيو فوريست الشرقية وقد انضم خلال (5 مايو 2005 – 12 أبريل 2010) للكتلة البرلمانية حزب المحافظين.
في انتخابات المملكة المتحدة لعام 2010، انتخب عضو برلمان المملكة المتحدة الـ55 عن دائرة نيو فوريست الشرقية وقد انضم خلال (6 مايو 2010 – 30 مارس 2015) للكتلة البرلمانية حزب المحافظين.
في الانتخابات العامة في المملكة المتحدة 2015، انتخب عضو برلمان المملكة المتحدة الـ56 عن دائرة نيو فوريست الشرقية وقد انضم خلال (8 مايو 2015 – 3 مايو 2017) للكتلة البرلمانية حزب المحافظين.
في الانتخابات التشريعية البريطانية 2017، انتخب عضو برلمان المملكة المتحدة الـ57 عن دائرة نيو فوريست الشرقية وقد انضم خلال (8 يونيو 2017 – ) للكتلة البرلمانية حزب المحافظين.
انتخب عضو مجلس الشورى البريطاني.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص متعلمون في مدرسة دينيفور (سوانزي)
أشخاص من سوانزي
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1997–2001
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 2001–05
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 2005-10
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 2010–15
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 2015–17
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 2017–2019
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
أعضاء مستقلون في مجلس العموم في المملكة المتحدة
بريطانيون من أصل ويلزي
خريجو كلية القديس أنطوني
خريجو كلية باليول (أوكسفورد)
سياسيون من سوانزي
عسكريون ويلزيون
مواليد 1951
نواب حزب المحافظين عن الدوائر الانتخابية الإنجليزية
يهود بريطانيون
Treaty of Accession

Treaty of Accession
A Treaty of Accession to the European Union is a treaty of the European Union that specifies the terms under which an applicant state becomes a member of the European Union. In addition to the Treaty of Accession, a Final Act of Accession is signed. The Final Act registers the results of the accession negotiations, including declarations made by the parties. It also laid down arrangements for the period between signing and entry into force of the treaty.
Treaties in force
At the end of 2020, the following Accession Treaties were in force:
Treaty of Accession 1972, concerning Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Treaty of Accession 1979, concerning Greece
Treaty of Accession 1985, concerning Portugal and Spain
Treaty of Accession 1994, concerning Austria, Finland and Sweden
Treaty of Accession 2003, concerning Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia
Treaty of Accession 2005, concerning Bulgaria and Romania
Treaty of Accession 2011, concerning Croatia
Proposed accessions
, the following proposals are being considered
Accession of Albania to the European Union
Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Accession of Georgia to the European Union
Accession of Kosovo to the European Union
Accession of Moldova to the European Union
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union
Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
Suspended or abandoned proposals
, these proposals are suspended or abandoned
Accession of Iceland to the European Union
Accession of Norway to the European Union
Accession of Switzerland to the European Union
Accession of Turkey to the European Union
See also
Enlargement of the European Union
Admission to the Union (equivalent in United States law)
Withdrawal from the European Union (secession)
European Union law
Treaties of the European Union
Björn Gustafsson

Björn Gustafsson
Lars Björn Gustafsson (born 19 February 1986) is a Swedish comedian and actor. He is known from TV shows such as Parlamentet and Stockholm Live.
Early and personal life
Gustafsson was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. He studied at the Calle Flygares Theater School in Stockholm to become an actor. His film debut came in 2006 with the Swedish movie Beck – Flickan i jordkällaren. But before his debut as an actor, he had already debuted in 2005 as a stand-up comedian at Bungy Comedy, a Swedish club for stand-up beginners. In 2006 he enrolled at Standup Star, a stand-up school, where among others, Özz Nûjen and Jakob Öqvist, two of the most well-known comedians in Sweden, have attended.
Career
In 2008, he appeared on Melodifestivalen 2008, the Swedish selections for the Eurovision Song Contest. He sang a song to Kristian Luuk's (the host) girlfriend Carina Berg. In his song he declared his love for her. Afterward, Berg said that she had to hide her cheeks so people could not see that she was blushing.
Gustafsson gained a certain degree of international fame following a World of Warcraft (WoW) joke in Parlamentet, talking about people wasting time on the internet and not contributing to their party's effort by playing inefficiently, using so much internal WoW terminology himself that he was incomprehensible to non-players. The scene was spread over the Internet, mainly on YouTube, where translations into other languages could also be found.
In 2008, Björn received big media attention by great efforts in Parlamentet and as an entertainer in the intervals of Melodifestivalen. He also got voted as Sweden's funniest man by Aftonbladet's readers on 6 March 2008. He also read the Swedish votes at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. He continued his "stand-up" shows at the big stage, in the 44th Guldbagge Awards in 2009 together with Johan Glans, and with Robert Gustafsson in the Svenska idrottsgalan 2009 (Swedish athletics awards) where he also presented the nominations for rookie of the year.
Since 2016, he plays the role of Don in the American comedy television series People of Earth.
Films
Beck – Flickan i jordkällaren (2006)
Les Grandes Personnes (2008)
Kenny Begins (2009)
Björn Gustafsson: A life's Work
Tina og Betina The Movie
Kronjuvelerna (2011)
Cockpit (2012)
Spy (2015)
Kung Fury (2015)
Becoming Astrid (2018)
Television shows
Eurovision Song Contest 2008
Melodifestivalen 2008 (pause act)
Parlamentet
Extra! Extra!
Tack gode gud
Morgonsoffan
Sverige pussas och kramas
Stockholm Live
Idol
Hål i väggen
Kontoret
Julkalendern: Barna Hedenhös uppfinner julen
Söder om Folkungagatan
The Comedians (one episode as Jonas)
People of Earth (Don)
Awards
Swedish Funniest Man 2008 by the newspaper Aftonbladet.
References
External links
Official website (Swedish)
1986 births
Swedish male comedians
Living people
Swedish male television actors
Swedish male film actors
Swedish expatriates in Norway
21st-century Swedish male actors
21st-century Swedish comedians
سانتا كروز دي موديلا (سيوداد ريال)

سانتا كروز دي موديلا (سيوداد ريال)
بلدية سانتا كروز دي موديلا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.
يبلغ عدد سكانها 4.740 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في ثيوداد ريال
بلديات سيوداد ريال
Oreophrynella

Oreophrynella, commonly known as bush toads, is a genus of true toads native to the tepuis of southern Venezuela and adjacent Guyana. The distribution of some species is restricted to a couple of tepuis or even a single tepui, as in the case of Oreophrynella weiassipuensis, which occurs on Wei-Assipu-tepui.
Description
Species of the genus Oreophrynella are small frogs, less than in snout–vent length. They are characterized by opposable digits of the foot, dorsal skin that bears tubercules, and direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). The presence of opposable digits, unique among bufonids, in combination with an extension of the interdigital integument and the relative length/orientation of the digits, is likely to be an adaptation to facilitate life on rocky tepui summits and an exaptation to arboreality The genus also displays cranial simplification in the form of cranial fontanelles and absence of the quadratojugal, which may be driven by a reduction of developmental costs, increase in flexibility, and reduction of body weight. The cranial simplification combined with the shortening of the vertebral column and shift towards a partly firmisternal girdle may be adaptations to the peculiar tumbling behaviour displayed by Oreophrynella.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Oreophrynella:
References
External links
taxon Oreophrynella at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Oreophrynella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
Taxon Oreophrynella at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of South America
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Amphibians of the Tepuis