PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Cynthia Holcomb Hall

Cynthia Holcomb Hall (February 19, 1929 – February 26, 2011) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Early life and career
Born in Los Angeles, California, Hall received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Stanford University in 1951, a Bachelor of Laws from Stanford Law School in 1954, and a Master of Laws in taxation from New York University School of Law in 1960. She was a United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant, JAG Corps from 1951 to 1953. She was a law clerk for Judge Richard Harvey Chambers of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from 1954 to 1955. She was the first woman to serve as a law clerk on the Ninth Circuit. Hall was a research assistant to the editor of the Tax Law Review from 1959 to 1960. She was a trial attorney of the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice in Washington, D.C., from 1960 to 1964, and an attorney advisor for the Office of Tax Legislative Counsel in the United States Department of the Treasury from 1964 to 1966. She was in private practice in Beverly Hills, California from 1966 to 1972.
Judicial career
In 1972, Hall was appointed by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States Tax Court.
On October 14, 1981, President Ronald Reagan nominated Hall to a seat on the United States District Court for the Central District of California vacated by Judge Harry Pregerson. Hall was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 18, 1981, and received her commission the same day. Her service terminated on October 4, 1984, due to elevation to the court of appeals.
On August 1, 1984, Reagan nominated Hall to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit created by 98 Stat. 333. She was confirmed by the Senate on October 3, 1984, and received her commission on October 4, 1984. She assumed senior status on August 31, 1997, serving in that status until her death.
Death
Hall died of cancer at her home in Pasadena, California, on February 26, 2011, at the age of 82.
References
Sources
External links
Ninth Circuit obituary
A Few Good Women... Cynthia Holcomb Hall
|-
1929 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American judges
Female United States Navy officers
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California
Judges of the United States Tax Court
New York University School of Law alumni
Stanford Law School alumni
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon
United States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
20th-century American women judges
شامة (أولاد عامر)

شامة (أولاد عامر)
شامة هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة عين عتيق، عمالة الصخيرات تمارة، جهة الرباط سلا القنيطرة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة أولاد عامر التي تضم 5 دواوير. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 558 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في أولاد عامر (عين عتيق)
هيثر ماتاراتزو

هيثر ماتاراتزو
واسمها هيثر كريستينا ماري ماتاراتزو وهي ممثلة أمريكية ولدت في 10 نوفمبر 1982 في أويستير باي، نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة ومن أبرز الافلام التي مثلتها هي فلم هوستل 2.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أصل إيطالي
أشخاص من أويستر باي (نيويورك)
أمريكيون متبنون
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
ديمقراطيون من ولاية نيويورك
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من ولاية نيويورك
فنانون ترفيهيون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
ممثلات أطفال أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات مثليات
ممثلات مسرح أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل أيرلندي
ممثلات من ولاية نيويورك
ممثلون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1982
مواليد في أويستر باي (نيويورك)
لكم

لكم:هي أول شركة اتصالات للهاتف الثابت من القطاع الخاص في الجزائر وهي شراكة بين الشركتين المصريتين اتصالات مصر و،أوراسكوم للإتصالات أنشأت سنة 2005 تختص هته الشركة في مجال خطوط الهاتف الثابت وخدمة الإنترنيت
وصلات خارجية
- موقع شركة لكم للإتصالات
- موقع أوراسكوم للإتصالات
- موقع اتصالات مصر
شركات اتصالات جزائرية
شركات أسست في 2005
Carolina Ravassa

Carolina Ravassa (born 15 June 1985 in Cali, Colombia) is a Colombian actress and producer. A performing arts graduate from Boston College and New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts, Ravassa is best known outside of Colombia for her voice over work in television series and video games, most notably Sombra from the video game Overwatch and Raze in VALORANT. She is also voices Carolina Grant-Gomez in the Disney Channel animated series Hamster & Gretel.
Life and career
Ravassa grew up in several countries, spending her childhood between Colombia and the US, and is therefore fluent in 4 languages: English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. She was interested in acting from a young age and her first role was in a local production of The Sound of Music in which she played Gretel. She studied in Spain and Italy, and was then inspired by the power of socio-political change through Theatre of the Oppressed with Augusto Boal in Brazil. She was educated at Boston College, receiving her Theatre Arts degree, as well as undergoing a year of acting for film/TV at the New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts.
In 2010, Ravassa made an appearance in the Disney film Step Up 3D where she starred as the character Kristin. In 2014 she appeared in two episodes of Showtime's The Affair as Jules. Ravassa has also done work as a voice actress. Her video game appearances include her role as Taliana Martinez from the game Grand Theft Auto V in 2013, and her well known portrayal of Sombra from Blizzard's 2016 game Overwatch.
Ravassa also produces and stars in her One-Woman-Webseries Hispanglo-Saxon where she explores her life as a white Latina in New York.
As well as acting and voice acting, Ravassa is also an accomplished dancer, being particularly drawn to salsa dancing.
Filmography
Video games
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Actresses from Cali
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
Colombian film actresses
Colombian producers
Colombian television actresses
Colombian video game actresses
Colombian voice actresses
21st-century Colombian actresses
Colombian actors
Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya

Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya
Abinash Chandra Bhattacharyya (16 October 1882 Tripura -7 March 1963 Rishra, West Bengal ) was a radical Indian nationalist in the movement for Indian independence who played a role in the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I. Born in Chunta in the district of Tripura, India, Bhattacharya became involved with the works of the Anushilan Samiti in his youth.
In 1910, Abinash Bhattacharya went to Germany to study chemistry at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, where he obtained his PhD.
While in Germany, Bhattacharya again became involved in the Indian nationalist movement there, reviving old acquaintances from his Anushilan days. He was at this time close to Virendranath Chattopadhyaya and Harish-Chandra and, through his acquaintance with the Interior Minister of Prussia, became a founding member of the Berlin Committee, which during the war was involved in a number of failed plans for nationalist revolution within India and mutiny in the Indian Army.
He returned to India in 1914 and founded a chemical factory called "Techno Chemical Laboratory and Works Limited" in Calcutta. He wrote articles on freedom movement Calcutta newspapers and wrote two books on freedom movements abroad.
Bhattacharya died in Rishra in Hooghly district in West Bengal.
Published works
Bhattacharya published the following works:
Mukti Kon Pathe (Which Way to Liberation)(?) Provide details
Bartaman Rananiti (Modern Science of War)
Bahirbharate Bharater Muktiprayasa
Ranosojjaye Germany
Swaraj Sadhana
Mukti Sadhana
Germany Probasipatro
Europe a Bharatio Biplober Sadhana
References
Bose, A, Indian revolutionaries abroad, 1905–1922, in the background of international developments. Published by Bharati Bhawan, 1971. LCCN: 72906489
Yadav, B.D (1992), M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary, New Delhi:p85. Anmol Publications Pvt ltd, .
Trivedi, R.K (1994),The critical triangle: India, Britain, and Turkey, 1908-1924.p 224. Publication Scheme, 1994 by Raj Kumar Trivedi.
Bengali Hindus
Indian revolutionaries
1967 deaths
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Anti-imperialism in Asia
Anushilan Samiti
1882 births
Indian independence activists from West Bengal
توماس سبالدينغ

توماس سبالدينغ هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 25 مارس 1774 في في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 5 يناير 1851 في دارين في الولايات المتحدة. انتخب وانتخب .
مراجع
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من ولاية جورجيا
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في ولاية جورجيا
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من ولاية جورجيا
أعضاء مجلس شيوخ ولاية ولاية جورجيا
أعضاء مجلس نواب ولاية جورجيا
ملاك عبيد أمريكيون
مواليد 1774
وفيات 1851
Synthetic morphology

Synthetic morphology is a sub-discipline of the broader field of synthetic biology.
In standard synthetic biology, artificial gene networks are introduced into cells, inputs (e.g. chemicals, light) are applied to those networks, and the networks perform logical operations on them and output the result of the operation as the activity of an enzyme or as the amount of green fluorescent protein. Using this approach, synthetic biologists have demonstrated the ability of their gene networks to perform Boolean computation, to hold a memory, and to generate pulses and oscillation.
Synthetic morphology extends this idea by adding output modules that alter the shape or social behaviour of cells in response to the state of the artificial gene network. For example, instead of just making a fluorescent protein, a gene network may switch on an adhesion molecule so that cells stick to each other, or activate a motility system so that cells move. It has been argued that the formation of properly-shaped tissues by mammalian cells involves mainly a set of about ten basic cellular events (cell proliferation, cell death, cell adhesion, differential adhesion, cell de-adhesion, cell fusion, cell locomotion, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, cell wedging). Broadly similar lists exist for tissues of plants, fungi etc. In principle, therefore, a fairly small set of output modules might allow biotechnologists to 'program' cells to produce artificially-designed arrangements, shapes and eventually 'tissues'.
The term synthetic morphology was introduced to the peer reviewed scientific literature in 2008 and is now becoming more widely used both in peer-reviewed literature and texts.
References
Morphology (biology)
Synthetic biology
تشوبر

تشوبر هي مدينة تقع في إيران في . يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 1,481 نسمة .
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن إيران
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة تالش
مدن إيران
مدن محافظة غيلان
Shamsabad, Ardakan

Shamsabad, Ardakan
Shamsabad (also Romanized as Shamsābād; also known as Shamsābād-e ‘Aqdā) is a village in Aqda Rural District, Aqda District, Ardakan County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 237, in 71 families.
References
Populated places in Ardakan County
Zé Vitor (footballer, born 1991)

Zé Vitor (footballer, born 1991)
José Vitor Rodrigues Ribeiro da Silva (born 23 September 1991), known as Zé Vitor, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for União Frederiquense as a defensive midfielder.
Career
ŠK Slovan Bratislava
In August 2011, he joined Slovak club Slovan Bratislava on loan from São Paulo.
Career statistics
As of 13 August 2011
Honours
Club
Youth
São Paulo
Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2010
References
External links
Profile at São Paulo's website
External links
Zé Vitor at ZeroZero
1991 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
São Paulo FC players
ŠK Slovan Bratislava players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Associação Chapecoense de Futebol players
Rio Claro Futebol Clube players
São Carlos Futebol Clube players
Lemense Futebol Clube players
Associação Olímpica de Itabaiana players
Slovak First Football League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Karmiotissa Polemidion FC players
Cypriot Second Division players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Footballers from São Paulo
خوان رامون روتشا

خوان رامون روتشا (8 مايو 1954 في إسبانيا - ) هو مدرب كرة قدم ولاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني ويوناني في مركز الوسط. شارك مع منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع أتلتيكو جونيور وباناثينايكوس وبوكا جونيورز ونيولز أولد بويز.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من محافظة كوريينتس
رياضيون من أصل أرجنتيني
رياضيون من محافظة كوريينتس
طاقم نادي باناثينايكوس غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو أتلتيكو جونيور
لاعبو باناثينايكوس
لاعبو بوكا جونيورز
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة كوريينتس
لاعبو نيولز أولد بويز
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو أريس تسالونيكي
مدربو أولمبياكوس نيقوسيا
مدربو سكودا زانثي
مدربو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
مدربو نادي باناثينايكوس
مواليد 1954
يونانيون متجنسون
يونانيون من أصل أرجنتيني
بيير ليميتر

بيير ليميتر (19 أبريل 1951 في باريس - ) كاتب، وكاتب سيناريو، وروائي من فرنسا.
الجوائز
جائزة غونكور
المراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
روائيون فرنسيون
روائيون فرنسيون في القرن 20
روائيون فرنسيون في القرن 21
كتاب سيناريو فرنسيون
كتاب فرنسيون في القرن 20
كتاب فرنسيون في القرن 21
كتاب من باريس
كتاب وكاتبات سيناريو فرنسيون
حركة التحرير الوطني (فولتا العليا)

حركة التحرير الوطني (فولتا العليا)
حركة التحرير الوطني كان حزبًا سياسيًا في بوركينا فاسو.
التاريخ
أسس الحزب في الأصل جوزيف كي-زيربو في داكار بالسنغال في أغسطس 1958، من أجل حشد حملته للتصويت بـ «لا» في الاستفتاء على الدستور في سبتمبر. بعد أن صوت 99٪ من الناخبين لصالح الدستور الجديد، انتقل كي-زيربو إلى غينيا، وهي الدولة الوحيدة التي عارضت الدستور وحصلت بعد ذلك على استقلالها.
في عام 1970 أعاد كي-زيربو تأسيس الحزب لخوض الانتخابات البرلمانية في ذلك العام. حصل على 11٪ من الأصوات وفاز بـ 6 مقاعد من 57 مقعدًا في الجمعية الوطنية.
مراجع
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1958
أحزاب سياسية انحلت في 1974
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1970
أحزاب سياسية منحلة في بوركينا فاسو
مقاطعة الجزيرة

مقاطعة الجزيرة، وتشابه في تقسيمها الحالي محافظة الحسكة، هي مقاطعة ذات استقلال مالي وإداري استحدثها الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا بعد صدور مراسيم التقسيم عام 1920، لتكون كيانًا ذا وضع خاص داخل دولة حلب، نظرًا لأهميتها الاقتصادية وتنوعها العرقي. استمرّ «الوضع الخاص» للجزيرة لما بعد إعلان الدولة السورية والجمهورية السورية الأولى.
المراجع
سورية والانتداب الفرنسي، يوسف الحكيم، دار النهار، بيروت 1983.
الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان
الجزيرة الفراتية
تأسيسات سنة 1920 في الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان
مسيحية شرقية
Alsophila borneensis

Alsophila borneensis, synonym Cyathea borneensis, is a species of tree fern native to southern parts of Thailand and Cambodia, as well as the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, where it grows in lowland forest at an altitude of 400–1100 m. The trunk is erect and usually up to 2 m tall or more. Fronds are bi- to tripinnate and 2–3 m long. The stipe is spiny and warty. It is covered with scattered scales that are dark, glossy and have narrow, fragile edges. Sori are close to fertile pinnule midveins and covered by thin indusia.
The specific epithet borneensis refers to the island of Borneo, where the species was first collected, although its distribution covers a much wider area.
In cultivation, A. borneensis requires plentiful moisture and warm temperatures to do well.
References
borneensis
Flora of Thailand
Flora of Cambodia
Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Flora of Borneo
Plants described in 1893
رايموند أكيرمان

رايموند أكيرمان هو شخصية أعمال جنوب أفريقي، ولد في 10 مارس 1931 في جنوب أفريقيا.
مراجع
أصحاب أعمال جنوب إفريقيون
جنوب إفريقيون بيض
جنوب إفريقيون من أصل بريطاني
خريجو جامعة كيب تاون
مواليد 1931
Michael Stanley (rugby union)

Michael Stanley (rugby union)
Michael Stanley (born 29 December 1989, Auckland, New Zealand) is a New Zealand-born, English raised, Samoan rugby union rugby player.
Career
Stanley started his senior career in England with Saracens as an academy player from the age of 14. He made his senior debut for Saracens versus Toulon as a centre under the tutelage of Eddie Jones. Stanley was just 18 when he faced a Sonny Bill Williams in his prime during that match. He represented England age groups at U16, U18 and U20's.
He then moved to New Zealand in 2013 to live with (uncle) former Auckland rugby union player, Martin Stanley, to play with for legendary and family club: Ponsonby, his first season in Auckland saw him named in the Auckland ITM Cup training squad but due to a quad injury only managed to represent the Auckland Development a handful of times. After his time in Auckland Stanley made his way south joining Tana Umaga's Counties Manukau Steelers during the 2014 ITM Cup. A long-term injury to first-choice first five-eighth Baden Kerr saw him earn game time and make seven appearances scoring 26 points in the process.
Stanley was also involved with the Chiefs development squad in 2015 before signing a short-term deal with Ulster and moving to Belfast for the four remaining months of the season as injury cover.
International career
Stanley's first experience of international rugby came when he was named in the Samoan squad for the 2014 end-of-year rugby union tests and made his test debut on 8 November 2014 in a 24–13 defeat by in Ascoli Piceno. Stanley was selected in 2015 Pacific Nations Cup, playing and kicking superbly leading on to his selection for the Samoan 2015 Rugby World Cup squad, Stanley had to pull out of Samoa 2016 Pacific Nations Cup campaign due to yet another injury.
References
1989 births
Counties Manukau rugby union players
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
Samoa international rugby union players
New Zealand sportspeople of Samoan descent
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Auckland
Michael
2015 Rugby World Cup players
إيلي صعب

إيلي صعب (ولد عام 1964 في بيروت)هو مصمم أزياء لبناني، برزت موهبته عندما كان في التاسعة كان يقص الستائر وقماش الموائد لصنع فساتين لشقيقاته وكان يرسم الفساتين على الورق.
عندما أصبح عمره سبعة عشر بدأ دراسة الأزياء في باريس، وعاد إلى لبنان عام 1982 وافتتح مشغلاً في بيروت، وقدم أول مجموعة في كازينو لبنان.
وفي عام 1997 قدم أول مجموعة خاصة به خارج لبنان في إيطاليا وهو أول مصمم أزياء عربي يعرض في أسبوع الموضة في روما. وأطلق خطًا للملابس الجاهزة في ميلانو، وانتقل بعد ذلك إلى باريس وبدأ بتقديم الخياطة الرفيعة والملابس الجاهزة في أسبوع الموضة.
في عام 2002 ارتدت الممثلة هالي بيري فستان من تصميم صعب في حفل جوائز الأوسكار وفازت بجائزة أفضل ممثلة، وأصبح إيلي صعب يصمم للكثير من النجمات في هوليوود والعالم.
المسيرة المهنية
صمم إيلي صعب فستان زفاف زوجة العاهل الأردني الملك عبد الله بن الحسين الملكة رانيا الياسين. صمم إيلي صعب فساتين لعدة النجمات العالميات حيث صمم فستان لأنجيلينا جولي الذي ارتدته في حفل توزيع جوائز الأوسكار السادس والثمانون في مارس 2014.
العطر
أطلق ايلي صعب عطره الأول عام 2005
أعماله خارج مجال الأزياء
وعقدت شركة تطوير الإماراتية عن شراكة مع إيلي صعب لتصميم فندق فاخر سيحمل اسم «إيلي صعب» في مشروع «ذي تايجر وودز دبي». وفي عام 2009، افتتح الفندق.
عام 2010، أطلق صعب أول يخت من تصميمه ويحمل اسمه، وتعاون مع شركة WEYVES العالمية وتم عرض اليخت في معرض اليخوت في أبوظبي.
حياته الشخصية
متزوج من السيدة كلودين صعب وله منها ثلاثة من الأبناء: إيلي وسيليو وميشال.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
شاهدي أجمل تصاميم إيلي صعب على مر العصور، فستاني
حوار مع إيلي صعب مجلة هي، 2 أغسطس 2011
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيروت
أشخاص من جنيف
أصحاب أعمال في الموضة
أصحاب أعمال لبنانيون
أمريكيون من أصل لبناني
شخصيات أعمال لبنانيون في تاريخ الموضة
علامات تجارية فاخرة
علامات تجارية لبنانية
علامات تجارية للملابس
فنانون لبنانيون
فنانون من بيروت
مسيحيون عرب
مصممو أزياء لبنانيون
مصممو فساتين زفاف
مليارديرات لبنانيون
موارنة لبنانيون
مواليد 1384 هـ
مواليد 1964
مواليد في بيروت
هوت كوتور
Samuel Cole (footballer)

Samuel Cole (footballer)
Samuel Cole (September 1874 – after 1899) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Small Heath.
Career
Cole was born in Smethwick, Staffordshire. He was on the books of Stoke as an amateur, but never appeared for the first team, and then played for Smethwick Centaur before joining Small Heath in August 1898. Cole was a regular in the reserves, playing in all forward positions, but played only once for the first team. This occurred on 10 March 1900, when Cole was a spectator at the Second Division game at home to Burton Swifts. Centre-forward Bob McRoberts dropped out at the last minute, and twelfth man Billy Walton had travelled with the reserves, so Cole was called out of the crowd to play. Small Heath won 2–1. At the end of the 1899–1900 season, Cole returned to local non-league football with Harborne.
Career statistics
References
1874 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Smethwick
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Stoke City F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Wash bottle

Wash bottle
A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.
Wash bottles are sealed with a screw-top lid. When hand pressure is applied to the bottle, the liquid inside becomes pressurized and is forced out of the nozzle into a narrow stream of liquid.
Most wash bottles are made up of polyethylene, which is a flexible solvent-resistant petroleum-based plastic. Most bottles contain an internal dip tube allowing upright use.
Wash bottles may be filled with a range of common laboratory solvents and reagents, according to the work to be undertaken. These include deionized water, detergent solutions and rinse solvents such as acetone, isopropanol or ethanol. In biological labs it is common to keep sodium hypochlorite solution in a wash bottle to disinfect unneeded cultures.
Colour codes on wash bottles
There are a consistent set of colour codes and markings used to identify the contents of wash bottles. Red is used for acetone, White for ethanol or sodium hypochlorite or distilled water, green for Methanol, yellow for isopropanol and blue for distilled water.
Safety
Safety warning labels are also used to identify potential hazards. Where reagents with high vapour pressure are used such as ethanol or methanol, small pressure release holes are incorporated into the cap to release and excess vapour pressure and avoid material being ejected through the nozzle when not in use.
Advantages
The use of wash bottles helps researchers control and measure the precise amount of liquid used. In addition, unwanted substances or particles cannot pass through wash bottles. The use of wash bottles is more convenient than using beaker and graduated cylinders.
Storage of Wash Bottles
Wash bottles are typically kept on the laboratory bench in a secure way so that they can be easily located and so that they do not interfere with other work taking place. Such containment may be by the use of two ring clamps which have similar size attached to a lattice rod.
Types
Different types of wash bottles are suitable with different types of substances. A spiral gas-lift wash bottle, for example, is suitable for eliminating gas with the liquid system having two phases like bromide and water. In addition, a Simple graduated wash bottle helps determine the amount of liquid used. A type of strong solvent and a type of destructive substance can be dealt with Nalgene Teflon FEP wash bottles since the special type of plastic is used to produce this type of wash bottles.
Gallery
See also
Squeeze bottle
References
Laboratory glassware
Bottles