Exploratory data analysis

Exploratory data analysis
In statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach of analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often using statistical graphics and other data visualization methods. A statistical model can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling and thereby contrasts traditional hypothesis testing. Exploratory data analysis has been promoted by John Tukey since 1970 to encourage statisticians to explore the data, and possibly formulate hypotheses that could lead to new data collection and experiments. EDA is different from initial data analysis (IDA), which focuses more narrowly on checking assumptions required for model fitting and hypothesis testing, and handling missing values and making transformations of variables as needed. EDA encompasses IDA.
Overview
Tukey defined data analysis in 1961 as: "Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier, more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of (mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data."
Exploratory data analysis is an analysis technique to analyze and investigate the data set and summaries the main characteristics of the dataset. Main advantage of EDA is providing the data visualization of data after conducting the analysis.
Tukey's championing of EDA encouraged the development of statistical computing packages, especially S at Bell Labs. The S programming language inspired the systems S-PLUS and R. This family of statistical-computing environments featured vastly improved dynamic visualization capabilities, which allowed statisticians to identify outliers, trends and patterns in data that merited further study.
Tukey's EDA was related to two other developments in statistical theory: robust statistics and nonparametric statistics, both of which tried to reduce the sensitivity of statistical inferences to errors in formulating statistical models. Tukey promoted the use of five number summary of numerical data—the two extremes (maximum and minimum), the median, and the quartiles—because these median and quartiles, being functions of the empirical distribution are defined for all distributions, unlike the mean and standard deviation; moreover, the quartiles and median are more robust to skewed or heavy-tailed distributions than traditional summaries (the mean and standard deviation). The packages S, S-PLUS, and R included routines using resampling statistics, such as Quenouille and Tukey's jackknife and Efron bootstrap, which are nonparametric and robust (for many problems).
Exploratory data analysis, robust statistics, nonparametric statistics, and the development of statistical programming languages facilitated statisticians' work on scientific and engineering problems. Such problems included the fabrication of semiconductors and the understanding of communications networks, which concerned Bell Labs. These statistical developments, all championed by Tukey, were designed to complement the analytic theory of testing statistical hypotheses, particularly the Laplacian tradition's emphasis on exponential families.
Development
John W. Tukey wrote the book Exploratory Data Analysis in 1977. Tukey held that too much emphasis in statistics was placed on statistical hypothesis testing (confirmatory data analysis); more emphasis needed to be placed on using data to suggest hypotheses to test. In particular, he held that confusing the two types of analyses and employing them on the same set of data can lead to systematic bias owing to the issues inherent in testing hypotheses suggested by the data.
The objectives of EDA are to:
Enable unexpected discoveries in the data
Suggest hypotheses about the causes of observed phenomena
Assess assumptions on which statistical inference will be based
Support the selection of appropriate statistical tools and techniques
Provide a basis for further data collection through surveys or experiments
Many EDA techniques have been adopted into data mining. They are also being taught to young students as a way to introduce them to statistical thinking.
Techniques and tools
There are a number of tools that are useful for EDA, but EDA is characterized more by the attitude taken than by particular techniques.
Typical graphical techniques used in EDA are:
Box plot
Histogram
Multi-vari chart
Run chart
Pareto chart
Scatter plot (2D/3D)
Stem-and-leaf plot
Parallel coordinates
Odds ratio
Targeted projection pursuit
Heat map
Bar chart
Horizon graph
Glyph-based visualization methods such as PhenoPlot and Chernoff faces
Projection methods such as grand tour, guided tour and manual tour
Interactive versions of these plots
Dimensionality reduction:
Multidimensional scaling
Principal component analysis (PCA)
Multilinear PCA
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR)
Iconography of correlations
Typical quantitative techniques are:
Median polish
Trimean
Ordination
History
Many EDA ideas can be traced back to earlier authors, for example:
Francis Galton emphasized order statistics and quantiles.
Arthur Lyon Bowley used precursors of the stemplot and five-number summary (Bowley actually used a "seven-figure summary", including the extremes, deciles and quartiles, along with the median—see his Elementary Manual of Statistics (3rd edn., 1920), p. 62– he defines "the maximum and minimum, median, quartiles and two deciles" as the "seven positions").
Andrew Ehrenberg articulated a philosophy of data reduction (see his book of the same name).
The Open University course Statistics in Society (MDST 242), took the above ideas and merged them with Gottfried Noether's work, which introduced statistical inference via coin-tossing and the median test.
Example
Findings from EDA are orthogonal to the primary analysis task. To illustrate, consider an example from Cook et al. where the analysis task is to find the variables which best predict the tip that a dining party will give to the waiter. The variables available in the data collected for this task are: the tip amount, total bill, payer gender, smoking/non-smoking section, time of day, day of the week, and size of the party. The primary analysis task is approached by fitting a regression model where the tip rate is the response variable. The fitted model is
(tip rate) = 0.18 - 0.01 × (party size)
which says that as the size of the dining party increases by one person (leading to a higher bill), the tip rate will decrease by 1%, on average.
However, exploring the data reveals other interesting features not described by this model.
What is learned from the plots is different from what is illustrated by the regression model, even though the experiment was not designed to investigate any of these other trends. The patterns found by exploring the data suggest hypotheses about tipping that may not have been anticipated in advance, and which could lead to interesting follow-up experiments where the hypotheses are formally stated and tested by collecting new data.
Software
JMP, an EDA package from SAS Institute.
KNIME, Konstanz Information Miner – Open-Source data exploration platform based on Eclipse.
Minitab, an EDA and general statistics package widely used in industrial and corporate settings.
Orange, an open-source data mining and machine learning software suite.
Python, an open-source programming language widely used in data mining and machine learning.
R, an open-source programming language for statistical computing and graphics. Together with Python one of the most popular languages for data science.
TinkerPlots an EDA software for upper elementary and middle school students.
Weka an open source data mining package that includes visualization and EDA tools such as targeted projection pursuit.
See also
Anscombe's quartet, on importance of exploration
Data dredging
Predictive analytics
Structured data analysis (statistics)
Configural frequency analysis
Descriptive statistics
References
Bibliography
Andrienko, N & Andrienko, G (2005) Exploratory Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Data. A Systematic Approach. Springer.
Andrienko, N & Andrienko, G (2005) Exploratory Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Data. A Systematic Approach. Springer. ISBN 3-540-25994-5
Cook, D. and Swayne, D.F. (with A. Buja, D. Temple Lang, H. Hofmann, H. Wickham, M. Lawrence) (2007-12-12). Interactive and Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis: With R and GGobi. Springer. ISBN 9780387717616.
Hoaglin, D C; Mosteller, F & Tukey, John Wilder (Eds) (1985). Exploring Data Tables, Trends and Shapes. ISBN 978-0-471-09776-1.
Hoaglin, D C; Mosteller, F & Tukey, John Wilder (Eds) (1983). Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis. ISBN 978-0-471-09777-8.
Young, F. W. Valero-Mora, P. and Friendly M. (2006) Visual Statistics: Seeing your data with Dynamic Interactive Graphics. Wiley ISBN 978-0-471-68160-1 Jambu M. (1991) Exploratory and Multivariate Data Analysis. Academic Press ISBN 0123800900 S. H. C. DuToit, A. G. W. Steyn, R. H. Stumpf (1986) Graphical Exploratory Data Analysis. Springer ISBN 978-1-4612-9371-2
Leinhardt, G., Leinhardt, S., Exploratory Data Analysis: New Tools for the Analysis of Empirical Data, Review of Research in Education, Vol. 8, 1980 (1980), pp. 85–157.
Theus, M., Urbanek, S. (2008), Interactive Graphics for Data Analysis: Principles and Examples, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
Young, F. W. Valero-Mora, P. and Friendly M. (2006) Visual Statistics: Seeing your data with Dynamic Interactive Graphics. Wiley
Jambu M. (1991) Exploratory and Multivariate Data Analysis. Academic Press
S. H. C. DuToit, A. G. W. Steyn, R. H. Stumpf (1986) Graphical Exploratory Data Analysis. Springer
Andrienko, N & Andrienko, G (2005) Exploratory Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Data. A Systematic Approach. Springer. ISBN 3-540-25994-5
Cook, D. and Swayne, D.F. (with A. Buja, D. Temple Lang, H. Hofmann, H. Wickham, M. Lawrence) (2007-12-12). Interactive and Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis: With R and GGobi. Springer. ISBN 9780387717616.
Hoaglin, D C; Mosteller, F & Tukey, John Wilder (Eds) (1985). Exploring Data Tables, Trends and Shapes. ISBN 978-0-471-09776-1.
Hoaglin, D C; Mosteller, F & Tukey, John Wilder (Eds) (1983). Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis. ISBN 978-0-471-09777-8.
Young, F. W. Valero-Mora, P. and Friendly M. (2006) Visual Statistics: Seeing your data with Dynamic Interactive Graphics. Wiley ISBN 978-0-471-68160-1 Jambu M. (1991) Exploratory and Multivariate Data Analysis. Academic Press ISBN 0123800900 S. H. C. DuToit, A. G. W. Steyn, R. H. Stumpf (1986) Graphical Exploratory Data Analysis. Springer ISBN 978-1-4612-9371-2
External links
Carnegie Mellon University – free online course on Probability and Statistics, with a module on EDA
• Exploratory data analysis chapter: engineering statistics handbook