Federal law enforcement in the United States

Federal law enforcement in the United States
The federal government of the United States empowers a wide range of federal law enforcement agencies (informally known as the "Feds") to maintain law and public order related to matters affecting the country as a whole.
While the majority of federal law enforcement employees work for the Department of Justice and Homeland Security, there are dozens of other federal law enforcement agencies under the other executive departments, as well as under the legislative and judicial branches of the federal government.
Federal agencies employ approximately 137,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and/or carry firearms in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, out of the more than 800,000 law enforcement officers in the United States.
Overview
Federal law enforcement in the United States is more than two hundred years old. For example, the Postal Inspection Service can trace its origins back to 1772, while the U.S. Marshals Service dates to 1789. Other agencies, such as the FBI, are relatively recent, being founded in the early twentieth century. Other agencies have been reformed, such as the ATF which was started only in 1972, but had its origins in 1886. Some federal law enforcement agencies have been formed after mergers of other agencies, over the years. This includes the CBP, ATF, and the DEA.
Military law enforcement, although federal, consists of both military personnel and civilian officers. For example, "DOD Police" refers to any civilian engaged in police duties for the DOD or the US Armed Forces. Each branch also has a law enforcement agency responsible for the investigation of more serious crimes and incidents, such as the Army’s Criminal Investigation Division.
Different federal law enforcement authorities have authority under different parts of the United States Code (U.S.C.). Most are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. There are exceptions, with some agencies and officials enforcing codes of U.S. states and tribes of Native Americans in the United States. Some federal investigative powers have become broader in practice, especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act in October 2001.
The United States Department of Justice was formerly the largest and is still the most prominent, collection of federal law enforcement agencies. It has handled most law enforcement duties at the federal level and includes the United States Marshals Service (USMS), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), and others.
However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) became the department with the most sworn armed Federal law enforcement officers and agents upon its creation in 2002 in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks when it incorporated agencies seen as having roles in protecting the country against terrorism. This included large agencies such as U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), the U.S. Secret Service (USSS), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) (created by combining the former agencies of the United States Border Patrol, United States Customs Service, and the United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) into a single agency within the DHS).
Statistics
In 2020, federal agencies employed approximately 137,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and/or carry firearms in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Around half (49%) of the personnel worked for the Department of Homeland Security, and 30% worked for the Department of Justice.
Federal officers' most common primary function was criminal investigation or enforcement (68%), corrections (25%), and police response and patrol (9%).
Around 15% of federal law enforcement officers and 13% of supervisory law enforcement personnel were female in 2020.
More than a third (38%) of federal officers were members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2020. This included 21% who were Hispanic or Latino, and 10% who were black or African American. In 2002, racial or ethnic minorities officers constituted 32.4% of federal officers.
About 60% of federal agencies authorized shotguns or manual rifles for officers while on duty in 2020. Fifty percent authorized semiautomatic rifles and 20% authorized fully automatic rifles for officers while on duty.
List of federal law enforcement agencies and units of agencies
Agencies in bold text are law enforcement agencies (LEAs).
Executive Branch
Department of Agriculture
Office of the Secretary of Agriculture
Protective Operations Division (POD)
Office of Inspector General (USDA-OIG)
United States Forest Service (USFS)
U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement & Investigations (USFS LEI)
Department of Commerce
Office of Inspector General (DOC-OIG)
Office of Security (DOC OS)
US Commerce Department Police
Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
Office of Export Enforcement (OEE)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
National Institute of Standards and Technology Police
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)
Department of Defense
Office of Inspector General (DOD-OIG)
Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS)
Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)
United States Pentagon Police (USPPD)
Department of Defense Police (DOD Police)
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
Defense Logistics Agency Police
National Security Agency (NSA)
National Security Agency Police
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
Defense Intelligence Agency Police
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Police
Department of the Army
United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (USACID)
United States Army Counterintelligence (ACI)
United States Army Military Police Corps (USAMPC)
Department of the Army Civilian Police (DACP)
includes Department of the Army Civilian Guards (DASG)
United States Army Corrections Command (USACC)
Department of the Navy
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (USMC CID)
United States Navy Master-at-Arms (military police)
Department of the Navy Police (civilian police)
United States Marine Corps Military Police
United States Marine Corps Civilian Police
Marine Security Guards
Marine Security Forces
Department of the Air Force
Department of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI)
Air Force Security Forces Center (AFSFC)
United States Air Force Security Forces (military police)
Department of the Air Force Police (civilian police)
Strategic Air Command Elite Guard
includes Department of Air Force Civilian Guards (DAF Guard)
Department of Education
Office of Inspector General (ED-OIG)
Protective Service Division (ED-PSD)
Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
Department of Energy
Office of Inspector General (DOE-OIG)
Office of Health, Safety and Security (DOE-HSS)
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Office of Secure Transportation (OST)
Federal Protective Forces
Department of Health and Human Services
Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG)
United States Food and Drug Administration (HHSFDA)
Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Institutes of Health Police
Department of Homeland Security
Office of Inspector General (DHS-OIG)
Federal Protective Service (FPS)
Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC)
Office of Security and Professional Responsibility
United States Coast Guard (USCG)
Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS)
United States Coast Guard Police (CGPD)
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
United States Border Patrol (USBP)
CBP Air and Marine Operations (AMO)
CBP Office of Field Operations (OFO)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center
Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center Police
Office of Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
Enforcement Removal Operations (ERO)
Office of Intelligence
Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
United States Secret Service (USSS)
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division (USSS UD)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)/Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO)
Office of Inspection (OI)
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate (FDNS)
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Office of Inspector General (HUD-OIG)
Protective Service Division (HUD-PSD)
Department of the Interior
Office of Inspector General (DOI-OIG)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Office of Justice Services
Bureau of Indian Affairs Police
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
Office of Law Enforcement & Security
United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
Bureau of Reclamation Security Response Force (SRF) formerly known as (Hoover Dam Police), that covers Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam and Glen Canyon Dam
National Park Service (NPS)
U.S. Park Ranger
United States Park Police
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
Office of Law Enforcement (FWS OLE)
Division of Refuge Law Enforcement
Department of Justice
Office of the Inspector General (DOJ-OIG)
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
FBI Police
FBI Academy
Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
United States Marshals Service (USMS)
Office of Professional Responsibility (DOJ OPR)
Department of Labor
Office of Inspector General (DOL-OIG)
Department of State
Office of Inspector General (DOS-OIG)
Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
Office of Protective Services
Department of Transportation
Office of Inspector General (DOT-OIG)
United States Merchant Marine Academy
Department of Public Safety (USMMADPS)
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Office of Odometer Fraud Investigation (OFI)
Department of the Treasury
Office of Inspector General (USDT-OIG)
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI)
United States Mint Police (USMP)
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery (SIGPR)
Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP)
Department of Veterans Affairs
Office of Inspector General (VA-OIG)
Veterans Affairs Police
Legislative Branch
Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives
Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate
United States Capitol Police (USCP)
Office of Inspector General (USCP OIG)
Office of Professional Responsibility (USCP OPR)
Library of Congress (LOC)
Office of Inspector General (LOC-OIG)
Government Publishing Office (GPO)
Office of Inspector General (GPO-OIG)
Government Publishing Office Police
Judicial Branch
Marshal of the United States Supreme Court
United States Supreme Court Police
Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)
Office of Probation and Pretrial Services (Federal Probation Officers)
Other federal law enforcement agencies
Independent Agencies and federally-administered institutions;
Central Intelligence Agency
Security Protective Service (CIA SPS)
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Inspector General (EPA-OIG)
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
Criminal Investigation Division
National Gallery of Art
Office of Protection Services
NASA
Office of Inspector General (NASA-OIG)
Office of Protective Services (NASA OPS)
United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
Office of Inspector General (OPM OIG)
United States Postal Service (USPS)
Office of Inspector General (USPS-OIG)
United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
U.S. Postal Police
Smithsonian Institution (SI)
Office of Inspector General (SI-OIG)
Office of Protection Services
National Zoological Park Police (NZPP)
Amtrak
Office of Inspector General (Amtrak-OIG)
Office of Security Strategy and Special Operations (OSSSO)
Amtrak Police Department
Federal Reserve System
Office of Inspector General (FRB/CFPB-OIG)
Federal Reserve Police
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Board Police
Tennessee Valley Authority
Office of Inspector General (TVA-OIG)
Tennessee Valley Authority Police (TVAP) disbanded in 2018
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Office of Inspector General (NRC-OIG)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Office of Inspector General (NSF-OIG)
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Office of Inspector General (NARA-OIG)
Peace Corps (PC)
Office of Inspector General (PC-OIG)
Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)
Office of Inspector General (RRB-OIG)
Small Business Administration (SBA)
Office of Inspector General (SBA-OIG)
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Office of Inspector General (FDIC-OIG)
General Services Administration (GSA)
Office of Inspector General (GSA-OIG)
Social Security Administration (SSA)
Office of Inspector General (SSA-OIG)
United States Agency for International Development
Office of Inspector General (AID-OIG)
Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS)
Office of Inspector General (CNCS-OIG)
List of former agencies and units of agencies
Bureau of Internal Revenue, Narcotic Division (1921-1927) (transferred to Bureau of Prohibition)
Bureau of Prohibition, Narcotic Division (1927-1930) (merged into Federal Bureau of Narcotics)
Federal Narcotics Control Board (FNCB) (1922-1930) (merged into Federal Bureau of Narcotics)
White House Police Force (1922-1930) (became part of the United States Secret Service. It was renamed the Executive Protective Service in 1970 and then the Uniformed Division of the Secret Service in 1977)
Steamboat Inspection Service (1871-1932) (merged into Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation)
Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation (1884-1946) (functions split between U.S. Customs Service and U.S. Coast Guard)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) (1930-1968) (merged into Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs)
Bureau of Drug Abuse Control (1966-1968) (merged into Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs)
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) (1968-1973) (merged into Drug Enforcement Administration)
Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE) (1972-1973) (merged into Drug Enforcement Administration)
Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (ONNI) (1972-1973) (merged into Drug Enforcement Administration)
Bureau of Secret Intelligence (BSI) (1916-1985) (replaced by Diplomatic Security Service)
United States Treasury Police (TPF) (1879-1986) (merged with the Uniformed Division of the Secret Service)
United States Customs Service (1789-2003) (functions split between U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement)
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) (1940-2003) (functions transferred to three new entities – U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection.)
Library of Congress Police (LCP) (1950-2009) (merged into the United States Capitol Police)
Hoover Dam Police (1931-2017) Merged with the Department of Interior
Federal Investigative Services Division (replaced by National Background Investigations Bureau in 2016)
National Background Investigations Bureau (2016-2019) (merged with Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency)
Defense Investigative Service (DSS) (1972-1999) (changed to Defense Security Service)
Defense Security Service (DSS) (1999-2019) (merged with Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency)
See also
Federal Special Agents
Law enforcement in the United States
List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies
Office of Inspector General (United States)
References
External links
Lists of government agencies in the United States
United States
fr:Police aux États-Unis#État fédéral