Social conservatism

Social conservatism is a political philosophy and a variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social institutions, such as traditional family structures, gender roles, sexual relations, national patriotism, and religious traditions. Social conservatism is usually skeptical of social change, instead tending to support the status quo concerning social issues.
Social conservatives also value the rights of religious institutions to participate in the public sphere, thus often supporting government-religious endorsement and opposing state atheism, and in some cases opposing secularism.
Social conservatism and other ideological views
There is overlap between social conservatism and paleoconservatism, in that they both support and value traditional social forms.
Social conservatism is not to be confused with economically interventionist conservatism, where conservative ideas are combined with Keynesian economics and a welfare state as practised by some European conservatives (e.g. one-nation conservatives in the United Kingdom, Gaullists in France). Some social conservatives support free trade and laissez faire market approaches to economic and fiscal issues, but social conservatives may also support economic intervention where the intervention serves moral or cultural aims. Historian Jon Wiener has described social conservatism as historically the result of an appeal from "elitist preservationists" to lower-class workers to 'protect' wealth from immigration.
Many social conservatives support a balance between protectionism and a free market. This concern for material welfare, like advocacy of traditional mores, will often have a basis in religion. Examples include the Christian Social Union of Bavaria, the Family First Party and Katter's Australian Party, and the communitarian movement in the United States.
Social conservatism by country
Australia
Mainstream conservatism in Australia generally incorporates liberalism, hence liberal conservatism being the primary ideology of the major centre-right coalition in Australia, the Liberal-National Coalition. Therefore, the Coalition, while having members with some socially conservative views, is not considered socially conservative. However, both social conservatism and right-wing populism are present among right-wing minor parties, such as Pauline Hanson's One Nation, the United Australia Party (UAP) and Katter's Australian Party (KAP) amongst others.
Nevertheless, the National Right (also known as the "Conservative" faction or the "Right" faction) serves as the party's social conservative faction, although the party is still considered a broad church conservative party and factions do collaborate with each other; for example, the New South Wales Liberal Party often chooses a leadership team consisting of both a member of the more centrist Moderate faction and a member of the Right.
Social conservatives in Australia often need to take a broad church stance while governing, for example when Dominic Perrottet, a conservative Catholic was the party's state leader in New South Wales (as well as the state's Premier), despite voted against legalising same-sex marriage in 2018 and is an opponent of abortion, he backed a ban on gay conversion therapy (following Labor leader Chris Minns announcing his support for banning it), whilst also vowing to protect religious freedom and preaching.
During the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey of 2018, which successfully sought to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, the government was a Coalition government (led by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull). The Coalition allowed its members a conscience vote on the issue and while many members (including Turnbull) supported it, some were opposed to it (but supported holding a plebiscite on the issue). Federal Coalition MPs who opposed same-sex marriage during the debate included former Prime Minister Tony Abbott, Peter Dutton, Scott Morrison and many others. However, when the plebiscite was successful (with 61.6% in favour), a vote needed to be held in both chambers of Parliament. The Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 was tabled in the Senate and was subsequently passed in the House of Representatives, with just three votes against (excluding the members who abstained). Due to their respective electorates delivering a majority "yes" vote (as well as the entire country), members such as Dutton (who voted "no" in the plebiscite) voted in favour of the bill after his seat of Dickson voted 65.16% in favour.
Canada
In Canada, social conservatism, though widespread, is not as prominent in the public sphere as in the United States. It is prevalent in all areas of the country but is seen as being more prominent in rural areas. It is also a significant influence on the ideological and political culture of the western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.
Compared to social conservatism in the United States, social conservatism has not been as influential in Canada. The main reason is that the neoconservative style of politics as promoted by leaders such as former Prime Ministers such as Paul Martin and Stephen Harper have focused on fiscal conservatism, with little or no emphasis on moral or social conservatism. Without a specific, large political party behind them, social conservatives have divided their votes and can be found in all political parties.
Social conservatives often felt that they were being sidelined by officials in the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and its leadership of so-called "Red Tories" for the last half of the twentieth century and therefore many eventually made their political home with parties such as the Social Credit Party of Canada and the Reform Party of Canada. Despite the Reform Party being dominated by social conservatives, leader Preston Manning, seeking greater national support for the party, was reluctant for the party to wholly embrace socially conservative values. This led to his deposition as leader of the party (now called Canadian Alliance) in favor of social conservative Stockwell Day. The party's successor, the Conservative Party of Canada, despite having a number of socially conservative members and cabinet ministers, has chosen so far not to focus on socially conservative issues in its platform. This was most recently exemplified on two occasions in 2012 when the current Conservative Party of Canada declared they had no intention to repeal same-sex marriage or abortion laws.
Islamic world
Most Muslim countries are somewhat more socially conservative (such as Tajikistan and Malaysia) than neighbouring countries that are not Muslim. However, due to their interpretation of Islamic law also known as Shariah, they have some differences from social conservatism as understood in the nations of West Europe, North America and Oceania.
Arab world
The Arab world has recently been more conservative in social and moral issues due to the Arab spring.
India
Hindu social conservatism
Hindu social conservatism in India in the twenty first century has developed into an influential movement. Represented in the political arena by the right-leaning Bharatiya Janata Party. Hindu social conservatism, also known as the Hindutva movement, is spearheaded by the voluntary non-governmental organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The core philosophy of this ideology is nativism and sees Hinduism as a national identity rather than a religious one. Due to an inclination towards nativism, much of its platform is based on the belief that Islamic and Christian denominations in India are the result of occupations, and therefore these groups should be uprooted from the Indian subcontinent by converting their members back to Hinduism.
In terms of political positions, Hindu social conservatives in India seek to institutionalise a Uniform Civil Code (which is also a directive under Article 44 of the Constitution of India) for members of all religions, over the current scheme of different personal laws for different religions. For instance, polygamy is legal for Muslims in India but not Hindus.
Muslim social conservatism
There are several socially conservative Muslim organisations in India, ranging from groups such as the Indian Union Muslim League which aim to promote the preservation of Indian Muslim culture as a part of the nation's identity and history.
South Africa
Social conservatism had an important place in Apartheid South Africa ruled by the National Party. Pornography, gambling and other activities that were deemed undesirable were severely restricted. The majority of businesses were forbidden from doing business on Sunday.
United States
Social conservatism in the United States is a right-wing political ideology that opposes social progressivism. It is centered on the preservation of what adherents often call 'traditional' or 'family values', though the accepted aims of the movement often vary amongst the organisations it comprises, making it hard to generalise about ideological preferences. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere, such as opposition to abortion and opposition to same-sex marriage. Sociologist Harry F. Dahms suggests that Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-same-sex marriage) and gun-use conservatives (such as supporters and members of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA)) form two domains of ideology within American social conservatism.
The Republican Party is the largest United States political party with socially conservative ideals incorporated into its platform. Other socially conservative parties include the American Solidarity Party, the Constitution Party and the Prohibition Party.
Social conservatives are strongest in the South, where they are a mainstream political force with aspirations to translate those ideals using the party platform nationally. Supporters of social conservatism played a major role in the political coalitions of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush.
Other areas
There are also social conservative movements in many other parts of the world, such as Latin America, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Europe, Mediterranean countries, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.
List of social conservative political parties
Armenia
Prosperous Armenia
Australia
Democratic Labour Party
Liberal Party of Australia
Katter's Australian Party
Pauline Hanson's One Nation
Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party
United Australia Party
Austria
Freedom Party of Austria
Austrian People's Party
Christian Party of Austria
Belgium
New-Flemish Alliance (Nationalist)
Vlaams Belang (Nationalist)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats
Brazil
Current
Brazilian Labour Party (PTB)
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (PRTB)
Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB)
Christian Democracy (DC)
Liberal Party (PL)
Patriot (PATRIOTA)
Republicans (REPUBLICANOS)
Social Christian Party (PSC)
Defunct
Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB)
Christian Democratic Party (PDC)
Democratic Social Party (PDS)
National Renewal Alliance (ARENA)
Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA)
Social Liberal Party (PSL)
Bulgaria
GERB
IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement
Bulgarian Socialist Party (factions)
Cambodia
Cambodian People's Party
Canada
Current
Conservative Party of Canada (Factions)
Christian Heritage Party of Canada
People's Party of Canada (Factions)
Defunct
Canadian Nationalist Party
Canadian Alliance(Factions)
National Citizens Alliance
Reform Party of Canada (Factions)
Social Credit Party of Canada
Chile
Christian Social Party (PDC)
Chilean Republican Party (PLR)
Independent Democratic Union (UDI)
Czech Republic
Freedom and Direct Democracy
KDU-ČSL
Denmark
Danish People's Party
El Salvador
Nuevas Ideas
Nationalist Republican Alliance
Estonia
Conservative People's Party
Isamaa
Faroe Islands
Centre Party
Fiji
Social Democratic Liberal Party
Finland
Finns Party
Christian Democrats
France
Movement for France
National Rally
VIA, the Way of the People
Germany
Alternative for Germany
Family Party of Germany
Alliance C – Christians for Germany
Georgia
Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
Greece
Greek Solution
Independent Greeks
New Democracy (Greece)
Hungary
Fidesz
Christian Democratic People's Party
Our Homeland Movement
Jobbik
India
Bharatiya Janata Party
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
Shiv Sena
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
National People's Party
Indonesia
Prosperous Justice Party
Gerindra
Ireland
Aontú
Renua Ireland
Israel
Shas
Agudat Yisrael
Degel HaTorah
The Jewish Home - HaBayit HaYehudi
National Union - Tkuma
Noam
Otzma Yehudit
New Hope
Likud
Italy
The People of Family (Il Popolo della Famiglia)
Christian Italy (Italia Cristiana)
Union of the Centre
Japan
Liberal Democratic Party
Komeito
Latvia
National Alliance
The Conservatives
Liechtenstein
Patriotic Union
Progressive Citizens' Party
Lithuania
Order and Justice
Luxembourg
Alternative Democratic Reform Party
Déi Konservativ
Malaysia
United Malays National Organization (UMNO)
Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)
Mexico
Social Encounter Party
National Action Party
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Moldova
Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova
Revival Party
Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
Netherlands
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA)
Christian Union (CU)
Political Movement Denk (Denk)
Reformed Political Party (SGP)
New Zealand
New Conservative Party
New Zealand First
Nigeria
People's Democratic Party
North Macedonia
VMRO-DPMNE
Norway
Christian Democratic Party
The Christians Party
Progress Party (Norway)
Pakistan
- Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Coalition:
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (Fazl)
Jamaat-e-Islami
Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith
Tehreek-e-Jafaria
Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan
Philippines
Nationalist People's Coalition
Poland
Law and Justice
United Poland
The Republicans
Portugal
CDS – People's Party
Chega
Social Democratic Party
Romania
Social Democratic Party
People's Movement Party
Alliance for the Union of Romanians
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Russia
United Russia
CPRF
LDPR
A Just Russia
Slovakia
Christian Democratic Movement
Direction – Slovak Social Democracy
Slovak National Party
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities
We Are Family
People's Party Our Slovakia
Republic
Christian Union
Slovenia
Slovenian Democratic Party
New Slovenia
Spain
Vox
People's Party
Serbia
Serbian Radical Party
Dveri
Healthy Serbia
Better Serbia
Democratic Party of Serbia
People's Freedom Movement
Serbian Party Oathkeepers
Serbian Right
South Africa
African Christian Democratic Party
South Korea
People Power Party (South Korea)
Democratic Party of Korea
Minsaeng Party
Sweden
Alternative for Sweden
Sweden Democrats
Christian Democrats
Switzerland
Swiss People's Party
Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland
Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland
Christian Social Party
Turkey
Justice and Development Party
Nationalist Movement Party
Felicity Party
Great Unity Party
Ukraine
European Solidarity
Batkivshchyna
United Kingdom
Heritage Party
UK Independence Party
Britain First
Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)
Scotland
Scottish Family Party
Northern Ireland
Democratic Unionist Party
Traditional Unionist Voice
Aontú
United States
Republican Party
Constitution Party
Prohibition Party
American Solidarity Party
Christian Liberty Party
Alaskan Independence Party
American Independent Party
Social conservative factions of political parties
Blue Labour (Labour Party (UK))
Cornerstone Group (Conservative Party (UK))
House Freedom Caucus (Republican Party (USA))
National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)
Republican Study Committee (Republican Party (USA))
See also
Christian right
Social inertia: the prevention of social change
Social liberalism
Victorian morality
Paleoconservatism
Traditionalist conservatism
Social conservatism in Canada
Social conservatism in the United States
Anti-abortion movement
Family values
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Carlson, Allan, The Family in America: Searching for Social Harmony in the Industrial Age (2003)
Carlson, Allan, Family Questions: Reflections on the American Social Crisis (1991)
Fleming, Thomas, The Politics of Human Nature, (1988)
Gallagher, Maggie, The Abolition of Marriage: How We Destroy Lasting Love (1996)
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, The De-moralization Of Society (1996)
Hitchens, Peter, The Abolition of Britain. (1999)
Jones, E. Michael, Degenerate Moderns: Modernity As Rationalized Sexual Misbehavior. (1993)
Kirk, Russell, The Conservative Mind, 7th Ed. (2001)
Magnet, Myron, Modern Sex: Liberation and Its Discontents (2001)
Medved, Diane and Dan Quayle, The American Family: Discovering the Values That Make Us Strong (1997)
Sobran, Joseph, Single Issues: Essays on the Crucial Social Questions (1983) .
External links
Conservatism
Right-wing ideologies
Conservatism
Conservatism
Political science terminology