Outline of astronomy

Outline of astronomy
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:
Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astronomy also intersect with biology, as astrobiology, studying potential life throughout the universe.
Nature of astronomy
Astronomy can be described as all the following:
An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it
A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods.
A branch or field of space science
A hobby or part-time pursuit for the satisfaction of personal curiosity or appreciation of beauty, the latter especially including astrophotography.
Branches of astronomy
Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe.
Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior. Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
Compact objects – this subdiscipline studies very dense matter in white dwarfs and neutron stars and their effects on environments including accretion.
Physical cosmology – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
Quantum cosmology - the study of cosmology through the use of quantum field theory to explain phenomena general relativity cannot due to limitations in its framework.
Computational astrophysics – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.
Galactic astronomy – deals with the structure and components of our Galaxy and of other galaxies.
High energy astrophysics – studies phenomena occurring at high energies including active galactic nuclei, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, quasars, and shocks.
Interstellar astrophysics – study of the interstellar medium, intergalactic medium and dust.
Extragalactic astronomy – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our Galaxy, including galaxy formation and evolution.
Stellar astronomy – concerned with Star formation, physical properties, main sequence life span, variability, stellar evolution and extinction.
Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space.
Relativistic astrophysics – studies effects of special relativity and general relativity in astrophysical contexts including gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and black holes.
Solar physics – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.
Planetary Science – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
Atmospheric science – study of atmospheres and weather.
Exoplanetology – various planets outside of the Solar System
Planetary formation – formation of planets and moons in the context of the formation and evolution of the Solar System.
Planetary rings – dynamics, stability, and composition of planetary rings
Magnetospheres – magnetic fields of planets and moons
Planetary surfaces – surface geology of planets and moons
Planetary interiors – interior composition of planets and moons
Small Solar System bodies – smallest bodies, including asteroids, comets, Kuiper belt objects, and dust.
Astronomy divided by general technique used for astronomical research:
Astrometry – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the kinematics of objects in our Galaxy.
Observational astronomy – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of observational astronomy are generally made by the specifications of the detectors:
Radio astronomy – Above 300 µm
Submillimetre astronomy – 200 µm to 1 mm
Infrared astronomy – 0.7–350 µm
Optical astronomy – 380–750 nm
Ultraviolet astronomy – 10–320 nm
X-ray astronomy – 0.01–10 nm
Gamma-ray astronomy – Below 0.01 nm
Cosmic ray astronomy – Cosmic rays, including plasma
Neutrino astronomy – Neutrinos
Dust astronomy – Cosmic dust
Gravitational wave astronomy – Gravitons
Photometry – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
Spectroscopy – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
Other disciplines that may be considered part of astronomy:
Archaeoastronomy
Astrochemistry
History of astronomy
History of astronomy
History of the Center of the Universe
Geocentric model
Heliocentrism
Copernican heliocentrism
Tychonic system
Archaeoastronomy
Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology
Pretelescopic astronomy
Babylonian astronomy
Chinese astronomy
Egyptian astronomy
Greek astronomy
Hebrew astronomy
Indian astronomy
Islamic astronomy
Russian astronomy
Astronomy in the Middle Ages
Science in Medieval Western Europe
Astronomy in medieval Islam
History of astronomy in the Renaissance
Scientific developments during the Scientific Revolution
Patronage in astronomy
Copernican Revolution
Copernican heliocentrism
Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Tycho Brahe
Tychonic system
Galileo Galilei
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems defense of the heliocentric system written by Galileo, which led to his trial and house arrest by the Inquisition.
Invention of the telescope
History of visible-light astronomy
History of astronomy in the Age of Reflection
History of X-ray astronomy
History of infrared astronomy
History of gamma-ray astronomy
History of supernova observation
List of supernovae
Basic astronomical phenomena
Atmosphere
Celestial pole
Eclipse
Ecliptic
Cosmic rays
Kepler's laws
Doppler effect
Nutation
Orbit
Perturbation
Precession
Proper motion
Redshift
Solar eclipse
Tides
Zodiac
Astronomical objects
Astronomical object
Solar System
Solar System
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
List of Solar System objects
List of Solar System objects by size
Galilean satellites
Halley's comet
Sun
Sun
Location
Milky Way
Solar System
Stellar classification
Internal structure
Standard Solar Model
Solar core
Radiation zone
Convection zone
Stellar atmosphere
Photosphere
Supergranulation
Granule
Facula
Sunspot
Chromosphere
Plage
Spicule
Moreton wave
Solar corona
Solar transition region
Coronal hole
Coronal loop
Coronal mass ejection
Solar prominence
Helmet streamer
Solar variation
Solar cycle
List of solar cycles
Solar maximum
Solar minimum
Wolf number
Solar flare
Helioseismology
Heliosphere
Solar wind
Heliospheric current sheet
Heliopause
Bow shock
Related phenomena
Solar dynamo
Solar eclipse
Sunlight
Solar energy
Equipment used to study the Sun
Solar telescope
Planets
Planet
Features
Natural satellites (moons)
Planetary rings
Planets of the Solar System
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Moon
Mars
Moons of Mars
Jupiter
Moons of Jupiter
Rings of Jupiter
Saturn
Moons of Saturn
Rings of Saturn
Uranus
Moons of Uranus
Rings of Uranus
Neptune
Moons of Neptune
Rings of Neptune
Dwarf planets of the Solar System
Ceres
Pluto
Moons of Pluto
Haumea
Moons of Haumea
Makemake
Eris
Dysnomia
Small Solar System bodies
Small Solar System body
Asteroids
Minor planets
:Category:Asteroid groups and families
Vulcanoid asteroids
Near-Earth asteroids
Asteroid belt
Trojan asteroid
Centaur
Neptune Trojans
Minor planet moons
Meteoroids
2 Pallas
3 Juno
4 Vesta
10 Hygiea
List of asteroids
Meanings of asteroid names
Trans-Neptunian objects
Kuiper belt
Plutinos
90482 Orcus
28978 Ixion
Cubewanos
20000 Varuna
50000 Quaoar
38628 Huya
Scattered disc
90377 Sedna
Comets
List of periodic comets
List of non-periodic comets
Damocloids
Hills cloud
Oort cloud
Exoplanets
Exoplanet (also known as extrasolar planets) – planet outside the Solar System. A total of 4,341 such planets have been identified as of 28 Jan 2021.
Super-Earth – exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below those of the Solar System's ice giants.
Mini-Neptune – also known as a gas dwarf or transitional planet. A planet up to 10 Earth masses, but less massive than Uranus and Neptune.
Super-Jupiter – an exoplanet more massive than Jupiter.
Sub-Earth – an exoplanet "substantially less massive" than Earth and Venus.
Circumbinary planet – an exoplanet that orbits two stars.
Hot Jupiter – an exoplanet whose characteristics are similar to Jupiter, but that have high surface temperatures because they orbit very close to their parent stars, whereas Jupiter orbits its parent star (the Sun) at 5.2 AU (780×106 km), causing low surface temperatures.
Hot Neptune – an exoplanet in an orbit close to its star (normally less than one astronomical unit away), with a mass similar to that of Uranus or Neptune.
Pulsar planet – a planet that orbits a pulsar or a rapidly rotating neutron star.
Rogue planet (also known as an interstellar planet) – a planetary-mass object that orbits the galaxy directly.
Stars and stellar objects
Stars
Stellar evolution
Star formation
Pre–main sequence
Main sequence
Horizontal branch
Asymptotic giant branch
Dredge-up
Instability strip
Red clump
PG 1159 star
Mira variable
Planetary nebula
Protoplanetary nebula
Luminous red nova
Luminous blue variable
Wolf–Rayet star
Supernova impostor
Supernova
Hypernova
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
Color–color diagram
Protostars
Molecular cloud
H II region
Bok globule
Young stellar object
Herbig–Haro object
Hayashi track
Hayashi limit
Henyey track
Orion variable
T Tauri star
FU Orionis star
Herbig Ae/Be
Luminosity class
Subdwarf star
Dwarf star
Blue dwarf
Red dwarf
Subgiant
Giant star
Blue giant
Red giant
Bright giant
Supergiant
Blue supergiant
Red supergiant
Yellow supergiant
Hypergiant
Yellow hypergiant
Blue straggler
Stellar classification
O-type main-sequence star
B-type main-sequence star
A-type main-sequence star
F-type main-sequence star
G-type main-sequence star
K-type main-sequence star
M-type main-sequence star
Be star
OB star
Subdwarf B star
Late-type star
Peculiar star
Am star
Ap and Bp stars
Rapidly oscillating Ap star
Barium star
Carbon star
CH star
Extreme helium star
Lambda Boötis star
Lead star
Mercury-manganese star
S-type star
Shell star
Technetium star
Remnants
White dwarf
Black dwarf
Helium planet
Neutron star
Pulsar
Magnetar
Stellar black hole
Compact star
Quark star
Exotic star
Stellar core: EF Eridani
Failed and theoretical stars
Substellar object
Brown dwarf
Sub-brown dwarf
Planetar
Boson star
Dark star
Quasistar
Thorne–Żytkow object
Iron star
Stellar nucleosynthesis
Alpha process
Triple-alpha process
Proton–proton chain reaction
Helium flash
CNO cycle
Lithium burning
Carbon-burning process
Neon-burning process
Oxygen-burning process
Silicon-burning process
S-process
R-process
Fusor
Nova
Nova remnant
Stellar structure
Solar core
Convection zone
Microturbulence
Solar-like oscillations
Radiation zone
Photosphere
Starspot
Chromosphere
Stellar corona
Stellar wind
Stellar-wind bubble
Asteroseismology
Eddington luminosity
Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
Properties
Star designation
Stellar dynamics
Effective temperature
Stellar kinematics
Stellar magnetic field
Magnitude
Absolute magnitude
Solar mass
Metallicity
Stellar rotation
UBV photometric system
Variable star
Star systems
Binary star
Contact binary
Common envelope
Multiple star
Accretion disc
Planetary system
Earth's Solar System
Earth-centric observation of stars
Pole star
Circumpolar star
Magnitude
Apparent magnitude
Photographic magnitude
color-color diagram
Radial velocity
Proper motion
Photometric-standard star
Lists of stars
List of proper names of stars
List of Arabic star names
Traditional Chinese star names
List of most massive stars
List of least massive stars
List of largest known stars
List of brightest stars
Historical brightest stars
List of most luminous stars
List of nearest stars
List of nearest bright stars
List of exoplanetary host stars
List of brown dwarfs
List of planetary nebulae
List of novae
List of supernovae
List of supernova remnants
List of supernova candidates
Timeline of stellar astronomy
Variable stars
Variable star
Pulsating
Cepheids and cepheid-like
Cepheid variable
Type II Cepheids
RR Lyrae variable
Delta Scuti variable
SX Phoenicis variable
Blue-white with early spectra
Beta Cephei variable
PV Telescopii variable
Long Period and Semiregular
Mira variable
Semiregular variable
Slow irregular variable
Other
RV Tauri variable
Alpha Cygni variable
Pulsating white dwarf
Eruptive
Pre-main sequence star
Herbig Ae/Be
Orion variable
FU Orionis star
Main Sequence
Wolf-Rayet star
Flare star
Giants and supergiants
Luminous blue variable
Gamma Cassiopeiae variable
R Coronae Borealis variable
Eruptive binary
RS Canum Venaticorum variable
Cataclysmic or explosive
Cataclysmic variable star
Dwarf nova
Nova
Supernova
Z Andromedae
Rotating
Non-spherical
Ellipsoidal
Stellar spots
FK Comae Berenices
BY Draconis variable
Magnetic fields
Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable
SX Arietis
Pulsar
Eclipsing binary
Algol variable
Beta Lyrae variable
W Ursae Majoris variable
Supernovae
Supernova
Classes
Type Ia supernova
Type Ib and Ic supernovae
Type II (IIP and IIL)
Related
Near-Earth supernova
Supernova impostor
Hypernova
Quark-nova
Pulsar kicks
Structure
Pair-instability supernova
Supernova nucleosynthesis
P-process
R-process
Gamma-ray burst
Carbon detonation
Progenitors
Luminous blue variable
Wolf–Rayet star
Supergiant
Blue supergiant
Red supergiant
Yellow supergiant
Hypergiant
Yellow hypergiant
White dwarf
Remnants
Supernova remnant
Neutron star
Pulsar
Magnetar
Stellar black hole
Compact star
Supergiant
Quark star
Exotic star
Discovery
Guest star
History of supernova observation
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
Notable
List of supernovae
List of supernova remnants
List of supernova candidates
List of most massive stars
Supernovae in fiction
SN 1054
Supergiant
Crab Nebula
Tycho's
Kepler's
SN 1987A
SN 185
SN 1006
SN 2003fg
Vela Supernova Remnant
Remnant G1.9+0.3
SN 2007bi
Research
Supernova Cosmology Project
High-z Supernova Search Team
Texas Supernova Search
Nearby Supernova Factory
Supernova Legacy Survey
Supernova Early Warning System
Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
Supernova/Acceleration Probe
Black holes
Black hole
Types
Schwarzschild metric
Rotating black hole
Charged black hole
Virtual black hole
Size
Micro black hole
Extremal black hole (Black hole electron)
Stellar black hole
Intermediate-mass black hole
Supermassive black hole
Quasar
Active galactic nucleus
Blazar
Formation
Stellar evolution
Gravitational collapse
Neutron star (Template:neutron star)
Compact star
Quark star
Exotic star
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
White dwarf (Template:white dwarf)
Supernova (Template:supernovae)
Hypernova
Gamma-ray burst
Properties
Black hole thermodynamics
Schwarzschild radius
M–sigma relation
Event horizon
Quasi-periodic oscillation
Photon sphere
Ergosphere
Hawking radiation
Penrose process
Bondi accretion
Spaghettification
Gravitational lens
Models
Gravitational singularity (Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems)
Primordial black hole
Gravastar
Dark star
Dark energy star
Black star
Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
Fuzzball
White hole
Naked singularity
Ring singularity
Immirzi parameter
Membrane paradigm
Kugelblitz
Wormhole
Quasistar
Issues
No-hair theorem
Black hole information paradox
Cosmic censorship hypothesis
Nonsingular black hole models
Holographic principle
Black hole complementarity
Metrics
Schwarzschild metric
Kerr metric
Reissner–Nordström
Kerr–Newman
Related
List of black holes
Timeline of black hole physics
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
Hypercompact stellar system
Constellations
Constellation
The 88 modern constellations
Andromeda
Antlia
Apus
Aquarius
Aquila
Ara
Aries
Auriga
Boötes
Caelum
Camelopardalis
Cancer
Canes Venatici
Canis Major
Canis Minor
Capricornus
Carina
Cassiopeia
Centaurus
Cepheus
Cetus
Chamaeleon
Circinus
Columba
Coma Berenices
Corona Australis
Corona Borealis
Corvus
Crater
Crux
Cygnus
Delphinus
Dorado
Draco
Equuleus
Eridanus
Fornax
Gemini
Grus
Hercules
Horologium
Hydra
Hydrus
Indus
Lacerta
Leo
Leo Minor
Lepus
Libra
Lupus
Lynx
Lyra
Mensa
Microscopium
Monoceros
Musca
Norma
Octans
Ophiuchus
Orion
Pavo
Pegasus
Perseus
Phoenix
Pictor
Pisces
Piscis Austrinus
Puppis
Pyxis
Reticulum
Sagitta
Sagittarius
Scorpius
Sculptor
Scutum
Serpens
Sextans
Taurus
Telescopium
Triangulum
Triangulum Australe
Tucana
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
Vela
Virgo
Volans
Vulpecula
Constellation history
The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD
Andromeda
Aquarius
Aquila
Ara
Argo Navis
Aries
Auriga
Boötes
Cancer
Canis Major
Canis Minor
Capricornus
Cassiopeia
Centaurus
Cepheus
Cetus
Corona Australis
Corona Borealis
Corvus
Crater
Cygnus
Delphinus
Draco
Equuleus
Eridanus
Gemini
Hercules
Hydra
Leo
Lepus
Libra
Lupus
Lyra
Ophiuchus
Orion
Pegasus
Perseus
Pisces
Piscis Austrinus
Sagitta
Sagittarius
Scorpius
Serpens
Taurus
Triangulum
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
Virgo
The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries
Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c: Crux
Triangulum Australe ▶ Vopel 1536: Coma Berenices ▶ Keyser & de Houtman 1596: Apus
Chamaeleon
Dorado
Grus
Hydrus
Indus
Musca
Pavo
Phoenix
Tucana
Volans ▶ <span style="background-color: #FFFFc0; ">Plancius 1613:</span> Camelopardalis
Columba
Monoceros ▶ Habrecht 1621: Reticulum ▶ Hevelius 1683: Canes Venatici
Lacerta
Leo Minor
Lynx
Scutum
Sextans
Vulpecula ▶ de Lacaille 1763: Antlia
Caelum
Carina
Circinus
Fornax
Horologium
Mensa
Microscopium
Norma
Octans
Pictor
Puppis
Pyxis
Sculptor
Telescopium
Vela
Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis
Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo NavisAnser
Antinous
Argo Navis
Asterion
Cancer Minor
Cerberus
Chara
Custos Messium
Felis
Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici
Gallus
Globus Aerostaticus
Jordanus
Lochium Funis
Machina Electrica
Malus
Mons Maenalus
Musca Borealis
Noctua
Officina Typographica
Polophylax
Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii
Quadrans Muralis
Ramus Pomifer
Robur Carolinum
Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae
Solarium
Rangifer/Tarandus
Taurus Poniatovii
Telescopium Herschelii
Testudo
Tigris
Triangulum Minus
Turdus Solitarius
Vespa
Vultur cadens
Vultur volans
Clusters and nebulae
Interstellar matter
Nebula
Crab Nebula
H I region
H II region
Orion nebula
Planetary nebula
Pleiades
Galaxies
Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Magellanic Clouds
Quasar
Cosmology
Big Bang
Cosmic microwave background
Cosmos
Dark matter
Cosmic distance ladder
Hubble constant
Olbers's paradox
Universe
Space exploration
See: Outline of space explorationOrganizations
Public sector space agencies
Space agencies
Africa
North Africa
Algerian Space Agency
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
Egypt Remote Sensing Center
Royal Centre for Remote Sensing
National Remote Sensing Center
Sub-Saharan
National Space Research and Development Agency
South African National Space Agency
North America
Agencia Espacial Mexicana
Canadian Space Agency
NASA
United States Department of Defense
National Reconnaissance Office
United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
United States Space Command
United States Space Force
South America
Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales
Brazilian Space Agency
Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology
Colombian Space Commission
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
National Institute for Space Research
Asia
East Asia
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
China Academy of Space Technology
China Chang Feng
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense)
China National Space Administration
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan
National Space Development Agency of Japan)
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer
National Remote Sensing Center
Korean Committee of Space Technology
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
National Space Organization
Southeast Asia
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
Malaysian Space Agency
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency
Space Technology Institute
Vietnam Space Commission
South Asia
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization
Department of Space
Antrix Corporation
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Indian Space Research Organisation
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory
New Space India Limited
North-Eastern Space Applications Centre
Physical Research Laboratory
Semi-Conductor Laboratory
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
Southwest Asia
Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency
Iran Aviation Industries Organization
Iranian Space Agency
Israel Space Agency
National Committee for Space Research
TÜBİTAK UZAY
Central Asia
KazCosmos
Kazakh Space Research Institute
Turkmenistan National Space Agency
UzbekCosmos
Europe
Austrian Space Agency
Belarus Space Agency
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Bulgarian Space Agency
Czech Space Office
Danish National Space Center
esa European Cooperation for Space Standardization
European Space Agency
EUMETSAT
European Union Satellite Centre
CNES
German Aerospace Center
Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing
Hungarian Space Office
Space Ireland
Italian Space Agency
Space Science and Technology Institute
Luxinnovation
Netherlands Institute for Space Research
Norwegian Space Centre
Space Research Centre
Portuguese Space Company
Romanian Space Agency
Russian Federal Space Agency
Russian Space Research Institute
Russian Space Forces
Soviet space program
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
Swedish National Space Board
Swiss Space Office
UK Space Agency
State Space Agency of Ukraine
Oceania
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
World
Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
Committee on Space Research
International Academy of Astronautics
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
Intercosmos
Intersputnik
Pan-Arab Space Agency
United Nations
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
Preceded by the Soviet space program
Books and publications
Almagest Astronomia Nova Astronomical Journal Astrophysical Journal BD Catalogue De Revolutionibus Henry Draper Catalogue Messier Catalogue New General Catalogue Principia''
Astronomers
Aryabhata
Walter Baade
Friedrich Bessel
Tycho Brahe
Annie Jump Cannon
Alvan Clark
Nicholas Copernicus
Galileo Galilei
George Ellery Hale
William Herschel
Edwin Hubble
Jacobus Kapteyn
Johannes Kepler
Gerard Kuiper
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Henrietta Leavitt
Isaac Newton
Edward C. Pickering
Ptolemy
Henry Norris Russell
Harlow Shapley
See also
Asterism
Constellation
Galaxy
Globular cluster
Gravitation
Guest star
Helioseismology
Infrared dark cloud
Intergalactic star
Open cluster
Planet
Star cluster
Stellar association
Supercluster
References
External links
Astronomy Guide For reviews on astronomy products, how-to's and current events.
Astronomy Net Resources, forums (from 1995), articles on Astronomy.
International Year of Astronomy 2009 IYA2009 Main website
Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Southern Hemisphere Astronomy
Sky & Telescope publishers
Astronomy Magazine
Latest astronomy news in 11 languages
Universe Today for astronomy and space-related news
Celestia Motherlode Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space
Search Engine for Astronomy
Hubblesite.org – home of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
Astronomy – A History – G. Forbes – 1909 (eLibrary Project – eLib Text)
(historical)
Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL, Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust.
Core books and core journals in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
Astronomy
Outline
Outlines of sciences
Astronomy