Fock space

Fock space
The Fock space is an algebraic construction used in quantum mechanics to construct the quantum states space of a variable or unknown number of identical particles from a single particle Hilbert space . It is named after V. A. Fock who first introduced it in his 1932 paper "Konfigurationsraum und zweite Quantelung" ("Configuration space and second quantization").
Informally, a Fock space is the sum of a set of Hilbert spaces representing zero particle states, one particle states, two particle states, and so on. If the identical particles are bosons, the -particle states are vectors in a symmetrized tensor product of single-particle Hilbert spaces . If the identical particles are fermions, the -particle states are vectors in an antisymmetrized tensor product of single-particle Hilbert spaces (see symmetric algebra and exterior algebra respectively). A general state in Fock space is a linear combination of -particle states, one for each .
Technically, the Fock space is (the Hilbert space completion of) the direct sum of the symmetric or antisymmetric tensors in the tensor powers of a single-particle Hilbert space ,
Here is the operator which symmetrizes or antisymmetrizes a tensor, depending on whether the Hilbert space describes particles obeying bosonic or fermionic statistics, and the overline represents the completion of the space. The bosonic (resp. fermionic) Fock space can alternatively be constructed as (the Hilbert space completion of) the symmetric tensors (resp. alternating tensors ). For every basis for there is a natural basis of the Fock space, the Fock states.
Definition
The Fock space is the (Hilbert) direct sum of tensor products of copies of a single-particle Hilbert space
Here , the complex scalars, consists of the states corresponding to no particles, the states of one particle, the states of two identical particles etc.
A general state in is given by
where
is a vector of length 1 called the vacuum state and is a complex coefficient,
is a state in the single particle Hilbert space and is a complex coefficient and is a complex coefficient, etc.
The convergence of this infinite sum is important if is to be a Hilbert space. Technically we require to be the Hilbert space completion of the algebraic direct sum. It consists of all infinite tuples such that the norm, defined by the inner product is finite
where the particle norm is defined by
i.e., the restriction of the norm on the tensor product
For two general states
and
the inner product on is then defined as
where we use the inner products on each of the -particle Hilbert spaces. Note that, in particular the particle subspaces are orthogonal for different .
Product states, indistinguishable particles, and a useful basis for Fock space
A product state of the Fock space is a state of the form
which describes a collection of particles, one of which has quantum state , another and so on up to the th particle, where each is any state from the single particle Hilbert space . Here juxtaposition (writing the single particle kets side by side, without the ) is symmetric (resp. antisymmetric) multiplication in the symmetric (antisymmetric) tensor algebra. The general state in a Fock space is a linear combination of product states. A state that cannot be written as a convex sum of product states is called an entangled state.
When we speak of one particle in state , we must bear in mind that in quantum mechanics identical particles are indistinguishable. In the same Fock space, all particles are identical. (To describe many species of particles, we take the tensor product of as many different Fock spaces as there are species of particles under consideration). It is one of the most powerful features of this formalism that states are implicitly properly symmetrized. For instance, if the above state is fermionic, it will be 0 if two (or more) of the are equal because the antisymmetric (exterior) product . This is a mathematical formulation of the Pauli exclusion principle that no two (or more) fermions can be in the same quantum state. In fact, whenever the terms in a formal product are linearly dependent; the product will be zero for antisymmetric tensors. Also, the product of orthonormal states is properly orthonormal by construction (although possibly 0 in the Fermi case when two states are equal).
A useful and convenient basis for a Fock space is the occupancy number basis. Given a basis of , we can denote the state with
particles in state ,
particles in state , ..., particles in state , and no particles in the remaining states, by defining
where each takes the value 0 or 1 for fermionic particles and 0, 1, 2, ... for bosonic particles. Note that trailing zeroes may be dropped without changing the state. Such a state is called a Fock state. When the are understood as the steady states of a free field, the Fock states describe an assembly of non-interacting particles in definite numbers. The most general Fock state is a linear superposition of pure states.
Two operators of great importance are the creation and annihilation operators, which upon acting on a Fock state add or respectively remove a particle in the ascribed quantum state. They are denoted for creation and for annihilation respectively. To create ("add") a particle, the quantum state is symmetric or exterior- multiplied with ; and respectively to annihilate ("remove") a particle, an (even or odd) interior product is taken with , which is the adjoint of . It is often convenient to work with states of the basis of so that these operators remove and add exactly one particle in the given basis state. These operators also serve as generators for more general operators acting on the Fock space, for instance the number operator giving the number of particles in a specific state is .
Wave function interpretation
Often the one particle space is given as , the space of square-integrable functions on a space with measure (strictly speaking, the equivalence classes of square integrable functions where functions are equivalent if they differ on a set of measure zero). The typical example is the free particle with the space of square integrable functions on three-dimensional space. The Fock spaces then have a natural interpretation as symmetric or anti-symmetric square integrable functions as follows.
Let and , etc.
Consider the space of tuples of points which is the disjoint union
It has a natural measure such that and the restriction of to is .
The even Fock space can then be identified with the space of symmetric functions in whereas the odd Fock space can be identified with the space of anti-symmetric functions. The identification follows directly from the isometric mapping
.
Given wave functions , the Slater determinant
is an antisymmetric function on . It can thus be naturally interpreted as an element of the -particle sector of the odd Fock space. The normalization is chosen such that if the functions are orthonormal. There is a similar "Slater permanent" with the determinant replaced with the permanent which gives elements of -sector of the even Fock space.
Relation to the Segal–Bargmann space
Define the Segal–Bargmann space of complex holomorphic functions square-integrable with respect to a Gaussian measure:
where
Then defining a space as the nested union of the spaces over the integers , Segal and Bargmann showed that is isomorphic to a bosonic Fock space. The monomial
corresponds to the Fock state
See also
Fock state
Tensor algebra
Holomorphic Fock space
Creation and annihilation operators
Slater determinant
Wick's theorem
Noncommutative geometry
Grand canonical ensemble, thermal distribution over Fock space
Schrödinger functional
References
External links
Feynman diagrams and Wick products associated with q-Fock space - noncommutative analysis, Edward G. Effros and Mihai Popa, Department of Mathematics, UCLA
R. Geroch, Mathematical Physics, Chicago University Press, Chapter 21.
Quantum mechanics
Quantum field theory