PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
كيفن تورنر

كيفن تورنر هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكية أمريكي، ولد في 5 فبراير 1958 في فريمونت في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من مقاطعة كيرن (كاليفورنيا)
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من فريمونت (كاليفورنيا)
أظهرة كرة قدم أمريكيون
رياضيون من مقاطعة ألاميدا (كاليفورنيا)
رياضيون من منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
لاعبو سياتل سيهوكس
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من كاليفورنيا
لاعبو كلفلاند براونز
لاعبو نيويورك جاينتس
لاعبو واشنطن ريدسكينس
مواليد 1958
رياضيون من مقاطعة كيرن (كاليفورنيا)
الدوري الأردني 1989

الدوري الأردني 1989 هو الموسم 39 من الدوري الأردني منذ إنشائه في عام 1944. فاز فيه فريق الفيصلي بلقبه الثاني والعشرون.
ترتيب الفرق
وصلات خارجية
موقع الاتحاد الأردني لكرة القدم
دوريات كرة قدم آسيوية في 1988–89
دوريات كرة قدم آسيوية في 1989–90
رياضة أردنية في 1989
مواسم الدوري الأردني
آقصو (سنجك)

آقصو (سنجك)
آقصو هي قرية كرديّة رشوانيّة تتبع إداريّاً لمديرية سنجك في محافظة أديامان التركية، بلغ عدد سكانها 257 نسمة في عام 2021.
مراجع
تجمعات كردية في محافظة أديامان
قرى مديرية سنجك
Abbott's duiker

Abbott's duiker (Cephalophus spadix), also known as minde in Swahili, is a large, forest-dwelling duiker (small antelope) found only in a few scattered enclaves in Tanzania. It may be a subspecies of the yellow-backed duiker. It is very rare, and the first photograph of an Abbott's duiker in the wild was taken as recently as 2003.
Characteristics
Abbott's duikers stand around tall at the shoulder and weigh about . This duiker has a glossy, dark brown coat which is lighter on the underside. The face is paler and gray in color, with a large red tuft on the forehead; the horns are thin and short. The secretive behavior of Abbott's duiker, along with its largely nocturnal habits and preference for dense vegetation, means little is known about the ecology and behavior of this species. It has been observed feeding on leaves in the forest understory, and on vegetation in forest clearings, and may feed on fruits, flowers and moss. An Abbott's duiker has also been seen with a frog in its mouth; duikers are known to occasionally capture and feed on live prey.
The cryptic habits and alertness of Abbott's duiker unfortunately does not protect it entirely from predation. Young Abbott's duikers are probably preyed on by African crowned eagles (Stephanoetus coronatus) and pythons (Python species), while duikers of all ages may fall victim to leopards (Panthera pardus). Lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) may also hunt this duiker species in some areas
Habitat
Abbott's duiker is endemic to Tanzania, in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Mount Kilimanjaro, and Southern Highlands in scattered populations. They live mainly in wet forests and swamps between 1,700 and 2,700 m above sea level, but can sometimes wander to much higher elevations at 4,000 m. They eat mainly fruit and possibly other plant matter. Abbott's duikers are nocturnal, spending the days at rest in thickets. They form regular pathways through the undergrowth, making them relatively easy to find. If threatened, they generally try to run, though they have been known to kill pursuing dogs when left with no escape route.
Status
Less than 1,500 Abbott's duiker are estimated to be left in the world, with no captive population. They are threatened by habitat destruction and poaching.
References
External links
Abbott's duiker at ARKive
Abbott's duiker at ultimateungulate
Abbott's duiker
Mammals of Tanzania
Endemic fauna of Tanzania
Abbott's duiker
روبرت كرايغ

روبرت كرايغ هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 1792، وتوفي في 25 نوفمبر 1852 في سالم في الولايات المتحدة. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الديمقراطي. وقد انتخب عضو مجلس نواب الولايات المتحدة عن ولاية فرجينيا وانتخب عضو مجلس النواب الأمريكي.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص من سالم (فيرجينيا)
أشخاص من كريستيانسبورغ (فيرجينيا)
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من فرجينيا
أعضاء جاكسونيون في فرجينيا
أعضاء جاكسونيون في مجلس النواب الأمريكي
أعضاء جاكسونيون في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من فرجينيا
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من فرجينيا
خريجو جامعة واشنطن ولي
ديمقراطيون من ولاية فرجينيا
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 19
مواليد 1792
وفيات 1852
ليام آدامز

ليام آدامز هو عداء مسافات طويلة أسترالي، ولد في 4 سبتمبر 1986.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أستراليون في القرن 21
أستراليون في القرن 20
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ألعاب قوى المضمار والميدان في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2020
رياضيو المسار والميدان في ألعاب الكومنولث 2014
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
رياضيون أولمبيون أستراليون
عداؤو ماراثون أستراليون
عداؤو مسافات طويلة أستراليون
منافسون في ألعاب الكومنولث من أستراليا
مواليد 1986
رياضيو المسار والميدان في ألعاب الكومنولث 2022
Meisreh

Meisreh is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Meisreh had a population of 330 in the 2004 census.
References
Populated places in Masyaf District
2010 AFC Cup group stage

2010 AFC Cup group stage
The 2010 AFC Cup group stage matches took place between 23 February and 28 April 2010. The draw for the group stage was held on 7 December 2009 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Groups
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
References
Group Stage
NGC 6885

NGC 6885
إن جي سي 6885 (NGC 6885، ويعرف أيضا بكالدويل 37)، هو عنقود مفتوح في كوكبة الثعلب. انه يضيء بمقدار +5.7/+8.1. واحداثيته السماوية رع .
وصلات خارجية
الإحداثيات: 20س 12د 00ث، +26° 29′ 00″
المراجع
أجرام كالدويل
أجرام الفهرس العام الجديد
عناقيد مفتوحة
كوكبة الثعلب
Bayburt Province

Bayburt Province is a province of Turkey. Located in the Northeast Anatolia region of the country, the capital city is Bayburt. Its area is 3,746 km2, and its population is 84,241 (2022), making it the least-populous province in Turkey. The province was created in 1989 from part of Gümüşhane Province.
Geography
Bayburt is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Districts
Bayburt province is divided into 3 districts (capital district in bold):
Aydıntepe
Bayburt
Demirözü
Historical places
The most important places in Bayburt Province are:
Bayburt Tower
Saruhan Tower
Aydıntepe underground city
Mausoleum of Dede Korkut
Mausoleum of Şehit Osman
Traditional Bayburt houses
Ulu Mosque
Pulur (Gökçedere) Ferahşat Bey Mosque
Sünür (Çayıryolu) Kutlu Bey Mosque
Yukarı Hınzeverek (Çatalçeşme) Mosque
Bedesten (covered bazaar)
Varzahan Armenian Church
Cities and towns
Bayburt City 32,141 inh.
Aydıntepe City 2,663 inh.
Gökçedere Town 2,389 inh.
Demirözü City 2,137 inh.
Arpalı Town 1,934 inh.
Konursu Town 1,569 inh.
Climate
The climate is described as Humid Continental by the Köppen Climate System, abbreviated as Dfb.
See also
1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche
Arpalı Kasabası
List of populated places in Bayburt Province
References
External links
Bayburt governor's official website
Bayburt weather forecast information
Jerry Lyne

Jerry Lyne is a South Side Chicagoan, who played for, captained and coached the Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team over the course of several decades that he was affiliated with the Loyola University Chicago.
Early life
Lyne began playing basketball in 5th grade at Little Flower School on the South Side of Chicago, where he eventually became captain. Subsequently, he became captain at Leo Catholic High School and for Loyola. He played for the Loyola for four seasons (1952–56), started for three and captained the team as a senior. While a student at Loyola in the Near North Side community area, he commuted to and from the Auburn Gresham community area on the South Side via the Chicago Transit Authority buses and Chicago 'L'.
Coaching
After serving as an assistant coach for twelve years under George Ireland, Lyne became the interim coach when Ireland retired due to health reasons in January 1975. He remained coach until 1980 when third year athletic director Gene Sullivan took over the team.
Lyne became an assistant for the 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team who won the 1963 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. During his 12 years as an assistant, he worked at his father's tavern as a porter. He also worked for the last seven summers of his assistantship for the Chicago Park District's basketball program. Under his helm, the 1977–78 Ramblers were victorious at home over Larry Bird's , 79–76; Kevin McHale's , 70–66; and the Georgetown Hoyas during John Thompson's first year, 68–65 in overtime. During his final season as coach, the team set the Loyola single-game scoring record with a 133-point performance on November 22, 1979 against Loras College. He concluded his coaching career with a 105–87 loss to Illinois in the 1980 National Invitation Tournament.
Lyne was inducted into the Chicago Sports Hall of Fame in 1989.
Head coaching record
References
External links
coaching record at Sports-reference.com
1933 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Chicago
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Loyola Ramblers men's basketball coaches
Loyola Ramblers men's basketball players
إدارة الحرب الكيميائية بالقوات المسلحة (مصر)

إدارة الحرب الكيميائية بالقوات المسلحة (مصر)
إدارة الحرب الكيميائية بالقوات المسلحة هي إحدى إدارات وزارة الدفاع المصرية.
المنشآت التابعة
معهد الحرب الكيميائية
المناورات التدريبية
مناورات الفاتح.
مناورات غريب.
مديرو الإدارة
لواء أركان حرب / سامى مصطفى على
لواء أركان حرب / عبد الحميد سيد.
لواء أركان حرب / محمود سعد.
لواء أركان حرب / عبد السلام شفيق.
لواء أركان حرب / سيد حسين البوص.
لواء أركان حرب / ثروت زناتي.
لواء أركان حرب / محمد هلال.
لواء أركان حرب / ممدوح عطية.
مراجع
إدارات القوات المسلحة المصرية
العصافرة (توضيح)

العصافرة (توضيح)
العصافرة (الدقهلية) : قرية في محافظة الدقهلية، مصر
Tom Gillis

Tom Gillis
Thomas Charles Gillis (born July 16, 1968) is an American professional golfer.
Early life
Gillis was born in Pontiac, Michigan, and graduated from Lake Orion High School in Lake Orion, Michigan. He turned professional in 1990 after playing collegiate golf at Oakland Community College and Coastal Carolina University.
Professional career
Gillis played on the PGA Tour in 2010 after several years on the Nationwide Tour, and having previously competed on the PGA Tour in 2003 and 2005, and the European Tour from 1998 to 2002. He also played in several PGA and Nationwide Tour events during the 1990s. According to his profile, Gillis has played professional tournaments in 26 different countries.
Gillis won his first title on the Nationwide Tour at the 2009 Nationwide Tour Players Cup. He finished 5th on the money list to earn his 2010 PGA Tour card. In 2010, Gillis finished tied for fifth at the Deutsche Bank Championship. He retained his playing rights for the 2011 season, finishing 76th on the money list. He spent 2014 on the Web.com Tour, but a strong performance in the Finals earned him a place on the PGA Tour for 2015.
His best career finishes are a tie for second at the 2012 Honda Classic and a playoff loss to Jordan Spieth at the 2015 John Deere Classic.
In between the time of playing on the PGA Tour, and switching to the PGA Tour Champions, Gillis spent a year coaching high school golf. He coached the varsity team at Pontiac Notre Dame Prep. In 2018, Gillis began playing on the PGA Tour Champions. In his first event, the 3M Championship, he shot 67-67-67 to finish in a tie for 3rd.
Professional wins (7)
Nationwide Tour wins (1)
eGolf Professional Tour wins (2)
Other wins (4)
1992 Waterloo Open Golf Classic
1993 Jamaican Open
1994 Michigan Open
2008 Michigan Open
Playoff record
PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = Withdrew
"T" = tied
Note: Gillis never played in the Masters Tournament.
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in senior major championships
"T" indicates a tie for a place
WD = withdrew
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
See also
2002 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2009 Nationwide Tour graduates
2014 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
Coastal Carolina Chanticleers men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Michigan
Sportspeople from Pontiac, Michigan
People from Lake Orion, Michigan
Sportspeople from Oakland County, Michigan
1968 births
Living people
بيدرو مولر

بيدرو مولر هو لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي، ولد في 12 أبريل 2002.
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 2002
عن الرجال والبنادق

عن الرجال والبنادق مجموعة قصص لغسان كنفاني تتحدث حول كفاح الشعب الفلسطيني. تكمن القيمة الأساسية لهذا الكتاب في مسألتين:
القيمة التاريخية: حيث نكتشف في كنفاني، إرادة البحث لا تنتهي، والتي تدفعه إلى البحث الجدي عن أساليب جديدة، بشكل دائم.
القيمة النضالية: فنكتشف مع كنفاني، كيف جرى تأسيس دراسة جديدة في الأدب الفلسطيني، بل والأدب العربي، هي محاولة الكتابة نصاً للواقع المتحرك، وعلامة ثورية.
صدرت هذه المطبوعة ضمن سلسلة أعمال غسان كنفاني.
مراجع
أدب المقاومة
روايات 1968
روايات غسان كنفاني
أوثر بندراغون

أوثر بندراغون أو باللغة الويلزية (أوثر بندراغون) هو الملك الاسطوري لـ فرع بريطانيا-الرومانية وهو والد الملك آرثر.
تظهر بعض الإشارات الطفيفة في الويلزية القديمة قصائد الأدب الويلزية في القرون الوسطى عن الملك أوثر، ولكن أول سيرة لحياته كتبت بواسطة جيفري مونماوث في كتابه (تاريخ ملوك بريطانيا)-(تاريخ ملوك بريطانيا)، وكانت رواية جيفري تأخذ بالحسبان أن الشخصية كانت تستخدم في معظم الإصدارات الأحدث.
كان إلى حداَ ما شخصية غامضة في جميع كافة الأدبيات، ولكنه يوصف بأنه ملك قوي ومدافعا عن الشعب. وفقاَ لاسطورة الملك آرثر، أوثر، من خلال الظروف وبمساعدة من مرلين، قام بمخادعة زوجة عدوه اللدود الدوق كورنوول، الدوقة إغراين أو إيغرنا بتحويل شكل أوثر
إلى شبيه الدوق لينام معها ودخل إلى إغراين وحملت منه في تلك الليلة بآرثر. وبالتالي آرثر، «ملك المستقبل الوحيد،» وهو طفل غير شرعي (على الرغم من أن اسطورة في وقت لاحق تأكد على أن الحمل حدث بعد وفاة كورنوول ولذلك كان إبنه الشرعي وقيل أنه عن طريق زواج أوثر لاحقاً من إغراين).ويتكرر موضوع الحمل الغير شرعي في أبوة آرثر من أبنه موردرد بواسطة أخته غير الشقيقة مورغان في نثر الرومانسيات في وقت لاحق. هو نفسه موردرد الذي في نهاية المطاف سوف يجرح الملك آرثر جرحا قاتلا في معركة كاملان.
لقبه
لقب أوثر بندراغون يعني حرفياً «رئيس التنين»، ولكن بالمعنى المجازي، «القائد الأعلى» أو «قائد المحاربين». كان الاسم يساء تفسيره من قبل جيفري مونماوث في كتابه "Historia " ليعني «رأس التنين»، وأسِئْ تفسيره مرة أخرى في كتاب كأس لانسلوت ليعني «التنين المشنوق». وفقاً لجيفري والأعمال المستندة على روايته، اكتسب أوثر لقبه عندما شهد تنين عجيب على شكل مذنب، والذي ألهمه لاستخدام التنين شعاراً على علمه.ووفقاً لرواية كأس لانسلوت، كان الأخ الأكبر لأوثر (وقد سمي في أماكن أخرى باسم أمبروسيوس أوريليانوس) هو الذي رأى المذنب ونال اسم «بندراغون»، وقد حصل أوثر على اللقب بعد وفاته .
المسلسلات والأفلام
في مسلسل ميرلين على شبكة بي بي سي، لعب دور أوثر، الممثل أنتوني هيد الذي كان يمنع ممارسة السحر في كاميلوت ويذبح السحرة. وأكتشف أن زوجته كانت غير قادرة على الحمل وبالتالي فإن الساحرة سيدة البحيرة ساعدت في حمل آرثر. مع ذلك وللحفاظ على التوازن في العالم كلما وجدت حياة فإن حياة أخرى يجب أن تُأخذ، لذلك فإن زوجة أوثر ماتت مما تسبب بغضب أوثر ضد جميع السحرة. وتبين لاحقاً أن مرجانة هي أبنته الغير شرعية. وفي الموسم 4، أصيب بجروح خلال محاولة الاغتيال التي تعرض لها آرثر. وحاول ميرلين أن يعالجه ونظراً لتدخل مورغان فإن التعويذة قتلته بدلاً من ذلك.
وفي مسلسل كاميلوت'' أصيب أوثر بتسمم من قبل أبنته مورغان ولكنها في هذا المسلسل هي أبنته الشرعية، ولكن قد تم إرسالها إلى الدير بعد أن تزوج من إغراين.
مراجع
(2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragon%7B%7Bمراجع}}
أشخاص مختلف على وجودهم
الأسطورة الآرثرية
إنجليز خياليون
شخصيات خيالية
شخصيات ذكور بريطانيون في تلفاز
شخصيات ذكور في التلفاز
شخصيات في أعمال جيفري مونماوث
كلت خياليون
وفيات بسبب السم
Madrasatul Islah

Madrasatul Islah is a traditional Islamic institution of learning and a renowned center of oriental and Islamic studies at Sarai Mir in the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. It was started by Mawlana Muhammad Shafi in 1908 along with participation of prominent scholars and religious seminaries of the area. The madrassa was established with a different syllabus and ideology than that of Darul Uloom Deoband and Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama.
Shibli Nomani and Hamiduddin Farahi are regarded as chief architects of this madrasa.
Inception
The foundation stone of the madrassa was laid by Asghar Hussain Deobandi in 1908.Hamiduddin Farahi was its first chief administrator.Amin Ahsan Islahi remained teaching in the madrassa until 1943.
Style
The Madrasa adopted a teaching style of reading the Qur'an text directly with less reliance on commentaries. A newspaper article in 2009 indicated the madrasa has, in common with many others, introduced "modern, progressive syllabi".
Notable alumni
The madrassa has produced a number of notable Islamic scholars:
Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqi
Abdul Azim Islahi
Amin Ahsan Islahi
Wahiduddin Khan
Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli
Sadruddin Islahi
Legacy
2003, Role of Madrasatul Islah Azamgarh in the development of Arabic studies, PhD thesis by Arshad Azmi, Aligarh Muslim University.
See also
Darul Uloom Deoband
References
Bibliography
Islamic universities and colleges in India
Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh
Azamgarh district
Educational institutions established in 1908
1908 establishments in India
Shibli Nomani
Behind Closed Doors

Behind Closed Doors may refer to:
Film, television and radio
Film
Behind Closed Doors (1929 film), an early talkie starring Virginia Valli
Behind Closed Doors (1961 film), an Italian comedy film by Dino Risi
Behind Closed Doors (2003 film), a British television film by Louis Caulfield
Behind Closed Doors (2008 film) or The Poker House, an American drama film by Lori Petty
Behind Closed Doors (2014 film), a Moroccan drama film by Mohamed Bensouda
Behind Closed Doors (2017 film), a documentary shown at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival
Behind Closed Doors (2022 film), a Russian crime drama film by Anton Maslov
Television and radio
Behind Closed Doors (1958 TV series), a 1958–1959 American spy docudrama TV series starring Bruce Gordon
Behind Closed Doors (1996 TV series), an American documentary series
Jean-Claude Van Damme: Behind Closed Doors, a 2011 British reality show
Behind Closed Doors, a Singaporean programme broadcast by MediaCorp Channel 5
Behind Closed Doors with Natalie Morales, a program produced by Reelz
Behind Closed Doors, a series of live music performances recorded for the Dutch multimedia platform 3voor12
"Behind Closed Doors" (King of the Hill), an episode of the TV animated sitcom
"Behind Closed Doors" (Mayday), a television episode about an aircraft crash
Music
Albums
Behind Closed Doors (Charlie Rich album) or the title song (see below), 1973
Behind Closed Doors (Secret Affair album), 1980
Behind Closed Doors (Maria Solheim album) or the title song, 2002
Behind Closed Doors (Thunder album), 1995
Behind Closed Doors, an unreleased album by Olivia
Behind Closed Doors (video), a video album by Reece Mastin, 2012
Songs
"Behind Closed Doors" (Charlie Rich song), 1973
"Behind Closed Doors" (Matt Fishel song), 2012
"Behind Closed Doors" (Peter Andre song), 2009
"Behind Closed Doors" (Pop Evil song), 2013
"Behind Closed Doors", by Brett Kissel from The Compass Project - West Album
"Behind Closed Doors", by Fishbone from Still Stuck in Your Throat
"Behind Closed Doors", by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five from The Source
"Behind Closed Doors", by New Order, B-side of the single "Crystal"
"Behind Closed Doors", by Pharoahe Monch from Internal Affairs
"Behind Closed Doors", by Rise Against from The Sufferer & the Witness
Literature
Behind Closed Doors (book), an unreleased collection of pornographic SpongeBob SquarePants–themed drawings by Nickelodeon storyboard artists
Behind Closed Doors (play), one of the translated titles given to Huis clos, a 1944 play by Jean-Paul Sartre
Behind Closed Doors, a 2016 psychological thriller novel by B.A. Paris
Behind Closed Doors, a 1994 erotic novel by Alina Reyes
Behind Closed Doors, a 2004 autobiography by Ngaire Thomas
Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England, a 2009 book by Amanda Vickery
Behind Closed Doors, a novel in the Sweet Valley University series by Francine Pascal
Other uses
Behind closed doors (sport), sporting events played where spectators are not allowed to watch
Behind Closed Doors, a 1988 escape the room text-adventure video game
See also
João de Loureiro

João de Loureiro (1717, Lisbon – 18 October 1791) was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary and botanist.
Biography
After receiving admission to the Jesuit Order, João de Loureiro served as a missionary in Goa, capital of Portuguese India (3 years) and Macau (4 years). In 1742 he traveled to Đàng Trong (known to the Europeans as Cochinchina), remaining there for 35 years. Here he worked as a mathematician and naturalist for the king of Đàng Trong, acquiring knowledge on the properties and uses of native medicinal plants. In 1777, he journeyed to Canton, in Bengal, returning to Lisbon four years later. During this period, the Captain Thomas Riddel gave Loureiro the books Systema Naturae, Genera Plantarum and Philosophia Botanica by Carl Linnaeus, which greatly influenced the Portuguese botanist.
The first 40 years he stayed in Vietnam, João de Loureiro was inventorying indigenous herbal remedies. His local garden contained 1,000 unique herbal species, making him one of the greatest botanist collectors of the 18th century.
João de Loureiro 1790, he published the book Flora Cochinchinensis sponsored by the Royal Portuguese Academy of Sciences. João de Loureiro has numerous species "loureiroi" dedicated to him, mostly plants but also the dinosaur Draconyx loureiroi in honour of his being the first Portuguese palaeontologist.
The taxonomist Elmer Drew Merrill later argued that Loureiro's work contained various mistakes caused by a misunderstanding of the Linnaean system.
Standard author abbreviation
Works
Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes: quibus accedunt aliae observatae in Sinensi imperio, Africa orientali, Indiaeque locis variis: omnes dispositae secundum systema sexuale Linnaeanum
Flora Cochinchinensis […] denuo in Germania edita, notes by Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 1793
« On the nature and mode of production of Agallochum or aloes-wood », translated from Portuguese into English, in Tracts relative to botany, tr. from different languages, London, Phillips and Fardon […], 1805
Bibliography
Pe. João de Loureiro : missionário e botânico by José Maria Braga, 1938.
References
18th-century Portuguese botanists
Catholic clergy scientists
1717 births
1791 deaths
Botanists active in Asia
Botanists active in China
Botanists active in India
Jesuit scientists
Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries
Scientists from Lisbon
Jesuit missionaries in China
Jesuit missionaries in India
Jesuit missionaries in Vietnam
Portuguese expatriates in Vietnam
18th-century Portuguese Jesuits
18th-century Portuguese physicians
Missionary botanists