Zwolle

Zwolle is a city and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Overijssel and the province's second-largest municipality after Enschede with a population of 130,592 as of 1 December 2021. Zwolle borders on the province of Gelderland and is east of the river IJssel.
History
Archaeological findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A woodhenge that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the Bronze Age period. During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by Salian Franks.
The modern city was founded around 800 CE by Frisian merchants and troops of Charlemagne. Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced Suolle, which means "hill" (cf. the English cognate verb "to swell"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, IJssel, Vecht, Aa and Zwarte Water. The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline.
A document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to St Michael. That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in the first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved pulpit, the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving and an exquisite organ (1721).
On 31 August 1230, the bishop of Utrecht granted Zwolle city rights. Zwolle became a member of the Hanseatic league in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and Valdemar IV of Denmark. In the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a vitte, a trade colony, in Scania, then part of Denmark. Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the city's Gross Regional Product multiplied by about six.
In July 1324 and October 1361, regional noblemen set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames.
Zwolle was also, with Deventer, one of the centers of the Brethren of the Common Life, a monastic movement. from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood the Augustinian convent in which Thomas à Kempis spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471).
At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after Rotterdam. The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making.
In World War II, Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier Léo Major. He was made an honorary citizen of Zwolle on 14 April 2005, the 60th anniversary of his liberating of the city. He also has a street named after him, Leo Majorlaan.
21st century
In 2004, Zwolle's De Librije restaurant was honored with 3 stars by Michelin Guide; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in the entire country.
In 2023, Tewelde Goitom, an Eritrean convicted in Ethiopia of migrant smuggling, kidnapping in Sinai and human trafficking appeared at a pretrial hearing in Zwolle, which made international headlines.
Blauwvingers
Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as Blauwvingers (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the church bells to neighbouring city Kampen. To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four duiten (the equivalent of two-and-a-half cents). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money.
In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke.
Geography
Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic Baroque organ built by Arp Schnitger, there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming-basilica (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called Peperbus (pepperpot), is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in the Netherlands. The modernized town hall was originally built in 1448.
Mention should also be made of the Sassenpoort (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the Mosterdmakerstoren (mustard makers' tower) (the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a Dominican monastery, and on the Melkmarkt, two museums; the Stedelijk Museum Zwolle of antiquities and natural history, and the Vrouwenhuis. Museum de Fundatie, the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square.
In the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of Art Nouveau buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of the buildings are protected by the Dutch government (rijksmonumenten).
The Broerenkerk church was part of the Dominican monastery founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore.
Image gallery
Notable residents
See also People from Zwolle
Arts, culture, entertainment and the media
Willem Victor Bartholomeus (1825–1892), organist and conductor
Hein Boele (born 1939), actor, Dutch voice of Elmo
Jonnie Boer (born 1965), chef with three Michelin stars
Gerard ter Borch (1617–1681), painter
Gerard ter Borch the Elder (1583–1662), painter
Moses ter Borch (1645–1667), painter
Tooske Breugem (born 1974), television host actress
Herman Brood (1946–2001), painter/rock star
Funda Eryiğit (born 1984), Turkish actress
Willem Grasdorp (1678–1723), painter
Aleida Greve (1670–1742), painter
Anna Cornelia Holt (1671–1692), painter
Sophia Holt (1658–1734), painter
Antonina Houbraken (1686–1736), draughtswoman
Marnix Kappers (1943–2016), actor
Thomas à Kempis (–1471), canon and mystic
Master I. A. M. of Zwolle (–1490), engraver
Ton Koopman (born 1944), a conductor, organist, and harpsichordist
Yuri Landman (born 1973), experimental musical instrument builder, comic book artist
Cornelia van Marle (1661–1698), painter
Michael Minsky (1918–1988), singer and conductor
Leonard van Munster (born 1972), artist
Opgezwolle (since 2001), rap crew
Jan Vayne (Jan Veenje) (born 1966), pianist
Charlotte Wessels (born 1987), former singer for Delain
Aleijda Wolfsen (1648–1692), painter
Authors
Eef Brouwers (born 1939), journalist and former head of the Netherlands Government Information Service
A. den Doolaard (1901–1994), author
Rhijnvis Feith (1753–1824), author
Everhardus Johannes Potgieter (1808–1875), author
Business
Willem Jan van Dedem (1776–1851), landowner and founder of the canal and town of Dedemsvaart
Religion
Johannes Busch (1399–), church reformer and provost of the Augustinian monastic order
Andreas Ignatius Schaepman (1815–1882), Archbishop of Utrecht
Alanus de Rupe (1428–1475), Roman Catholic theologian and Dominican promotor of the rosary
Politics
Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (born 1937), former Minister of Economic Affairs
Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol (1741–1784), role in the Batavian Republic
Wybo Fijnje (1750–1809), Mennonite minister, publisher, exile, coup perpetrator, politician
Willem Johan Lucas Grobbée (1822–1907), Minister of Finance from 1883 to 1885
Johannes van Heerdt tot Eversberg (1829–1893), former governor of Suriname and Curaçao
Piet Kasteel (1901–2003), ambassador and former governor of Curaçao
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798–1872), Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1849 - 1853, 1862 - 1866, 1871 - 1872)
Sports
Jeroen Dubbeldam (born 1973), 2000 Olympic Equestrian champion
Marten Eikelboom (born 1973), hockey player
Maarten Grobbe (1901–1961), football player
Martin Haar (born 1952), former football defender and current trainer
Rinus Israël (born 1942), former football player and current scout
Ron Jans (born 1958), former football player and current coach
Bert Konterman (1971), football player
Hennie van Nee (1939–1996), football player
Eric Pierik (born 1959), field hockey player
Johnny Rep (born 1951), football player
Piet Schrijvers (1946–2022), football player
Johannes Smeekens (born 1987), Olympic speedskater
Jaap Stam (born 1972), former football player and current coach
Gerrit Voges (1932–2007), football player
Peter Wessels (born 1978), tennis player
Science
Christianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa (1718–1793), Secretary of the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities
Thomas Joannes Stieltjes (1856–1894), mathematician, civil engineer and politician
Derk-Jan Dijk (Born 1958), Researcher of sleep and circadian rhythms
Educational institutions
Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges:
Artez
Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim
Landstede Zwolle
Windesheim Honours College
Transport
Road transport
Zwolle is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The A28 serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from Utrecht to Groningen. It is being widened to 8 lanes across the IJssel River and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970. Another motorway, the A50, interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to Apeldoorn and Eindhoven.
The N35 highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to Almelo and continues to Enschede as A35 motorway. The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of the N337 highway that runs to Deventer. Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are N331 to Hasselt, N758 to Nieuwleusen, N340 to Ommen and N764 to Kampen.
Bridges
Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where the A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during World War II. A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to Amersfoort, and from 2012, to Lelystad. There are several bridges across the Zwarte Water River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the Vecht, which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to Leeuwarden and Groningen. Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center.
Rail transport
Zwolle railway station
The first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today the city has rail connections in eight directions (viz. Kampen, Leeuwarden, Groningen, Emmen, Enschede, Arnhem/Nijmegen, Lelystad/Amsterdam, and Amersfoort).
The rail connection with Amsterdam via Lelystad – the Hanzelijn – is operational since December 2012.
The second station, Zwolle Stadshagen, was opened on 15 December 2019.
Water transport
Zwolle is located on or near three rivers (Zwarte Water, Vecht, and IJssel), several canals (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and the modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area.
International relations
Twin towns—sister cities
Zwolle is currently twinned with:
Lünen, Germany
In the past, Zwolle had partnerships with:
Érsekhalma, Hungary
Rutobwe, Rwanda
Vologda, Russia
Kaliningrad, Russia
References
Literature
External links
Official website
Cities in the Netherlands
Members of the Hanseatic League
Municipalities of Overijssel
Populated places in Overijssel
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Salland