PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
رهاء الرطاب

رهاء الرطاب
رَهَاء الرَّطَاب هو فطر مجهري من جنس الرهاء. يركب جذور الكرمة والبطاطا وغيرهما من النباتات الثانوية.
المراجع
فطريات
أمراض البطاطا
كرمة (نبات)
آدا ماكنزي

آدا ماكنزي هي لاعبة غولف كندية، ولدت في 30 أكتوبر 1890 في تورونتو في كندا، وتوفيت في 25 يناير 1973 في ريتشموند هيل في كندا.
مراجع
رياضيون من تورونتو
لاعبات غولف كنديات
لاعبو غولف هواة
مواليد 1890
مواليد 1891
وفيات 1973
لاعبو غولف من تورونتو
عوز الخلية التائية

عوز الخلية التائية هو عوز للخلايا التائية، يحدث بسبب نقص وظيفة الخلايا التائية للفرد، ويسبب عوز المناعة، خاصة المناعة الخلوية. تقوم وظيفة الخلايا التائية الطبيعية على المساعدة في مناعة الجسم البشري، تمثل الخلية التائية أحد النوعين الأوليين للخلايا اللمفية (يُسمى النوع الآخر الخلية البائية).
الأعراض والعلامات
تختلف مظاهر المرض حسب السبب، ولكن يتظاهر عوز الخلية التائية في صورة عامة تتكون من عداوى فيروسية شديدة (مثل الفيروس التنفسي المخلوي البشري، والفيروس العجلي)، والإسهال، وطفوح جلدية التهابية (إكزيمائية) أو احمرارية. تتمثل العلامات المتأخرة لعوز الخلية التائية بكل من فشل النمو ومتلازمة الهزال.
الآلية
عند الحديث عن الوظيفة الطبيعية للخلية التائية، فإننا نجد أنها نوع من خلايا الدم البيضاء، تقوم بدور مهم في المناعة، وتُصنع من الخلايا الزعترية (التيموسية). تحدث الاضطرابات الجزئية في وظيفة الخلايا التائية، الناتجة عن اختلال التأشير الخلوي، بسبب الاختلالات المورفولوجية الجزئية للجينات. بشكل عام، نشاهد حذفًا جزئيًا للجين 22Q11.2.
مسببات الأمراض المخيفة
تتعلق المخاوف من مسببات الأمراض في حالة عوز الخلية التائية بمسببات الأمراض داخل الخلوية، مثل فيروس الهربس البسيط، والمتفطرة، واللستيريا. تنتشر الإصابة بالعدوى الفطرية وتزيد حدتها في حالة عوز الخلية التائية. تشمل قائمة التخوفات من بعض الجراثيم في حالة عوز الخلية التائية الآتي:
عدوى معقد المتفطرات الطيرية داخل الخلوية
أنواع السلمونيلا
المتكيسة الرئوية الجؤجؤية
المكورة العصوية الخيلية
المقوسة الغوندية
داء خفيات الأبواغ القصيرة
الليشمانيا
الفيروسات الهربسية (فيروس الهربس البسيط، الفيروس المضخم للخلايا، فيروس جدري الماء النطاقي)
المستخفية المورمة
النوسجة المغمدة
التشخيص
يؤكَّد تشخيص عوز الخلية التائية عند هؤلاء الأفراد بهذه الحالة عبر الآتي:
اختبار فرط الحساسية الآجل للجلد
تعداد الخلايا التائية
التعرف عليها عبر المزرعة (في حالة العدوى)
الأنماط
أولية أو ثانوية
يشمل عوز المناعة الأولي (أو الوراثي) للخلية التائية بعض الحالات المسببة لنقص كامل في الخلايا التائية، مثل عوز المناعة المشترك الشديد، ومتلازمة أومين، ونقص تنسج الغضروف والشعر.
الأسباب الثانوية أكثر شيوعًا من الأسباب الأولية. تشمل الأسباب الثانوية (أو المكتسبة) الآتي:
الإيدز
العلاج الكيميائي
اللمفوما
العلاج بالهرمونات القشرية السكرية
العوز الكامل أو العوز الجزئي
يُصاب الفرد بالعوز الكامل للخلية التائية في الحالات الوراثية (وتُسمى أيضًا الحالات الأولية) مثل عوز المناعة المشترك الشديد، ومتلازمة أومين، ونقص تنسج الغضروف والشعر.
يشمل العوز الجزئي للخلية التائية الإيدز والحالات الوراثية مثل متلازمة دي جورج، ومتلازمات التكسّر الصبغي، واضطرابات الخليتين التائية والبائية معًا مثل رنح توسع الشعيرات ومتلازمة فيسكوت آلدريك.
العلاج
يمكن تطبيق الآتي عند الحديث عن تدبير حالة عوز الخلية التائية عند الأفراد المصابين بها:
لقاح خامل (لا يمكن استخدام لقاحات حية في حالة عوز الخلية التائية)
زراعة نخاع العظم
تعويض الغلوبولين المناعي
مضادات الفيروسات
التغذية التكميلية
الانتشار الوبائي
تصيب حالة عوز الخلية التائية في الولايات المتحدة شخصًا واحدًا من كل 70 ألف شخص، وتتظاهر أغلب الحالات في مرحلة مبكرة من الحياة. يُصاب بالحالة تقريبًا فرد واحد من كل 66 ألف فرد في كاليفورنيا.
المراجع
اضرابات لمفاوية
اضطرابات جهاز المناعة
حالات جلدية مرتبطة بعدوى
خلايا لمفاوية
علم أمراض الدم
نقص المناعة
جان كلود إتيان

جان كلود إتيان هو سياسي فرنسي، ولد في 6 أغسطس 1941 في فرنسا، وتوفي في 11 مارس 2017. حزبياً، نشط في الاتحاد من أجل حركة شعبية والتجمع من أجل الجمهورية.
مناصب
انتخب .
انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الفرنسي.
انتخب عضو مجلس جهوي.
انتخب .
مراجع
مواليد 1941
وفيات 2017
سياسيو الاتحاد من أجل حركة شعبية
Shmuel Toledano

Shmuel Toledano (16 January 1921 – 30 December 2022) was an Israeli Mossad employee and politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the Democratic Movement for Change and Shinui between 1977 and 1981.
Biography
Born in Tiberias during the Mandate era, Toledano attended the Scottish College in Safed. He joined the Haganah and was imprisoned by the British authorities in Latrun. From 1949 he served in the Israel Defense Forces and was demobilised with the rank of major. Between 1953 and 1976 he worked for Mossad and was one of the organisation's leaders.
Toledano joined Mapai in 1960, but left the party in 1977 to join the newly formed Democratic Movement for Change (Dash). He was elected to the Knesset on the party's list in 1977 and chaired the State Control Committee. When Dash split the following year, he became a member of Shinui. He lost his seat in the 1981 elections, and in 1983 left Shinui to join Mapam. For his efforts for peace, he won in 1999 the Mount Zion Award.
Toledano died on 30 December 2022 at the age of 101.
References
External links
by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report
1921 births
2022 deaths
Israeli centenarians
Israeli soldiers
Haganah members
People of the Mossad
People of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)
Mapai politicians
Democratic Movement for Change politicians
Shinui politicians
Mapam politicians
Men centenarians
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Sephardi Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Israeli Sephardi Jews
People from Tiberias
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar

Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar
The Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar is an American all-metal, 4-seat, twin-engined light aircraft. The Cougar was a twin-engine development of the Gulfstream American AA-5B Tiger and traces its lineage to the AA-1 Yankee Clipper and the Bede BD-1.
Development
As a development of the company's single-engined designs, Grumman American developed a twin-engined version, designated the GA-7 which it named the Cougar, in keeping with the existing Lynx, Cheetah and Tiger names for aircraft in the company's line. The prototype Cougar with two Lycoming O-320 engines first flew on the 29 December 1974. The prototype had a sliding canopy but this was soon changed to a starboard side door on the production aircraft. With other rework required the production prototype did not fly until 14 January 1977.
Before production started the company was taken over on 1 September 1978 by American Jet Industries, who changed the company name to Gulfstream American. Production of the Cougar ran for only two model years, 1978 and 1979, before production was halted. Just 115 Cougars were delivered.
In 1995 the type certificate for the GA-7 was sold to SOCATA of France who intended to produce the aircraft as the TB 320 Tangara for the training market. It was also to develop a variant with two Lycoming O-360-A1G6 engines of each and a re-designed cockpit, it was designated the TB 360. The first Tangara was a modified Cougar, had engines and first flew in mid-1996. The complete Tangara prototype was also a converted Cougar and had the engines. It first flew in February 1997. After delays in getting the type certified SOCATA announced at the end of 1999 that it had delayed indefinitely plans to certify the type.
On 23 May 2019 the type certificate was transferred by SOCATA to the Cougar Aircraft Corporation in the United States.
Design
The Cougar is a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane using a honeycomb and bonded metal construction that is the hallmark of the line since the BD-1. The prototype's single spar wing was upgraded to a double-spar configuration and this allowed a wet wing.
The Cougar is powered by a pair of wing-mounted Lycoming O-320-D1D engines of . It carries four people at maximum cruise speed of and a typical cruise speed of . It was certified under US FAR Part 23 on 22 September 1977.
Variants
GA7 Cougar
version designed by Grumman American and produced by Gulfstream American 1978-79. 115 built.
TB 320 Tangara
Restarted production of the version by SOCATA, two modified Cougars were converted to Tangara prototypes 1996-97, production was never started.
TB 360 Tangara
Re-designed variant from SOCATA with O-360 engines, one prototype, a modified Cougar, was first flown in 1997, never entered production.
Specifications (Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar)
See also
References
External links
Pilot's Operating Handbook
Cougar
TB 320
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
آيت بنعلا (آيت عبد السلام)

آيت بنعلا (آيت عبد السلام)
آيت بنعلا هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة تيدلي مسفيوة، إقليم الحوز، جهة مراكش آسفي في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة آيت عبد السلام التي تضم 23 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 99 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في آيت عبد السلام (تيدلي مسفيوة)
Nenad Marinković

Nenad Marinković (born 28 September 1988) is a Serbian retired professional footballer, who played as a winger.
Club career
Marinković joined Partizan in 2001. He was one of the most promising youngsters at both club and national level, playing together in generation with Miloš Bosančić and Miralem Sulejmani, among others. On 5 December 2004, Marinković made his first team debut in a 3–1 home win over Čukarički, becoming the youngest ever player to appear for the club at 16 years and 68 days, breaking a 15-year-old record held by Dejan Marković. He signed his first professional contract with Partizan in December 2005, agreeing to a three-year deal. However, Marinković failed to make an impact in the first team, also being loaned for several times during his contract.
In the summer of 2010, Marinković moved to Smederevo. He appeared in all 15 league games and scored four goals in the fall season, securing a transfer to Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv in February 2011. Marinković spent the following two and a half years at the club, scoring 14 league goals in 80 appearances.
In June 2013, Marinković was transferred to Swiss club Servette. He left the club after less than three months, making a return to Israeli football by signing with Hapoel Acre.
On 8 August 2014, Marinković returned to Partizan, on a two-year deal. He was loaned to Voždovac in the summer of 2015, before signing a permanent contract with the club in January 2016.
On 11 June 2017, Marinković signed with Mladost Lučani.
International career
Marinković represented Serbia at the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in Austria.
Personal
His older brother is Nebojša Marinković.
Notes and references
External links
1988 births
Living people
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers
Serbian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FK Teleoptik players
FK Partizan players
FK Banat Zrenjanin players
OFI Crete F.C. players
FK Smederevo 1924 players
Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C. players
Servette FC players
Hapoel Acre F.C. players
FK Voždovac players
Gaziantep F.K. footballers
FK Mladost Lučani players
FK Rad players
FC Tyumen players
FK Mačva Šabac players
FK Sileks players
Israeli Premier League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Swiss Challenge League players
TFF First League players
Russian Second League players
Macedonian First Football League players
People from Knjaževac
Serbia men's under-21 international footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in North Macedonia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia
FK Partizan non-playing staff
Tom Doran (boxer)

Tom Doran (boxer)
Tom Doran (born 7 August 1987) is a Welsh professional boxer. He held the WBC International middleweight title in 2016, and has challenged once for the British middleweight title in the same year. Outside of boxing, Doran works as an aircraft maintenance technician.
Amateur career
Doran fought as an amateur for Shotton Amateur Boxing Club, in the welterweight division.
Professional career
On 23 May 2009, Doran made his professional debut in a four-round points decision victory over Alex Spitko. After defeating Max Maxwell via first-round stoppage on 20 May 2011, Doran would not fight for three years. He returned to the ring on 24 May 2014 to score a six-round points decision over Harry Matthews. On 14 February 2015, Doran won the Prizefighter middleweight tournament, earning £32,000 after stopping Cello Renda in the third round of the final.
Doran won his first regional championship—the vacant WBC International middleweight title—in an action-packed two rounds against Luke Keeler on 2 April 2016. In round one, both fighters scored knockdowns; Doran went on to finish Keeler in the second round with two further knockdowns. On 25 June 2016, Doran faced British middleweight champion Chris Eubank Jr. on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Dominic Breazeale, but was stopped (and knocked down four times) after four one-sided rounds.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Welsh male boxers
Middleweight boxers
People from Connah's Quay
Sportspeople from Flintshire
Welterweight boxers
Prizefighter contestants
Ron Webster

Ron Webster (born 21 June 1943, in Belper) is an English former association football player, who spent nearly all his career playing for his local team Derby County. Webster played at right back. Webster was always a fans' favourite because of his hard tackles and effort. Seth Johnson, a recent ex-Derby player was compared to him for his hard working attitude on the pitch. He is rated by many people as being one of the most loyal Derby County players ever for his services and contribution to the club.
He played 455 league games for Derby, which is the second highest in Derby County's history, (only Kevin Hector played more), from 1960 to 1978, scoring 7 times. Ron was part of the Brian Clough and Peter Taylor era at Derby, and then the just as successful Dave Mackay era. Webster was an integral part of a near unbeatable defence. Webster retired in 1977 after his last game (a 1–1 draw with Chelsea). Webster stayed on at Derby as coach, but is now retired.
On 30 March 2009, he was voted the greatest right back in Derby County history.
References
External links
Minnesota Kicks stats
1943 births
Living people
People from Belper
Footballers from Derbyshire
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Derby County F.C. players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Minnesota Kicks players
Men's association football defenders
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
مديرية سامع

مديرية سامع
مديرية سامِع إحدى مديريات محافظة تعز. بلغ عدد سكانها 41464 نسمة عام 2004.
مصادر
مديريات اليمن
مديريات محافظة تعز
Qakare Ini

Qakare Ini (also Intef) was an ancient Egyptian or Nubian ruler who most likely reigned at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th Dynasty over Lower Nubia. Although he is the best attested Nubian ruler of this time period, nothing is known of his activities.
Attestations
Qakare Ini is the best attested of a series of coeval Nubian rulers including Segerseni and Iyibkhentre. Indeed, his full pharaonic royal titulary is known thanks to 16 rock inscriptions found in Umbarakab, Mudenejar, Guthnis, Taifa, Abu Simbel and Toshka, all in Lower Nubia. These inscriptions record Qakare Ini's titulary, sometimes only a cartouche, and never give any more details. In the case of the inscription from Toshka, Qakare Ini's name is inscribed next to that of Iyibkhentre. However, the Egyptologist Darrell Baker proposed that this was due to the lack of space on the rock rather than pointing to a connection between the two rulers. Thus, the relationships between Qakare Ini and the other two Nubian rulers of the period, Segerseni and Iyibkhentre, remain unknown.
Qakare Ini is not attested on any Egyptian king list.
Name
Qakare's personal name is Ini although in literature he is sometimes reported as Intef or Initef; curiously, the epithet son of Ra is placed inside the cartouche, thus rendering his name Sa-Ra-Ini.
Datation
Qakare Ini could have been a pretender to the Egyptian throne headquartered in Lower Nubia, during the politically troubled period spanning the reign of Mentuhotep IV of the 11th Dynasty and the early reign of Amenemhat I of the 12th Dynasty. In fact, both those rulers seem to have had problems in being universally recognized as legitimate pharaohs. As Nubia had gained its independence from Egypt during the First Intermediate Period, it is possible that Qakare Ini was one of the last Nubian chieftains to resist the return of the Egyptians at the beginning of the 12th Dynasty.
Hungarian Egyptologist László Török suggested a much more recent dating for Qakare Ini (as well as for the other two related rulers mentioned above), some time after the reign of pharaoh Neferhotep I of the 13th Dynasty, that during the Second Intermediate Period, between 1730 and 1650 BCE. This is rejected by Darrell Baker and the Czech archeologist Zbyněk Žába who believe that Qakare Ini lived concurrently with the end of the 11th Dynasty in the late 20th century BCE.
References
Henri Gauthier, "Nouvelles remarques sur la XIe dynastie", BIFAO 9 (1911), pp. 99–136.
Thomas Schneider, Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002 p. 74.
Arthur Weigall, A Report on the Antiquities of Lower Nubia. Cairo 1907, pls. 64-65.
20th-century BC Pharaohs
People of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
People of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Non-dynastic pharaohs
Nubian people
أشا جي. مينون

أشا جي. مينون هي مغنية هندية، ولدت في 19 يوليو 1986 في تريشور في الهند.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مغنون من ثريسور
مغنون هنود في القرن 21
مغنيات أفلام هنديات
مغنيات في القرن 21
مغنيات هنديات في القرن 21
مواليد 1985
مواليد 1986
Tyra Calderwood

Tyra Calderwood (born 19 September 1990) is a former professional Australian tennis player. Her highest WTA singles ranking was 607, which she reached on 6 October 2008. Her career-high in doubles was 190, set on 10 September 2012.
Early life and junior career
Calderwood was born in Sydney and started playing tennis at the age of three.
She has had limited success on the circuit, though her junior ranking did peak at 33 in 2007.
Career
In 2008, she made her WTA Tour doubles debut after being given a wildcard with Alenka Hubacek into the Australian Open. However, they lost in the first round in straight sets. In December of that year, she won the Sorrento ITF doubles title with Shannon Golds.
In 2009, she received wildcards into the doubles tournaments at both the Sydney International and the Australian Open, losing first round in both tournaments.
ITF Circuit finals
Doubles: 14 (6–8)
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Australian female tennis players
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Tennis players from Sydney
بيني سوين

بيني سوين مواليد 16 ديسمبر 1933 في تالاديغا - الوفاة 19 يونيو 2008، كان لاعب كرة سلة أمريكي. بدأ مسيرته الاحترافية في سنة 1958. تم اختياره من قبل فريق بوسطن سيلتكس خلال الدرافت. حمل الرقم 16. بلغ طوله . اعتزل اللعب في 1959.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص من تالاديغا
لاعبو آل أمريكان لكرة السلة الجامعية للرجال
لاعبو بوسطن سيلتكس
لاعبو كرة سلة أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة سلة من ألاباما
لاعبو هجوم (كرة السلة)
لاعبو هجوم أمامي (كرة السلة)
مواليد 1933
مواليد في تالاديغا
وفيات 2008
وفيات السرطان في تكساس
وفيات في هيوستن (تكساس)
Herbert Richards

Herbert Richards
Herbert Clarence Richards (30 January 1876 – 11 April 1949) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly multi-member seat of Sturt from 1921 to 1930 for the Liberal Union and Liberal Federation.
References
1876 births
1949 deaths
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
جنين كونزي

جنين كونزي هي مقدمة تلفزيونية وممثلة ألمانية، ولدت في 20 مارس 1974 بكولونيا في ألمانيا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
مذيعات تلفزيون ألمانيات
أشخاص من كولن
مذيعو تلفاز ألمان
ممثلات تلفزيون ألمانيات
مواليد 1974
موسيقيو كوميديا ألمان
أعلام تلفزيونية من كولونيا
Khorasanak Station

Khorasanak Station (– Īstgāh-e Khorāsānak) is a village and railway station in Aliabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hashtrud County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 35 families.
References
Towns and villages in Hashtrud County
Railway stations in Iran
إيزورا نافارو

إيزورا نافارو (من مواليد 5 نوفمبر 1973 في فالنسيا) هي سياسية إسبانية وعضو سابق في البرلمان الإسباني. وهي حاصلة على شهادة في القانون حصلت عليها من جامعة فالنسيا ومتخصصة في قانون الأعمال والعمل مع التركيز على حقوق العمال، نظرًا لحصولها على المؤهلات ذات الصلة في عام 1997. عملت كمستشارة قانونية للهيئات العمالية للخدمة العامة والإدارة العامة الاتحاد منذ عام 2000. في عام 2004 تم اختيارها لرئاسة قائمة اليسار الموحد في فالنسيا. مع انخفاض إجمالي أصوات اليسار فازت بالمقعد السادس عشر والأخير في القائمة، على الرغم من أن انخفاض أقل من 1800 صوت كان سيكلف مقعدها. في عام 2005 أصبحت جزءًا من البرلمان الفيدرالي لليسار المتحد. في انتخابات عام 2008 خسرت مقعدها لصالح حزب الشعب. في عام 2015 تم انتخابها لعضوية برلمان فالنسيا.
تعيش في حي كارمن المركز التاريخي لفالنسيا، حيث تنشط في جمعية المقيمين، وتقدم المشورة القانونية للجمعية التجارية والسكنية. وهي أيضًا عضوة وداعمة لمنظمة السلام الأخضر.
المراجع
سياسيون من فالنسيا
أشخاص من بلنسية
سياسيات إسبانيات في القرن 21
روندونيا

روندونيا (برتغالية Rondônia) واحدة من الولايات البرازيلية الفدرالية تقع في شمال البرازيل ويحدها ولاية الأمازون من الشمال و الغرب ، و ولاية ماتو غروسو من الشمال و الشرق وجمهورية بوليفيا من الجنوب والغرب وولاية أكري من الغرب.
بورتو فاليو عاصمة الولاية وأكبر المدن فيها.
من أهم المدن في الولاية
بورتو فاليو
جي بارانا
فيلينا
ومن أهم الأنهار
Guaporé
Ique
Ji-Paraná
Madeira
Mamoré
Paraná-Pixuna
Roosevelt
مراجع
المنطقة الشمالية (البرازيل)
روندونيا
ولايات البرازيل
2014 in Chad

2014 in Chad
The following lists events that happened during 2014 in Chad.
Incumbents
President: Idriss Déby
Prime Minister: Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
Events
May
May 17 - Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Benin, and Chad unite to combat Boko Haram.
August
August 17 - Chadian troops rescue 85 hostages from Boko Haram who had been kidnapped in Nigeria and taken over the border into Chad.
December
December 22 - Chad abstains placing North Korea's human rights record on the United Nations Security Council's agenda.
References
Years of the 21st century in Chad
2010s in Chad
Chad
Chad
Recommendation (European Union)

Recommendation (European Union)
A recommendation in the European Union, according to Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (formerly Article 249 TEC), is one of two kinds of non-legal binding acts cited in the Treaty of Rome.
Recommendations are without legal force but are negotiated and voted on according to the appropriate procedure. Recommendations differ from regulations, directives and decisions, in that they are not binding for Member States. Though without legal force, they do have a political weight. The recommendation is an instrument of indirect action aiming at preparation of legislation in Member States, differing from the Directive only by the absence of obligatory power.
Article 292 notes that the European Commission may make recommendations, and in specific cases the European Central Bank may also make recommendations.
Common market
According to the terms of the Treaty on European Union "In order to ensure the proper functioning and development of the common market, the Commission (…) formulate recommendations or deliver opinions on matters dealt with in this Treaty, if it expressively so provides or if the Commission considers it necessary."
Concretely, recommendations can be used by the commission to raze barriers of competition caused by the establishment or the modification of internal norms of a Member State. If a country does not conform to a recommendation, the Commission cannot propose the adoption of a Directive aimed at other Member Countries, in order to elide this distortion.
See also
EUR-Lex
References
External links
EUROPA
Recommendation