PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
الدوري البحريني الممتاز 1992–93

الدوري البحريني الممتاز 1992–93
الدوري البحريني الممتاز 1992-1993 هي النسخة السابعة والثلاثين من الدوري البحريني الممتاز.
نظرة عامة
توج الرفاع الغربي باللقب.
مصادر
بحرين
كرة القدم البحرينية في 1992-93
1992–93
Mandelic acid

Mandelic acid is an aromatic alpha hydroxy acid with the molecular formula C6H5CH(OH)CO2H. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is a useful precursor to various drugs. The molecule is chiral. The racemic mixture is known as paramandelic acid.
Isolation, synthesis, occurrence
Mandelic acid was discovered in 1831 by the German pharmacist Ferdinand Ludwig Winckler (1801–1868) while heating amygdalin, an extract of bitter almonds, with diluted hydrochloric acid. The name is derived from the German "Mandel" for "almond".
Mandelic acid is usually prepared by the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of mandelonitrile, which is the cyanohydrin of benzaldehyde. Mandelonitrile can also be prepared by reacting benzaldehyde with sodium bisulfite to give the corresponding adduct, forming mandelonitrile with sodium cyanide, which is hydrolyzed:
Alternatively, it can be prepared by base hydrolysis of phenylchloroacetic acid as well as dibromacetophenone. It also arises by heating phenylglyoxal with alkalis.
Biosynthesis
Mandelic acid is a substrate or product of several biochemical processes called the mandelate pathway. Mandelate racemase interconverts the two enantiomers via a pathway that involves cleavage of the alpha-CH bond. Mandelate dehydrogenase is yet another enzyme on this pathway. Mandelate also arises from trans-cinnamate via phenylacetic acid, which is hydroxylated. Phenylpyruvic acid is another precursor to mandelic acid.
Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase.
The biotechnological production of 4-hydroxy-mandelic acid and mandelic acid on the basis of glucose was demonstrated with a genetically modified yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the hydroxymandelate synthase naturally occurring in the bacterium Amycolatopsis was incorporated into a wild-type strain of yeast, partially altered by the exchange of a gene sequence and expressed.
It also arises from the biodegradation of styrene and ethylbenzene, as detected in urine.
Uses
Mandelic acid has a long history of use in the medical community as an antibacterial, particularly in the treatment of urinary tract infections. It has also been used as an oral antibiotic, and as a component of chemical face peels analogous to other alpha hydroxy acids.
The drugs cyclandelate and homatropine are esters of mandelic acid.
References
Alpha hydroxy acids
Benzene derivatives
Phenylacetic acids
الحركة الوطنية الصومالية

الحركة الوطنية الصومالية
الحركة الوطنية الصومالية (SNM)
حركة وطنية صومالية مسلحة تأسست في لندن بقيادة الشيخ يوسف بن الشيخ علي مطر عام 1981 م. وبدأت الحركة عمليتها العسكرية ضد الحكومة الصومالية الاستبدادية للجنرال بري في يوم 2 يناير 1982 .
النجاح
نجح اخر قائد للحركة الرئيس عبد الرحمن احمد علي طور في الإطاحة بنظام سياد بري في عام 1991م أعلنت هذه الحركة انفصالها عن الجنوب وحافظت الحركة الوطنية الصومالية على مقاليد الأمور الصومال البريطاني وكانت أعلنت من طرف واحد جمهورية أرض الصومال.
على الرغم من الصراعات كان لديها سلام نسبي وحياة هادئة رغم عدم حصولها على الاعتراف الدولي.
مراجع
الانفصالية في الصومال
تاريخ صوماليلاند
حركات انفصالية
الصومال في عقد 1980
فصائل الحرب الأهلية الصومالية
Rowesville, South Carolina

Rowesville, South Carolina
Rowesville is a town in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 304 at the 2010 census.
History
Cattle Creek Campground was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Geography
Rowesville is located at (33.373430, -80.836251).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.8 square mile (2.0 km2), all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 378 people, 140 households, and 102 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 159 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 60.85% African American, 38.89% White, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.
There were 140 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $24,500 versus $16,591 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,978. About 12.5% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.7% of those under age 18 and 23.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Information about Rowesville from Orangeburg County
Towns in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Towns in South Carolina
مدرسة الشرطة العسكرية (اليمن)

مدرسة الشرطة العسكرية (اليمن)
مدرسة الشرطة العسكرية تم إنشائها في 3 أغسطس 1963 في معسكر العرضي الذي تقع فيه وزارة الدفاع اليمنية وكانت تسمى القانون كما كان يطلق عليها الهجانه والضبط العسكري .
الغرض من المدرسة
تدريب ضباط وصف وجنود الشرطة العسكرية وأمن الوحدة في مختلف وحدات القوات المسلحة على القيام بواجب ومهام الشرطة العسكرية.
النظام الداخلي
شكل النظام الداخلي للمدرسة جزء لا يتجزأ من البناء التنظيمي في بداية التأسيس ويشمل:
القدرة الاستيعابية والفترة الزمنية وشروط القبول من هذه الشروط تقاسم مشترك للضباط والصف والجنود:-
أن يكون المتقدم حاصل على دورات سابقة كل في مجال تخصصه.
اختبار امتحان القبول التحريري والتربية البدنية.
الالتزام باللائحة الداخلية للمدرسة.
واجبات المدرسة:-
إعداد خطط وبرامج التدريب.
تأهيل ضباط وصف وجنود الاختصاص علمياً وقتالياً.
إعداد الدراسات والبحوث العلمية التي تساعد على تطوير التعليم والتدريب.
إعداد المناهج للدورات المنعقدة داخل المدرسة.
عقد دورات تأسيسية وتخصصية وحتمية ومكافحة جريمة وأمن وحماية.
قيادة المدرسة
كانت القيادة في الفترة من عام 1963 - 1967 مزدوجة بين يمنية ومصرية لاكتساب الخبرة خلال فترة التأسيس وقد تولي قيادة المدرسة عدد في القيادة بداية من النقيب/ محمد تلها عام 1963 حتى العقيد/ أحمد محمد دحروج الذي يتولى الآن قيادة مدرسة الشرطة العسكرية.
انظر أيضا
الشرطة العسكرية (اليمن)
ملاحظات
مراجع
شرطة يمنية
الجيش اليمني
مدارس عسكرية يمنية
HLA-B8

HLA-B8 هو نمط مصلي من مستضد الكريات البيضاء البشرية-ب.
النمط المصلي
المراجع
أليلات HLA-B
Árpád Tóth

Árpád Tóth (14 April 1886 – 7 November 1928) was a Hungarian poet and translator.
Tóth went to secondary school (gymnasium) in Debrecen and then studied German and Hungarian at the University of Budapest. In 1907, his poems began to appear in the papers A Hét and Vasárnapi Újság and after 1908 in Nyugat. In 1911, he became a theater critic for the paper Debreceni Nagy Újság.
In 1913, he became a tutor to a wealthy family and received a little income from writing but still lived in poverty. Tuberculosis led him to rest at the Svedlér Sanitorium in the Tatra Mountains.
During the period of the revolutionary government after World War I, he became secretary of the Vörösmarty Academy, but lost the position and couldn't find new work after the government's fall. He remained poor and sick with tuberculosis for the rest of his life, succumbing to the disease in Budapest in 1928. His prolonged suffering led him to consider suicide at one point – although he did join the staff of Az Est in 1921.
In Debrecen, a secondary school was named after him. In April 2011, the Hungarian National Bank issued a commemorative silver coin celebrating the 125th anniversary of the poet's birth.
Works
He was a major lyric poet and contributed to the Nyugat School. His core themes focused on fleeting happiness and resignation.
He translated Milton, Oscar Wilde, Shelley, Keats, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Gautier, Maupassant, and Chekhov.
References
1886 births
1928 deaths
People from Arad, Romania
Hungarian male poets
Translators to Hungarian
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
20th-century Hungarian poets
20th-century translators
20th-century Hungarian male writers
Tuberculosis deaths in Hungary
فوسفات عضوي

فوسفات عضوي
الفوسفات العضوي هو الاسم العام الذي يطلق على إسترات حمض الفوسفوريك، بالتالي يمكن القول أن الفوسفات العضوي هو صنف من مركبات الفوسفور العضوية.
توجد مركبات الفوسفات العضوي في العديد من المركبات الكيميائية الحيوية المهمة بما فيها حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين وحمض نووي ريبوزي، بالإضافة إلى العوامل المرافقة (أو المتمّمة)، والتي لها دور أساسي في استمرار الحياة.
بالمقابل، فإن مركبات الفوسفات العضوي تعد الأساس في تصنيع العديد من المبيدات الحشرية ومبيدات الأعشاب والعوامل العصبية، وهو أحد أنواع الغازات المستخدمة فالشغب والحروب غاز مسيل للدموع. لذلك تُصنَّف مركبات الفوسفات العضوية من وكالة حماية البيئة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ضمن المواد الخطيرة تجاه الإنسان والمخلوقات البرية والحشرات، ومن ضمنها النحل.
البنية
يمكن تصنيف مركبات الفوسفات العضوي، والتي هي إسترات حمض الفوسفوريك، على أساس عدد المرتبطات العضوية إلى استرات أحادية أو ثنائية أو ثلاثية:
يجب التمييز بين الاسترات المذكورة واسترات حمض بيرو الفوسفوريك (حمض ثنائي الفوسفوريك)، وحمض ثلاثي الفوسفوريك، والتي هي إسترات أحادية.
اقرأ أيضاً
فوسفات
المراجع
مضادات الأستيل كولين إستراز
هانس أدلر

هانس أدلر هو كاتب نمساوي، ولد في 13 أبريل 1880 في فيينا في النمسا، وتوفي بنفس المكان في 11 نوفمبر 1957.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
شعراء ألمان
شعراء وشاعرات ألمان
كتاب من فيينا
مواليد 1880
وفيات 1957
الحجرة البيضاء (الشياضمة)

الحجرة البيضاء (الشياضمة)
الحجرة البيضاء هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة البريكيين، إقليم الرحامنة، جهة مراكش آسفي في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة الشياضمة التي تضم 11 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 285 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في الشياضمة (البريكيين)
Camilla Johansson (triple jumper)

Camilla Johansson (triple jumper)
Camilla Johansson (born 3 November 1976 in Växjö) is a retired Swedish track and field athlete who specialised in the triple jump. She represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics failing to qualify for the final.
Early in her career she also competed in the long jump.
Competition record
Personal bests
Outdoor
Long jump – 6.75 (0.0 m/s) (Växjö 1999)
Triple jump – 14.15 (+0.5 m/s) (Halmstad 2003)
Indoor
60 metres – 7.69 (Malmö 2003)
Long jump – 6.49 (Malmö 1999)
Triple jump – 14.12 (Ghent 2000) NR
References
1976 births
Living people
Swedish female long jumpers
Swedish female triple jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Sweden
Sportspeople from Växjö
21st-century Swedish women
Ilex cerasifolia

Ilex cerasifolia is a species of the genus Ilex in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is native to Brazil, typically in Cerrado vegetation.
References
cerasifolia
Flora of Brazil
Flora of the Cerrado
مشيخة (حديث)

مشيخة (حديث)
في علم الحديث، المشيخة هو الكتاب الذي يجمع فيه الراوي أسماء شيوخه ومروياته عنهم.
مراجع
علوم الحديث
جدول ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية 2014

جدول ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية 2014
كانت الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية 2014 حدث رياضي مشترك وقع في سوتشي ، روسيا، من 7 فبراير إلى 23 فبراير.وشارك 2,873 رياضي من 88 دولة في 98 حدث ل7 رياضات شتوية أولمبية وعبر 15 تدريب مختلف.
جدول الميداليات
;مفتاح
الدولة المضيفة (روسيا)
{|
|- bgcolor=#ccccff
| 1 || align=right | || 13 || 11 || 9 || 33
|-
| 2 || align=right | || 11 || 5 || 10 || 26
|-
| 3 || align=right | || 10 || 10 || 5 || 25
|-
| 4 || align=right | || 9 || 7 || 12 || 28
|-
| 5 || align=right | || 8 || 7 || 9 || 24
|-
| 6 || align=right | || 8 || 6 || 5 || 19
|-
| 7 || align=right | || 6 || 3 || 2 || 11
|-
| 8 || align=right | || 5 || 0 || 1 || 6
|-
| 9 || align=right | || 4 || 8 || 5 || 17
|-
| 10 || align=right | || 4 || 4 || 7 || 15
|-
| 11 || align=right | || 4 || 1 || 1 || 6
|-
| 12 || align=right | || 3 || 4 || 2 || 9
|-
| 13 || align=right | || 3 || 3 || 2 || 8
|-
| 14 || align=right | || 2 || 7 || 6 || 15
|-
| 15 || align=right | || 2 || 4 || 2 || 8
|-
| 16 || align=right | || 2 || 2 || 4 || 8
|-
| 17 || align=right | || 1 || 4 || 3 || 8
|-
| 18 || align=right | || 1 || 3 || 1 || 5
|-
| 19 || align=right | || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4
|-
| 20 || align=right | || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2
|-
| 21 || align=right | || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| 22 || align=right | || 0 || 2 || 6 || 8
|-
| 23 || align=right | || 0 || 2 || 2 || 4
|-
| 24 || align=right | || 0 || 2 || 1 || 3
|-
| 25 || align=right | || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| 26 || align=right | || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
| 11–26 || align=right | جدول ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية 2014 || 21 || 34 || 34 || 89
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=2| المجموع (26 لجنة أولمبية وطنية) || 99 || 97 || 99 || 295
|}
(last updated: 24 February 2014, after 98 of 98 completed events plus the men's ice hockey bronze medal)
مقالات ذات صلة
جدول الميداليات للألعاب البارالمبية الصيفية 2012
روابط خارجية
الموقع الرسمي لسوتشي 2014.
المراجع
جدول الميداليات - سوتشي 2014
الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية 2014
قوائم متعلقة بالرياضة الروسية
قوائم ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية
أفرو (تسريحة شعر)

أفرو (تسريحة شعر)
أفرو هي تسريحة شعر مجعدة تعود أصلها إلى أفريقيا. ويتم تسريح الشعر بشكل كروي حول الرأس. في عقد 1960 وأثناء حركة الهيبيين أصبحت هذه التسريحة ذات شعبية كبيرة عند الشباب، وقام عدة مغنين مشهورين باتخاذخها مثل مايكل جاكسون وبيلي بريستون وبوب مارلي. كما أصبحت تسريحة الخاصة عند أتباع ديانة الراستافارية.
مراجع
الموضة في عقد 1960
الموضة في عقد 1970
تسريحات الشعر
ثقافة إفريقية
الشعر الأمريكي الإفريقي (تشريح)
Craig Deans

Craig Deans (born 7 May 1974) is an Australian former soccer player and former head coach of the Newcastle Jets.
Playing career
Deans was a central defender for multiple Australian clubs, with most of his appearances coming in the National Soccer League. He made only two appearances in the A-League before a long period of injury Deans forced him into retirement as a professional player in 2007. He had success with the Perth Glory, winning two titles at the club.
Coaching career
In 2008, Deans became the inaugural youth team coach for the Newcastle Jets for their team in the new A-League National Youth League.
On 5 October 2011, he was appointed interim manager of the Newcastle Jets after the sacking of Branko Culina. He returned to his previous job when a full time manager was appointed.
In 2014 he took over the club's youth team, and then in 2015 he became the head coach of the Women's team.
In the 2015/16 W-League season he won the Coach of the Year award for rebuilding a Newcastle Jets team that had senior players Emily van Egmond, Hayley Crawford, Tori Huster, Angela Salem, Katherine Reynolds and Amber Neilson all exit the club in the off-season.
After the sacking of Ernie Merrick in Round 13 of the 2019/20 A-League season he once again took the role of interim manager. He had the role for 5 games, with 1 win, 1 draw and 3 defeats and did not apply for the role on a full-time basis. After Carl Robinson was appointed Deans went back to his usual role as an assistant coach.
Newcastle Jets Head Coaching Appointment
When Robinson joined the Western Sydney Wanderers after they had sacked Jean-Paul de Marigny prior to the start of the Covid delayed 2020/21 season, Deans once again took the interim head coaching role with his first game a 1–0 loss to the Central Coast Mariners on New Year's Eve, December 31, 2020. Unlike earlier occasions Deans applied to take over the head coaching role permanently. After 7 games his side had 2 wins, 1 draw and 4 losses then on Wednesday the 10th of February 2021 he was appointed on a two-year contract as the full time head coach.
On 3 June 2021, Deans announced that he would be resigning as the manager of the Newcastle Jets at the conclusion of the season.
Honours
With Perth Glory:
NSL Championship: 2002–2003, 2003–2004
With Newcastle Jets:
W-League Coach of the Year : 2015–16
References
External links
Newcastle Jets profile
Oz Football profile
1974 births
Living people
Soccer players from Perth, Western Australia
Australian men's soccer players
A-League Men players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Carlton SC players
Perth Glory FC players
Newcastle Jets FC players
Newcastle Jets FC managers
A-League Men managers
A-League Women managers
Men's association football defenders
Australian soccer managers
Rex Kilpatrick

Rex Kilpatrick
Ringland Fisher "Rex" Kilpatrick (December 26, 1881 – November, 1955) was a college football player; later a builder and investment banker in the New York area. He was the younger brother of John Kilpatrick. He was one of the principal owners of the Tennessee River Coal Co.
Career
His father moved from New York to Bridgeport because of investment potential in real estate and mining.
Football
Kilpatrick was a prominent running back for the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South from 1897 to 1900. He was one of the team's heavier players.
1899
He was a member of the 1899 "Iron Men" who won 5 games in 6 days and an undefeated conference championship. This was his best year; He kicked the field goal to defeat North Carolina for the title. Kilpatrick was selected All-Southern. A documentary film about the team and Kilpatrick's role was released in 2022 called "Unrivaled: Sewanee1899."
See also
1899 College Football All-Southern Team
References
American football halfbacks
All-Southern college football players
Sewanee Tigers football players
Players of American football from Alabama
People from Jackson County, Alabama
19th-century players of American football
Baseball pitchers
Sewanee Tigers baseball players
1955 deaths
1881 births
Players of American football from New York City
American football drop kickers
ديفيد رينيه دي روتشيلد

ديفيد رينيه دي روتشيلد هو مصرفي فرنسي وأمريكي، ولد في 15 ديسمبر 1942 في نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أصحاب أعمال من باريس
أصحاب أعمال من مدينة نيويورك
زملاء كلية كينجز لندن
صانعو النبيذ
مصرفيون فرنسيون
مواليد 1942
يهود فرنسيون
يهود فرنسيون في القرن 20
شيغيو ساساكي

شيغيو ساساكي (باليابانية: 佐々木重夫؛ بالكانا: ささき しげお) هو رياضياتي ياباني، ولد في 18 نوفمبر 1912، وتوفي في 14 أغسطس 1987.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
رياضياتيون يابانيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1912
وفيات 1987
Kamel Boughanem

Kamel Boughanem (born 16 March 1979) is a French former football player who spent his entire career in Switzerland.
References
External links
Lausanne Sport
1979 births
Living people
French expatriate men's footballers
French men's footballers
French sportspeople of Moroccan descent
FC Lugano players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
French expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Étoile Carouge FC players
FC La Chaux-de-Fonds players
Swiss Challenge League players
Place of birth missing (living people)
FC Meyrin players
FC Fribourg players
فأر بني شريكي

فأر بني شريكي (الاسم العلمي:Scotinomys xerampelinus) هو نوع من الحيوانات يتبع جنس فأر بني من فصيلة الفأرية.
انظر أيضاً
فأر بني (الاسم العلمي:Scotinomys)
فأر بني ألستوني (الاسم العلمي:Scotinomys teguina)
مراجع
أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
فأر بني شريكي
ثدييات أمريكا الوسطى
ثدييات كوستاريكا
ثدييات وصفت في 1902
شريكي
قوارض أمريكا الوسطى
Sound energy

Sound energy
In physics, sound energy is a form of energy that can be heard by living things. Only those waves that have a frequency of 16 Hz to 20 kHz are audible to humans. However, this range is an average and will slightly change from individual to individual. Sound waves that have frequencies below 16 Hz are called infrasonic and those above 20 kHz are called ultrasonic. Sound is a mechanical wave and as such consists physically in oscillatory elastic compression and in oscillatory displacement of a fluid. Therefore, the medium acts as storage for both potential and kinetic energy.
Consequently, the sound energy in a volume of interest is defined as the sum of the potential and kinetic energy densities integrated over that volume:
where
V is the volume of interest;
p is the sound pressure;
v is the particle velocity;
ρ0 is the density of the medium without sound present;
ρ is the local density of the medium; and
c is the speed of sound. Sound energy is energy that can be heard.
See also
Sound energy density
References
Sound measurements
Forms of energy
Noise pollution
Sporobolus anglicus

Sporobolus anglicus (common cordgrass) is a species of cordgrass that originated in southern England in about 1870 and is a neonative species in Britain. It was reclassified as Sporobolus anglicus after a taxonomic revision in 2014, but Spartina anglica is still in common usage. It is an allotetraploid species derived from the hybrid Sporobolus × townsendii, which arose when the European native cordgrass Sporobolus maritimus (small cordgrass) hybridised with the introduced American Sporobolus alterniflorus (smooth cordgrass).
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing tall, yellowish green in spring and summer, and turning light brown in autumn and winter. The leaves are long, and broad at the base, tapering to a point. It produces flowers and seeds on only one side of the stalk. The flowers are a yellowish-green, turning brown by the winter.
Invasive problems
Sporobolus anglica was at first seen as a valuable new species for coastal erosion control, its dense root systems binding coastal mud and the stems increasing silt deposition, thereby assisting in land reclamation from the sea. As a result, it was widely planted at coastal sites throughout the British Isles, and has colonised large areas of tidal mudflats, becoming an invasive species. New colonies may take some time to become established, but once they do, vegetative spread by rhizomes is rapid, smothering natural ecosystems and preventing birds such as waders from feeding. In some areas, however, a natural dieback of unknown cause has reversed the spread, and artificial control is no longer necessary where this dieback has occurred.
It has also been introduced to Asia, Australia, New Zealand and North America, where it has proved to be a serious invasive species causing extensive damage to natural saltmarsh ecosystems in all areas.
See also
Invasive grasses of North America
References
Further reading
Smiddy, P. 2020.The status and distribution of Common Cord-grass (Spartina anglica) at Dungarvan, Co. Waterford, and an evaluation of ecological effects. Irish Naturalists' Journal. 37: 9–13.
External links
UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Spartina anglica
English Nature: Spartina summary
San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project
anglica
باول سامبسون

باول سامبسون هو لاعب اتحاد الرغبي بريطاني، ولد في 12 يوليو 1977 في في المملكة المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي إنجليز
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي دوليون من إنجلترا
لاعبو دوري رغبي إنجليز
لاعبو ويكفيلد ترنيتي
مواليد 1977