List of herbivorous animals

List of herbivorous animals
This is a list of herbivorous animals, organized in a roughly taxonomic manner. In general, entries are listed at the genus, family, order, or other level higher than species. Exact species are listed to provide examples of higher taxa, but also for monotypic taxa, and for species which are uniquely herbivorous compared to close relatives.
Herbivorous animals are heterotrophs, meaning that they consume other organisms for sustenance. The organisms which herbivores consume are primary producers, predominantly plants (including algae). Herbivores which consume land plants may eat any or all of the fruit, leaves, sap, nectar, pollen, flowers, bark, cambium, underground storage organs like roots, tubers, and rhizomes, nuts, seeds, shoots, and other parts of plants; they frequently specialize in one or a few of these parts, though many herbivores also have quite diverse diets.
List criteria
Animal diets are not inflexible, and most animals will stray from their typical diet on occasion; for instance, cattle will eat chicks, and crocodiles will consume fruit. Though it can be hard to determine what is a true aberration, as opposed to being a normal, but minor component of the diet, animals are still regarded as herbivores, carnivores, or otherwise as long as the vast majority of their diet reflects such a categorization. Thus, several of the animals which appear on this list are commonly described as omnivores, but, where consumption of animal matter is marginal, they meet the criteria for inclusion. These cases are elaborated upon within the article.
Where quantifiable data to support such an evaluation exist, this list generally includes animals whose diets are at least ~90% herbivorous, as a simple and arbitrary minimum, though a great many listees are far more herbivorous than this; perhaps the majority are closer to 95%, and a large number are nearly purely herbivorous. However, a small selection of taxa which are not usually this herbivorous also receive mention; typically, this is done when the animal is much more herbivorous than the vast majority of close relatives. For example, the maned wolf receives mention; its diet varies from mostly carnivorous to overwhelmingly frugivorous, being mostly a fairly balanced omnivore overall, but they are still listed because no other living Canid is nearly so herbivorous. Other animals may receive mention if at least some populations of the species regularly consume very plant-heavy diets.
The issue is further complicated by variation based on region, sex, age, season, and other factors, as well as differing techniques for measuring dietary proportions and a lack of data on many species. A number of listed taxa also consume a significant quantity of fungi. On the whole, however, this list consists almost entirely of animals which are known with good certainty to be overwhelmingly herbivorous, with exceptions being noted.
Invertebrates
Insects
Herbivory is of extreme ecological importance and prevalence among insects. Perhaps one third (or 500,000) of all described species are herbivores. Herbivorous insects are by far the most important animal pollinators, and comprise significant prey items for predatory animals, as well as acting as major parasites and predators of plants; parasitic species often induce the formation of galls. Herbivorous insects also form symbioses with numerous plants, animals, and fungi, including complex relationships with various species of ant, and have greatly impacted the evolution of plants.
Larval mayflies are generally herbivorous; adults have short lifespans and do not eat at all.
Most members of the order Orthoptera; for instance, most grasshoppers and katydids are herbivores
Butterflies
Many beetles of the Scarabaeoidea, including many scarabs, like the goliath and rhinoceros beetles (e.g., the hercules beetle), and all of the stag beetles
The jewel beetles (family Buprestidae)
Certain ladybugs (family Coccinellidae): The subfamily Epilachninae, comprising 1/6 of all ladybug species, is entirely herbivorous, including members such as the Mexican bean beetle and the bryony ladybird.
The leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae)
The weevils (family Curculionidae)
Almost all adult bees (clade Anthophila), including mason bees, honeybees, bumblebees, sweat bees, and carpenter bees
All true bugs (order Hemiptera) outside of Heteroptera are herbivores, including cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, aphids, scale insects, and whiteflies
Most Heteropterans are also herbivorous, including most of the leaf-footed bugs, seed bugs and their relatives, plant bugs, and shield, stink, and burrowing bugs and their relatives
Other invertebrates
Most terrestrial isopods (woodlice) are detritivores of plant matter
Millipedes, with scarce exceptions, are also detritivores of plant matter
Bagheera kiplingi, a jumping spider
Garden snails and slugs
Fish
Herbivorous fish play a key role in maintaining healthy ecosystems, especially in tropical reefs, where they promote a balance between corals and macroalgae. Herbivorous fish include:
Acanthurus lineatus or lined surgeonfish (also known as blue-banded surgeonfish, blue-lined surgeonfish, clown surgeonfish, pajama tang, striped surgeonfish, and zebra surgeonfish)
Acanthurus nigrofuscus, known as the lavender tang, brown tang, or spot-cheeked surgeonfish
Zebrasoma scopas, known as the brown tang, two-tone tang, scopas tang or brush-tail tang.
The unicornfishes (Nasinae) genus is primarily herbivorous.
Most of the nearly 100 species of the parrotfish family are herbivores.
Grass carp, so named for its diet of aquatic plants.
The various genera of pacu are mostly herbivorous.
The majority of Loricariidae, including most pleco and Otocinclus species, are predominantly or exclusively herbivorous.
Amphibians
Unusually for tetrapods, herbivory is rare among extant adult lissamphibians. There are, however, many larval and a few adult amphibians which take significant plant matter:
At least two species of siren (and possibly the entire family) will consume algae, though they are still primarily carnivorous or omnivorous
The Indian green frog is mostly herbivorous
Xenohyla truncata, the Izecksohn's Brazilian treefrog, is significantly frugivorous
The majority of frog tadpoles are primarily herbivorous
Reptiles
Squamates (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards)
All snakes and the majority of non-snake Squamates (lizards) are carnivorous. However, some degree of herbivory is relatively common among lizards. Perhaps 12% of lizards have diets which are >10% herbivorous. Dedicated herbivory, with plants comprising >90% of the diet, occurs in perhaps ~1% of lizards, though estimates vary.
Iguanas (family Iguanidae) are overwhelmingly herbivores; members such as the rhinoceros iguana, marine iguana, green iguana, Lesser Antillean iguana, chuckwallas, desert iguana, and Galápagos land iguana are virtually exclusively herbivorous
Members of the family Liolaemidae are herbivores
The Panay, Northern Sierra Madre forest, and Gray's monitor lizards are the only three species of herbivorous Varanid
Species of the Agamid genus Uromastyx, the spiny-tailed lizards, are herbivores
Certain skinks; the Solomon Islands skink is exclusively herbivorous. King's skink is also primarily a herbivore. The extinct Cape Verde giant skink was herbivorous.
Chelonians (turtles/tortoises)
Tortoises, comprising the family Testudinidae, are all almost exclusively herbivorous
Adult green sea turtles are herbivorous, uniquely among sea turtles
Dinosaurs (non-avian)
Sauropods
Ornithischians
Marginocephalia
Ceratopsians
Pachycephalosaurs
Thyreophora
Stegosaurs
Ankylosaurs
Ornithopods
Hadrosaurs
Theropods
Therizinosaurs
Birds
Although, by some counts, only 2-3% of extant bird species are primarily herbivorous, herbivorous birds are nonetheless incredibly diverse, having evolved independently within at least nine distinct lineages. Herbivorous birds include important pollinators and seed dispersers, as well as both the smallest and largest living birds (the bee hummingbird and the common ostrich, respectively). On islands with little to no mammalian colonization, large herbivorous birds frequently evolved to assume niches typically held by mammals, sometimes attaining enormous sizes; on the Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Caledonia, and Fiji, birds were nearly if not the largest terrestrial herbivores, though the vast majority are now extinct. Birds which are mostly herbivorous as adults will frequently feed their young a far more insectivorous diet, though there are many exceptions.
Paleognathes
Ratites, excluding the kiwis, are often described as omnivorous, and will eat varying quantities of small animals and insects. However, the typical wild diet for non-kiwi ratites is overwhelmingly and sometimes exclusively herbivorous:
Ostrich diets can be over 99% herbivorous, though this may vary, but not significantly
Rheas: the lesser rhea and greater rhea are essentially 100% herbivorous (though this can drop to 97% for greater rheas in some cases)
Emus may be nearly 100% herbivorous in wild habitats, but can also engage in significant insectivory at times
The three species of cassowary are virtually exclusively frugivorous, though the dwarf cassowary's diet can be up to 3% insect at times; cassowaries will also consume significant volumes of mushrooms
The (recently extinct) moas (order Dinornithiformes) and elephant birds (order Aepyornithiformes) were herbivores
Tinamous: although data are scarce, many tinamous are quite omnivorous, and some are primarily insectivores. However, the vast majority of tinamous are primarily herbivorous, sometimes nearly exclusively:
Crypturellus species, such as the yellow-legged and Tataupa tinamous, are predominantly frugivorous, with some (largely seasonal) insect consumption
Nothura and Nothoprocta species are predominantly granivorous or seed-eating; the Andean tinamou is over 90% herbivorous, while Darwin's nothura is ~95% herbivorous or more, and the ornate tinamou averages nearly 99%
Many Tinamus species are overwhelmingly frugivorous, such as the solitary tinamou; the black tinamou has only been observed eating fruits and seeds, but is assumed to consume some insects
Galloanserae
Anseriformes: the ducks and their relatives are predominantly herbivorous; although a few species consume primarily animal matter and several are heavily omnivorous, at least a quarter of the 99 species included in one study were 70% herbivorous or more. Herbivorous taxa are varied, including:
The screamers, such as the southern screamer and the horned screamer, are totally herbivorous
Magpie geese are essentially purely herbivorous
The majority of Anatids range from largely to almost exclusively herbivorous (notably excluding the Mergini):
Whistling ducks are all nearly 100% herbivorous, including the fulvous, white-faced, and black-bellied whistling ducks
Almost all of the Anserinae, including both young and adults:
Cape Barren geese are strict herbivores
Swans (genus Cygnus) are all 100% herbivorous or very nearly so, including the mute, black, black-necked, tundra, trumpeter, and whooper swans
Black geese (genus Branta) are all exclusively herbivorous; examples include the Canada goose, brant, barnacle goose, and nene
True geese (genus Anser) are all essentially pure herbivores, such as the greylag, snow, bar-headed, pink-footed, and swan geese
Certain Tadornines are virtually purely herbivorous (note that the circumscription of Tadorninae varies):
Egyptian geese
Orinoco geese
All Chloephaga species, such as the kelp, ruddy-headed, and ashy-headed geese
The spur-winged goose diet contains no more than 5% insects, and is usually close to 100% herbivorous
The knob-billed and comb ducks are nearly 100% herbivorous
Australian wood duck diets are >99% herbivorous
The southern, red-crested, and rosy-billed pochard are all almost exclusively herbivorous
The Brazilian teal is seasonally 83-98% herbivorous, or ~93% overall
The masked duck is heavily herbivorous, but its diet is poorly known
Certain Mareca species are seemingly nearly wholly herbivorous, such as the wigeons
The four species of moa-nalo were herbivorous; they were large, flightless Anatids native to Hawaii and became extinct in historic times
Many other Anatid species have diets which vary seasonally; near-exclusive herbivory or carnivory are both possible at different times of year. Many are predominantly herbivorous overall, but they are not typically as herbivorous as most of the taxa listed above
Galliformes, or the landfowl, are virtually all predominantly herbivorous, including:
Although the diets of megapodes are very poorly known, at least some species are quite herbivorous; the malleefowl's diet may range from 93-99% plants
The cracids are nearly all highly frugivorous herbivores; the typical guans, piping guans, chachalacas, black guan, highland guan, horned guan, great curassow, and black curassow all have diets which typically contain <10% animal matter, and frequently almost none
Many New World quails; the mountain quail's annual diet is 95-97% herbivorous, while the California quail is almost entirely herbivorous year-round, and Gambel's quail is ~95% herbivorous annually (though this can drop to 85% in summer). Juveniles also tend to be exceptionally herbivorous
A very large selection of Phasianids (though at least some insectivory is typical, especially seasonally and among females):
Snow partridges and blood pheasants
All of the tragopans; the satyr tragopan's diet is ~93% herbivorous during the post-monsoon, and otherwise nearly exclusively herbivorous; Temminck's tragopan is overwhelmingly herbivorous year-round
The monal-partridges
Monals
The turkeys:
Wild turkeys are overwhelmingly herbivorous; although a few studies on annual dietary composition yield values of around 85% herbivorous, most find values at least somewhat above 90%, and values close to 100% are also common
Ocellated turkeys are nearly 100% herbivorous
Most grouse are highly herbivorous:
The ruffed grouse has an annual diet that is ~99% herbivorous, with minor seasonal insectivory
Male Chinese grouse are purely herbivorous and females are >90% herbivorous; hazel grouse males are purely herbivorous, but some females will consume large quantities of insects in spring (although others are nearly purely herbivorous as well); both are herbivorous in winter
The sage grouse can be ~90% herbivorous in summer and around 97% herbivorous overall
The blue grouse: dusky grouse are 98% herbivorous overall and a little less than 90% at lowest, in summer, while sooty grouse are 98-100% herbivorous year-round
Sharp-tailed grouse are 96% herbivorous in spring and summer, and most studies find them to be nearly wholly herbivorous in fall, although grasshoppers can comprise 1/3 of the diet in some cases; they are by far the most herbivorous member of their genus
All three species of ptarmigan are almost exclusively herbivorous year-round; though they will take insects opportunistically, they are not a major component of the overall diet, even seasonally
Spruce grouse are >99% herbivorous year-round; Siberian grouse are ~98% herbivorous but may eat some insects seasonally
Western capercaillies are virtually exclusively herbivorous
Caucasian and black grouse are 98% herbivorous or more
Many of the true pheasants:
Several long-tailed pheasants are almost exclusively herbivorous, such as the Elliot's, Hume's, and copper pheasants; the Hume's pheasant's diet is >97% herbivorous
Common pheasants have an annual diet found variously to be ~85%, 95%, or 97% herbivorous, though it is overwhelmingly herbivorous overall and more so in its native habitat; green pheasants are also overwhelmingly herbivorous
Cheer pheasants may be totally herbivorous
The eared pheasants are predominantly herbivorous
The peafowls can be quite omnivorous, and their diets are poorly studied; however, one study finds Indian peafowl diets to be 91% herbivorous overall, and another finds green peafowl diets to be ~96% herbivorous
The Gallini are largely omnivores which lean moderately to very herbivorous, though a few are predominantly carnivores; their wild diets are poorly studied. Some, however, are known to be overwhelmingly herbivorous; the grey-winged francolin has a diet which is 93% plants
Several of the Coturnicini are heavily herbivorous:
All five species of snowcock are almost totally herbivorous, including as chicks
The sand partridge can be 100% herbivorous, though they may also consume some insects
The Alectoris partridges are predominantly herbivorous, some nearly exclusively; the chukar partridge has a diet which is 96-98% herbivorous overall, though this may drop to 85-93% seasonally due to insect consumption. The red-legged partridge is about 97% herbivorous overall and 90% seasonally
Many African spurfowls; the yellow-necked spurfowl can range from ~80% to nearly 100% herbivorous, while the Swainson's spurfowl is ~88-96% herbivorous throughout the year
The extinct families of Sylviornithidae, Gastornithidae, and Dromornithidae were very likely all herbivores. They were giant, flightless Galloanserae and included genera such as Gastornis, Dromornis, and the relatively recently extinct Genyornis, Sylviornis, and Megavitiornis
Neoaves
The lesser flamingo and James's flamingo feed nearly exclusively on cyanobacteria and algae (e.g. diatoms); they are the only herbivorous flamingo species and a rare example of terrestrial, filter-feeding herbivores. Their young consume mainly crop milk
The vast majority of pigeon species are almost entirely herbivorous, including young, which consume crop milk along with adult foods. Herbivorous pigeons include:
Most of tribe Zenaidini:
The quail-doves and some relatives are especially insectivorous for pigeons, but most species are still overwhelmingly frugivorous/granivorous, such as the ruddy quail-dove and the white-tipped dove (which is nearly 100% herbivorous)
Almost all of the zenaida doves (but not the Galapagos dove) are at least ~95% herbivorous and usually close to 100%, including the mourning dove, eared dove, and white-winged dove
Virtually all of tribe Columbini:
Virtually every species of Patagioenas is close to totally herbivorous, including the white-crowned pigeon, band-tailed pigeon, and red-billed pigeon
Every species of cuckoo-dove (genera Reinwardtoena, Turacoena, and Macropygia) is essentially completely herbivorous, such as the brown cuckoo-dove
The collared and turtle doves are overwhelmingly to totally herbivorous, such as the European turtle dove and the Eurasian collared dove
The rock dove, including the feral pigeon and domestic pigeon, is almost entirely herbivorous in both native and introduced wild habitats, though urban birds will consume human food
All of the other Columba species are also overwhelmingly to totally herbivorous, such as the speckled pigeon, Nilgiri wood pigeon, silvery pigeon, trocaz pigeon, white-headed pigeon, black wood pigeon, and common wood pigeon
Spilopelia and Nesoenas species, such as the spotted dove, laughing dove, and Malagasy turtle dove
American ground doves, such as the blue ground dove and Columbina species such as the Inca dove, common ground dove, scaled dove, and ruddy ground dove; the latter 3 are known to be >99% herbivorous annually
Most of the Phabini are nearly totally herbivorous (though some are quite insectivorous); the white-throated ground dove, bronzewings like the common bronzewing and flock bronzewing, the crested pigeon, the chestnut-quilled and white-quilled rock pigeons, all of the Geopelia doves, such as the diamond dove and zebra dove, and the spinifex pigeon and partridge pigeon are all typically exclusively herbivorous, or nearly so (>99% where data are available, though occasionally slightly less for certain species)
The tribe Raphini: the thick-billed ground pigeon, pheasant pigeon, tooth-billed pigeon, nicobar pigeon, and crowned pigeons, such as the Victoria crowned pigeon, are all overwhelmingly herbivorous, though several may consume invertebrates in appreciable amounts
Most members of tribe Turturini, including the brown doves, the namaqua dove, and most Turtur doves, such as the emerald-spotted wood dove, are either wholly herbivorous or consume marginal quantities of invertebrates
All of the green pigeons (genus Treron) are virtually exclusively herbivorous, including species such as the pink-necked, orange-breasted, African, Madagascar, and thick-billed green pigeons; they are frugivorous, with minor deviations
Virtually all of Ptilinopini:
All of the imperial pigeons (Ducula) are usually 100% herbivorous furgivores; they include species such as the collared, mountain, green, white-bellied, goliath, Marquesan, and Torresian imperial pigeons. Opportunistic insectivory is very rare, but reported at least once
The fruit doves (Ptilinopus) are also frugivores, and are all close to 100% herbivorous, including the rose-crowned, wompoo, superb, orange-bellied, ornate, beautiful, pink-spotted, coroneted, and black-naped fruit doves. Female orange fruit doves have been observed eating caterpillars, but the species is nearly totally herbivorous overall
The cloven-feathered dove and the blue pigeons are seemingly totally herbivorous
The New Zealand pigeon, topknot pigeon, sombre pigeon, Papuan mountain pigeon and their relatives are all virtually totally herbivorous
All of the recently extinct species of pigeon, such as the dodo, the Rodrigues solitaire, the passenger pigeon, the Viti Levu giant pigeon, and the Choiseul pigeon; though their diets are generally poorly known, they were all predominantly to totally herbivorous
All 16 species of sandgrouse (order Pterocliformes) are almost exclusively herbivorous, eating primarily small seeds. The pin-tailed sandgrouse and black-bellied sandgrouse may be 98% and 99% herbivorous, respectively, while the Pallas's sandgrouse and Namaqua sandgrouse are both apparently 100% herbivorous. The painted sandgrouse is herbivorous apart from minor, seasonal insect consumption
Two lineages of Strisores:
The oilbird (the only species in order Steatornithiformes) has a diet consisting almost entirely of fruit. It is the only herbivorous Strisore apart from the hummingbirds, as well as the only nuctornal, frugivorous flying bird in the world; their young are also frugivores
Virtually all hummingbirds are overwhelmingly nectarivorous. Insectivory is widespread and nutritionally important, but the typical diet is probably about 90% nectar and 10% arthropod by mass, with time budget records yielding similar ratios (~5-15% of feeding time devoted to insectivory). Exceptional (including exclusive) and sustained insectivory has been documented, although these accounts have also been met with skepticism. On the opposite extreme, overwhelmingly nectarivorous diets have also been documented for several species:
Populations of shining sunbeam have been recorded spending 93-97% of total feeding time on nectar
Purple-throated caribs have had nectar feeding time budgets of >99% recorded (although extremely low figures are also recorded for this species, but they are likely erroneous)
In fiery-throated hummingbirds, insectivory comprises a little over 1% of total feeding time in males, and ~8% in breeding females
Cuckoos (order Cuculiformes) are largely insectivorous or omnivorous. A small number, however, are primarily frugivores, including the Asian koel and the channel-billed cuckoo, though both also consume a small but significant quantity of animal matter. The dwarf koel may be entirely frugivorous. Young of the former two species (which are brood parasites) will eat partially or wholly fruit diets if they are reared by frugivorous species
Every species of turaco (order Musophagiformes) is either exclusively herbivorous or consumes very small amounts of invertebrates; they are largely fruit-eaters, though leaves and other plant parts can be important. Fruits and leaves make up 98-100% of the diets of the great blue, Rwenzori, and black-billed turacos; the western plantain-eater and violet turaco are virtually wholly frugivorous
The bustards (order Otidiformes) are quite omnivorous, and their diets are variable; several consume mostly animal matter, either seasonally or year-round. However, it has been suggested that the majority of bustards are predominantly herbivorous; such species for which data are available include:
The diet of the great bustard can be as low as 60% or 70% herbivorous seasonally, but is 87.5%, 93%, or nearly 100% herbivorous annually, with some populations consuming 4% animal matter at most
One study finds the little bustard to be 26% insectivorous in winter and ~40% otherwise; however, other studies find that the winter diet is 100% herbivorous, or that the diet is 97-100% herbivorous year round
The food part of the karoo korhaan's diet is 86-87% plant matter
The hoatzin, the sole living member of Opisthocomiformes, is 100% herbivorous; they are largely folivorous, including young, and have unique gastrointestinal adaptations to this diet
Parrots
Mammals
Herbivory is quite common among mammals, with herbivores occurring across diverse lineages and in a large variety of sizes, bodyplans, and niches. Both large and small herbivorous mammals are often important prey species for various predators, though the largest, such as the so-called "pachyderms", are generally safe from predation as healthy adults. Large, herbivorous mammals came to dominate global ecosystems in the Cenozoic, and, though vastly reduced in number, they continue to be key features of certain modern ecosystems, such as the Maasai Mara and Kaziranga National Park.
Marsupials
Most of the extant Diprotodonts, including:
The extant Vombatiformes (wombats and koalas), as well as many extinct members such as Diprotodon, Zygomaturus, and Palorchestes
Almost all extant Macropodiformes, such as:
Kangaroos, wallabies, and wallaroos (the terrestrial Macropods)
Tree kangaroos, arboreal Macropods
Potoroids, though this group also consumes large amounts of fungi and generally some insects
Most Phalangeriformes are mostly or wholly herbivorous, including:
Greater gliders
Honey possums
Cuscuses, such as the common spotted cuscus
A relatively small number of Didelphimorphs are primarily herbivorous, such as the woolly opossums
The recently extinct entire family of pig-footed bandicoots (Chaeropodidae, with one genus, Chaeropus) was probably herbivorous
Placental mammals
Xenarthrans
Certain extinct Cingulates, such as the Pampatheres and Glyptodonts
All living and extinct sloths (Folivora), including the so-called ground sloths
Afrotheres
All living and extinct Proboscideans: the African forest, African bush, and Asian elephants, as well as the extinct mammoths, mastodons, Deinotherium, and more
Sirenians are the only living herbivorous marine mammals; they include the manatees, dugong, and the recently extinct Steller's sea cow
Hyraxes
Euarchontoglires
Both species of colugo (Dermoptera) are herbivores
The great majority of primates:
The vast majority of lemurs are largely or exclusively herbivorous, including the ring-tailed lemur, the sifakas, the indri, and the bamboo lemurs
The three species of potto have diets which are ~90% herbivorous
Slow lorises are majority (and possibly even nearly exclusively) herbivorous, though study findings differ
Some bushbabies; needle-clawed bushbabies are gum specialists, and the Bioko Allen's bushbaby is primarily frugivorous
The vast majority of ape and monkey species (the Simiiformes) are wholly or primarily herbivorous, including:
The majority of the New World monkeys (though several taxa consume insects, some as a primary food source); predominantly or wholly herbivorous New World monkeys include the spider monkeys, muriquis, woolly monkeys, howler monkeys, sakis, and uakaris, among others
Virtually all Old World monkeys (sensu stricto, excluding apes)
Vervet monkeys
Several macaques are overwhelmingly herbivorous, such as the Tibetan, Japanese, Barbary, and Assam macaques
Although baboons are famously regarded as omnivores and will occasionally consume animals, studies consistently find species, including the yellow, olive, chacma, and hamadryas baboons, to have diets which are ~99% herbivorous
Mandrill and drill diets are both >95% herbivorous
Geladas
All of the Colobines are (or are nearly) purely herbivorous, including the black-and-white colobuses, gray langurs, snub-nosed monkeys, and the proboscis monkey
All wild apes:
Gibbon (family Hylobatidae) diets are ~90% herbivorous, on average
Orangutan diets are typically close to 99% herbivorous, but can range down to 90%, depending on various factors
The two species of gorilla: western gorillas are ~95% herbivorous overall, while mountain gorillas are closer to 100%
The two species of chimpanzee (genus Pan):
Although common chimpanzees are well-known for both their insectivory and their hunting, and though diet varies according to several factors, most studies find their diets to be at least ~95% herbivorous and typically more, up to nearly 100%, though a few populations may consume up to >10% animal matter
Bonobos are perhaps even more herbivorous, though they will consume small amounts of animal matter
Humans are typically omnivorous, but certain populations are herbivorous or nearly so. These include members of ideological or health movements such as veganism and vegetarianism, cultural or religious traditions such as Rastafari and many sects of the Dharmic faiths, and certain traditional tribal populations, such as the Tarahumara
A large majority of rodents (Rodentia) are overwhelmingly or exclusively herbivorous, including:
Naked mole rats and mole-rats
Old World porcupines (family Hystricidae), such as the Cape porcupine
New World porcupines (family Erethizontidae) are almost all pure herbivores, such as the North American and Brazilian porcupines
Chinchillas and viscachas (family Chinchillidae)
Pacaranas and extinct relatives, such as the giant rodent Josephoartigasia
Cavies (family Caviidae), such as the guinea pigs, maras, and capybaras
Agoutis and acouchis
Pacas
Degus
Most Echimyids, including the nutria, hutias, and Atlantic bamboo rat
Springhares
The large majority of Sciuromorphs, including:
Mountain beavers
Ground squirrels (excluding chipmunks), such as the marmots (e.g., the groundhog), prairie dogs, and golden-mantled ground squirrel
Chipmunks, though somewhat omnivorous, are still predominantly and often nearly exclusively herbivorous/mycophagous, including the eastern and least chipmunks (though some chipmunks may eat significant quantities of invertebrates, depending on season, age, and sex)
Sciurus squirrel species, such as the eastern gray and Eurasian red squirrels, are famously somewhat omnivorous, but in their native habitats, their diets are close to 100% herbivorous
Flying squirrels, such as the northern, red giant, and Japanese dwarf flying squirrels
Most Sciurids in general, such as the Indian giant, Prevost's, and Indian palm squirrels
Most Castorimorphs:
Beavers
Most of the Heteromyids, including most of the kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, and pocket mice
Gophers
All Lagomorphs; rabbits, hares, and pikas
Laurasiatheres
A significant number of bats (order Chiroptera) are frugivorous/nectarivorous:
Virtually all "megabats", such as the long-tongued fruit bat, eastern tube-nosed bat, hammer-headed bat, flying foxes, common blossom bat, and Egyptian fruit bat
Though the family is extremely dietarily diverse, more than three quarters of leaf-nosed bat species (family Phyllostomidae) are primarily herbivorous, including:
Cuban fruit-eating bats
Dwarf little fruit bats
Lonchophyllines, like the long-snouted and orange nectar bats
Many Glossophagines, such as the Pallas's long-tongued bat and the Mexican long-tongued bat
Virtually all of Stenodermatinae are frugivores, including the great stripe-faced, big-eyed, tent-making, wrinkle-faced, Honduran white, and Neotropical fruit bats
Herbivory among the Carnivora is quite rare; nonetheless, it occurs among diverse taxa:
Maned wolves are omnivores whose diet is typically nearly equally split between animals and plants. However, fruits can comprise 60% or more of total consumed biomass in some cases (though animals predominate in other cases), making them among the most herbivorous of living Canids
A few bears:
Giant pandas are almost exclusively herbivorous
Spectacled bears are typically >95% herbivorous
American black bears, Asiatic black bears, brown bears, and sun bears are all generally omnivorous with plants making up slightly more than half of their diets, but can range from mostly carnivorous to almost entirely herbivorous, depending on many factors
A few raccoon relatives (family Procyonidae): kinkajous and olingos are both almost entirely herbivorous
Red pandas are essentially purely herbivorous
African palm civets are ~80% herbivorous
Many Viverrids are omnivorous, and a few are primarily herbivorous:
Binturongs are primarily a frugivore
Golden, Asian, and brown palm civets are also largely or wholly frugivores
All odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla), including:
Horses, asses, and zebras (family Equidae)
Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)
Tapirs (family Tapiridae)
All the non-whale even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla), including:
Ruminants, such as deer, Bovids, the pronghorn, musk deers, the giraffes and okapi, and chevrotains (though this last group includes some members that consume a degree of animal matter)
Many Suina will consume small amounts of animal matter, but they are overwhelmingly herbivorous overall:
Wild boars, though popularly regarded as omnivores, are always predominantly herbivorous; typically over 90% of the diet is plant matter. In extreme cases, 1/3 of the diet may be animal matter, but in the native range, plants comprise 85% of the diet as a bare minimum, and very often much more, up to nearly 100%
Other Sus species, such as the Bornean bearded pig
Babirusas are predominantly herbivorous
Bushpigs and red river hogs are predominantly herbivorous
Giant forest hogs are overwhelmingly herbivorous
Warthogs are virtually purely herbivorous
The three peccary species are nearly totally herbivorous
Camelids, such as the dromedary, wild Bactrian, and Bactrian camels, the llama and alpaca, and the guanaco and vicuña
Hippos will occasionally consume carrion, but are essentially purely herbivorous overall
See also
Mesocarnivore
Hypercarnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
Piscivore
Veganism
Vegetarianism
References
Herbivores
Herbivorous animals