Elvas

Elvas is a Portuguese municipality, former episcopal city and frontier fortress of easternmost central Portugal, located in the district of Portalegre in Alentejo. It is situated about east of Lisbon, and about west of the Spanish fortress of Badajoz, by the Madrid-Badajoz-Lisbon railway. The municipality population was 23,078, in an area of . The city itself had a population of 16,640 .
Elvas is among the finest examples of intensive usage of the trace italienne (star fort) in military architecture, and has been a World Heritage Site since 30June 2012. The inscribed site name is Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications.
History
Elvas lies on a hill northwest of the Guadiana river. The Amoreira Aqueduct long supplies the city with pure water; it was begun early in the 15th century and completed in 1622. For some distance it includes four tiers of superimposed arches, with a total height of .
It was wrested from the Moors by Afonso I of Portugal in 1166 but the city was temporarily recaptured before its final occupation by the Portuguese in 1226. In 1570 it became an episcopal see, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Elvas, until 1818. The late Gothic Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, which has many traces of Moorish influence in its architecture, dates from the reign of Manuel I of Portugal (1495–1521).
It was defended by seven bastions and the two forts of Santa Luzia and the Nossa Senhora da Graça Fort. From 1642 it was the chief frontier fortress south of the Tagus, which withstood sieges by the Spanish in 1659, 1711, and 1801. Elvas was the site of the Battle of the Lines of Elvas in 1659, during which the garrison and citizens of the city assisted in the rout of a Spanish Army. The Napoleonic French under Marshal Junot took it in March 1808 during the Peninsular War, but evacuated it in August after the conclusion of the Convention of Sintra. The fortress of Campo Maior to the northeast is known for its Napoleonic era siege by the French and relief by the British under Marshal Beresford in 1811, an exploit commemorated in a ballad by Sir Walter Scott.
UNESCO site
The Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2012.
The site, extensively fortified from the 17th to 19th centuries, represents the largest bulwarked dry ditch system in the world. Within its walls, the town contains barracks and other military buildings as well as churches and monasteries. While Elvas contains remains dating back to the 10th century, its fortification began during the Portuguese Restoration War. The fortifications played a major role in the Battle of the Lines of Elvas in 1659. The fortifications were designed by Dutch Jesuit Padre João Piscásio Cosmander and represent the best surviving example of the Dutch school of fortifications anywhere. The site consists the following:
Amoreira Aqueduct, built to withstand long sieges.
Historic Centre
and the covered way
Nossa Senhora da Graça Fort
Fortlet of São Mamede
Fortlet of São Domingos
Climate
Civil parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided in seven civil parishes (freguesias):
Assunção, Ajuda, Salvador e Santo Ildefonso
Barbacena e Vila Fernando
Caia, São Pedro e Alcáçova
Santa Eulália
São Brás e São Lourenço
São Vicente e Ventosa
Terrugem e Vila Boim
Sister cities
Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
Olivença, Disputed
Campo Maior, Alentejo, Portugal
Notable people
Manuel Rodrigues Coelho (ca. 1555 – 1635) a Portuguese organist and composer.
João de Fontes Pereira de Melo (1780–1856) a politician, a general and twice colonial governor of Cape Verde
José Travassos Valdez, 1st Count of Bonfim (1787–1862) a Portuguese soldier and statesman.
Fortunato José Barreiros (1797–1885) a colonial governor of Cape Verde and military architect.
Adelaide Cabete (1867–1935) a Portuguese feminist and republican.
Virgínia Quaresma (1882–1973) an early radical, feminist, lesbian journalist
Sofia Pomba Guerra (1906–1976) a feminist, opponent of the Estado Novo government in Portugal and an activist in the anti-colonial movements of Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau.
José António Rondão Almeida (born 1945) a Portuguese politician & Mayor of Elvas
Toni Vidigal (born 1975), Jorge Vidigal (born 1978) & André Vidigal (born 1998) Angolan football brothers
Raquel Guerra (born 1985) a Portuguese singer and actress.
Henrique Sereno (born 1985) a Portuguese former footballer with 236 club caps
Gallery
References
External links
UNESCO, Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications
Cities in Portugal
World Heritage Sites in Portugal
Populated places in Portalegre District
Municipalities of Portalegre District