Meisenheim

Meisenheim is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, and is also its seat. Meisenheim is a state-recognized recreational resort (Erholungsort) and it is set out as a middle centre in state planning.
Geography
Location
Meisenheim lies in the valley of the River Glan at the northern edge of the North Palatine Uplands. The municipal area measures 1 324 ha.
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Meisenheim's neighbours are Raumbach, Rehborn, Callbach, Reiffelbach, Odenbach, Breitenheim and Desloch, all of which likewise lie within the Bad Kreuznach district, except for Odenbach, which lies in the neighbouring Kusel district.
Constituent communities
Also belonging to Meisenheim are the outlying homesteads of Hof Wieseck, Keddarterhof and Röther Hof.
History
Meisenheim is believed to have arisen in the 7th century AD, and its name is often derived from the town's hypothetical founder "Meiso" (thus making the meaning "Meiso's Home"). In 1154, Meisenheim had its first documentary mention. Sometimes cited as such, however, is a document dated 14 June 891 from the West Frankish king Odo (for example by K. Heintz in Die Schlosskirche zu Meisenheim a. Gl. u. ihre Denkmäler in Mitteilungen d. Histor. Vereins d. Pfalz 24 (1900) pp. 164–279, within which p. 164, and by W. Dotzauer in Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes (2001), pp. 69 & 72), but this document is falsified (cf. H. Wibel: Die Urkundenfälschungen Georg Friedrich Schotts, in Neues Archiv d. Ges. f. Ältere Dt. Gesch.kunde Bd. 29 (1904), pp. 653–765, within which p. 688 & pp. 753– 757). In the 12th century, Meisenheim was raised to the main seat of the Counts of Veldenz and in 1315 it was granted town rights by King Ludwig IV. On what is now known as Schlossplatz ("Palace Square"), the Counts of Veldenz built a castle, bearing witness to which today are only two buildings that were later built, the Schloss Magdalenenbau (nowadays called the Herzog-Wolfgang-Haus or "Duke Wolfgang House") and above all the ("Palace Church"), building work on which began in 1479. Both buildings were built only after the Counts of Veldenz had died out in 1444 and the county had been inherited by the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken. This noble house, too, at first kept their seat at Meisenheim, but soon moved it to Zweibrücken. From 1538 to 1571, Duke Wolfgang of Zweibrücken maintained in Meisenheim a mint, with one interruption, although this was then moved to Bergzabern. The Doppeltaler (double Thaler), Taler (Thaler) and Halbtaler (half Thaler) coins minted in the time when the mint was in Meisenheim remain among the highest-quality mintings from Palatinate-Zweibrücken.
In 1799, Duke of Zweibrücken Maximilian IV inherited the long united lands of the Electorate of Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate. While these three states were now de jure in personal union, this did not shift the power structures on the ground at all, for Palatinate-Zweibrücken had already been occupied by French Revolutionary troops along with the other left-bank territories. After the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in 1815, the Congress of Vienna assigned the part of Palatinate-Zweibrücken lying north of the Glan, including Meisenheim, to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg rather than Maximilian's Kingdom of Bavaria. From 1816 onwards, Meisenheim was the administrative seat of the of Meisenheim and an . In 1866 the Grand Duchy of Hesse inherited Hesse-Homburg but had to cede its territory to the Kingdom of Prussia later that same year following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War. The town of Meisenheim itself was not wholly reunited until after the Second World War when state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded. Until then, the lands just across the Glan had been Bavarian (either as foreign territory or as another province within Imperial, Weimar or Nazi Germany) since the Congress of Vienna.
Jewish history
Meisenheim had a Jewish community possibly even as far back as the Middle Ages, after it was granted town rights in 1315. The first documentary mention of a Jew, however, did not come until 1551 when a "Jud Moses" cropped up in the record. He was selling a house on Schweinsgasse (a lane that still exists now). In 1569, the Jews were turned out of the town. After the Thirty Years' War, two Jewish families were allowed to live in the town. In 1740, the number of Jewish families was still supposed to be kept down to four, but this rule was often not upheld. The reasons given for these restrictions were mainly economic. …Fourteenthly, no more than four Jewish families should live and be tolerated in the local town; this rose under High Prince Gustav’s state government to 7 such, …which has not only caused the local grocers through the constant hawking and the butchers through shechita great harm and loss of sustinence, but also has already put many citizens and peasants to ruination, and furthermore still means that the little protection money that Your High-Princely Serene Highness draws from these people by far does not offset this harm, whereby Your High-Princely Serene Highness harms his truest subjects. If a few provisions have been indulged-in as a result of the hawking and shechita, bizarrely the butchers' guild article, then these Jews, as a dogged and naughty people, are not troubled by them, but rather begin their abuses anew after some time has gone by; we therefore ask, most humbly, that Your High-Princely Serene Highness most kindly deign to reduce the Jews here, to the citizenry’s greatest consolation, back to 4, by strengthening the provisions for the forbidden hawking and the butchers' guild article for excessive shechita. Following the 1740 decree, the Jews moved to nearby villages, still keeping themselves near the "market", which to them was a matter of survival, and which was of course also necessary for economic growth. The "grocers" and above all the butchers could thus not be wholly free of their competition, especially as the government knew enough to prize good taxpayers. This shift also applied across borders, and thus not only to the villages belonging to the canton of Meisenheim, but also to the bordering Palatine villages such as Odenbach. A more thorough analysis of this shift of town and country Jews appears in W. Kemp's review, and this work also contains a taxation roll of Jews in the canton of Meisenheim, showing the tax burdens borne by Jews living in the outlying villages of Medard, Breitenheim, Schweinschied, Löllbach, Merxheim, Bärweiler, Meddersheim, Staudernheim and Hundsbach. The modern Jewish community arose in the 18th century, According to a report from 1860, the oldest readable gravestone then at the Meisenheim graveyard bore the date 1725. Thus presumably Jews were then still allowed to live in the town. In the time of the French Revolution, there were fewer Jewish families, among whom was a butcher who was allowed to ply his trade in town. About 1800, it is clear that several families fled to the town to escape Johannes Bückler's (Schinderhannes's) crime wave. In the earlier half of the 19th century, the number of Jewish inhabitants grew sharply, mostly because of the arrival of newcomers from Jewish villages in the Hunsrück area. The number of Jewish inhabitants developed as follows: in 1808, there were 161; in 1860, 260; in 1864, 198 (12% of the population); in 1871, 160 (8.73% of 1,832 inhabitants); in 1885, 120 (7.05% of 1701); in 1895, 87 (5.01% of 1738); in 1902, 89 (5.01% of 1,777). Also belonging to the Breitenheim Jewish community were the Jews living in Breitenheim. In 1924 they numbered two. In the way of institutions, there were a synagogue (see Former synagogue below), a Jewish primary and religious school (present no later than 1826, and as of 1842 housed in the building at Wagnerstraße 13), a mikveh and a graveyard (see Jewish graveyard below). To provide for the community's religious needs, a primary and religious schoolteacher, alongside the rabbi, was hired, who also busied himself as the hazzan and the shochet (preserved is a whole series of job advertisements for such a position in Meisenheim from such publications as the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums). For a time, the hazzan's position was separate from the schoolteacher's. In the 19th century, a man named Benjamin Unrich worked as primary schoolteacher from 1837 to 1887 – 50 years. In 1830, he taught 32 children, in 1845, 46 and in 1882, 21. At either Unrich's retirement or his death in 1890, the Jewish primary school was closed, and thereafter Jewish schoolchildren attended the Evangelical school, while receiving religious instruction at the Jewish religious school. 1875 to 1909, the community's hazzan and religion teacher was Heyman de Beer. The last religion teacher, from 1924 to 1928, was Julius Voos (b. 1904 in Kamen, Westphalia, d. 1944 at Auschwitz). In 1924, he taught 15 children, but by 1928, this had shrunk to 7. After he left, the few school-age Jewish children left were taught by the schoolteacher from Sobernheim (Julius Voos earned his doctorate in Bonn in 1933, and between 1936 and 1943 he was a rabbi in Guben, Lusatia, then in Münster, whence he was deported to Auschwitz in 1943). Meisenheim was in the 19th century the seat of a rabbinate, with the rabbi bearing the title of the of Meisenheim in Hesse-Homburg times and ("District Rabbi") in Prussian times. Serving as rabbi were the following:
One member of Meisenheim's Jewish community fell in the First World War, Leo Sender (b. 12 July 1893 in Hennweiler, d. 20 October 1914). Also lost in the Great War was Alfred Moritz (b. 16 May 1890 in Meisenheim, d. 20 June 1916), but he had moved to Kirn by 1914. About 1924, when there were still 55 members of the Jewish community (3% of roughly 1,800 to 1,900 inhabitants), the community's leaders were Moritz Rosenberg, Simon Schlachter, Albert Kaufmann and Hermann Levy. The representatives were Louis Strauß, Levi Bloch, Albert Cahn and Siegmund Cahn. Employed as schoolteacher was Julius Voos. He taught at the community's religion school and taught Jewish religion at the public schools. In 1932, the community's leaders were Moritz Rosenberg (first), Simon Schlachter (second) and Felix Kaufmann (third). The community had since found itself without a schoolteacher. Instruction was then being given the Jewish schoolchildren by Felix Moses from Sobernheim. Worthy of mention among the then still active Jewish clubs is the Jewish Women's Club, which concerned itself with supporting the poor. In 1932 its chairwoman was Mrs. Schlachter.
In 1933, the year when Adolf Hitler and the Nazis seized power, there were still 38 Jews living in 13 families in Meisenheim. Thereafter, though, some of the Jews moved away or even emigrated in the face of the progressive stripping of their rights and repression, all brought about by the Nazis. Already by that year, intimidating measures were being undertaken: Shochet's knives were being seized by Brownshirt and Der Stahlhelm thugs. Several well known Jewish businessmen (grain wholesaler Hugo Weil, wine dealer Julius Levy, other livestock and grain wholesalers) were taken into so-called "protective custody". Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", the last ones in June 1938. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the synagogue sustained substantial damage, and worse, the Jewish men who were still in town were arrested. With the deportation of the last Jews living in Meisenheim to the South of France in October 1940, the Meisenheim Jewish community's history came to an end. According to the Gedenkbuch – Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945 ("Memorial Book – Victims of the Persecution of the Jews under National Socialist Tyranny") and Yad Vashem, as compared against other data, critically examined and completed by Wolfgang Kemp, of all Jews who either were born in Meisenheim or lived there for a long time, 44 were killed during Nazi persecution (birthdates in brackets):
Ferdinand Altschüler (1865)
Thekla Bär née Fränkel (1862)
Hedwig de Beer (1887)
Klara de Beer (1889)
Cäcilia (Zili) de Beer (1891)
Sigmund Cahn (1874)
Ida Cahn née Kaufmann, Sigmund's wife (1885)
Adolf David (1879)
Julius David (1883)
Leo Fränkel (1867)
Julius Fränkel (1873)
Karl Josef Fränkel (1902)
Pauline Goldmann, née Fränkel (1864)
Frieda Hamburger, née Schlachter (1885)
Willy Hamburger, Sohn von Frieda (1911)
Albert Löb (1870)
Flora Löb née de Beer (1895)
Julius Maas (1876)
Martha Mayer née Fränkel (1866)
Georg Meyer (1894)
Selma Meyer, née Schlachter, Georg's wife, Simon's and Elise's daughter (1894)
Johanna Nathan née Strauss (1873)
Moritz Rosenberg (1866)
Auguste Rosenberg née Stern, Moritz's wife (1863)
Elsa (Else) Rosenberg, Moritz's and Auguste's daughter (1894)
Flora Sandel née de Beer (1884)
Justine Scheuer née Fränkel (1861)
Simon Schlachter (1858)
Schlachter, Elisabeth Elise, née Sonnheim, Simon's wife (1867)
Adele Silberberg née David (1871)
Simon Schlachter (1877)
Isidor (Juda, Justin) Stern (1893)
Walter Stern (1899)
Ida Strauss née Strauss (1862)
Isaac Julius Strauss (1866)
Isaac (called 'Louis/Ludwig') Strauss (1887)
Laura Strauss née Michel, Louis's wife (1883)
Lilli Strauss, Louis's and Laura's daughter (1924)
Rudolf Strauss, Louis's and Laura's son (1928)
Isidor Weil, Jakob's brother (1875)
Friederike 'Rika' Weil née Stein, Jakob's widow (1875)
Dr. Otto Weil, Jakob's and his first wife Therese née Schwartz's son (1894)
Hedwig Weil née Mayer, wife of Hugo Emanuel, Jakob's and his second wife Friederike née Stein's son (1911)
Alfred Abraham Weil, Hedwig's and Hugo's son (1936)
After 1945, the only Jews who came back to Meisenheim were one married couple, Otto David and his wife. Listed in the table that follows are the fates of some of Meisenheim's Jewish families:
In comparison with the list of victims, it comes to light that idyllic and introspective Meisenheim was gladly sought out by expectant mothers as a place to give birth. Those born in Meisenheim markedly outnumbered those who had moved there. Three persons, who indeed were also born in Meisenheim but whose lives did not centre around it, lived in Mannheim at a seniors’ home and thus were seized in the Saar/Pfalz/Baden-Aktion undertaken by the two Gauleiter Bürckel and Wagner and thereby sent to Gurs. They were Ferdinand Altschüler (76) and the sisters Ida and Johanna Strauss (79 and 68). Now standing in memory of many of those Jews who died or were driven out in the Shoa are so-called Stolpersteine, which were only laid in the town on 23 November 2007 after town council's unanimous vote in response to the Meisenheim Synagogue Sponsorship and Promotional Association chairman Günter Lenhoff's proposal.
Criminal history
Like many places in the region, Meisenheim can claim to have had its dealings with the notorious outlaw Schinderhannes (or Johannes Bückler, to use his true name). In early 1797, the already well known robber committed one of his earliest burglaries in Meisenheim. One night, he climbed into a master tanner's house and stole part of his leather stock, which he then apparently tried to sell back to the tanner the next day. In the spring of 1798, Schinderhannes went dancing several times at inns in Meisenheim.
Religion
Meisenheim's Evangelical Christians belong, as one of the church's southernmost communities, to the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, while the Catholics belong to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier. As at 30 November 2013, there are 2,764 full-time residents in Meisenheim, and of those, 1,739 are Evangelical (62.916%), 591 are Catholic (21.382%), 8 are Lutheran (0.289%), 1 belongs to the New Apostolic Church (0.036%), 41 (1.483%) belong to other religious groups and 384 (13.893%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Meisenheim's mayor is Gerhard Heil.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Per fess argent a demilion azure armed and langued gules and crowned Or, and gules a blue tit proper.
The charge in the upper field, the lion, is a reference to the town's former allegiance to the Counts of Veldenz, while the one in the lower field, the blue tit, is a canting charge for the town's name, Meise being the German word for “tit”. This, however, is not actually the name's derivation. Meisenheim was raised to town in 1315 by King Ludwig IV. From the 12th century onwards, the town was held by the Counts of Veldenz. The arms are based on the town's first seal from the 14th century. It already bore the two charges that the current arms bear. In the 18th century, there was another composition in the town's seal showing a lion above a bendy lozengy field (slanted diamond shapes of alternating tinctures) while the tit appeared on an inescutcheon. This change reflected a change in the lordship after the Counts of Veldenz died out in 1444 and were succeeded by the House of Wittelsbach, who bore arms bendy lozengy argent and azure (silver and blue). This pattern can still be seen in Bavaria’s coat of arms and flag today. The former arms, however, were reintroduced in 1935. The article and the website Heraldry of the World show three different versions of the arms. The oldest, seen at Heraldry of the World, comes from the Coffee Hag albums from about 1925. It shows the tit in different tinctures, namely argent and sable (silver and black). The arms with the Wittelsbach bendy lozengy pattern are not shown.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
Altstadt (“Old Town”) (monumental zone) – Old Town with building begun in the 14th century within and including the 14th-century town wall, the Gießen (arm of the Glan, possibly an old millrace) with the tanning houses as well as the building before the former Obertor (“Upper Gate”) and Schlosskirche (“Palace Church”) (see also below)
Former Powder Tower (Pulverturm also called Bürgerturm) – round town wall corner tower, after 1315, later altered
Evangelical Schlosskirche (“Palace Church”), Schlossplatz 1 – former Knights Hospitaller church, Late Gothic hall church, 1479–1504, architect Philipp von Gmünd, 1766–1770 interior conversion by Philipp Heinrich Hellermann; breast wall with Late Gothic portal, marked 1484 (see also below)
Saint Anthony of Padua Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Antonius von Padua), Klenkertor 7 – former Franciscan monastery church: Baroque aisleless church, 1685–1688, architect Franz Matthias Heyliger, Baroque Revival tower, 1902, architect Ludwig Becker, Mainz (see also below)
Town fortifications – long sections, partly with allure, of the town fortifications begun before 1315, partly destroyed in 1689
Am Herrenschlag – Eiserner Steg (“Iron Footbridge”); iron construction with segmental arches, 1893
Am Herrenschlag 1 – Gelbes Haus (“Yellow House”), former Knights Hospitaller commandry; essentially from 1349 (?) or before 1489, conversion in early 18th century; stately timber-frame building with half-hip roof, towards the back a “shield gable” (that is, a gable that forms part of the façade). Furnishing; bridge to the Schlosskirche churchyard, estate gate complex
Am Herrenschlag 2 – Late Baroque house, partly slated timber framing, marked 1765
Am Untertor – Untertorbrücke (“Lower Gate Bridge”); three-arch sandstone bridge, possibly after 1784, put back in order after damage in 1811, widened in 1894
Am Untertor – Untertor (“Lower Gate”); three-floor town gate, 13th century and later
Am Wehr – town wall remnant with allure; 13th century and later
Am Wehr 2 – Gründerzeit sandstone-block building with knee wall, Late Classicist façade, 1879
Am Wehr 3 – former tanning house; quarrystone building, partly timber-frame, between 1768 and 1820
Am Wehr 4 – former tanning house; essentially from the latter half of the 19th century
Amtsgasse 1 – stately Baroque estate complex; building with hipped mansard roof, great barn, 1763–1765, architect Philipp Heinrich Hellermann (?)
Amtsgasse 2 – former Amtsgericht; Late Classicist sandstone-block building, 1865/1866
Amtsgasse 4 – plastered building with eaves facing the street, about 1822/1826
Amtsgasse 5 – three-floor Classicist house, marked 1833
Amtsgasse 7 – Classicist house, about 1822/1823
Amtsgasse 11 – timber-frame house, partly solid, 1631
Amtsgasse 13 – former Hunoltsteiner Hof; three-wing complex, 16th to 18th centuries; main wing, partly timber-frame, 16th century, Baroque side building, 1791–1721, timber-frame building above a columned hall
Amtsgasse 15 – Late Baroque house, marked 1752
Amtsgasse 19 – Late Baroque house, marked 1778; essentially possibly from the 17th century
An der Bleiche – sandstone arch bridge, latter half of the 19th century
Bismarckplatz 1 – railway station; Late Historicist sandstone-block building with tower, goods shed, side building, 1894
At Hammelsgasse 1 – Late Baroque door leaf, late 18th century
Hammelsgasse 3 – house, essentially before 1726, marked 1833
Hammelsgasse 5 – Baroque timber-frame house, before 1739
Hans-Franck-Straße – one-arch quarrystone bridge, marked 1761
Herzog-Wolfgang-Straße 9 – former agricultural school; Neoclassical plastered building, marked 1922/1923
Hinter der Hofstatt 9 – clinker brick building, Art Nouveau motifs, 1904
At Hinter der Hofstatt 11 – Classicist summer house, about 1830
Klenkertor 2 – Late Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, marked 1784, essentially possibly after 1686
Klenkertor 3 – shophouse, partly timber-frame, marked 1604, conversion in the late 18th century
Klenkertor 6 – inn „Zum Engel“; stately timber-frame building, possibly from the early 18th century
Klenkertor 7 – Catholic rectory; former Franciscan monastery, Baroque two-wing complex, marked 1716 and 1732, former monastery garden
Klenkertor 9 – inn with dwelling; two Baroque timber-frame houses with gables facing the street, partly solid, 1704 and 1714, joined in 1818
Klenkertor 16 – timber-frame house, partly solid, possibly from the 16th or 17th century
Klenkertor 20 – quarrystone barn, before 1768, conversion marked 1853
Klenkertor 26 – rich three-floor timber-frame house, marked 1618 and 1814
Klenkertor 30 – house, possibly from the 17th century and later
Klenkertor 36 – post-Baroque building with half-hip roof, 1822
Lauergasse 3 – Late Baroque house, marked 1770, essentially possibly older
Lauergasse 5 – Baroque house, marked 1739
Lauergasse 8 – Baroque house, essentially possibly from the early 18th century
Liebfrauenberg – sculpture group mother and child, 1937/1938, sculptor Arno Breker
Lindenallee 2 – Late Classicist house with knee wall, 1843
Lindenallee 9 – school, Heimatstil building with Renaissance motifs, 1908, Building Councillor Häuser, Kreuznach (see also below)
Lindenallee 21 – stately Late Historicist villa, 1911
Marktgasse 2 – Baroque timber-frame house, before 1761, conversion 1782
Marktgasse 3 – timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 16th century, conversion marked 1809
Marktgasse 5/7 – Classicist house, about 1830, essentially possibly from the 17th or 18th century
Marktgasse 9 – three-floor Late Baroque house, marked 1782
Marktplatz 2 – Mohren-Apotheke (pharmacy); three-floor Renaissance building, essentially from the 16th century
Marktplatz 3 – three-floor shophouse, essentially from the 16th century (?), conversion 1841
Marktplatz 4 – former market hall; long rich building with pitched roof, timber-frame, columned portico, possibly about 1550/1560 or from the 17th century
Marktplatz 5 – Late Classicist sandstone-block building, 1856
Mühlgasse 3 – former town mill; town wall tower/mill tower, great building with half-hip roof, essentially from the late 18th century, conversion marked 1860; three- to four-floor storage building, Rundbogenstil, 1897, with town wall tower, 14th century, wall remnants
Mühlgasse 6 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, marked 1705
Mühlgasse 8 – former stable (?), partly timber-frame, 18th century (?)
Mühlgasse 10 – barn, partly timber-frame, 18th/19th century
Mühlgasse 12 – house, essentially 1565 (?), timber-frame upper floor possibly from the 18th century
Mühlgasse 14 – former hospital; plastered building, before 1768, conversions in the 19th and 20th centuries, barn 1706
Obergasse 1 – Late Classicist house, marked 1852, essentially possibly older
Obergasse 2 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1720
Obergasse 3 – Kellenbacher Hof (estate); Late Gothic solid building with box oriel window and staircase tower, marked 1530
Obergasse 4 – so-called Ritterherberge (“Knights’ Hostel”); two- to three-floor pair of semi-detached houses, partly timber-frame (Baroque), essentially from the latter half of the 16th century; marked 1723
Obergasse 5 – Steinkallenfelser Hof (estate); Late Gothic solid building with staircase tower, about 1530, in 18th and 19th centuries made over
Obergasse 6 – pair of semi-detached houses, partly timber-frame, essentially Late Gothic (15th/16th century), façade made over in Classicist style about 1840
Obergasse 7 – former Reformed rectory; Late Baroque building, about 1760, timber-frame barn
Obergasse 8 – Fürstenwärther Hof (estate); 16th century; three-floor house, Late Classicist façade, 1855, Master Builder Krausch, side building 18th and 19th centuries
Obergasse 12 – Late Baroque house, before 1768
Obergasse 13 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, 1713, converted before 1823
Obergasse 15 – Baroque timber-frame house, 17th or early 18th century
Obergasse 16 – house, partly slated timber-frame, essentially before 1730, conversion in the early 19th century; hind wing on Marktgasse (“Market Lane”): timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially from the 17th century, conversion about 1800
Obergasse 17 – Renaissance timber-frame house, 16th century
Obergasse 18 – former mikveh; Art Nouveau house door
Obergasse 19 – so-called Inspektorenhaus (“Inspector’s House”); former Lutheran rectory, Renaissance timber-frame building with polygonal staircase tower, after 1588
Obergasse 21 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1728
Obergasse 22 – Late Gründerzeit house, clinker brick façade, 1906–1908, Master Builder Wilhelm
Obergasse 23 – timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 17th century, Late Baroque conversion (1764?)
Obergasse 25 – house with reliefs on windowsills, marked 1931
Obergasse 26 – Boos von Waldeck’scher Hof (estate); essentially from the Late Middle Ages; three-floor plastered building, staircase tower, marked 1669, conversion 1822
Obergasse 29 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century
Obergasse 31 – house, marked 1612, essentially possibly Gothic (13th or 14th century?), conversion 1891, addition, partly timber-frame, about 1900
Obergasse 33 – inn „Zur Blume“; Late Baroque building with mansard roof, before 1768
At Obergasse 35 – Gothic window and corbels
Obergasse 41 – three-floor Baroque timber-frame house, about 1704
Obertor 13 – Art Nouveau villa, 1906/1907
Obertor 15 – former Bonnet brewery; whole rambling complex of Gründerzeit buildings with former malt house and storage building with four chimneys, commercial yard, Gothic Revival style elements, last third of the 19th century
Obertor 24 – villa; Late Gründerzeit building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival, three-floor tower, 1890–1893, architect Jean Rheinstädter, Kreuznach
Obertor 30 – former forester's house; one-floor Late Gründerzeit building with half-hip roof, 1898
Obertor 34 – Late Gründerzeit villa, 1896/1897
Obertor 36 – Historicized villa, 1906
Obertor 38 – villa, Historicized Art Nouveau, 1906
Rapportierplatz – running well, 1938, fountain bowl and post by Jordan, bronze figure by Emil Cauer the Younger
Rapportierplatz 4 – inn with dwelling, timber-frame house, partly solid, essentially from the late 16th century, in 1754 described as made over in Baroque
At Rapportierplatz 5 – portal, Baroque, marked 1718
Rapportierplatz 6 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century, marked 1758
Rapportierplatz 7 – Late Baroque building with mansard roof, mid-18th century
Rapportierplatz 8 – three-floor timber-frame house, plastered, earlier half of the 19th century
Rapportierplatz 12/14 – three-floor Late Baroque house with knee wall, before 1768, conversion 1870
Rathausgasse 1 – former Lutheran Christianskirche (church); Late Baroque building with hip roof, 1761–1771, architect Philipp Heinrich Hellermann
Rathausgasse 3 – former barn, partly timber-frame, before 1550 (apparently 1495)
Rathausgasse 7, 9 – house, barn, mainly Baroque group of buildings, 18th century, building with half-hip roof, gateway with timber-frame superstructure, quarrystone side building
Rathausgasse 8 – house, essentially possibly Late Gothic (16th century?), made over in the 18th century, about 1820 and in the 20th century; stately timber-frame side building
Rathausgasse 10 – Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, 18th century
Raumbacher Straße, Alter Friedhof (“Old Graveyard”) (monumental zone) – laid out before 1829; gravestones from the 17th century to about 1900; surrounding wall
Raumbacher Straße 3 – house, Art Nouveau, 1906, architect Wilhelm
Raumbacher Straße 5 – bungalow, Art Nouveau motifs, 1906/1907
Raumbacher Straße 7/7a – one-and-a-half-floor pair of semi-detached houses, 1905
Raumbacher Straße 9/11 – pair of semi-detached houses; bungalow with mansard roof, Art Nouveau, 1907/1908
Behind Saarstraße 3 – summer house, Rococo, 1766
Saarstraße 3A – former synagogue; three-floor sandstone-block building, Rundbogenstil, 1866 (see also below)
Saarstraße 6 – stately Late Classicist complex with single roof ridge, about 1840
Saarstraße 7 – leprosarium's former chapel (?); marked 1745, made over about 1900; Late Classicist house, about 1850/1860, belonging to it?
Saarstraße 9 – villa, Renaissance Revival, 1893
Saarstraße 12 – post office; Heimatstil building with Expressionistic motifs, 1933, Postal Building Councillor Lütje
Saarstraße 16 – shophouse, three-floor Late Gründerzeit house, Renaissance motifs, 1898
Saarstraße 17 – villalike Late Historicist house, 1908–1910
Saarstraße 21 – former bank building; Late Gründerzeit house, Renaissance motifs, 1901/1902, garden architect Karl Gréus, carried out by architect Schöpper
Saarstraße 23 – Late Gründerzeit inn, Renaissance motifs, 1904
Inside Schillerstraße 4 – two Classicist doors, stairway
Schillerstraße 6 – former oilmill; Baroque timber-frame house, half-hip roof, 1693
Schillerstraße 8 – Late Gründerzeit house, Renaissance Revival, 1902
Schillerstraße 18 – former saddler's shop (?); one-floor workshop building with shop about 1900
Schlossplatz – on the town wall a relief of a warriors’ memorial 1914-1918, angel with trumpet, terracotta, sandstone, 1924, sculptor Robert Cauer the Younger
Schlossplatz 3 – former palace of the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken, Magdalenenbau (“Magdalene Building”) of the former palace; eight-sided staircase tower, 1614, architect Hans Grawlich, floor added in 1825; side wing, 1825, architect Georg Moller (see also below)
Schmidtsgasse 1 – three-floor timber-frame house, plastered, essentially from the 16th or early 17th century, conversion 1885
Schmidtsgasse 2 – one-and-a-half-floor magazine building, 1876
Schweinsgasse 7 – house with knee wall, essentially possibly from the 18th century, made over in Late Classicist style about 1830
At Schweinsgasse 12 – Classicist house door leaf, earlier half of the 19th century
Schweinsgasse 14 – former barn, essentially before 1768
Schweinsgasse 16 – house, 1905
Near Stadtgraben 7 – Classicist summer house, about 1820
Near Stadtgraben 9 – Classicist summer house, marked 1836
Untergasse 1 – Baroque timber-frame house, plastered and slated, possibly from the 17th century, marked 1716
Untergasse 2 – three-floor building with half-hip roof, essentially from the 15th century, west eaves side from the 17th and 18th centuries
Untergasse 8 – three-floor shophouse, timber-frame, essentially possibly from the latter half of the 16th century, possibly made over in the 18th century
Untergasse 10 – Baroque shophouse, marked 1724
Untergasse 12 – timber-frame house, partly solid, mid-16th century, Baroque makeover in the 17th century
Untergasse 15/17 – shophouse, marked 1658, made over in the 19th century, shop built in about 1900
Untergasse 18 – shophouse; three-floor Late Classicist sandstone-block building, 1872; belonging thereto Late Classicist house, mid-19th century
Untergasse 19 – timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1529, Baroque makeover in the later 18th century
Untergasse 20/22 – three-floor shophouse (pair of timber-frame semi-detached houses), essentially before 1768; volute stone with mason's mark, possibly 16th or 17th century
Untergasse 23 – former town hall; three-floor Late Gothic building with half-hip roof, partly slated timber framing, hall ground floor, about 1517, architect possibly Philipp von Gmünd; staircase tower 1580, newel 1652
Untergasse 24 – shophouse façade, building with hipped mansard roof, essentially before 1768, floor added about 1825
Untergasse 28 – three-floor shophouse; timber-frame, essentially from the earlier half of the 16th century
At Untergasse 29 – former house door and closet, 1797
Untergasse 32 – three-floor Late Baroque house, formerly marked 1787
Untergasse 33 – three-floor shophouse, late 17th century
Untergasse 34 – shophouse, timber-frame house with box oriel window, apparently from 1526, possibly rather from the latter half of the 16th or early 17th century
Untergasse 35 – three-floor shophouse; timber-frame, essentially before 1768, conversion in the 19th century
Untergasse 36/38 – shophouse; no. 36: essentially from the late 18th century, Classicist shop built in; no. 38: 1932, architect Wilhelm
At Untergasse 37 – house door; Rococo door leaf, about 1780
At Untergasse 39 – Classicist door leaves, about 1820; stone tablet with builder's inscription, 1817; wooden stairway, 1817
Untergasse 40 – three-floor Classicist house, 1822/1823
Untergasse 53 – three-floor shophouse, timber-frame, early 17th century
Untergasse 54 – three-floor timber-frame house, partly solid, polygonal staircase tower, about 1570/1580, portal marked 1775
Untergasse 55/57 – three-floor shophouse; two timber-frame houses combined under one roof, 16th century
Untergasse 56 – Baroque shophouse, 17th or 18th century
Untergasse 59 – timber-frame shophouse, partly solid, essentially possibly from the 18th century, conversion 1838
Untergasse 60 – shophouse, marked 1820; Baroque hind wing, 18th century
Untergasse 62 – three-floor shophouse, essentially from the 15th century (?), timber-frame possibly from the 18th century
Untergasse 66 – inn „Zum Untertor“ (“At the Lower Gate”); Baroque inn with dwelling, before 1768 (possibly from the 17th century)
Wagnergasse 1 – Classicist house, essentially about 1800
Wagnergasse 2 – Baroque house, before 1712
Wagnergasse 5 – timber-frame house, essentially before 1685, marked 1772
Wagnergasse 8 – former postal station; timber-frame house, partly solid, marked 1671, made over in Late Baroque marked 1780
Wagnergasse 11 – Late Classicist house, mid-19th century
Wagnergasse 13 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th or 18th century
Wagnergasse 20 – Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, mansard roof, marked 1743
Bridge, in the valley of the Glan – two-arch Baroque sandstone bridge, marked 1749
Summer house, Obern Klink – Late Baroque plastered building with upswept roof, 1766
Summer house, Im Bendstich – Late Baroque plastered building, apparently from 1793
Jewish graveyard, east of the Meisenheim–Rehborn road (monumental zone) – opened early in the 18th century, expanded in 1850, some 150 gravestones
Water cistern, on Kreisstraße 6 – sandstone-block front, marked 1899
More about buildings
Old Town
Meisenheim's Old Town is the only one in the area that can boast of continuous development, uninterrupted by war, fire or other destruction, since the 14th century. It also has an in places well preserved girding wall with a still preserved town gate, the Untertor (“Lower Gate”), the 1517 town hall, many noble estates and townsmen's buildings as well as a mediaeval scale for weighing freight carts. The town's oldest noble estate, the Boos von Waldeckscher Hof, was built about 1400. The building is today livened up by an event venue and can be visited.
Palatial residence
Left over from the Schloss (palatial residence), formerly held by the Counts of Veldenz and later the Dukes of Palatine Zweibrücken, extensively renovated in the 15th century but beset with fire in the 18th century and a round of demolition in the 19th, is only one major building, the Magdalenenbau, which was built in 1614 as a residence for Magdalena, the Ducal Zweibrücken widow, and considerably remodelled in the 19th century by the Landgraves of Hesse-Homburg. It is nowadays used by the Evangelical Church and hence also bears the name Herzog-Wolfgang-Haus (“Duke Wolfgang House”) after the Duke who lent the Reformation considerable favour.
Palace Church
The Evangelical Schlosskirche (“Palace Church”), a three-naved hall church, was built between 1479 and 1504. At the time of building, it stood right next to the Schloss and was the estate church, the town parish church and the Knights Hospitaller commandry’s church. Its Late Gothic west tower is shaped by rich stonemasonry. In the grave chapel, the 44 mostly Renaissance-style tombs of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken and the rich Gothic rib vaulting bear witness to sculptors’ highly developed art; also often praised is the wooden Rococo pulpit. The organ restored in 1993/1994 on the west gallery with its Baroque console was completed in 1767 by the renowned Brothers Stumm, and was already at the time, with its 29 stops, 2 manuals and pedal, one of the most opulent works of organ building in the Middle Rhine region. Together with the organ at the Augustinian Church (Augustinerkirche) in Mainz, it is one of the biggest preserved instruments built by this Hunsrück organ-building family.
Catholic church
The Baroque Catholic parish church, Saint Anthony of Padua, has very lovely interior décor, parts of which were endowed by former Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński, who for a time during his exile lived in Meisenheim.
Former school
On Lindenallee, which was fully renovated amid great controversy in 2007, stands the stately old Volksschule (public school), which after serving 90 years as a school is now an “adventure hotel”.
Former synagogue
At first, there was a Jewish prayer room. In 1808, a synagogue was built on Lauergasse. After it grew too small to serve the burgeoning Jewish community in the 19th century, the community decided in 1860 to build a new synagogue at the town's bleachfield on what is now called Saarstraße. From the earliest time during which donations were being gathered comes a report from the magazine Der Israelitische Volkslehrer published in October 1860:Meisenheim. This time, the local community has celebrated a very nice matnat yad. After using considerable sums to expand and beautify the graveyard two years ago, and one year ago, for the rabbi’s maintenance, correspondingly voting for a payrise for him, it granted over the last few festive days the sum of 2,000 Rhenish guilders to build a new synagogue. The one used until now was at the time of its founding 52 years ago was reckoned on a much smaller membership and even about 12 years ago became bereft of light as its neighbouring properties on all sides were built up; so that, seen from the point of view of the demands for better taste, it lacked light, air and room. Anyone who knows the local community’s circumstances will not consider this willingness to make sacrifices slight and will not refuse the community’s goodwill the fullest approval. Of course, this sum is still not enough and it is hoped all the more that there will be outside help, as people here never stood idly by when a call for help came from outside. The earlier synagogue was torn down a few years later. The new building was to become a representative building. The financing – costs reached 15,200 Rhenish guilders – could be ensured with a bit of effort. On 3 August 1866, the consecration of the new synagogue, designed by architect Heinrich Krausch, took place. It had seating for 160 worshippers. It was equipped with, among other things, six Torah scrolls, elaborate Torah ornamentation, silver candlesticks, an organ and a library. The prayer books were kept in six lecterns. Outwardly, it was a six-axis aisleless building with a three-floor façade with twin towers. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), the Meisenheim synagogue sustained considerable damage. All doors, windows and great parts of the galleries were reduced to rubble and a fire was set, although this was quickly quenched once the Brownshirt thugs realized that one of the neighbouring buildings was an SA house. The synagogue, however, was not torn down as so many others were, although the upper levels of the twin towers were removed in 1940. In the time of the Second World War, the building was mainly used as an industrial works, quite contrary to its originally intended purpose, and thereafter as a municipal storehouse. From 1951 on, it was a private storehouse for grain, fodder and fertilizer. In a conversion, the remnants of the women's galleries were torn out, the windows were walled up and upper floors were built inside. In 1982, the building was placed under monumental protection. In 1985, the Meisenheim Synagogue Sponsorship and Promotional Association was founded, which acquired the former synagogue the following year and had it restored. On 9 November 1988 – fifty years to the day after Kristallnacht – the former synagogue building was opened to the public as the Haus der Begegnung (“House of Meeting”). This new name corresponds to the literal meaning of the Hebrew term for “synagogue”: (beyt knesset, literally “house of assembly”). On the upper floor, as a visible reminder of the former synagogue, a glass window by the Israeli artist Ruth van de Garde-Tichauer was installed. The window was created with technical assistance from Karl-Heinz Brust from Kirn. The window's content is the return of the Twelve Tribes of Israel to Jerusalem based on the text from the Amidah (Tefilat HaAmidah “The Standing Prayer”), also called the Shmoneh Esreh (“The Eighteen”): “Sound the great shofar for our freedom; raise a banner to gather our exiles, and bring us together from the four corners of the earth into our land.” In a decision taken on 21 May 1997, the synagogue building received the protection of the Hague Convention as a cultural property especially worthy of protection. Since 1999, above the entrance, has been a Star of David made of Jerusalem limestone, endowed by the Bad Kreuznach district's partner town in Israel, Kiryat Motzkin. The former synagogue's address in Meisenheim is Saarstraße 3.
Jewish graveyard
The Jewish graveyard in Meisenheim was laid out no later than the early 18th century. The oldest preserved gravestone dates from 1725. In 1859, the graveyard was expanded with the addition of the “newer part”. The last burial that took place there was in 1938 (Felix Kaufmann). The graveyard has an area of 4 167 m2. In the graveyard's “older part”, gravestones are still standing at 105 of the graves, and in the “newer part”, this is so for a further 125 graves. The “newer part” is bordered on the east by a quarrystone wall. There is a great wrought-iron entrance gate. The graveyard lies outside the town to the east, east of the road from Meisenheim to Rehborn, in a wood called the “Bauwald”. It can be reached by walking about 200 m along a farm lane that branches off the highway.
Regular events
Mai'n Sonntag (shops open on Sunday), each year on the third Sunday in May
Heimbacher Brunnenfest, folk festival on the first weekend in July
Wasserfest (“Water Festival”), staged by the volunteer fire brigade
Mantelsonntag (shops open on Sunday), each year on the third Sunday in October
Weihnachtsmarkt (“Christmas Market”, with craft presentation at town hall)
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
In 1896, Meisenheim was joined to the railway network with the opening of the Lauterecken–Odernheim stretch of the Lauter Valley Railway. This section was absorbed in 1904 into the Glantalbahn, which was fully opened that year. Meisenheim's railway station was important to all resident industry. In 1986, though, passenger service between Lauterecken-Grumbach and Staudernheim was discontinued. Today, the station is only used as a stop on the adventure draisine journeys between Staudernheim and Kusel. Snaking through Meisenheim, mostly along the town's outskirts, is Bundesstraße 420.
Schools
Meisenheim has three schools:
Astrid-Lindgren-Grundschule (primary school)
Realschule plus in integrative form.
Paul-Schneider-Gymnasium, an extensive complex built in 1953 with adjoining boarding school, built as a successor to the town's former Progymnasium, the “Latin school”, which stood at the now likewise vanished Obertor (“Upper Gate”)
Healthcare
The Glantal-Klinik Meisenheim has two hospitals at its disposal. The Haus „Hinter der Hofstadt“ covers the demand for surgery, internal medicine and ambulant family medicine. The Glantal-Klinik is a centre for acute neurology, neurological rehabilitation, surgery and accident surgery, internal medicine and communication disorder therapy. Adjoining the clinic is a speech-language pathology centre.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Carl von Coerper (1854–1942), admiral and naval attaché
Heinrich Coerper (1863–1936), clergyman, founder of the Liebenzell Mission
Friedrich Karl von Fürstenwärther (1769–1856), Austrian field marshal-lieutenant and baron, from the House of Wittelsbach
Leopold von Fürstenwärther (1769–1839), Bavarian officer and baron, from the House of Wittelsbach
Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (1557–1597)
Karl Koehl (1847–1929), doctor and prehistorian, pioneer of Stone Age and Bronze Age research
Marco Reich (born 1977), footballer
Melitta Sundström (1964–1993); actually Thomas Gerards, entertainer
Famous people associated with the town
Stanisław Leszczyński (b. 20 October 1677 in Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine]; d. 23 February 1766 in Lunéville, France) — King of Poland; between 1714 and 1718 often in Meisenheim
Ferdinand Heinrich Friedrich von Hessen-Homburg (b. 26 April 1783 in Homburg vor der Höhe; d. 24 March 1866 in Homburg vor der Höhe) — Last Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom (b. 22 May 1770 in London; d. 10 January 1840 in Frankfurt) — also Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg; lady of the house at the Magdalenenbau (“Magdalene Building”) of the former palace
Friedrich VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (b. 30 July 1769 in Homburg vor der Höhe; d. 2 April 1829 in Homburg vor der Höhe) — lord of the house at the Magdalenenbau of the former palace
Georg Moller (b. 21 January 1784 in Diepholz; d. 13 March 1852 in Darmstadt) — architect and town planner, responsible for, among other things, the Magdalenenbau
Johann Georg Martin Reinhardt (1794–1872), chairman of the Oberamt/district of Meisenheim from 1832 to 1872
Johann Christoph Beysiegel (1778–1843), goldsmith and silversmith as well as first lieutenant in the Landwehr (1819).
Hellmut von Schweinitz (1901-1960), writer and journalist, clergyman at the Evangelical Schlosskirche, 1947-1960, founder of the Meisenheimer Dichterwochen (“poet weeks”)
Further reading
Der „historische Stadtrundgang“. In: Meisenheim am Glan. (24 S.), (Hrsg.: Stadt Meisenheim am Glan), Seite 1-11
Udo Salomon, Meisenheim. Eine kleine Stadt und ihre Bewohner in den Spannungsfeldern der europäischen Geschichte. Verlag M. Ess, Bad Kreuznach 2015, .
Peter H. Kemp, Meisenheimer Jugend aus Saar-Lor-Lux. Berlin 2000. .
Peter H. Kemp, Kinnerzit & Jeunesse in Saare-Lor-Lux. In Moselfränkischer Mundart. Paris 2012. .
Werner Vogt: Meisenheim am Glan als Zweitresidenz der Wittelsbacher Herzöge und Pfalzgrafen von Zweibrücken. In: Jahrbuch für westdeutsche Landesgeschichte. 19, 1993, Seite 303-324.
References
External links
Meisenheim in the collective municipality’s webpages
Information about Meisenheim’s Jewish history with photos of the former synagogue
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Bad Kreuznach (district)
Naheland
Burial sites of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Holocaust locations in Germany