Aphorism

Aphorism
An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle. Aphorisms are often handed down by tradition from generation to generation.
The concept is generally distinct from those of an adage, brocard, chiasmus, epigram, maxim (legal or philosophical), principle, proverb, and saying; although some of these concepts may be construed as types of aphorism.
Often, aphorisms are distinguished from other short sayings by the need for interpretation to make sense of them. In A Theory of the Aphorism, Andrew Hui defined an aphorism as "a short saying that requires interpretation".
A famous example is:
History
The word was first used in the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, a long series of propositions concerning the symptoms and diagnosis of disease and the art of healing and medicine. The often cited first sentence of this work is: "" - "life is short, art is long", usually reversed in order (see Ars longa, vita brevis).
This aphorism was later applied or adapted to physical science and then morphed into multifarious aphorisms of philosophy, morality, and literature. Currently an aphorism is generally understood to be a concise and eloquent statement of truth.
Aphorisms are distinct from axioms: aphorisms generally originate from experience and custom, whereas axioms are self-evident truths and therefore require no additional proof. Aphorisms have been especially used in subjects to which no methodical or scientific treatment was originally applied, such as agriculture, medicine, jurisprudence and politics.
Literature
Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as wisdom literature, have a prominent place in the canons of several ancient societies, such as the Sutra literature of India, the Biblical Ecclesiastes, Islamic hadiths, the golden verses of Pythagoras, Hesiod's Works and Days, the Delphic maxims, and Epictetus' Handbook. Aphoristic collections also make up an important part of the work of some modern authors. A 1559 oil–on–oak-panel painting, Netherlandish Proverbs (also called The Blue Cloak or The Topsy Turvy World) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, artfully depicts a land populated with literal renditions of Flemish aphorisms (proverbs) of the day.
The first noted published collection of aphorisms is Adagia by Erasmus. Other important early aphorists were Baltasar Gracián, François de La Rochefoucauld and Blaise Pascal.
Two influential collections of aphorisms published in the twentieth century were The Uncombed Thoughts by Stanisław Jerzy Lec (in Polish), and Itch of Wisdom by Mikhail Turovsky (in Russian and English).
Society
Many societies have traditional sages or culture heroes to whom aphorisms are commonly attributed, such as the Seven Sages of Greece, Chanakya, Confucius or King Solomon.
Misquoted or misadvised aphorisms are frequently used as a source of humour; for instance, wordplays of aphorisms appear in the works of P. G. Wodehouse, Terry Pratchett and Douglas Adams. Aphorisms being misquoted by sports players, coaches, and commentators form the basis of Private Eye's Colemanballs section.
Philosophy
Professor of Humanities Andrew Hui, author of A Theory of the Aphorism offered the following definition of an aphorism: "a short saying that requires interpretation". Hui showed that some of the earliest philosophical texts from traditions around the world used an aphoristic style. Some of the earliest texts in the western philosophical canon feature short statements requiring interpretation, as seen in the Pre-Socratics like Heraclitus and Parmenides. In early Hindu literature, the Vedas were composed of many aphorisms. Likewise, in early Chinese philosophy, Taoist texts like the Tao Te Ching and the Confucian Analects relied on an aphoristic style. Francis Bacon, Blaise Pascal, Desiderius Erasmus, and Friedrich Nietzsche rank among some of the most notable philosophers who employed them in the modern era.
Andrew Hui argued that aphorisms played an important role in the history of philosophy, influencing the favored mediums of philosophical traditions. He argued for example, that the Platonic Dialogues served as a response to the difficult to interpret fragments and phrases which Pre-Socratic philosophers were famous for. Hui proposes that aphorisms often arrive before, after, or in response to more systematic argumentative philosophy. For example, aphorisms may come before a systematic philosophy, because the systematic philosophy consists of the attempt to interpret and explain the aphorisms, as he argues is the case with Confucianism. Alternately, aphorisms may be written against systematic philosophy, as a form of challenge or irreverence, as seen in Nietzsche's work. Lastly, aphorisms may come after or following systematic philosophy, as was the case with Francis Bacon, who sought to bring an end to old ways of thinking.
Aphorists
Theodor W. Adorno (Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life)
Georges Bataille
George E. P. Box
Jean Baudrillard
Ambrose Bierce (The Devil's Dictionary)
F. H. Bradley
Malcolm de Chazal
Emil Cioran
Arkady Davidowitz
Nicolás Gómez Dávila
Desiderius Erasmus
Gustave Flaubert (Dictionary of Received Ideas)
Benjamin Franklin
Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro
Robert A. Heinlein (The Notebooks of Lazarus Long)
Edmond Jabès
Joseph Joubert
Franz Kafka
Karl Kraus
Stanisław Jerzy Lec
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
Andrzej Majewski
Juan Manuel (the second, third and fourth parts of his famous work El Conde Lucanor)
Mark Miremont
Friedrich Nietzsche
Oiva Paloheimo
Dorothy Parker
Patanjali
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
Faina Ranevskaya
François de La Rochefoucauld
George Santayana
Arthur Schopenhauer
Seneca the Younger
George Bernard Shaw
Lev Shestov
Nassim Nicholas Taleb (The Bed of Procrustes)
Mikhail Turovsky
Lao Tze
Voltaire
Wasif Ali Wasif
Oscar Wilde
Alexander Woollcott
Burchard of Worms
Cheng Yen (Jing Si Aphorism)
Sun Tzu
See also
Adage
Adagia by Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus
Brocard
Chiasmus
Cliché
Epigram
Epitaph
French moralists
Gospel of Thomas
Greguería
Legal maxim
Mahavakya
Maxim
Platitude
Proverb
Pseudo-Phocylides
Sacred Scripture:
Book of Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Hidden Words
Wisdom of Sirach
Saying
Sūtra
The Triads of Ireland, and the Welsh Triads
References
Further reading
Gopnik, Adam, "Brevity, Soul, Wit: The art of the aphorism" (includes discussion of Andrew Hui, A Theory of the Aphorism: From Confucius to Twitter, Princeton, 2019), The New Yorker, 22 July 2019, pp. 67–69. "The aphorism [...] is [...] always an epitome, and seeks an essence. The ability to elide the extraneous is what makes the aphorism bite, but the possibility of inferring backward to a missing text is what makes the aphorism poetic." (p.69.)
External links
Commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms
Narrative techniques
Paremiology
Phrases