PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
جهد القطع

جهد القطع
في علم الإلكترونات، يعتبر جهد القطع هو الجهد التي تكون فيه البطارية فارغة بالكامل. وفي الأجهزة الإلكترونية كالهواتف المحموله فإنها تغلق تلقائيا عندما تم الوصول إلى قيمة جهد القطع.
البطاريات
في البطاريات، يعتبر جهد القطع هو الحد الأدنى للجهد الذي عنده يتم اعتبار البطارية فارغة بالكامل. ويتم تحديد قيمة لهذا الجهد لمعرفة السعة الإنتاجية لكل بطارية. وتختلف قيمة هذا الجهد من بطارية إلي أخرى، فقيمة الجهد تعتمد بشكل كبير على نوع البطارية وطريقة استخدامها.
وعند اختبار سعة كل من بطارية NiMH و NiCd لتحديد قيمة جهد القطع، وجد أن جهد القطع لها هو 1 فولت.
بينما عند إجراء هذا الاختبار على البطارية القلوية، وجد أن جهد القطع لها هو 0.9 فولت.
جهد القطع في الأجهزة الإلكترونية المحمولة
يعتبر جهد القطع عالي القيمة هو الأكثر انتشارا بالنسبة للأجهزة الإلكترونية المحمولة. فعلى سبيل المثال، نوع معين من الموبايلات الذي يستخدم بطارية ليثيوم-أيون يقطع عند 3.3 فولت.
انظر أيضا
جهد اللاحمل.
اختبار اللاحمل.
تيار التشبع.
الجهد المنخفض.
وصلات خارجية
Samples of Low Voltage Cut-Off Relay Circuits
Effect of discharge cut off voltage on cycle life of MgNi-based electrode for rechargeable Ni-MH batteries
مصادر
إلكترونيات
معاملات كهربائية
Mali national under-20 football team

Mali national under-20 football team, represents Mali in association football at an under-20 age level and is controlled by Malian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Mali. The current coach is Mahamoutou Kane.
Their greatest achievement to date is finishing third in both the 1999 FIFA U-20 World Cup and in the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, where they defeated Senegal 3-1 in the third-place match.
Players
Current squad
The following players were selected to take part in the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Achievements
Africa U-20 Cup of Nations
Runners-up: 1989
3rd Place: 2003
Champions: 2019
FIFA U-20 World Cup
3rd Place: 1999
3rd Place: 2015
Did not qualify: 2017
Quarter-finals: 2019
See also
Mali national football team
Mali national under-17 football team
References
External links
Mali U-20 profile - eurosport.fr
20
African national under-20 association football teams
Matthew Henry Marsh

Matthew Henry Marsh (1810—1881) was a politician in Great Britain and New South Wales and a Queensland pioneer pastoralist.
Early life
Matthew Henry Marsh was born on 10 September 1810 in Salisbury, England, the son of the Rev Matthew Marsh, the Canon of Salisbury Cathedral and his wife Margaret (née Brodie). He attended Westminster School. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1833 and a Master of Arts in 1835 from Christ Church College of Oxford University. He was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1836, after which he was a barrister on the Western Circuit and at the Wiltshire Assizes.
However, he did not have a very successful practice as a barrister and so on the advice of his uncle he emigrated to New South Wales. On 24 June 1840, he sailed to Sydney on the Broxbournebury arriving on 24 September. There he purchased a 340,000 acre pastoral run in New England which he called Salisbury Plains, a 175,000 acre run called Boorolong, and a 200,000 acre run called Maryland on the Darling Downs (then part of New South Wales, but subsequently part of Queensland).
Leaving his pastoral properties under the management of his brother Charles, Marsh returned to England, where he married Eliza Mary Ann Merewether on 25 July 1844 in Calne, Wiltshire, England. On returning to New South Wales with his bride, in 1845 they built a large homestead called Salisbury Court at Salisbury Plains (now at 3031 Thunderbolts Way, Salisbury Plains, listed on the Uralla Shire local heritage register).
Politics
Marsh was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council 1 September 1851 to 31 March 1855 for the Pastoral Districts of New England and Macleay, where he was a strong advocate of establishing a separate colony in Northern Australia (which would include the New England and Darling Downs districts where his pastoral assets were located).
In 1855, he returned to England, where he was elected in 1857 to the House of Commons as the representative for Salisbury, where he continued to advocate for the new colony. He was successful in that the separation of Queensland occurred in 1859. However, he was personally disappointed that Queensland's southern boundary was further north than he wished, leaving New England part of New South Wales while the Darling Downs became part of Queensland.
In 1865, he returned to Australia between June and December. In Brisbane, his role in achieving separation was celebrated with a banquet in his honour on 11 September. He published an account of his journey in 1867.
He retired from the British Parliament in 1868.
Later life
Marsh became a magistrate in Hampshire and a deputy-lieutenant in Wiltshire. He became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
He made another visit to his Australian properties in 1873.
Marsh died on 26 January 1881 in Bournemouth, England.
Published works
— available at the Open Library
References
1810 births
1881 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
19th-century Australian politicians
Politicians from Salisbury
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
جان ماجر

جان ماجر هو لاعب كرة قدم سلوفيني في مركز الوسط، ولد في 25 يوليو 1992 في ماريبور في سلوفينيا. شارك مع منتخب سلوفينيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع نادي دومجاله.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في روسيا
رياضيون من ماريبور
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري السلوفيني الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو دوري كرة القدم السلوفيني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو ريجينا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من ماريبور
لاعبو ليتشي
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي دومجاله
لاعبو نادي روستوف
لاعبو نادي كريمونيسي
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1992
Matt Morris (engineer)

Matt Morris (engineer)
Matt Morris (born 12 May 1974) is a British motor racing engineer and former chief engineer of the McLaren Formula One team.
Biography
Morris graduated from Coventry University with a degree in mechanical engineering, joining Cosworth soon after. He remained at Cosworth until 2006, after which he joined Williams, where he stayed for eight years before joining Sauber in 2011. Morris quickly rose up the ranks at Sauber to become their chief designer, a position he held for two seasons before moving back to the UK as McLaren's chief engineer in 2013, a role he held until 26 July 2018 when he resigned.
References
Formula One engineers
British automotive engineers
McLaren people
Alumni of Coventry University
Living people
Williams Grand Prix Engineering
1974 births
مات يوربان

مات يوربان هو عسكري أمريكي، ولد في 25 أغسطس 1919 في بوفالو في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 4 مارس 1995 في هولاند في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
أشخاص في عملية أوفرلورد
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفراد عسكريون من بوفالو (نيويورك)
أفراد عسكريون من ولاية نيويورك
أمريكيون من أصل بولندي
حائزون على وسام الاستحقاق الأمريكي
حائزون على وسام النجمة الفضية
حاصلون على وسام شرف جيش الولايات المتحدة
خريجو جامعة كورنيل
ضباط الجيش الأمريكي
مدفونون في مقبرة أرلينغتون الوطنية
مواليد 1919
وفيات 1995
Intertheoretic reduction

Intertheoretic reduction
In philosophy of science, intertheoretic reduction occurs when a reducing theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a reduced theory, while the reducing theory explains or predicts a wider range of phenomena under more general conditions. Special relativity, for example, can be reduced to Newtonian mechanics for speeds far less than c.
According to Alexander Rosenberg philosophers mostly these days believe that reduction between sciences is possible in principle but concepts we currently have do not allow reductions even in many cases in which natural sciences are involved, for instance from biology to chemistry.
Often, the extent to which one theory can be said to be reduced to another theory is complicated by the existence of emergent phenomena. Furthermore, there is the issue of by what criteria one judges one theory as more fundamental than another. Often, this notion is ambiguous. For instance, a quintessential example of intertheoretic reduction is often considered to be the reduction of phenomenological thermodynamics to statistical mechanics. However, it has been argued that there are some phenomena (e.g. phase transitions and critical phenomena) that cannot be reductively explicated in terms of the "more fundamental" theory of statistical mechanics.
Especially psychology is seen often as a "scientific dead-end" due to its intentional concepts (though psychology does not necessarily have to use intentional concepts). Logical analysis has suggested that intentional concepts are not reducible to non-intentional concepts used by neurophysiology in which is the discipline "underlying" the psychology.
References
Metatheory of science
Reductionism
آيت بالعاشي (أمغاس)

آيت بالعاشي (أمغاس)
آيت بالعاشي هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة الحمام، إقليم خنيفرة، جهة بني ملال خنيفرة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة أمغاس التي تضم 14 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 239 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في أمغاس (الحمام)
Milbridge, Maine

Milbridge, Maine
Milbridge is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States at the mouth of the Narraguagus River. The population was 1,375 at the 2020 census. The town was incorporated in 1848. It contains the villages of Milbridge and Wyman.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics
As of 2020, the median income for a household in the town was $44,545.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,353 people, 612 households, and 345 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,009 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 95.1% White, 0.2% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 2.8% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.2% of the population.
There were 612 households, of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.6% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79.
The median age in the town was 47.3 years. 19.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 29.3% were from 45 to 64; and 23.8% were 63 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.
Economy
The economy consists of people involved in agriculture, commercial fishing, retail and tourism.
Two of Milbridge's largest employers are Wyman's and Kelco.
Notable people
Katie Aselton, director and actress (The Puffy Chair filmed in Milbridge)—from Milbridge
Gene Carter, federal judge—born in Milbridge
Theodore Enslin (1925–2011), poet—resident of Milbridge
Sue Hubbell, author—resident of Milbridge
David J. Kennedy (1907–1995), Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives—native of Milbridge
References
External links
Towns in Washington County, Maine
Towns in Maine
Populated coastal places in Maine
مسرح هارولد بينتر

مسرح هارولد بينتر، المعروف بـ "المسرح الكوميدي" حتى عام 2011، هو مسرح ويست إند، افتتح في شارع بانتون في مدينة وستمنستر في 15 أكتوبر 1881، باسم المسرح الكوميدي الملكي. تم تصميمه من قبل توماس فيريتي، وتم بناؤه في ستة أشهر فقط من الحجر والطوب. بحلول عام 1884 كان يُعرف ببساطة باسم المسرح الكوميدي. في منتصف الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي خضع المسرح لعملية إعادة بناء كبيرة وأعيد افتتاحه في ديسمبر 1955، بقيت القاعة بشكل أساسي عام 1881 مع ثلاث طبقات من الشرفات على شكل حدوة حصان.
المراجع
تأسيسات سنة 1881 في إنجلترا
كوميديا بريطانية
مسارح اكتملت في 1881
مسارح في مدينة وستمنستر
إسفغنون شخصي

إسفغنون شخصي (الاسم العلمي:Sphagnum personatum) هو من النباتات يتبع الإسفغنون من ال الإسفغنونية.
انظر أيضا
الإسفغنون
مراجع
إسفغنون شخصي
إسفغنون شخصي
إسفغنون شخصي
كودي غريم

كودي غريم هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكية أمريكي، ولد في 26 فبراير 1987 في فيرفاكس في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أظهرة كرة قدم أمريكيون
الأمن كرة القدم الأمريكية
رياضيون من مقاطعة فيرفاكس (فيرجينيا)
لاعبو تامبا باي بوكانيرز
لاعبو كرة القدم الأمريكية من فرجينيا
مدربو تامبا باي بوكانيرز
مدربو جاكسونفيل جاغوارز
مواليد 1987
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من مقاطعة فيرفاكس (فرجينيا)
غوردون ساذرلاند

غوردون ساذرلاند (و. 1907 – 1980 م) هو فيزيائي من المملكة المتحدة . وكان عضواً في الجمعية الملكية .
توفي عن عمر يناهز 73 عاماً.
التعليم
تعلم في جامعة سانت أندروز
جوائز
حصل على جوائز منها:
زمالة غوغنهايم
زمالة الجمعية الملكية.
مراجع
أشخاص من كيثنس
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ميشيغان
حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
خريجو جامعة سانت أندروز
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
علماء مختبر الفيزياء القومي
فرسان المملكة المتحدة
فيزيائيون بريطانيون
مواليد 1907
وفيات 1980
أساتذة كلية ايمانويل (كامبريدج)
رؤساء معهد الفيزياء (لندن)
1978–79 Isthmian League

1978–79 Isthmian League
The 1978–79 season was the 64th season of the Isthmian League, an English football competition.
At the end of the season Alliance Premier League was created. As a result of it, Isthmian League teams lost possibility to take part in the elections to the Football League as only highest placed team from Alliance Premier League who met the Football League requirements may apply. The Isthmian League refused to participate in the formation of the new league.
Premier Division
The Premier Division consisted of 22 clubs, including 20 clubs from the previous season and two new clubs, promoted from Division One:
Dulwich Hamlet
Oxford City
This season was the last one when Isthmian League clubs may have applied for election to the Football League. Though, no clubs participated in the elections.
League table
Division One
Division One consisted of 22 clubs, including 18 clubs from the previous season and four new clubs:
Two clubs relegated from the Premier Division:
Bishop's Stortford
Southall & Ealing Borough
Two clubs promoted from Division Two:
Epsom & Ewell
Metropolitan Police
At the end of the season Leytonstone, relegated from the Premier Division, merged with Ilford to form Leytonstone & Ilford. Subsequently, St Albans City were given a reprieve.
League table
Division Two
Division Two consisted of 18 clubs, including 15 clubs from the previous season and three new clubs:
Corinthian-Casuals, relegated from Division One
Hornchurch, relegated from Division One
Hungerford Town, joined from the Hellenic Football League
League table
References
Isthmian League seasons
I
Shannon number

Shannon number
The Shannon number, named after the American mathematician Claude Shannon, is a conservative lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess of 10120, based on an average of about 103 possibilities for a pair of moves consisting of a move for White followed by a move for Black, and a typical game lasting about 40 such pairs of moves.
Shannon's calculation
Shannon showed a calculation for the lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess, resulting in about 10120 possible games, to demonstrate the impracticality of solving chess by brute force, in his 1950 paper "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess". (This influential paper introduced the field of computer chess.)
Shannon also estimated the number of possible positions, "of the general order of , or roughly 1043". This includes some illegal positions (e.g., pawns on the first rank, both kings in check) and excludes legal positions following captures and promotions.
After each player has moved a piece 5 times each (10 ply) there are 69,352,859,712,417 possible games that could have been played.
Tighter bounds
Upper
Taking Shannon's numbers into account, Victor Allis calculated an upper bound of 5×1052 for the number of positions, and estimated the true number to be about 1050. Recent results improve that estimate, by proving an upper bound of 8.7x1045, and showing an upper bound 4×1037 in the absence of promotions.
Lower
Allis also estimated the game-tree complexity to be at least 10123, "based on an average branching factor of 35 and an average game length of 80". As a comparison, the number of atoms in the observable universe, to which it is often compared, is roughly estimated to be 1080.
Accurate estimates
John Tromp and Peter Österlund estimated the number of legal chess positions with a 95% confidence level at , based on an efficiently computable bijection between integers and chess positions.
Number of sensible chess games
As a comparison to the Shannon number, if chess is analyzed for the number of "sensible" games that can be played (not counting ridiculous or obvious game-losing moves such as moving a queen to be immediately captured by a pawn without compensation), then the result is closer to around 1040 games. This is based on having a choice of about three sensible moves at each ply (half-move), and a game length of 80 plies (or, equivalently, 40 moves).
See also
Solving chess
Go and mathematics
Game complexity
Combinatorial explosion
Notes and references
External links
Mathematics and chess
Mathematical chess problems
Large integers
Combinatorial game theory
Computer chess
Claude Shannon
Vladislav Dragojlović

Vladislav Dragojlović (born March 6, 1979) is a Serbian former professional basketball player. He is a 2.07 m tall center who last played for Al Kuwait.
References
External links
Vladislav Dragojlović at asiabasket.com
Vladislav Dragojlović at beobasket.net
Vladislav Dragojlović at tblstat.net
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Užice
Serbian men's basketball players
KK Budućnost players
KK Crvena zvezda players
KK Lions/Swisslion Vršac players
KK Radnički Kragujevac (2009–2014) players
KK Sloga players
OKK Beograd players
Panionios B.C. players
PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Saudi Arabia
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Greece
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Montenegro
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Kuwait
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Serbian expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
ABA League players
Centers (basketball)
81 Ceti b

81 Ceti b (abbreviated 81 Cet b) is an extrasolar planet approximately 331 light years away in the constellation of Cetus. It is estimated to be 5.3 times the mass of Jupiter which also makes it a gas giant. It orbits the G-type giant star 81 Ceti at an average distance of 2.5 AU, taking about 2.6 years to revolve with an eccentricity of 20.6.
Discovery
The preprint announcing this planet was submitted to the arXiv electronic repository on July 2, 2008, by Bun'ei Sato and collaborators, who discovered it using the Doppler Spectroscopy method, during the Okayama Planet Search radial velocity survey of G and K giants at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory.
See also
14 Andromedae b
6 Lyncis b
79 Ceti b
94 Ceti b
References
External links
Cetus
Giant planets
Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Johann Philipp von Schönborn

Johann Philipp von Schönborn (6 August 1605 – 12 February 1673) was the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz (1647–1673), the Bishop of Würzburg (1642–1673), and the Bishop of Worms (1663–1673).
Life
Johann Philipp was born in his family's manor house at Laubuseschbach (present-day Hesse) to Georg von Schönborn, a minor nobleman at the employ of the Lutheran counts of Wied. The Schönborn family had knightly rank and was first mentioned in 1275. However, by the time Johann Philipp grew up, most branches of the family had extinguished, and in fact, he and his brother were the last sprouts of the family.
In 1621, after it had been ascertained that he possessed the minimum quarters of nobility required, he was admitted as a minor canon (domizellar) by the cathedral chapter of Wurzburg Cathedral, and in 1625 by the cathedral chapter of Mainz Cathedral as well. In 1626, he received consecration in Mainz. He became a cathedral canon of Würzburg in 1629 and of Worms in 1630. He was elected prince-bishop of Wurzburg on 8 September 1642 and archbishop-elector of Mainz on 19 November 1647.
His diplomatic skills made him an important mediator during the Peace of Westphalia negotiations that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. As a result, he was elected Archbishop of Mainz in 1647, thus also ruler of the Electorate of Mainz and archchancellor of the Holy Roman empire. In 1663, he also received the prince-bishopric of Worms. He was an effective administrator of his principalities and was able to bring back economic recovery. He fortified the city of Mainz with the Fortress of Mainz and Mainz Citadel between 1655 and 1675. He also founded hospitals and high schools. His court was a center of German politics in the post-war era.
He made his brother Philip Erwein (1607-1668) a Vogt in the Electorate of Mainz, where the latter acquired the castles of Gaibach in 1650, of Geisenheim in 1654, and of Heusenstamm (where he built a new castle) in 1661. The family thus shifted its focus from its regions of origin (in modern Hesse), which had become predominantly protestant, to the catholic ecclesiastical principalities of the empire, located in Franconia and on the Rhine.
He died in Würzburg in 1673 and was interred in Mainz Cathedral.
Legacy
Johann Philipp was the first of six members of the Schönborn family who, in the course of more than three generations, were to rule over eight of the most prestigious ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, giving the name Schönbornzeit to an era (1642–1756), sometimes nostalgically remembered in the popular conscience as an era of prosperity. Today, the term Schönbornzeit denotes a particular style of Rhenish and Franconian baroque. His contemporaries gave him the honorable titles of "The Wise", "The German Solomon", and "The Cato of Germany".
Further reading
References
1605 births
1673 deaths
People from Limburg-Weilburg
Archbishop-Electors of Mainz
Roman Catholic bishops of Worms
Prince-Bishops of Würzburg
17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Burials at Mainz Cathedral
Dukes of Franconia
Johann Philipp
German people of the Thirty Years' War
Jasper Taylor

Jasper Taylor (January 1, 1894, Texarkana, Arkansas – November 7, 1964, Chicago) was an American jazz drummer.
Taylor performed in Wild West revues and minstrel shows in his teens, touring the American South and Mexico. He played in Memphis, Tennessee in 1913, on washboard, drums, wood blocks, and xylophone. As a xylophonist he collaborated with W.C. Handy, and later played with Jelly Roll Morton.
In 1917 he moved to Chicago, where he was based out of for most of his career. He played in the 365th Infantry Band in France during World War I, and played with Handy, Will Marion Cook, the Chicago Novelty Orchestra, and Clarence Williams in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Later in the 1920s he worked with Dave Peyton and Fess Williams.
Due to the downturn in opportunities to perform during the Great Depression, he quit music in the 1930s and became a cobbler. In the 1940s he returned to active performance with Freddie Shayne and others; in the 1950s he played for several years with Natty Dominique. Shortly before his death he led his own Creole Jazz Band.
References
[ Jasper Taylor] at Allmusic
Texas Music Office - Texas Music Pioneer Birthdays
1894 births
1964 deaths
American jazz drummers
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians