Chionophile

Chionophiles are any organisms (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) that can thrive in cold winter conditions (the word is derived from the Greek word chion meaning "snow", and -phile meaning "lover"). These animals have specialized adaptations that help them survive the harshest winters.
Polar regions
Arctic animals
Animals such as caribou, Arctic hares, Arctic ground squirrels, snowy owls, puffins, tundra swan, snow geese, Steller's eiders and willow ptarmigan all survive the harsh Arctic winters quite easily and some, like the willow ptarmigan, are only found in the Arctic region.
Antarctic animals
Antarctica, also known as the southern pole, is larger and can become much colder than the northern pole. As a result, few animals can survive on the mainland of Antarctica, and those that do mostly live near the coast. The few animals that live on the mainland are birds such as Antarctic terns, grey-headed albatross, imperial shag, snowy sheathbill and the most well known inhabitant of Antarctica, penguins. The inhospitable environment helps to deter predators; the few predators that hunt on the mainland, including the south polar skua and the southern giant petrel, mainly prey upon chicks. Most Antarctic predators are found in the polar waters, including the orca and the leopard seal.
Polar adaptations
Normally when colder conditions arrive, animals go into a state of suspended animation called hibernation, when they go into a state of inactivity for long periods of time, which they do not come out of until more suitable conditions for them to survive in arrive. However, when animals live in an environment that is inhospitable for much of the year, then hibernation is not necessary. One of the few animals that does so are lemmings, which have a mass migration after they come out of dormancy. However, most animals living in the arctic would still be active, even during the most brutal times of winter. Aquatic animals such as Greenland shark, wolf fish, Atlantic cod, Atlantic halibut and Arctic char must cope with the sub-zero temperatures in their waters. Some aquatic mammals, such as walrus, seal, sea lion, narwhals, beluga whales and killer whales, can store fat called blubber that they use to help keep warm in the icy waters. Some ungulates that live in frigid conditions often have pads under their hooves to help have a stronger tension on the icy ground or to help in climbing up on rocky terrain. But mammals that already have a pad under their foot such as polar bears, wolverines, Arctic wolves and Arctic foxes will have fur under their pads to help keep their flesh concealed from the cold. Other mammals such as the musk oxen can keep warm by growing long, shaggy fur to help insulate heat. And this can be quickly shed off when warmer temperatures arrive. But with the snowshoe hare it will change the color of its fur from white to brown or with patches of brown when it sheds off its winter coat. This is to help camouflage itself in its new environment to match with the dirt during the summer or back again when it regrows its longer white fur to match with the snow during the winter.
Mountainous regions
Other chionophiles can be found on or near the equator and yet still live in freezing temperatures. This is mostly due to their geographical range, such as on high altitude mountains where it can reach very cold temperatures and have less oxygen the higher the altitude. These may include the Andes, the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountains, where animals such as snow leopards, pumas, wild yaks, mountain sheep, mountain goats, ibex, vicuñas and guanacos can thrive.
Known chionophiles
The following animals are known chionophiles:
ABC Islands bear
Adélie penguin
Alaska marmot
Alaska moose
Alaska Peninsula brown bear
Alaskan hare
Alaskan tundra wolf
Antarctic fur seal
Antarctic petrel
Antarctic tern
Arctic fox
Arctic hare
Arctic redpoll
Arctic tern
Arctic warbler
Arctic wolf
Atlantic puffin
Baird's sandpiper
Baffin Island wolf
Barnacle goose
Barren ground shrew
Barren-ground caribou
Bearded seal
Black guillemot
Black-bellied storm petrel
Black-legged kittiwake
Brown skua
Buff-breasted sandpiper
Cape petrel
Chinstrap penguin
Common murre
Crabeater seal
Crested auklet
Emperor penguin
Gentoo penguin
Glaucous gull
Great skua
Greater white-fronted goose
Grey plover
Grey seal
Gyrfalcon
Harbor seal
Harp seal
Heuglin's gull
Hooded seal
Iceland gull
Ivory gull
Kelp gull
King eider
Lapland longspur
Least auklet
Lemming
Leopard seal
Lesser white-fronted goose
Little auk
Little stint
Long-tailed jaeger
Macaroni penguin
Muskox
Nelson's collared lemming
Northern collared lemming
Northern elephant seal
Northern fur seal
North American brown lemming
Pacific golden plover
Parasitic jaeger
Peary caribou
Pectoral sandpiper
Polar bear
Pomarine jaeger
Purple sandpiper
Red knot
Red phalarope
Red-legged kittiwake
Reindeer
Ribbon seal
Ringed seal
Ross seal
Ross's gull
Ruddy turnstone
Sabine's gull
Sanderling
Siberian brown lemming
Snow bunting
Snow goose
Snow petrel
Snowshoe hare
Snowy owl
Snowy sheathbill
South polar skua
Southern elephant seal
Southern fulmar
Spectacled eider
Spotted seal
Steller's eider
Svalbard reindeer
Thick-billed murre
Tundra vole
Ungava collared lemming
Walrus
Weddell seal
White-rumped sandpiper
Wolverine
Yellow-billed loon
See also
Aquatic animals
Arboreal locomotion
List of birds of Antarctica
Psychrophile
Troglobite
Xerocole
References
Animals by adaptation
Fauna of the Arctic