Yi I

Yi I (1536 – 1584) was a Korean philosopher, writer, and Confucian scholar of the Joseon Dynasty. Yi is often referred to by his art name Yulgok ("Chestnut valley"). He was also a politician and was the academical successor of Jo Gwang-jo.
Life
Yi was born in Gangneung, Gangwon Province in 1536 into the . His father was a Fourth State Councillor Yi Won-su, and his mother, Shin Saimdang, was an accomplished artist and calligrapher. He was the grandnephew of Yi Gi, prime minister from 1549 to 1551.
In his early years, he was a student of Baek In-geol, the successor of Jo Gwang-jo. It is said that by the age of seven he had finished his lessons in the Confucian classics, and passed the Civil Service literary examination at the age of 13. Yi secluded himself in Kumgang-san following his mother's death when he was 16 and stayed for 3 years, studying Buddhism. He left the mountains at 20 and devoted himself to studying Confucianism.
He married at 22, and visited Yi Hwang at Dosan the following year. He passed special exams with top honors with a winning thesis titled , which was widely regarded as a literary masterpiece, displaying his knowledge of history and the Confucian philosophy of politics, and also reflecting his profound knowledge of Taoism. He continuously received top honors on civil exams for a consecutive 9 times. His father died when he was 26. He served in various positions in government from the age of 29, and visited the Ming Dynasty as in 1568. He also participated in the writing of the Myeongjong Annals and at 34, authored Dongho Mundap, an eleven-article political memorial devoted to clarifying his conviction that a righteous government could be achieved.
Due to his vast experience in different offices over the years, Yi was able to garner a wide vision of politics and with the deep trust of the king, became one of the central figures of politics by the time he was 40. His many documents and theses were presented to the royal court but when political conflicts escalated in 1576, his efforts proved fruitless and he returned home. Following his return, he devoted his time to studies and education of his disciples and authored several books.
He returned to office at 45 and while holding various minister positions, produced many writings which recorded crucial political events and showed his efforts to ease the political conflicts that were rampant at that time. However, King Seonjo was noncommittal in his attitude and it became difficult for Yi to remain in a neutral position in the conflicts. He left office in 1583 and died the following year.
According to legend, he had a pavilion built near the ford of the Imjin River in his lifetime and instructed his heirs to set it ablaze when the king had to flee northward from Seoul, to provide a guiding beacon. This took place during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea at the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).
Teachings
Yi was not only known as a philosopher but also as a social reformer. He did not completely agree with the dualistic Neo-Confucianism teachings followed by Yi Hwang. His school of Neo-Confucianism placed emphasis on the more concrete, material elements; rather than inner spiritual perception, this practical and pragmatic approach valued external experience and learning. Unlike Yi Hwang, who suffered through tumultuous times and did not enjoy being in politics, Yi was an active official who thought it important to implement Confucian values and principles to government administration. He emphasized sage learning and self-cultivation as the base of proper administration.
Yi is also well known for his foresight about national security. He proposed to draft and reinforce the army against a possible Japanese attack. His proposal was rejected by the central government. He died afterwards, before the start of the Imjin war.
Selected works
These are some of Yi's published writings:
Questions and Answers at East Lake - Eleven articles about political reform.
Memorial in Ten Thousand Words - Suggestions about Confucian learning, self-cultivation, and application to government administration.
The Essentials of the Studies of the Sages - Fundamentals of Confucian ethics, self-cultivation and statecraft.
The Secret of Expelling Ignorance - Systematic guide of learning.
Daily Records of Lectures before the Throne - Record of political events and happenings.
The Complete Works of Yulgok was compiled after his death on the basis of the writings he bequeathed.
Legacy
Yulgongno, a street in central Seoul, is named after him, and he is depicted on the South Korean 5,000 won note. The Taekwon-Do pattern Yul-Gok was also named in his honor. This is the pattern required to advance from 5th Kup Green Belt with Blue Tag to 4th Kup Blue Belt. The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on the 38th degree latitude. The "Yulgok Project", a modernization project for the South Korean military, is named after him as well.
Family
Father: Yi Won-su (이원수, 李元秀) (1501 - 1561)
Grandfather: Yi Cheon (이천)
Mother: Shin Saimdang (1504 - 1551) (신사임당)
Grandfather: Shin Myeong-hwa (신명화, 申命和)
Grandmother: Lady Yi of the Yongin Yi clan (용인 이씨, 龍仁 李氏)
Siblings
Older brother: Yi Seon (이선)
Older sister: Yi Mae-chang (이매창, 李梅窓), Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan
Older brother: Yi Byeon (이번)
Older sister: Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan (덕수 이씨, 德水 李氏)
Younger sister: Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan (덕수 이씨, 德水 李氏)
Younger brother: Yi Woo (이우, 李瑀) (1542 - 1609)
Wife and children:
Lady No of the Goksan No clan (? - 1592) (곡산 노씨)
Daughter: Lady Yi (이씨)
Son-in-law: Kim Jip (김집, 金集) (1574 - 1656)
Grandson: Kim Ik-hyeong (김익형, 金益炯)
Grandson: Kim Ik-ryeon (김익련, 金益煉)
Concubines
Lady Kim (김씨)
Lady Yi of the Gyeongju Yi clan (경주 이씨, 慶州 李氏)
Popular culture
Portrayed by Jung Joon-won in the 2017 SBS TV series Saimdang, Memoir of Colors.
See also
Korean Confucianism
Yi Hwang
Korean philosophy
List of Joseon Dynasty people
History of Korea
Notes
References
Chung, Edward Y. J. (1995). The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi Tʻoegye and Yi Yulgok: a Reappraisal of the 'Four-Seven Thesis' and its Practical Implications for Self-Cultivation. Albany: State University of New York Press. ; ; OCLC 30594574
Daehwan, Noh. "The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century," Korea Journal. Winter 2003.
Haboush, JaHyun Kim and Martina Deuchler. (1999). Culture and the State in Late Chosŏn Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 40926015
Lee, Peter H. (1993). Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. ; ; ; OCLC 26353271
External links
Yulgok Academy
Ojukheon & Gangneung Municipal Museum
Yulgok and the Logic of Li and Qi
Selected bibliography
1536 births
1584 deaths
16th-century Korean writers
Korean Confucianists
16th-century Korean philosophers
People from Gangneung
16th-century pseudonymous writers