Pentatomidae

Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species. As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.
Etymology
The name "Pentatomidae" is from the Greek pente meaning "five" and tomos meaning "section", and refers to the five segments of their antennae. Pentatomids are generally called "shield bugs" in British English, or "stink bugs" in American English. However, the term shield bugs is also applied broadly to include several related families (e.g. Acanthosomatidae, Scutelleridae, and Cydnidae), or specifically only to refer to species in the family Acanthosomatidae. The term shield bug refers to the generalized body shape of adult bugs in these families which resembles a heraldic shield when viewed from above.
The American name "stink bug" is specific to the Pentatomidae, and refers to their ability to release a pungent defensive spray when threatened, disturbed, or crushed. The composition of this spray may vary between species, and even by sex or age, but generally includes aldehydes and alkanes. Descriptions of the smells vary widely, and include oily, dusty, woody and earthy, and like coriander. In some species, the liquid contains cyanide compounds and a rancid almond scent, used to protect themselves and discourage predators.
The term "stink bug" may also be a vernacular for unrelated insects such as pinacate beetles (in the genus Eleodes).
Taxonomy
There are several subfamilies, of which the Aphylinae is often given family status, but is here retained as a subfamily, following Grazia et al. (2008). The subfamilies include:
Aphylinae Bergroth, 1906 – Australia
Aphylus Bergroth, 1906
Neoaphylum Štys & Davidová-Vilímová, 2001
Asopinae Spinola, 1850
Troilus Stål, 1868
Cyrtocorinae Distant, 1880
Ceratozygum Horváth, 1916
Cyphothyrea Horváth, 1916
Cyrtocoris White, 1842
Pseudocyrtocoris Jensen-Haarup, 1926
Discocephalinae Fieber, 1860
Discocephala Laporte, 1832
Ochlerus Spinola, 1837
Edessinae Fieber, 1860
Anisoedessa Nunes & Fernandes, 2019
Brachystethus Laporte, 1833
Doesburgedessa Fernandes, 2010
Edessa (bug) Fabricius, 1803
Grammedessa Correia & Fernandes, 2016
Lopadusa Stål, 1860
Mediocampus Thomas, 1994
Neopharnus Van Duzee, 1910
Olbia (bug) Stål, 1862
Pantochlora Stål, 1870
Paraedessa Silva & Fernandes, 2013
Peromatus Amyot & Serville, 1843
Pharnus Stål, 1867
Plagaedessa Almeida & Fernandes, 2018
Platistocoris Rider, 1998
Praepharnus Barber & Bruner, 1932
Pentatominae Leach, 1815
Bathycoelia Amyot & Serville, 1843
Pentatoma Olivier, 1789
Phyllocephalinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
Cressona Dallas, 1851
Megarrhamphus Bergroth, 1891
Phyllocephala Laporte, 1833
Tetroda Amyot & Serville, 1843
Podopinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
Graphosoma Laporte de Castelnau, 1833
Podops Laporte de Castelnau, 1833
Serbaninae (monotypic)
Serbana borneensis Distant, 1906
Stirotarsinae (monotypic)
Stirotarsus Bergroth, 1911
incertae sedis
Antillosciocoris Thomas, 2005
Asopus Burmeister, 1834
Jostenicoris Arnold, 2011
Description
All pentatomids have 5-segmented antennae, and 3 tarsal segments on each foot. They generally have a large triangular scutellum in the center of the back. The body shape of adult pentatomids is generally "shieldlike," when viewed from above, but this varies between species, and is not true for the immature nymphal stages. The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous. At rest, the wings are laid across the back of the insect, with the membranous wingtips overlapping. The hindwings are entirely membranous.
Economics
Several stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pests, because they can grow into large populations that feed on crops, damaging production, and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.
In Mexico, some species of stink bugs are called jumil, chinche de monte, xotlinilli, or chumil (e.g. Edessa mexicana). They are most often eaten in the states of Morelos and Guerrero. The flavor is sometimes said to resemble cinnamon, or sometimes a bitter medicinal flavor. Jumiles may be used for making sauces or as taco filling.
Since recent arrival in the U.S., populations of the brown marmorated stink bug have grown significantly. As of October 2014, brown marmorated stink bugs can be found in 41 out of 50 states within the U.S. In 2016 New Zealand's MPI put out an alert to prevent this invasive species from entering via imported cargo.
See also
List of Pentatomidae genera
Chinavia hilaris, the green stink bug
Alcaeorrhynchus grandis
Cosmopepla lintneriana, the twice-stabbed stink bug
Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug
Oebalus pugnax, the rice stink bug
Euthyrhynchus floridanus, the Florida predatory stink bug
European species
European species within this family include:
Acrosternum arabicum Wagner, 1959
Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, 1861
Acrosternum malickyi Josifov & Heiss, 1989
Acrosternum millierei (Mulsant & Rey, 1866)
Acrosternum rubescens (Noualhier, 1893)
Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Aelia albovittata Fieber, 1868
Aelia angusta Stehlik, 1976
Aelia cognata Fieber, 1868
Aelia cribrosa Fieber, 1868
Aelia furcula Fieber, 1868
Aelia germari Kuster, 1852
Aelia klugii Hahn, 1833
Aelia notata Rey, 1887
Aelia rostrata Boheman, 1852
Aelia sibirica Reuter, 1884
Aelia virgata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841)
Ancyrosoma leucogrammes (Gmelin, 1790)
Andrallus spinidens (Fabricius, 1787)
Antheminia absinthii (Wagner, 1952)
Antheminia aliena (Reuter, 1891)
Antheminia lunulata (Goeze, 1778)
Antheminia pusio (Kolenati, 1846)
Antheminia varicornis (Jakovlev, 1874)
Apodiphus amygdali (Germar, 1817)
Arma custos (Fabricius, 1794)
Arma insperata Horvath, 1899
Asaroticus solskyi Jakovlev, 1873
Bagrada abeillei Puton, 1881
Bagrada confusa Horvath, 1936
Bagrada elegans Puton, 1873
Bagrada funerea Horvath, 1901
Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister, 1835)
Bagrada stolida (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839)
Bagrada turcica Horvath, 1936
Brachynema cinctum (Fabricius, 1775)
Brachynema germarii (Kolenati, 1846)
Brachynema purpureomarginatum (Rambur, 1839)
Capnoda batesoni Jakovlev, 1889
Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899
Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1850)
Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761)
Carpocoris purpureipennis (De Geer, 1773)
Chlorochroa juniperina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Chlorochroa pinicola (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
Chlorochroa reuteriana (Kirkaldy, 1909)
Chroantha ornatula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842)
Codophila varia (Fabricius, 1787)
Crypsinus angustatus (Baerensprung, 1859)
Derula flavoguttata Mulsant & Rey, 1856
Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dolycoris numidicus Horvath, 1908
Dryadocoris apicalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842)
Dybowskyia reticulata (Dallas, 1851)
Dyroderes umbraculatus (Fabricius, 1775)
Eudolycoris alluaudi (Noualhier, 1893)
Eurydema cyanea (Fieber, 1864)
Eurydema dominulus (Scopoli, 1763)
Eurydema eckerleini Josifov, 1961
Eurydema fieberi Schummel, 1837
Eurydema gebleri Kolenati, 1846
Eurydema herbacea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1833)
Eurydema lundbaldi Lindberg, 1960
Eurydema maracandica Oshanin, 1871
Eurydema nana Fuente, 1971
Eurydema oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eurydema ornata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eurydema rotundicollis (Dohrn, 1860)
Eurydema rugulosa (Dohrn, 1860)
Eurydema sea Pericart & De la Rosa 2004
Eurydema spectabilis Horvath, 1882
Eurydema ventralis Kolenati, 1846
Eysarcoris aeneus (Scopoli, 1763)
Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood, 1837)
Eysarcoris venustissimus (Schrank, 1776)
Graphosoma interruptum White, 1839
Graphosoma italicum (Müller, 1766)
Graphosoma lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Graphosoma melanoxanthum Horvath, 1903
Graphosoma semipunctatum (Fabricius, 1775)
Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855)
Holcogaster fibulata (Germar, 1831)
Holcostethus albipes (Fabricius, 1781)
Holcostethus evae Ribes, 1988
Holcostethus sphacelatus (Fabricius, 1794)
Jalla dumosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Leprosoma inconspicuum Baerensprung, 1859
Leprosoma stali Douglas & Scott, 1868
Leprosoma tuberculatum Jakovlev, 1874
Macrorhaphis acuta Dallas, 1851
Mecidea lindbergi Wagner, 1954
Mecidea pallidissima Jensen-Haarup, 1922
Menaccarus arenicola (Scholz, 1847)
Menaccarus deserticola Jakovlev, 1900
Menaccarus dohrnianus (Mulsant & Rey, 1866)
Menaccarus turolensis Fuente, 1971
Mustha spinosula (Lefèbvre, 1831)
Neostrachia bisignata (Walker, 1867)
Neottiglossa bifida (A. Costa, 1847)
Neottiglossa flavomarginata (Lucas, 1849)
Neottiglossa leporina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1830)
Neottiglossa lineolata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
Neottiglossa pusilla (Gmelin, 1790)
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Palomena formosa Vidal, 1940
Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761)
Palomena viridissima (Poda, 1761)
Pentatoma rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Peribalus congenitus Putshkov, 1965
Peribalus inclusus (Dohrn, 1860)
Peribalus strictus (Fabricius, 1803)
Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius, 1775)
Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus, 1758)
Picromerus brachypterus Ahmad & Onder, 1990
Picromerus conformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1841)
Picromerus nigridens (Fabricius, 1803)
Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius, 1794)
Piezodorus punctipes Puton, 1889
Piezodorus teretipes (Stål, 1865)
Pinthaeus sanguinipes (Fabricius, 1781)
Podops annulicornis Jakovlev, 1877
Podops calligerus Horvath, 1887
Podops curvidens Costa, 1843
Podops dilatatus Puton, 1873
Podops inunctus (Fabricius, 1775)
Podops rectidens Horvath, 1883
Putonia torrida Stål, 1872
Rhacognathus punctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda, 1761)
Rubiconia intermedia (Wolff, 1811)
Schyzops aegyptiaca (Lefèbvre, 1831)
Sciocoris angularis Puton, 1889
Sciocoris angusticollis Puton, 1895
Sciocoris conspurcatus Klug, 1845
Sciocoris convexiusculus Puton, 1874
Sciocoris cursitans (Fabricius, 1794)
Sciocoris deltocephalus Fieber, 1861
Sciocoris distinctus Fieber, 1851
Sciocoris galiberti Ribaut, 1926
Sciocoris helferi Fieber, 1851
Sciocoris hoberlandti Wagner, 1954
Sciocoris homalonotus Fieber, 1851
Sciocoris luteolus Fieber, 1861
Sciocoris macrocephalus Fieber, 1851
Sciocoris maculatus Fieber, 1851
Sciocoris microphthalmus Flor, 1860
Sciocoris modestus Horvath, 1903
Sciocoris ochraceus Fieber, 1861
Sciocoris orientalis Linnavuori, 1960
Sciocoris pallens Klug, 1845
Sciocoris pentheri Wagner, 1953
Sciocoris pictus Wagner, 1959
Sciocoris sideritidis Wollaston, 1858
Sciocoris sulcatus Fieber, 1851
Sciocoris umbrinus (Wolff, 1804)
Sciocoriscanariensis Lindberg, 1953
Scotinophara sicula (A. Costa, 1841)
Scotinophara subalpina (Bergroth, 1893)
Stagonomus amoenus (Brullé, 1832)
Stagonomus bipunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Stagonomus devius Seidenstucker, 1965
Stagonomus grenieri (Signoret, 1865)
Staria lunata (Hahn, 1835)
Stenozygum coloratum (Klug, 1845)
Sternodontus binodulus Jakovlev, 1893
Sternodontus obtusus Mulsant & Rey, 1856
Tarisa dimidiatipes Puton, 1874
Tarisa elevata Reuter, 1901
Tarisa flavescens Amyot & Serville, 1843
Tarisa pallescens Jakovlev, 1871
Tarisa salsolae Kerzhner, 1964
Tarisa subspinosa (Germar, 1839)
Tholagmus flavolineatus (Fabricius, 1798)
Tholagmus strigatus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1835)
Trochiscocoris hemipterus (Jakovlev, 1879)
Trochiscocoris rotundatus Horvath, 1895
Troilus luridus (Fabricius, 1775)
Ventocoris achivus (Horvath, 1889)
Ventocoris falcatus (Cyrillus, 1791)
Ventocoris fischeri (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Ventocoris halophilum (Jakovlev, 1874)
Ventocoris modestus (Jakovlev, 1880)
Ventocoris philalyssum (Kiritshenko, 1916)
Ventocoris ramburi (Horvath, 1908)
Ventocoris rusticus (Fabricius, 1781)
Ventocoris trigonus (Krynicki, 1871)
Vilpianus galii (Wolff, 1802)
Zicrona caerulea (Linnaeus, 1758)
References
External links
When Twenty-Six Thousand Stinkbugs Invade Your Home by Kathryn Schulz. The New Yorker, March 12, 2018. Ed Yong called it a "pure delight."
I.A.D. Robertson: The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Sub-Saharan Africa : a database. Malindi, 2009
Shieldbugs of Britain
Stink Bugs of North America – photos and information
Images of shield bugs
I. A. D. Robertson: The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Sub-Saharan Africa : a database. Malindi, 2009. Online version in Repository Naturalis Leiden
Heteroptera families
Shield bugs
Taxa named by William Elford Leach
la:Cimex foetidus