Homogeneous polynomial

Homogeneous polynomial
In mathematics, a homogeneous polynomial, sometimes called quantic in older texts, is a polynomial whose nonzero terms all have the same degree. For example, is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 5, in two variables; the sum of the exponents in each term is always 5. The polynomial is not homogeneous, because the sum of exponents does not match from term to term. The function defined by a homogeneous polynomial is always a homogeneous function.
An algebraic form, or simply form, is a function defined by a homogeneous polynomial. A binary form is a form in two variables. A form is also a function defined on a vector space, which may be expressed as a homogeneous function of the coordinates over any basis.
A polynomial of degree 0 is always homogeneous; it is simply an element of the field or ring of the coefficients, usually called a constant or a scalar. A form of degree 1 is a linear form. A form of degree 2 is a quadratic form. In geometry, the Euclidean distance is the square root of a quadratic form.
Homogeneous polynomials are ubiquitous in mathematics and physics. They play a fundamental role in algebraic geometry, as a projective algebraic variety is defined as the set of the common zeros of a set of homogeneous polynomials.
Properties
A homogeneous polynomial defines a homogeneous function. This means that, if a multivariate polynomial P is homogeneous of degree d, then
for every in any field containing the coefficients of P. Conversely, if the above relation is true for infinitely many then the polynomial is homogeneous of degree d.
In particular, if P is homogeneous then
for every This property is fundamental in the definition of a projective variety.
Any nonzero polynomial may be decomposed, in a unique way, as a sum of homogeneous polynomials of different degrees, which are called the homogeneous components of the polynomial.
Given a polynomial ring over a field (or, more generally, a ring) K, the homogeneous polynomials of degree d form a vector space (or a module), commonly denoted The above unique decomposition means that is the direct sum of the (sum over all nonnegative integers).
The dimension of the vector space (or free module) is the number of different monomials of degree d in n variables (that is the maximal number of nonzero terms in a homogeneous polynomial of degree d in n variables). It is equal to the binomial coefficient
Homogeneous polynomial satisfy Euler's identity for homogeneous functions. That is, if is a homogeneous polynomial of degree in the indeterminates one has, whichever is the commutative ring of the coefficients,
where denotes the formal partial derivative of with respect to
Homogenization
A non-homogeneous polynomial P(x1,...,xn) can be homogenized by introducing an additional variable x0 and defining the homogeneous polynomial sometimes denoted hP:
where d is the degree of P. For example, if
then
A homogenized polynomial can be dehomogenized by setting the additional variable x0 = 1. That is
See also
Multi-homogeneous polynomial
Quasi-homogeneous polynomial
Diagonal form
Graded algebra
Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial
Multilinear form
Multilinear map
Polarization of an algebraic form
Schur polynomial
Symbol of a differential operator
Notes
References
External links
Multilinear algebra
Algebraic geometry