Ultra high frequency

Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter (one decimeter). Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency (SHF) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF (very high frequency) or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless phones, satellite phones, and numerous other applications.
The IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band: the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz.
Propagation characteristics
Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by line-of-sight propagation (LOS) and ground reflection; unlike in the HF band there is little to no reflection from the ionosphere (skywave propagation), or ground wave. UHF radio waves are blocked by hills and cannot travel beyond the horizon, but can penetrate foliage and buildings for indoor reception. Since the wavelengths of UHF waves are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects, reflection and diffraction from these objects can cause fading due to multipath propagation, especially in built-up urban areas. Atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates, the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as VHF TV signals.
Since UHF transmission is limited by the visual horizon to 30–40 miles (48–64 km) and usually to shorter distances by local terrain, it allows the same frequency channels to be reused by other users in neighboring geographic areas (frequency reuse). Radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required.
Occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day.
Antennas
The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used. Due to the short wavelengths, UHF antennas are conveniently stubby and short; at UHF frequencies a quarter-wave monopole, the most common omnidirectional antenna is between 2.5 and 25 cm long. UHF wavelengths are short enough that efficient transmitting antennas are small enough to mount on handheld and mobile devices, so these frequencies are used for two-way land mobile radio systems, such as walkie-talkies, two-way radios in vehicles, and for portable wireless devices; cordless phones and cell phones. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips, sleeve dipoles, rubber ducky antennas or the planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) used in cellphones. Higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas.
The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi, log periodic, corner reflectors, or reflective array antennas. At the top end of the band, slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical. For satellite communication, helical and turnstile antennas are used since satellites typically employ circular polarization which is not sensitive to the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. For television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of the slot antenna or reflective array antenna are used: the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas.
Applications
UHF television broadcasting fulfilled the demand for additional over-the-air television channels in urban areas. Today, much of the bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile radio system, trunked radio and mobile telephone use. UHF channels are still used for digital television.
Since at UHF frequencies transmitting antennas are small enough to install on portable devices, the UHF spectrum is used worldwide for land mobile radio systems, two-way radios used for voice communication for commercial, industrial, public safety, and military purposes. Examples of personal radio services are GMRS, PMR446, and UHF CB. Some wireless computer networks use UHF frequencies. The widely adopted GSM and UMTS cellular networks use UHF cellular frequencies.
Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks in VHF/UHF range. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the public switched telephone network and the Internet. Satellite phones also use this frequency in the L band and S band.
UHF radars are said to be effective at tracking stealth fighters, if not stealth bombers.
Wi-Fi operates at 2412 MHz-2484 MHz. LTE also operates on UHF frequencies
Examples of UHF frequency allocations
Australia
UHF citizens band (Land mobile service): 476–477 MHz
Television broadcasting uses UHF channels between 503 and 694 MHz
Fixed point-to-point Link 450.4875 - 451.5125 MHz
Land mobile service 457.50625 - 459.9875 MHz
Mobile satellite service: 406.0000 - 406.1000 MHz
Segment and Service examples: Land mobile for private, Australian, State and Territory Government, Rail industry and Mobile-Satellite
Canada
430–450 MHz: Amateur radio (70 cm band)
470–806 MHz: Terrestrial television (with select channels in the 600 & 700 MHz bands left vacant)
1452–1492 MHz: Digital Audio Broadcasting (L band)
Many other frequency assignments for Canada and Mexico are similar to their US counterparts
New Zealand
406.1–420 MHz: Land mobile service
430–440 MHz: Amateur radio (70 cm band) and amateur radio satellite
476–477 MHz: PRS Personal Radio Service (Land mobile service)
485–502 MHz: Analog and P25 Emergency services use
510–622 MHz: Terrestrial television
960–1215 MHz: Aeronautical radionavigation
1240–1300 MHz: Amateur radio (23 cm band)
United Kingdom
380–399.9 MHz: Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) service for emergency use
430–440 MHz: Amateur radio (70 cm band)
446.0–446.2 MHz : European unlicensed PMR service => PMR446
457–464 MHz: Scanning telemetry and telecontrol, assigned mostly to the water, gas, and electricity industries
606–614 MHz: Radio microphones and radio-astronomy
470–862 MHz: Previously used for analogue TV channels 21–69 (until 2012).
Currently channels 21–37 and 39–48 are used for Freeview digital TV. Channels 55–56 were previously used by temporary muxes COM7 and COM8, channel 38 was used for radio astronomy but has been cleared to allow PMSE users access on a licensed, shared basis.
694–790 MHz: i.e. Channels 49–60 have been cleared, to allow these channels to be allocated for 5G cellular communication.
791–862 MHz, i.e. channels 61–69 inclusive were previously used for licensed and shared wireless microphones (channel 69 only), has since been allocated to 4G cellular communications.
863–865 MHz: Used for licence-exempt wireless systems.
863–870 MHz: Short range devices, LPWAN IoT devices such as NarrowBand-IoT.
870–960 MHz: Cellular communications (GSM900 - Vodafone and O2 only) including GSM-R and future TETRA
1240–1325 MHz: Amateur radio (23 cm band)
1710–1880 MHz: 2G Cellular communications (GSM1800)
1880–1900 MHz: DECT cordless telephone
1900–1980 MHz: 3G cellular communications - mobile phone uplink
2110–2170 MHz: 3G cellular communications - base station downlink
2310–2450 MHz: Amateur radio (13 cm band)
United States
UHF channels are used for digital television broadcasting on both over the air channels and cable television channels. Since 1962, UHF channel tuners (at the time, channels 14–83) have been required in television receivers by the All-Channel Receiver Act. However, because of their more limited range, and because few sets could receive them until older sets were replaced, UHF channels were less desirable to broadcasters than VHF channels (and licenses sold for lower prices).
A complete list of US Television Frequency allocations can be found at Pan-American television frequencies.
There is a considerable amount of lawful unlicensed activity (cordless phones, wireless networking) clustered around 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, regulated under Title 47 CFR Part 15. These ISM bands – frequencies with a higher unlicensed power permitted for use originally by Industrial, Scientific, Medical apparatus – are now some of the most crowded in the spectrum because they are open to everyone. The 2.45 GHz frequency is the standard for use by microwave ovens, adjacent to the frequencies allocated for Bluetooth network devices.
The spectrum from 806 MHz to 890 MHz (UHF channels 70–83) was taken away from TV broadcast services in 1983, primarily for analog mobile telephony.
In 2009, as part of the transition from analog to digital over-the-air broadcast of television, the spectrum from 698 MHz to 806 MHz (UHF channels 52–69) was removed from TV broadcasting, making it available for other uses. Channel 55, for instance, was sold to Qualcomm for their MediaFLO service, which was later sold to AT&T, and discontinued in 2011. Some US broadcasters had been offered incentives to vacate this channel early, permitting its immediate mobile use. The FCC's scheduled auction for this newly available spectrum was completed in March 2008.
225–420 MHz: Government use, including meteorology, military aviation, and federal two-way use
420–450 MHz: Government radiolocation, amateur radio satellite and amateur radio (70 cm band), MedRadio
450–470 MHz: UHF business band, General Mobile Radio Service, and Family Radio Service 2-way "walkie-talkies", public safety
470–512 MHz: Low-band TV channels 14–20 (shared with public safety land mobile 2-way radio in 12 major metropolitan areas scheduled to relocate to 700 MHz band by 2023)
512–608 MHz: Medium-band TV channels 21–36
608–614 MHz: Channel 37 used for radio astronomy and wireless medical telemetry
614–698 MHz: Mobile broadband shared with TV channels 38–51 auctioned in April 2017. TV stations were relocated by 2020.
617–652 MHz: Mobile broadband service downlink
652–663 MHz: Wireless microphones (higher priority) and unlicensed devices (lower priority)
663–698 MHz: Mobile broadband service uplink
698–806 MHz: Was auctioned in March 2008; bidders got full use after the transition to digital TV was completed on June 12, 2009 (formerly high-band UHF TV channels 52–69) and recently modified in 2021 for Next Generation 5G UHF transmission bandwidth for 'over the air' channels 2 thru 69 (virtual 1 thru 36).
806–816 MHz: Public safety and commercial 2-way (formerly TV channels 70–72)
817–824 MHz: ESMR band for wideband mobile services (mobile phone) (formerly public safety and commercial 2-way)
824–849 MHz: Cellular A & B franchises, terminal (mobile phone) (formerly TV channels 73–77)
849–851 MHz: Commercial aviation air-ground systems (Gogo)
851–861 MHz: Public safety and commercial 2-way (formerly TV channels 77–80)
862–869 MHz: ESMR band for wideband mobile services (base station) (formerly public safety and commercial 2-way)
869–894 MHz: Cellular A & B franchises, base station (formerly TV channels 80–83)
894–896 MHz: Commercial aviation air-ground systems (Gogo)
896–901 MHz: Commercial 2-way radio
901–902 MHz: Narrowband PCS: commercial narrowband mobile services
902–928 MHz: ISM band, amateur radio (33 cm band), cordless phones and stereo, radio-frequency identification, datalinks
928–929 MHz: SCADA, alarm monitoring, meter reading systems and other narrowband services for a company's internal use
929–930 MHz: Pagers
930–931 MHz: Narrowband PCS: commercial narrowband mobile services
931–932 MHz: Pagers
932–935 MHz: Fixed microwave services: distribution of video, audio and other data
935–940 MHz: Commercial 2-way radio
940–941 MHz: Narrowband PCS: commercial narrowband mobile services
941–960 MHz: Mixed studio-transmitter fixed links, SCADA, other.
960–1215 MHz: Aeronautical radionavigation
1240–1300 MHz: Amateur radio (23 cm band)
1300–1350 MHz: Long range radar systems
1350–1390 MHz: Military air traffic control and mobile telemetry systems at test ranges
1390–1395 MHz: Proposed wireless medical telemetry service. TerreStar failed to provide service by the required deadline.
1395–1400 MHz: Wireless medical telemetry service
1400–1427 MHz: Earth exploration, radio astronomy, and space research
1427–1432 MHz: Wireless medical telemetry service
1432–1435 MHz: Proposed wireless medical telemetry service. TerreStar failed to provide service by the required deadline.
1435–1525 MHz: Military use mostly for aeronautical mobile telemetry (therefore not available for Digital Audio Broadcasting, unlike Canada/Europe)
1525–1559 MHz: Skyterra downlink (Ligado is seeking FCC permission for terrestrial use)
1526–1536 MHz: proposed Ligado downlink
1536–1559 MHz: proposed guard band
1559–1610 MHz: Radio Navigation Satellite Services (RNSS) Upper L-band
1563–1587 MHz: GPS L1 band
1593–1610 MHz: GLONASS G1 band
1559–1591 MHz: Galileo E1 band (overlapping with GPS L1)
1610–1660.5 MHz: Mobile Satellite Service
1610–1618: Globalstar uplink
1618–1626.5 MHz: Iridium uplink and downlink
1626.5–1660.5 MHz: Skyterra uplink (Ligado is seeking FCC permission for terrestrial use)
1627.5–1637.5 MHz: proposed Ligado uplink 1
1646.5–1656.5 MHz: proposed Ligado uplink 2
1660.5–1668.4 MHz: Radio astronomy observations. Transmitting is not permitted.
1668.4–1670 MHz: Radio astronomy observations. Weather balloons may utilize the spectrum after an advance notice.
1670–1675 MHz: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite transmissions to three earth stations in Wallops Island, Virginia; Greenbelt, Maryland and Fairbanks, Alaska. Nationwide broadband service license in this range is held by a subsidiary of Crown Castle International Corp. who is trying to provide service in cooperation with Ligado Networks.
1675–1695 MHz: Meteorological federal users
1695–1780 MHz: AWS mobile phone uplink (UL) operating band
1695–1755 MHz: AWS-3 blocks A1 and B1
1710–1755 MHz: AWS-1 blocks A, B, C, D, E, F
1755–1780 MHz: AWS-3 blocks G, H, I, J (various federal agencies transitioning by 2025)
1780–1850 MHz: exclusive federal use (Air Force satellite communications, Army's cellular-like communication system, other agencies)
1850–1920 MHz: PCS mobile phone—order is A, D, B, E, F, C, G, H blocks. A, B, C = 15 MHz; D, E, F, G, H = 5 MHz
1920–1930 MHz: DECT cordless telephone
1930–2000 MHz: PCS base stations—order is A, D, B, E, F, C, G, H blocks. A, B, C = 15 MHz; D, E, F, G, H = 5 MHz
2000–2020 MHz: lower AWS-4 downlink (mobile broadband)
2020–2110 MHz: Cable Antenna Relay service, Local Television Transmission service, TV Broadcast Auxiliary service, Earth Exploration Satellite service
2110–2200 MHz: AWS mobile broadband downlink
2110–2155 MHz: AWS-1 blocks A, B, C, D, E, F
2155–2180 MHz: AWS-3 blocks G, H, I, J
2180–2200 MHz: upper AWS-4
2200–2290 MHz: NASA satellite tracking, telemetry and control (space-to-Earth, space-to-space)
2290–2300 MHz: NASA Deep Space Network
2300–2305 MHz: Amateur radio (13 cm band, lower segment)
2305–2315 MHz: WCS mobile broadband service uplink blocks A and B
2315–2320 MHz: WCS block C (AT&T is pursuing smart grid deployment)
2320–2345 MHz: Satellite radio (Sirius XM)
2345–2350 MHz: WCS block D (AT&T is pursuing smart grid deployment)
2350–2360 MHz: WCS mobile broadband service downlink blocks A and B
2360–2390 MHz: Aircraft landing and safety systems
2390–2395 MHz: Aircraft landing and safety systems (secondary deployment in a dozen of airports), amateur radio otherwise
2395–2400 MHz: Amateur radio (13 cm band, upper segment)
2400–2483.5 MHz: ISM, IEEE 802.11, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n wireless LAN, IEEE 802.15.4-2006, Bluetooth, radio-controlled aircraft (strictly for spread spectrum use), microwave ovens, Zigbee
2483.5–2495 MHz: Globalstar downlink and Terrestrial Low Power Service suitable for TD-LTE small cells
2495–2690 MHz: Educational Broadcast and Broadband Radio Services
2690–2700 MHz: Receive-only range for radio astronomy and space research
See also
Digital Audio Broadcasting and its regional implementations
Digital terrestrial television
The Thing (listening device)
References
External links
U.S. cable television channel frequencies
Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).
Radio spectrum
Television technology
Wireless