Ali in the Quran

Ali in the Quran collects the verses of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, which are said to have been revealed about Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali played a pivotal role during the formative years of Islam and is recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph in Sunni Islam and the first imam in Shia Islam. Perhaps the most controversial such verse is 5:55, also known as the verse of , which gave Ali the same spiritual authority as Muhammad, according to the Shia.
Verses linked to Ali
Ali regularly represented Muhammad in missions that were preceded or followed by Quranic injunctions. Nevertheless, the mainstream view in Islam is that he is not mentioned by name in the Quran, although some have interpreted certain occurrences of the words in the Quran in reference to Ali. One such instance is verse 19:50, which some have interpreted as, "We appointed for them Ali as a voice of truth." Independent of such views, Shia tradition connects Ali and other Shia imams with many ambiguous verses of the Quran, cf. verse 3:7. For instance, a tradition ascribed to Ali suggests that a fourth of the Quran is about the House of Muhammad, or the Ahl al-Bayt, while another fourth is about their enemies. The extant Quran certainly does not meet this description but the inconsistency can be explained by another Shia tradition, which states that the verses of the Quran about the virtuous are primarily directed at the Ahl al-Bayt, while those verses about the evildoers are directed first at their enemies. Beyond these, certain verses of the Quran were directly revealed about Ali, according to some Shia and Sunni authorities, a few of which are listed below.
Verse 2:207
Laylat al-mabit refers to the night in 622 CE in which Muhammad fled from the city of Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed Medina, apparently to foil an assassination plan. That night, Ali reputedly risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed instead of him to facilitate his escape. When the assassins broke into Muhammad's residence, they found Ali, whose life they spared. His act of self-sacrifice may have been the reason for the revelation of verse 2:207 in the Quran, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God, and God is most compassionate to his servants." This was the opinion Ibn Abbas, an influential early exegete, and such reports are also found in the works of the Sunni authors al-Tha'labi, al-Razi, and al-Haskani, the Shia authors al-Tabarsi, al-Hilli, al-Balaghi, and the Mu'tazilite scholar Ibn Abi'l-Hadid.
Verse 3:61
A Christian envoy from Najran, located in South Arabia, arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad. During their stay, the two parties may have also debated the nature of Jesus, human or divine, although the delegation ultimately rejected the Islamic belief, which acknowledges the miraculous birth of Jesus but rejects the Christians' belief in his divinity. Linked to this ordeal is verse 3:61 of the Quran. This verse instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to , perhaps when the debate had reached a deadlock.The delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated for peace. The majority of reports indicate that Muhammad appeared for the occasion of , accompanied by his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn. Such reports are given by the Shia-leaning historian Ibn Ishaq, and the Sunni scholars al-Razi, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Hakim al-Nishapuri, and Ibn Kathir. The inclusion of these four by Muhammad in the ritual, as his witnesses and guarantors, must have raised their religious rank within the community. If the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the latter.
Verse 5:3
Also known as the verse of , verse 5:3 of the Quran includes the passage, "This day those who disbelieve have despaired of your religion. So fear them not, but fear Me! This day I have perfected for you your religion, and completed My blessing upon you, and have approved for you as religion, submission [to God]." The chief Sunni interpretation of this verse is that it was revealed to Muhammad during his Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca to signal the completion of Islamic legislation, although some legal injunctions about were probably revealed after this verse. By contrast, Shia authorities are nearly unanimous that the verse of was revealed following the announcement of Muhammad at the Ghadir Khumm, after his Farewell Pilgrimage and shortly before his death in 632. In Shia sources, Muhammad received this revelation following his designation of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm to guide the nascent Muslim community after him. Some Sunni sources also associate the verse of with the Ghadir Khumm but reject its Shia significance.
Verse 5:55
Known in Shia Islam as the verse of (or ), verse 5:55 of the Quran is translated by The Study Quran as, "Your protector is only God, and His Messenger, and those who believe, who perform the prayer and give alms while bowing down." This matches the Shia translation, while the Sunni translation of the verse is, "Your (real) friends are (no less than) God, His Messenger, and the believersthose who establish prayers and pay and they bow down humbly (in worship)." Responsible for their difference is the Arabic conjunction , which can mean 'while', as in the Shia translation, or may mean 'and', as in the Sunni translation. As for the occasion of its revelation, the verse is considered a specific reference to Ali by Shia and some Sunni commentators, that is, a reference to when Ali reputedly gave his ring to a beggar while he was bowing in worship in the mosque. The frequent association of this verse with Ali in early Sunni sources may support the authenticity of this claim.
Verse 5:67
Also known as the verse of , verse of 5:67 of the Quran reads,In Shia Islam, this verse spurred Muhammad to deliver his announcement at the Ghadir Khumm about Ali, which in Shia signifies the divine investiture of Ali with the spiritual authority over Muslims. A few Sunni authors have similarly linked this verse to Ali's merits. Other Sunni exegetes forward different views, one of which connects this verse to Muhammad's criticism of Jews and Christians.
Verse 33:33
Known as the verse of purification, verse 33:33 of the Quran concerns the status of purity of the Ahl al-Bayt, the last passage of which reads, "God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely." Pointing to authentic traditions in Sunni and Shia sources, Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn. There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt, perhaps because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives. The verse of purification is regarded by the Shia as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.
Verse 42:23
Known as the verse of , verse 42:23 of the Quran includes the passage, "[O Mohammad!] Say, 'I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk.'" The Shia-leaning Ibn Ishaq narrates that Muhammad specified in this verse as Ali, Fatima, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn. This is also the view of some Sunni scholars, including al-Razi, Baydawi, and Ibn al-Maghazili. Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives, chief among them is that this verse enjoins love for kinsfolk in general. In Twelver Shia, the love in the verse of also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric religious guidance.
Verses 76:522
Verses 76:5-22 are connected to Ali in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia al-Tabarsi, and the Sunni scholars al-Qurtubi and al-Alusi. According to these authors, verses 76:522 were revealed to Muhammad after Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days. In particular, verses 76:712 read,
See also
Footnotes
References
Quran
People of the Quran
Ali