List of fossil primates

List of fossil primates
This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here.
There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma. However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear.
The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.
This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd edition). Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.
Strepsirrhini
Infraorder Adapiformes
Adapiformes, incertae sedis
Sulaimanius Gunnell et al., 2012
Sulaimanius arifi (Gunnell et al., 2008)
Adapoidea
Ekgmowechashalidae Szalay, 1976
Bugtilemur Marivaux et al., 2001
Bugtilemur mathesoni Marivaux et al., 2001
Ekgmowechashala Macdonald, 1963
Ekgmowechashala philotau Macdonald, 1963
Ekgmowechashala zancanellai Samuels, Albright & Fremd, 2015
Gatanthropus Ni et al., 2016
Gatanthropus micros Ni et al., 2016
Muangthanhinius Marivaux et al., 2006
Muangthanhinius siami Marivaux et al., 2006
Notharctidae Trouessart, 1879
Notharctinae Trouessart, 1879
Cantius Simons, 1962
Cantius abditus Gingerich & Simmons, 1977
Cantius angulatus Cope, 1875
Cantius antediluvius Kihm, 1992
Cantius eppsi Cooper, 1932
Cantius frugivorus Cope, 1875
Cantius lohseorum Robinson, 2016
Cantius mckennai Gingerich & Simons, 1977
Cantius nuniensis Cope, 1881
Cantius ralstoni Matthew, 1915
Cantius savagei Gingerich, 1977
Cantius torresi Gingerich, 1986
Copelemur Gingerich & Simons, 1977
Copelemur australotutus Beard, 1988
Copelemur praetutus Gazin, 1962
Copelemur tutus Cope, 1877
Hesperolemur Gunnell, 1995
Hesperolemur actius Gunnell, 1995
Megaceralemur Robinson, 2016
Megaceralemur trigonodus (Matthew, 1915)
Megaceralemur matthewi Robinson, 2016
Notharctus Leidy, 1870
Notharctus pugnax Granger & Gregory, 1917
Notharctus robustior Leidy, 1870
Notharctus tenebrosus Leidy, 1870
Notharctus venticolus Osborn, 1902
Pelycodus Cope, 1875
Pelycodus danielsae Froehlich & Lucas, 1991
Pelycodus jarrovii Cope, 1874
Pinolophus Robinson, 2016
Pinolophus meikei Robinson, 2016
Smilodectes Wortman, 1903
Smilodectes gingerichi Beard, 1988
Smilodectes gracilis Marsh, 1871
Smilodectes mcgrewi Gingerich, 1979
Cercamoniinae Gingerich, 1975
Agerinia Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973
Agerinia marandati Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Poyatos-Moré, and Moyà-Solà, 2017
Agerinia roselli Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973
Agerinia smithorum Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, and Moyà-Solà, 2016
Anchomomys Stehlin, 1916
Anchomomys crocheti Godinot, 1988
Anchomomys gaillardi Stehlin, 1916
Anchomomys pygmaeus Rütimeyer, 1890
Anchomomys quercy Stehlin, 1916
Barnesia Thalmann, 1994
Barnesia hauboldi Thalmann, 1994
Buxella Godinot, 1988
Buxella magna Godinot, 1988
Buxella prisca Godinot, 1988
Donrussellia Szalay, 1976
Donrussellia gallica Russell, Louis & Savage, 1967
Donrussellia louisi
Donrussellia magna
Donrussellia provincialis
Donrussellia russelli
Mazateronodon Marigó, Minwer-Barakat, & Moyà-Solà, 2010
Mazateronodon endemicus Marigó, Minwer-Barakat, & Moyà-Solà, 2010
Panobius Russell & Gingerich, 1987
Panobius afridi Russell & Gingerich, 1987
Periconodon Stehlin, 1916
Periconodon helleri Schwartz et al., 1983
Periconodon helveticus Rütimeyer, 1891
Periconodon huerzeleri Gingerich, 1977
Periconodon jaegeri Godinot, 1988
Periconodon lemoinei Gingerich, 1977
Protoadapis Lemoine, 1878
Protoadapis angustidens Filhol, 1888
Protoadapis brachyrhynchus Stehlin, 1912
Protoadapis curvicuspidens Lemoine, 1878
Protoadapis ignoratus Thalmann, 1994
Protoadapis muechelnensis Thalmann, 1994
Protoadapis recticuspidens Lemoine, 1878
Protoadapis weigelti Gingerich, 1977
Pronycticebus Grandidier, 1904
Pronycticebus gaudryi Grandidier, 1904
Pronycticebus neglectus Thalmann et al., 1989
Asiadapidae Rose et al., 2009
Anthrasimias Bajpai et al., 2008
Anthrasimias gujaratensis Bajpai et al., 2008
Asiadapis Rose et al., 2007
Asiadapis cambayensis Rose et al., 2007
Asiadapis tapiensis Rose et al., 2018
Marcgodinotius Bajpai et al., 2005
Marcgodinotius indicus Bajpai et al., 2005
Adapidae Trouessart, 1879
Adapinae Trouesart, 1879
Adapis Cuvier, 1821
Adapis bruni
Adapis collinsonae Hooker, 1986
Adapis parisiensis de Blainville, 1841
Adapis sudrei Gingerich, 1977
Cryptadapis Godinot, 1984
Cryptadapis laharpei Godinot, 1984
Cryptadapis tertius Godinot, 1984
Leptadapis Gervais, 1876
Leptadapis assolicus
Leptadapis filholi Godinot & Couette, 2008
Leptadapis capellae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967
Leptadapis leenhardti Stehlin, 1912
Leptadapis magnus Filhol, 1874
Leptadapis ruetimeyeri Stehlin, 1912
Magnadapis Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis quercyi Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis fredi Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis laurenceae Godinot & Couette, 2008
Magnadapis intermedius Godinot & Couette, 2008
Microadapis Szalay, 1974
Microadapis lynnae
Microadapis sciureus Stehlin, 1916
Palaeolemur Delfortrie, 1873
Palaeolemur betillei Delfortrie, 1873
Paradapis Tattersall & Schwartz 1983
Paradapis ruetimeyeri Stehlin 1912
Paradapis priscus Stehlin, 1916
Caenopithecinae Szalay & Delson 1979
Adapoides Beard et al., 1994
Adapoides troglodytes Beard et al., 1994
Afradapis Seiffert et al., 2009
Afradapis longicristatus Seiffert et al., 2009
Aframonius Simons et al., 1995
Aframonius diedes Simons et al., 1995
Caenopithecus Rütimeyer, 1862
Caenopithecus lemuroides Rütimeyer, 1862
Darwinius Franzen et al., 2009
Darwinius masillae Franzen et al., 2009
Europolemur Weigelt, 1933
Europolemur dunaifi Tattersall & Schwartz, 1983
Europolemur klatti Weigelt, 1933
Europolemur koenigswald Franzen, 1987
Godinotia Franzen, 2000
Godinotia neglecta Thalmann, Haubold & Martin, 1989
Mahgarita Wilson & Szalay, 1976
Mahgarita stevensi Wilson & Szalay, 1976
Masradapis Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, Sallam, 2017
Masradapis tahai Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, and Sallam, 2017
Mescalerolemur Kirk & Williams, 2011
Mescalerolemur horneri Kirk & Williams, 2011
Sivaladapidae Thomas & Verma, 1979
Ramadapis Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017
Ramadapis sahnii Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017
Sivaladapinae Thomas & Verma, 1979
Indraloris Lewis, 1933
Indraloris himalayensis Pilgrim, 1932
Indraloris kamlialensis Flynn and Morgan, 2005
Sinoadapis Wu & Pan, 1985
Sinoadapis carnosus Wu & Pan, 1985
Sivaladapis Gingerich & Sahni, 1979
Sivaladapis nagrii Prasad, 1970
Sivaladapis palaendicus Pilgrim, 1932
Hoanghoniinae Gingerich et al., 1994
Hoanghonius Zdansky, 1930
Hoanghonius stehlini Zdansky, 1930
Lushius Chow, 1961
Lushius qinlinensis Chow, 1961
Rencunius Gingerich et al., 1994
Rencunius zhoui Gingerich et al., 1994
Wailekia Ducrocq et al., 1995
Wailekia orientale Ducrocq et al., 1995
incertae sedis
Guangxilemur Qi & Beard, 1998
Guangxilemur tongi Qi & Beard, 1998
Kyitchaungia Beard et al. 2007
Kyitchaungia takaii Beard et al. 2007
Laomaki Ni et al. 2016
Laomaki yunnanensis Ni et al. 2016
Paukkaungia Beard et al. 2007
Paukkaungia parva Beard et al. 2007
Siamoadapis Chaimanee et al., 2007
Siamoadapis maemohensis Chaimanee et al., 2007
Yunnanadapis Ni et al. 2016
Yunnanadapis folivorus Ni et al. 2016
Yunnanadapis imperator Ni et al. 2016
Infraorder Chiromyiformes
Daubentoniidae Gray, 1863
Daubentonia É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1795
Daubentonia robusta Lamberton, 1934
Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994
Plesiopithecus Simons, 1992
Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992
Propottidae Butler, 1984
Propotto Simpson, 1967
Propotto leakeyi Simpson, 1967
Infraorder Lemuriformes
Basal stem group Lemuriformes
Family Azibiidae Gingerich, 1976
Algeripithecus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992
Algeripithecus minutus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992
Azibius Sudre, 1975
Azibius trerki Sudre, 1975
Djebelemuridae Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992
unnamed ('Anchomomys')
'Anchomomys' milleri Simons, 1997
Djebelemur Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992
Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992
Namaia Pickford et al., 2008
Namaia bogenfelsi Pickford et al., 2008
Omanodon Gheerbrant et al., 1993
Omanodon minor Gheerbrant et al., 1993
Shizarodon Gheerbrant et al., 1993
Shizarodon dhofarensis Gheerbrant et al., 1993
Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994
Plesiopithecus Simons, 1992
Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992
Lemuroidea
Subfossil lemurs:
Archaeolemuridae G. Grandier, 1905
Archaeolemur Filhol, 1895
Archaeolemur edwardsi Filhol, 1895
Archaeolemur majori Filhol, 1895
Hadropithecus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899
Hadropithecus stenognathus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899
Palaeopropithecidae Tattersall, 1973
Mesopropithecus Standing, 1905
Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Simons et al., 1995
Mesopropithecus globiceps Lamberton, 1936
Mesopropithecus pithecoides Standing, 1905
Babakotia Godfrey et al., 1990
Babakotia radofilai Godfrey et al., 1990
Palaeopropithecus G. Grandidier, 1899
Palaeopropithecus ingens G. Grandidier, 1899
Palaeopropithecus kelyus Gommery et al., 2010
Palaeopropithecus maximus Standing, 1903
Archaeoindris Standing, 1909
Archaeoindris fontoynontii Standing, 1909
Megaladapidae Forsyth-Major, 1894
Megaladapis Forsyth-Major, 1894
Subgenus: Megaladapis
Megaladapis (Megaladapis) grandidieri Standing, 1903
Megaladapis (Megaladapis) madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, 1894
Subgenus: Peloriadapis
Megaladapis (Peloriadapis) edwardsi Grandidier, 1899
Lemuridae Gray, 1821
Pachylemur Lamberton, 1946
Pachylemur insignis Filhol, 1895
Pachylemur jullyi Lamberton, 1948
Lorisiformes
Lorisidae Gray, 1821
Karanisia Seiffert et al., 2003
Karanisia clarki Seiffert et al., 2003
Mioeuoticus Leakey, 1962
Mioeuoticus bishopi Leakey, 1962
Mioeuoticus kichotoi Kunimatsu, Tsujikawa, Nakatsukasa, Shimizu, Ogihara, Kikuchi, Nakano, Takano, Morimoto, and Ishida, 2017
Mioeuoticus shipmani Phillips & Walker, 2000
Nycticeboides Jacobs, 1981
Nycticeboides simpsoni Jacobs, 1981
Galagidae Gray, 1825
Galago Geoffroy, 1796
Galago farafraensis Pickford, Wanas & Soliman, 2006
Galago howelli Wesselman, 1984
Galago sadimanensis Walker, 1987
Komba Simpson, 1967
Komba minor Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952
Komba robustus Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952
Komba winamensis McCrossin, 1992
Progalago MacInnes, 1943
Progalago dorae MacInnes, 1943
Progalago songhorensis Simpson, 1967
Saharagalago Seiffert et al., 2003
Saharagalago misrensis Seiffert et al., 2003
Wadilemur Simons, 1997
Wadilemur elegans Simons, 1997
Haplorhini
Teilhardina Simpson, 1940
Teilhardina asiatica Ni et al., 2004
Teilhardina belgica (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927)
Tarsiiformes
Tarsiiformes, incertae sedis
Altanius Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977
Altanius orlovi Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977
Altiatlasius Sigé et al., 1990
Altiatlasius koulchii Sigé et al., 1990
Archicebidae
Archicebus Ni et al., 2013
Archicebus achilles Ni et al., 2013
Omomyoidea
Omomyidae Trouessart, 1879
Baataromomys Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007
Baataromomys ulaanus Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007
Kohatius Russell & Gingerich, 1980
Kohatius coppensi Russell & Gingerich, 1980
Microchoerinae Lydekker, 1887
Melaneremia Hooker, 2007
Melaneremia bryanti Hooker, 2007
Microchoerus Wood, 1846
Microchoerus creechbarrowensis Hooker, 1986
Microchoerus edwardsi Filhol, 1880
Microchoerus erinaceus Wood, 1846
Microchoerus hookeri Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Femenias-Gual, Costeur, Esteban-Trivigno, and Moyà-Solà, 2017
Microchoerus ornatus Stehlin, 1916
Microchoerus wardi Hooker, 1986
Necrolemur Filhol, 1873
Necrolemur anadoni Minwer-Barakat, Marigó & Moyà-Solà, 2015
Necrolemur antiquus Filhol, 1873
Necrolemur zitteli Schlosser, 1887
Nannopithex Stehlin, 1916
Nannopithex filholi Chantre & Gaillard, 1897
Nannopithex humilidens Thalmann, 1994
Nannopithex quaylei Hooker, 1986
Nannopithex raabi Heller, 1930
Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot et al., 1992
Pseudoloris Stehlin, 1916
Pseudoloris crusafonti Louis & Sudre, 1975
Pseudoloris godinoti Köhler & Moyà-Solà, 1999
Pseudoloris isabenae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967
Pseudoloris parvulus Filhol, 1890
Anaptomorphinae Cope, 1883
Tribe: Anaptomorphini
Anaptomorphus Cope, 1872
Anaptomorphus aemulus Cope, 1872
Anaptomorphus westi Szalay, 1976
Tetonius Matthew, 1915
Tetonius homunculus Cope, 1882
Tetonius matthewi Bown & Rose, 1987
Tetonius mckennai Bown & Rose, 1987
Absarokius Matthew, 1915
Absarokius abbotti Loomis, 1906
Absarokius australis Bown & Rose, 1987
Absarokius nocerai Robinson, 1966
Absarokius metoecus Bown & Rose, 1987
Absarokius witteri Morris, 1954
"Teilhardina" Simpson, 1940
Teilhardina brandti Gingerich, 1993
"Teilhardina" demissa Rose, 1995
"Teilhardina" gingerichi Rose, Chew, Dunn, Kraus, Fricke, and Zack, 2012
"Teilhardina" tenuicula Jepsen, 1930
Bownomomys Morse et al., 2018
Bownomomys americanus (Bown, 1976)
Bownomomys crassidens )Bown & Rose, 1987)
Anemorhysis Gazin, 1958
Anemorhysis natronensis Beard et al., 1992
Anemorhysis pattersoni Bown & Rose, 1984
Anemorhysis pearcei Gazin, 1962
Anemorhysis savagei Williams & Covert, 1994
Anemorhysis sublettensis Gazin, 1952
Anemorhysis wortmani Bown & Rose, 1984
Chlororhysis Gazin, 1958
Chlororhysis incomptus Bown & Rose, 1984
Chlororhysis knightensis Gazin, 1958
Pseudotetonius Bown, 1974
Pseudotetonius ambiguus Bown, 1974
Arapahovius Savage & Waters, 1978
Arapahovius advena Bown & Rose, 1991
Arapahovius gazini Savage & Waters, 1978
Aycrossia Bown, 1979
Aycrossia lovei Bown, 1979
Strigorhysis Bown, 1979
Strigorhysis bridgerensis Bown, 1979
Strigorhysis huerfanensis Bown & Rose, 1987
Strigorhysis rugosus Bown, 1979
Gazinius Bown, 1979
Gazinius amplus Bown, 1979
Gazinius bowni Gunnell, 1995
Tatmanius Bown & Rose, 1991
Tatmanius szalayi Bown & Rose, 1991
Tribe: Trogolemurini
Trogolemur Matthew, 1909
Trogolemur amplior Beard et al., 1992
Trogolemur fragilis Beard et al., 1992
Trogolemur myodes Matthew, 1909
Sphacorhysis Gunnell, 1995
Sphacorhysis burntforkensis Gunnell, 1995
Walshina López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018
Walshina esmaraldensis López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018
Walshina mcgrewi (Robinson, 1968)
Walshina shifrae (Krishtalka, 1978)
Omomyinae Trouessart, 1879
Brontomomys Atwater and Kirk, 2018
Brontomomys cerutti Atwater and Kirk, 2018
Diablomomys Williams and Kirk, 2008
Diablomomys dalquesti Williams and Kirk, 2008
Ekwiiyemakius Atwater and Kirk, 2018
Ekwiiyemakius walshi Atwater and Kirk, 2018
Gunnelltarsius Atwater and Kirk, 2018
Gunnelltarsius randalli Atwater and Kirk, 2018
Tribe: Omomyiini
Omomys Leidy, 1869
Omomys carteri Leidy, 1869
Omomys lloydi Gazin, 1958
Steinius Bown & Rose, 1984
Steinius annectens Bown & Rose, 1991
Steinius vespertinus Matthew, 1915
Chumashius Stock, 1933
Chumashius balchi Stock, 1933
Tribe: Washakiini
Washakius Leidy, 1873
Washakius insignis Leidy, 1873
Washakius izetti Honey, 1990
Washakius laurae Simpson, 1959
Washakius woodringi Stock, 1938
Shoshonius Granger, 1910
Shoshonius bowni Honey, 1990
Shoshonius cooperi Granger, 1910
Dyseolemur Stock, 1934
Dyseolemur pacificus Stock, 1934
Loveina Simpson, 1940
Loveina minuta Loomis, 1906
Loveina wapitiensis Gunnell et al., 1992
Loveina zephyri Simpson, 1940
Tribe: Utahiini
Utahia Gazin, 1958
Utahia carina Muldoon and Gunnell, 2002
Utahia kayi Gazin, 1958
Stockia Gazin, 1958
Stockia powayensis Gazin, 1958
Chipetaia Rasmussen, 1996
Chipetaia lamporea Rasmussen, 1996
Asiomomys Wang & Li, 1990
Asiomomys changbaicus Wang & Li, 1990
Tribe: Ourayiini
Wyomomys Gunnell, 1995
Wyomomys bridgeri Gunnell, 1995
Ageitodendron Gunnell, 1995
Ageitodendron matthewi Gunnell, 1995
Ourayia Gazin, 1958
Ourayia hopsoni Robinson, 1968
Ourayia uintensis Osborn, 1895
Tribe: Macrotarsiini
Macrotarsius Clark, 1941
Macrotarsius jepseni Robinson, 1968
Macrotarsius macrorhysis Beard et al., 1994
Macrotarsius montanus Clark, 1941
Macrotarsius roederi Kelly, 1990
Macrotarsius siegerti Robinson, 1968
Hemiacodon Marsh, 1872
Hemiacodon casamissus Beard et al., 1992
Hemiacodon gracilis Marsh, 1872
Yaquius Mason, 1990
Yaquius travisi Mason, 1990
Tribe: Uintaniini
Uintanius Matthew, 1915
Uintanius ameghini Wortman, 1904
Uintanius rutherfurdi Robinson, 1966
Jemezius Beard, 1987
Jemezius szalayi Beard, 1987
Tribus: Rooneyini
Rooneyia Wilson, 1966
Rooneyia viejaensis Wilson, 1966
Tarsiidae Gray, 1825
Hesperotarsius Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013
Hesperotarsius sindhensis Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013
Hesperotarsius thailandicus (Ginsburg & Mein, 1987)
Oligotarsius Ni et al., 2016
Oligotarsius rarus Ni et al., 2016
Tarsius Storr, 1780
"Tarsius" eocaenus Beard et al., 1994
"Tarsius" sirindhornae Chaimanee et al., 2011
Xanthorhysis Beard, 1998
Xanthorhysis tabrumi Beard, 1998
Eosimiiformes
Afrotarsiidae
Afrasia Chaimanee et al. 2012
Afrasia djijidae Chaimanee et al. 2012
Afrotarsius Simons & Bown, 1985
Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985
Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al., 2010
Eosimiidae
Eosimias Beard et al., 1994
Eosimias centennicus Beard et al., 1996
Eosimias sinensis Beard et al., 1994
Bahinia Jaeger et al., 1999
Bahinia banyueae Li et al., 2016
Bahinia pondaungensis Jaeger et al., 1999
Phileosimias Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005
Phileosimias brahuiorum Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005
Phileosimias kamali Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005
Phenacopithecus Beard and Wang, 2004
Phenacopithecus krishtalkai Beard and Wang, 2004
Phenacopithecus xueshii Beard and Wang, 2004
Simiiformes
Simiiformes, incertae sedis
Amphipithecidae Godinot, 1994
Pondaungia Pilgrim, 1927
Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1927
Amphipithecus Colbert, 1937
Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937
Krabia Chaimanee et al., 2013
Krabia minuta Chaimanee et al., 2013
Siamopithecus Chaimanee et al., 1997
Siamopithecus eocaenus Chaimanee et al., 1997
Proteopithecidae Simons, 1997
Proteopithecus Simons, 1989
Proteopithecus sylviae Simons, 1989
Serapia Simons, 1992
Serapia eocaena Simons, 1992
Parapithecidae Schlosser, 1911
Arsinoea Simons, 1992
Arsinoea kallimos Simons, 1992
Apidium Osborn, 1908
Apidium bowni Simons, 1995
Apidium moustafai Simons, 1962
Apidium phiomense Osborn, 1908
Parapithecus Schlosser, 1910
Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser, 1910
Parapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974
Qatrania Simons & Kay, 1983
Qatrania fleaglei Simons & Kay, 1988
Qatrania wingi Simons & kay, 1983
Biretia Bonis et al., 1988
Biretia piveteaui Bonis et al., 1988
Biretia fayumensis Seiffert et al., 2005
Biretia megalopsis Seiffert et al., 2005
Platyrrhini
Platyrrhini, incertae sedis
Branisella Hoffstetter, 1969
Branisella boliviana Hoffstetter, 1969
Atelidae Gray, 1825
Pitheciinae Mivart, 1865
Tribus: Callicebini
Xenothrix Williams & Koopman, 1952
Xenothrix mcgregori Williams & Koopman, 1952
Antillothrix MacPhee et al., 1995
Antillothrix bernensis Rímoli, 1977
Paralouatta Rivero & Arredondo, 1991
Paralouatta varonai Rivero & Arredondo, 1991
Paralouatta marianae
Tribus: Pitheciini
Soriacebus Fleagle et al., 1987
Soriacebus adrianae Fleagle, 1990
Soriacebus ameghinorum Fleagle et al., 1987
Proteropithecia Kay et al., 1999
Proteropithecia neuquenensis Kay et al., 1998
Cebupithecia Stirton & Savage, 1951
Cebupithecia sarmientoi Stirton & Savage, 1951
Nuciruptor Meldrum & Kay, 1997
Nuciruptor rubricae Meldrum & Kay, 1997
Tribus: Homunculini
Homunculus Ameghino, 1891
Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino, 1891
Carlocebus Fleagle, 1990
Carlocebus carmenensis Fleagle, 1990
Carlocebus intermedius Fleagle, 1990
Atelinae Gray, 1825
Tribus: Alouattini
Stirtonia Hershkovitz, 1970
Stirtonia tatacoensis Stirton, 1951
Stirtonia victoriae Kay et al., 1987
Tribus: Atelini
Caipora Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
Caipora bambuiorum Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
Atelinae, incertae sedis
Protopithecus Lund, 1838
Protopithecus brasiliensis Lund, 1838
Cebidae Bonaparte, 1831
Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831
Tribus: Saimiriini
Neosaimiri Stirton, 1951
Neosaimiri fieldsi Stirton, 1951
Laventiana Rosenberger et al., 1991
Laventiana annectens Rosenberger et al., 1991
Dolichocebus Kraglievich, 1951
Dolichocebus gaimanensis Kraglievich, 1951
Cebinae, incertae sedis
Chilecebus Flynn & al, 1995
Chilecebus carrascoensis Flynn & al, 1995
Killikaike Tejedor et al., 2006
Killikaike blakei Tejedor et al., 2006
Aotinae Elliot, 1913
Aotus Illiger, 1811
Aotus dindensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1987
Aotinae, incertae sedis
Tremacebus Hershkovitz, 1974
Tremacebus harringtoni Rusconi, 1933
Callitrichinae Thomas, 1903
Tribus: Callimiconi
Mohanamico Luchterhand et al., 1986
Mohanamico hershkovitzi Luchterhand et al., 1986
Callitrichinae, incertae sedis
Patasola Kay & Meldrum, 1997
Patasola magdalenae Kay & Meldrum, 1997
Lagonimico Kay, 1994
Lagonimico conclutatus Kay, 1994
Micodon Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985
Micodon kiotensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985
Catarrhini
Catarrhini, incertae sedis
Limnopithecus Hopwood, 1933
Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943
Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933
Kalepithecus Harrison, 1988
Kalepithecus songhorensis Andrews, 1978
Kalepithecus kogolensis Pickford et al., 2017
Kamoyapithecus Leakey et al., 1995
Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni Madden, 1980
Kogolepithecus Pickford et al., 2003
Kogolepithecus morotoensis Pickford et al., 2003
Propliothecoidea
Oligopithecidae Kay & Williams, 1994
Catopithecus Simons, 1989
Catopithecus browni Simons, 1989
Oligopithecus Simons, 1962
Oligopithecus rogeri Gheerbrant et al., 1995
Oligopithecus savagei Simons, 1962
Talahpithecus Jaeger et al., 2010
Talahpithecus parvus Jaeger et al., 2010
Propliopithecidae Straus, 1961
Moeripithecus Schlosser, 1910
Moeripithecus markgrafi Schlosser, 1910
Propliopithecus Schlosser, 1910
Propliopithecus ankeli Simons et al., 1987
Propliopithecus chirobates Simons, 1965
Propliopithecus haeckeli Schlosser, 1910
Aegyptopithecus Simons, 1965
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965
Pliopithecoidea
Pliopithecidae Zapfe, 1960
Lomorupithecus Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006
Lomorupithecus harrisoni Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006
Dionysopithecinae
Dionysopithecus Li, 1978
Dionysopithecus orientalis Suteethorn et al., 1990
Dionysopithecus shuangouensis Li, 1978
Platodontopithecus Li, 1978
Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis Li, 1978
Pliopitheciinae
Epipliopithecus Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957
Epipliopithecus vindobonensis Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957
Pliopithecus Gervais, 1849
Pliopithecus antiquus Gervais, 1849
Pliopithecus piveteaui Hürzeler, 1954
Pliopithecus platyodon Bidermann, 1863
Pliopithecus zhanxiangi Harrison et al., 1991
Egarapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2001
Egarapithecus narcisoi Moyà-Solà et al., 2001
Crouzeliinae Ginsburg & Mein, 1980
Plesiopliopithecus Zapfe, 1961
Plesiopliopithecus auscitanensis Bergounioux & Crouzel, 1965
Plesiopliopithecus lockeri Zapfe, 1961
Plesiopliopithecus priensis Welcomme et al., 1991
Plesiopliopithecus rhodanica Ginsburg & Mein, 1980
Anapithecus Kretzoi, 1975
Anapithecus hernyaki Kretzoi, 1975
Laccopithecus Wu & Pan, 1984
Laccopithecus robustus Wu & Pan, 1984
Pliopithecoidea, incertae sedis
Paidopithex Pohlig, 1895
Paidopithex rhenanus Pohlig, 1895
Dendropithecoidea
Dendropithecidae Harrison, 2002
Dendropithecus Andrews & Simons, 1977
Dendropithecus macinnesi Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950
Dendropithecus ugandensis Pickford et al., 2010
Micropithecus Fleagle & Simons, 1978
Micropithecus clarki Fleagle & Simons, 1978
Micropithecus leakeyorum Harrison, 1989
Simiolus Leakey & Leakey, 1987
Simiolus andrewsi Harrison, 2010
Simiolus cheptumoae Pickford & Kunimatsu, 2005
Simiolus enjiessi Leakey & Leakey, 1987
Simiolus minutus Rossie & Hill, 2018
Saadanioidea
Saadaniidae Zalmout et al., 2010
Saadanius Zalmout et al., 2010
Saadanius hijazensis Zalmout et al. 2010
Cercopithecoidea
Nsungwepithecus Stevens et al., 2013
Nsungwepithecus gunnelli Stevens et al., 2013
Victoriapithecidae von Koenigswald, 1969
Victoriapithecus von Koenigswald, 1969
Victoriapithecus macinnesi von Koenigswald, 1969
Prohylobates Fourtau, 1918
Prohylobates tandyi Fourtau, 1918
Prohylobates simonsi Delson, 1979
Noropithecus Miller et al. 2009
Noropithecus bulukensis Miller et al. 2009
Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821
Colobinae Jernon, 1867
Tribus: Colobini
Microcolobus Benefit & Pickford, 1986
Microcolobus tugenensis Benefit & Pickford, 1986
Rhinocolobus M.G. Leakey, 1982
Rhinocolobus turkanaensis M.G. Leakey, 1982
Colobinae, incertae sedis
Mesopithecus Wagner, 1839
Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839
Mesopithecus monspessulanus Gervais, 1849
Mesopithecus sivalensis (Lydekker, 1878)
Myanmarcolobus Takai et al., 2015
Myanmarcolobus yawensis Takai et al., 2015
Rhinopithecus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
Subgenus: Rhinopithecus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) lantianensis Hu & Qi, 1978
Dolichopithecus Depéret, 1889
Dolichopithecus ruscinensis Depéret, 1889
Libypithecus Stromer, 1913
Libypithecus markgrafi Stromer, 1913
Semnopithecus Desmarest, 1822
Semnopithecus gwebinnensis Takai et al., 2016
Parapresbytis Kalmykov & Maschenko, 1992
Parapresbytis eohanuman (Borissoglebskaya, 1981)
Cercopithecoides Mollett, 1947
Cercopithecoides kimeui M.G. Leakey, 1982
Cercopithecoides williamsi Mollett, 1947
Paracolobus R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
Paracolobus chemeroni R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
Paracolobus mutiwa M.G. Leakey, 1969
Cercopithecinae Gray, 1821
Tribus: Papionini
Subtribus: Macanina
Macaca Lacépède, 1799
Macaca anderssoni Schlosser, 1924
Macaca florentina Cocchi, 1872
Macaca jiangchuanensis Pan et al., 1992
Macaca libyca Stromer, 1920
Macaca majori Schaub & Azzaroli in Comaschi Caria, 1969 (sometimes included in M. sylvanus)
?Macaca palaeindicus (Lydekker, 1884)
Procynocephalus Schlosser, 1924
Procynocephalus subhimalayanus von Meyer, 1848
Procynocephalus wimani Schlosser, 1924
Paradolichopithecus Necrasov et al., 1961
Paradolichopithecus arvernensis (Depéret, 1929)
Subtribus: Papionina
Parapapio Jones, 1937
Parapapio ado Hopwood, 1936
Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937
Parapapio jonesi Broom, 1940
Parapapio whitei Broom, 1940
Parapapio lothagamensis Leakey, Teaford, and Ward, 2003
Procercocebus Gilbert, 2007
Procercocebus antiquus (Haughton, 1925)
Dinopithecus Broom, 1937
Dinopithecus ingens Broom, 1937
Gorgopithecus Broom & Robinson, 1946
Gorgopithecus major Broom, 1940
Theropithecus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843
Subgenus: Theropithecus Delson, 1993
Theropithecus (Theropithecus) darti Broom & Jensen, 1946
Theropithecus (Theropithecus) oswaldi Andrews, 1916
Subgenus: Omopithecus Delson, 1993
Theropithecus (Omopithecus) baringensis R.E.F. Leakey, 1969
Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti Arambourg, 1947
Soromandrillus Gilbert, 2013
Soromandrillus quadratirostris (Iwamoto, 1982)
Papio Erxleben, 1777
Papio izodi Gear, 1926
Papio robinsoni Freedman, 1957
Hominoidea
Hominoidea, incertae sedis
Otavipithecus Conroy et al., 1992
Otavipithecus namibiensis Conroy et al., 1992
Proconsulidae Leakey, 1963
Proconsulinae Leakey, 1963
Ekembo McNulty et al., 2015
Ekembo heseloni (Walker et al., 1993)
Ekembo nyanzae (Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950)
Proconsul Hopwood, 1933
Proconsul africanus Hopwood, 1933
Proconsul gitongai (Pickford and Kunimatsu, 2005)
Proconsul major Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950
Proconsul meswae Harrison and Andrews, 2009
Nyanzapithecinae Harrison, 2002
Nyanzapithecus Harrison, 1986
Nyanzapithecus alesi Nengo, Tafforeau, Gilbert, Fleagle, Miller, Feibel, Fox, Feinberg, Pugh, Berruyer, Mana, Engle, Spoor, 2017
Nyanzapithecus harrisoni Kunimatsu, 1997
Nyanzapithecus pickfordi Harrison, 1986
Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum Andrews, 1974
Mabokopithecus von Koenigswald, 1969
Mabokopithecus clarki von Koenigswald, 1969
Oreopithecus Gervais, 1872
Oreopithecus bamboli Gervais, 1872
Rukwapithecus Stevens et al., 2013
Rukwapithecus fleaglei Stevens et al., 2013
Rangwapithecus Andrews, 1974
Rangwapithecus gordoni Andrews, 1974
Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Turkanapithecus kalakolensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Pliobatidae Alba et al., 2015
Pliobates Alba et al., 2015
Pliobates cataloniae Alba et al., 2015
Afropithecidae Begun, 2002
Griphopithecinae Begun, 2002
Griphopithecus Abel, 1902
Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974
Griphopithecus suessi Abel, 1902
Afropithecinae Andrews, 1992
Afropithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Afropithecus turkanensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Heliopithecus Andrews & Martin, 1987
Heliopithecus leakeyi Andrews & Martin, 1987
Nacholapithecus Ishida et al., 1999
Nacholapithecus kerioi Ishida et al., 1999
Equatorius Ward et al., 1999
Equatorius africanus (Le Gros Clark and Leaky, 1950)
Hominidae Gray, 1825
Kenyapithecinae Leakey, 1962
Kenyapithecus Leakey, 1962
Kenyapithecus wickeri Leakey, 1962
Ponginae Elliot, 1913
Sivapithecini
Sivapithecus Pilgrim, 1910
Sivapithecus indicus Pilgrim, 1910
Sivapithecus parvada Kelley, 1988
Sivapithecus sivalensis Lydekker, 1879
Gigantopithecus von Koenigswald, 1935
Gigantopithecus blacki von Koenigswald, 1935
Gigantopithecus giganteus Pilgrim, 1915
Ankarapithecus Ozansoy, 1965
Ankarapithecus meteai Ozansoy, 1965
Lufengpithecini
Lufengpithecus Wu, 1987
Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis Chaimanee et al., 2003
Lufengpithecus hudiensis Zhang et al., 1987
Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Woo, 1957
Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al., 1978
Homininae Gray, 1825
Dryopithecini Gregory & Hellman, 1939
Ouranopithecus Bonis & Melentis, 1977
Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Bonis & Melentis, 1977
Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969
Rudapithecus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1969
Hispanopithecus Villalta & Crusafont, 1944
Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta & Crusafont, 1944
Hispanopithecus crusafonti (Begun, 1992)
Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà, 2004
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Moyà-Solà, 2004
Anoiapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2009
Anoiapithecus brevirostris Moyà-Solà et al., 2009
Dryopithecus Lartet, 1856
Dryopithecus wuduensis Xue & Delson, 1988
Dryopithecus fontani Lartet, 1856
Nakalipithecus Kunimatsu et al. 2007
Nakalipthecus nakayamai Kunimatsu et al. 2007
Neopithecus Abel, 1902
Neopithecus brancoi (Schlosser, 1901)
Gorillini
Samburupithecus Ishida & Pickford, 1997
Samburupithecus kiptalami Ishida & Pickford, 1997
Chororapithecus Suwa et al., 2007
Chororapithecus abyssinicus Suwa et al., 2007
Hominini
Graecopithecus von Koenigswald, 1972
Graecopithecus freybergi von Koenigswald, 1972
Sahelanthropus Brunet et al., 2002
Sahelanthropus tchadensis Brunet et al., 2002
Orrorin Senut et al., 2001
Orrorin tugenensis Senut et al., 2001
Ardipithecus White et al., 1995
Ardipithecus ramidus White et al., 1994
Ardipithecus kadabba
Australopithecus Dart, 1925 - paraphyletic in respect to Paranthropus and Homo
Australopithecus anamensis Leakey et al., 1995
Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al., 1978
Australopithecus bahrelghazali Brunet et al., 1995
Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925
Australopithecus garhi Asfaw et al., 1999
Australopithecus sedibaBerger et al., 2010
Paranthropus Broom, 1938
Paranthropus aethiopicus Arambourg & Coppens, 1968
Paranthropus boisei Leakey, 1959
Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938
Homo Linnaeus, 1758
Homo gautengensis Curnoe, 2010
Homo rudolfensis Alexeev, 1986
Homo habilis Leakey et al., 1964
Homo luzonensis Détroit et al., 2019
Homo erectus Dubois, 1892
Homo floresiensis P. Brown et al., 2004
Homo ergaster Groves & Mazak, 1975
Homo antecessor Bermúdez de Castro et al., 1997
Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack, 1908
Homo cepranensis Mallegni et al., 2003
Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864
Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921
Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015
Kenyanthropus Leakey et al., 2001
Kenyanthropus platyops Leakey et al., 2001
See also
Evolution of primates
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil sites
List of human evolution fossils
List of prehistoric mammals
Prehistoric Autopsy (2012 BBC documentary)
Notes
References
Literature cited
Further reading
External links
Interactive map of fossil finds
(note: the catalogue loads with pages in reverse order - i.e. last page first)
Fossil primates