Remez algorithm

Remez algorithm
The Remez algorithm or Remez exchange algorithm, published by Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez in 1934, is an iterative algorithm used to find simple approximations to functions, specifically, approximations by functions in a Chebyshev space that are the best in the uniform norm L∞ sense. It is sometimes referred to as Remes algorithm or Reme algorithm.
A typical example of a Chebyshev space is the subspace of Chebyshev polynomials of order n in the space of real continuous functions on an interval, C[a, b]. The polynomial of best approximation within a given subspace is defined to be the one that minimizes the maximum absolute difference between the polynomial and the function. In this case, the form of the solution is precised by the equioscillation theorem.
Procedure
The Remez algorithm starts with the function to be approximated and a set of sample points in the approximation interval, usually the extrema of Chebyshev polynomial linearly mapped to the interval. The steps are:
Solve the linear system of equations
(where ),
for the unknowns and E.
Use the as coefficients to form a polynomial .
Find the set of points of local maximum error .
If the errors at every are of equal magnitude and alternate in sign, then is the minimax approximation polynomial. If not, replace with and repeat the steps above.
The result is called the polynomial of best approximation or the minimax approximation algorithm.
A review of technicalities in implementing the Remez algorithm is given by W. Fraser.
Choice of initialization
The Chebyshev nodes are a common choice for the initial approximation because of their role in the theory of polynomial interpolation. For the initialization of the optimization problem for function f by the Lagrange interpolant Ln(f), it can be shown that this initial approximation is bounded by
with the norm or Lebesgue constant of the Lagrange interpolation operator Ln of the nodes (t1, ..., tn + 1) being
T being the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomials, and the Lebesgue functions being
Theodore A. Kilgore, Carl de Boor, and Allan Pinkus proved that there exists a unique ti for each Ln, although not known explicitly for (ordinary) polynomials. Similarly and the optimality of a choice of nodes can be expressed as
For Chebyshev nodes, which provides a suboptimal, but analytically explicit choice, the asymptotic behavior is known as
(being the Euler–Mascheroni constant) with
for
and upper bound
Lev Brutman obtained the bound for , and being the zeros of the expanded Chebyshev polynomials:
Rüdiger Günttner obtained from a sharper estimate for
Detailed discussion
This section provides more information on the steps outlined above. In this section, the index i runs from 0 to n+1.
Step 1: Given , solve the linear system of n+2 equations
(where ),
for the unknowns and E.
It should be clear that in this equation makes sense only if the nodes are ordered, either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing. Then this linear system has a unique solution. (As is well known, not every linear system has a solution.) Also, the solution can be obtained with only arithmetic operations while a standard solver from the library would take operations. Here is the simple proof:
Compute the standard n-th degree interpolant to at the first n+1 nodes and also the standard n-th degree interpolant
to the ordinates
To this end, use each time Newton's interpolation formula with the divided
differences of order and arithmetic operations.
The polynomial has its i-th zero between and , and thus no further zeroes between and : and have the same sign .
The linear combination
is also a polynomial of degree n and
This is the same as the equation above for and for any choice of E.
The same equation for i = n+1 is
and needs special reasoning: solved for the variable E, it is the definition of E:
As mentioned above, the two terms in the denominator have same sign:
E and thus are always well-defined.
The error at the given n+2 ordered nodes is positive and negative in turn because
The theorem of de La Vallée Poussin states that under this condition no polynomial of degree n exists with error less than E. Indeed, if such a polynomial existed, call it , then the difference
would still be positive/negative at the n+2 nodes and therefore have at least n+1 zeros which is impossible for a polynomial of degree n.
Thus, this E is a lower bound for the minimum error which can be achieved with polynomials of degree n.
Step 2 changes the notation from
to .
Step 3 improves upon the input nodes and their errors as follows.
In each P-region, the current node is replaced with the local maximizer and in each N-region is replaced with the local minimizer. (Expect at A, the near , and at B.) No high precision is required here,
the standard line search with a couple of quadratic fits should suffice. (See )
Let . Each amplitude is greater than or equal to E. The Theorem of de La Vallée Poussin and its proof also
apply to with as the new
lower bound for the best error possible with polynomials of degree n.
Moreover, comes in handy as an obvious upper bound for that best possible error.
Step 4: With and as lower and upper bound for the best possible approximation error, one has a reliable stopping criterion: repeat the steps until is sufficiently small or no longer decreases. These bounds indicate the progress.
Variants
Some modifications of the algorithm are present on the literature. These include:
Replacing more than one sample point with the locations of nearby maximum absolute differences.
Replacing all of the sample points with in a single iteration with the locations of all, alternating sign, maximum differences.
Using the relative error to measure the difference between the approximation and the function, especially if the approximation will be used to compute the function on a computer which uses floating point arithmetic;
Including zero-error point constraints.
The Fraser-Hart variant, used to determine the best rational Chebyshev approximation.
See also
Approximation theory
References
External links
Minimax Approximations and the Remez Algorithm, background chapter in the Boost Math Tools documentation, with link to an implementation in C++
Intro to DSP
Polynomials
Approximation theory
Numerical analysis