PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Polytrichum juniperinum

Polytrichum juniperinum, commonly known as juniper haircap or juniper polytrichum moss, is an evergreen and perennial species of moss that is widely distributed, growing on every continent including Antarctica.
Description
The stems are reddish with grey-green leaves that have a distinctive red-brown tip. This characteristic allows them to be separated from the bristly haircap (Polytrichum piliferum), a plant that the juniper haircap moss closely resembles. The difference is that the bristly haircap has a clear (white) leaf tip. The leaves of juniper haircap moss are lanceolate and upright spreading when dry, and when moist, wide-spreading. Although their growth form can be varied, they generally grow in thin, interwoven mats, and hardly as closely associated individuals. Juniper haircap moss have a well-developed system of tiny tubes for carrying water from the rhizoids to leaves that is uncharacteristic of mosses, resembling the system that has evolved in vascular plants such as ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. As a result of this developed system, stems have greater potential for height than in typical mosses.
Distribution
Juniper haircap moss grows across a wide range of habitats but it is most commonly found on dry, acidic, exposed habitats. It is frequent in areas previously disturbed by fire and logging. Other areas they occupy are mineral soil, humus and rocks, stumps, banks, trailsides and dry open woods. Although Juniper haircap moss is not usually found in moist or wet environments, it has been found growing on moist woods and other moist sites such as streambanks.
Reproduction
It is a dioecious plant, meaning that the male and female gametophytes are on separate plants. Juniper haircap moss have very obvious male and female parts. Male plants are said to be unusual because they continue growing without losing the old male organs. The male plants are very noticeable due to their bright reddish orange modified leaves that form small terminal 'flowers' at the shoot ends. The plant has a gametophyte dominant life cycle similar to other mosses. Water is required for reproduction to take place, to enable the sperm to swim down the neck of the archegonia to reach the egg. Once fertilization takes place, the sporophyte of the juniper haircap moss lives on the female gametophyte, growing out of the archegonia. The sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, a spore capsule, an operculum, and a calyptra. There are 64 short blunt teeth at the top surrounding the capsule mouth and the hood of the capsule, the calyptra, has long hairs that extends down the entire length of the capsule, hence the name 'haircap moss'.
References
Polytrichaceae
Flora of Tasmania
جيمس داوني

جيمس داوني هو مدرس كندي، ولد في 20 أبريل 1939.
مراجع
أشخاص من نيوفاوندلاند (جزيرة)
حاصلون على وسام كندا من رتبة ضابط
خريجو جامعة لندن
رؤساء جامعة واترلو
مواليد 1939
وفيات 2022
أبولون ليماسول

أبولون ليماسول هو نادي كرة قدم قبرصي تأسس في عام 1954م، يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى القبرصي. حصل على لقب الدوري 3 مرات وعلى الكأس 7 مرات وكأس السوبر مرة واحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
صفحة الفريق على موقع كووورة
أندية كرة طائرة في قبرص
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1954
أندية كرة قدم غير هابطة
أندية كرة قدم في قبرص
تأسيسات سنة 1954 في قبرص
فرق كرة طائرة نسائية في قبرص
High-speed flight

High-speed flight
In high-speed flight, the assumptions of incompressibility of the air used in low-speed aerodynamics no longer apply. In subsonic aerodynamics, the theory of lift is based upon the forces generated on a body and a moving gas (air) in which it is immersed. At airspeeds below about , air can be considered incompressible in regards to an aircraft, in that, at a fixed altitude, its density remains nearly constant while its pressure varies. Under this assumption, air acts the same as water and is classified as a fluid.
Subsonic aerodynamic theory
also assumes the effects of viscosity (the property
of a fluid that tends to prevent motion of one part
of the fluid with respect to another) are negligible,
and classifies air as an ideal fluid, conforming to
the principles of ideal-fluid aerodynamics such as
continuity, Bernoulli's principle, and circulation.
In reality, air is compressible and viscous. While the
effects of these properties are negligible at low
speeds, compressibility effects in particular become
increasingly important as airspeed increases.
Compressibility (and to a lesser extent viscosity) is
of paramount importance at speeds approaching the
speed of sound. In these transonic speed ranges, compressibility
causes a change in the density of the air around
an airplane.
During flight, a wing produces lift by accelerating
the airflow over the upper surface. This accelerated
air can, and does, reach supersonic speeds, even though the
airplane itself may be flying at a subsonic airspeed (Mach number < 1.0). At some
extreme angles of attack, in some airplanes, the
speed of the air over the top surface of the wing may
be double the airplane's airspeed. It is, therefore, entirely
possible to have both supersonic and subsonic airflows
on an airplane at the same time. When flow
velocities reach sonic speeds at some locations on an
airplane (such as the area of maximum camber on
the wing), further acceleration will result in the
onset of compressibility effects such as shock wave
formation, drag increase, buffeting, stability, and
control difficulties. Subsonic flow principles are
invalid at all speeds above this point.
Sources
See also
Coffin corner (aerodynamics)
Critical Mach number
Drag divergence Mach number
Airspeed
Heinz Prüfer

Heinz Prüfer
Ernst Paul Heinz Prüfer (10 November 1896 – 7 April 1934) was a German Jewish mathematician born in Wilhelmshaven. His major contributions were on abelian groups, graph theory, algebraic numbers, knot theory and Sturm–Liouville theory.
In 1915 he began his university studies in mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in Berlin. After that he started his doctorate degree with Issai Schur as his advisor at Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin. In 1921 he obtained his doctorate degree. His thesis was named Unendliche Abelsche Gruppen von Elementen endlicher Ordnung (Infinite abelian groups of elements of finite order). This thesis set the road for his contributions on abelian groups. In 1922 he worked with mathematician Paul Koebe in the University of Jena, and in 1923 he obtained tenure and was at this university until 1927. In that year he moved to Münster University where he worked until the end of his life. His final work was about projective geometry, but it was posthumously completed by his students Gustav Fleddermann and Gottfried Köthe.
Heinz Prüfer was married, but never had children. He died prematurely at 37 years of age in 1934 in Münster Germany, due to lung cancer.
Mathematical contributions
Heinz Prüfer created the following mathematical notions that were later named after him:
Prüfer sequence (also known as a Prüfer code; it has broad applications in graph theory and network theory).
Prüfer domain. Also see Bézout domain, which is a Prüfer domain
Prüfer rank
Prüfer manifold also known as Prüfer surface or Prüfer analytical manifold
Prüfer group
Prüfer theorems
References
Jürgen Elstrodt and Norbert Schmitz: History of Münster University (2013). Chapter 52. page 111, Heinz Prüfer Biographie. Chapter 52. page 111
External links
1896 births
1934 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German Jews
Academic staff of the University of Münster
People from Wilhelmshaven
الكسندر توماس أوغوستا

الكسندر توماس أوغوستا هو أمريكي، ولد في 8 مارس 1825 في نورفولك في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 21 ديسمبر 1890 في واشنطن العاصمة في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من فرجينيا في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
أطباء أمريكيون أفارقة
أطباء عسكريون أمريكيون
أطباء من بالتيمور
أفراد عسكريون من نورفولك (فرجينيا)
أكاديميون أمريكيون أفارقة
أكاديميون أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 19
أكاديميون من فرجينيا
أكاديميون من ماريلند
أمريكيون أفارقة في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
جراحو الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
جراحون أمريكيون
خريجو جامعة تورنتو
ضباط جيش الاتحاد
مدفونون في مقبرة أرلينغتون الوطنية
مواليد 1825
وفيات 1890
أطباء أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 19
ليونيل أنتويرب (دوق كلارنس الأول)

ليونيل أنتويرب (دوق كلارنس الأول)
ليونيل أنتويرب، دوق كلارنس الأول هو الابن الثالث للمك إدوارد الثالث وهو أيضاً الابن الثاني الذي بقي على قيد الحياة. سُمي بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى مسقط رأسه في مدينة أنتويرب البلجيكية.
مراجع
أشخاص من أنتفيرب
أمراء إنجلترا
إدوارد الثالث ملك إنجلترا
بلانتاجانت
دوقات كلارنس
مواليد 1338
مواليد في أنتويرب
نبلاء إنجليز في القرن 14
وفيات 1368
وفيات في ألبا (إيطاليا)
Yuki (singer)

Yuki (singer)
, known professionally as Yuki (stylized as YUKI), is a Japanese musician and singer-songwriter. She is best known as the lead vocalist for Judy and Mary. She founded Judy and Mary in 1991 and became a solo artist in 2002. She has also been a member of the bands NiNa (1999, with Kate Pierson of the B-52's, bassist Mick Karn of Japan, former members of the Japanese New Wave band the Plastics Masahide Sakuma and Takemi Shima, and session drummer Steven Wolf) and Mean Machine (alongside Chara, 2001).
Biography
Yuki was born in Hakodate, Hokkaido. After graduating from Hakodate Otani College, she worked as a beautician. She met Yoshihito Onda who visited Hakodate to make a movie, The Triple Cross. The meeting triggered the formation of Judy and Mary in 1992. After Judy and Mary disbanded, Yuki made her solo debut in 2002. She married Magokoro Brothers frontman Yoichi Kuramochi in September 2000, and gave birth to her first child, a boy, on April 18, 2003. However, the child died from unknown causes (SIDS) on March 17, 2005. She gave birth to a second child on August 29, 2006, and a third child in June 2009.
Backup band
Band Astro
They perform in her tour or recording.
Guitar: Jun Matsue (Spoozys)
Drums: Atsushi Matsushita (Zazen Boys)
Bass: Hiroharu Kinoshita (ex. L⇔R, curve509)
All keyboard instruments: Makoto Minagawa (ex Shiina Ringo)
DJ / manipulator: Yohei Tsukasaki
The Urah
They performed in her tour or recording in 2010.
All keyboard instruments: Kiyohide Ura (ex Diamond Head)
Guitar: Tsuneo Imahori
Guitar: Akihito "Akkin" Suzuki (ex. Heart Bazaar, ex Shiina Ringo, ex Kaela Kimura)
Bass: Kenji Ueda (ex. The Pillows)
Drums: Tsuyoshi Miyagawa
Discography
Original albums
Other albums
Singles
As lead artist
*charted on monthly Chaku-uta Reco-kyō Chart†Japan Hot 100 established February 2008, RIAJ Digital Track Chart established April 2009
As featured artist
DVDs
(March 2, 2005)
Sweet Home Rock'n Roll Tour (March 2, 2005)
(January 25, 2006)
(March 19, 2008)
Yuki Live "5-star": The Gift Will Suddenly Arrive (May 28, 2008)
Yuki concert New Rhythm Tour 2008 (March 4, 2009)
Books
Yuki Girly Rock – Yuki biography (1997)
Yuki Girly Swing – Yuki autobiography & diary (1997)
Yuki Girly Folk – Yuki biography (2000)
Yuki Girly Boogie – Yuki autobiography & diary (2000)
Yuki Girly Wave – Yuki biography (2004)
Yuki Girly Tree – Yuki autobiography & diary (2004)
Appearances
Movies
– cameo appearance
Radio
Yuki: Hello! New World (2017–present)
References
Further reading
External links
YUKI Instagram – By Instagram
YUKI Official Website – By Sony Music
1972 births
Living people
Japanese women singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese women pop singers
Mean Machine (band) members
Musicians from Hokkaido
People from Hakodate
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers
جنيفر هوكينز

جنيفر هوكينز (من مواليد 22 ديسمبر 1983)هي ملكة الجمال أسترالية وعارضة ازياء ومقدمة عروض تلفزيونية ومعروفة أكثر بملكة جمال الكون عام 2004.
في وقت مبكر الحياة
هوكينز ولدت في هولميسفيل، نيوكاسل أستراليا تقيم حاليا في سيدني.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أستراليون من أصل إنجليزي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من نيوكاسل (أستراليا)
عارضات أزياء أستراليات
فائزات بلقب ملكة جمال الكون
قادة تشجيع أستراليون
مذيعات تلفاز أستراليات
مذيعو تلفاز أستراليون
مقدمو برامج
مواليد 1983
مواليد في نيوكاسل (أستراليا)
سرفايفر سيريس (1998)

سرفايفر سيريس (1998)
سرفايفر سيريس 1998 هو عرض مصارعة محترفة من فئة الدفع مقابل المشاهدة وهو العرض الثاني عشر من سلسلة عروض سرفايفر سيريس. تم عرضه في 15 نوفمبر 1998.
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
Official 1998 Survivor Series site
ميزوري في 1998
أحداث في سينت لويس
أحداث نوفمبر 1998 في الولايات المتحدة
1998
مصارعة المحترفين في سينت لويس
مهرجانات دبليو دبليو إف بنظام الدفع مقابل المشاهدة لعام 1998
Edward Jarvis (physician)

Edward Jarvis (physician)
Edward Jarvis (9 January 1803, Concord, Massachusetts – 31 October 1884, Dorchester, Massachusetts) was a United States physician.
Biography
He was descended from John Jarvis, a shipbuilder who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, to Boston in 1661. He attended public school in Concord, and Westford Academy. He graduated from Harvard in 1826. In 1827 he taught school in Concord, also studying with Josiah Bartlett. He graduated from the Boston Medical School in 1830, and practised in Northfield, Massachusetts, from 1830 to 1832. He practised in Concord until 1837. There he was influenced by statistician Lemuel Shattuck. After Concord, he practised in Louisville, Kentucky, from 1837 to 1842, and then in Dorchester, Massachusetts. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1854.
Jarvis made a sanitary survey of Massachusetts, by order of the government, and published a report (1855), and subsequently, by appointment of the United States Secretary of the Interior, he tabulated the mortality statistics of the United States as reported in the census of 1860, his work constituting one half of the fourth volume of the reports of the eighth census. He was a member of numerous learned societies, and was president of the American Statistical Association from 1852 until his death. In 1863, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
Additionally, Jarvis wrote a large number of reports on public health, mortality rates, education, insanity, and other subjects. In his 1871 essay entitled Relation of Education to Insanity, Jarvis argued that too much education was directly linked to increased rates of insanity.
Works
Notes
References
1803 births
1884 deaths
Harvard University alumni
19th-century American physicians
American statisticians
People from Concord, Massachusetts
Presidents of the American Statistical Association
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
American people of English descent
Mathematicians from Massachusetts
Mohamed Ayub

Mohamed Ayub
Dr Mohamed Ayub or Dr. Ayub is an Indian politician and president of Peace Party of India. He Is MLA in Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. Since 2012 he represents Khalilabad (Assembly constituency) in Sant Kabir Nagar district as a member of Peace Party of India.
Early life and career
Dr. Mohammad Ayub was born in Barhalganj, Teh.-Gola, Gorakhpur in 1955 to Aashiq Ali. He studied to become a Master of Surgery in 1985 from Banaras Hindu University Varanasi (M.S.), F.A.I.S. & F.I.C.S. and he was a successful businessman in the medical field.
Career
Dr Ayub fought his maiden election from Khalilabad (Sant Kabir Nagar) assembly seat of Basti division in Uttar Pradesh state assembly election in 2012. After the good performance of party's Lok Sabha 2009 candidate from Sant Kabir Nagar, Dr Ayub won the Khalilabad assembly seat in 2012 by 5392 votes over his rival Mashoor Alam (Bahujan Samaj Party).
Sexual exploitation case
On 25 February 2017, Ayub was booked for allegedly sexually exploiting a young woman who later died from liver and kidney damage. According to the woman's brother, Ayub had brought the girl to Lucknow from Khalilabad on the pretext of providing her better education and promising to make her a doctor. But the case is still going to trial.
References
External links
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/eye-on-up-polls-dr-ayub-brings-peace-party/803714/
http://www.milligazette.com/news/1532-assassination-bid-on-dr-ayub-president-peace-party-indian-muslims
Uttar Pradesh politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
إيزابيل ياكوبو

إيزابيل ياكوبو مواليد 21 أبريل 1986 في بنين، هي لاعبة كرة سلة فرنسية/بنينية. تم اختيارها من قبل فريق أتلانتا دريم خلال الدرافت. مثلت منتخب بلادها. شاركت في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية سنة 2012.
سجل المنافسة
شاركت في المنافسات التالية:
الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
الميداليات
مراجع
روابط خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من إدارة أتلانتيك
بنينيون مهاجرون إلى فرنسا
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
رياضيون بنينيون مغتربون في تركيا
فائزون بميداليات أولمبية في كرة السلة
فرنسيون فازوا بالميدالية الفضية الأولمبية
لاعبات كرة سلة فرنسيات
لاعبات كرة سلة نسائية بنينيات
لاعبو كرة السلة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
لاعبو كرة سلة أولمبيون فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة سلة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
لاعبو نادي فنربخشة لكرة السلة للسيدات
لاعبو وسط كرة سلة
مواليد 1986
أعلام كرة سلة فرنسيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبات منتخب فرنسا لكرة السلة للسيدات
أعلام كرة سلة فرنسيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون بنينيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
1927 U.S. National Championships (tennis)

1927 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1927 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The women's tournament was held from August 22 until August 30 while the men's tournament ran from September 12 until September 17. It was the 47th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year. This edition saw the introduction of seedings in the draw which were meant to prevent the best players from meeting each other in the early rounds of the tournament.
Champions
Men's singles
René Lacoste defeated Bill Tilden 11–9, 6–3, 11–9
Women's singles
Helen Wills defeated Betty Nuthall 6–1, 6–4
Men's doubles
Bill Tilden / Frank Hunter defeated Bill Johnston / R. Norris Williams 10–8, 6–3, 6–3
Women's doubles
Kitty McKane Godfree / Ermyntrude Harvey defeated Betty Nuthall / Joan Fry 6–1, 4–6, 6–4
Mixed doubles
Eileen Bennett / Henri Cochet defeated Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman / René Lacoste 6–2, 0–6, 6–3
References
External links
Official US Open website
U.S. National Championships
U.S. National Championships (tennis) by year
U.S. National Championships
U.S. National Championships
U.S. National Championships
U.S. National Championships
تشارلز فيرت ويلي

تشارلز فيرت ويلي هو عالم اجتماع أمريكي، ولد في 8 أكتوبر 1927.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من دالاس (تكساس)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة سيراكيوز
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 20
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 21
تربويون أمريكيون
خريجو جامعة سيراكيوز
خريجو جامعة كلارك أتلانتا
خريجو كلية مورهاوس
علماء اجتماع أمريكيون
كتاب علوم اجتماعية أمريكيون
كتاب من دالاس
مواليد 1927
وفيات 2022
Shinji Yamasaki

Shinji Yamasaki
is a Japanese former water polo player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
References
1962 births
Living people
Japanese male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Japan
Water polo players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people
قسم أيل غورك الريفي (مقاطعة بوكان)

قسم أيل غورك الريفي (مقاطعة بوكان)
قسم أيل غورك الريفي هي منطقة سكنية تقع في إيران في قسم المركزي. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 5,798 نسمة .
انظر أيضا
قائمة مدن إيران
مراجع
مقاطعة بوكان
جيمس بورتر

جيمس بورتر هو ومحام بالقضاء العالي وسياسي أسترالي، ولد في 19 فبراير 1950 في أديلايد في أستراليا. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الليبرالي الأسترالي. وقد انتخب عضو مجلس النواب الأسترالي عن دائرة (13 ديسمبر 1975 – 19 فبراير 1990).
مراجع
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأسترالي
سياسيون أستراليون في القرن 20
ضباط الصلبان من وسام استحقاق جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية
مواليد 1950
مدة الحياة

مدة الحياة هي مقدار الزمن الذي يحياه المخلوق الحي. فكما يوجد للخلية دورة حياة، فإن المخلوقات الحية لها دورات نمو وتكاثر ثم موت.
ومراحل نمو المخلوق الحي تكون دورة حياته، وتشتمل دورة حياة الحيوان على الولادة والنضج والتكاثر والهِرم والموت. وأطول فترة زمنية يعيشها المخلوق الحي في أفضل الظروف تسمى مدة الحياة.
العمر المتوقع لحياة بعض المخلوقات الحية
تختلف «مدة الحياة» للمخلوقات الحية، فبعض الكائنات تكون مدة حياتها أيام، والبعض الآخر قد تكون مدة حياته سنوات طويلة.
حياة
Niedermodern

Niedermodern is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
References
Communes of Bas-Rhin
(311999) 2007 NS2

(311999) 2007 NS2
is an asteroid and Mars trojan orbiting near the of Mars.
Discovery, orbit and physical properties
was discovered on 14 July 2007, by the Observatorio Astronómico de La Sagra.
Its orbit is characterized by low eccentricity (0.054), moderate inclination (18.6°) and a semi-major axis of 1.52 AU. Upon discovery, it was classified as Mars-crosser by the Minor Planet Center. Its orbit is well determined as it is currently (March 2013) based on 87 observations with a data-arc span of 4,800 days. has an absolute magnitude of 17.8, which gives a characteristic diameter of 870 m.
Mars trojan and orbital evolution
Jean Meeus suspected that was a Mars Trojan, and this was confirmed by Reiner Stoss's analysis of two sets of observations dating from 1998 on the MPC database. It was confirmed to be a Mars Trojan numerically in 2012. Recent calculations confirm that it is a stable Mars Trojan asteroid with a libration period of 1310 years and an amplitude of 14°. These values as well as its short-term orbital evolution are similar to those of 5261 Eureka. Out of all known Mars Trojans, it currently has the smallest relative (to Mars) semimajor axis, 0.000059 AU.
Origin
Long-term numerical integrations show that its orbit is very stable on Gyr time-scales (1 Gyr = 1 billion years). As in the case of Eureka, calculations in both directions of time (4.5 Gyr into the past and 4.5 Gyr into the future) indicate that may be a primordial object, perhaps a survivor of the planetesimal population that formed in the terrestrial planets region early in the history of the Solar System.
See also
5261 Eureka (1990 MB)
References
Further reading
External links
data at MPC.
311999
311999
311999
20070714
Gasteropelecidae

Gasteropelecidae
The freshwater hatchetfish are a family, Gasteropelecidae, of ray-finned fish from South and Central America. The common hatchetfish is the most popular member among fish keeping hobbyists. The family includes three genera: Carnegiella (four species), Gasteropelecus (three species), and Thoracocharax (two species).
Distribution and habitat
Freshwater hatchetfish originate from Panama and South America (though they are absent from Chile). They tend to be an upper-level fish, often swimming directly below the surface of the water, biding their time patiently.
Size
When fully grown, freshwater hatchetfish range in size from 1 inch up to 2 1/2 inches. One exception is the Giant Hatchetfish Thoracocharax securis which can grow up to 3 1/2 inches. The smallest being the two species, the Pygmy hatchetfish Carnegiella myersi which only grows to about 0.9 inch (2.2 centimeters), the Dwarf Hatchetfish Carnegiella schereri which only grows to about 1 inch (2.6 centimeters).
Flight
The most obvious trait of the freshwater hatchetfish is their enormously enlarged sternal region. This is accompanied by large pectoral fins and "extraordinarily powerful" associated muscles which account for up to one-quarter of their total body weight. "Quick beats of the pectoral fins" allow hatchetfish to "lift themselves half out of the water and glide along the surface ... Some species can even leave the water for short stretches" Because of this ability to fly and tendency to jump, aquaria used to keep hatchetfish should have a tightly sealed cover to prevent these fish from escaping.
Genera
The genera in this family are:
Carnegiella
Gasteropelecus
Thoracocharax
References
Further reading
Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fish of Bangladesh
Ray-finned fish families