PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Dick Hoover (baseball)

Dick Hoover (baseball)
Richard Lloyd Hoover (December 11, 1925 – April 12, 1981) was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Braves during the 1952 season. Listed at , 170 lb., he batted and threw left-handed.
Career
Born in Columbus, Ohio, the 17-year-old Dick Hoover was signed by the New York Giants as an amateur free agent prior to the start of the 1943 season. He was assigned to the Appalachian League, where he finished 11–1 to lead the league in winning percentage (.917) while helping lead the Bristol Twins to a 74–35 pennant-winning record. But his baseball career was interrupted in 1944 after he entered service in the United States Navy during World War II.
Following his discharge in 1946, Hoover was part of successive transactions between the Giants, Cubs and Pirates organizations, playing for six different teams in a span of three years. Before the 1949 season, Hoover was sent by the Giants along with Gary Gearhart and cash consideration to the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association in exchange for Davey Williams. By then, the Crackers were a Class AA affiliate of the Boston Braves, a period during which they won more games than any other league team.
Hoover had two solid years with the Crackers, after going 11–11 with a 3.97 ERA in 1949 and 16–7, 3.35 in 1950. He was promoted to Triple A Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association in 1951, ending with a 5–4 record and a 3.14 ERA in 27 games, basically as a middle reliever and spot starter.
Hoover opened 1952 with the Boston Braves, pitching for them from April 16 through April 23. He made two relief appearances, allowing four runs on eight hits and three walks while striking out one batter in innings of work. He did not have a decision, but gained notoriety by serving up the home run ball hit by future Hall of Famer Hoyt Wilhelm in his first Major League at bat. It would be the only homer Wilhelm would hit in his 20-year major league career.
Following his brief stint in the majors, Hoover returned to Milwaukee for the rest of the 1952 season. He went 10–5 while leading the pitching staff with a 2.60 ERA. He finished his career with Triple A Columbus Jets in 1955. His career highlight came on August 14, when he hurled a no-hitter against the Richmond Virginians.
In an 11-season, minors career Hoover posted an 89–72 record and a 3.44 ERA in 313 pitching appearances.
After baseball retirement in 1955, Hoover worked as a police sergeant in his native Columbus. He died in a traffic collision in Lake Placid, Florida at the age of 55 years, while making a vacation trip.
See also
1952 Boston Braves season
Sources
Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Braves players
Albany Senators players
Atlanta Crackers players
Bristol Twins players
Columbus Jets players
Jersey City Giants players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Nashville Vols players
Toledo Sox players
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Columbus, Ohio
Road incident deaths in Florida
American police officers
1925 births
1981 deaths
عمران بحر

عمران بحر (27 أكتوبر 1930 - 1 مايو 2007)، ممثل مصري. بدأ مسيرته عام 1954 واستمر حتى وفاته عام 2007.
أعماله
1986: آه يا بلد آه
روابط خارجية
المراجع
ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1349 هـ
مواليد 1930
وفيات 1428 هـ
وفيات 2007
Anthochaera

Anthochaera is a genus of birds in the honeyeater family. The species are endemic to Australia and include the little wattlebird, the red wattlebird, the western wattlebird, and the yellow wattlebird. A molecular phylogenetic study has shown that the regent honeyeater also belongs in this genus.
Description
Of the five species in the genus only the yellow wattlebird (Anthochaera paradoxa) and the red wattlebird (A. carunculata) have the wattles of their common name. These are bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display.
A common name for species of the genus is wattlebird, a term also used for unrelated avian species.
Taxonomy
The genus Anthochaera was introduced in 1827 by the naturalists Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield. The name is derived from the Greek anthos meaning flower or bloom and khairō meaning to enjoy. The type species was designated as the little wattlebird by the German ornithologist Hans Friedrich Gadow in 1884.
The regent honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) was formerly placed in its own genus, Xanthomyza, but placed with the Anthochaera genus in a 2004 molecular phylogenetic study. The genus Anthochaera is sister group to the species Acanthagenys rufogularis, the spiny-cheeked honeyeater, separated as a monotypic genus.
Species and distribution
The genus Anthochaera contains the following species:
See also
List of Australian birds
References
External links
Wattlebird videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Bird genera
Taxa named by Thomas Horsfield
Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors
Mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi

Mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi
The Mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi was built in approximately 1457–1458, in Baku, Azerbaijan. The mausoleum is located in the centre of the middle yard of the Palace of the Shirvanshahs. Among local people it is known as the mausoleum of “dervish” and was named after the philosopher and thinker Seyid Yahya Bakuvi who is buried in it.
The mausoleum is not large. It has an octagonal prismatic form and is covered with a conic stone cupola. This form is odd for monuments of Baku and Absheron. Such kinds of constructions are met beyond Baku and partially in Shamakhi Rayon. The mausoleum is divided into two parts: overground and underground. The upper part of the mausoleum was used for accomplishment of cultic rites, but there was a burial vault. There are three small windows with stone shebeke-lattices in the southern, eastern and western facets of the mausoleum. The burial vault also has a window with shebeke-lattice. The whole mausoleum was revetted with narrow and wide rows of tightly urged to each other and finely nigged stones. Ancient ornaments in form of grid are saved within a cupola-shaped vault. Admixtures of wool fabrics strengthening the mausoleum were used in plastering of its walls. Light cuts (up to ) filled with colored mixture were made in plastering.
The mausoleum was attached to an ancient mosque known as Key-Gubad Mosque. Seyid Yahya Bakuvi worked, prayed and taught namely in this mosque. The mosque was built during Shirvansah Key Gubad's reign, in the 14th century, and was named after him. But in 1918, the mosque was burned down during a fire and only the remains of its foundation exist at present.
The Mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi is one of the best patterns of memorial architecture of the northern regions of Azerbaijan.
References
Mausoleums in Azerbaijan
Tourist attractions in Baku
Buildings and structures in Baku
Palace of the Shirvanshahs
بيتار كوليف (لاعب كرة قدم)

بيتار كوليف (لاعب كرة قدم)
بيتار كوليف هو لاعب كرة قدم بلغاري في مركز الدفاع، ولد في 25 نوفمبر 1974 في هاسكوفو في بلغاريا. شارك مع منتخب بلغاريا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع نادي بيروي ستارا زاغورا ونادي لوكوموتيف بلوفديف.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلغاريون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من هاسكوفو
رياضيون من مقاطعة خاسكوفو
رياضيون من هاسكوفو
لاعبو الدوري البلغاري لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو كرة قدم بلغاريون
لاعبو منتخب بلغاريا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بيروي ستارا زاغورا
لاعبو نادي لوكوموتيف بلوفديف
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1974
قائمة قرارات الأمم المتحدة المتعلقة باليمن

قائمة قرارات الأمم المتحدة المتعلقة باليمن
تناولت قرارات الأمم المتحدة المتعلقة باليمن بشكل أساسي الحرب الأهلية في شمال اليمن، والحرب الأهلية في اليمن عام 1994، والحرب الأهلية اليمنية منذ 2014 حتى الآن.
قائمة القرارات
انظر أيضا
عملية السلام اليمنية
مراجع
جهود السلام في الشرق الأوسط
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن اليمن
قوائم قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة
قوائم متعلقة باليمن
Mark Crowe (footballer)

Mark Crowe (footballer)
Mark Anthony Crowe (born 11 December 1965 in Southwold) is an English former professional footballer.
Crowe, a central defender, began his career as an apprentice with Norwich City and was captain of the Norwich youth team that won the FA Youth Cup in 1983. He made his league debut, whilst still an apprentice, playing as a late substitute in a match against Brighton & Hove Albion in December 1982. He turned professional the following month, but that one appearance was his only game for the Norwich first team.
Crowe joined Torquay United on a free transfer in July 1985, scoring twice in 57 games for the Gulls, before a move to Cambridge United in December 1986. He played 51 times for Cambridge before moving into non-league football, playing for Watton and Thetford Town before joining Wroxham. In the 1999 close season, Crowe joined Lowestoft Town as player-coach, though notwithstanding a legal challenge from Wroxham who still held his registration, and who Mark still had 2 years left on his contract with. Eventually an FA ruling provided in Lowestoft's favour.
Crowe joined Kirkley in the 2003 close season.
Honours
FA Youth cup winner 1983
External links
Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk
Sources
Canary Citizens by Mark Davage, John Eastwood, Kevin Platt, published by Jarrold Publishing, (2001),
1965 births
People from Southwold
Living people
Norwich City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Watton United F.C. players
Thetford Town F.C. players
Wroxham F.C. players
Lowestoft Town F.C. players
Kirkley & Pakefield F.C. players
English men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Footballers from Suffolk
ماريو روميرو (كاتب)

ماريو روميرو (كاتب)
ماريو روميرو هو كاتب وشاعر أرجنتيني، ولد في 15 فبراير 1943، وتوفي في 28 يونيو 1998.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
شعراء أرجنتينيون في القرن 20
شعراء أرجنتينيون
كتاب ذكور أرجنتينيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1943
وفيات 1998
Long-eared jerboa

Long-eared jerboa
The long-eared jerboa (Euchoreutes naso) is a nocturnal mouse-like rodent with a long tail, long hind legs for jumping, and exceptionally large ears. It is distinct enough that authorities consider it to be the only member of both its genus, Euchoreutes, and subfamily, Euchoreutinae.
Long-eared jerboas are found in the Palearctic ecozone. The specific palearctic ecozone areas they are found in are southernmost Mongolia to the Takla-Makan Desert, Mengxin, Aerijin Mountain, and Qing-Zang Plateau regions of north western China. Long-eared jerboas in most cases are nocturnal, The long-eared jerboa's fur according to the book 100 animals to see before they die "is reddish yellow to pale russet with white underparts." Very little is known about the species.
Description
The long-eared jerboa's head and body length measures to while its tail is double this size, between and . Like its disproportionately long tail, its hind feet are also large, helping it to jump high, measuring between and . It weighs to . Long-eared jerboas usually eat insects. They use sound to locate and capture them by performing fast leaps into the air. According to animal diversity web "The two lateral digits are shorter than the three central ones. The central metatarsals are fused for a small distance. The feet are covered with tufts of bristly hairs. Long-eared jerboas have ears that are 1/3 longer than their heads. The incisors are thin and white. A small premolar can be found on each side of the upper jaw. Females have eight mammae." Their fur is light reddish/brown with a white underside. Their tails are covered in fine hairs the same color as their body and have a black and white tuft on the end.
Conservation
The long-eared jerboa was identified as one of the top-10 "focal species" in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project.
In 2007 Zoological Society of London EDGE of Existence Programme sent a researcher to study human impact on its environment. The study returned with video footage that has been noted as the "first time" the creature has been "recorded on camera". This has helped to start a campaign to protect them.
References
9. www.theanimalfiles.com
External links
EDGE of Existence "(Long-eared jerboa)" Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species
Mammals described in 1891
Dipodidae
EDGE species
Mammals of Mongolia
Rodents of China
Taxa named by Philip Sclater
Christoph Siefkes

Christoph Siefkes (born 20 February 1991) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is related to Patrick Siefkes, who plays as a goalkeeper for SV Drochtersen/Assel.
Career
Siefkes began his career with Hallescher FC, where he scored prolifically for the youth team, and made one appearance for the first-team, as a substitute for Angelo Hauk in a Regionalliga Nord match against SV Wilhelmshaven in May 2010. Shortly after this, he signed for Bayer Leverkusen, to play for the reserve team. After one season he signed a year-long loan deal with Carl Zeiss Jena, where he played alongside his brother, and made 20 appearances in the 3. Liga. The season ended in relegation for Jena, and Christoph returned to Leverkusen for the 2012–13 season.
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Hallescher FC players
FC Carl Zeiss Jena players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen II players
1. FC Magdeburg players
3. Liga players
أبو مخطوب (معان)

أبو مخطوب (معان)
أبو مخطوب منطقة سكنية تقع في لواء الشوبك، محافظة معان في الأردن. تنتمي المنطقة لقضاء الشوبك الذي يضم 15 منطقة. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 172 نسمة حسب إحصاء 2015.
مراجع
انظر أيضًا
قائمة مدن الأردن
الوصلات الخارجية
دائرة الاحصاءات العامة
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء الشوبك
سزار (ألبرتا)

سزار (ألبرتا)
سزار هي قرية تقع في كندا في ألبرتا. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 167 نسمة ومساحتها 1.18 كم2 وترتفع عن سطح البحر 685 متر.
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن كندا
مراجع
تأسيسات سنة 1917 في ألبرتا
قرى مقاطعة ألبرتا
تشكل (توضيح)

تشكل (توضيح)
يشير المصطلح تشكل إلى علم دراسة الشكل والبنية، وعادة دون اعتبار الوظيفة. وخاصة في ما يلي:
في علم الأحياء: علم التشكل دراسة شكل وهيكل والحيوان والنبات.
في الجيولوجيا: التشكل (الارض) دراسة بنية الصخور والإصلاح الزراعى.
في علم النبات: علم تشكل النبات دراسة شكل النباتات.
في اللغويات: علم الصرف وهو دراسة البنية الداخلية للوحدة الصرفية (الكلمات ودلالية التركيب).
في الحوسبة: علم التشكل الرقمي
علم التشكل (عمارة)
علم التشكل
علم التشكل (علم الأحياء)
ماكس ماكجي

ماكس ماكجي هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكية وصحفي وضابط أمريكي، ولد في 16 يوليو 1932 في اوفرتون في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 20 أكتوبر 2007 في ديفافين في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أبطال سوبر بول
أشخاص من اوفرتون
أشخاص من ديفافين
أشخاص من مقاطعة هينيبين (مينيسوتا)
أفراد عسكريون من تكساس
أفراد عسكريون من مينيسوتا
ضباط بالقوات الجوية الأمريكية
لاعبو اتحاد الغرب برو بول
لاعبو غرين باي باكرز
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من تكساس
مذيعو الدوري الوطني لكرة القدم الأمريكية
مذيعو غرين باي باكرز
مستقبلون واسعون كرة قدم أمريكية
مواليد 1932
وفيات 2007
وفيات بسبب حوادث السقوط
وفيات عرضية في مينيسوتا
رياضيون من مقاطعة هينيبين، مينيسوتا
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من مقاطعة هينيبين (مينيسوتا)
ألكسندر دوغين

ألكسندر دوغين
ألكسندر جليفيتش دوغين (من مواليد 7 يناير 1962، موسكو، الاتحاد السوفيتي) هو فيلسوف سوفيتي وروسي وعالم سياسي وعالم اجتماع ومترجم وشخصية عامة. مُرّشح في العلوم الفلسفية، دكتوراه في العلوم السياسية، دكتوراه في العلوم الاجتماعية. واستاذ جامعي وهو رئيس قسم علم الاجتماع للعلاقات الدولية في كلية علم الاجتماع بجامعة موسكو الحكومية. وهو زعيم . إضافة بأنّه مؤلف النظرية السياسية الرابعة التي ترى نفسها الخطوة التالية لانتهاء المدارس السياسية الثلاث: الليبرالية والاشتراكية والفاشية. يهدف نشاط دوجين السياسي إلى إنشاء قوة عظمى أوراسية من خلال اندماج روسيا مع الجمهوريات السوفيتية السابقة في الاتحاد الأوراسي الجديد (EAU).
ألكسندر دوغين هو أستاذ فخري في وفي جامعة طهران وأستاذ زائر في الجامعة الفيدرالية الجنوبية ، زميل باحث أول في جامعة فودان (شنغهاي) ويتقن اللغات الإنجليزية، والألمانية، والفرنسية، والإسبانية، والإيطالية، والبرتغالية.
في عام 2014 أدرجت المجلة الأمريكية فورين بوليسي دوغين ضمن أفضل 100 مفكر عالمي في العالم الحديث.
من مؤلفاته
كتاب: أسس الجغرافيا السياسية: المستقبل الجيوسياسي لروسيا
كتاب: «الخلاص من الغرب الاوراسية - الحضارات الأرضية مقابل الحضارات البحرية والاطلسية.».
انظر أيضا
ضد العولمة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
The Fourth Political Theory
Movement Eurasia
اتجاه محافظ في روسيا
الأوراسية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من موسكو
إرهاب
روحانيون
سياسيون روس
سياسيون روس في القرن 20
سياسيون روس في القرن 21
سياسيون من موسكو
سياسة يمينية متطرفة في روسيا
صحفيون روس
صحفيون روس في القرن 20
صحفيون روس في القرن 21
صحفيون من موسكو
صحفيون وصحفيات روس
علماء سياسة روس
فاشيون روس
فاشية جديدة
فلاسفة روس
فلاسفة روس في القرن 20
فلاسفة روس في القرن 21
قائمة الرعايا المعينين خصيصا والأشخاص المحظورين
قوميون روس
كتاب ذكور روس في القرن 20
كتاب ذكور روس في القرن 21
كتاب غير روائيين روس في القرن 20
كتاب غير روائيين روس في القرن 21
كتاب من موسكو
مختصون في الجيوسياسية
مدافعون من البيت الأبيض (1993)
مستشارون
مشاعر معادية للأوكرانيين
مشاعر معادية للأوكرانيين في روسيا
معاداة الأمريكيين
منظرو مؤامرة روس
منظرون سياسيون روس
مواليد 1962
مواليد في موسكو
مؤسسو أحزاب سياسية
مؤسسو أحزاب سياسية روس
مؤسسو مجلات روس
ناشطون روس
نشطاء سياسيون روس
ألفونسو لورينزو

ألفونسو لورينزو لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني راحل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الوسط.
لعب طوال مسيرته الرياضية في نادي باراكاس سينترال.
شارك مع منتخب الأرجنتين في بطولة كأس العالم 1934 في إيطاليا حيث خرج من الدور الثمن النهائي.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
هذا سيرة ذاتية
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كأس العالم 1934
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم
مواليد في الأرجنتين
كلية الطب البيطري بجامعة ميسوري

كلية الطب البيطري بجامعة ميسوري هي كلية الطب البيطري في كولومبيا، ميسوري . وهي واحدة من 30 كلية بيطرية فقط في الولايات المتحدة معتمدة من قبل الجمعية الطبية البيطرية الأمريكية والحيدة في ميزوري. في عام 2019 ، صنفت مجلة يو إس نيوز آند وورد ريبورت المدرسة رقم 19 كأفضل مدرسة بيطرية في الولايات المتحدة.
مركز الصحة البيطرية
يضم مركز جامعة ميسوري االبيطري للصحة غرفة طوارئ على مدار 24 ساعة، ومستشفى حيوانات صغيرة، ومستشفى للخيول، ومستشفى طعام الحيوان، ومختبر تشخيص طبي. هناك أيضًا مركز طوارئ في مدينة كانساس سيتي، وعيادة في ونتزفيل. تم الإعلان عن شراكة مع جمعية جمعية مقاطعة أدير الإنسانية في عام 2019.
المراجع
روابط خارجية
موقع رسمي
التعليم في كولومبيا (ميسوري)
جامعة ميسوري
كليات طب بيطري في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1946
تأسيسات سنة 1946 في ميزوري
كيغان براون

كيغان براون هو لاعب دارت بريطاني، ولد في 5 نوفمبر 1992 في درم في المملكة المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إنجليز في القرن 21
رياضيون من دورهام، إنجلترا (إنجلترا)
لاعبو سهام مريشة إنجليز
مواليد 1992
Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald

Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald (26 April 1830 – 24 November 1925) was an Anglo-Irish author and critic, painter and sculptor.
Fitzgerald was born in Ireland at Fane Valley, County Louth, the son of Thomas FitzGerald. He was educated at Belvedere college Dublin, Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the Irish bar and was for a time crown prosecutor on the northeastern circuit.
After moving to London, he became a contributor to Charles Dickens's magazine, Household Words, and later dramatic critic for the Observer and the Whitehall Review. Among his many writings are numerous biographies and works relating to the history of the theatre. He wrote:
Life of Sterne (1864) (See Sterne.); 2nd edition; revised & enlarged (1896); reprinted 1904
Charles Lamb (1866) (See Charles Lamb.)
Life of David Garrick (1868) (See David Garrick.)
The Kembles (1871)
The Romance of the English Stage (1874)
Croker’s Boswell and Boswell: Studies in the “Life of Johnson” (Chapman and Hall, 1880)
Life of George IV (1881) (See George IV.)
A New History of the English Stage (1882)
Recreations of a Literary Man (1882)
Life and Times of William IV (1884) (See William IV.)
Lives of the Sheridans (1886)
The Book Fancier (1886)
Life of James Boswell (of Auchinleck) with an Account of His Sayings, Doings, and Writings (1891) (See James Boswell.)
Henry Irving: A Record of Twenty Years at the Lyceum (1893)
The Savoy Opera and the Savoyards (1894) (deals with operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.)
Memoirs of an Author (London, 1895)
A Critical Examination of Dr G. Birkbeck Hill's "Johnsonian" Editions (1898)
The Garrick Club (1904)
Life of Charles Dickens (1905)
Sir Henry Irving, A Biography (1906)
Boswell's Autobiography (1912)
Memories of Charles Dickens (1913)
Worldlyman (1914)
In 1900 he completed a bust of his friend Charles Dickens, which can be seen in the Pump Room in Bath.
In 1910 he created a statue of Samuel Johnson (Reference), which is standing behind St Clement Danes, Strand, London. (Photo)
He is buried at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.
Notes
References
External links
1834 births
1925 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery
English biographers
19th-century British historians
People educated at Stonyhurst College
People educated at Belvedere College
20th-century British historians
Chinese Zhusuan

Chinese Zhusuan
Zhusuan (literally: "bead calculation") is the knowledge and practices of arithmetic calculation through the suanpan or Chinese abacus. In the year 2013, it has been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. While deciding on the inscription, the Intergovernmental Committee noted that "Zhusuan is considered by Chinese people as a cultural symbol of their identity as well as a practical tool; transmitted from generation to generation, it is a calculating technique adapted to multiple aspects of daily life, serving multiform socio-cultural functions and offering the world an alternative knowledge system." The movement to get Chinese Zhusuan inscribed in the list was spearheaded by Chinese Abacus and Mental Arithmetic Association.
History
Zhusuan was a abacus invented in China at the end of the 2nd century CE and reached its peak during the period from the 13th to the 16th century CE. In the 13th century, Guo Shoujing (郭守敬) used Zhusuan to calculate the length of each orbital year and found it to be 365.2425 days. In the 16th century, Zhu Zaiyu (朱載堉) calculated the musical Twelve-interval Equal Temperament using Zhusuan. And again in the 16th century, Wang Wensu (王文素) and Cheng Dawei (程大位) wrote respectively Principles of Algorithms and General Rules of Calculation, summarizing and refining the mathematical algorithms of Zhusuan, thus further boosting the popularity and promotion of Zhusuan. At the end of the 16th century, Zhusuan was introduced to neighboring countries and regions.
In culture
Zhusuan is an important part of the traditional Chinese culture. Zhusuan has a far-reaching effect on various fields of Chinese society, like Chinese folk custom, language, literature, sculpture, architecture, etc., creating a Zhusuan-related cultural phenomenon. For example, ‘Iron Abacus’ (鐵算盤) refers to someone good at calculating; ‘Plus three equals plus five and minus two’ (三下五除二; +3 = +5 − 2) means quick and decisive; ‘3 times 7 equals 21’ indicates quick and rash; and in some places of China, there is a custom of telling children's fortune by placing various daily necessities before them on their first birthday and letting them choose one to predict their future lives. Among the items is an abacus, which symbolizes wisdom and wealth.
References
External links
UNESCO video on Chinese Zhusuan on YouTube (Published on Dec 4, 2013): Zhusuan
Abacus
Chinese mathematics
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity