11th millennium BC

11th millennium BC
The 11th millennium BC spanned the years 11,000 BC to 10,001 BC (c. 13 ka to c. 12 ka or 12,950 BP to 11,951 BP). This millennium is during the Upper Paleolithic period. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened during this millennium, and all dates associated with this millennium are estimates mostly based on geological analysis, anthropological analysis, and radiometric dating.
Animals
The ability to sail was not only a Neolithic creation. Franchthi Cave provides indirect evidence of pre-Neolithic (11th Millennium BC) seafaring, as well as the early Holocene Mesolithic colonization of Corsica and other Mediterranean islands. It is possible to investigate the question posed by Cauvin's research in regard to both sides of the Middle Eastern and Atalhöyük data. The first part focuses on the evidence from the Middle East as a whole and discusses the elements involved in the development of established settlements beginning in the 11th millennium BC. The assertion can, however, also be examined in light of the domestication of cattle at Atalhöyük itself in the 7th millennium BC (c. 9 ka or 8950 BP).
According to archaeozoological research, the earliest known domestication of animals took place in the Near East during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNB) period, in the middle of the 11th millennium BC. This includes the domestication of goats, which are believed to have been among the earliest livestock animals in the Zagros Mountains of modern-day Iran, close to the Fertile Crescent, considerably later (10,000 years ago). One of the most important resources in dry nations is dung, which is used by traditional societies all over the world for construction, cooking, heating, and decoration. It is widely believed that similar events occurred in the past, particularly following the domestication of herbivores in the 11th millennium BC. There is ample evidence that the heads of bulls—skulls and bucrania—or their horns—are revered as representations of masculine power and authority. The oldest known sanctuary dates back to the 11th millennium BC and is located in Gὅbekli Tepe on the Armenian Plateau.
Only archaeozoological research and excavations have revealed the oldest indications of Aegean aquatic environments being used for human purposes, which go all the way back to the Mesolithic (11th millennium BC). These locations are the open-settlement Maroulas on the island of Kythnos, Cave Cyclops on Gioura, and Cave Franchthi in the Argolid.
Beginnings of agriculture
The Klementowice inventory is a member of the Magdalenian technocomplex, according to a typological examination. The frequency of the basic tool groups (end-scrapers, burins, truncated pieces, backed pieces, perforators, and combined tools) is most closely matched by that in Moravian inventories, which J. K. dated to horizon II of the Magdalenian culture in Central Europe and to the end of the 13th (c. 15 ka or 14,950 BP) to early 11th millennium BC. The presence of arched backed blades may contest the dating of the entire inventory of the Bling Interstadial. It is necessary to reevaluate the circumstances surrounding the formation of sedentary farming communities in Southeast Turkey in light of the discovery of a native Epipalaeolithic tradition. While the construction traditions were distinct, the establishment of sedentary populations during the Younger Dryas period here is similar to that of the Levant during the Natufian. The precise role that the intricate interactions between indigenous advancements and cross-regional cultural interchange played in the surprisingly early flowering of sedentary societies in Upper Mesopotamia in the 11th and 10th millennium BC is still unknown.
Barley first appeared in the Anatolian Peninsula between the 8th and 7th millennium BC. Traces of its cultivation can be found in Europe between the 6th and 5th millennium BC, and evidence of its wild forms dates to between the 12th and 11th millennium BC. Over the next few centuries, barley spread throughout a significant portion of Europe. The most prevalent architectural features in lower Kurdistan are mudbrick walls and facades, which are also seen in the most researched archeological sites, such as Chermo (7th millennium BC) and Béstan Súr (11th millennium BC). These climatic and material traits have persisted and are now crucial components of regionally viable adaptation.
They have characterized archaeological tools from the Natuian period to the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, from the 11th to the late 8th millennium BC, using these experimental measures in a number of Near Eastern sites. According to scientific research, the Middle Euphrates was most likely the site of wild cereal cultivation in the 11th millennium BC.
Pottery
Since diagnostic artifacts from the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory contain pottery and polished stone tools, this period, which spans from the 11th millennium BC to roughly 300 BC (c. 2.3 ka or 2,250 BP), has been referred regarded as the Neolithic in the tradition of North-eastern Asian archaeology. With the use of shellfish, fish, nuts, and roots, the subsistence pattern can instead be thought of in more generic terms as Mesolithic.
Other cultural developments
Near East
There are several later masseboth that exist today, mostly Nabatean ones. This bulk reveals that masseboth initially arrived in the desert during the 11th millennium BC, became increasingly common starting in the 6th millennium BC (c. 8 ka or 7,950 BP), and maintained their dominance there until the early Islamic period. They typically outnumbered people from the rest of the Near East by a significant margin. However, despite being well-established in the desert for many millennia, masseboth did not become widespread in the fertile zone until the early 2nd millennium BC. The Körtik Tepe people principally obtained obsidian from numerous outcrops on the Bingöl and Nemrut Dağ massifs around the late 11th–early 10th millennium BC. The information also points to a minor difference in the way these materials were transported, with Bingöl B (calc-alkaline) materials arriving at the site as part-worked cobbles and/or prefabricated cores, and Bingöl A and Nemrut Dağ peralkaline obsidian coming as cortical nodules.
Gusir Höyük and Körtik Tepe, two other very early Neolithic Anatolian sites in the Tigris basin, may offer helpful analogies for some of the behaviors at Direkli. The earliest levels at Körtik date to the late 11th millennium BC (10,400–10,200 cal BC, through the transition to the Holocene), and Güsir is also likely to be equally early based on similarities to Körtik. Both of these sites date to the Epipalaeolithic/very early Neolithic. The number and variety of Körtik Tepe's ornaments are noteworthy; some were mass-produced in the tens or hundreds of thousands and frequently included the funeral assemblage at the site.
Europe and Russia
Although this is the earliest Melian obsidian that we have found on Crete, the use of these raw materials for distant labor has a longer history, having been used by populations from mainland Greece in the Upper Palaeolithic period of the 11th millennium BC. The Kazachka site provides a unique collection of data spanning the era between 10,000 and 1000 BC. Data from the 11th millennium BC are available from the Ust-Karenga site. Mehmet Özdoğan summarizes new findings made around Anatolia. Previously seen of as the recipient of ideas from the south-eastern Neolithic, Anatolia is today recognized as a social-economic hub that inspires its neighbors. There is a plethora of convincing evidence pointing to a Neolithic that began to emerge at the end of the 11th millennium BC, spanning several locations, and developed into unique identities. These areas are represented by unique structures, shrines, artwork, and artifacts that reflect their various economic and religious systems. The Epipalaeolithic site of Ouriakos, which dates to approximately the middle of the 11th millennium BC, was found in the southeast of the island in 2006. This discovery fundamentally altered our understanding of the oldest occupation of this region of the Aegean.
Environmental changes
The light brown pumice found at the Mesolithic site of Staosnaig on Colonsay can be geochemically associated to the pumice deposits found on the southern flanks of Katla. Although the eruption that created this pumice cannot be precisely dated, it most likely took place between the late 8th and early 11th millennium BC. The brown pumice discovered at the Mesolithic site of Staosnaig and the Vikurhóll pumice discovered on the southern flanks of Katla can both be geochemically associated to the pumice. This and the ancient pumice share a lot of geochemical similarities with the Vedde Ash, which was deposited in Northwestern Europe during the 11th millennium BC. It's unclear at this time if Katla experienced multiple geochemically related eruptions or just one. While copper objects have been used in Asia Minor since the 11th millennium BC, they were only widely used in the 6th and 5th millennium BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka or 7950 BP to 6950 BP) in the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin.
Notes
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Millennia
11th millennium BC