Energia (corporation)

Energia (corporation)
PAO S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, also known as RSC Energia (RKK "Energiya"), is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components. The company is the prime developer and contractor of the Russian crewed spaceflight program; it also owns a majority of Sea Launch. Its name is derived from Sergei Korolev, the first chief of its design bureau, and the Russian word for energy.
Overview
Energia is the largest company of the Russian space industry and one of its key players. It is responsible for all operations involving human spaceflight and is the lead developer of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and the lead developer of the Russian end of the International Space Station (ISS). In the mid-2000s, the company employed 22,000–30,000 people.
The enterprise has been awarded 4 Orders of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution and Russian Federation President's Message of Thanks. In addition, 14 cosmonauts employed by the company have been awarded the title "Hero of the Russian Federation".
Structure
The company consists of the following subsidiaries and branches:
Primary Design Bureau
Baikonur branch
ZAO Experimental Machine-building Plant
ZAO Volzhskoye DB
ZAO PO Kosmos
, 38% of the company's stock was owned by the Russian state.
History
The company was founded on 26 August 1946 and has been known successively as:
Special Design Bureau number 1 of RD Institute number 88 (or OKB-1 of NII-88)
TsKBEM (Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building)
NPO Energia
S. P. Korolev RSC Energia.
It is named after the first chief of its design bureau Sergei Korolev (1946–1966). His successors as chief designers were: Vasily Mishin (1966–1974), Valentin Glushko (1974–1989), (1989–2005), Nikolai Sevastianov (2005–2007). Its President and Chief designer was Vitaly Lopota, until 1 August 2014.
Korolev's design bureau was, beginning with the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 and the first crewed spaceflight of Vostok 1, responsible for a major part of the Soviet space program. It was the main rival of OKB-52 (later known as TsKBM, then the design bureau of Vladimir Chelomei) during the Soviet crewed lunar programs and the Soviet space station program. OKB-1 was among others responsible for the development of the crewed Soyuz spacecraft and its Soyuz rocket, the N1 "Moon Shot" rocket, large parts of the Salyut space station program, the uncrewed Progress resupply craft and designed the Energia rocket for the Buran space shuttle program. Since the early beginnings of the Luna programme it designed many space probes, among others of the Venera, Zond and Mars program.
The company continues to dominate a large part of the Russian space program, and a considerable part of the World's space program, with its Soyuz spacecraft having become the only crewed spacecraft conducting regular flights and the exclusive crew transport vehicle for the International Space Station from the Space Shuttle retirement in 2011 and until the maiden flight of Crew Dragon Endeavour in 2020.
The Chinese Shenzhou program is the only other program in the world with planned semi-regular crewed spaceflights.
The President of Energia, Vitaly Lopota, was removed from his post as president on August 1, 2014. Dmitry Rogozin indicated that this was the start of "long-awaited personnel reform in [the Russian] space industry... Tough times require tough decisions". Lopota was offered the position of vice president for technological development in the United Rocket and Space Corporation, the new company formed in 2013 to re-nationalize the Russian space industry.
Ongoing projects
Energia builds Russia's Soyuz MS spacecraft for three-person human spaceflight missions and Progress M robotic spacecraft for cargo missions:
Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of ISS: providing its own cosmonauts for International Space Station (ISS) expeditions; responsibility for all Russian scientific experiments.
Sea Launch project participation – production of block DM-SL as the upper stage for Ukrainian launch vehicle Zenit-3SL.
Universal Spacecraft Configuration – usage for development of: communications satellites, remote sensing satellites, navigation satellites and uncrewed orbital servicing satellites. USC was a basis for Yamal 100 and Yamal 200 satellites.
Future projects
Further assembly of International Space Station (ISS) Russian segment: development of Multipurpose Laboratory Module (together with Krunichev Space Centre) and "Oka" space production modules (not permanently attached to ISS).
Development of new spacecraft with 3 stages:
Modernization of "Soyuz TMA" spacecraft for human circum-lunar missions – pending commercial orders for space tourism.
Development of "Parom" space tug (in order to replace Progress M cargo spacecraft).
Development of multi-aimed Orel spacecraft (instead of abandoned Kliper project) for six persons.
Development of crewed lunar program: landing by 2025, creating of permanent lunar base by 2030 in order to extract helium-3.
Development of human Mars mission: landing beyond 2035.
Development of Yamal-300 and Yamal-400 communication satellites for Gazprom corporation.
Development of "Smotr" remote sensing satellites.
Development of a pod designed for clearing near-Earth space of satellite debris. The new device is planned to be assembled by 2020 and tested by 2023. The concept is to build the device to use a nuclear power source so that it could remain on task for up to 15 years, primarily working in the geosynchronous orbit zone. Debris collected would be de-orbited to re-enter over the ocean.
Historic projects
Over the years the products of Energia and its predecessors included:
IRBMs and ICBMs
Including meteorological rockets as their modifications:
R-1 (missile) R-1B, R-1V, R-1D, R-1E
R-2 (missile)
R-5 missile, R-5M, R-11, R-11A, R-11F
R-7 Semyorka,
R-7A Semyorka
R-9 Desna
RT-1
RT-2
Launch vehicles
R-7 (rocket family)
Sputnik (rocket)
Luna (rocket)
Vostok (rocket family)
Vostok-2 (rocket)
Vostok-2M
Vostok-K
Vostok-L
Polyot (rocket)
Voskhod (rocket)
Molniya (rocket)
Soyuz (rocket family)
Soyuz (rocket)
Soyuz-L
Soyuz-M
Soyuz/Vostok
N1 rocket as a part of N1-L3 lunar complex
Blok D
Energia
Energia II
"Yamal", "Kvant", "Kvant-1", "Avrora";
upper stages for different kinds of launch vehicles: blocks L and DM;
Research, observation and communication Earth satellites
Sputnik program
Sputnik 1
Sputnik 2
Sputnik 3
Sputnik 4
Sputnik 5
Sputnik 6
Sputnik 7
Sputnik 8
Sputnik 9
Sputnik 10
Sputnik 19
Sputnik 20
Sputnik 21
Sputnik 22
Sputnik 24
Sputnik 25
Elektron (satellite)
Zenit (satellite)
Molniya (satellite)
Signal (satellite)
BelKA
DZZ
Deep Space exploration spacecraft
Luna programme
Luna 1958A
Luna 1958B
Luna 1958C
Luna 1
Luna 1959A
Luna 2
Luna 3
Luna 1960A
Luna 1960B
Luna 1963B
Luna 4
Luna 1964A
Luna 1964B
Cosmos 60
Luna 1965A
Luna 5
Luna 6
Luna 7
Luna 8
Luna 9
Cosmos 111
Luna 10
Luna 1966A
Luna 11
Luna 12
Luna 13
Luna 1968A
Luna 14
Luna 1969A
Luna 1969B
Luna 1969C
Luna 15
Cosmos 300
Cosmos 305
Luna 1970A
Luna 1970B
Luna 16
Luna 17
Luna 18
Luna 19
Luna 20
Luna 21
Luna 22
Luna 23
Luna 1975A
Luna 24
Luna 8K72
Venera
Cosmos 27
Venera 2
Venera 3
Venera 4
Venera 5
Venera 6
Venera 7
Venera 8
Cosmos 482
Venera 9
Venera 10
Venera 11
Venera 12
Venera 13
Venera 14
Venera 15
Venera 16
Mars program
Mars 1M
Mars 1
Mars 1969A
Mars 1969B
Cosmos 419
Mars 2
Mars 3
Mars 4
Phobos program
Mars 96
Zond program
Zond 1
Zond 1964A
Zond 2
Zond 3
Zond 1967A
Zond 1967B
Zond 4
Zond 5
Zond 6
Zond 7
Zond 8
Cargo spacecraft
Progress (spacecraft)
Progress-M
Progress-M1
Progress 7K-TG
Crewed spacecraft
Vostok programme
Vostok (spacecraft)
Voskhod programme
Voskhod (spacecraft)
Soyuz programme
Soyuz (spacecraft)
Soyuz A
Soyuz B
Soyuz 7K-L1
Soyuz 7K-L3
Soyuz 7K-LOK
Soyuz 7K-OK
Soyuz 7K-OKS
Soyuz 7K-T
Soyuz 7K-TM
Soyuz-T
Soyuz-TM
Soyuz TM-1
Soyuz-TMA
Soyuz TMA-M
Soyuz-V
Military Soyuz
Buran programme
Buran (spacecraft)
Kliper
LK (spacecraft)
Orel (spacecraft)
Earth space stations
Salyut programme
Salyut 1
Salyut 2
Cosmos 557
Salyut 3
Salyut 4
Salyut 5
Salyut 6
Salyut 7
Mir
Modules of the International Space Station, see the Russian Orbital Segment
Zarya
Zvezda
Pirs
Poisk
Rassvet
Lunar orbital spacecraft
Soyuz A
Soyuz 7K-L1
Soyuz 7K-L3 with Lunar Landing Module (as a part of N1-L3 lunar complex).
Committee of innovative youth projects
Committee of Innovative Youth Projects (Russian: Комитет инновационных проектов молодежи) also known as KIPM of RSC Energia is a network structure that unites specialists and heads of different divisions to quickly develop and launch innovative products. KIPM was established in early 2016 on the initiative of a group of young engineers from the RSC Energia. The main task of the new structure is to give young specialists the opportunity to realize their creative ideas. The main criterion for projects selecting is their potential demand in the market.
Currently KIPM work on five projects:
Unmanned aerial vehicle remote power supply
1U-6U Cubesat Deployer
Parachute system with an elastic linkage and tandem cargo separation
Assembly of lunar expedition complex at LEO
Hardware and software system for space experiments onboard crewed space station.
See also
RKK Energiya museum
Aerospace manufacturer
Soyuz spacecraft
MirCorp
NewSpace
Kliper
Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
Parom
Prospective Piloted Transport System
United Rocket and Space Corporation
Roscosmos
Note
References
External links
Rocket and space corporation Energia (1946–1996). The book for the 50th anniversary of the enterprise
The history of RSC Energia, from 1946 to 2011. Three volumes in electronic form.
RSC Energia museum
KIPM of RSC Energia
"I look back and have no regrets. " - Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022.
Energia
Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow Oblast
Soviet and Russian space institutions
Rocket engine manufacturers of Russia
Manufacturing companies established in 1946
1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
Technology companies established in 1946
Sergei Korolev
Government-owned companies of Russia
Russian brands
Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange
Design bureaus