Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (born 15 April 1930) is an Icelandic politician who served as the fourth president of Iceland from 1980 to 1996. Vigdís is the first woman in the world to be democratically elected as a head of state. Having served as president of Iceland for 16 years, she is the longest-serving elected female head of state in history. Vigdís is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and a member of the Club of Madrid.
Early life and career
Vigdís was born on 15 April 1930 in Reykjavík. Her father was a civil engineer, and her mother was a nurse who headed the national nurses association. The following year, her younger brother Þorvaldur was born; he did not survive to adulthood, as he drowned in Hreðavatn. Vigdís enrolled at the University of Grenoble in 1949, later switching to the Sorbonne. She studied English and French literature, giving special emphasis to plays, and she graduated in 1953.
Vigdís was married in 1954. The same year, she began acting, co-founding a theatre group. She also worked on the translation of several French plays. She enrolled at the University of Copenhagen in 1957, where she studied theatre history until the following year. She was divorced in 1963. Vigdís participated in the anti-military rallies that took place in the 1960s and 1970s, protesting the United States military presence in Iceland. Vigdís adopted a daughter in 1972, making her the first single woman in Iceland to adopt a child.
Vigdís taught French lessons on television for RÚV beginning in 1972, making her a well known figure throughout the nation. In the same year, she was appointed the artistic director of the Reykjavík Theatre Company. She became a member of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Affairs in the Nordic Countries in 1976, and she became the organisation's chair in 1978. She continued in all of these positions until she became President of Iceland in 1980. Other jobs she held early in life included her work as a French teacher at several colleges, including at the University of Iceland, and her work as a tour guide with the Icelandic Tourist Bureau in the summers. She eventually became the head of the Icelandic Tourist Bureau.
President of Iceland
Vigdís ran in the 1980 presidential election. During her campaign, her anti-military position and her opposition to a United States presence in Iceland led to allegations that she was sympathetic to communism. Vigdís ran for president to prove that women were able to lead political campaigns, and she did not expect to win. Despite this, Vigdís won the election on 29 June 1980. The vote was split between four candidates, and she prevailed with 33.6% of the vote. Vigdís took office on 1 August 1980. She is the fourth president of Iceland and the first woman to ever be democratically elected as a head of state in any country. Shortly after she took office, the number of women in the Althing saw a significant increase.
Vigdís was re-elected without opposition in the 1984 presidential election. She oversaw the Reykjavík Summit on 11–12 October 1986 between American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, which is credited with improving relations between the countries and bringing the Cold War closer to an end. In the 1988 presidential election, Vigdís became the first incumbent president of Iceland to face a challenger in the presidential election. The challenger fared poorly, and Vigdís won with 92.7% of the vote. She was again re-elected without opposition in 1992.
Though the presidency is mostly ceremonial, Vigdís became an active president, using the role to represent the nation and to inform the national identity through cultural initiatives. Vigdís is an environmentalist, and she used her presidency as a platform to advocate for environmental issues. She led a campaign for reforestation in Iceland, and she called for the prevention of topsoil loss. Vigdís is also a pacifist, and she describes herself as a "peace person". She was also an advocate for gay rights as president.
The decision Vigdís considered "the most difficult episode" of her career took place in 1994 during the debate on joining the European Economic Area. A strong opposition existed against European integration in Iceland, but Vigdís supported the European Union and European integration, and she refused to use her presidential veto to block Iceland's association with the European Economic Area. Vigdís decided not to run for a fifth term as president, and her tenure ended in August 1996. She served for 16 years. As of 2016, she remained the longest-serving female elected head of state in recorded history.
Post-presidency
Vigdís became the founding chair of the Council of Women World Leaders in 1996, and she was first chair of the World Commission on the Ethics in Scientific Knowledge and Technology from 1997 to 2001. Since 1998, Vigdís has served as UNESCO's Goodwill Ambassador for languages. She is also a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee.
Vigdís continued her peace advocacy after her tenure as president ended. In 2016, she expressed her desire for the United States and Russia to visit Iceland to resolve their differences through discussion as they did during the Reyjkavík Summit. She has described the relations between the two countries as a new Cold War.
Vigdís is a member of the Club of Madrid.
Honours
National honours
:
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (1 August 1980)
Foreign honours
:
Knight of the Order of the Elephant (25 February 1981)
:
Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour (12 April 1982)
Knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
:
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (1982)
:
Grand Cross Special Class Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1988)
:
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (5 October 1987)
:
Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (1986)
:
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav (21 October 1981)
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (18 September 1985)
:
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Charles III (11 September 1985)
:
Member with Collar of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (8 October 1981)
:
Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (25 June 1990)
Honorary Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (18 February 1982)
Honorary degrees
Vigdís has received honorary degrees from the following universities:
University of Grenoble, France (1985)
University of Bordeaux, France (1987)
Smith College, U.S. (1988)
Luther College, U.S. (1989)
University of Manitoba, Canada (1989)
University of Nottingham, Great Britain (1990)
University of Tampere, Finland (1990)
University of Gothenburg, Sweden (1990)
The Gakushuin University in Tokyo, Japan (1991)
University of Miami, U.S. (1993)
University of Trondheim, Norway (1993)
St. Mary's University in Halifax, Canada (1996)
University of Leeds, Great Britain (1996)
Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada (1997)
University of Guelph, Canada (1998)
University of Iceland, Iceland (2000)
References
External links
Official CV
Video interview by the Nordic Culture Fund
Video interview by the School of Humanities of the University of Iceland
Video message for the Women in Parliaments Global Forum
|-
1930 births
Living people
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
Harvard Kennedy School staff
University of Paris alumni
University of Copenhagen alumni
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Women presidents in Europe
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Order of the White Rose of Finland
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Honorary Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
20th-century women rulers
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Female heads of state
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
Vigdis Finnbogadottir
First women presidents