Passive electronically scanned array

Passive electronically scanned array
A passive electronically scanned array (PESA), also known as passive phased array, is an antenna in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions (that is, a phased array antenna), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter (such as a magnetron, a klystron or a travelling wave tube) and/or receiver.
The largest use of phased arrays is in radars. Most phased array radars in the world are PESA. The civilian microwave landing system uses PESA transmit-only arrays.
A PESA contrasts with an active electronically scanned array (AESA) antenna, which has a separate transmitter and/or receiver unit for each antenna element, all controlled by a computer; AESA is a more advanced, sophisticated versatile second-generation version of the original PESA phased array technology. Hybrids of the two can also be found, consisting of subarrays that individually resemble PESAs, where each subarray has its own RF front end. Using a hybrid approach, the benefits of AESAs (e.g., multiple independent beams) can be realized at a lower cost compared to true AESAs.
Pulsed radar systems work by connecting an antenna to a powerful radio transmitter to emit a short pulse of signal. The transmitter is then disconnected and the antenna is connected to a sensitive receiver which amplifies any echos from target objects. By measuring the time it takes for the signal to return, the radar receiver can determine the distance to the object. The receiver then sends the resulting output to a display of some sort. The transmitter elements were typically klystron tubes or magnetrons, which are suitable for amplifying or generating a narrow range of frequencies to high power levels. To scan a portion of the sky, a non-PESA radar antenna must be physically moved to point in different directions. In contrast, the beam of a PESA radar can rapidly be changed to point in a different direction, simply by electrically adjusting the phase differences between different elements of the passive electronically scanned array (PESA).
In 1959, DARPA developed an experimental phased array radar called Electronically Steered Array Radar ESAR. The first module, a linear array, was completed in 1960. It formed the basis of the AN/FPS-85.
Starting in the 1960s, new solid-state devices capable of delaying the transmitter signal in a controlled way were introduced. That led to the first practical large-scale passive electronically scanned array, or simply phased array radar. PESAs took a signal from a single source, split it into hundreds of paths, selectively delayed some of them, and sent them to individual antennas. The radio signals from the separate antennas overlapped in space, and the interference patterns between the individual signals was controlled to reinforce the signal in certain directions, and mute it in all others. The delays could be easily controlled electronically, allowing the beam to be steered very quickly without moving the antenna. A PESA can scan a volume of space much quicker than a traditional mechanical system. Thanks to progress in electronics, PESAs added the ability to produce several active beams, allowing them to continue scanning the sky while at the same time focusing smaller beams on certain targets for tracking or guiding semi-active radar homing missiles. PESAs quickly became widespread on ships and large fixed emplacements in the 1960s, followed by airborne sensors as the electronics shrank.
List of PESA radars
AN/FPQ-16 PARCS at Cavalier Space Force Station
AN/MPQ-53
AN/MPQ-65
AN/SPQ-11 Cobra Judy
AN/SPY-1 Aegis combat system
AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radars
AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel
AN/APY-1/2 Boeing E-3 Sentry
AN/APY-7 for Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS
AN/APQ-164 B-1B (Northrop Grumman formerly Westinghouse ESG)
AN/APQ-181 B-2 Spirit (initial version, now AESA)
ARTHUR
ARABEL
EL/M-2026B VSHORAD
EMPAR
Saab Giraffe 40/50/75/S/AMB
Flap Lid and Tomb Stone for the SA-10 and SA-20 systems respectively
Héraklès
FuMG 41/42 Mammut radar used by Nazi Germany for early warning against Allied bombers (world's first operational phased array radar)
Rajendra Radar
Zaslon, first-ever electronically scanned radar in a fighter jet (MIG-31)
N035 Irbis (see Sukhoi Su-35BM)
RBE2 (Rafale)
NIIP N011M Bars for SU-30MKI
Leninets V004 (Su-34)
OPS-12 naval radar
Hensoldt (EADS)
Asr, an Iranian PESA
Multi-function radar of the KM-SAM
References
Radar