Protein losing enteropathy

Protein losing enteropathy is a syndrome of blood proteins being lost excessively via the gastrointestinal tract. It may be caused by many different underlying diseases that damage the lining of the GI tract (mucosa) or cause blockage of its lymphatic drainage.
Signs and symptoms
The signs/symptoms of protein losing enteropathy are consistent with diarrhea, fever, and general abdominal discomfort. Swelling of the legs due to peripheral edema can also occur, however, if the PLE is related to a systemic disease such as congestive heart failure or constrictive pericarditis, then the symptoms could be of the primary disease development.
Causes
The causes of protein-losing enteropathy can include GI conditions (among other causes), like the following:
Mechanism
The pathophysiology of protein losing enteropathy is a result of plasma proteins loss, which enters GI tract (lumen). PLE is a complication of a disorder, be it lymphatic obstruction or mucosal injury.
Protein loosing enteropathy is a syndrome, characterized by a collection of signs and symptoms that are due to an underlying primary medical condition. Thus, there are many different pathophysiologic mechanisms of intestinal protein loss. Erosive disease, is characterized by mucosal damage or erosions of the colon intestinal epithelium and capillary bed underlying the epithelium, leading to a leakage of proteins from the capillaries into the interstitial space and then into the intestinal lumen where they are lost from the body. This type of inflammation may be seen in inflammatory bowel diseases, peptic ulcers and infections. A second pathological mechanism, the non-erosive type, is characterized by increased intestinal permeability causing protein to be lost from the interstitium into the intestinal lumen. This increased intestinal permeability may be seen in eosinophilic gastroenteritis and other conditions causing increased inflammation in the gut, or certain genetic disorders affecting the cell adhesions between gut enterocytes. And a third type is due to intestinal lymphangiectasia in which the lymphatic vessels that drain interstitial fluid from the gut are damaged, leading to a blockage of lymphatic drainage and a buildup of interstitial fluid near the gut, thus causing leakage of proteins into the gut. This may be due to primary or congenital disease states of the lymphatic system or secondary (acquired) damage to the lymphatic system. Possible secondary causes of lymphangiectasis include congestive heart failure or constrictive pericarditis. These conditions cause an increase in the central venous pressure. The lymphatic system drains into the central venous system following a negative pressure gradient to the subclavian vein via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. However, any pathological mechanism that leads to increased central venous pressure may also cause increased lymphatic pressure, thus impairing lymphatic drainage at the gut and lead to protein loosing enteropathy. Certain infections such as Whipple disease can also lead to impaired lymphatic drainage by destroying the lymphatic lacteals, which are lymphatic capillaries underlying intestinal villi and facilitating the drainage of lymph from the gut. Congenital disorders of the lymphatic system such as Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia are due to congenitally dilated or malformed lacteals that lead to lymph leakage into the small bowel, causing protein loss and protein loosing enteropathy.
The widespread hypoproteinemia seen in protein loosing enteropathy may present with complications related to the specific proteins lost, especially in severe disease. A decrease in antibodies (also known as immune globulins) may lead to an increased susceptibility to infections. And the loss of inhibitory coagulation factors may lead to a hypercoagulable state.
In pediatric protein losing enteropathy there are several changes in epithelial cells causing PLE by augmenting the rate of flow of proteins (serum). Congenital molecular abnormalities, or dysfunctional lymphatic drainage might cause epithelial matrix changes. Proteoglycans, which are glycosaminoglycan chains attached to protein, directly causes PLE, as well as, augments inflammatory cytokines. Children who have congenital glycosylation defects usually have protein losing enteropathy.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of protein losing enteropathy is made by excluding other causes of protein loss. Endoscopy can be used to localize the cause of the protein loss in the bowel. Different methods of quantifying protein loss in the bowel include faecal excretion of alpha 1-antitrypsin which is a marker of protein losing enteropathy, as well as, viral serologies which may be useful to detect PLE. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is a blood protein that is lost in the gut, however, it is not actively secreted or absorbed by the gut, and it resists proteolysis in the gut lumen, thus making it a preferred protein for quantification of gut protein loss in protein loosing enteropathy.
Treatment
Treatment for protein losing enteropathy depends upon the underlying condition, according to Rychik, et al this could mean treatment of hypoproteinemia or of the intestinal mucosa.
For causes related to the heart, treatment for PLE after the Fontan operation treatment must be equal to the level of hypoproteinemia present. Therefore, it is useful to categorize patients based on their serum albumin levels, if less than normal (typically less than 3.5 g/dL) but greater than 2.5 g/dL, this can be seen as a mild form of protein losing enteropathy. Symptomatic management of edema with furosemide (and aldactone) can provide relief for the individual with mild hypoproteinemia.
In animals
Dogs can also suffer from PLE. Because the proteins are lost from the intestine, these dogs have low levels of albumin in the blood. Chronic enteropathy is one of the possible reasons for PLE and it has been shown in a study that hypoalbuminaemia is a risk factor for negative outcome and the prognosis is guarded for these dogs. Gastrointestinal lymphoma and intestinal lymphangiectasia are other diseases that can cause protein losing enteropathy in dogs The Breed Lundehunds seem to be predisposed for PLE.
References
Further reading
External links
Gastrointestinal tract disorders