PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
The 5th Monkey

The 5th Monkey is a Brazilian-American 1990 drama film directed and written by Éric Rochat and starring Ben Kingsley. The film was based on the novel Le Cinquieme Singe by Jacques Zibi. The Cannon Group founder Menahem Golan produced via his 21st Century Film Corporation, following the demise of Cannon.
The original music score was composed by Robert O. Ragland.
Plot
Cunda (Kingsley) lives deep in the Brazilian rainforest and is intent on making enough money so he can marry a widow in his village. However, his trade - capturing snakes for scientists - pays very little money, and he is in direct competition with other suitors.
One day, Cunda is bitten by a snake, and he crawls to the river to recover. While going through the agonizing recovery, he has an hallucination of four chimpanzees sitting in the river. Recovered, he returns home and finds the four chimpanzees waiting for him, and his efforts to shoo them away fail. Knowing that chimpanzees are not native to Brazil, he decides that they are a kind of supernatural gift for him. Believing this, he decides to take them to "the city" to sell them.
The journey isn't easy from the start; he discovers that he can't tie them on a rope and drag them, and the only way is to coax them. They stumble into a gold-panning camp, where Cunda is forced to work in order to pay off an old debt. When one of the monkeys is taken as payment, Cunda must figure how to retrieve the monkey and escape. Later, he, the monkeys and the adults of a village are kidnapped by mercenaries. Cunda and the monkeys escape, along with a village woman who refuses to leave his side. Arriving at a small town, a confusing sequence results in one of the monkeys disappearing, and Cunda becoming the servant of the local rich woman who has taken it upon herself to take care of the monkeys. Cunda now has to solve these two problems, and deal with the fact of the village woman's attraction to him plus his growing fondness of the monkeys.
Cast
Ben Kingsley as Cunda
Silvia De Carvalho as Maria
Mika Lins as Octavia
Vera Fischer as Mrs. Watts
External links
English-language Brazilian films
1990 films
1990 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
Brazilian drama films
Films about animal rights
Films about apes
Films about poverty
Films based on French novels
Films based on romance novels
Films about hunters
Films scored by Robert O. Ragland
Films set in Brazil
Films set in forests
Columbia Pictures films
Films produced by Menahem Golan
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
كلايف ويلكينسون

كلايف ويلكينسون هو مهندس معماري جنوب أفريقي، ولد في 1954 في كيب تاون في جنوب أفريقيا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
معماريون جنوب إفريقيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1954
معماريون جنوب إفريقيون في القرن 21
خريجو مدرسة الجمعية المعمارية للهندسة المعمارية
نهائي كوبا ليبرتادوريس 1979

نهائي كوبا ليبرتادوريس 1979
نهائي كأس ليبرتادوريس 1979 هو النهائي الخامس والأربعون من بطولة كأس ليبرتادوريس لتحديد بطل كوبا ليبرتادوريس عام 1979 . وخاضها نادي بوكا جونيورز وأوليمبيا . أقيمت مباراة الذهاب يوم 22 يوليو على ملعب أولمبيا ، فيما أجريت مباراة الإياب يوم 27 يوليو على ملعب بوكا جونيورز. كانت هذه هي نهائيات كأس ليبرتادوريس الثانية لأولمبيا والرابعة النهائية لبوكا جونيورز.
وفاز أوليمبيا بالمباراة بعد فوزه في مباراة الذهاب 2-0 على ملعب أسونسيون ديفينسوريس ديل تشاكو ، وتعادل الإياب 0-0 في ملعب بوينس آيرس في ملعب ألبرتو أرماندو وجمع نقاط أكثر من منافسه.
الفرق المتأهلة
انظر أيضاً
قائمة نهائيات كوبا ليبرتادوريس
مصادر
كرة القدم الأرجنتينية في 1979
كرة القدم البارغوايانية في 1979
مباريات أوليمبيا أسونسيون
مباريات بوكا جونيورز
نهائيات كأس ليبرتادوريس
كرة القدم الأمريكية الجنوبية في 1979
قائمة مدربي إنتر ميلان

قائمة مدربي إنتر ميلان
هذه قائمة المدربين الذين قاموا بتدريب نادي إنتر ميلان الإيطالي.
قائمة المدربين
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إحصائيات
إنتر ميلان
قوائم متعلقة بإنتر ميلان
قوائم مدربي كرة القدم
مدربو إنتر ميلان
قوائم مدربو كرة قدم حسب النادي في إيطاليا
German submarine U-420

German submarine U-420 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for the Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. She was laid down in the Danziger Werft as yard number 121, launched on 18 August 1942 and commissioned on 16 December the same year under Oberleutnant zur See Peter Högqvist. She then joined the 8th U-boat Flotilla for training before transferring to the 11th flotilla for operations.
Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-420 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-420 was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
Service history
First patrol
U-420s first patrol involved her leaving Kiel on 12 June 1943 and arriving at Lorient in occupied France on 16 June 1943, having hugged the Norwegian coast and sailed around the north of Scotland. She then crossed the Atlantic, but was attacked on 3 July by a Canadian B-24 Liberator. The boat was hit by a Fido homing torpedo which killed two men and wounded a third. The boat sustained enough damage to force the patrol to be cut short.
Second patrol and loss
Following a short transit voyage from Lorient to Brest, U-420 set off on her second patrol on 9 October 1943. After 20 October, she was never heard from again and her fate remains an unsolved mystery.
Previously recorded fate
A postwar assessment stated that U-420 was sunk on October 26, 1943 in the North Atlantic at position by depth charges from a Canadian B-24 Liberator of RCAF Squadron 10/A. This attack was actually against , inflicting no damage.
References
Bibliography
External links
Missing U-boats of World War II
1942 ships
Ships built in Danzig
U-boats commissioned in 1942
U-boats sunk in 1943
German Type VIIC submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
U-boats sunk by unknown causes
Maritime incidents in October 1943
فيل كولينز (متسابق دراجات نارية)

فيل كولينز (متسابق دراجات نارية)
فيل كولينز هو متسابق دراجات نارية بريطاني، ولد في 2 يونيو 1960 في مانشستر في المملكة المتحدة.
مراجع
رياضيون من مانشستر
متسابقو دراجات نارية إنجليز
مواليد 1960
راكيل ولش

راكيل ولش مواليد 5 سبتمبر 1940 في شيكاغو، إلينوي، الولايات المتحدة، هي ممثلة أمريكية بدأت مسيرتها الفنية عام 1964. كما أنها من الفائزات بجائزة غولدن غلوب.
الأعمال
رحلة رائعة
قواعد بسيطة
سي إس آي: ميامي
الساحرة المراهقة سابرينا
ساينفلد
ميرا بريكندريدج
وفاتها
توفيت راكيل ولش في 15 فبراير 2023، في منزلها في مدينة لوس أنجلوس.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
المحافظة في الولايات المتحدة
أمريكيون من أصل إسباني
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل بوليفي
خريجو جامعة سان دييغو الحكومية
عارضات أزياء أمريكيات
عارضات أزياء من إلينوي
كتاب من شيكاغو
مغنون من شيكاغو
مغنون من كاليفورنيا
مغنيات أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات أمريكيات من أصل إسباني وأمريكي لاتيني
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل بريطاني
ممثلات من سان دييغو (كاليفورنيا)
ممثلات من شيكاغو (إلينوي)
مواليد 1940
مواليد في شيكاغو
وفيات بسبب مرض آلزهايمر
Ludwig Emil Grimm

Ludwig Emil Grimm (14 March 1790 – 4 April 1863) was a German painter, art professor, etcher and copper engraver.
Early life
Grimm was born in Hanau, Germany, in 1790. His brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were folklorists.
Education
Grimm studies began at the Kunsthochschule Kassel and Philip Otto Runge, then from 1809 to 1817, he studied at Academy of Fine Arts Munich.
In the 1814, he worked as an officer in the campaign against Napoleon.
In 1816, he travelled to Italy where he learned engraving from Carl Ernst Christoph Hess and published his first work; a sketchbook of engravings based on his Italian journey.
Career
In 1819, Grimm contributed the frontispiece for the second edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Grimm's Fairy Tales).
In 1823 and 1826 he was able to secure commissions for two series of portraits of scholars, professors and doctors, thanks to his brothers' connections to the academic community in Göttingen.
In 1832, he helped Gerhardt Wilhelm von Reutern found the artists' colony in Willingshausen where he became a Professor of history painting at the Kassel Academy.
In 1842, two years after his first wife's death, he married the daughter of Reform theologian .
Death
In 1863, he died of pneumonia in Kassel.
Legacy
In 2012, the city of Hanau has awarded the "Ludwig Emil Grimm Prize" to young artists.
In 2014, a life-size bronze statue of him was dedicated there in front of the "Zum Riesen" hotel as a gift to the city from the hotel's owners, which was designed by the painter .
Writings
Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (Memoirs of My Life), edited with commentary by Adolf Stoll. Hesse & Becker, Leipzig 1911 (Digitalized).
Selected works
References
Herbert von Bose: Das Bild des Fremden im Werk von Ludwig Emil Grimm (1790-1863) (Images of the Strange in the Work of...) Tectum Verlag, Marburg 2007,
External links
Brüder Grimm-Museum Kassel and Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft
Malerkolonie Willingshausen
1790 births
1863 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
German illustrators
People from Hanau
Artists from Kassel
باول د. هاركنز

باول د. هاركنز هو عسكري أمريكي، ولد في 15 مايو 1904 في بوسطن في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 21 أغسطس 1984 في دالاس في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص في عملية أوفرلورد
أشخاص من بوسطن
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي في الحرب الكورية
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي في حرب فيتنام
أفراد عسكريون من ماساتشوستس
جنرالات الجيش الأمريكي
حائزون على وسام الاستحقاق الأمريكي
حائزون على وسام الخدمة المتميزة (جيش الولايات المتحدة)
حاصلون على الميدالية الجوية
خريجو الأكاديمية العسكرية الأمريكية
خريجو كلية القيادة والأركان العامة للجيش الأمريكي
كتاب من بوسطن
مواليد 1904
وفيات 1984
مارتن نيل بايلي

مارتن نيل بايلي (و. 1945 – م) هو عالم اقتصاد، وبروفيسور (أستاذ جامعي) من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ولد في شيكاغو.
التعليم
تعلم في معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية.
مناصب وهيئات
أدار جامعة ييل.
مراجع
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ييل
اقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 21
خريجو معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
مواليد 1949
مؤسسة بروكينغز
أعضاء مجلس وزراء إدارة كلينتون
Azerbaijan State Academic Theatre of Musical Comedy

Azerbaijan State Academic Theatre of Musical Comedy
Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy is one of the leading musical theatres of Azerbaijan.
History
The premiere of Husband and wife, a musical comedy written by Uzeyir Hajibeyov in 1909, was held on May 24, 1910, in the building of the Nikitin brothers’ circus, in Baku. This production laid the foundation of Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy. By 1938, musical comedies were displayed on the stage of Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater.
In 1938, an independent theatre of musical comedy (with Azerbaijani and Russian departments), which acquired official status of "Azerbaijan State Theatre of Musical Comedy" in September of the same year, was organized. In 1939, the first Azerbaijani and Soviet musical comedies such as Bride for 5 manats (S. Rustamov), Husband and wife, The married bachelor, (later Whose wedding?) (A.Mashadibeyov) and Roza (S. Hajibeyov) were staged. Comedies such as Blue mazurka (Franz Lehár), Arshin mal alan (U. Hajibeyov), The Circus Princess (Imre Kálmán), Wedding in Malinovka (B. Aleksandrov) and others were staged by the Russian department of the theatre.
From the 1940s onwards, the theatre took a significant place in cultural life of Azerbaijan.
The absence of a building for the theatre in the period 1988–1992, coupled with socio-political events in the new Republic, affected the creative activity of the theatre's collective. However the theatre then entered into a new stage of its development, in a new building. Amongst the pieces presented were: If Not That One, Then This One, Konul, Love on the stage, Goodbye!, Everyone has his own star, and others.
References
Buildings and structures in Baku
Theatres in Baku
Culture in Baku
1938 establishments in Azerbaijan
Tourist attractions in Baku
Arts in Azerbaijan
Musical theatre companies
C23H38O4

C23H38O4 هي صيغة كيميائية تحتوي على 23 ذرة من الكربون و38 ذرة من الهيدروجين و4 ذرات من الأكسجين وتبلغ كتلتها المولية . ومن المركبات الكيميائية التي تحمل الصيغة نفسها:
مراجع
روابط خارجية
C23H38O4 على موقع chemcalc
C23H38O4 على موقع chemspider
C23H38O4 على موقع pubchem
C23H38O4 على موقع convertunits
صيغ جزيئية
Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (ʿAbd al ʾIlāh bin ʿAbd al ʿAzīz Āl Saʿūd), also spelled Abdulillah, born 1939) is a member of the Saudi royal family. He is a son of King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia and was an advisor to another of Abdulaziz's sons, King Abdullah. Prince Abdul Elah is the second oldest surviving son of Abdulaziz, the eldest being King Salman.
Early life
Prince Abdul Elah was born in 1939. He is the son of King Abdulaziz and Haya bint Saad Al Sudairi, a member of the powerful Sudairi family who died in Riyadh on 18 April 2003 at the age of 90. He is a full brother of Prince Badr and Prince Abdul Majeed.
Career
Prince Abdul Elah was appointed governor of Al Qassim Province on 19 March 1980 replacing Fahd bin Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman in the post. In May 1991 he did not allow two radical clerics in Buraidah to deliver Friday sermons. The incident caused conflict, and the thousands of people, led by the local ulema and the religious police, protested against him. Sheik Abdulaziz bin Baz who was the head of the Supreme Religious Council, sent a letter to Prince Abdul Elah backing the preachers. Prince Abdul Elah's tenure ended in March 1992. Then, he was appointed governor of Al Jawf Province in 1998 replacing Sultan bin Abdurrahman Al Sudairi in the post and was in office until 2001 when Fahd bin Badr Al Saud was appointed as governor of the province.
Prince Abdul Elah accompanied King Abdullah on diplomatic trips abroad, when Abdullah was Crown Prince. He is a member of the Allegiance Council. On 8 October 2008, he was appointed as adviser to King Abdullah with the rank of minister. Prince Abdul Elah became an advisor to King Salman in January 2015.
Prince Abdul Elah has also business activities. He is an entrepreneur and chairman of several companies, including the Arabian Jewelry Company, National Investment Company, and the National Automobile Company.
Succession
Although Prince Abdul Elah was considered a candidate for the throne by virtue of seniority, he had some drawbacks such as his ill-starred government career. Since he was twice removed from governorships, there were doubts about his competency. He was passed over in favor of Prince Muqrin for the post of Deputy Crown Prince.
Personal life
Prince Abdul Elah is married to Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Sudairi and to Princess Salwa Al Ahmed, a medical doctor. His children, two sons and three daughters, are Abdulaziz (born 1965), a stakeholder in Al-Rajhi Bank, Abdul Majid and Fahda (twins, born 1993), Noura (born 2002) and Mashael (born 1970).
Ancestry
References
External links
Abdul Elah
Abdul Elah
Abdul Elah
1939 births
Abdul Elah
Living people
Abdul Elah
بوغ

بوغ
البَوغ (وجمعها أبَوْاغ) في علم النبات هو خلية تكاثر لاجنسي، تنقل النبات من حالة الركود إلى حالة النشاط أو العكس، وهي قادرة على تكوين أفراد جديدة مباشرة عكس العِرس الذي لا يعطي فرداً جديداً إلاّ إذا لقح بعرس آخر.
أشكال الأبواغ
للأبواغ أشكال كثيرة مختلفة الأسماء: ففي الجراثيم توجد الأبواغ الداخلية . وفي الطحالب تُلاحظ الأبواغ المتحركة المسماة بالأبواغ الحيوانية ، والأبواغ الثمرية ، والأبواغ الضعفانية الصيغة الصبغية المسماة بالأبواغ الزيجية ، والأبواغ الفردانية الصيغة الصبغية الناتجة من التنصيف الصبغي المسماة بالأبواغ الرباعية . وفي الفطريات أبواغ خارجية التكوين تدعى غبيرات ، وأبواغ تتكوّن داخل زِقٍ ascus وتدعى بالأبواغ الزِقية ، وأبواغ تتكوّن داخل قدح يدعى إيسيَّة وتدعى بالأبواغ الإيسية ، وأبواغ تتكوّن داخل قارورة تسمى بقْنَة وتدعى بالأبواغ البقنية ، وأبواغ تتكوّن داخل كتلة خلوية متماسكة تدعى يوريدة وتدعى بالأبواغ اليوريدية ، وأبواغ تتكوّن ضمن كتلة متماسكة تدعى نهاية telium وتدعى بالأبواغ النهائية ، وأبواغ تتكوّن في دعامة وتدعى بالأبواغ الدعامية . وفي الحزازيات والسرخسيات تكون الأبواغ دوماً منَصَّفَة . وتظهر الأبواغ المنصَّفة في نموذجين من النباتات الراقية أحدها ذكري صغير يعرف بالأبواغ الدقيقة ، وثانيهما أنثوي كبير يعرف بالأبواغ الكبيرة .
والأبواغ في العادة موجودة في كل مكان لكثرة أعدادها، فالفرد الواحد في بعض الفطريات، على سبيل المثال، يُنْتِج قُرابة 8 تريليون بوغة، وهذا ما يمكِّن فطريات الريزوبوس والبنسيليوم والأسبرجيلوس من الانتشار على سطح الكرة الأرضية كلها.
المراجع
تكاثر
تكاثر النبات
خلايا جنسية
خلايا نباتية
علم تشكل النبات
علم تشكل وتشريح الفطريات
فطريات
Per Gustafsson

Per Gustafsson
Per Tage Gustafsson (born June 4, 1970) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played over 700 games for HV71 in the Swedish Elitserien between 1988 and 2010, winning the championship three times. He also played 89 games in the National Hockey League for Florida Panthers, Toronto Maple Leafs and Ottawa Senators, between 1996 and 1998. Internationally he played for the Swedish national team in several tournaments, including the 1996 and 2003 World Championships, winning a silver in the latter.
Playing career
Gustafsson was drafted in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft by Florida Panthers with their 11th pick, 261st overall. He played two seasons, 1996–97 and 1997–98, in the NHL and American Hockey League. Playing for Florida Panthers, Toronto Maple Leafs and Ottawa Senators, he totalled 89 games for 35 points (8 goals and 27 assists).
He played for HV71 for 20 seasons and was one of the best defencemen in the club's history. He has the club record for most played regular season and playoff games.
In 1991–92 season Gustafsson scored a goal against Luleå HF just after six seconds, which as of 2008 was the Elitserien's record for fastest goal.
International play
Gustafsson made his debut in the Swedish national team on April 12, 1992, in Moscow in a match against the Russian national team. He played for Sweden in the 1996 World Championships and 2003 World Championships, where he won a silver medal.
Awards and achievements
Swedish Champion with HV71 in 1995, 2004 and 2008.
Named to the Swedish All-Star Team in 1996 and 2004.
Silver medal at the 2003 World Championship.
Played in the Elitserien All-Star Game in 2000 and 2001.
Elitserien playoff silver medal with HV71 in 2009.
Records
HV71's club defenceman record for seasons (16)
HV71's club defenceman record for played playoffs (10)
HV71's club defenceman record for playoff games (72)
HV71's club defenceman record for goals in playoffs (13)
HV71's club defenceman record for assists in playoffs (25)
HV71's club defenceman record for points in playoffs (38)
HV71's club defenceman record for power play goals in playoffs (8)
HV71's club defenceman record for goals in one game, 1991-92 (3)
Elitserien record for fastest goal, 1991-92 (6 seconds)
HV71's club defenceman record for goals in one playoff, 1994-95 (7)
HV71's club defenceman record for points in one playoff, 1994-95 (12)
HV71's club defenceman record for power play goals in one playoff, 1994-95 (5)
HV71's club defenceman record for goals in regular season, 1998-99 (12)
HV71's club defenceman record for power play goals in regular season, 1998-99 (7)
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Florida Panthers draft picks
Florida Panthers players
HV71 players
Ice hockey players with retired numbers
Ottawa Senators players
People from Oskarshamn Municipality
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Sportspeople from Kalmar County
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Toronto Maple Leafs players
سبيكة الفاناديوم والغاليوم

سبيكة الفاناديوم والغاليوم هي سبيكة ذات موصلية فائقة تتألف من عنصري الفاناديوم والغاليوم، وتستخدم في تركيب المغانط فائقة الموصلية. تتبع هذه السبيكة V3Ga التركيب البلوري لمواد أطوار A15، وذلك بشكل مشابه لسبيكة النيوبيوم والقصدير Nb3Sn وسبيكة النيوبيوم والتيتانيوم Nb3Ti.
يمكن أن تبلغ شدة الحقل المغناطيسي في المغانط المزودة بهذه السبيكة حوالي 18 تسلا، في حين أن تلك المزودة بسبيكة Nb3Sn تصل إلى 15 تسلا فقط. يمكن أن يزداد مقدار الانزاحة نحو الحقول المرتفعة عند الإشابة بعناصر مثل القصدير أو الرصاص أو البلاتين.
طالع أيضاً
أطوار A15
المراجع
مركبات الفاناديوم
موصلات فائقة
معادن
بني ذيبان (بني سعد)

بني ذيبان (بني سعد)
بني ذيبان هي إحدى قرى عزلة بني الشويشى بمديرية بني سعد التابعة لمحافظة المحويت، بلغ تعداد سكانها 82 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع وروابط خارجية
World Gazetteer:Yemen
الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بالجمهورية اليمنية
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
قرى عزلة بني الشويشى
قرى مديرية بني سعد
راي كونزي

راي كونزي هو رياضياتي وأستاذ جامعي أمريكي، ولد في 7 مارس 1928 في دي موين في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 21 مايو 2014.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أساتذة معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة برانديز
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة جورجيا
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كاليفورنيا (إرفاين)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة واشنطن في سانت لويس
خريجو جامعة شيكاغو
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
عاملون في نظرية الزمر
مواليد 1928
وفيات 2014
Ozonide

Ozonide is the polyatomic anion . Cyclic organic compounds formed by the addition of ozone to an alkene are also called ozonides.
Ionic ozonides
Inorganic ozonides are dark red salts. The anion has the bent shape of the ozone molecule.
Inorganic ozonides are formed by burning potassium, rubidium, or caesium in ozone, or by treating the alkali metal hydroxide with ozone; this yields potassium ozonide, rubidium ozonide, and caesium ozonide respectively. They are very sensitive explosives that have to be handled at low temperatures in an atmosphere consisting of an inert gas. Lithium and sodium ozonide are extremely labile and must be prepared by low-temperature ion exchange starting from . Sodium ozonide which is prone to decomposition into NaOH and , was previously thought to be impossible to obtain in pure form. However, with the help of cryptands and methylamine, pure sodium ozonide may be obtained as red crystals isostructural to .
Ionic ozonides are being investigated as sources of oxygen in chemical oxygen generators. Tetramethylammonium ozonide, which can be made by a metathesis reaction with caesium ozonide in liquid ammonia, is stable up to :
CsO3 + [(CH3)4N][O2] -> CsO2 + [(CH3)4N][O3]
Alkaline earth metal ozonide compounds have also become known. For instance, magnesium ozonide complexes have been isolated in a low-temperature argon matrix.
Covalent singly bonded structures
Phosphite ozonides are used in the production of singlet oxygen. They are made by ozonizing a phosphite ester in dichloromethane at low temperatures, and decompose to yield singlet oxygen and a phosphate ester:
(RO)3P + O3 -> (RO)3PO3
(RO)3PO3 -> (RO)3PO + ^{1}O2
Molozonides
Molozonides are formed by the addition reaction between ozone and alkenes. They are rarely isolated during the course of the ozonolysis reaction sequence. Molozonides are unstable and rapidly convert to the trioxolane ring structure with a five-membered C–O–O–C–O ring. They usually appear in the form of foul-smelling oily liquids, and rapidly decompose in the presence of water to carbonyl compounds: aldehydes, ketones, peroxides.
See also
Ozonolysis
Ozone cracking
Superoxide,
Oxide,
Dioxygenyl,
References
External links
Matrix reactions of alkali metal atoms with ozone: Infrared spectra of the alkali metal ozonide molecules
Ozonides
Free radicals
Explosive chemicals