Central Reserve Police Force

Central Reserve Police Force
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is a reserve gendarmerie and internal combat force in India under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India. It is one among the Central Armed Police Forces. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and counter-insurgency. It is composed of Central Reserve Police Force (Regular) and Central Reserve Police Force (Auxiliary).
It came into existence as the Crown Representative's Police on 27 July 1939. After Indian independence, it became the Central Reserve Police Force on the enactment of the CRPF Act on 28 December 1949. Besides law and order and counter-insurgency duties, the CRPF has played an increasingly large role in India's general elections. This is especially true for the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, and in the North East, with the presence of unrest and often violent conflict. During the Parliamentary elections of September 1999, the CRPF played a major role in the security arrangements. Of late, CRPF contingents are also being deployed in UN missions.
With 247 battalions and various other establishments, the CRPF is considered India's largest central armed police force and has a sanctioned strength of more than 300,000 personnel as of 2019.
History
The CRPF was derived from the CRP (Crown Representative's Police) on 27 July 1939 with 2 battalions in Nimach [Means North Indian Mounted Artillery and Cavalry Headquarter], Madhya Pradesh. Its primary duty at the time was to protect the British residents in sensitive states of India.
In 1949, the CRP was renamed under the CRPF Act. During the 1960s, many state reserve police battalions were merged with the CRPF. The CRPF has been active against foreign invasion and domestic insurgency.
On 21 October 1959, SI Karam Singh and 20 soldiers were attacked by the Chinese Army at Hot Springs in Ladakh resulting in 10 casualties. The survivors were imprisoned. Since then, 21 October is observed as Police Commemoration day nationwide, across all states in India.
On the intervening night of 8 and 9 April 1965, 3500 men of the 51st Infantry Brigade of Pakistan, comprising 18 Punjab Bn, 8 Frontier Rifles, and 6 Baluch Bn, stealthily launched operation "Desert Hawk" against border posts in Rann of Kutch. It was to the valour of Head Constable Bhawana Ram deployed on the eastern parameter of Sardar Post whose gallant act was to a great extent instrumental in demoralizing the intruders and forcing them to retreat from the post.
There are few parallels of such a battle and the then Union Home Minister very appropriately graded it as a "Military Battle" not a Police battle. The service and their sacrifice will now not need to turn back to old records for appreciation with that historic moment being picked up for celebration as "Valour Day" of the Force after Year.
The CRPF guarded the India-Pakistan Border until 1965, at which point the Border Security Force was created for that purpose.
On 2001 Indian Parliament attack the CRPF troopers killed all five terrorists who had entered the premises of the Indian Parliament in New Delhi.
When 5 armed terrorists tried to storm the Ram Janambhoomi Complex in Ayodhya on 5 July 2005 and had penetrated the outer security rings, they were challenged by CRPF which formed the inner security ring. Shri Vijeto Tinyi, AC, and Shri Dharambir Singh, Head Constable, who exhibited exemplary gallant were awarded ‘Shaurya Chakra’.
In recent years, the Government of India has decided to follow up on recommendations of the Indian cabinet to use each security agency for its mandated purpose. As a result, the counter-insurgency operations in India have been entrusted to the CRPF.
In 2008 a wing called Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) was added to the CRPF to counter the Naxalite movement.
On 2 September 2009, 5000 CRPF soldiers were deployed for a search and rescue mission to find the then Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy whose helicopter went missing over the Nallamalla Forest Range in Andhra Pradesh. This was the largest search operation ever mounted in India.
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is the premier central police force of the Union of India for internal security. Originally constituted as the Crown Representative Police in 1939, it is one of the oldest Central para-military forces (now termed as Central Armed Police Force). CRPF was raised as a sequel to the political unrest and the agitations in the then princely States of India following the Madras Resolution of the All-India Congress Committee in 1936 and the ever-growing desire of the Crown Representative to help the vast majority of the native States to preserve law and order as a part of the imperial policy.
After Independence, the force was renamed as Central Reserve Police Force by an Act of Parliament on 28 December 1949. This Act constituted CRPF as an armed force of the Union. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the then Home Minister, visualized a multi-dimensional role for it in tune with the changing needs of a newly independent nation.
During the early 1950s, the performance of the CRPF detachments in Bhuj, the then Patiala and East Punjab State Union (PEPSU)Patiala and East Punjab States Union and Chambal ravines were appreciated by all quarters. The force played a significant role during the amalgamation of the princely States into the Indian Union. It helped the Union Government in disciplining the rebellious princely States of Junagarh and the small principality of Kathiawar in Gujarat which had declined to join the Indian Union.
Soon after Independence, contingents of the CRPF were sent to Kutch, Rajasthan, and Sindh borders to check infiltration and trans-border crimes. They were, subsequently, deployed on the Pakistan border in Jammu and Kashmir following attacks launched by the Pakistani infiltrators. The CRPF bore the brunt of the first Chinese attack on India at Hot Springs (Ladakh) on 21 October 1959. A small CRPF patrol was ambushed by the Chinese in which ten of its men made their supreme sacrifice for the country. Their martyrdom on 21 October is remembered throughout the country as the Police Commemoration Day every year.
During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Force once again assisted the Indian Army in Arunachal Pradesh. Eight CRPF personnel were killed in action. In the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars also the Force fought shoulder-to-shoulder with the Indian Army, both on the Western and Eastern borders.
For the first time in the history of para-military Forces in India, thirteen companies of CRPF including a detachment of women were airlifted to join the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka to fight the militant cadres. Besides, CRPF personnel were also sent to Haiti, Namibia, Somalia, and Maldives to deal with the law and order situation there, as a part of the UN Peace Keeping Force.
In the late seventies, when extremist elements disturbed the peace in Tripura and Manipur, CRPF battalions were deployed in strength. Simultaneously, there was turmoil in the Brahmaputra Valley. The CRPF had to be inducted in strength not only to maintain law and order but also to keep lines of communication free from disruption. The commitments of the Force continue to be very high in the Northeast in dealing with the insurgency.
Operations
Sri Lanka Mission
The role of the CRPF and its services rendered have extended beyond the nation's borders as well. The services rendered by the CRPF in Sri Lanka as part of IPKF, as part of the UN Peace Keeping Force in Namibia, Somalia, Haiti, Maldives, and also in Bosnia speak volumes about the ability, agility, versatility, and dependability of the Force to adapt to any conflict-situation round the globe. Presently a contingent of 240 personnel of RAF is deployed in KOSOVO as UN Mission in Kosovo is to provide protection and security to the UN officials/UN civil police/ Crowd control etc. RAF coys will also assist local Police to control /mob during violent demonstrations, humanitarian and to assist the activities of the ICTY.
Haiti Mission
Background
Haiti was under the commandment of the National Council of Government in 1986 under Jean Claude Duvalier. The country went through a series of political instability moving from one military Government to another from 1986 to 1991. The country experienced 4 military coups. In 1991 the military government was replaced by a young priest Jean Bertrand Aristide who took over as president after the election in November 1990, he was overthrown after 7 months in Sept 1991 by General Cadres. The Priest Jean Bertrand Aristide took asylum in the USA with U.S troops who prepared to enter Haiti under orders from President Bill Clinton of USA. The Wind was favorable for the return of Aristide to power by holding elections in Haiti in Oct 1994.
A contingent of 120 male personnel selected from CRPF and RAF Units was formed, trained, and equipped for duties at 103 RAF in Delhi and they were sent to Haiti on 31 March 1994. This contingent then called a Company, worked in Haiti for various duties during elections as a part of the US Army contingent forming 504 Military Police Battalion (Dragon Fighters) under the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).
Duties performed
The duties performed by the contingent included mobile patrolling, saturation patrolling, manning and guarding Police Stations and the National Prisons, combined mounted/dismounted patrols, Prison monitor teams, and security escorts. They also trained the prisoners. All such duties were conducted as a special arrangement for the peaceful conduct of Presidential elections in Haiti.
Shri R.S.H.S Sahota then Commandant, was the Contingent Commander. In recognition of the contingent's excellent performance in Haiti, the contingent was awarded on U.S. Army Commendation Medal, 5 US Army Achievement Medals, 80 appreciation coins, and UN Medal to all 120 personnel. After successful completion of the assigned task, this contingent was de-inducted from Haiti in November 1995.
Operation Lalgarh
Lalgarh was severely affected by the Naxalites in the late 2000s and early 2010s. To solve this menace, the WB government requested the deployment of the CRPF and its newly raised CoBRA battalions. The operation ended after the encounter with Kishenji, who was the root of the rebellion.
Liberia Mission
On a special request from the United Nations and direction of Govt. of India/Ministry of Home Affairs, a fully formed Female Police Unit (FFPU) was formed with Mahila CRPF personnel which was further deployed in Liberia during Feb 2007, as part of an UN peacekeeping force in the strife-torn African nation.
Out of the 23 nations deployed there, only India has the privilege of having an exclusive women's team there, and it was the first exclusive female team of police that was pressed into action in any UN peacekeeping force.
This deployment is still on as part of the UN mission however is now supplemented by a male Contingent also. The tenure of each contingent is for one year. At present, the 8th Batch of Female contingents and the 5th Batch of Male contingents have been deployed in Liberia.
Operations in Kashmir
CRPF is deployed in Jammu and Kashmir for various reasons. Their duty includes performing CASOs, SADOs, and ROPs, providing security to both vital installations and highways, etc. In fact, their way of operating even surpasses the standards of RR of the Indian army operating there. They are the most active in the valley along with the JKP SOG. Their method of doing operations in the valley is highly appreciated and second to none.
Organisation
Administration
The CRPF is headed by a Director General who is an Indian Police Service officer and is divided into ten administrative sectors, each headed by an Inspector General. Each Sector consists of one or more administrative and/or Operational Ranges, headed by an officer of the rank of Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of Police. Now, Group Centres are also headed by DIGs. The Financial Advisor of the CRPF has been an Indian Revenue Service officer of the rank of Joint Secretary and also has Dy Advisors from the Indian Audit and Accounts Service or the Indian Telecom. Service and Indian Civil Account Service.
Subdivisions
There are 247 battalions of approximately 1200 each. Each battalion is commanded by a commanding officer of the rank Commandant, and consists of seven CRPF companies, each containing 135 men. Each company is headed by an Assistant Commandant.
The Ministry of Home Affairs plans to raise 2 Group Centers, 2 Range HQs, 1 Sector HQ, and 12 new battalions including a Mahila (all-female) battalion by 2019.
The CRPF force is organized into a headquarters, three attached wings, and four zones. A zone is either headed by an additional director general or a special director general. A zone is subdivided into sectors where each sector is headed by an inspector general.
Special units
The Rapid Action Force
The Rapid Action Force (RAF) is a 15 battalion wing of the Indian Central Reserve Police Force. It was formed in October 1992, to deal with communal riots and related civil unrest. The battalions are numbered from 99 to 108. 5 more battalions were also added in the year 2017 by converting the GD battalion into an RAF battalion. The RAF is a zero-response force intended to quickly respond to a crisis situation.
This force also has the distinction of having a unique flag signifying peace. The force was the recipient of the President's colour presented by Shri L.K. Advani, then Deputy Prime Minister of India, on 7 October 2003 for "its selfless service to the nation in the 11th year of coming into existence".
The smallest functional unit in the force is a 'Team' commanded by an inspector, which has three components — a riot control element, a tear gas element, and a fire element. It has been organized as an independent strike unit.
One team in each company of the RAF is composed of female personnel so as to deal more effectively with situations where the force faces women demonstrators.
Parliament Duty Group
The Parliament Duty Group is an elite CRPF unit tasked with providing armed protection to Parliament House. It comprises 1,540 personnel drawn from various units of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF). PDG members are trained in combating nuclear and bio-chemical attacks, rescue operations, and behavioural management.
The Parliament House complex is protected by teams from the Delhi police, CRPF, ITBP, and personnel of the Parliament Security Service. The Parliament Security Service acts as the overall coordinating agency in close cooperation with various security agencies such as the Delhi Police, CRPF, IB, SPG and NSG.
PDG personnel are armed with Glock Pistols, MP5 Submachine Gun, INSAS sniper rifles with telescope and hand-held thermal imagers.
Special Duty Group
The Special Duty Group is an elite battalion of the CRPF tasked with providing security for the outer cordon of the Prime Minister's official residence on 7, Lok Kalyan Marg and his office in the North Block as well as during outdoor functions. It comprises around 1000 personnel.
CoBRA
Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) is the special operation unit of CRPF created in 2008 to deal the Naxalite movement in India. This specialised CRPF unit is one of the few units of the Central Armed Police Forces in the country that is specifically trained in guerilla warfare. This elite fighting unit has been trained to track, hunt and eliminate small Naxalite groups. There are currently 10 COBRA units.
10 CoBRA units raised between 2008 and 2011 have been trained, equipped, and deployed in all LWE/ Insurgent affected areas of the states of Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, as well as Assam & Meghalaya is one of the best Central Armed Police in the country trained to survive, fight and win in the jungle. CoBRA is unquestionably/undoubtedly the best CAP in the country.
CoBRA was awarded 04 Shaurya Chakras, 01 Kirti Chakra, 01 PPMG, 117 PMG, and 1267 DG Commendations.
Personnel
Rank structure
The organization is structured mainly on three rank categories which include Gazetted Officers(GOs), Subordinate Officers(SOs), and Non-Gazetted Officers (NGOs). The Assistant Commandants are Group 'A' Gazetted officers, directly appointed upon clearing an exam conducted by the UPSC which is held yearly.
Officers
Other Ranks
Being a central Indian police agency and having a high presence of Indian Police Service officers, CRPF follows ranks and insignia similar to other police organisations in India.
List of Directors General
V. G. Kanetkar was the first Director General of the Central Reserve Police Force, serving from 3 August 1968 to 15 September 1969. The current Director General is Dr. Sujoy Lal Thaosen, in office since 1 October 2022.
Women in the CRPF
CRPF has six Mahila (Female) Battalions. After its training in March 1987, 88(M) Bn won laurels for its work assisting the Meerut riots and later with the IPKF in Sri Lanka. Personnel of the second Mahila battalion (135 Bn) performed creditably during the Lok Sabha elections 1996 in many states. At present female personnel are deployed in active duty in Jammu & Kashmir, Ayodhya, Manipur, Assam and other parts of the country where they are doing a commendable job. In addition, each RAF battalion has a component of 96 female operators.
The successful experiment of the 88 (Mahila) Bn and the ever-increasing necessity of female officers in dealing with emerging law and order situations as well as the Government emphasis on equality and women empowerment, CRPF raised the second and third Mahila Bn i.e. the 135 (M) Bn with HQR at Gandhinagar (Gujarat) in 1995 and the 213 Bn with HQR at Nagpur (Maharastra) in 2011.
Weapons
CRPF uses basic Infantry weapons which are manufactured indigenously at the Indian Ordnance Factories under the control of the Ordnance Factories Board: They are also equipped with weapons like CGRLs, 81mm mortars, AGLs, etc.
Awards
Members of the CRPF have been awarded 1586 medals.
CRPF bagged highest humber of gallantary medals amongst all paramilitary forces. The force was awarded 30 gallantary medals on Republic Day 2022.
In popular culture
The acronym CRPF has been expanded as "Chalte Raho Pyare Force" since they are constantly on the move from one troubled place in India to another.
See also
Ministry of Home Affairs
Border Security Force
Indo-Tibetan Border Police
Central Industrial Security Force
Sashastra Seema Bal
Assam Rifles
National Security Guard
Border outpost
Operation Green Hunt
Indian Coast Guard
Central Reserve Police Force SC
References
External links
Government agencies established in 1939
Federal law enforcement agencies of India
Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force
Central Armed Police Forces of India
1939 establishments in British India
India in World War II
Specialist law enforcement agencies of India