PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
دينا دانيش

دينا دانيش
دينا دانش (ولدت في 1981)هي فنانة مصرية ولدت في فرنسا وتعيش وتعمل في امستردام.
ولدت في باريس وترعرعت في القاهرة وحصلت علي بكالريوس الفنون من الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة وعلي ماجيستير في الفنون الجميلة من كلية الفنون بكاليفورنيا وكانت تعمل كفنانة مقيمة في Rijksakademie van beeldende kunste
ظهرت اعمالها التي كانت تدمج بين وسائل اعلام شتي متضمنة النحت والتصوير والتليفزيون في متحف Stedelijk Museum Schiedam (nl) ومركز De Appel للفن في امستردام ومتحف سان فرانسيسكو للفن الحديث وصالة عرض Kunsthall Oslo .
و تتلاعب دانش في اعمالها باللغة والبنية؛ فهي تدمج بين السخرية وسوء الفهم.
كما انها تقوم بالبحث في موضوع عملها الي حد التحقيق في استخدام العلكة من قبل الفنانين المعاصرين وفي السينما المصرية.
تلقت جائزة ايلي للحاضر والمستقبل في 2011. كما تلقت أيضا جائزة باركلاى سيمبسون
كما ظهر اسمها في القائمة القصيرة لعام 2016 لابراج جروب في جائزة الفن.
تحغظ اعمالها داخل مجموعات لبنك De Nederlandsche ومؤسسة نوماس ومتحف سان فرانسيسكو للفن الحديث ومتحف الفن الحديث.
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة
رسامات مصريات
فنانات تشكيليات مصريات
فنانات مصريات في القرن 21
فنانون مصريون معاصرون
فنانون من أمستردام
فنانون من القاهرة
فنانون من باريس
مواليد 1981
21 April 2004 Basra bombings

21 April 2004 Basra bombings
On 21 April 2004, a series of large car bomb explosions ripped through Basra, Iraq. Seventy-four people died and more than 100 were injured. The attacks were some of the deadliest in southern Iraq since the fall of President Saddam Hussein.
The attacks
Three separate bombs exploded outside police stations in central Basra; two in the Ashar area and one in the Old City. In these bombings, many children on passing buses were killed.
A fourth, separate attack also occurred around the same time in the town of Az Zubayr. In the fourth attack, two car bombs exploded, one inside the main entrance to the British military outpost and the second just outside the wire fence surround which killed three Iraqis and wounded five British soldiers of the 1st Battalion, the Royal Welch Fusiliers, one seriously. British forces trying to aid casualties were stoned by crowds and came under fire from Iraqi snipers, while trying to recover the wounded. The crowds blamed the coalition for not doing enough to protect Iraqi citizens from such attacks.
The police reported that the majority of those who lost their lives were non-combatants, who died in a series of bombings. The bombings occurred in close proximity to three police stations in Basra and two others at the Regional Police Academy located in Az Zubayr.
References
2004 murders in Iraq
Explosions in 2004
21st-century mass murder in Iraq
History of Basra
Mass murder in 2004
Car and truck bombings in Iraq
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2004
April 2004 events in Iraq
Attacks on police stations in the 2000s
Building bombings in Iraq
Irving Freese

Irving Freese
Irving C. Freese (February 19, 1903 – September 11, 1964) was the mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut.
Life and family
Freese attended a one-room school in East Brunswick, New Jersey, and was graduated from New Brunswick High School. He first came to Norwalk in 1928, while visiting his brother Arnold. He found work as the assistant credit manager at the Norwalk Tire and Rubber Company, as a Johnson & Johnson salesman, as a cost accountant at the American Hat Company, and at the Standard Safety Razor Corporation as a credit manager. He later started a photography business. In October 1933, he met Elizabeth Hutchinson, the niece of the newly elected mayor of nearby Bridgeport, Jasper McLevy at his victory party. They were married in June 1934. They had a son they named Jasper, after her uncle, in August 1936.
Political career
Freese was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor in 1939, 1941, 1943 and 1945. In those unsuccessful elections, he received between 400 and 600 votes apiece. Then he was a candidate for the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk in 1946.
In 1947, the citizens of Norwalk elected Socialist Freese as mayor with a total of 8,561 votes. Freese was elected again as a Socialist in 1949. In 1951, he broke from the Socialist Party and defeated Republican candidate Stanley Stroffolino, despite Stroffolino's endorsement by the Republicans, the Democrats and the Socialists with whom Freese had just parted company. He was elected three times after forming the Independent Party of Norwalk in 1951, 1953 and 1957.
Legacy
Irving Freese Park at 1 Main Street in downtown Norwalk is named for him.
Troop 19, the oldest Boy Scout Troop in Norwalk, was founded on March 3, 1930 by Freese
The Irving Freese Apartments, a public housing residence at 57 Ward Street, as well as the Irving Freese Community Room at the same location are named for him.
See also
List of elected socialist mayors in the United States
References
1903 births
1964 deaths
Mayors of Norwalk, Connecticut
New Brunswick High School alumni
People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
Socialist Party of America politicians from Connecticut
20th-century American politicians
رسول كربكندي

رسول كربكندي واسمه الكامل: محمد رضا رسول كربكندي، من مواليد 27 يناير 1953م، وهو حارس مرمى إيراني سابق، يعمل حالياً مدرباً لأحد الفرق الإيرانية، كان الحارس رسول كربكندي شارك مع زملائه في نهائيات كأس العالم التي استضافته الأرجنتين سنة 1978م.
مصدر
وصلات خارجية
صفحة اللاعب رسول كربكندي
Profil na fifa.com
صفحة اللاعب رسول كربكندي في موقع كالشيو دوت كوم
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أصفهان
رياضيون من أصفهان
لاعبو كأس العالم 1978
لاعبو كرة قدم إيرانيون
لاعبو منتخب إيران لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي ذوب آهن أصفهان
مدربو دوري المحترفين الإيراني
مدربو كرة قدم إيرانيون
مدربو نادي ذوب آهن أصفهان
مدربو نادي سباهان أصفهان
مدربو نادي صبا قم
مواليد 1372 هـ
مواليد 1953
مواليد في أصفهان (مدينة)
لاعبو كرة قدم من أصفهان
الخلال (المحويت)

الخلال (المحويت)
الخلال هي إحدى قرى عزلة بني الوليد بمديرية المحويت التابعة لمحافظة المحويت، بلغ تعداد سكانها 82 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع وروابط خارجية
World Gazetteer:Yemen
الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بالجمهورية اليمنية
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
قرى عزلة بني الوليد
Christopher Hurst (politician)

Christopher Hurst (politician)
Christopher Arthur Hurst (born October 12, 1954) is an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 31st Legislative District from 1999 to 2003 and again from 2007 to 2017.
References
External links
Washington State Legislature - Rep. Christopher Hurst official WA House website
Follow the Money - Christopher Hurst
2006 2000 1998 1996 campaign contributions
1954 births
Living people
Politicians from Seattle
American Presbyterians
Democratic Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
الدوري الأدرياتيكي 2005–06

الدوري الأدرياتيكي 2005–06 هو الموسم 5 من الدوري الأدرياتيكي. أقيم خلال الفترة 8 أكتوبر 2005 وحتى 23 أبريل 2006، وأشرف على تنظيمه ، وكان عدد الأندية المشاركة فيه 14، وفاز فيه نادي إف إم بي لكرة السلة.
نتائج الموسم
مراجع
الدوري الأدرياتيكي
دوريات كرة سلة أوروبية في 2005-06
كرة سلة صربية في 2005-06
مواسم الدوري الأدرياتيكي
2005–06 في كرة سلة كرواتية
2005–06 في كرة سلة سلوفينية
2005–06 في كرة سلة بوسنية
Albula Alps

Albula Alps
The Albula Alps are a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland. They are considered to be part of the Central Eastern Alps, more specifically the Western Rhaetian Alps. They are named after the river Albula. According to AVE (see map), the Albula Alps are separated from the Oberhalbstein Alps in the west by the Septimer Pass and the valley of the Sursés; from the Plessur Alps in the north-west by the Landwasser valley; from the Silvretta group in the north-east by the Flüela Pass; from the Sesvenna Alps in the east by the Inn valley (Engadine); from the Livigno Alps in the south-east by the Inn valley; from the Bernina Range in the south by the Maloja Pass and the Inn valley.
The chief summit of the Albula Alps is Piz Kesch, which is also the highest summit of the Eastern Alps north of the Inn. Other mountains with both a high elevation and a high prominence are Piz Calderas, Piz Ela, Piz Ot and Piz Vadret. The Albula Alps are drained by the rivers Albula, Gelgia, Landwasser and Inn and Mera. Near the Lunghin Pass is the tripoint between the Gelgia, Inn and Mera. This is the tripoint between the basins of the North Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea.
The main road passes crossing the Albula Alps (from central Graubünden to Engadin) are the Julier Pass and the Albula Pass. On the margin are also the Flüela Pass and the Septimer Pass (bridle path only). The Albula Pass, in the middle of the range, is also an important axis of the Rhaetian Railway, connecting Chur to St. Moritz through the Albula Tunnel. Both pass road and railway traverse the locality of Bergün on the river Albula, the most central town within the Albula Alps.
Peaks
The main peaks of the Albula Alps are:
Passes
The Albula Alps are crossed by one railway tunnel, under the Albula Pass. The main mountain passes of the Albula Alps are:
See also
Swiss Alps
List of mountains in Switzerland
References
Swisstopo maps
External links
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Central Alps
Rhaetian Alps
Mountain ranges of Switzerland
Mountain ranges of Graubünden
Limestone Alps
Alfonso Portugal

Alfonso Portugal Díaz (21 January 1934 – 12 June 2016) was a Mexican football player, who played as defender for Mexico in the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
Career
Portugal captained Club América to the 1965–66 Mexican Primera División title. He also played for Club Necaxa. In 1967, he appeared in one match for the Chicago Spurs of the NPSL
References
External links
FIFA profile
Profile at MedioTiempo
1934 births
2016 deaths
Mexico men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga MX players
Club Necaxa footballers
Club América footballers
Club Universidad Nacional footballers
1958 FIFA World Cup players
National Professional Soccer League (1967) players
Chicago Spurs players
Mexican football managers
Cruz Azul managers
Atlas F.C. managers
Tigres UANL managers
Footballers from Mexico City
Mexican men's footballers
Mexican expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
أندريه مارتن

أندريه مارتن مواليد 20 سبتمبر 1989 في براتيسلافا، هو لاعب كرة مضرب سلوفاكي يلعب باليد اليمنى ويحتل المرتبة رقم. 141 (1 فبراير 2016) في تصنيف رابطة محترفي كرة المضرب. أعلى تصنيف له في الفردي كان المركز الـ 119 في سنة 2013.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من براتيسلافا
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من سلوفاكيا
لاعبو كرة مضرب سلوفاكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
مواليد 1989
مواليد في براتيسلافا
لاعبو كرة مضرب من براتيسلافا
روبرت اندروز هيل

روبرت اندروز هيل هو محامي وقاضي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 25 مارس 1811 في مقاطعة آيرديل في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 2 يوليو 1900. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الديمقراطي.
مراجع
أشخاص من مقاطعة آيرديل (كارولاينا الشمالية)
أشخاص من مقاطعة ويليامسون (تينيسي)
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 19
قضاة أمريكيون في القرن 19
مواليد 1811
وفيات 1900
أشخاص من مقاطعة واين (تينيسي)
Gumbranch, Georgia

Gumbranch, Georgia
Gumbranch, alternatively spelled Gum Branch, is a city in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. It is a part of the Hinesville-Fort Stewart metropolitan statistical area. The population was 264 at the 2010 census.
History
Gumbranch was incorporated on January 1, 1979. While officially incorporated as "Gumbranch", the alternative spelling "Gum Branch" is often used, such as with the nearby Gum Branch Park and Gum Branch Baptist Church.
Geography
Gumbranch is located in western Liberty County at (31.838765, -81.684384). Georgia State Route 196 passes through the community, leading east to Hinesville, the county seat, and northwest to Glennville.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Gumbranch has a total area of , all of it recorded as land.
Demographics
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 264 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 91.7% White, 4.5% Black, 0.8% Native American, 0.4% Pacific Islander and 0.8% from two or more races. 1.9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of the census of 2000, there were 273 people, 100 households, and 76 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 129 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.58% White, 5.86% African American, 2.20% Asian, 0.37% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.10% of the population.
There were 100 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.17.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,625, and the median income for a family was $40,938. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $17,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,158. About 19.7% of families and 24.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 46.2% of those 65 or over.
Government and infrastructure
Liberty County Fire Services operates Station 15 Gumbranch.
Education
The Liberty County School District operates public schools that serve Gumbranch.
References
External links
Gumbranch - State of Georgia
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Liberty County, Georgia
Hinesville metropolitan area
Populated places established in 1979
لوثر توماس

لوثر توماس هو عازف ساكسفون أمريكي، ولد في 23 يونيو 1950 في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 8 سبتمبر 2009.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
عازفو سكسفون جاز أمريكيون
عازفو سكسفون ذكور أمريكيون
عازفو سكسفون في القرن 20
مواليد 1950
موسيقى سينت لويس
موسيقيو جاز ذكور
موسيقيو جاز ذكور أمريكيون
موسيقيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
موسيقيون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 20
وفيات 2009
عازفو سكسفون أمريكيون في القرن 20
العلاقات الإستونية التركية

العلاقات الإستونية التركية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إستونيا وتركيا.
مقارنة بين البلدين
هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين:
منظمات دولية مشتركة
يشترك البلدان في عضوية مجموعة من المنظمات الدولية، منها:
وصلات خارجية
موقع وزارة الخارجية الإستونية
موقع وزارة الخارجية التركية
مراجع
علاقات إستونيا الثنائية
علاقات تركيا الثنائية
James Michael Pratt

James Michael Pratt (born 1953) is an American writer. His novel The Lost Valentine (originally published as The Last Valentine) was adapted into a film released by Hallmark Hall of Fame in 2011. He has been called a Master of moral fictionby Booklist for his realistic depictions of love. Pratt has 7 other titles listed at his website including The Lost Valentine. A native of Simi Valley, CA he is married and the father of two adult children. He credits growing up in California for many of the influences found in his stories. He has three additional books being adapted to film including a new title, yet to be released, When the Last Leaf Falls.Published worksTicket HomeThe Lighthouse KeeperThe Last Valentine 1998 and released in 2011 as The Lost ValentineThe Good HeartThe Christ ReportParadise BayMOM, The Woman Who Made Oatmeal Stick to My RibsDAD, The Man Who Lied to Save the PlanetAs A Man Thinketh, In His HeartFilm adaptionThe Lost Valentine was viewed by over 14.3 million households as a CBS Movie of the Week and Hallmark Hall of Fame on January 30, 2011. It was based upon the novel, The Last Valentine by James Michael Pratt first published in 1998 by St. Martin's Press.''
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American film producers
Writers from California
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
(30677) 2231 T-2

(30677) 2231 T-2
2231 تي-2 (ويعرف أيضًا باسم (30677) 2231 تي-2 وفق تسمية الكوكب الصغير) هو كويكب ضمن حزام الكويكبات؛ وترتيبه 30677 من حيث الاكتشاف.
اكتُشف هذا الجُرم الفلكي بواسطة إنغريد فان هوتين-جرونفيلد في 29 سبتمبر 1973.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الكواكب الصغيرة
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1973
اكتشافات إنغريد فان هوتين-جرونفيلد
اكتشافات توم جيرليز
اكتشافات كورنيليس جوهانس فان هوتن
حزام الكويكبات
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
ستيف باينز

ستيف باينز هو لاعب كرة قدم وحكم كرة قدم بريطاني، ولد في 23 يونيو 1954 في في المملكة المتحدة. لعب مع برادفورد سيتي وسكونثورب يونايتد ونادي بوري ونادي تشيسترفيلد ونادي والسول ونوتينغهام فورست وهدرسفيلد تاون.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حكام الدوري الإنجليزي لكرة القدم
حكام كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو سكونثورب يونايتد
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم من نوتنغهامشير
لاعبو نادي برادفورد
لاعبو نادي بوري
لاعبو نادي تشيسترفيلد
لاعبو نادي والسول
لاعبو نوتنغهام فورست
لاعبو هدرسفيلد تاون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1954
Ivan Redkach

Ivan Redkach (born 11 March 1986) is a Ukrainian professional boxer.
Professional career
On 7 January 2011 Redkach fought and beat Jaime Orrantia by third-round knockout in Fairfield, California.
On 1 June 2019, he scored one of the biggest wins of his career, over former world champion Devon Alexander. In the sixth round, Redkach connected with a left-hand to floor Alexander for the first time in the bout. He managed to drop Alexander two more times in the round, with the third knockdown also being the last of the fight, forcing the referee to stop the fight.
In his next fight, he faced another former world champion in Danny García. The fight didn't include a lot of action, however, despite that García looked like the clear winner, hurting Redkach late in the fifth, and cutting him in the seventh round. During the eighth round, Redkach bit García on the shoulder while allegedly saying "Mike Tyson" to García during the process. The judges awarded García a unanimous decision victory, scoring the fight 118–110, 117–111 and 117–111 in favor of the former champion.
Following his fight against Garcia, Redkach took on Regis Prograis on April 17, 2021 in Atlanta. In the sixth round, Prograis landed a glancing blow to Redkach’s kidney area. Redkach responded by dropping to the canvas holding his groin as if Prograis had hit him below the belt. The fight was stopped due to the punch, and because the ruling by referee Jim Morb was that it was due to an accidental low blow, a technical decision was rendered and Prograis was declared the winner. Prograis protested the decision, saying that he knocked out Redkach, and after an appeal the decision was changed from a technical decision to a technical knockout defeat for Redkach.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Ivan Redkach - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live
Official telegram Group
1986 births
Lightweight boxers
Living people
Ukrainian male boxers
People from Shostka
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Sportspeople from Sumy Oblast
NGC 228

NGC 228 هي مجرة في كوكبة المرأة المسلسلة اكتشفت في 10 أكتوبر 1879.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
أجرام الفهرس العام الجديد
اكتشافات إدوارد ستيفان
فهرس المجرات الرئيسية
كوكبة المرأة المسلسلة
مجرات حلزونية ضلعية
كريستيان لوسيرو

كريستيان لوسيرو هو لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني في مركز الهجوم، ولد في 1 أكتوبر 1987 في مندوزا في الأرجنتين. لعب مع .
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في قبرص
رياضيون من مندوزا (الأرجنتين)
لاعبو الدوري الأرجنتيني برايم بي
لاعبو انديبندينتي ريفاديفا
لاعبو سبورتيفو باتريا
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم من مندوزا (الأرجنتين)
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1987
هانس أدلر (كاتب)

هانس أدلر (كاتب)
هانس أدلر (و. ) هو كاتب نمساوي، ولد في براغ، توفي في لندن، عن عمر يناهز 78 عاماً.
التعليم
تعلم في جامعة كارلوفا
.
جوائز
حصل على جوائز منها:
(1974)
(1969)
وسام صليب القائد من رتبة استحقاق من جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص من لوبين
الناجون من معسكر بوخنفالد
تشيكوسلوفاكيون مهاجرون إلى المملكة المتحدة
خريجو جامعة تشارلز في براغ
روائيون تشيكيون في القرن 20
روائيون تشيكيون
كتاب من براغ
مواليد 1910
وفيات 1988
يهود تشيكوسلوفاكيون
مؤرخو هولوكوست في بوهيميا ومورافيا
آلفين براون (سياسي)

آلفين براون (سياسي)
آلفين براون هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 15 ديسمبر 1961 في بيافورت في الولايات المتحدة. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الديمقراطي.
مراجع
أشخاص من بيافورت
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 20
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 21
أفارقة أمريكيون في سياسة فلوريدا
ديمقراطيون من ولاية فلوريدا
عمدات جاكسونفيل (فلوريدا)
مواليد 1961
Red-billed malkoha

Red-billed malkoha
The red-billed malkoha (Zanclostomus javanicus) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
References
Cuculidae
Birds of Malesia
red-billed malkoha
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
منتخب كوسوفو تحت 19 سنة لكرة القدم

منتخب كوسوفو تحت 19 سنة لكرة القدم هو ممثل كوسوفو الرسمي في المنافسات الدولية في كرة القدم في فئة كرة قدم للرجال تحت 19 سنة، يديريه اتحاد كوسوفو لكرة القدم.
تشكيلة المنتخب
قائمة اللاعبين
وصلات خارجية
مراجع
منتخب كوسوفو لكرة القدم
منتخبات كرة قدم وطنية
منتخبات كرة قدم وطنية أوروبية تحت 19 سنة
White elephant gift exchange

White elephant gift exchange
A white elephant gift exchange, Yankee swap or Dirty Santa is a party game where amusing and impractical gifts are exchanged during festivities. The goal of a white elephant gift exchange is to entertain party-goers rather than to gain a genuinely valuable or highly sought-after item.
The term white elephant refers to an extravagant, impractical gift that cannot be easily disposed of. The phrase is said to come from a perspective about the historic practice of the King of Siam (now Thailand) giving rare albino elephants to courtiers who had displeased him, so that they might be ruined by the animals' upkeep costs. However, there is no actual record of the King gifting a white elephant specifically to burden the recipients, and white elephants are considered to be highly valuable and sacred in Thai culture, so much that any white elephant that is found must immediately be brought to the King according to his legal ownership. While the first use of this term remains a matter of contention among historians, one theory suggests that Ezra Cornell brought the term into the popular lexicon through his frequent social gatherings as early as 1828.
Rules
Each participant supplies one wrapped gift, usually of similar value. The gifts are placed in a central location, and participants determine in which order (often by numbers randomly drawn prior to the start of the game) they will take turns selecting a gift. The first person opens a wrapped gift, and the turn ends. On subsequent turns, each person has the choice to either unwrap a new present or to steal another's. When a person's gift is stolen, that person can either choose another wrapped gift to open or can steal from another player. Each gift can only be stolen twice per game. The game is over when everyone has a present. At the end, the first player may, if desired, steal any gift – according to some rules, even a gift that is out of play.
See also
"Christmas Party", an episode of the American television show The Office, in which staff play "Yankee Swap" at an office party
Fair item allocation
"The White Elephant Gift Exchange", an episode of the animated television show Regular Show, in which the park workers play the game
Secret Santa
White elephant sale
Explanatory notes
References
Party games