National conservatism

National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity. It shares aspects of traditionalist conservatism and social conservatism. National conservatives usually combine conservatism with nationalist stances, emphasizing cultural conservatism, family values and opposition to illegal immigration. National conservative parties often have roots in environments with a rural, traditionalist or peripheral basis, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal conservative parties. In Europe, they usually embrace some form of Euroscepticism. In post-communist central and eastern Europe specifically, most conservative parties since 1989 have followed a national conservative ideology. In the United States, Trumpism can be considered a variety of national conservatism, which also gives its name to the National Conservatism Conference, organised by the Edmund Burke Foundation.
Ideology
Social policies
Ideologically, national conservatism is not a uniform philosophy but adherents have broadly expressed support for nationalism, patriotism, assimilationism and monoculturalism. At the same time there is expressed opposition to internationalism, racial politics, multiculturalism and globalism. National conservatives adhere to a form of cultural nationalism that emphasizes the preservation of national identity as well as cultural identity. As a result, many favor assimilation into the dominant culture, restrictions on immigration and strict law and order policies.
National conservative parties are "socially traditional" and support
traditional family values, gender roles and the public role of religion, being sometimes critical of separation of church and state. According to the Austrian political scientist Sieglinde Rosenberger, "national conservatism praises the family as a home and a center of identity, solidarity, and tradition". Many national conservatives are thus social conservatives.
Economic policies
National conservative parties in different countries do not necessarily share a common position on economic policy. Their views may range from support of corporatism and mixed economy to a more laissez-faire approach. In the first, more common case, national conservatives can be distinguished from liberal conservatives, for whom free market economic policies, deregulation and tight spending are the main priorities. Some commentators have indeed identified a growing gap between national and economic liberal conservatism: "Most parties of the Right [today] are run by economically liberal conservatives who, in varying degrees, have marginalised social, cultural and national conservatives."
Foreign policy
National conservatives usually support a foreign policy that upholds the interests of their nation. They lean towards militarism, unilateralism and isolationism. They reject the internationalism and multilateralism that has characterized the modern global age. They often have a negative view of the United Nations, feeling that its globalist agenda erodes their unique national identity, as well as the European Union and other international organisations.
Regionalist varieties
Regional parties can be nationalist or national-conservative, without aligning with the country to which the region belongs. South Tyrol is a notable example, as "national-conservative" parties there represent its German-speaking majority and identify with neighbouring Austria, with which South Tyrol shares cultural and historical ties.
List of national conservative political parties
Current national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
The following political parties have been characterised as being ideologically influenced by national conservativism:
Albania: Democratic Party of Albania, Republican Party of Albania
Armenia: Conservative Party, Constitutional Rights Union, For Social Justice, Prosperous Armenia, Republican Party of Armenia, Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party, 5165 National Conservative Movement Party
Austria: Freedom Party of Austria, Alliance for the Future of Austria
Australia: Pauline Hanson's One Nation
Bangladesh: Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Belarus: BPF Party, Conservative Christian Party – BPF
Belgium: Vlaams Belang
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Action, Democratic People's Alliance, Party of Democratic Progress
Brazil: Liberal Party, Progressistas, Brazilian Labour Party, Patriota
Bulgaria: GERB, Revival, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, Union of Democratic Forces, Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria, Democratic Party
Cambodia: Cambodian People's Party
Canada: People's Party of Canada
Chile: Republican Party (Chile, 2019)
Croatia: Homeland Movement, Croatian Sovereignists Croatian Democratic Union
Cyprus: Solidarity Movement
Czech Republic: Tricolour Citizens' Movement, Civic Democratic Party
Denmark: Danish People's Party, The New Right, Denmark Democrats
Estonia: Conservative People's Party of Estonia, Isamaa
Finland: Finns Party
France: National Rally, France Arise, Movement for France, Action Française, Reconquête
Georgia: Conservative Party of Georgia, Alliance of Patriots of Georgia, Georgian Dream
Germany: Alternative for Germany, The Republicans, German Social Union
Greece: Independent Greeks, Greek Solution, Golden Dawn, New Right
Hungary: Fidesz, Christian Democratic People's Party, Independent Smallholders Party, Jobbik
India: Bharatiya Janata Party, Hindu Mahasabha
Indonesia: Great Indonesia Movement Party, Golkar
Ireland: Fianna Fáil
Israel: Likud, Yamina
Italy: Brothers of Italy, Forza Italia (faction – Protagonist Italy), [Citizens' Union for South Tyrol, South Tyrolean Freedom (regionalist)]
Japan: Liberal Democratic Party
Kenya: Jubilee Party
Latvia: National Alliance
Liechtenstein: Progressive Citizens' Party
Lithuania: Homeland Union, Order and Justice
Luxembourg: Alternative Democratic Reform Party
Malaysia: United Malays National Organisation
Montenegro: New Serb Democracy, Patriotic Komitas Union of Montenegro
Myanmar: Union Solidarity and Development Party
Nepal: Rastriya Prajatantra Party
Netherlands: Forum for Democracy, JA21
North Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE, VMRO – People's Party
Norway: Progress Party, The Democrats
Pakistan: Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz
Panama: Panameñista Party
Paraguay: Colorado Party
Philippines: Nacionalista Party
Poland: United Right, (Law and Justice and United Poland), Confederation Liberty and Independence (factions, mainly National Movement), Right Wing of the Republic
Portugal: CDS – People's Party, Enough
Romania: National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party and United Romania Party), Alliance for the Union of Romanians, People's Movement Party
Russia: All-Russia People's Front (United Russia and Rodina), Great Russia, Russian All-People's Union
Serbia: Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Radical Party, Serbian Patriotic Alliance, United Serbia, Serbian People's Party, People's Peasant Party, New Serbia, Better Serbia, Fatherland, People's Freedom Movement, Serbian Party Oathkeepers, Serbian Right, Obraz, Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia
Singapore: People's Action Party
Slovakia: Slovak National Party, We Are Family
Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party
South Korea: People Power Party
Spain: Vox
Sweden: Sweden Democrats
Switzerland: Swiss People's Party, Federal Democratic Union
Taiwan: Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), New Party
Thailand: Palang Pracharath Party, United Thai Nation Party
Turkey: People's Alliance (Justice and Development Party and Nationalist Movement Party), Nation Alliance (factions, mainly Good Party) and Homeland Party
Ukraine: Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, People's Front, Svoboda, National Corps, Right Sector
United Kingdom: Democratic Unionist Party, Traditional Unionist Voice, UK Independence Party, British Democrats, Reform UK, Conservative Party (UK) (faction)
United States: Republican Party (factions), American Freedom Party
Defunct or formerly national conservative parties, or parties with national conservative factions
Austria: Fatherland Front
Australia: Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party
Belgium: Rexist Party, Vlaams Blok
Brazil: Brazilian Integralist Action
Canada: Union Nationale
Czech Republic: Realists
Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovak National Democracy, Party of National Unity
France: Rally for the Republic
Germany: German National People's Party, Deutsche Rechtspartei, The Blue Party, German People's Union
Hungary: Hungarian Democratic Forum, Unity Party
India: Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Iran: Rastakhiz Party
Israel: National Union (Hatikva), Union of Right-Wing Parties
Italy: National Fascist Party, Italian Nationalist Association, Italian Social Movement, National Alliance, The Right
Moldova: Șor Party
Norway: Fatherland League
Poland: National Democracy, League of Polish Families, Kukiz'15
Portugal: National Union
Romania: Conservative Party,
Slovakia: Slovak People's Party, Slovak National Party, People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Conservative Democrats of Slovakia
South Africa: National Party
South Korea: Democratic Republican Party Democratic Justice Party, New Korea Party, Liberty Korea Party
Spain: FET y de las JONS, CEDA, People's Alliance
Yugoslavia: Yugoslav Radical Union, Yugoslav National Movement
See also
Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
European Alliance for Freedom
Europe of Nations and Freedom
Fascism
Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
Nationalism
National Conservatism Conference
Nazism
Nippon Kaigi
Neo-nationalism
Opposition to immigration
Paleoconservatism
Radical right (Europe)
Right-wing populism
Social conservatism
Souverainism
Traditionalist conservatism
The Virtue of Nationalism
Trumpism
References
Political science terminology
Nationalism
Conservatism
Conservatism-related lists
Right-wing ideologies