Timeline of geology

Timeline of geology
Early works
c. 1025 – al-Biruni publishes the Kitāb fī Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind (Researches on India), in which he discusses the geology of India and hypothesizes that it was once a sea.
1027 – Avicenna publishes The Book of Healing, in which he hypothesizes on two causes of mountains.
16th and 17th centuries
Portuguese and Spanish explorers systematically measure magnetic declination to estimate the geographical longitude
1556 – Agricola publishes De re metallica. This book acts as the standard mining and assaying text for the next 250 years.
1596 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish-Spanish cartographer, first envisages the continental drift theory.
1603 – Ulisse Aldrovandi coins the term Geology.
1669 – Nicolas Steno puts forward his theory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former seas, and that fossils were organic in origin
18th century
1701 – Edmond Halley suggests using the salinity and evaporation of the Mediterranean to determine the age of the Earth
1743 – Dr Christopher Packe produces a geological map of south-east England
1746 – Jean-Étienne Guettard presents the first mineralogical map of France to the French Academy of Sciences.
1760 – John Michell suggests earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another
1776 – James Keir suggests that some rocks, such as those at the Giant's Causeway, might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava
1779 – Comte de Buffon speculates that the Earth is older than the 6,000 years suggested by the Bible
1785 – James Hutton presents paper entitled Theory of the Earth – Earth must be old
1799 – William Smith produces the first large scale geological map, of the area around Bath
19th century
1809 – William Maclure conducts the first geological survey of the eastern United States
1813 – Georges Cuvier publishes his Essay on the Theory of the Earth, proposing catastrophism on the basis of his work in biostratigraphy
1830 – Sir Charles Lyell publishes book, Principles of Geology, which describes the world as being several hundred million years old
1837 – Louis Agassiz begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the Earth has had at least one ice age
1841 – August Breithaupt, Vollstandiges Handbuch der Mineralogie
1848 – James Dwight Dana, Manual of Mineralogy
1862 – Lord Kelvin attempts to find the age of the Earth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the Earth is between 20 and 400 million years old
1884 – Marcel Alexandre Bertrand, Nappe and Thrust fault theory
20th century
1903 – George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat
1907 – Bertram Boltwood proposes that the amount of lead in uranium and thorium ores might be used to determine the Earth's age and crudely dates some rocks to have ages between 410 and 2200 million years
1911 – Arthur Holmes uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 billion years old
1912 – Alfred Wegener proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaea that broke apart via continental drift
1912 – George Barrow maps zones of metamorphism (the Barrovian sequence) in southern Scotland
1913 – Albert A. Michelson measures tides in the solid body of the Earth
1915 – Pentti Eskola develops the concept of metamorphic facies
1928 – N. L. Bowen publishes The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, revolutionizing experimental igneous petrology
1935 – Charles Richter invents a logarithmic scale to measure the magnitude of earthquakes
1941 – Nickel-Strunz classification, Karl H. Strunz, Mineralogische Tabellen
1948–1959 – Felix Andries Vening Meinesz investigations show gravity anomalies, implying that the crust is moving (together with J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen)
1951 – Alfred Rittmann links subduction, volcanism and the Wadati–Benioff zone
1953 – Maurice Ewing, Bruce Heezen, and Marie Tharp discover the Great Global Rift running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1960 – Harry Hess proposes that new sea floor might be created at mid-ocean rifts and destroyed at deep sea trenches
1963 – Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running parallel to mid-ocean ridges as due to sea floor spreading and the periodic geomagnetic field reversals (Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis)
1966 – Keiiti Aki discovers the seismic moment
1979 – Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori, Moment magnitude scale, it succeeds the Richter magnitude scale
1980 – Physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and others propose that the impact of a large extraterrestrial object caused the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 66 million years ago.
21st century
2001 – Nickel-Strunz classification, Karl H. Strunz and Ernest H. Nickel, Strunz Mineralogical Tables 9 ed.
See also
History of geology
References
History of Earth science