PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Reuben Jones

Reuben Jones
Reuben (Ben) Jones (born 19 October 1932 in Newport, Shropshire, England; died 3 January 1990 in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire) was a British Olympic equestrian rider who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.
Equestrian career
Jones was part of the British team that travelled to Tokyo in 1964 to compete in team eventing. Eventing is an equestrian event which comprises dressage, cross-country and show jumping. Other team members were Michael Bullen, Richard Meade, and James Templar. The team was eliminated out of medal contention. Jones finished ninth on an individual basis riding a horse called The Poacher. He was the first non-commissioned officer to compete for Great Britain in the equestrian portion of the Olympic Games.
Jones and the team from Great Britain at the 1968 Summer Olympics won the gold medal in the team eventing equestrian event. Teammates for the 1968 win were Derek Allhusen, Jane Bullen, and Richard Meade. Jones finished fifth on an individual basis that year. Jones also won gold medals in 1967 and 1969 at the European Championships as part of the British team.
Military career
Jones was an accomplished horseman; as a young man his ambition was to become a jockey, but he was too tall. He chose to join the army as a way to work with horses.
Jones was a sergeant of the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, in charge of equitation. In 1968, he was posted to the Royal Army Veterinary Corps; after his commission he was transferred to the General Service Corps at Melton Mowbray. There he was in charge of training at the RAVC remount depot. After retirement, he died in 1990 aged 57 while training a young horse.
In Newport there is a residential street named "Ben Jones Avenue" after him.
References
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
British event riders
Olympic equestrians for Great Britain
British male equestrians
Equestrians at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Newport, Shropshire
Equestrians at the 1964 Summer Olympics
British show jumping riders
People from Newport, Shropshire
Royal Artillery soldiers
1990 deaths
1932 births
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
دنيس ميلر بانكر

دنيس ميلر بانكر هو رسام أمريكي، ولد في 6 نوفمبر 1861 في نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 28 ديسمبر 1890 في بوسطن في الولايات المتحدة بسبب التهاب السحايا.
مراجع
أمريكيون تخرجوا في المدرسة الوطنية العليا للفنون الجميلة (فرنسا)
رسامون أمريكيون
رسامون أمريكيون في القرن 19
فنانون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 19
فنانون ذكور في القرن 19
فنانون من مدينة نيويورك
مواليد 1861
وفيات 1890
وفيات بأمراض معدية في ماساشوستس
وفيات بسبب التهاب السحايا
رسامون من مدينة نيويورك
يحيى باي

يحيى باي
يحي باي هو باي المدية وحاكم بايلك التيطري ضمن أيالة الجزائر في العهد العثماني. امتد حكمه بين سنتي 1568 و1575 ليخلفه فيما بعد رمضان باي.
المراجع
بايات المدية
Judith Humphreys

Judith Humphreys is a Welsh actress who appeared in the films Hedd Wyn and The Storms of August.
She has also worked with charities Christian Aid and Cofis Bach. In 2014 she founded Codi'r To, a Welsh organisation similar to that of El Sistema.
External links
NY Times movies
Welsh film actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
فالي دو سول

فالي دو سول ؛ بلدية في ولاية ريو غراندي دو سول في البرازيل.
مراجع
بلديات في ريو غراندي دو سول
Abu Bakar of Pahang

Abu Bakar of Pahang
Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mu’azzam Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abdullah Al-Mu’tassim Billah Shah (29 May 1904 – 5 May 1974), was the fourth modern Sultan of Pahang.
Life
Born on 29 May 1904 at Istana Hinggap, Pekan, he was the second son of Sultan Abdullah Al-Mu’tassim Billah Shah by his second wife, Kalsum binti Abdullah.
Succeeding his father in 1932, he quickly became known as a friendly and approachable ruler by his subjects. During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, he discreetly encouraged resistance movements such as the Askar Wataniah, Force 136 and the MPAJA.
However, due to his penchant for marrying commoners, including several popular actresses and singers, he was less popular with other Malay rulers and they declined to choose him as Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia in five separate times.
Family
He was married to Tengku Ampuan Pahang Raja Fatimah, the daughter of Sultan Iskandar of Perak, in Kuala Kangsar, Perak. His marriage was a marriage between two royal relatives.
He died on 5 May 1974 at the Istana Peninjau, Kampung Padang Polo, Pekan at aged 69 and was succeeded by his son Sultan Ahmad Shah.
Honours
Honours of Pahang
Founding Grand Master of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (25 May 1967)
Founding Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (27 December 1968)
Honour of Malaya
:
Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (31 August 1958)
Honour of other State
:
First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I) (1965)
:
Member of the Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK) (1969)
:
Member of the Royal Family Order of Perak (DK) (1970)
Foreign honours
:
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – Sir (1 June 1953)
:
Member of the Family Order of Seri Utama (DK) - Dato Seri Utama (1958)
References
Abu Bakar
Bakar, Sultan Abu
Bakar, Sultan Abu
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malayan people of World War II
People from British Malaya
Bakar, Sultan Abu
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor
معركة الجسر الحديدي

معركة الجسر الحديدي نشبت بين جيش المسلمين والجيش البيزنطي سنة 637 م. في عهد الخليفة الراشدي عمر بن الخطاب، وكانت المعركة بالقرب من جسر حديدي يعبر نهر العاصي، وهو سبب تسمية المعركة. كانت المعركة ضمن حملات المسلمين العرب على الأناضول بعد انتصار الخلفاء الراشدين الساحق في معركة اليرموك.
مراجع
637
تاريخ محافظة حطاي
الإمبراطورية البيزنطية في عقد 630
معارك أبو عبيدة بن الجراح
معارك الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
معارك الخلفاء الراشدين
معارك خالد بن الوليد
معارك في الأناضول القروسطية
معارك الحروب العربية البيزنطية
جيري مولان

جيري مولان هو لاعب كرة قدم بريطاني في مركز الهجوم، ولد في القرن العشرين في في المملكة المتحدة. شارك مع منتخب أيرلندا الشمالية لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع غلينتوران ونادي إيفرتون ونادي بيليمينا يونايتد ونادي كوليرين.
مراجع
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية من أيرلندا الشمالية
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة لندنديري
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو إيفرتون
لاعبو دوري أيرلندا الشمالية الممتاز
لاعبو غلينتوران
لاعبو كرة قدم أيرلنديون شماليون
لاعبو منتخب أيرلندا الشمالية لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بيليمينا يونايتد
لاعبو نادي كوليرين
مواليد القرن 20
John Frain

John Frain
John William Frain (born 8 October 1968) is an English former professional footballer who played for Birmingham City and Northampton Town. He played in all four divisions of the Football League, making nearly 500 league appearances for his two clubs.
Life and career
Frain was born in Yardley, Birmingham. He joined Birmingham City from school, made his debut in the First Division in April 1986 aged 17, and signed full professional forms in October of that year. He was originally a left back, but good passing ability and a lack of pace saw him moved into midfield, towards the end of his Birmingham career returning to left-back. He was the club's free kick and penalty specialist. He was part of the team that won the Associate Members' Cup in 1990-91 and gained promotion from the Third Division in 1991–92. He was the club's Player of the Year for 1994. He also appeared in the club's 1994–95 Third Division championship-winning season and in the early rounds of that year's Football League Trophy, but played insufficient games to qualify for a league medal and did not play in the final. In 1996, he was awarded a testimonial match against Aston Villa in recognition of ten years' service. He made 336 appearances for the club in all competitions, scoring 28 goals.
In January 1997 Frain joined Northampton Town on loan, writing himself into the club's history by scoring a stoppage-time winner from a free kick in that season's Third Division play-off final. His free-transfer move to the club was made permanent at the end of that season. He later played his part in the club winning automatic promotion back to the Second Division in 1999–2000. He made 248 appearances for the club in all competitions, scoring 8 goals.
In July 2003 Frain was appointed player/assistant manager of Moor Green. In his first season, he helped the club reach the final of the Southern League Cup and win the Birmingham Senior Cup, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers in the final. Frain retired as a player at the end of the 2004–05 season due to a persistent knee injury, but retained his assistant manager's post following the merger of Moor Green and Solihull Borough to form Solihull Moors, until he resigned in August 2008.
Frain combined his football duties with working as a mortgage underwriter. His brother Peter played as a forward for West Bromwich Albion and Mansfield Town.
Honours
Birmingham City
Associate Members' Cup: 1990–91
Third Division promotion: 1991–92
Northampton Town
Third Division play-offs: 1997
Third Division promotion: 1999–2000
Moor Green
Southern League Cup: 2004
Birmingham Senior Cup: 2004
References
General
Specific
External links
1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Moor Green F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
السفارة السعودية في بوركينا فاسو

السفارة السعودية في بوركينا فاسو
سفارة المملكة العربية السعودية في جمهورية بوركينا فاسو، هي بعثة دبلوماسية سعودية تقع في عاصمة بوركينا فاسو واغادوغو ويترأس البعثة سفير خادم الحرمين الشريفين فهد بن عبد الرحمن الدوسري. العنوان: شارع الجنرال تيميكو مارك غرنغو واغا 2000.
انظر أيضًا
وزارة الخارجية السعودية
قائمة البعثات الدبلوماسية السعودية
العلاقات الخارجية للسعودية
قائمة البعثات الدبلوماسية في السعودية
بوركينا فاسو
واغادوغو
وصلات خارجية
موقع سفارة المملكة العربية السعودية السعودية في بوركينا فاسو
وزارة الخارجية السعودية
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
المراجع
بعثات دبلوماسية سعودية
بوركينا فاسو
بلدة كلايتون (مقاطعة جينيسي)

بلدة كلايتون (مقاطعة جينيسي)
كلايتون، مقاطعة جينيسي هي بلدة تقع بولاية ميشيغان في الولايات المتحدة. تأسست عام 1839، تبلغ مساحتها 88.7 (كم²)، وترتفع عن سطح البحر 233 م، بلغ عدد سكانها 7581 نسمة في عام 2010 حسب إحصاء مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة وتصل الكثافة السكانية فيها 88.51 نسمة/كم2.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
http://www.claytontownship.org/
The US50 - Cities and Towns in Michigan State
Michigan Cities and Towns, Facts, Map, Flag, Colleges, Government, and More
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1839
بلدات ولاية ميشيغان
تأسيسات سنة 1839 في ميشيغان
ضواحي مدن في مقاطعة جينيسي (ميتشيغان)
ألفرد ادمون بورجوازي

ألفرد ادمون بورجوازي هو سياسي كندي، ولد في 26 أكتوبر 1872 في كندا، وتوفي في 24 يناير 1939. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الليبرالي الكندي. وقد انتخب عضو مجلس العموم الكندي.
مراجع
مواليد 1872
نواب الحزب الليبرالي الكندي
وفيات 1939
أعضاء مجلس العموم الكندي من نيو برونزويك
أعضاء مجلس العموم في كندا من نيو برونزويك
محمية أم الريحان

محمية أم الريحان
محمية العمرة الطبيعية، محمية تقع في أم الريحان في محافظة جنين. تمتد مساحة المحمية على مسافة 14 ألف دونم من الأشجار الحرجية تمتد بين قريتي طورة الغربية وبرطعة الشرقية.
تتبع محمية عمرة لقرية أم الريحان التابعة لبلدة يعبد، وهي جزء من ثلاث قرى عزلها جدار الفصل العنصري عن محيطها الطبيعي في جنين وهي أم الريحان، وظهر المالح، وخربة الرعدية. وتعدّ محميَّة العمرة تُعد أكبر محمية طبيعية في الأراضي المحتلة عام 1967، وكان من المُفترض أن يتم نقل المسئولية عنها لصالح السلطة الفلسطينية إلا أن «إسرائيل» تنصلت من هذا الالتزام.
ثمة حركة سياحية نشطة للإسرائيليين في المحمية.
المراجع
بيئة فلسطين
محميات
ديفيد تونكين

ديفيد تونكين هو طبيب عيون وسياسي أسترالي، ولد في 20 يوليو 1929 في أديلايد في أستراليا، وتوفي في 2 أكتوبر 2000 في في أستراليا. نشط حزبياً في (1974 – 1974) وتحالف الليبرالية والريفي.
مناصب
انتخب (1975 – 1982).
انتخب (1975 – 18 سبتمبر 1979).
انتخب (18 سبتمبر 1979 – 10 نوفمبر 1982).
انتخب (18 سبتمبر 1979 – 10 نوفمبر 1982).
في ، انتخب عن دائرة وقد انضم خلال فترته النيابية (30 مايو 1970 – 10 أبريل 1983) للكتلة البرلمانية .
مراجع
أستراليون من أصل كورني
أطباء عيون أستراليون
أعضاء مجلس نواب جنوب أستراليا
أمناء خزينة جنوب أستراليا
رؤساء وزراء جنوب أستراليا
سياسيون أستراليون في القرن 20
قادة معارضة في جنوب أستراليا
مواليد 1929
وفيات 2000
جيمي كيلي (لاعب كرة قدم)

جيمي كيلي (لاعب كرة قدم)
جيمي كيلي (29 ديسمبر 1907 في المملكة المتحدة - 27 يوليو 1984 بأولدهام في المملكة المتحدة) هو لاعب كرة قدم بريطاني (وحمل سابقاً جنسية المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا) في مركز الدفاع. لعب مع غريمسبي تاون ونادي ساوثبورت ونادي يورك سيتي ونادي بارو ونادي برادفورد بارك أفنيو.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في النرويج
طاقم أولدهام أثلتيك غير اللاعبين
طاقم غريمسبي تاون غير اللاعبين
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو غريمسبي تاون
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النرويج
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة دورهام
لاعبو نادي ساوثبورت
لاعبو نادي يورك سيتي
مواليد 1907
وفيات 1984
لاعبو نادي بارو
لاعبو نادي برادفورد بارك أفنيو
Malpartida de Plasencia

Malpartida de Plasencia is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2015 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 4714 inhabitants.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Cáceres
عنصر بني عبد الله (بني عبد الله)

عنصر بني عبد الله (بني عبد الله)
عنصر بني عبد الله هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة سوق القلة، إقليم العرائش، جهة طنجة تطوان الحسيمة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة بني عبد الله التي تضم 8 دواوير. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 675 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في بني عبد الله (سوق القلة)
بيلي وارتون

بيلي وارتون هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 5 مايو 1969.
أشخاص من البرونكس
سياسيو الحزب الاشتراكي من ولاية نيويورك
كتاب من ذا برونكس
كتاب من مدينة نيويورك
مواليد 1969
ڬ

ڬ
حرف من الحروف الإضافية في الأبجدية العربية. يضاف هذا الحرف إلى الأبجدية العربية لترجمة بعض الأحرف الأجنبية ترجمة صوتية.
الكتابة
انظر أيضًا
الخط العربي في يونيكود
مراجع
حروف عربية مشتقة
Escurial

Escurial is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Cáceres
Frances Saunders (scientist)

Frances Saunders (scientist)
Dame Frances Carolyn Saunders (born 28 June 1954) is a British scientist and former civil servant. She was the chief executive of Dstl between August 2007 and March 2012. Prior to this Saunders was a policy officer at the Office of Science and Technology and research scientist into liquid crystal devices at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment. Saunders was the president of the Institute of Physics from 2013 to 2015.
Saunders attended the girls-only Portsmouth High School, before attending the University of Nottingham to study physics. She became Leyland's first female graduate engineer, on an electronic engineering apprenticeship, eventually leaving due to frustration that the electronic systems she worked on were not used on mass-production scales. This was when she joined the RSRE and started a part-time PhD in liquid crystal devices.
After retiring from Dstl in 2012, Saunders took on a number of activities promoting science, engineering and leadership, especially for young people. She was appointed as a member of the UK Space Agency Steering Board in 2015, was president of the IOP from 2013 to 2015, and is a trustee of the Engineering Development Trust. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2011, and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath the same year.
In 2018, Saunders was named a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for "services to Science and Engineering", announced as part of the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.
References
1954 births
Living people
British civil servants
Companions of the Order of the Bath
20th-century British physicists
British women physicists
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Presidents of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
People educated at Portsmouth High School (Southsea)
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Mike Silliman

Mike Silliman
Michael Barnwell Silliman (May 5, 1944 – June 16, 2000) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.
Silliman was a 6'6" forward from West Point, where he played for coach Bob Knight and took Army to the NIT Semi-Finals in 1964, 1965, and 1966. He participated in the 1968 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal as captain of the United States national basketball team. He also played for the United States men's national basketball team at the 1967 FIBA World Championship and the 1970 FIBA World Championship. He later played one season (1970–71) with the Buffalo Braves of the National Basketball Association. Silliman scored 91 points in 36 NBA games.
Silliman had 55 scholarship offers coming out of St. Xavier High School in Kentucky. He was Army's all-time leading scorer at the time of his 1966 graduation and now stands 10th in Academy history with 1,342 points. A three-year basketball letter winner and All-American, Silliman netted more than 1,000 points without the benefit of the three-point line and without the shot clock to speed up shooting. In addition to his career averages of a double-double with 19.7 points per game and 11.5 rebounds per game, Silliman was also an Academic All-American.
Silliman also earned three letters in baseball while at West Point. He was a member of the 1966 team that finished 16-4 and won its second straight Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League championship.
Silliman was inducted into the Army Sport Hall of Fame in 2008. His jersey (#20) was retired by West Point in January, 2015. Army is the fourth Hall of Fame to induct Silliman, joining the Kentucky Athletic, the Kentucky High School Athletic Association and St. Xavier's.
Bob Knight has said on several occasions that Silliman is the best college player he's ever coached.
Silliman died of a heart attack at age 56 in 2000. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky.
References
External links
1968 Summer Olympics at USABasketball.com
1944 births
2000 deaths
Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
Army Black Knights men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1967 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Louisville, Kentucky
Buffalo Braves players
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
New York Knicks draft picks
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Small forwards
United States men's national basketball team players
American men's basketball players
Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games
1970 FIBA World Championship players
1967 FIBA World Championship players
Turkmenistan women's national handball team

Turkmenistan women's national handball team
The Turkmenistan women's national handball team is the national team of Turkmenistan. It is governed by the Handball Federation of Turkmenistan and takes part in international handball competitions.
Asian Championship record
2002 – 6th
2012 – 10th
External links
IHF profile
Women's national handball teams
Handball
National team
Special Education Bulgaria

Special Education Bulgaria (SEB) is a community of practice, a professional community, for special education professionals and the parents of students with special needs throughout Bulgaria.
SEB was developed by researchers from Sofia University, Bulgaria and the University of Wollongong, Australia. The purpose of the SEB website is to facilitate the community of practice. It is hoped that such a community will help reduce the sense of isolation felt by young special education teachers and other special education stakeholders in rural areas of Bulgaria. The community is also intended to support special education stakeholders who are separated from their support network across busy cities or by the requirements of daily living.
External links
Official site (in Bulgarian)
Education in Bulgaria
Special education
Norbert Heffler

Norbert Heffler (born 24 May 1990) is a Hungarian football player. His brother, Tibor Heffler is also a footballer.
References
HLSZ profile
Lombard FC Papa Official Website
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Dunaújváros
Footballers from Fejér County
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's youth international footballers
Hungary men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Dunaújváros FC players
Pápai FC footballers
Paksi FC players
BFC Siófok players
Soproni VSE players
Pécsi MFC players
Mezőkövesdi SE footballers
Nyíregyháza Spartacus FC players
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21st-century Hungarian people
جغرافيا نيبال

جغرافيا نيبال
تمتد النيبال حوالي 800 كيلومتر (497 ميل) على طول محور جبال الهيمالايا من قبل 150-250 كيلومتر (93-155 ميل). نيبال تبلغ مساحتها بشكلٍ إجمالي 147181 كيلومتر مربع (56827 ميل مربع). تحد الهند دولة النيبال من ثلاثة جهات في الجنوب والغرب والشرق، وتحدها منطقة التبت من الشمال، وهي مقاطعة صينية تتمتع بحكم ذاتي، وتفصل بينها وبين بنغلاديش ممر ضيق من الأراضي الهندية وهو ممر سيليجري، النيبال تعتمد على الهند في نقل البضائع المستوردة، وكذلك بالنسبة لمعظم السلع المستوردة من الصين.
الجغرافيا
بالرغم من أن النيبال دولة صغيرة في مساحتها مقارنةً بجيرانها، إلا أنها تتميز بتنوع جغرافي هائل، ترتفع الأراضي إلى 59 متراً (194 قدم) وتبلغ 90 قمة فوق خط الثلج الدائم بما في ذلك جبل إيفرست الذي يُعتبر أعلى قمة في الكرة الأرضية والذي يقع في الحدود النيبالية والصينية.
المراجع
جغرافيا جنوب آسيا
غابات نيبال
International Tropical Timber Organization

International Tropical Timber Organization
The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is an intergovernmental organization that promotes conservation of tropical forest resources and their sustainable management, use and trade.
Organization
The organization was established under the International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), which was sponsored by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and was ratified in 1985.
Its mandate was renewed by the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 and again by the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 2006, which aims to promote sustainable management and legal harvesting of forests that produce tropical timber, and to promote expansion and diversification of international timber trade from these forests.
The governing body is the International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC). Half the votes on the ITTC are assigned to producing countries and half to consumers. Within each block, votes are assigned based on market share.
Mandate and activities
The ITTO was at first primarily a commodity organization, regulating the international trade in tropical timber. The original mandate mentioned conservation but did not give any details. In 1990 the ITTC proposed that by 2000 all exports of tropical timber would come from sustainably managed sources, and this goal was adopted.
In 1987 the ITTO commissioned the Harvard Institute for International Development to prepare a review of current knowledge of multiple-use management of tropical forests. Of interest was the potential for non-timber forest products and services that could assist in sustaining the forests. HIID completed the study in 1988 and issued updated versions in 1990 and 1992.
The ITTO publishes a quarterly newsletter, Tropical Forest Update, available also online.
See also
List of forestry ministries
References
External links
Sustainable forest management
International forestry organizations
Intergovernmental environmental organizations