Qualitative reasoning

Qualitative reasoning
Qualitative Reasoning (QR) is an area of research within Artificial Intelligence (AI) that automates reasoning about continuous aspects of the physical world, such as space, time, and quantity, for the purpose of problem solving and planning using qualitative rather than quantitative information. Precise numerical values or quantities are avoided, and qualitative values are used instead (e.g., high, low, zero, rising, falling, etc.).
Purpose
Qualitative reasoning creates non-numerical descriptions of physical systems and their behavior, preserving important behavioral properties and qualitative distinctions. The goal of qualitative reasoning research is to develop representation and reasoning methods that enable computer programs to reason about the behavior of physical systems, without precise quantitative information. An example is observing pouring rain and the steadily rising water level of a river, which is sufficient information to take action against possible flooding without knowing the exact water level, the rate of change, or the time the river might flood.
Principles
The principles used are motivated by human cognition.
The principles of qualitative reasoning include:
Discrete values
Represent continuous quantities using discrete entities for reasoning
Example: Instead of using a numerical value for rate of change, consider whether it is increasing, decreasing or constant
Relevant values
Choose qualitative values based on relevance to a task
Example: If the temperature is changing, the boiling point may be important, but if the temperature is constant, the boiling point may be irrelevant
Ambiguous values or results
Instead of providing one answer, provide a range of answers
Example: Instead of computing a numeric level or quantity of water, provide two answers: low or zero
Modeling a process
Represent the states
Represent the transitions between states
For quantities, determine landmarks and use inequality reasoning
Example:If the temperature of water is below the boiling point, then the water level is constant or slowly decreasing;if the temperature of water is above the boiling point, then the water level is rapidly decreasing;if water has a temperature that changes from below the boiling point to above the boiling point, then the water level will change to rapidly decreasing;if water is above the boiling point for a specified length of time, the water level will be low or zero
Uses
The techniques which have been developed for qualitative reasoning permit the simulation of quantitative systems which are subject to multiple constraints in the form of inequalities as well as equalities. It can permit the simulation of certain important systems, such as ecosystems, which might otherwise be too complex to model. Qualitative reasoning provides a method for modeling with quantitative inequalities in addition to qualities.
Successful application areas include process control, system verification, explanation, autonomous spacecraft support, simulation and explanation of the behavior of structures, failure analysis and on-board diagnosis of vehicle systems, automated generation of control software for photocopiers, conceptual knowledge capture in ecology, and intelligent aids for human learning.
See also
Spatial-temporal reasoning
Qualitative Reasoning Group (QRG)
References
External links
Qualitative Reasoning and Modelling (QRM) portal of the University of Amsterdam
Reasoning