Geometer moth

Geometer moth
The geometer moths are moths belonging to the family Geometridae of the insect order Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies. Their scientific name derives from the Ancient Greek geo γεω (derivative form of or "the earth"), and metron "measure" in reference to the way their larvae, or inchworms, appear to measure the earth as they move along in a looping fashion. A very large family, it has around 23,000 species of moths described, and over 1400 species from six subfamilies indigenous to North America alone. A well-known member is the peppered moth, Biston betularia, which has been subject of numerous studies in population genetics. Several other geometer moths are notorious pests.
Caterpillars
The name "Geometridae" ultimately derives from Latin from Greek ("geometer", "earth-measurer"). This refers to the means of locomotion of the larvae or caterpillars, which lack the full complement of prolegs seen in other caterpillars, with only two or three pairs at the posterior end instead of the usual five pairs. Equipped with appendages at both ends of the body, a caterpillar clasps with its front legs and draws up the hind end, then clasps with the hind end (prolegs) and reaches out for a new front attachment - creating the impression that it measures its journey. The caterpillars are accordingly called "loopers", "spanworms", or "inchworms" after their characteristic looping gait. The cabbage looper and soybean looper are not inchworms, but caterpillars of a different family. In many species of geometer moths, the inchworms are about long. They tend to be green, grey, or brownish and hide from predators by fading into the background or resembling twigs. Many inchworms, when disturbed, stand erect and motionless on their prolegs, increasing the resemblance. Some have humps or filaments, or cover themselves in plant material. They are gregarious and are generally smooth. Some eat lichen, flowers, or pollen, while some, such as the Hawaiian species of the genus Eupithecia, are carnivorous. Certain destructive inchworms are called cankerworms.
In 2019, the first geometrid caterpillar in Baltic amber was discovered by German scientists. Described under Eogeometer vadens, it measured about , and was estimated to be 44 million years old, dating back to Eocene epoch. It was described as the earliest evidence for the subfamily of Ennominae, particularly the tribe of Boarmiini.
Adults
Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. As such, they appear rather butterfly-like, but in most respects they are typical moths; the majority fly at night, they possess a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They tend to blend into the background, often with intricate, wavy patterns on their wings. In some species, females have reduced wings (e.g. winter moth and fall cankerworm). Most are of moderate size, about in wingspan, but a range of sizes occur from , and a few (e.g., Dysphania species) reach an even larger size. They have distinctive paired tympanal organs at the base of the abdomen (lacking in flightless females).
Systematics
The placement of the example species follows a 1990 systematic treatment; it may be outdated. Subfamilies are tentatively sorted in a phylogenetic sequence, from the most basal to the most advanced. Traditionally, the Archiearinae were held to be the most ancient of the geometer moth lineages, as their caterpillars have well-developed prolegs. However, it now seems that the Larentiinae are actually older, as indicated by their numerous plesiomorphies and DNA sequence data. They are either an extremely basal lineage of the Geometridae – together with the Sterrhinae –, or might even be considered a separate family of Geometroidea. As regards the Archiearinae, some species that were traditionally placed therein actually seem to belong to other subfamilies; altogether it seems that in a few cases, the prolegs which were originally lost in the ancestral geometer moths re-evolved as an atavism.
Larentiinae – about 5,800 species, includes the pug moths, mostly temperate, might be a distinct family
Sterrhinae – about 2,800 species, mostly tropical, might belong to same family as the Larentiinae
Birch mocha, Cyclophora albipunctata
False mocha, Cyclophora porata
Maiden's blush, Cyclophora punctaria
Riband wave, Idaea aversata
Small fan-footed wave, Idaea biselata
Single-dotted wave, Idaea dimidiata
Small scallop, Idaea emarginata
Idaea filicata
Dwarf cream wave, Idaea fuscovenosa
Rusty wave, Idaea inquinata
Purple-bordered gold, Idaea muricata
Bright wave, Idaea ochrata
Least carpet, Idaea rusticata
Small dusty wave, Idaea seriata
Purple-barred yellow, Lythria cruentaria (formerly in Larentiinae)
Vestal, Rhodometra sacraria
Common pink-barred, Rhodostrophia vibicaria
Middle lace border, Scopula decorata
Cream wave, Scopula floslactata
Small blood-vein, Scopula imitaria
Lewes wave, Scopula immorata
Lesser cream wave, Scopula immutata
Mullein wave, Scopula marginepunctata
Zachera moth, Chiasmia defixaria
Blood-vein, Timandra comae
Eastern blood-vein, Timandra griseata
Desmobathrinae – pantropical
Geometrinae – emerald moths, about 2,300 named species, most tropical
Archiearinae – 12 species; holarctic, southern Andes and Tasmania, though the latter some seem to belong to the Ennominae, larvae have all the prolegs except most are reduced.
Infant, Archiearis infans (Möschler, 1862)
Scarce infant, Leucobrephos brephoides (Walker, 1857)
Oenochrominae – in some treatments used as a "wastebin taxon" for genera that are difficult to place in other groups
Alsophilinae – a few genera, defoliators of trees, might belong in the Ennominae, tribe Boarmiini
March moth, Alsophila aescularia
Fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria
Ennominae – about 9,700 species, including some defoliating pests, global distribution
†Eogeometer vadens
Geometridae genera incertae sedis include:
Dichromodes
Homoeoctenia
Nearcha
Fossil Geometridae taxa include:
†Eogeometer Fischer, Michalski & Hausmann, 2019
†Hydriomena? protrita Cockerell, 1922 (Priabonian, Florissant Formation, Colorado)
†Geometridites Clark et al., 1971
References
Further reading
External links
"Family Geometridae" at Insecta.pro
Anacamptodes pergracilis, cypress looper on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website
Geometridae species in New Zealand
Geometridae species in Portugal
Taxa named by William Elford Leach
Eocene insects
Extant Eocene first appearances
Priabonian first appearances