Silversmith

Silversmith
A silversmith is a metalworker who crafts objects from silver. The terms silversmith and goldsmith are not exact synonyms, as the techniques, training, history, and guilds are (or were, at least) largely the same but differed in that the end product may vary greatly (as may the scale of objects created).
History
In the ancient Near East (as holds true today), the value of silver to gold was lower, allowing a silversmith to produce objects and store these as stock. Historian Jack Ogden states that, according to an edict written by Diocletian in 301 A.D., a silversmith was able to charge 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 denarii for material produce (per Roman pound). At that time, guilds of silversmiths formed to arbitrate disputes, protect its members' welfare, and educate the public of the trade.
Silversmiths in medieval Europe and England formed guilds and transmitted their tools and techniques to new generations via the apprentice tradition. Silverworking guilds often maintained consistency and upheld standards at the expense of innovation. Beginning in the 17th century, artisans emigrated to America and experienced fewer restrictions. As a result, silverworking was one of the trades that helped to inaugurate the technological and industrial history of the United States silverworking shift to industrialization.
Very exquisite and distinctly designed silverware, especially the artisanal craft that goes by the name of Swami Silver, emerged from the stable of watchmaker-turned-silversmith P.Orr and Sons in the South Indian city of Madras (now Chennai) during the British rule in 1875.
The Beta Israel, known more widely as the Falasha of Ethiopia, were known for their silversmithing skills.
Tools, materials and techniques
saw (jeweler's saw)
snips
flat file
jewelers' files
planishing hammer
raising hammer
cross-pein hammer
ball-pein hammer
anvils
stakes
swage blocks
riveting
silver hard-solder
flux
borax
boric acid
torch or blow-pipe
pickle (dilute sulphuric acid or organic acids which are used to remove firescale)
buffing wheels
polishing compounds.
chasing
repoussé
engraving
Silversmiths saw or cut specific shapes from sterling and fine silver sheet metal and bar stock; they then use hammers to form the metal over anvils and stakes. Silver is hammered cold (at room temperature). As the metal is hammered, bent, and worked, it 'work-hardens'. Annealing is the heat-treatment used to make the metal soft again. If metal is work-hardened, and not annealed occasionally, the metal will crack and weaken the work.
Silversmiths can use casting techniques to create knobs, handles and feet for the hollowware they are making.
After forming and casting, the various pieces may be assembled by soldering and riveting.
During most of their history, silversmiths used charcoal or coke fired forges, and lung-powered blow-pipes for soldering and annealing. Modern silversmiths commonly use gas burning torches as heat sources. A newer method is laser beam welding.
Silversmiths may also work with copper and brass, especially when making practice pieces, due to those materials having similar working properties and being more affordable than silver.
Related and overlapping trades
Although jewelers also work in silver and gold, and many of the techniques for working precious metals overlap, the trades of jeweler and Silversmith have distinct histories.
Chain-making and gem-setting are common practices of jewelers that are not usually considered aspects of silversmiths.
The tradition of making (iron/plate) armor was interrupted sometime after the 17th century. Silversmithing and goldsmithing, by contrast, have an unbroken tradition going back many millennia. The techniques used to make armor today (whether for movies or for historical recreation groups) are an amalgam of silversmith forming techniques and blacksmith iron-handling techniques.
Notable and historical silversmiths
Companies
Garrard & Co
Hersey & Son
Phipps & Robinson
Reid & Sons
People
Acragas
Kurt Aepli
Zahroun Amara, world renowned Mandaean niello silversmith. People that are known to have owned his silver nielloware include Stanley Maude, Winston Churchill, the Bahraini royal family, Egyptian King Farouk, the Iraqi royal family (including kings Faisal I and Ghazi), and the British royal family including the Prince of Wales who became Edward VIII.
Hester Bateman
Peter Bentzon, the only early-American silversmith of African-ancestry whose silver has been identified.
Jocelyn Burton
Benvenuto Cellini
Stephen Emery, early American silversmith
Thomas Germain
François-Thomas Germain
Karl Gustav Hansen, Danish pioneer of Scandinavian silversmith design
John Hull, Treasurer of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Isaac Hutton
Georg Jensen
Sampson Mordan
Jean-Valentin Morel, French jeweler and craftsman
Henry Petzal
Paul Revere, American silversmith, manufacturer, and patriot
Joseph Richardson Sr. and Joseph Richardson Jr., American silversmiths based in Philadelphia
Atsidi Sani (Old Smith in English), the first known Navajo silversmith
Alfredo Sciarrotta
Sequoyah, Cherokee silversmith, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary
Alice Sheene
Robert Shepherd and William Boyd
Robert Welch
Edward Winlsow, early American silversmith
See also
Yemenite silversmithing
Mouza Sulaiman Mohamed Al-Wardi
Goldsmith
Notes
References
External links
Society of American Silversmiths
Jeff Herman's comprehensive guide for professional silver care methods and products
Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau (Silversmith)
Stamped silver button, made 1787 image from Victoria & Albert Museum jewellery collection.
Gee, G. The silversmith's handbook : containing full instructions for the alloying and working of silver, including the different modes of refining and melting the metal; its solders; the preparation of imitation alloys...(1921.)
Wilson, H. Silverwork and jewelry : a text-book for students and workers in metal (1912.)
Sampson Mordan
Arts occupations
Metalworking occupations