Cichorieae

Cichorieae
The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Cichorieae all have milky latex and flowerheads that only contain one type of floret. The genera Gundelia and Warionia only have disk florets, while all other genera only have ligulate florets. The genera that contain most species are Taraxacum (Crepidinae subtribe) with about 1,600 apomictic species, Hieracium with about 770 sexually reproducing and 5,200 apomictic species, and Pilosella with 110 sexually reproducing and 700 apomictic species (both Hieraciinae). Well-known members include lettuce, chicory, dandelion, and salsify.
Description
Most species are herbaceous, perennial, short-lived or annual plants, rarely subshrubs, shrubs or vines. All Cichorieae-species have latex canals in both the roots, stems and leaves, and this occurs to be a unique character among the Asteraceae, although latex as such occurs rather widespread in this family. The leaves are in a rosette or alternately set along the stem, but this is the dominant situation in the Asteraceae. The only exception in the Cichorieae are the opposite lower leaves of Shinnersoseris. Traditionally, the Cichorieae consisted of taxa with flowerheads only containing bisexual ligulate florets (having a strap-shaped corolla with five teeth at its tip), a rare character that is further present only in the genera Catamixis, Glossarion, Hyaloseris (Mutisieae), and Fitchia (Heliantheae). However, recently the genera Gundelia and Warionia have been included in the Cichorieae, and those two genera have heads containing only disk flowers.
Taxonomy
In his Elemens de botanique ou methode pour connoître les plantes of 1694, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort first described this group as a taxonomic unit, calling it the "13th class of the plant kingdom". He only assigned taxa to it that are still regarded part of the Cichorieae today. Sébastien Vaillant gave this group the name "Cichoracées" in 1723. Since the name predates the start of the Linnean nomenclature in 1753, it is not valid, but Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle used the name Cichorieae in the Synopsis Plantarium in Flora Gallica Descriptarum, published in 1806. The name Lactuceae that was coined by Henri Cassini in 1819, comprises the same group of taxa and is thus a synonym. Obviously, over the centuries since the group was first identified, numerous new taxa have been described that are now included in the Cichorieae, and the group has been divided in different subgroups using various morphological character states by authors such as Cassini, David Don, Christian Friedrich Lessing, A.P. De Candolle, George Bentham and Karl August Otto Hoffmann.
Phylogeny
Genetic analysis has increased the insight in the phylogenetic relationships between the Cichorieae. The following trees together represent those insights.
Subtribes
Basal subtribes
Chondrillinae, Crepidinae, Hyoseridinae, Hypochaeridinae, Lactucinae
Cichoriinae, Hieraciinae and Microseridinae
Alphabetic list of genera
Acanthocephalus
Actites
Agoseris
Andryala
Anisocoma
Aposeris
Arnoseris
Atrichoseris
Calycoseris
Catananche
Cephalorrhynchus
Chaetadelpha
Chaetoseris
Chlorocrepis
Chondrilla
Chorisis
Cicerbita
Cichorium
Crepidiastrum
Crepis
Dendroseris
Dubyaea
Embergeria
Epilasia
Erythroseris
Faberia
Faberiopsis
Garhadiolus
Geropogon
Glyptopleura
Gundelia
Hedypnois
Helminthotheca
Heteracia
Heteroderis
Hexinia
Hieracium
Hispidella
Hymenonema
Hyoseris
Hypochaeris
Ixeridium
Ixeris
Kirkianella
Koelpinia
Krigia
Lactuca
Lagedium
Lapsana
Lapsanastrum
Lasiospora
Launaea
Leontodon
Lygodesmia
Malacothrix
Marshalljohnstonia
Microseris
Mulgedium
Munzothamnus
Mycelis
Nabalus
Nothocalais
Notoseris
Paraixeris
Paramicrorhynchus
Paraprenanthes
Parasyncalathium
Phalacroseris
Phitosia
Picris
Pilosella
Pinaropappus
Pleiacanthus
Podospermum
Prenanthella
Prenanthes
Pterachaenia
Pterocypsela
Pyrrhopappus
Rafinesquia
Reichardia
Rhagadiolus
Rothmaleria
Scariola
Scolymus
Scorzonera
Scorzoneroides
Shinnersoseris
Sonchus
Soroseris
Stebbinsia
Stebbinsoseris
Stenoseris
Stephanomeria
Steptorhamphus
Syncalathium
Takhtajaniantha
Taraxacum
Tolpis
Tourneuxia
Tragopogon
Uropappus
Urospermum
Warionia
Willemetia
Youngia
References
External links
International Cichorieae Network
Asteraceae tribes