PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
نظام مكافأة الأغلبية

نظام مكافأة الأغلبية هو أحد أشكال أنظمة مستخدم في بعض الدول الأوروبية. يتميز بمنحه مكافأة للأغلبية من خلال عدد مقاعد أو تمثيل أكثر أكبر في الهيئة المنتخبة للحزب أو التحالف الفائز الحاصل على أكبر عدد من الأصوات لضمان ثبات الحكومة.
هذا النظام مستخدم في أرمينيا وسان مارينو وإيطاليا خلال الفترة بين 2006 و 2013. هو مستخدم في الأرجنتين لانتخاب مجلس النواب في كل من سانتا في وتشوبوت وإنتري ريوس. كانت اليونان تعمل بهذا النظام قبل استخدامه لآخر مرة في .
تاريخ
كان بينيتو موسوليني أول من وضع قانوناً يمنح الحزب الفائز مقاعد إضافية لضمان فوزه في . تم استخدام مكافأة الأغلبية بعد استعادة الديمقراطية ولكن ضمن حدود أساسية، من عدد من المقاعد يضمن ثبات الحكومة ولكن العدد ليس كبيراً كفاية ليسمح بقيام حزب واحد بإجراء تغييرات دستورية. تم استخدام هذا النظام في الانتخابات المحلية في خمسينيات القرن العشرين وتم إعادة تقديمه في الانتخابات المحلية عام 199 والوطنية عام 2006 كبديل لنظام المختلط.
خلال ، فاز الحزب الديمقراطي بـ 292 مقعد من خلال 8,644,523 بمعدل 29,604 صوت تفضيلي لكل مقعد واحد. أقرب منافس له هو شعب الحرية الذي فاز بـ 97 مقعداً من خلال 7,332,972 بمعدل 75,597 صوت لكل مقعد. كانت الآلية المستخدمة في إيطاليا خلال الفترة من 2006 حتى 2013 حيث كانت تمنح الحزب الفائز عدد محدد من المقاعد دون النظر إلى نسبة الأصوات التي حصل عليها إلى أن تم اعتبار هذا الإجراء غير دستوري من قبل المحكمة الدستورية الإيطالية.. بعد ذلك تم تقديم مقترح جولة إعادة (بين أول تحالفين) إلا أنه تم رفضه أيضاً من قبل المحكمة، ثم تم اعتماد في الانتخابات الإيطالية 2018.
كما تم اعتماد نظام مكافأة الأغلبية من قبل دول أوروبية أخرى ن خصوصاً اليونان في 2004 وسان مارينو على المستوى الوطني وفرنسا في انتخابات المناطق والبلديات.
الآلية
يمكن استخدام هذا النظام على جميع الآليات المستخدمة في التمثيل النسبي لقائمة الأحزاب ولكن طريقة هوندت هي الأكثر استخداماً باعتبارها تقوم بترتيب المقاعد بشكل مطابق تماماً لترتيب نسب التصويت.
بشكل رئيسي هناك شكلان رئيسيان من أنظمة مكافئة الاغلبية ولهما نتائج سياسية مختلفة بشكل واضح:
نظام المكافأة يقوم بمنح عدد محدد وثابت من المقاعد للحزب أو التحالف الفائز إضافة إلى عدد المقاعد التي فاز بها. يطلق على هذه الطريقة في اليونان اسم النسبية المعززة حيث يتم تخصيص ستة مقاعد إضافية للحزب الفائز. في يتم تخصيص عشرة مقاعد تمنح للتحالف الفائز إضافة إلى مقاعده الأساسية.
نظام الجائزة يضمن بأن الحزب أو التحالف الفائز قد حصل على حد أدنى من المقاعد من خلال منحه مقاعد إضافية (مهما كان عددها) لضمان حصوله على هذا الحد. يمنح التحاف الفائز في الانتخابات 35 مقعد على الأقل من أصل 60 مقعد. فإذا حصل الحزب أو التحالف الفائز على 31 مقعد في الجولة الثانية، يتم منحه 4 مقاعد إضافية يتم خصمها من الحزب أو التحالف الأضعف باستخدام طريقة هوندت.
تضمن طريقة الجائزة عدد مقاعد ثابت (على الأقل) للحزب الفائز بينما طريقة المكافأة تقوم بمنح عدد مقاعد إضافية للحزب الفائز.
المراجع
فاشية
نظم تصويت
Craig M. Wright

Craig M. Wright
Craig Milton Wright (born 1944) is an American music historian who hold the title of the Henry L. and Lucy G. Moses Professor of Music Emeritus at Yale University. He studied at the Eastman School of Music from 1962 to 1966, and at Harvard University from 1966 and 1972, where he obtained an M.A. and a Ph.D. in musicology. Wright completed his Ph.D. in 1972 with a thesis titled Music at the court of Burgundy, 1364-1419. After a year teaching at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, he moved to Yale in 1973, serving as the chair of the department of music from 1986 to 1992.
Wright specialises in music history. His early work concentrated on Middle Ages and renaissance music, his most important contribution being Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris (1989). More recently, Wright turned his attention to Mozart and the study of genius generally, with the publication of his trade book The Hidden Habits of Genius (HarperCollins, 2020, at Amazon), which was an Amazon Book of the Year selection for the Nonfiction class.
He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982. In 2004 he was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Chicago and in 2010 was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2016 he was awarded Yale's Sewall Prize for excellence in undergraduate teaching and in 2018 the Yale Phi Beta Kappa Devane Medal for excellence in teaching and scholarship.
On May 15, 2013, Wright was named the first Academic Director of Online Education at Yale University. His Yale online music course Introduction to Classical Music (available at Coursera) had been engaged by 225,000 participants as of December 31, 2022.
Publications
Music at the Court of Burgundy, 1364-1419: A Documentary History (Institute of Mediaeval Music, Ltd., Henryville, Ottawa, Binningen, 1979), 271 pp.
Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500-1550 (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 400 pp.
Listening to Music (West Publications, St. Paul, 1992), 419 pp; 2nd edition (West Publications, St. Paul, 1996), 435 pp; 3rd edition (Wadsworth, 2000), 451 pp.; 5th edition (Wadsworth, 2007), 451 pp.; 7th edition (Schirmer-Cengage, 2014), 488 pp.; 8th edition (Cengage Learning, 2017).
The Maze and the Warrior: Symbols in Architecture, Theology and Music (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001, paperback edition, 2004), 351 pp.
Music in Western Civilization (Wadsworth-Schirmer, 2006; media edition, 2010), 871 pp.
The Essential Listening to Music (Schirmer-Cengage, 2013; 2nd edition, 2016), 282 pp.
The Hidden Habits of Genius (HarperCollins/Dey Street, 2020).
References
1944 births
Living people
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
American musicologists
American music historians
American male non-fiction writers
Yale University faculty
Du Fay scholars
Julia Blake

Julia Blake (born 1936) is an English–born Australian actress.
Blake won the 1989 AFI (AACTA) Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries for Eden's Lost, and the 1990 AFI (AACTA) Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role opposite Max von Sydow in the film Father. She also received AFI nominations for Travelling North (1987), Innocence (2000) and The Boys are Back (2009).
On the small screen she is known for her role as Nancy McCormick on the TV series Prisoner, (known internationally as Prisoner Cell Block H) for which she appeared during the final season in 1986, she previously appeared in two smaller roles earlier as Evelyn Randall and Alice Dodds
Personal life
Blake was born in Bristol, England, and studied drama at Bristol University. While working in repertory theatre in Yorkshire she met the Australian actor Terry Norris. They married in 1962 and both moved to Australia.
In 2018, she and Norris jointly received the Equity Lifetime Achievement Award. Their daughters are the actresses Sarah and Jane Norris.
Filmography
Film
Television
Honours and awards
References
External links
1936 births
Date of birth uncertain
Living people
Actresses from Bristol
Australian expatriates in England
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Australian stage actresses
Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners
English expatriates in Australia
English film actresses
English soap opera actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
ميغيل رودارتي

ميغيل رودارتي (بالإسبانية: Miguel Rodarte) مواليد (21 يوليو، 1971) مُمثل مكسيكي، ولد في مدينة كولياكان في المكسيك. في سن العاشرة أرسل للدراسة في مدينة كولفير، إنديانا حيث أبدى رغبتهُ بالتمثيل، بدأ بالتمثيل عندما كان بالرابعة عشرة، وظهر في عدة أعمال تلفزيونية وسينمائية. إشتهر بأداءه في مسرحية دون خوان في قصر الفنون الجميلة في مدينة مكسيكو.
أبرز أعماله
أعمال تلفزيونية
2016: الطريق 35 (2016)
12-2010: أبطال الشمال
أعمال سينمائية
2011: إنقاذ الجندي بيريز
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
ممثلو وممثلات أفلام مكسيكيون
ممثلو وممثلات تلفزيون مكسيكيون
ممثلون مكسيكيون
Francisco Lima

Francisco Lima
Francisco Govinho Lima (born 17 April 1971) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a midfielder. Lima generally played as a defensive or central midfielder but on several occasions he was also employed as a left midfielder.
Career
He played for São Paulo FC in 1996, and played for Gaziantepspor in 1996/1998. He then played for FC Zürich between 1998 and 2000, and joined Serie A team Lecce during 1999/2000. One year later, he transferred to Bologna, and impressed AS Roma enough to win a move to them in 2001. Roma paid Bologna 13 billion Italian lire. He signed a 3-year contract and earned an average of 3.7 billion lire annually before tax.
He stayed in the capital for three seasons. At the age of 33, he went northward to Lokomotiv Moscow. In January 2006, he was loaned to Qatar SC, until the summer. He signed for FC Dynamo Moscow in a free transfer during the second half of the Russian season.
He then joined Brescia Calcio in January 2007, and later the San Jose Earthquakes in July 2008. However, he left them in January 2009 to move back to Italy to join Taranto.
In January 2010, Lima returned to Brazil for Nacional (AM). In the same year he played for Rio Negro (AM), another club based on his hometown. He last played for São Raimundo (AM), another Manaus based club before retiring at the age of 40. He worked as director of football at Nacional (AM) before coming out of retirement and signing for Fast Clube to play the 2016 Copa Verde as a centre back with 2006 FIFA Club World Cup winner Ediglê.
Honours
Ferroviário (CE)
Campeonato Cearense (1): 1994
Roma
Supercoppa Italiana (1): 2001
References
External links
Profile at Brescia Calcio official website
1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Manaus
Afro-Brazilian sportspeople
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
AS Roma players
Bologna FC 1909 players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
São Paulo FC players
US Lecce players
Gaziantepspor footballers
Grasshopper Club Zürich players
FC Zürich players
Brescia Calcio players
San Jose Earthquakes players
Qatar SC players
Taranto FC 1927 players
Süper Lig players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Russian Premier League players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Men's association football midfielders
São Raimundo Esporte Clube (AM) footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
هيلين وير

هيلين وير هي ممثلة أمريكية، ولدت في 15 أكتوبر 1877 بسان فرانسيسكو في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفيت في 25 يناير 1939 بكارميل-بي-ثي-سي في الولايات المتحدة بسبب مرض.
أعمال
أفلام
(1933) مجد الصباح
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 19
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات مسرح أمريكيات
ممثلات من سان فرانسيسكو (كاليفورنيا)
مواليد 1877
وفيات 1939
وفيات مرتبطة بالمرض في كاليفورنيا
كلوديت باول

كلوديت باول هي منافسة ألعاب القوى باهاماسية، ولدت في 24 أكتوبر 1952.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
رياضيو المسار والميدان في دورة ألعاب الكومنولث البريطانية 1970
رياضيو المسار والميدان في دورة الألعاب الأمريكية 1971
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
عداءات بهاماسيات
لاعبو قوى أولمبيون من باهاماس
منافسون في ألعاب الكومنولث من باهاماس
منافسون في دورة الألعاب الأمريكية من باهاماس
مواليد 1952
إيليزا جين كووي

إيليزا جين كووي هي عاملة إجتماعية نيوزيلندية، ولدت في 6 أكتوبر 1835 في لندن في المملكة المتحدة، وتوفيت في 26 يونيو 1902.
مراجع
أخصائيون اجتماعيون نيوزيلنديون
إنجليز مهاجرون إلى نيوزيلندا
مواليد 1835
وفيات 1902
Ted Harper

Ted Harper
Edward Cashfield Harper (22 August 1901 – 22 July 1959) was an English footballer, who played at centre-forward scoring a then record high of 43 league goals in a season in 1925–26 for Blackburn Rovers. He also holds the record for Preston North End scoring 37 goals in Division Two in the 1932–33 season.
Born in Sheerness, Ted played in Kent junior football and for Whitstable Town and Sheppey United before joining Blackburn in 1923.
During his career he played for Blackburn Rovers (1923–1927 and 1933–1934), Sheffield Wednesday (1927–1929); Tottenham Hotspur (1929–1931) and Preston North End (1931–1933) in the Football League.
In 1925-26 he scored 43 league goals for Blackburn Rovers which was a top flight record until Dixie Dean scored 60 for Everton 2 seasons later. His 43 league goals for Blackburn that season is still a single season club record.
He was signed for Spurs from Sheffield Wednesday in March 1929 for a fee of £5,500, breaking the club record which had been created only a few weeks earlier when Baden Herod was signed for £4,000 from Brentford. He scored on his Tottenham debut in a 3–2 victory over Clapton Orient at Clapton Stadium in March 1929 in the old Second Division. That match saw Orient set their record attendance at the Clapton Stadium, with 37,615 in attendance. Harper went on to set a then club record by scoring 36 goals for the 'Lilywhites' in 1930–31 season. That record stood until Bobby Smith in the 1957–58 season.
He moved North and scored 37 goals for Preston North End in Division Two in the 1932–33 season, which still stands as the club goal scoring record.
Harper took on a coaching role at Blackburn following his retirement at 33.
Harper won one cap for England against Scotland in a Home International on 17 April 1926.
References
English men's footballers
English Football League players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
Whitstable Town F.C. players
Sheppey United F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
England men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
People from Sheerness
1959 deaths
1901 births
Theodore Carr

Theodore Carr
(William) Theodore Carr CBE (30 July 1866 – 31 January 1931) was an English industrialist and Liberal politician.
Personal life and career
Carr was born in Carlisle in Cumberland. He was educated at Old Hall School and Owens College, Manchester. In 1893, he married Edith Hobbs. Carr came from the family which founded the Carr's bakery and biscuit factory in Carlisle. He went into the family concern and eventually became Chairman of Directors of Carr & Co., Ltd, biscuit manufacturers, and of Carr's Flour Mills (Ltd), Carlisle.
During the war Carr acted as the millers’ representative on the Millers’ Tribunal set up under the Ministry of Food. A keen motorist he was appointed to the command of the Cumberland Army Service Motor Mechanical Transport Volunteers.
Political and public life
At the 1918 general election, Carr was nominated as the Coalition Liberal candidate for his home town seat of Carlisle. On that occasion he had the support of the Carlisle Unionists who stood aside as they were part of the Coalition government and was presumably awarded the Coalition coupon. In a straight fight against Labour he took 66% of the poll winning by a majority of 4,775 votes.
With the fall of the Coalition in 1922, the Unionists voted to stand a candidate of their own in Carlisle, even though Carr had the support of some prominent Conservatives. The Carlisle Liberal Association had remained unified during the period of the Coalition, despite the national split between the supporters of David Lloyd George and H H Asquith and again threw their support behind Carr, although he chose to stand as a National Liberal, indicating his status as a supporter of outgoing prime minister David Lloyd George. However, in a three-cornered contest against Labour and Conservative opponents he fell to third in the poll as Labour took the seat with a majority of 1,301. Carr did not stand for Parliament again.
Carr was awarded the CBE in 1920. He was also Chairman of the East Cumberland Munitions Committee and sometime President of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Association of London.
References
External links
1866 births
1931 deaths
UK MPs 1918–1922
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Politicians from Carlisle, Cumbria
Cumbria MPs
National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians
هارتري

هارتري (Ha) هي وحدة قياس الطاقة في الفيزياء النووية. أول من اسعمل هذه الوحدة هو العالم الفزيائي البريطاني دوكلاس هارتري
1Ha = 4,359 744 17(75).10−18 جول = 27,211 3845(23) [[eV = 2 Ry = 627,509 391 سعرة/mol
طاقة الهارتري
طاقة الهارتري هي القيمة المطلقة لطاقة الوضع لذرة الهيدروجين (H) في غير نشاطها. وهي تقريبا ضعفي القيمة المطلقة لطاقة ارتباط أو طاقة تأين إلكترون الذرّة وهذا في نفس الحالة.
مراجع
ثوابت أساسية
ثوابت فيزيائية
وحدات طاقة
Chadrack Lukombe

Chadrack Lukombe
Chadrack Muzungu Lukombe (born 14 April 1997) is a Democratic Republic of the Congo footballer who plays as a winger for Moroccan club RS Berkane. He made one appearance for the DR Congo national team in 2017.
Club career
In January 2019, Lukombe moved abroad after signing for ENPPI SC, after representing AS Vita Club and Athletic Club Ujana in his home country. On 31 January of the following year, he joined UD Almería and was assigned to the B-team in Tercera División.
In August 2020, Lukombe was loaned to French Championnat National side US Boulogne, with an option to buy.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
RS Berkane
Moroccan Throne Cup: 2020–21, 2021–22
CAF Confederation Cup: 2021–22
CAF Super Cup: 2022
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
AS Vita Club players
Egyptian Premier League players
ENPPI SC players
Tercera División players
UD Almería B players
US Boulogne players
RS Berkane players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 3 players
Botola players
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's international footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Egypt
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in France
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Morocco
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Morocco
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's under-20 international footballers
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people
ألويس الأول

ألويس الأول هو سياسي ليختنشتاني، ولد في 14 مايو 1759 في فيينا في النمسا، وتوفي بنفس المكان في 24 مارس 1805.
مراجع
أمراء ليختنشتاين
ليختنشتانيون في القرن 18
ليختنشتاينيون في القرن 19
مواليد 1759
وفيات 1805
فقاعة (جلد)

فقاعة (جلد)
في طب الجلد، الفقاعة هي تبثر كبير مستدير أو غير منتظم. تحتوي الفقاعة على سائل مصلي أو قيحي. قطرها أكبر من 5 أو 10ملم اعتمادا على تعريف الحويصلة.
تثبرات جلدية شبيهة
حويصلة
بثرة
حطاطة
لويحة
وذمة
انتبار
طالع أيضا
تبثر
المصادر
مصطلحات جلدية
علامات وأعراض: الجلد والنسيج تحت الجلدي
العلاقات الصينية الغيانية

العلاقات الصينية الغيانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الصين وغيانا.
مقارنة بين البلدين
هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين:
مدن متوأمة
في ما يلي قائمة باتفاقيات التوأمة بين مدن صينية وغيانية:
ترتبط مع ليندن باتفاقية توأمة منذ 2011.
منظمات دولية مشتركة
يشترك البلدان في عضوية مجموعة من المنظمات الدولية، منها:
أعلام
هذه قائمة لبعض الشخصيات التي تربطها علاقات بالبلدين:
آرثر تشونغ (قاضي غياني، 10 يناير 1918 – 23 يونيو 2008)
روبرت فيكتور إيفان وونغ (4 يوليو 1895 – 19 أكتوبر 1952)
وصلات خارجية
موقع وزارة الخارجية الصينية
موقع وزارة الخارجية الغيانية
مراجع
Journey to Self

Journey to Self is a 2012 Nigerian drama film written and produced by Ashionye Michelle Raccah and directed by Tope Oshin, starring Nse Ikpe-Etim, Dakore Akande, Ashionye Michelle Raccah, Katherine Obiang and Tosin Sido. It received a nomination for the category Achievement In Soundtrack at the 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards.
The film tells a story of 5 childhood friends who converge at the home of one of them who just died, she leaves a series of letters that explains her struggles through life and eventually leading to their "self discovery".
Plot
The film tells a story of 5 childhood friends that converge at the home of the deceased Uche reading a series of letters she left that explains her struggles through life and eventually leading to their self-discovery.
Rume (Katherine Obiang) is married to a man, whom she later discovered was a "crossdresser", she filed for divorce after several attempt to make him normal proved abortive. however he pleaded with her to stage infidelity as the reason for the divorce to avoid disgrace and societal outrage from family and friends for his eccentric lifestyle.
Uche (Tosin Sido) was married off by her dad as the 4th wife to a former business colleague as a remedy for an unpaid debt. As soon as it was revealed that she was barren, she began suffering an emotional breakdown caused by her much older husband and his jealous wives.
Regina (Ashionye Michelle Raccah) is a full housewife that is being assaulted by her husband, Their 2 kids were also affected by the domestic violence.
Nse (Nse Ikpe Etim) had a son when she was younger and her husband is yet to know about it.
Alex (Dakore Akande) is an entertainment celebrity that has been very unlucky with men taking advantage of her tenderheartedness.
Cast
Nse Ikpe-Etim as Nse
Dakore Akande as Alex
Ashionye Michelle Raccah as Regina
Katherine Obiang as Rume
Tosin Sido as Uche
Carol King as Stella
Kalu Ikeagwu as Joe
Femi Brainard as David
Chris Attoh as Dapo
Femi Jacobs as Uzo
Reception
Journey to Self received mixed to positive reviews from critics with Nollywood Reinvented giving it a 54% rating. The reviewer described the film as not fitting into the typical Nollywood formula. "Just because it’s not what we’re used to doesn’t make it a bad movie. It had a point to convey, it sent that point home and it ended. Simple and short." Sodas and Popcorn gave it 4 out of 5 rating and states "It has a strong message about self-discovery, being independent, standing up for yourself. The best part is the fact that the movie succeeds in communicating all these lessons effectively." "I had an eighteen month old baby to raise and a husband who doesn't know whether he wants to be a mummy or a daddy" has been noted as being a memorable line from the movie.
Awards
See also
List of Nigerian films of 2012
References
External links
2012 films
English-language Nigerian films
Nigerian drama films
Films set in Lagos
Films set in Abuja
Films shot in Lagos
2012 drama films
2010s English-language films
(18389) 1992 JU2

(18389) 1992 JU2
1992 جاي يو 2 (ويعرف أيضًا باسم (18389) 1992 جاي يو 2 وفق تسمية الكوكب الصغير) ؛ هو كويكب ضمن حزام الكويكبات.
اكتُشف هذا الجُرم الفلكي بواسطة هنري ديبهون في 4 مايو 1992، وترتيبه 18389 من حيث الاكتشاف.
الوصف
اكتُشف في 4 مايو 1992 في مرصد لاسيلا، الواقع في صحراء أتاكاما، إقليم كوكيمبو في تشيلي، بواسطة عالم الفلك البلجيكي هنري ديبهون. وقد رصد المشروع 1,971 مشاهدة للكويكب إلى غاية 8 أكتوبر 2021 بتوقيت منطقة المحيط الهادئ، أي في مدة قدرها 12,755 يومًا (34.9 عام). تستغرق الفترة المدارية للكويكب 1,180 يومًا (3.2 عام).
الخصائص المدارية
يتميز مدار هذا الكويكب بنصف محور رئيسي يبلغ 2.19 وحدة فلكية، وحضيض قدره 1.68 وحدة فلكية، وانحراف قدره 0.23 وزاوية ميلان 5.2 درجة بالنسبة لمسار الشمس. بسبب هذه الخصائص، أي نصف المحور الرئيسي بين 2 و3.2 وحدة فلكية وحضيض أكبر من 1,666 وحدة فلكية، يُصنف هذا الجُرم الفلكي وفقًا لقاعدة بيانات مختبر الدفع النفاث لأجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة كائنًا من حزام الكويكبات الرئيسي.
الخصائص الفيزيائية
يُقدر القدر المطلق (H) لـ بـ14.85 ووضاءته بـ0.196، مما يمكِّن تقدير قطره بـ 3.613كم. استُخلصت هذه النتائج بفضل ملاحظات مستكشف الأشعة تحت الحمراء عريض المجال (WISE)، وهو مرصد فضائي أمريكي وُضع في المدار في عام 2009 ويراقب السماء بأكملها بالأشعة تحت الحمراء، في عام 2011، نُشرت النتائج الأولى المتعلقة بالكويكبات من الحزام الرئيسي.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الكواكب الصغيرة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1992
اكتشافات هنري ديبيهونيه
قوائم الكواكب الصغيرة حسب الرقم
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
كويكبات خلفية