عمالقة (أسطورة)

عمالقة (أسطورة)
في الأساطير اليونانية والرومانية، كان العمالقة، جنساً قوياً وذا عدوانية كبيرة للغاية، جل معاركهم كانت مع الآلهة الأولمبية. وفقاً لـ هسيودوس، كان العمالقة هم نسل غايا (الأرض)، المولود من الدماء التي سقطت عندما تم إسقاط أورانوس (السماء) من قبل ابنه من الجبار كرونوس.
المراجع
المصادر
إسخيلوس, أوريستيا in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. دار نشر جامعة هارفارد. 1926. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
إسخيلوس (?), برومثيوس في الأغلال in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1926. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Anderson, William S., Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1-5, مطبعة جامعة أوكلاهوما, 1997. .
Andrews, Tamra, Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky, دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد, 2000. .
المكتبة, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
أبولونيوس الرودسي, Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica, translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. Internet Archive
Arafat, K. W., Classical Zeus: A Study in Art and Literature, Oxford: دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد 1990. .
أريستوفان, الطيور in The Complete Greek Drama, vol. 2. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
أريستوفان, الفرسان in The Complete Greek Drama, vol. 2. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Barber, E. J. W. (1991), Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, دار نشر جامعة برنستون. .
Barber, E. J. W. (1992), "The Peplos of Athena" in Goddess and Polis: The Panathenaic Festival in Ancient Athens, Princeton University Press. .
بقليدس, Odes Translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1991. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Batrachomyomachia in Hesiod, the Homeric hymns, and Homerica with an English translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, W. Heinemann, . in London, New York. 1914. Internet Archive
Beazley, John D., The Development of Attic Black-Figure, Revised edition, University of California Press, 1986. . Online version at University of California Press E-Books Collection
Brill’s New Pauly. Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider. Brill Online, 2014. Reference. 1 March 2014 "Gegeneis"
Brinkmann, Vinzenz, "Die aufgemalten Namensbeischriften an Nord- und Ostfries des Siphnierschatzhauses", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 109 77-130 (1985).
Brown, John Pairman, Israel and Hellas, Walter de Gruyter, 1995. .
Cairns, Francis, Roman Lyric: Collected Papers on Catullus and Horace, Walter de Gruyter, 2012. .
كاليماخوس, Hymn 4 (to Delos) in Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair ; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York: أبناء ج. ب. بتنام 1921. Internet Archive
Castriota, David, Myth, Ethos, and Actuality: Official Art in Fifth-century B.C. Athens, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1992. .
Chaudhuri, Pramit, The War with God: Theomachy in Roman Imperial Poetry, Oxford University Press, 2014. .
شيشرون, On Old Age On Friendship On Divination, translation by William Armistead Falconer. Loeb Classical Library Volume 154. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1923. .
كلاوديانو بيزيرا دا سيلفا, Claudian with an English translation by Maurice Platnauer, Volume II, Loeb Classical Library No. 136. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd.. 1922. . Internet Archive.
Cohen, Beth, "Outline as a Special Technique in Black- and Red-figure Vase-painting", in The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases, Getty Publications, 2006, .
Commager, Steele, The Odes of Horace: A Critical Study, مطبعة جامعة أوكلاهوما, 1995. .
Conington, John, The works of Virgil, with a Commentary by John Conington, M.A. Late Corpus Professor of Latin in the University of Oxford. London. Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane. 1876.
Connelly, Joan Breton, The Parthenon Enigma, ألفريد كنوبف, 2014. .
, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume III: Zeus God of the Dark Sky (Earthquakes, Clouds, Wind, Dew, Rain, Meteorites), Part I: Text and Notes, Cambridge University Press 1940. Internet Archive
Cunningham, Lawrence, John Reich, Lois Fichner-Rathus, Culture and Values: A Survey of the Western Humanities, Volume 1, Cengage Learning, 2014. .
Day, Joseph W., Archaic Greek Epigram and Dedication: Representation and Reperformance, Cambridge University Press, 2010. .
, "Gauls, Giants, Skylla, and the Palladion" in From Pergamon to Sperlonga: Sculpture and Context, Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway, editors, دار نشر جامعة كاليفورنيا, 2000. .
Dinter, Martin, "Lucan's Epic Body" in Lucan im 21. Jahrhundert, Christine Walde editor, Walter de Gruyter, 2005. .
ديودور الصقلي, Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.
Durling, Robert M., The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri : Volume 1: Inferno, Oxford University Press, 1996. .
Dwyer, Eugene, "Excess" in Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art, edited by Helene E. Roberts, Routledge, 2013, .
, Aetna: A Critical Recension of the Text, Based on a New Examination of Mss. With Prolegomena, Translation, Textual and Exegetical Commentary, Excursus, and Complete Index of the Words, Oxford: دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد, 1901.
يوربيديس, Hecuba, translated by E. P. Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938.
يوربيديس, Heracles, translated by E. P. Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938.
يوربيديس, Iphigenia in Tauris, translated by Robert Potter in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 2. New York. Random House. 1938.
يوربيديس, Ion, translated by Robert Potter in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938.
يوربيديس, The Phoenician Women, translated by E. P. Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 2. New York. Random House. 1938.
Ferrari, Gloria, Alcman and the Cosmos of Sparta, University of Chicago Press, 2008. .
جيمس فريزر (1898a), Pausanias's Description of Greece. Translated with a Commentary by J. G. Frazer. Vol II. Commentary on Book I, Macmillan, 1898. Internet Archive.
جيمس فريزر (1898b), Pausanias's Description of Greece. Translated with a Commentary by J. G. Frazer. Vol IV. Commentary on Books VI-VIII, Macmillan, 1898. Internet Archive.
جيمس فريزر (1914), Adonis Attis Osiris: Studies in the History of Oriental Religion, Macmillan and Co., Limited, London 1914. Internet Archive
Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy, Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins, دار نشر جامعة كاليفورنيا, 1959. .
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, مطبعة جامعة جونز هوبكينز, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
Gale, Monica, Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, Cambridge University Press, 2000. .
Gee, Emma, Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's Fasti, Cambridge University Press, 2000. .
Grant, Michael, John Hazel, Who's Who in Classical Mythology, Routledge, 2004. .
Green, Steven, J., Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary, BRILL, 2004. .
Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, .
(1937), “Studies in Etruscan Bronze Reliefs: The Gigantomachy”, The Art Bulletin 19:463-85. 1937.
(1992), "Giants" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition, and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد, 1992. .
Hansen, William, Handbook of Classical Mythology, أي بي سي-كليو, 2004. .
Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, .
Hardie, Philip (2007), "Lucretius and later Latin literature in antiquity", in The Cambridge Companion to Lucretius, edited by Stuart Gillespie, Philip Hardie, Cambridge University Press, 2007. .
Hardie, Philip (2014), The Last Trojan Hero: A Cultural History of Virgil's Aeneid, I.B.Tauris, 2014. .
هسيودوس, ثيوغونيا, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
هسيودوس, Shield of Heracles, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Heyworth, S. J., Cynthia : A Companion to the Text of Propertius, Oxford University Press, 2007. .
هوميروس, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
هوميروس, The Odyssey of Homer, translated by Lattimore, Richard, Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006. .
هوميروس, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
هوراس, The Odes and Carmen Saeculare of Horace. John Conington. trans. London. George Bell and Sons. 1882. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hunter, Richard L., The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Cambridge University Press, 2008. .
Hurwit, Jeffery M., The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present, Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
Janko, Richard, The Iliad: A Commentary: Volume 4, Books 13-16, Cambridge University Press, 1992. .
Keith, A. M., Propertius: Poet of Love and Leisure, A&C Black, 2008. .
Kirk, G. S., J. E. Raven, M. Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts, Cambridge University Press, Dec 29, 1983. .
Kleiner, Fred S., Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History, Fourteenth Edition, Cengage Learning, 2012. .
Knox, Peter, A Companion to Ovid, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. .
, A Classical Dictionary, E. Duyckinck, G. Long, 1825.
Lapatin, Kenneth, "The Statue of Athena and Other Treasures in the Parthenon" in The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present, edited by Jenifer Neils, Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
Leigh, Matthew, Lucan: Spectacle and Engagement, Oxford University Press, 1997. .
Lescher, James H., Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments : a Text and Translation with a Commentary, University of Toronto Press, 2001. .
هنري ليدل، روبرت سكوت. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Lightfoot, J. L., Hellenistic Collection: Philitas, Alexander of Aetolia, Hermesianax, Euphorion, Parthenius دار نشر جامعة هارفارد, 2009. .
Ling, Roger, The Cambridge Ancient History: Plates to Volume VII Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1984. .
Lovatt, Helen, Statius and Epic Games: Sport, Politics and Poetics in the Thebaid, Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
لوكان, Pharsalia, Sir Edward Ridley. London. Longmans, Green, and Co. 1905. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
لوكريتيوس, De Rerum Natura, William Ellery Leonard, Ed. Dutton. 1916.
Lyne, R. O. A. M., Horace: Behind the Public Poetry, Yale University Press, 1995. .
Lycophron, Alexandra (or Cassandra) in Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair ; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921 . Internet Archive
ماركوس مانيليوس, أسترونوميكا, edited and translated by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 469. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977. Online version at Harvard University Press
Mayor, Adrienne, The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times, Princeton University Press, 2011. .
McKay, Kenneth John, Erysichthon, Brill Archive, 1962.
Merry, W. Walter, James Riddell, D, B, Monro, Homer's Odyssey, Clarendon Press. 1886-1901.
Mineur, W. H., Callimachus: Hymn to Delos, Brill Archive, 1984. .
Moore, Mary B. (1979), "Lydos and the Gigantomachy" in American Journal of Archaeology 83 (1979) 79–99.
Moore, Mary B. (1985), "Giants at the Getty" in Greek Vases in the متحف جيه بول جيتي Volume 2, Getty Publications.
Moore, Mary B. (1997), "The Gigantomachy of the Siphnian Treasury: Reconstruction of the three Lacunae" in Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, Suppl. 4, 1977. pp. 305–335.
Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. .
. Includes ancient assessments of the Catalogue.
. English translation with facing Greek text; takes much recent scholarship into consideration.
Neils, Jenifer, "Chapter Twelve: Athena, Alter Ego of Zeus" in Athena in the Classical World, edited by Susan Deacy, Alexandra Villing, Brill Academic Pub, 2001, .
Newlands, Carole E., An Ovid Reader: Selections from Seven Works, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2014. .
نونوس, ديونيسياكا; translated by , I Books I–XV. Loeb Classical Library No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. Internet Archive
Ogden, Daniel, Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford University Press, 2013. .
O'Hara, James J., Inconsistency in Roman Epic: Studies in Catullus, Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid and Lucan, Cambridge University Press, 2007. .
أوفيد, Amores, Christopher Marlowe, Ed. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
أوفيد, : With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer, London: W. Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts: : Harvard University Press, 1959. Internet Archive.
أوفيد, التحولات, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Parker, Robert B. (2006), Polytheism and Society at Athens. Oxford, GBR: Oxford University Press, UK. .
Parker, Robert B. (2011), On Greek Religion, Cornell University Press, .* باوسانياس, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
هاري ثورستون بيك, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898. "Gigantes"
فيلوستراطوس, : Volume I. Books 1-5, translated by F.C. Conybeare, Loeb Classical Library No. 16. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1912. . Internet Archive
فيلوستراطوس, On Heroes, editors Jennifer K. Berenson MacLean, Ellen Bradshaw Aitken, BRILL, 2003, .
Philostratus the Elder, Imagines, translated by A. Fairbanks, Loeb Classical Library No, 256. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1931. . Internet Archive
بندار, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
أفلاطون, يوثيفرو in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 1, translated by Harold North Fowler, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1966.
أفلاطون, الجمهورية in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 5 & 6, translated by Paul Shorey. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1969.
أفلاطون, السفسطائي in Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 12 translated by Harold N. Fowler. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.
Plumptre, Edward Hayes, Æschylos: Tragedies and Fragments, Heath, 1901.
Powell, J. G. F., Cicero: Cato Maior de Senectute, Cambridge University Press, 1988. .
بروبرتيوس, The Complete Elegies of Sextus Propertius, translated by Vincent Katz, Princeton University Press, 2004. .
Richards, G.C., "Selected Vase-fragments from the Acropolis of Athens—I", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 13, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, 1893, pp. 281–292.
Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo (2000), Hellenistic Sculpture II: The Styles of ca. 200-100 B.C., University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. .
Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo (2005), Review of François Queyrel, L'Autel de Pergame. Images et pouvoir en Grèce d'Asie. Antiqua vol. 9. in Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2005.08.39
Ridgway, David, The First Western Greeks, CUP Archive, 1992. .
هربرت روز, "Typhon, Typhoeus" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition, and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد, 1992. .
Queyrel, François, L'Autel de Pergame: Images et pouvoir en Grèce d'Asie, Paris: Éditions A. et J. Picard, 2005. .
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy, Translator: A.S. Way; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1913. Internet Archive
Robertson, Martin, A Shorter History of Greek Art, Cambridge University Press, 1981. .
Robertson, Noel, "Chapter Two: Athena as Weather-Goddess: the Aigis in Myth and Ritual" in Athena in the Classical World, edited by Susan Deacy, Alexandra Villing, Brill Academic Pub, 2001, .
Pollitt, Jerome Jordan (1986), Art in the Hellenistic Age, Cambridge University Press. .
Pollitt, Jerome Jordan (1990), The Art of Ancient Greece: Sources and Documents, Cambridge University Press. .
, Luca Giuliani, Gods and Heroes in Late Archaic Greek Art, Cambridge University Press, 1992 .
Scheid, John, Jesper Svenbro, The Craft of Zeus: Myths of Weaving and Fabric, Penn State Press, 2001. .
Schwab, Katherine A., "Celebrations of victory: The Metopes of the Parthenon" in The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present, edited by Jenifer Neils, Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
لوكيوس سينيكا, Tragedies, Volume I: Hercules. Trojan Women. Phoenician Women. Medea. Phaedra. Edited and translated by John G. Fitch. Loeb Classical Library No. 62. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
لوكيوس سينيكا, Tragedies, Volume II: Oedipus. Agamemnon. Thyestes. Hercules on Oeta. Octavia. Edited and translated by John G. Fitch. Loeb Classical Library No. 78. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
Shapiro, H. A., The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge University Press, 2007. .
سيليوس إيتاليكوس, Punica with an English translation by J. D. Duff, Volume I, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, هينمان 1927. Internet Archive
سيليوس إيتاليكوس, Punica with an English translation by J. D. Duff, Volume II, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1934. Internet Archive
Simon, Erika, "Theseus and Athenian Festivals" in Worshipping Athena: Panathenaia and Parthenon, edited by Jenifer Neils, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1996. .
Singleton, George S. The Divine Comedy, Inferno 2: Commentary, Princeton University Press, 1989 .
Smith, R. R. R., Hellenistic Sculpture: a handbook, Thames and Hudson, 1991. .
ويليام سميث London (1873). "Gigantes"
سوفوكليس, Women of Trachis, Translated by Robert Torrance. Houghton Mifflin. 1966. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
ستاتشيوس, Statius with an English Translation by J. H. Mozley, Volume II, Thebaid, Books V–XII, Achilleid, Loeb Classical Library No. 207, London: William Heinemann, Ltd., New York: G. P. Putnamm's Sons, 1928. . Internet Archive
Stewart, Andrew F., Greek Sculpture: An Exploration, Yale University Press, 1990.
Stover, Epic and Empire in Vespasianic Rome: A New Reading of Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica, Oxford University Press, 2012. .
سترابو، Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). LacusCurtis, Books 6–14, at the Perseus Digital Library
Torrance, Isabelle, Metapoetry in Euripides, Oxford University Press, 2013. .
Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Ty Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). .
, Argonautica, translated by J. H. Mozley, Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.
Vian, Francis (1951), Répertoire des gigantomachie figurées dans l'art grec et romain (Paris).
Vian, Francis (1952), La guerre des Géants: Le mythe avant l'epoque hellenistique, (Paris).
Vian, Francis, Moore, Mary B. (1988), "Gigantes" in Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC) IV.1. Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1988. .
فيرجيل, الإنيادة, Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Wheeler, Stephen Michael, Narrative Dynamics in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2000. .
Wilkinson, Claire Louise, The Lyric of Ibycus: Introduction, Text and Commentary, Walter de Gruyter, 2012. .
Yasumura, Noriko, Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. .
Zissos, Andrew, "Sailing and Sea-Storm in Valerius Flaccus (Argonautica 1.574–642): The Rhetoric of Inundation" in Flavian Poetry, Ruurd Robijn Nauta, Harm-Jan Van Dam, Johannes Jacobus Louis Smolenaars (editors), BRILL, 2006. .
روابط خارجية
Gigantes - مشروع Theoi
Gigantomachy: النحت ومزهرية التمثيل - ويسليان
وزارة الخزانة: الجانب الشمالي للإفريز (The Gigantomachy - القاعة الخامسة)
هيليوس في الأساطير
أساطير هرقل
أولاد غايا
الفن العسكري اليوناني القديم
ديونيسوس في الأساطير
شخصيات أسطورية إغريقية
مخلوقات أسطورية يونانية