PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Haynes Miller

Haynes Miller
Haynes Robert Miller (born January 29, 1948 in Princeton, New Jersey) is an American mathematician specializing in algebraic topology.
Miller completed his undergraduate study at Harvard University and earned his PhD in 1974 under the supervision of John Coleman Moore at Princeton University with thesis Some Algebraic Aspects of the Adams–Novikov Spectral Sequence. After his PhD, he became an assistant professor at Harvard and at Northwestern University, from 1977 at the University of Washington, and from 1984 a professor at the University of Notre Dame. Since 1986 he is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From 1992 to 1993 he was MIT's Chair of the Committee for Pure Mathematics, since 2004 Chair of the Undergraduate Mathematics Committee, and since 2005 MacVicar Faculty Fellow. His doctoral students at MIT include Brooke Shipley.
In 1984 Miller proved the generalized Sullivan conjecture, independently of Jean Lannes and Gunnar Carlsson.
In 1986 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley, California (The Sullivan conjecture and homotopical representation theory). In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
References
External links
Haynes R. Miller at the MIT website
Profile of Haynes Miller at the MIT website
1948 births
Living people
Mathematicians from New Jersey
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni
University of Washington faculty
Northwestern University faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Topologists
Foot-candle

Foot-candle
A foot-candle (sometimes foot candle; abbreviated fc, lm/ft2, or sometimes ft-c) is a non-SI unit of illuminance or light intensity. The foot-candle is defined as one lumen per square foot. This unit is commonly used in lighting layouts in parts of the world where United States customary units are used, mainly the United States. Nearly all of the world uses the corresponding SI derived unit lux, defined as one lumen per square meter.
The foot-candle is defined as the illuminance of the inside surface of a one-foot-radius sphere with a point source of one candela at its center. Alternatively, it can be defined as the illuminance of one lumen on a one-square foot surface with a uniform distribution. Given the relation between candela and lumen, the two definitions listed are identical, with the second one potentially being easier to relate to in some everyday situations.
One foot-candle is equal to approximately 10.76 lux. In many practical applications, as when measuring room illumination, it is often not needed to measure illuminance more accurately than ±10%; in these situations it is sufficient to think of one foot-candle as about ten lux.
Use
In the US lighting industry, foot-candles are a common unit of measurement used by architects to calculate adequate lighting levels. Foot-candles are also commonly used in the museum and gallery fields in the US, where lighting levels must be carefully controlled to conserve light-sensitive objects such as prints, photographs, and paintings, the colors of which fade when exposed to bright light for a lengthy period.
In the motion picture cinematography field in the US, incident light meters are used to measure the number of foot-candles present, which are used to calculate the intensity of motion picture lights, allowing cinematographers to set up proper lighting-contrast ratios when filming.
Since light intensity is the primary factor in the photosynthesis of plants, US horticulturalists often measure and discuss optimum intensity for various plants in foot-candles.
Examples
Full, unobstructed sunlight has an intensity of approximately 10,000 fc. An overcast day will produce an intensity of around 100 fc. The intensity of light near a window can range from 100 to 5,000 fc, depending on the orientation of the window, time of year and latitude.
Indoor lighting for residences seeks to provide 5-40 fc for general spaces and 70-90 fc for work spaces.
Lighting requirements for commercial spaces range from 5 fc for storage spaces to 200 fc for visually intensive work.
SI photometry units
See also
Photometry (optics) for more on the measurement of light
References
External links
Example chart of foot-candles and corresponding activities
Imperial units
Units of illuminance
Customary units of measurement in the United States
Bidak Rural District

Bidak Rural District is in the Central District of Abadeh County, Fars province, Iran.
At the National Census of 2006, its population was 4,715 in 1,260 households. There were 5,005 inhabitants in 1,468 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 4,740 in 1,475 households. The largest of its 48 villages was Bidak, with 2,507 people.
References
Abadeh County
Rural Districts of Fars Province
Populated places in Fars Province
Populated places in Abadeh County
آنا إزميرالدا

آنا إزميرالدا هي ممثلة إسبانية، ولدت في 12 ديسمبر 1931 بالحماية الإسبانية على المغرب.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
ممثلات أفلام إسبانيات
مواليد 1928
مواليد 1931
وفيات 2022
Charles André

Charles André (1841 – 1928) was a French architect, son of François André and among the first in a long line of French architects in the André family. He specialized in Haussmannian architecture, a style which became extremely prominent throughout France in the 19th Century. Beginning in 1901, he was a member of the École de Nancy.
Along with his son, Émile André, and Eugène Vallin, he was the architect of the Vaxelaire & Compagnie department store in Nancy, built between 1899 and 1901.
References
1841 births
1928 deaths
Art Nouveau architects
19th-century French architects
Members of the École de Nancy
Bob Harrington

Bob Harrington
Robert Maxon Harrington (January 30, 1912, Marshfield, Wisconsin – August 20, 1983, Kona, Hawaii) was an American jazz vibraphonist.
Harrington was also adept at drums and piano in addition to vibraphone. He played with Charlie Barnet in the early 1950s on piano, and worked with both Red Nichols and Bud Freeman that decade as a drummer. On vibraphone, he played with Georgie Auld, Buddy DeFranco, Vido Musso, Ben Webster, Ann Richards, and Harry Babasin's Jazzpickers. He released one solo album, Vibraphone Fantasy in Jazz, on Imperial Records in 1957, which is now a collector's item.
Discography
As leader
For Moderns Only with the Jazzpickers (Mercury/EmArcy, 1957)
Vibraphone Fantasy in Jazz with Bob Harrington (Imperial, 1957)
Jazz a La Carte (Crown, 1963)
Leachery without Treachery with the Dirty Old Men (Nocturne, 1969)
As sideman
Buddy Childers, Sam Songs (Liberty, 1956)
Bob Keene, Bob Keene and His Orchestra (Fresh Sound 1988)
Jackie Kelso & Bill Hood, Dirty Old Men (Jazz Chronicles, 1970)
Ann Richards, Two Much! (Capitol, 1960)
Steve White, Jazz Mad: The Unpredictable Steve White (Liberty, 1955)
References
Eugene Chadbourne, [ Bob Harrington] at AllMusic
1912 births
1983 deaths
American jazz vibraphonists
Imperial Records artists
Eric Zorn

Eric Zorn (born January 6, 1958) is a former American op-ed columnist and daily blogger for the Chicago Tribune who specialized in local news as well as politics.
Early life and education
Zorn is a graduate of the University of Michigan, where he majored in English literature and creative writing.
He is the grandson of Max Zorn, author of Zorn's Lemma.
Career
After serving a four-month internship at the Miami Herald, Zorn started working for the Chicago Tribune in summer 1980. He has been a columnist for it since 1986. About four times a year for some years, Zorn and fellow Tribune columnist Mary Schmich wrote a week of columns that consisted of a back-and-forth exchange of letters. Each December since 1999 (except for COVID-19 pandemic 2020), Schmich and Zorn have hosted the "Songs of Good Cheer" holiday caroling parties at the Old Town School of Folk Music to raise money for the Tribune Holiday Fund charities.
Zorn co-wrote the 1990 book Murder of Innocence, about Laurie Dann. The book served as the basis for a 1993 made-for-TV movie with the same name. Since 2003, Zorn has penned "Change of Subject", the Tribunes first blog.
When Alden Global Capital took control of the Chicago Tribune in the spring of 2021, Zorn was among the many columnists and other journalists who accepted a buyout offer from the company. His final column appeared on June 27, 2021. In September of that year he began writing "The Picayune Sentinel, a newsletter named after the newsletter once published by his grandfather, Max August Zorn.
Political views
Zorn is a Democrat and has stated, "I’m a Democrat because I think man-made climate change is real, that it’s vile to discriminate against people because of their sexual orientation or gender identity, that access to quality health care should be a right, that the death penalty should be abolished, that income inequality should be diminished and that we shouldn’t privatize public education. I’m a Democrat because I believe it should be hard to buy a gun—especially if you’re on a law-enforcement watch list—and that every firearm should be registered, licensed and easily tracked ... organized labor and 'big government' interventions are needed to smooth out the roller-coaster ride of free-market capitalism."
References
External links
Archive of columns
Chicago Tribune people
American columnists
1958 births
Living people
Journalists from Chicago
American male bloggers
American bloggers
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
كمرك (مقاطعة فراهان)

كمرك (مقاطعة فراهان)
كمرك هي قرية تقع في مركزي في إيران. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 28 نسمة بحسب إحصاء 2016.
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن إيران
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة فراهان
PHF2

PHF2 (PHD finger protein 2) هوَ بروتين يُشَفر بواسطة جين PHF2 في الإنسان.
الوظيفة
الأهمية السريرية
المراجع
قراءة متعمقة
بروتينات بشرية
جينات على كروموسوم 9
Róbson (footballer, born 1970)

Róbson (footballer, born 1970)
José Róbson do Nascimento, better known as Róbson or Robgol (born May 10, 1970 in Barra de São Miguel, Paraíba state is a Brazilian politician and former association football forward.
Career
Róbson's football career started in 1987, playing for Náutico, of Pernambuco state. His nickname, Robgol, is a truncation of his name Róbson and the word (Portuguese for goal). In 2005 Róbson became the second goalscorer in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A with 21 goals.
Achievements and titles
During his career, José Róbson do Nascimento has won several titles:
1995: Campeonato Maranhense top goalscorer, with 19 goals (Maranhão)
1996: Campeonato Pernambucano top goalscorer, with 19 goals (Náutico)
1999: Campeonato Potiguar (ABC)
2001: Campeonato Baiano (Bahia)
2001: Campeonato do Nordeste (Bahia)
2002: Campeonato do Nordeste (Bahia)
2003: Campeonato Paraense top goalscorer, with 9 goals (Paysandu)
2005: Campeonato Paraense (Paysandu)
Politics
On June 21, 2006, Robgol retired from football, and joined the Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labour Party). During the 2006 general elections, he was elected Pará state deputy, with 33,400 votes, being the 35th most voted deputy candidate of his state.
Club statistics
References
External links
Stats at 大分トリニータ
Living people
1970 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Sport Club Internacional players
Santos FC players
Esporte Clube Juventude players
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Sport Club do Recife players
Paysandu Sport Club players
Oita Trinita players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian Labour Party (current) politicians
Brazilian sportsperson-politicians
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Pará
غوستا كناتسون

غوستا كناتسون هو صحفي ورسام كارتون وكاتب للأطفال وكاتب ومترجم سويدي، ولد في 12 أكتوبر 1903 في في السويد، وتوفي في 4 أبريل 1973 في في السويد.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
خريجو جامعة أوبسالا
كتاب أطفال سويديون
كتاب لغة سويديون
كتاب من ستوكهولم
مواليد 1903
وفيات 1973
مدفونون في مقبرة أوبسالا القديمة
ألكسيس هينريكز

ألكسيس هينريكز هو لاعب كرة قدم كولومبي في مركز قلب الدفاع، ولد في 2 يناير 1983 في سانتا مارتا في كولومبيا. شارك مع منتخب كولومبيا لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع أتلتيكو ناسيونال وأونس كالداس.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم من سانتا مارتا (كولومبيا)
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية كولومبيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص كولومبيون في القرن 21
أشخاص من سانتا مارتا (كولومبيا)
رياضيون من إدارة ماجدالينا
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري الكولومبي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أتليتيكو ناسيونال
لاعبو أونس كالداس
لاعبو كرة قدم كولومبيون
لاعبو منتخب كولومبيا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1983
لاعبو كرة قدم من إدارة ماجدالينا
هارولد كراوتش

هارولد كراوتش هو عالم سياسة روماني وأسترالي، ولد في 1940.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أستراليون مغتربون في الهند
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس الجامعة الوطنية الأسترالية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة الفلبين
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة إندونيسيا
دراسات آسيوية
علماء سياسة أستراليون
كتاب من ملبورن
مواليد 1940
إسماعيل بن مهران

إسماعيل بن مهران
أبو يعقوب، إسماعيل بن مهران بن أبي نصر السكوني، واسم أبي نصر: زيد. مولى ينسب إلى بني كلاب ويظهر أنه كان مولى للسكون من كندة أحد أعلام الشيعة الإثنا عشرية
ذكره الكشي في عداد أصحاب الرضا وقال:" حدثني محمد بن مسعود قال سألت علي بن الحسن عن إسماعيل ابن مهران قال: رمي بالغلو. قال محمد بن مسعود: ويكذبون عليه وكان تقيا ثقة خيرا فاضلا. إسماعيل بن مهران بن محمد بن أبي نصر واحمد بن محمد بن عمرو كانا من ولد السكوني.قلت: ويظهر من كلامه الأخير قرابة إسماعيل مع احمد بن محمد ابي نصر البزنطي. كما يظهر منه ان ابن الغضائري نظر إلى ما رمي بالغلو في تضعيفه له بقوله: ليس حديثه بالنقي يضطرب تارة ويصلح أخرى ويروى عن الضعفاء كثيرا ويجوز ان يخرج شاهدا. نعم ليس في كلامه تضعيفا له ولمذهبه كما ليس في كلام ابن فضال اعتمادا على التضعيف فقول ابن مسعود والنجاشى والشيخ في توثيقه هو المعتمد. نعم روى عن جماعة فيهم الضعاف والمجاهيل."
ولادته
لم تُحدّد لنا المصادر تاريخ ولادته ومكانها، إلاّ أنّه من أعلام القرن الثالث الهجري.
من أقوال علماء الشيعة فيه
1ـ قال الشيخ النجاشي: «ثقة معتمد عليه»
2ـ قال الشيخ الطوسي: «ثقة، معتمد عليه»»
3ـ قال الشيخ شهرآشوب: «ثقة، كوفي مولى، لقي الرضا»»
4ـ قال السيّد الخوئي: «لا ينبغي الريب في وثاقة الرجل، لشهادة الشيخ والنجاشي والعياشي بها»»
5ـ قال الشيخ محيي الدين المامقاني: «اتّفق خبراء علم الرجال على وثاقة المترجم وعدّ الرواية من جهته من الصحاح، كما واتّفق الفقهاء على الأخذ برواياته والإفتاء بها».»
روايته للحديث
يُعتبر من رواة الحديث في القرن الثالث الهجري، وقد وقع في إسناد كثير من الروايات تبلغ زهاء (126) مورداً
ممّن روى عنهم
جعفر الصادق، علي الرضا، محمد الجواد، أبو جرير القمّي، أبو جميلة المفضّل بن صالح، أبو سعيد القمّاط، إبراهيم بن الفضل، أحمد بن محمّد بن أبي نصر، أحمد بن محمّد الخزاعي، الحسن بن علي بن أبي حمزة البطائني، زكريا بن آدم، صفوان بن يحيى، علي بن أبي حمزة.
من الراوين عنه
أبو عبد الله الرازي، إبراهيم بن هاشم القمّي، أحمد بن محمّد البرقي، جرير بن صالح، الحسن بن موسى الخشّاب، سهل بن زياد، صالح بن أبي حمّاد، علي بن الحسن بن فضّال، علي بن الحسن التيمي، علي بن الحسين بن علي، القاسم النهدي، محمّد بن أحمد النهدي، محمّد بن خالد البرقي، محمّد بن عبد الله المسمعي، محمّد بن علي الصيرفي.
مؤلّفاته
1-الملاحم
2-، ثواب القرآن
3-الإهليلجة
4- صفة المؤمن والفاجر
5-خطب أمير المؤمنين
6-النوادر
7- العلل.
وفاته
لم تُحدّد لنا المصادر تاريخ وفاته ومكانها، إلاّ أنّه كان من أعلام القرن الثالث الهجري.
مصادر
أعلام الشيعة
رواة حديث شيعة
Serdar Gökhan

Serdar Gökhan (born Nusret Ersöz; 15 March 1943) is a Turkish actor.
Biography
Serdar Gökhan is an actor, known for Killing the Shadows (2006), The Executioner (1975) and Malkoçoğlu, the Wolf Master (1972).
Filmography
Kuruluş: Osman (2019, cameo)
Türkler Geliyor: Adaletin Kılıcı (2020)
Diriliş: Ertuğrul (2014) (season 1)
Kurt Seyit ve Şura (2014)
Babalar ve Evlatlar - season 1 (2012)
Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne? - season 2 (2011)
Kırmızı Işık - season 1 (2008)
Elif - Season 1 (2008)
Hacivat Karagöz Neden Öldürüldü? (2006)
Pertev Bey'in Üç Kızı - season 1 (2006)
Sev Kardeşim - season 1 (2006)
Karaoğlan - season 1 (2002)
Akşam Güneşi - season 1 (1999)
Kanayan Yara - Bosna Mavi Karanlık (1994)
Kurdoğlu 3 - Bu Yola Baş Koyduk (1992)
Ahmet Hamdi Bey Ailesi - season 1 (1991)
Polis Görev Başında (1990)
Av (1989)
Kanun Savaşçıları (1989)
Utanç Yılları (1987)
Yeniden Doğmak - season 1 (1987)
Namusun Bedeli (1986)
Altın Kafes (1982)
Yıkılış (1978)
Meryem Ve Oğulları (1977)
Mavi Mercedes (1977)
Şeref Yumruğu (1977)
Yuvanın Bekçileri (1977)
Analar Ölmez (1976)
Kan Kardeşler (1976)
Ölüme Yalnız Gidilir (1976)
Selam Dostum (1976)
Sevdalılar (1976)
Acı Severim Tatlı Döverim (1975)
Bu Osman Başka Osman (1975)
Cellat (1975)
Hesap Günü (1975)
Intihar (1975)
Isyan (1975)
Macera (1975)
Namıdiğer Çolak (1975)
Turhanoğlu (1975)
Yatık Emine (1974)
Bir Damla Kan Uğruna (1974)
Deli Ferhat (1974)
Dövüşe Dövüşe Öldüler (1974)
Karanlık Yıllar (1974)
Silahın Elinde Kardeş (1974)
Unutma Beni (1974)
Vur Be Ramazan (1974)
Beklenmeyen Adam (1973)
Dağ Kanunu (1973)
Hudutların Kartalı (1973)
İkibin Yılın Sevgilisi (1973)
İnsanlık Ölmedikçe (1973)
Kara Orkun (1973)
Kara Pençe'nin İntikamı (1973)
Kara Pençe (1973)
Kır çiçeği (1973)
Kurt Yemini (1973)
Soğukkanlılar (1973)
Gurbetçiler (1973)
Vur Emri (1973)
Malkoçoğlu Kurt Bey (1972)
Acı Yudum (1972)
Akma Tuna (1972)
Dudaktan Dudağa Ölüm (1972)
Estergon Kalesi (1972)
Gökçeçiçek (1972)
Irmak (1972)
Istanbul Kabadayısı Kara Murat (1972)
Kara Doğan (1972)
Kurt Bey (1972)
Asya'nın Tek Atlısı Baybars (1971)
Kadırgalı Ali (1971)
References
External links
1943 births
Living people
People from Bolu
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male television actors
21st-century Turkish male actors
Bob Crocker

Bob Crocker (August 3, 1928 – December 22, 2018) was an American ice hockey scout, former coach and executive. He was awarded the Lester Patrick Award, for contributions to hockey in the United States, in 2015.
Born in East Boston, Massachusetts, Crocker attended Boston University, where he played hockey in the 1954–55 season for the Boston University Terriers. He later served as a recruiter and freshman coach for his alma mater. From 1972 to 1976, he coached the University of Pennsylvania men's hockey team. In 1980, he was hired as an assistant general manager of the Hartford Whalers; he would serve in that position until 1992, when he went to scout for the New York Rangers. Crocker scouted for the Rangers until 2005, when he joined the Los Angeles Kings organization. He won three Stanley Cups during his time with the Rangers and Kings, and a Calder Cup with the Hartford Wolf Pack of the AHL. In 2006, he was inducted into the Massachusetts Hockey Hall of Fame.
College Head coaching record
References
External links
1928 births
2018 deaths
Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey coaches
Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey players
Hartford Whalers coaches
Ice hockey people from Massachusetts
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Los Angeles Kings scouts
New York Rangers scouts
People from East Boston, Boston
People from Centerville, Massachusetts
Penn Quakers men's ice hockey coaches
Sportspeople from Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Boston
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts
منتخب أوزبكستان لكرة القدم للسيدات

منتخب أوزبكستان لكرة القدم للسيدات
منتخب أوزبكستان الوطني لكرة القدم للسيدات هو ممثل أوزبكستان الرسمي في المنافسات الدولية في كرة القدم في فئة كرة القدم للسيدات.
سجل كأس العالم
*تشمل التعادلات مباريات خروج المغلوب التي تم تحديدها في ركلات الجزاء.
تشكيلة المنتخب
قائمة اللاعبين
مراجع
كرة قدم نسائية في أوزبكستان
منتخب أوزبكستان لكرة القدم
أوزبكستان
María Esther Vázquez

María Esther Vázquez (4 August 1937 – 25 March 2017) was an Argentine writer and journalist, best known as a collaborator and biographer of Jorge Luis Borges and Victoria Ocampo.
Biography
She was born in Buenos Aires in 1937 into a family of Galician descent. Her father was born in Cambados, and her mother in Vilanova de Arousa. At 16, she entered the Universidad de Buenos Aires to study literature. In 1957, while working at the National Library, she met the library's director, Jorge Luis Borges. He introduced her to his fellow writers from Sur magazine.
At the beginning of the '60s, she dated Borges, and in February 1964 they announced their marriage, although several months later they split up. They remained friends and wrote a couple of books together. Vázquez wrote a biography on Borges, ten years after his death, called Borges: Esplendor y derrota (Borges: Splendor and Defeat).
Personal life
She married poet and writer Horacio Armani in on 14 December 1965. They were married for nearly 50 years before his death in 2013.
She died in Buenos Aires in March 2017 of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Honors
Her honors included:
1988: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1987: Konex Award
1995: Comillas Prize of the Tusquets Publishing House in Spain
1997: Prize of the International Book Fair of Buenos Aires
2004: Konex Award
2012: Rosalía de Castro Award from the PEN Club of Galicia
2012: the Gold Medal of Emigration from the Federation of Spanish Societies of Argentina
Bibliography
Los nombres de la muerte (1964)
Introducción a la literatura inglesa (1965); co-written with Jorge Luis Borges.
Literaturas germánicas medievales (1966); co-written with Jorge Luis Borges.
El mundo de Manuel Mujica Láinez (1983)
Desde la niebla (1988)
Victoria Ocampo (1993)
Borges: esplendor y derrota (1996)
Borges, sus días y su tiempo (1999)
Victoria Ocampo. El mundo como destino (2002)
La memoria de los días (2004)
Notes
References
1937 births
2017 deaths
Argentine essayists
Argentine women short story writers
Argentine women journalists
Jorge Luis Borges
Writers from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Galician descent
توازن كيميائي

توازن كيميائي
في أي عملية كيميائية يعرف التوازن الكيميائي بأنه الحالة التي لا يحدث فيها تغيرات بالنسبة للتفاعلات الكيميائية أو لتراكيز المواد المتفاعلة والمواد الناتجة؛ بما معناه عدم وجود تغير ملحوظ في النظام بعد فترة زمنية.
ينشأ التوازن الكيميائي عندما تكون سرعة التفاعل في الاتجاه المباشر مساوية لمقابلتها في الاتجاه المعاكس، وهذا نجده مثلا في التفاعلات العكوسة. هذا لا يعني أن سرعة التفاعل أصبحت تساوي صفرا وإنما فقط تكون سرعة التفاعل في الاتجاه المباشر مساوية لسرعة التفاعل العكسي؛ ويعبر عن ذلك بأن الجملة في حالة توازن ميكانيكي (توازن حركي). ويستخدم في وصف تفاعل متوازن أو عكوسي سهمين بين المواد الداخلة في التفاعل والمواد الناتجة.
ويعتبر التوازن الكيميائي أحد الشروط لتحقيق التوازن الترموديناميكي. وهو أساسي لتحقيق قانون حفظ الطاقة والكتلة.
كيمياء التوازن هي فرع من الكيمياء معني بأنظمة في التوازن الكيميائي.
التعبير الرياضي
بافتراض التفاعل العكوس، وهنا نستخدم سهمين بين المواد الداخلة في التفاعل والمواد الخارجة من التفاعل، كما أشرنا أعلاه:
تكون سرعة التفاعل المباشر
وسرعة التفاعل العكسي
حيث:
كميات المواد A, B, S , T المشتركة في التفاعل،
k+ و k− ثابت سرعة التفاعل المباشر وبالتالي ثابت التفاعل العكسي:
عند تساوي السرعتين، تكون:
R1=R2
يُعبر عن النسبة بين ثوابت سرعة التفاعل بثابت التوازن:
اقرأ أيضا
إنتاج اليوريا صناعيا
مخطط أرهينيوس
معامل بولتزمان
تفاعل كيميائي
تفاعل ناشر للحرارة
تفاعل يمتص الحرارة
تفاعل الثرميت
تفاعل أكسدة-اختزال
اختزال
نظرية تحول الحالة
معادلة أرينيوس
فاعلية كيميائية
قانون فاعلية الكتلة
توازن بودوارد
مبدأ مانح-مستقبل
مانح بروتون
تفاعل نووي
هوامش
التوازن الكيميائي أو الاتزان الكيميائي يقابلها
مراجع
تفاعلات كيميائية
حركية كيميائية
كيمياء تحليلية
كيمياء فيزيائية