Cachar district

Cachar district is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. After independence, the pre-existing undivided Cachar district was split into four districts: Dima Hasao (formerly North Cachar Hills), Hailakandi, Karimganj, and the current Cachar district. Silchar is Cachar district's center of government.
Etymology
The term Cachar is derived from the Kacharis people of the Kachari kingdom. The Kacharis were perhaps the earliest inhabitants of the Brahmaputra Valley and Barak Valley of India. The Kacharis call themselves Barman in Barak Valley and Dimasa in the Dima Hasao district. They were known to the Ahoms as Timisa, a corruption of the word Dimasa. They are identical to the people called Mech in Goalpara and North Bengal.
History
Pre-independence period
Around 1536, the Dimasa Kachari's elder prince, Drikpati, and a younger prince, Dakhin, had a conflict. Dakhin and his followers were driven out and built a new capital at the Barak Valley, declaring themselves as Dibrasa or the Children of the Barak River (Di means "River", and Brasa means "Barak"). The Dibrasa were later known as Twiprasa and formed the Twipra Kingdom in the Barak Valley.
In 1562, the Koch dynasty King Chilarai invaded and captured the Barak Valley from the Twipra Kingdom. King Chilarai gave his brother, Kamal Narayan, authority over the region. The descendants of Kamal Narayan ruled the region until the 18th century. After the fall of the Koch kingdom due to no heir, the Dimasa Kingdom took over and ruled most of the undivided Cachar district.
Raja Shri Krishna Chandra Dwaja Narayan Hasnu Kacharihe was the most powerful king of the Dimasa Kingdom at Khaspur. During Krishna Chandra's rule, the Manipuri king sought help against the Burmese army. Krishna Chandra defeated the Burmese in battle and was offered the Manipuri Princess Induprabha in thanks. Because Krishna Chandra was already married to Rani Chandraprabha, he asked Princess Induprabha to marry his younger brother, Govinda Chandra Hasnu. During this period, Khaspur was the capital of Cachar. The last king of Cachar was Raja Govindra Chandra Dwaja Narayana Hasnu.
British period
The British moved into Assam in 1824 during the First Anglo-Burmese War, helping to prevent the Burman invasion of the area. Cachar was one of the native kingdoms that fell under the imperialist designs of the British. At the time, the Kingdom of Cachar was ruled by two leaders who had clearly defined areas of control—Raja Govindra Chandra Dwaja Narayana Hasnu ruled the plains in the southern portion of Cachar and Raja Tularam Thaosen ruled the hilly northern portion of Cachar or Dima Hasao. Raja Govinda Chandra was assassinated on April 24, 1840, at Haritikar. Because he died without a natural heir, his territories were annexed by the Britsh under the authority of an 1826 treaty; this officially established the modern Cachar district..
The British sent army officer T. Fisher to oversee the region; he established its headquarters at Cherrapunji on June 30, 1830. Fisher was both magistrate and collector, later becoming the first Superintendent of the District. The British annexed Plian into Cachar district on August 14, 1832. The district's headquarters moved to Dudpatil in 1833, and later to its current location of Silchar.
Northern Cachar remained a separate principality but came under British occupation in 1854 after the death of Tularam; the British justified this takeover of northern Cachar because of the "misconduct of its rulers." Cachar district fell under the authority of the Chief Commissionership of Assam on February 6, 1874.
In the later 19th century, southern Cachar was raided numerous times by the Lushais.
Partition
After India's partition from Great Britain in 1947, the Karimganj sub-division of Sylthet District became part of the Cachar district. North Cachar was separated from Cachar as Dima Hasao district in 1963, followed by Karimganj district. Hailakandi disrict was formed from Cachar district in 1989.
Geography
Cachar district occupies an area of . The district is surrounded on the south by Mizoram, to the east by Manipur, to the west by Hailakandi district and Karimganj district, and to the north by the Barali and the Jayantia hill ranges. The Barak River is the main river of the district, along with its tributaries—the Jiri River and Jatinga River from the north, and the Sonai River and Daleswari River from the south. The district consists primarily of plains but also includes several ranges of hills throughout the district. At times, the wetlands of the plains flood, forming lakes. The district is mostly a tropical evergreen forest, with large tracts of rainforests in the north and south of the district.
Climate
The average annual rainfall of Cachar district is more than . Its climate is tropical wet; the district has hot and wet summers and cool winters.
Demographics
Population
According to the 2011 census, Cachar district has a population of 1,736,617. It ranks 278th out of a total of 640 dstricts in India. The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade of 2001 to 2011 was 20.17%. Cachar has a sex ratio of 958 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 80.36%. 18.17% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes makeup 15.25% and 1.01% of the population, respectively.
Religion
Hinduism is the main religion in Cachar, including 59.83% of the population. Christians are mainly found in tribal communities such as Khasi and Naga, and represent just 2.17% of the total population of the region. Among the Bengalis, Hindism and Islam religions are equally represented, although Muslims are only 37.71% of the region's total population. Sikhism arrived in Cachar after Guru Nanak's visit to eastern India in 1508. In the early 20th century, most of the Sikhs lived in the northern part of Cachar where they worked for the Assam Bengal Railway.
Language
Bengali is the official language of the Cachar district and is spoken by 75% of the overall population; the main dialect is Sylheti. English is the second official language of the district. Bengalis are the majority ethnic community, but indigenous tribals also live in the district and speak Meitei, Bishnupuriya Manipuri, Dimasa, Bhojpuri, and Rongmei-Naga. Immigrants from other parts of India are also present and are mainly Hindi speakers.
Economy
Silchar is the district headquarters and is one of the most important business centers of Assam..Becaue of its wet climate, the main crops of the district are rice and tea.
The Indian government identified Cachar as one of the country's 250 most backward districts in 2006; there are 640 districts in India. It currently receives funding through the Backward Regions Grant Fund program (BRGF).
Arts and culture
Architecture
There are several temples and historic sites in Silchar and Cachar. The village of Khaspur, from Silchar, features the Sun Gate, Lion Gate, the king’s palace, a temple, and other remains of the 17th century Kachari Kingdom. The ruins of Kachari Fort in Dimapur, Nagaland, date to the 13th century. The Baro Dwari, Bishnu Mandir, Kali Mandir, Singh Duwar, and Snan Ghar are other ancient monuments in the Cachar district. Other sites include Badarpur Fort in Badarpur, Bhubaneswar Shiva temple at Chandragiri in Sonai, Nrimata temple at Barkhola, and Siddeshwar temple in Badarpur.
Museums
Silchar has several museums, including Assam State Museum, the Digboi Centenary Museum, the Railway Heritage Park and Museum, and the Sonitpur District Museum.
Parks and recreation
Barail Wildlife Sanctuary is the only wildlife sanctuary in the district and was established in 2004. The naturalist Dr. Anwaruddin Choudhury worked to create the sanctuary in the early 1980s. Rare species in the sanctuary included the Hoolock gibbon, the phayre's leaf monkey, the pig-tailed macaque, the stump-tailed macaque, the masked finfoot, and the white-winged wood duck. The sancutary is also home to tiger, the hoolock gibbon, and the gaur. The Asian elephant is already extinct. The southern part of the district was also recommended as a Dhaleswari wildlife sanctuary but has yet to receive that status.
Government
The district has three sub-divisions: Silchar, Lakhipur, and Katigorah. Silchar is the center of government. There are seven Assam Legislative Assembly constituencies in this district: Barkhola, Dholai, Katigorah, Lakhipur, Silchar, Sonai, and Udharbond.. These seven constituencies make up the Silchar Lok Sabha constituency. Dholai is designated for scheduled castes, among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India.
Education
Cachar district has several well-known educational institutions. Silchar is a major learning hub of Assam. The district has a central university, the Assam University, which is situated at Dorgakuna, from Silchar. It also has National Institute of Technology, Silchar one of the thirty NITs in India. Silchar Medical College and Hospital is also located in Silchar and is the only medical college in southern Assam.
Colleges
The district includes nine degree colleges.
Assam University
Cachar College
Gurucharan College
Jagannath Singh College, Udharbond
Janata College, Kabuganj
Madhab Chandra Das College, Sonai
National Institute of Technology, Silchar
Radhamadhab College
Silchar Medical College and Hospital
Women's College, Silchar
Schools
As of 2023, Cachar district includes 1,234 elementary schools and 158 secondary schools. Notable schools include:
Adhar Chand Higher Secondary School
Cachar High School
Don Bosco School, Silchar
Government Boys & Girls Schools
Holy Cross High School School, Silchar
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pailapool
Kendriya Vidyalayas
Maharishi Vidya Mandir
Narsing School
Pranabananda Holy Child School
Pranabananda Vidya Mandir
Silchar Collegiate School
South Point School
Infrastructure
Transportation
Silchar has an airport, which is located at Kumbhirgram. It is served by regular flights from IndiGo, Air India, and SpiceJet. Meter-gauge railroads connect the district to Lumding in Assam; from there, regular train service is provided to cities in North-East India. Roads connect the district to the rest of the country. In addition, there is regular bus service to cities in North-East India.
References
External links
Cachar district official website
Districts of Assam
Minority Concentrated Districts in India