Alessandria

Alessandria is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the alluvial plain between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, about east of Turin.
Alessandria is also a major railway hub.
History
Alessandria was founded in 1168 with a charter as a free comune; it was sited upon a preexisting urban nucleus, to serve as a stronghold for the Lombard League, defending the traditional liberties of the communes of northern Italy against the Imperial forces of Frederick Barbarossa. Alessandria stood in the territories of the marchese of Montferrat, a staunch ally of the Emperor, with a name assumed in 1168 to honour the Emperor's opponent, Pope Alexander III. In 1174–1175 the fortress was sorely tested by the Imperial siege and stood fast. A legend (related in Umberto Eco's book Baudolino, and which recalls one concerning Bishop Herculanus’ successful defence of Perugia several centuries earlier) says it was saved by a quick-witted peasant, Gagliaudo: he fed his cow with the last grain remaining within the city, then took it outside the city walls until he reached the Imperial camp. Here he was captured, and his cow cut open to be cooked: when the Imperials found the cow's stomach filled with grain, Gagliaudo was asked the reason to waste such a rich meal. He answered that he was forced to feed his cow with grain because there was such a lot of it, and no room to place it within the city. The Emperor, fearing that the siege would last too long, left Alessandria free (malaria was probably the real cause of his departure). A statue of Gagliaudo can be found on the left corner of the city cathedral.
Alessandria entered into jealous conflicts with the older communes of the region, in particular with Asti.
In 1348 Alessandria fell into the hands of the Visconti. In 1391 the army of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, commanded by Jacopo dal Verme, heavily defeated the French army led by Jean III of Armagnac in Alessandria. In 1450 Alessandria passed with their possessions to the Sforza, following the career of Milan, until 1707, when it was ceded to the House of Savoy and henceforth formed part of Piedmont. The new domination was evidenced by the construction of a new big Cittadella on the left side of the river Tanaro, across from the city.
With Napoleon's success at the Battle of Marengo (1800), Alessandria fell to France and became the capital of the Napoleonic Département of Marengo. During this period another substantial fort was built to the north of the city containing impressive and substantial barracks which are still used as military headquarters and stores (2006). The remains of a second fort to the south of the city (Cristo quarter) have been sliced in two by a railway (Forte ferrovia); a third one still remains in the middle of the same quarter (Forte Acqui).
From 1814 Alessandria was Savoyard territory once more, part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. During the years of the Risorgimento, Alessandria was an active centre of the liberals.
In a suburb, Spinetta Marengo, the Battle of Marengo is reenacted annually, on June 14.
Alessandria was the first capital of an Italian province to be governed by a Socialist: the clockmaker Paolo Sacco was elected mayor on July 25, 1899.
Owing to its marshalling yard and the bridges on the Tanaro and Bormida, Alessandria was a strategic military target during World War II and was subjected to intense Allied bombing (especially during Operation Strangle), the most serious being the raids of April 30, 1944, with 238 dead and hundreds wounded, and April 5, 1945, with 160 deaths, among them 60 children from the children's asylum in Via Gagliaudo. Altogether, 559 people were killed by air raids on Alessandria, which destroyed or badly damaged a thousand buildings. On 29 April 1945 the city was liberated from the German occupation (1943–1945) by the partisan resistance and troops of Brazilian Expeditionary Force.
On November 6, 1994, the Tanaro flooded a good part of the city, causing major damage, especially in the Orti quarter.
Jewish history
The first known Jews in Alessandria, named Abraham (son of Joseph Vitale de Sacerdoti Cohen) opened a loan bank in or about 1490. In 1590, the Jews were expelled from the Duchy of Milan, and one of Abraham's descendants travelled to Madrid, which ruled the Duchy and was permitted to stay in the town due to a large sum owed him by the government. Of the 230 Jews living in the city in 1684, 170 were members of the Vitale family. The Jewish Ghetto was established in 1724. Between 1796 and 1814, among the rest of Italian Jewry, the city Jewish congregation was emancipated, under French influence. According to Benito Mussolini's census in 1938, the town had 101 Jews. On December 13, 1943, The synagogue on Via Milano was attacked by supporters of the Italian Social Republic. Books and manuscripts were taken out of the synagogue and were set on fire at Piazza Rattazzi. In total, 48 Jews were deported from the province of Alessandria, most of them to Auschwitz where they were murdered.
Geography
Climate
Alessandria is located in a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), the city has moderately cold winters and hot, sultry summers. Rainfall is moderate, with two minimums (summer and winter) and two maximums in autumn and spring.
Government
Main sights
Monuments
Cittadella Militare (18th century)
The church of Santa Maria di Castello (14th and 15th century)
The church of Santa Maria del Carmine (15th century)
Palazzo Ghilini (1732)
Università del Piemonte Orientale
The Italian Branch of the Sabbath Rest Advent Church, Chiesa avventista del riposo sabatico.
Museums
The Marengo Battle Museum
Antiquarium Forum Fulvii
Sale d'arte
I percorsi del Museo Civico
Museo del Fiume
Museo di Scienze Naturali e Planetario
Museo Etnografico "C'era una volta"
Museo del Cappello Borsalino
Sistema dei musei civici
Cemetery
Cimitero Urbano di Alessandria
Events
The annual Fraskettando SkaBluesJazz Festival, which takes place on the first weekend of July, has showcased the Blues Brothers, Eddie Floyd, Al Di Meola, Taj Mahal, Soft Machine, Mario Biondi, Mick Abrahams & Clive Bunker and many others.
Michele Pittaluga International Classical Guitar Competition Premio Città di Alessandria
International Rally "Madonnina dei Centauri".
The International Kendo Trophy "City of Alessandria"
Transport
Alessandria railway station, opened in 1850, forms part of the Turin–Genoa railway. It is also a junction for six other lines, to Piacenza, Novara, Pavia, Cavallermaggiore, Ovada and San Giuseppe di Cairo, respectively.
Sport
The town's professional football team is US Alessandria. Their stadium also hosts Juventus Next Generation, the reserve team for Serie A club Juventus Turin.
People born in Alessandria
Sibilla Aleramo (1876–1960), writer
Walter Audisio (1909–1973), partisan
Saint Baudolino, hermit of Forum Fulvii
Umberto Eco (1932–2016), writer
Francesco Faà di Bruno (1825–1888), mathematician and priest
Giovanni Ferrari (1907–1982), footballer
Marta Gastini (born 1989), actress
Blessed Teresa Grillo Michel (1855–1944), founder of the .
Georgius Merula (– 1494), humanist
Giovanni Migliara (1785–1837), painter
Angelo Morbelli (1854–1919), painter
Elio Morille (1927–1998), rower
Cristina Parodi (born 1964), journalist
Urbano Rattazzi (1808–1873), statesman of the Risorgimento
Gianni Rivera (born 1943), footballer
Franz Sala (1886–1952), film actor and makeup artist
Franco Sassi (1912–1993), painter
Pier Paolo Scarrone (born 1951), footballer
Giuseppe Vermiglio (16th–17th centuries), painter
Twin towns — sister cities
Alessandria is twinned with:
Argenteuil, France, since 1960
Jericho, Palestine, since 2004
Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, since 1961
Karlovac, Croatia, since 1963
Rosario, Argentina, since 1988
Alba Iulia, Romania, since 1990
See also
Cittadella of Alessandria, a fortification
Lacabòn, a local cake
Roman Catholic Diocese of Alessandria
Villa del Foro, a western suburb of the town which was the site of a Roman settlement.
References
External links
The official website of the city council
Cities and towns in Piedmont
Jewish Italian history