Cardamine concatenata

Cardamine concatenata, the cutleaved toothwort, crow's toes, pepper root or purple-flowered toothwort, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a perennial woodland wildflower native to eastern North America.
Description
Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a distinctive group of species that includes Cardamine angustata, Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla, Cardamine dissecta, Cardamine incisa, and Cardamine maxima. Members of the alliance are morphologically similar, with an elongated fleshy rhizome and either ternate or palmately compound leaves.
The vegetative parts of this plant, which can reach 20–40 cm, arise from a segmented rhizome. The leaves are on long petioles, deeply and palmately dissected into five segments with large "teeth" on the margins. The white to pinkish flowers are held above the foliage in a spike. Fruit is an elongated pod which can be up to 4 cm long.
Taxonomy
Cardamine concatenata was first described as Dentaria concatenata by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803. Otto Karl Anton Schwarz placed Dentaria concatenata in genus Cardamine in 1939. The name Cardamine concatenata is widely used today.
Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata'' alliance, a group of species that includes Cardamine angustata, Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla, Cardamine dissecta, Cardamine incisa, and Cardamine maxima. Members of the alliance were previously placed in genus Dentaria , which is now considered to be a synonym for Cardamine The alliance is strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which is consistent with the strong morphological resemblance among the species.
Distribution and habitatCardamine concatenata, like all members of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, is native to eastern North America. It has the widest distribution of any member of the alliance, with a range that extends north to Québec and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas, and west to Kansas and Oklahoma. It is known to occur in the following provinces and states:
Canada: Ontario, Québec
United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
In the eastern United States where the distribution of Cardamine concatenata is widespread, it occurs in most of the counties of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. It occupies rich deciduous forest habitats such as rich woods, wooded bottomlands, limestone outcrops, and rocky banks and bluffs.
EcologyCardamine concatenata blooms from February to May. It serves as a host plant for the imperiled butterfly Pieris virginiensis.
Conservation
The global conservation status of Cardamine concatenata'' is secure (G5).
Uses
The roots can be washed, chopped and ground in vinegar to be used as a horseradish substitute.
References
Bibliography
External links
Missouri Plants: Dentaria laciniata
concatenata
Ephemeral plants
Flora of Northern America
Plants described in 1803