Carditidae

Carditidae is a family of marine bivalve clams of the order Carditida, which was long included in the Venerida. They are the type taxon of the superfamily Carditoidea.
Carditidae is a neglected and poorly classified family. It has six subfamilies recognised by the World Register of Marine Species, but the WoRMS has refrained from assigning contents to any family due to ambiguity and overlap in their definitions. Additionally, several genera have been or are still considered subgenera of other genera by some authors.
Genera
The genera of Carditidae recognised by the World Register of Marine Species are:
Akardita La Perna, Brunetti & Della Bella, 2018
Arcturellina Chavan, 1951
Bathycardita Iredale, 1924
Beguina Röding, 1798
Cardiocardita Anton, 1838
Cardita Bruguière, 1792
Carditamera
Carditellopsis Iredale, 1936
Cardites Link, 1807
Centrocardita Sacco, 1899
†Choniocardia Cossmann, 1904
†Claibornicardia Stenzel & Krause, 1957
Coripia de Gregorio, 1885
Cuna Hedley, 1902
Cuna aupouri Powell, 1937
Cuna carditelloides Suter, 1911
Cuna compressidens Powell, 1933
Cuna gibbosa Powell, 1937
Cuna laqueus Finlay, 1927
Cuna manawatawhia Powell, 1937
Cuna mayi Powell, 1930
Cuna mendica Dell, 1952
Cuna mayi Powell, 1930
Cuna otagoensis Powell, 1927
Cyclocardia
Glans Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811
Glyptoactis Stewart, 1930
†Goosensia Cossmann, 1885
Hamacuna Cotton, 1931
Lazariella Sacco, 1899
Megacardita Sacco, 1899
Milneria Dall, 1881
†Miodomeris Chavan, 1936
Miodontiscus Dall, 1903
†Paraglans Chavan, 1941
Pleuromeris
Powellina Huber, 2010
Pteromeris
Purpurocardia Maxwell, 1969
Strophocardia Olsson, 1961
Thecalia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857
†Tutcheria Cox, 1946
†Venericardia
†Venericor Stewart, 1930
Vimentum Iredale, 1925
Synonyms:
Arcturella Chavan, 1941 is a junior synonym of Arcturellina. It is not to be confused with Arcturella Sars, 1879, which is a junior synonym of the isopod genus Astacilla.
Azarella is a junior synonym of Beguina.
Agaria, Cardiocardites [sic] and Divergidens are junior synonyms of Cardiocardita.
Actinobolus Mörch, 1853 is a junior synonym of Cardites. It is not to be confused with the rhinoceros beetle genus Actinobolus Westwood, 1842.
Ceropsis Dall, 1871 is a junior synonym of Milneria. It should not be confused with the true weevil genus Ceropsis.
Miodon Carpenter, 1863 is a junior synonym of Miodontiscus. It should not be confused with Miodon Duméril, 1859, which is a junior synonym of the mole viper genus Polemon.
Notes:
In some classifications, Bathycardita is a subgenus of Cardiocardita.
In some classifications, Centrocardita is a subgenus of Glans.
In some classifications, Claibornicardia is a subgenus of either Glyptoactis or Venericardia.
In some classifications, Vimentum is a subgenus of Cyclocardia.
In some classifications prior to the 2000s, Carditella was included in Carditidae, but it has since been moved to Condylocardiidae, along with its former junior synonym/subgenus (now independent genus) Carditellona.
Increasingly in several 2010s classifications, the subgenus Venericardia (†Baluchicardia) Rutsch and Schenck 1943 is considered an independent genus.
Subfamilies
Chavan, 1969
The original six-subfamily system was first proposed by Chavan in 1969, contain the following genera (some of which are now synonyms or classified in other families):
Carditamerinae Chavan, 1969
Carditesinae Chavan, 1969
Baluchicardia
Cardites
Claibornicardia
Glyptoactis
Ludbrookia
Paraglans
Xenocardita
Carditinae Férussac, 1822
Beguina
Cardita
Jesonia
Miodomeridinae Chavan, 1969
Chavanella
Coripia
Miodomeris
Pteromeris
Thecaliinae Dall, 1903
Milneria
Thecalia
Venericardiinae Chavan, 1969
Leuroactis
Megacardita
Pacificor
Trapezicardita
Venericardia
Venericor
Perez, 2019
In 2019, D. E. Pérez proposed a seven-subfamily system for Carditidae.
Carditamerinae
Carditamera
Centrocardita
Glans
Carditinae
Beguina
*Birkelundita
Cardita
Miodomeridinae
*Kolmeris
Miodomeris
Pteromeris
Palaeocarditinae Chavan, 1969
*Palaeocardita
*Schizocardita
Scalaricarditinae Pérez, 2019
Coripia
*Scalaricardita
Vimentum
Thecaliinae
Powellina
Thecalia
Venericardiinae
* = not yet recognised by the World Register of Marine Species.
In addition, Pérez proposed possible affiliations for the genera not included in his subfamilies:
Carditidae: Carditomantea?
Carditinae: Goosensia?
Cyclocardida: Ainicardita, Crassicardia, Lunulicardita
Eucarditidae: Pseudocardia? (some species)
Miodomeridinae: Miodontiscus
Scalaricarditinae: Malarossia, Akardita?, Choniocardia (could be Cyclocardida)
Stem-Carditidae: Fenestricardita?, Trapezicardita?, Gujocardita? (could be Permophoridae), Septocardia? (could be Cardiidae)
Stem-Eucarditidae or Stem-Carditida: Izumicardia
Venericardiini: Cossmannella, Cretocardia, Lazariella
Venericardiinae: Cycloglans, Strophocardia, Maghrebella?, Subvenericardia?
Uncertain: Milneria, Xenocardita
In some classifications prior to the 2000s, Carditidae used to contain a seventh subfamily Carditellinae, until it was reallocated to Condylocardiidae.
References
(1979): New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
(2008): Psamathini. Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23.
Bivalve families
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Taxa described in 1822