Z-Library

Z-Library (abbreviated as z-lib, formerly BookFinder) is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic texts and general-interest books. It began as a mirror of Library Genesis, but has since expanded itself dramatically.
According to the Alexa Traffic Rank service, Z-Library was ranked as the 8,182nd most active website in October 2021. Z-Library is particularly popular in emerging economies and among academics. As of May 23, 2023, Z-Library was reported to be used by over 600,000 students and teachers throughout the world. The organization describes itself as "the world's largest e-book library", as well as "the world's largest scientific articles store", and operates as a non-profit organization sustained by donations. Besides sharing ebooks, Z-Library plans to expand their offerings to include physical paperback books, at dedicated "Z-Points" around the globe, as well.
The Z-Library project and its activities are considered illegal in many jurisdictions. While the website seizures reduced the accessibility of the content, it still remains available on the dark web. The legal status of the project, as well as its potential impact on the publishing industry and authors' rights, is a matter of ongoing debate.
Legal status
Z-Library has cycled through domain names, some of which have been blocked by domain registry operators. Z-Library remained reachable via alternative domains, and is also accessible through the .onion-linked Tor network.
United Kingdom
In mid-2015, The Publishers Association, a UK organization, attempted to enact internet service provider-level blocks on Z-Library. In late 2015, publisher Elsevier filed a successful court request that ordered the registrar of bookfi.org to seize the site's internet domain.
United States
Bookfi.org, booksc.org and b-ok.org were included in the 2017 Office of the United States Trade Representative report on notorious markets.
Z-Library's domains were temporarily blocked in 2021 after a DMCA notice issued by Harvard Business Publishing. The domain suspensions were later lifted.
In October 2022, TikTok blocked hashtags related to Z-Library after it gained popularity there and the Authors Guild submitted a complaint to the United States Trade Representative. On November 3, 2022, over 240 domain names of Z-Library's were seized by the United States Department of Justice and Federal Bureau of Investigation in response to a court order, and two Russian nationals associated with the project were arrested on charges related to copyright infringement and money laundering in Argentina.
When the domains z-lib.org, b-ok.org, and 3lib.net were seized, the DNS servers utilised switched to NS1.SEIZEDSERVERS.COM and NS2.SEIZEDSERVERS.COM, used commonly in US law enforcement seizures. However, these DNS servers have switched to Njalla, an anonymous hosting provider. The website continued to be active and accessible through the Tor network and the I2P network, before returning to the regular Internet through private personal domains issued to each user on February 11, 2023.
On November 16, 2022, U.S. Attorneys for the Eastern District of New York of the Department of Justice unsealed the indictment for two Russian nationals: Anton Napolsky and Valeriia Ermakova, who had been arrested in Argentina on November 3, 2022. They were charged with criminal copyright infringement, wire fraud and money laundering for operating the Z-Library website. The indictment pertains to alleged criminal activity taking place from 2018 to 2022, though the pair are suspected to have operated Z-Library for "over a decade". Based on details laid out in the criminal complaint, the arrests were accomplished by the FBI with data from Google and Amazon (among other sites), accessed with search warrants, that helped identify the founders of the website. The U.S. lawyers retained as official representatives requested a dismissal of the criminal indictment in June 2023.
The law enforcement efforts were formally assisted by The Publishers Association along with the Authors Guild, and indirectly, reportedly, by BREIN, the Dutch anti-piracy group. The Authors Guild issued a statement supporting the arrests, commenting that it was "one of the biggest breakthroughs in the fight against online criminal e-book piracy to date". However, the executive director for the Authors Alliance, a group dedicated to increasing access for literature, commented, "I certainly don't condone illegal behavior, but I think this seizure and press release highlight how broken our copyright system is". Some authors like Alison Rumfitt have also defended the project, arguing that it provides a valuable service by increasing access to knowledge and promoting education in underprivileged communities.
Decreased accessibility to Z-Library and its services has substantially impacted students and researchers in underfunded institutions who rely on its resources for their studies and work. In response to the law enforcement action, a group of anonymous archivists launched Anna's Archive, a free non-profit online shadow library metasearch engine (purportedly via IPFS) providing access to a variety of book resources. The team claims to provide metadata access to Open Library materials, to be a backup of the Library Genesis and Z-Library shadow libraries, presents ISBN information, has no copyrighted materials on its website, and only indexes metadata that is already publicly available. Besides the recently launched Anna's Archive website, many other alternative workarounds to the recent attempts to take down the Z-Library website have been reported. Some of these purported alternative sites have taken up the top search results and submitted scammy DMCA takedown requests of their own, according to news reports.
In May 2023, a new round of domain name seizures was carried out by U.S. authorities. One of primary login domains was seized, as well as several domain names associated with the login portal.
India
The website was banned in India in August 2022, following a court order from the Tis Hazari district court, after a complaint which stated that the copyrights of ten books (pertaining to the topics of tax and corporate law) were being violated by Z-Library. Internet service providers in India were directed to block the site. The decision to block Z-Library and other shadow libraries has been criticized by some Indian authors, students, academics, and freedom of information activists. On November 5, 2022, the Hindu right wing group Swadeshi Jagran Manch formally objected that the FBI's seizure of the Indian domain name 1LIB.IN (used by Z-lib) merely by the District Judge of New York's order without jurisdiction had violated India's sovereignty.
France
In September 2022, it was announced that the Syndicat national de l'édition (National Publishing Union) in France succeeded in a legal challenge to the website, having filed a complaint against about two-hundred domains and mirror site domains associated with it. The decision was made by the Tribunal Judiciaire de Paris, a court in Paris; internet service providers in France were directed to block the domains.
Website
The site's operation is financed by user donations, that are collected twice a year (September and March) through a fundraising campaign. Over the years, various URL addresses and direct IP addresses have been used for Z-Library as dozens of domain names have been confiscated by various legal authorities.
Functionality
Unlike Library Genesis and Sci-Hub, not much is known about Z-Library in terms of its operation, management, commercial status and mission statement. Notably, Z-Library does not open its full database to the public. Despite that, its database, excluding books from libgen, was mirrored by archivists in 2022.
In an effort to prevent blacklisting of domains (oftentimes by internet providers at the DNS-level in accordance with legal procedures), Z-Library used a homepage at a memorable domain. The homepage did not contain any infringing content, but instead listed many working mirror domains for different regions. These domains could be switched and did not need to be as memorable. For instance, some included numbers. This however did not help, the domain "z-lib.org" was seized in 2022 nevertheless.
The Z-Library team claimed, in March 2019, to have servers in Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Panama, Russia and the United States, and the size of their database is over 220 TB. In August 2023, Z-Library announced the possible use of browser extensions to help mitigate challenges if the domain name has to change.
Reception
In an essay titled "Herding the Wind: A journey to the strange world of the e-library in the autumn of the year 2020", library activist Mikael Böök connected the purpose of Z-Library to the five laws of library science by S. R. Ranganathan.
See also
Anna's Archive
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Freedom of information
#ICanHazPDF
JSTOR
Open Library
Sci-Hub
References
External links
Book websites
File sharing communities
Intellectual property activism
Internet censorship in India
Internet censorship in the United States
Internet properties established in 2009
Russian digital libraries
Search engine software
Shadow libraries
Domain name seizures by United States