Graphium (butterfly)

Graphium (butterfly)
Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles.
The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon), common bluebottle (G. sarpedon), and the purple-spotted swallowtail (G. weiskei). One species, G. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid Idea leuconoe.
Larvae feed variously on Annonaceae (most commonly), Magnoliaceae (commonly), Lauraceae (commonly), Rutaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Bombacaceae, Piperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Guttiferae, Monimiaceae, Pandanaceae, Winteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae.
Species
Listed alphabetically:
subgenus: Idaides
species group: codrus
Graphium anthedon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – Wallacea bluebottle
Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841) – glassy bluebottle
Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777]) – eastern olive triangle
Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), originally Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonym of Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; replaced by empedovana Corbet, 1941.
Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941)
Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – Macleay's swallowtail
Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896) – Sulawesi blue triangle
?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. synonym of Graphium sarpedon
Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – common bluebottle or blue triangle
Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – purple spotted swallowtail
species group: eurypylus
Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – tailed jay or green-spotted triangle
Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – spotted jay
Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831)
Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884) – veined jay
Graphium doson (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – common jay
Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – great jay or pale green triangle
Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – lesser jay
Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) – green triangle butterfly or green triangle
Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901) – Meek's graphium
Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)
species group: wallacei
Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – Apo swallowtail
Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)
subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]
species group: antheus
Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) – large striped swordtail
Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)
species group: policenes
Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984 – Gauthier's striped swordtail
Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873) – black swordtail or mamba swordtail
Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872) - cream-banded swordtail
Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893) – Junod's swordtail
Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872) – Kirby's swordtail
Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775]) – small striped swordtail or common swordtail
Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889) – dancing swordtail
Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865) – coastal swordtail, cream-striped swordtail, or dark swordtail
species group: angolanus
Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779) – Angola white lady (swordtail)
Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
Graphium morania (Angas, 1849) – white lady (swallowtail) or small white-lady swordtail
Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843) - acraea swordtail
Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927) – Schaffgotsch's swordtail
Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)
species group: leonidas
Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) – veined swordtail, veined swallowtail, or common graphium
Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890
species group: tynderaeus
Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) – electric green swordtail or green-spotted swallowtail
Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819) – coppery swordtail
species group: philonoe
Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873) – eastern white-lady swordtail, eastern graphium, white-dappled swallowtail
species group: adamastor
Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836) – Boisduval's white-lady
Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842) – Westwood's white-lady or glassy graphium
Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884) – Almansor white-lady swordtail or Honrath's white-lady
Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950 - Riley's graphium
Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865) – creamy graphium
Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)
subgenus: Pathysa
species group: antiphates
Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – fourbar swordtail
Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836) – lion swordtail, giant swordtail
Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – fivebar swordtail
Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – chain swordtail
Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840) – Tabitha's swordtail
Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
Graphium euphrates (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphrates swordtail
Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) – spot swordtail
Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836) – monkey swordtail
Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)
subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887
Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – Malayan zebra
Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – yellow zebra
Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – lesser zebra
Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – spotted zebra
Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872)
Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
Graphium stratocles (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – great zebra
subgenus: Pazala Moore, 1888
Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893]) – sixbar swordtail
Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831) – spectacle swordtail
Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) – spectacle swordtail
Graphium mullah (Alphéraky 1897)::* Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
Graphium timur (Ney, 1911) synonymised with Graphium mullah by Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007
Graphium wenlingae Hu, Condamine, Monastyrskii & Cotton, 2019
See also
Protographium
References
Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70:503-719 online
Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York.
Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World.
External links
"Distribution of Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails" (broadly subgenera Pazala and Arisbe) Natural History Museum.
"Genus Graphium". Insecta.pro.
Butterfly genera
Papilionidae
Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli