Gray's monitor

Gray's monitor
The Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus) is a large (180 cm, >9 kg) monitor lizard known only from lowland dipterocarp forest in southern Luzon, Catanduanes, and Polillo Island, all islands in the Philippines. It is also known as Gray's monitor lizard, butaan, and ornate monitor. It belongs to the subgenus Philippinosaurus. It is largely arboreal and extremely shy. The population of northern Luzon was formerly included in the Gray's monitor, but has been recognized as a separate species, the northern Sierra Madre forest monitor (V. bitatawa), since 2010.
Ecology
Diet
It is well known for its diet, which consists primarily of ripe fruit, especially Pandanus. A number of prey items are, however, also consumed, including snails, crabs, spiders, beetles, birds and eggs. Monitors are generally carnivorous animals, which makes the Gray's monitor somewhat of an exception amongst the varanid family. Such an unusual diet may be as a result of competition over food with the water monitors, which share their range. One of the only fruits readily eaten by this species in captivity is grapes, with these and fruit powder supplementing a captive diet of insects and rodents.
Reproduction
Details of the breeding habits of this species, certainly in the wild, are very limited due to the secretive nature of this species. The optimum egg-laying time for this species is known to be between July and October, when a clutch of up to 11 eggs will be laid. Rather than digging a nest, the most likely place for this species to lay eggs is thought to be in tree hollows, where they also spend much of their days resting. Young are often observed at their smallest in May to July, and as such estimates of incubation time lay at around 300 days. In captivity, however, incubation has been recorded over 219 days.
Conservation
Threats
It is classed as vulnerable by the IUCN because much of its habitat has been destroyed over the last century, and it is now thought to occupy a highly fragmented area smaller than . In addition to habitat destruction, they are threatened by hunting for food and collected for the pet trade.
In captivity
This species is not widely kept in captivity, which is possibly partly because it is rarely bred successfully. Among others, this species is on display at the following zoos outside the Philippines:
Los Angeles Zoo
Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden
Protvin Krokozoo
Wingham Wildlife Park
Brookfield Zoo
San Diego Zoo
Bronx Zoo
Fresno Chaffee Zoo
There are two Philippine zoos which are successfully breeding this species, which are Avilon Zoo and Paradise Reptile Zoo. For many years, the only report of a breeding outside of the Philippines was a single baby hatched at the Dallas Zoo in 1994, until the LA Zoo hatched them for the first time in 2015. Dallas gave their two female monitors to the Oklahoma City Zoo in May 2013.
References
Bibliography
Auffenberg, W. 1988. Gray's Monitor Lizard. University of Florida Press, Gainesville
External links
The Butaan Project
The Butaan Project – Background and History
Butaan:The Lost Dragon
Wingham Wildlife Park: Species Information
Giant Frugivorous Monitor Lizards in the Philippines
Varanus
Reptiles of the Philippines
Endemic fauna of the Philippines
Fauna of Luzon
Fauna of Catanduanes
Reptiles described in 1856
Taxa named by Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)