Multinomial theorem

Multinomial theorem
In mathematics, the multinomial theorem describes how to expand a power of a sum in terms of powers of the terms in that sum. It is the generalization of the binomial theorem from binomials to multinomials.
Theorem
For any positive integer and any non-negative integer , the multinomial formula describes how a sum with terms expands when raised to an arbitrary power :
where
is a multinomial coefficient. The sum is taken over all combinations of nonnegative integer indices through such that the sum of all is . That is, for each term in the expansion, the exponents of the must add up to . Also, as with the binomial theorem, quantities of the form that appear are taken to equal 1 (even when equals zero).
In the case , this statement reduces to that of the binomial theorem.
Example
The third power of the trinomial is given by
This can be computed by hand using the distributive property of multiplication over addition, but it can also be done (perhaps more easily) with the multinomial theorem. It is possible to "read off" the multinomial coefficients from the terms by using the multinomial coefficient formula. For example:
has the coefficient
has the coefficient
Alternate expression
The statement of the theorem can be written concisely using multiindices:
where
and
Proof
This proof of the multinomial theorem uses the binomial theorem and induction on .
First, for , both sides equal since there is only one term in the sum. For the induction step, suppose the multinomial theorem holds for . Then
by the induction hypothesis. Applying the binomial theorem to the last factor,
which completes the induction. The last step follows because
as can easily be seen by writing the three coefficients using factorials as follows:
Multinomial coefficients
The numbers
appearing in the theorem are the multinomial coefficients. They can be expressed in numerous ways, including as a product of binomial coefficients or of factorials:
Sum of all multinomial coefficients
The substitution of for all into the multinomial theorem
gives immediately that
Number of multinomial coefficients
The number of terms in a multinomial sum is equal to the number of monomials of degree on the variables :
The count can be performed easily using the method of stars and bars.
Valuation of multinomial coefficients
The largest power of a prime that divides a multinomial coefficient may be computed using a generalization of Kummer's theorem.
Asymptotics
By Stirling's approximation, or equivalently the log-gamma function's asymptotic expansion, so for example,
Interpretations
Ways to put objects into bins
The multinomial coefficients have a direct combinatorial interpretation, as the number of ways of depositing distinct objects into distinct bins, with objects in the first bin, objects in the second bin, and so on.
Number of ways to select according to a distribution
In statistical mechanics and combinatorics, if one has a number distribution of labels, then the multinomial coefficients naturally arise from the binomial coefficients. Given a number distribution on a set of total items, represents the number of items to be given the label . (In statistical mechanics is the label of the energy state.)
The number of arrangements is found by
Choosing of the total to be labeled 1. This can be done ways.
From the remaining items choose to label 2. This can be done ways.
From the remaining items choose to label 3. Again, this can be done ways.
Multiplying the number of choices at each step results in:
Cancellation results in the formula given above.
Number of unique permutations of words
The multinomial coefficient
is also the number of distinct ways to permute a multiset of elements, where is the multiplicity of each of the th element. For example, the number of distinct permutations of the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI, which has 1 M, 4 Is, 4 Ss, and 2 Ps, is
Generalized Pascal's triangle
One can use the multinomial theorem to generalize Pascal's triangle or Pascal's pyramid to Pascal's simplex. This provides a quick way to generate a lookup table for multinomial coefficients.
See also
Multinomial distribution
Stars and bars (combinatorics)
References
Combinatorics
Factorial and binomial topics
Articles containing proofs
Theorems about polynomials