Salp

Salp
A salp (plural salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) or salpa (plural salpae or salpas) is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate in the family Salpidae. It moves by contracting, thereby pumping water through its gelatinous body, one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom. The salp strains the pumped water through its internal feeding filters, feeding on phytoplankton.
Distribution
Salps are common in equatorial, temperate, and cold seas, where they can be seen at the surface, singly or in long, stringy colonies. The most abundant concentrations of salps are in the Southern Ocean (near Antarctica), where they sometimes form enormous swarms, often in deep water, and are sometimes even more abundant than krill. Since 1910, while krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined, salp populations appear to be increasing. Salps have been seen in increasing numbers along the coast of Washington.
Life cycle
Salps have a complex life cycle, with an obligatory alternation of generations. Both portions of the life cycle exist together in the seas—they look quite different, but both are mostly transparent, tubular, gelatinous animals that are typically between long. The solitary life history phase, also known as an oozooid, is a single, barrel-shaped animal that reproduces asexually by producing a chain of tens to hundreds of individuals, which are released from the parent at a small size.
The chain of salps is the 'aggregate' portion of the life cycle. The aggregate individuals are also known as blastozooids; they remain attached together while swimming and feeding, and each individual grows in size. Each blastozooid in the chain reproduces sexually (the blastozooids are sequential hermaphrodites, first maturing as females, and are fertilized by male gametes produced by older chains), with a growing embryo oozooid attached to the body wall of the parent. The growing oozooids are eventually released from the parent blastozooids, and then continue to feed and grow as the solitary asexual phase, closing the life cycle of salps. The alternation of generations allows for a fast generation time, with both solitary individuals and aggregate chains living and feeding together in the sea. When phytoplankton is abundant, this rapid reproduction leads to fairly short-lived blooms of salps, which eventually filter out most of the phytoplankton. The bloom ends when enough food is no longer available to sustain the enormous population of salps. Occasionally, mushroom corals and those of the genus Heteropsammia are known to feed on salps during blooms.
History
The incursion of a large number of salps (Salpa fusiformis) into the North Sea in 1920 led to a failure of the Scottish herring fishery.
Oceanographic importance
A reason for the success of salps is how they respond to phytoplankton blooms. When food is plentiful, salps can quickly bud off clones, which graze on the phytoplankton and can grow at a rate which is probably faster than that of any other multicellular animal, quickly stripping the phytoplankton from the sea. But if the phytoplankton is too dense, the salps can clog and sink to the bottom. During these blooms, beaches can become slimy with mats of salp bodies, and other planktonic species can experience fluctuations in their numbers due to competition with the salps.
Sinking fecal pellets and bodies of salps carry carbon to the seafloor, and salps are abundant enough to have an effect on the ocean's biological pump. Consequently, large changes in their abundance or distribution may alter the ocean's carbon cycle, and potentially play a role in climate change.
Nervous systems and relationships to other animals
Salps are closely related to the pelagic tunicate groups Doliolida and Pyrosoma, as well as to other bottom-living (benthic) tunicates.
Although salps appear similar to jellyfish because of their simple body form and planktonic behavior, they are chordates: animals with dorsal nerve cords, related to vertebrates (animals with backbones).
Small fish swim inside salps as protection from predators.
Classification
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following genera and species in the order Salpida:
Order Salpida
Family Salpidae
Subfamily Cyclosalpinae
Genus Cyclosalpa de Blainville, 1827
Cyclosalpa affinis (Chamisso, 1819)
Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905
Cyclosalpa foxtoni Van Soest, 1974
Cyclosalpa ihlei van Soest, 1974
Cyclosalpa pinnata (Forskål, 1775)
Cyclosalpa polae Sigl, 1912
Cyclosalpa quadriluminis Berner, 1955
Cyclosalpa sewelli Metcalf, 1927
Cyclosalpa strongylenteron Berner, 1955
Genus Helicosalpa Todaro, 1902
Helicosalpa komaii (Ihle & Ihle-Landenberg, 1936)
Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)
Helicosalpa younti Kashkina, 1973
Subfamily Salpinae' Genus Brooksia Metcalf, 1918
Brooksia berneri van Soest, 1975
Brooksia rostrata (Traustedt, 1893)
Genus Ihlea Metcalf, 1919
Ihlea magalhanica (Apstein, 1894)
Ihlea punctata (Forskål, 1775)
Ihlea racovitzai (van Beneden & Selys Longchamp, 1913)
Genus Metcalfina Metcalfina hexagona (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Genus Pegea Savigny, 1816
Pegea bicaudata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1826)
Pegea confederata (Forsskål, 1775)
Genus Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919
Ritteriella amboinensis (Apstein, 1904)
Ritteriella picteti (Apstein, 1904)
Ritteriella retracta (Ritter, 1906)
Genus Salpa Forskål, 1775
Salpa aspera Chamisso, 1819
Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804
Salpa gerlachei Foxton, 1961
Salpa maxima Forskål, 1775
Salpa thompsoni (Foxton, 1961)
Salpa tuberculata Metcalf, 1918
Salpa younti van Soest, 1973
Genus Soestia (also accepted as Iasis)
Soestia cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804)
Soestia zonaria (Pallas, 1774)
Genus Thalia Thalia cicar van Soest, 1973
Thalia democratica Forskål, 1775
Thalia longicauda Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
Thalia orientalis Tokioka, 1937
Thalia rhinoceros Van Soest, 1975
Thalia rhomboides Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
Thalia sibogae Van Soest, 1973
Genus Thetys Tilesius, 1802
Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1802
Genus Traustedtia Traustedtia multitentaculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Genus Weelia Yount, 1954
Weelia cylindrica'' (Cuvier, 1804)
References
External links
Plankton Chronicles Short documentary films & photos
Pelagic tunicates (including salps) overview
Scientific expedition to study salps near Antarctica - many details, with interviews, photos, videos, graphs
Sludge of slimy organisms coats beaches of New England Boston Globe October 9, 2006
The salps on earthlife.net
The role of salps in the study of origin of the vertebrate brain
Jellyfish-like Creatures May Play Major Role In Fate Of Carbon Dioxide In The Ocean, ScienceDaily.com, July 2, 2006
"Ocean 'Gummy Bears' Fight Global Warming", LiveScience.com, July 20, 2006
How salps might help counteract global warming BBC News, September 26, 2007
Jelly blobs may hold key to climate change ABC Radio, The World Today - Monday, 17 November 2008
Salp Fact Sheet
Thaliacea