Kaurava

Kaurava is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic Mahabharata. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena are the most popular among the brothers. They also had a sister named Dussala and a half-brother named Yuyutsu.
Etymology
The term Kauravas is used in the Mahabharata with two meanings ,
The wider meaning is used to represent all the descendants of Kuru. This meaning, which includes the Pandava brothers, is often used in the earlier parts of popular renditions of the Mahabharata.
The narrower but more common meaning is used to represent the elder line of the descendants of Kuru. This restricts it to the children of King Dhritarashtra, excluding the children of his younger brother, Pandu, whose children form the Pandava line.
The rest of this article deals with the Kaurava in the narrower sense, that is, the children of Dhritarashtra Gandhari. When referring to these children, a more specific term is also used – (Sanskrit: धार्तराष्ट्र), a derivative of Dhritarashtra.
Birth of Kauravas
After Gandhari was married to Dhritarashtra, she wrapped a cloth over her eyes and vowed to share the darkness that her husband lived in. Once Sage Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa came to visit Gandhari in Hastinapur and she took great care of the comforts of the great saint and saw that he had a pleasant stay in Hastinapur. The saint was pleased with Gandhari and granted her a boon. Gandhari wished for one hundred sons who would be as powerful as her husband. Dwaipayan Vyasa granted her the boon and in due course of time, Gandhari found herself to be pregnant. But two years passed and still, the baby was not born. Meanwhile, Kunti received a son from Yama whom she called Yudhishthira. After two years of pregnancy, Gandhari gave birth to a hard piece of lifeless flesh that was not a baby at all. Gandhari was devastated as she had expected a hundred sons according to the blessing of Rishi Vyasa. She was about to throw away the piece of flesh while Rishi Vyasa appeared and told her that his blessings could not have been in vain and asked Gandhari to arrange for one hundred jars to be filled with ghee. He told Gandhari that he would cut the piece of flesh into a hundred pieces and place them in the jars, which would then develop into the one hundred sons that she so desired. Gandhari told Vyasa then that she also wanted to have a daughter. Vyasa agreed, cut the piece of flesh into one hundred and one-pieces, and placed them each into a jar. After two more years of patient waiting the jars were ready to be opened and were kept in a cave. Bhima was born on the same day on which Duryodhana was born thus making them of the same age. Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva were born after Duryodhana was born.
Children of Dhritarashtra
The children of Dhritarashtra by Gandhari are also referred by a more specific and frequently encountered term - , a derivative of (Dhritarashtra).
According to the epic, Gandhari wanted a hundred sons and Vyasa granted her a boon that she would have these. Another version says that she was unable to have any children for a long time and she eventually became pregnant but did not deliver for two years, after which she gave birth to a lump of flesh. Vyasa cut this lump into a hundred and one-pieces and these eventually developed into a hundred boys and one girl.
The birth of these children is relevant to the dispute over the succession of the kingdom's throne. It attributes the late birth of Duryodhana, the eldest son of Dhritarashtra, despite his father's early marriage and legitimizes the case for his cousin Yudhishthira to claim the throne, since he could claim to be the eldest of his generation. All the sons of Dhritarashtra (excluding Yuyutsu) were killed in the Battle of Kurukshetra.
Names of the Kauravas
The Mahabharata notes the names of all Kauravas, of which only Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena play a significant role:
1. দুর্যোধন (Duryodhana)
2. দুঃশাসন (Dushasana)
3. বিকর্ণ (Vikarna)
4. চিত্রসেন (Chitrasena)
5. দুঃসলন (Dussalan)
6. জলগন্ধ (Jalagandha)
7. সম (Sama)
8. সহ (Saha)
9. বিন্ধ্য (Vindha)
10. অনুবিন্ধ্য (Anuvindha)
11. দুর্মুখ (Durmukha)
12. দুরদর্ষ (Durdarsha)
13. দুর্মর্ষ (Durmarsha)
14. দুঃসহ (Dussaha)
15. দুর্মধ (Durmadha)
16. দুষ্কর্ণ (Dushkarna)
17. দুর্ধর (Durdhara)
18. বিবিংশতি (Vivinsati)
19. দুর্মর্ষন (Durmarshana)
20. দুর্বিসহ (Durvishaha)
21. দুর্বিমোচন (Durvimochana)
22. দুষ্প্রধর্ষ (Dushpradharsha)
23. দুর্জয় (Durjaya)
24. জয়ত্র (Jaitra)
25. ভূরিবল (Bhurivala)
26. Ravi
27. Jayatsena
28. Sujata
29. Srutavan
30. Srutanta
31. Jaya
32. Chitra
33. Upachitra
34. Charuchitra
35. Chitraksha
36. Sarasana
37. Chitrayudha
38. Chitravarman
39. Suvarma
40. Sudarsana
41. Dhanurgraha
42. Vivitsu
43. Subaahu
44. Nanda
45. Upananda
46. Kratha
47. Vatavega
48. Nishagin
49. Kavashin
50. Paasi
51. Vikata
52. Soma
53. Suvarchasas
54. Dhanurdhara
55. Ayobaahu
56. Mahabaahu
57. Chithraamga
58. Chithrakundala
59. Bheemaratha
60. Bheemavega
61. Bheemabela
62. Ugraayudha
63. Kundhaadhara
64. Vrindaaraka
65. Dridhavarma
66. Dridhakshathra
67. Dridhasandha
68. Jaraasandha
69. Sathyasandha
70. Sadaasuvaak
71. Ugrasravas
72. Ugrasena
73. Senaany
74. Aparaajitha
75. Kundhasaai
76. Dridhahastha
77. Suhastha
78. Suvarcha
79. Aadithyakethu
80. Ugrasaai
81. Kavachy
82. Kradhana
83. Kundhy
84. Bheemavikra
85. Alolupa
86. Abhaya
87. Dhridhakarmaavu
88. Dhridharathaasraya
89. Anaadhrushya
90. Kundhabhedy
91. Viraavy
92. Chithrakundala
93. Pradhama
94. Amapramaadhy
95. Deerkharoma
96. Suveeryavaan
97. Dheerkhabaahu
98. Kaanchanadhwaja
99. Kundhaasy
100. Virajas
The Kauravas also had a half-brother, Yuyutsu, and a sister, Duhsala.
Marriages and children of Kauravas
All the 100 Kauravas were mentioned to have wives in the Adi Parva. Some of them had children - Duryodhana was mentioned to have a Kalinga princess as his wife. They had a son Laxman Kumara and a daughter named Lakshmana. Lakshman Kumar participated in the Kurukshetra War and killed Shikhandi's son Kshatradeva on the 12th day of the war. He is killed by Abhimanyu on the 13th day of the War. Lakshmana was said to have married Krishna's son Samba, and they had a son Ushneek. Dushasana was also said to have two sons, who killed Abhimanyu in the war. Dushasana's son was ultimately killed by Bheem in the War to avenge Abhimanyu's death and Dushasan also had an unnamed daughter. Chitrasena's son was said to have been killed by Shrutakarma in the Kurukshetra War. Chitrasena also had an unnamed daughter. However, it was mentioned that all these sons of the Kauravas were killed by the sons of the Pandavas.
In literature
Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) narrates the Jain version of their story.
In popular culture
The term Kaurava is used as the name of a fictional planetary system in the 2008 real-time strategy video game Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War – Soulstorm, as well as the names of the system's planets.
See also
Kuru Kingdom
References
Sources
External links
Persons and Stories from Mahabharata
Characters in the Mahabharata
Kingdoms of the Puru clan
Kuru