Orange County, Florida

Orange County, Florida
Orange County is a county located in Central Florida, and as of the 2020 census, its population was 1,429,908 making it Florida's fifth-most populous county. Its county seat is Orlando, the core of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 2.67 million in 2020.
History
The land that is Orange County was part of the first land to come up from below the Early Oligocene sea 33.9–28.4 million years ago and is known as Orange Island. Orange County's Rock Spring location is a Pleistocene fossil-bearing area and has yielded a vast variety of birds and mammals including giant sloth, mammoth, camel, and the dire wolf dating around 1.1 million years ago.
19th century to mid-20th century
Immediately following the transfer of Florida to the United States in 1821, Governor Andrew Jackson created two counties: Escambia to the west of the Suwannee River and St. Johns to the east. In 1824, the area to the south of St. Johns County was organized as Mosquito County, and Enterprise was named its county seat. This large county took up much of central Florida. It was renamed as Orange County in 1845 when Florida became a state. After the population increased in the region, the legislature organized several counties, such as Osceola (1887), Seminole (1913), Lake (1887), and Volusia (1854), from its territory.
During the post-Reconstruction period, white people committed a high rate of racial violence against black people in Orange County; racial terrorism was used to re-establish and maintain white supremacy. Whites lynched 33 African Americans here from 1877 to 1950; most were killed in the decades around the turn of the 20th century. This was the highest total of any county in the state, and sixth highest of any county in the country. Florida had the highest per-capita rate of lynchings of any state in the South, where the great majority of these extrajudicial murders took place.
Among the terrorist lynchings was the death of Julius "July" Perry of Ocoee, whose body was found November 3, 1920, hanged from a lightpole in Orlando, near the house of a judge known to be sympathetic to black voting. But this was part of a much larger story of KKK and other white attempts to suppress black voting in Ocoee and the state. African Americans had organized for a year to increase voter turnout for the 1920 presidential election, with organizations helping prepare residents for voter registration, paying for poll taxes, and similar actions. On Election Day in Ocoee, blacks were turned away from the polls. Perry, a prosperous farmer, was suspected of sheltering Mose Norman, an African-American man who had tried to vote. After Norman was twice turned away, white violence broke out, resulting in a riot through the black community, leaving an estimated 50 to 60 African-Americans dead and all the properties destroyed. Many blacks fled from Ocoee to save their lives, and the town became all-white. Voting efforts were suppressed for decades.
Later 20th century to present
Orange County was named for the fruit that constituted the county's main commodity crop. At its peak in the early 1970s, some were planted in citrus in Orange County. The dark-green foliage of orange trees filled the county, as did the scent of the orange blossoms when in bloom. Fewer commercial orange groves remained by the end of the twentieth century. The majority of groves were destroyed by the freezing temperatures that occurred in December 1983, January 1985, and December 1989, the worst since 1899.
The financial setbacks, not the first in the grove region's history, were too challenging for many growers. Economically destroyed, many walked away from the land. Others awaited other opportunities. One of the region's major land owners and growers was the Tropicana company. They withdrew rather than try to come back from these seemingly endless generational decimation. With no realistic avenues for agricultural use of this rural land, and Florida's continuing strong population growth and its attendant needs (aided and supported by the success of nearby Walt Disney World and Universal Studios Florida), these areas began to be developed for housing. However, several packing facilities and wholesalers still remain in Orange County.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (10.0%) is water.
Adjacent counties
Seminole County - north
Volusia County - northeast
Brevard County - east
Osceola County - south
Polk County - southwest
Lake County - west
Transportation
Airports
Orlando Apopka Airport, a privately owned uncontrolled, public-use airport in the City of Apopka which serves small private aircraft, there is no commercial service.
Orlando Executive Airport, a public airport owned by GOAA which serves private jets and small aircraft. It is a reliever airport for Orlando International Airport.
Orlando International Airport, the busiest airport in Florida by passenger traffic, is a public international airport owned by GOAA serving both commercial and private aircraft.
Major highways
Public transportation
Amtrak a nationwide rail service with two stations in Orange County, Orlando and Winter Park
Brightline, a high-speed rail line which operates service from Orlando International Airport to West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale and Miami which started on September 22, 2023
Greyhound a U.S. Intercity common carrier bus company providing nationwide service from Orlando.
Lynx a public bus authority providing service in Orange County and five additional Central Florida counties including Lake, Osceola, Polk, Seminole and Volusia.
SunRail a commuter rail service with eight stations serving Orange County and eight additional stations in three adjacent counties (Osceola, Volusia and Seminole).
Demographics
Government
The county functions under a charter form of government. The charter serves as a constitution, detailing the structure and operation of the local government. A Charter Review Commission has the power to consider and place amendments on the ballot. Voters then decide whether to accept or reject all amendments put forth. If voters approve an amendment, it is then inserted into the charter.
Federal representation
Four districts of the U.S. House of Representatives represent parts of Orange County.
District 7 encompasses all of Seminole County and portions of northern Orange County
Places include: Sanford, Lake Mary, Altamonte Springs, Maitland, Winter Park and parts of Orlando
District 8 encompasses all of Brevard and Indian River Counties and far eastern Orange County
District 9 encompasses all of Osceola County, eastern Polk County and eastern and south central Orange County
Places include: Kissimmee, Winter Haven and most of Orlando
District 10 encompasses western Orange County
Places include: Eatonville, Apopka, Ocoee, Winter Garden, Windermere and part of western Orlando
State representation
Orange County residents are represented in Tallahassee with 3 Senate seats.
District 11 encompasses northwestern Orange County
District 13 encompasses north central and northeastern Orange County
District 15 encompasses all of Osceola County and the southern third of Orange County
Orange County residents are represented in Tallahassee with 9 House seats.
District 30 encompasses southern Seminole and portions of northern Orange County
District 31 encompasses northern Lake County and northwest Orange County
District 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, and 49 are wholly composed of Orange.
District 50 encompasses northern Brevard County and eastern Orange County
County representation
Orange County is served by a board of commissioners. The board consists of an elected mayor and six commissioners. The mayor is elected At-large, while commissioners are elected from single-member districts. The mayor and commissioners each serve staggered four-year terms. Commissioners from Districts 1, 3, and 5 are elected in presidential election years, while the mayor and commissioners from Districts 2, 4, and 6 are elected in alternate years. The county is also served by a clerk of courts, sheriff, property appraiser, tax collector, supervisor of elections, state attorney, and public defender. All positions are four-year terms, requiring direct election by voters in presidential election years.
Voter Registration
Education
Public education
The Orange County Public Schools deliver public education to students countywide. Its functions and expenditures are overseen by an elected school board composed of a chairman, elected at-large; and seven members, elected from single-member districts. Each member is elected to a four-year term: the chairman and three other members are elected in gubernatorial election years, while the other four are elected in presidential election years. As of the 2021–2022 school year, the school system operated 205 schools (127 elementary, 9 K-8, 39 middle, 22 high, and 8 exceptional learning), with 206,246 students. It is the fourth-largest school district statewide and ninth in the nation.
Colleges and universities
The University of Central Florida is the sole 4-year public university. As of the Fall 2020 semester, a total of 71,948 students attended the university, making it the largest university in the nation by enrollment. The university's 1,415 acre main campus is situated in northeast Orange County.
Nearby Winter Park is home to Rollins College, a private college situated only a few miles from Downtown Orlando. In 2012, it was ranked #1 by U.S. News & World Report amongst regional universities in the South.
With six campuses spread throughout the county, Valencia College offers two-year degree programs, as well three baccalaureate programs.
The law schools for Barry University and Florida A&M are also conveniently located in Downtown Orlando.
Full Sail University is a for-profit university in Winter Park, Florida. Full Sail is not regionally accredited, but is nationally accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC) to award associate's, bachelor's degrees, and master's degrees in audio, film, design, computer animation, business, and other fields.[10] The school offers 35 degree programs and 2 graduate certificates and has a student population of more than 16,800.
Films
Walt Before Mickey, a feature film about Walt Disney creating Mickey Mouse, was shot locally.
Libraries
Orange County is served by the Orange County Library System, which was established in 1923. Before the opening of the Albertson Public Library in 1923, a circulating library maintained by the Sorosis Club of Orlando offered book lending services to patrons on a subscription basis. The Albertson Public Library was established with the collection of Captain Charles L. Albertson and the library was named in his honor. In 1924, the Booker T. Washington Branch of the Albertson Library was established to service the African American community of Orlando. In 1966, the current Orlando Public Library building was completed on the grounds of the Albertson Public Library. Currently there are 16 libraries within the Orange County Library system. The library systems offers a diverse selection of materials, free programs and free access to various databases. In addition, the library offers free delivery of most items through its MAYL service.
One exception exists in the cities of Maitland and Winter Park which are each part of a separate library taxing districts and as a result residents of these cities are not entitled to receive resident borrowing privileges at OCLS branches even though they are technically and legally residents of Orange County, instead an agreement was reached between Maitland, Winter Park and the OCLS whereas a resident of those cities can go to any OCLS branch and request a "Reciprocal borrower card" which is provided free of charge. The Reciprocal borrower cards is valid for one year and can be used at any OCLS branch with the exception of the Melrose Center at the Orlando Public Library which requires a separate Melrose Center specific card which is issued after the user applies for the card and goes through a mandatory orientation class. Access to the OCLS Internet on library owned PCs requires a Reciprocal borrower to pay small session access fee. The OCLS Wi-Fi network which is available at all branches remains free of charge to all users including Reciprocal borrowers and visitors who use their own iPad, Mac, PC, Smartphone or tablet devices. Maitland and Winter Park Library do not provide reciprocal privileges to OCLS patrons and charge non-residents a yearly user fee.
Politics
Orange County is located along the pivotal Interstate 4 corridor, a powerful swing region in one of the country's most critical swing states. Many close elections are won or lost depending on the voting outcome along the corridor. Voters are considered independent, traditionally splitting their votes, electing Democrats and Republicans on the same ballot. As a result of such independence, voters are inundated with non-stop television and radio ads months preceding a general election.
Orange County was one of the first areas of Florida to turn Republican. It swung from a 15-point victory for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to a seven-point victory for Thomas E. Dewey in 1948. It eventually became one of the stronger Republican bastions in Florida, as evidenced when it gave Barry Goldwater 56 percent of its vote in 1964. For most of the second half of the 20th century, it was one of the more conservative urban counties in Florida and the nation. From 1948 to 1988, Democrats only cracked the 40 percent barrier twice, in 1964 and 1976. However, the Republican edge narrowed considerably in the 1990s. George H. W. Bush fell from 67 percent of the vote in 1988 to only 45.9 percent in 1992. In 1996, Bob Dole only won the county by 520 votes.
In September 2000, Democrats overtook Republicans in voter registration. This was a factor in Al Gore becoming the first Democratic presidential candidate to carry the county since 1944. John Kerry narrowly carried the county in 2004. In 2008, however, Orange County swung hard to Barack Obama, who won it by the largest margin for a Democrat since Roosevelt. In the years since, it has become one of the strongest Democratic bastions in Florida.
Since 2000, Republicans have yet to retake the advantage they once enjoyed. In the twelve years that followed, Democrats experienced a modest increase in their voter registration percentage from 41.40% to 42.73% of the electorate. Minor party voters also had modest growth, increasing from 2.17% to 2.37%. In contrast, Republicans experienced a sharp decrease in registered voters, sliding from 40.95% in 2000 down to 29.85% in 2012. The beneficiary of the Republican losses have been unaffiliated voters. The percentage of the electorate identifying as an unaffiliated voter increased from 15.47% to 25.06% during this same period. Orange County is one of two different counties in the entire nation to have voted for Al Gore in 2000 after voting for Dole in 1996, a distinction it shares with Charles County, Maryland.
Voter registration
Communities
Cities
Apopka
Bay Lake
Belle Isle
Edgewood
Lake Buena Vista
Maitland
Ocoee
Orlando
Winter Garden
Winter Park
Towns
Eatonville
Oakland
Windermere
Census-designated places
Alafaya
Azalea Park
Bay Hill
Bithlo
Christmas
Clarcona
Conway
Dr. Phillips
Fairview Shores
Four Corners
Goldenrod
Gotha
Holden Heights
Horizon West
Hunter's Creek
Lake Butler
Lake Hart
Lake Mary Jane
Lockhart
Meadow Woods
Oak Ridge
Orlo Vista
Paradise Heights
Pine Castle
Pine Hills
Rio Pinar
Sky Lake
South Apopka
Southchase
Taft
Tangelo Park
Tangerine
Tildenville
Union Park
University
Wedgefield
Williamsburg
Zellwood
Other unincorporated communities
Andover Lakes
Chinatown
Fairvilla
Killarney
Plymouth
Reedy Creek Improvement District
Vineland
See also
Innovation Way
List of amusement parks in Central Florida
List of tallest buildings in Orlando
Mayor of Orange County
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, Florida
Board of County Commissioners
Orange County Health Department
Teresa Jacobs
Notes
References
External links
Photographs From the State Archives of Florida.
Central Florida Memory is a unique digital collection where visitors can discover the history of Orange County and surrounding areas of Central Florida.
Orange County Regional History Center
The West Orange Times newspaper that serves Orange County, Florida available in full-text with images in Florida Digital Newspaper Library
Orange County Health Department
Orange County Collection on RICHES Mosaic Interface
Charter counties in Florida
Counties in Greater Orlando
1845 establishments in Florida
Populated places established in 1845