Schaerbeek

Schaerbeek
(also archaic Dutch) or is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Etterbeek, Evere and Saint-Josse-ten-Noode. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).
Schaerbeek has a multicultural identity stemming from its diverse population. , the municipality had a population of 130,690 inhabitants. The total area is , which gives a population density of , twice the average of Brussels.
Toponymy
Etymology
The first mention of Schaerbeek's name was Scarenbecca, recorded in a document from the Bishop of Cambrai in 1120. The origin of the name may come from the Franconian (Old Dutch) words ("notch", "score") and ("creek", "beck").
Schaerbeek is nicknamed "the city of donkeys". This name is reminiscent of times when people of Schaerbeek, who were cultivators of sour cherries primarily for Kriek production, would arrive at the Brussels marketplace with donkeys laden with sour cherries. Donkeys are still kept in Josaphat Park, and sour cherry trees line the streets of the Diamant Quarter of Schaerbeek (the /, the /, and the /). The / is named after these trees.
History
Antiquity and Middle Ages
The period at which human activity started in Schaerbeek can be inferred from the Stone Age flint tools that were recovered in the Josaphat valley. Tombs and coins dating from the reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian (2nd century AD) were also found near the old Roman roads that crossed Schaerbeek's territory.
The first mention of the town's name appears in a legal document dated 1120, whereby the Bishop of Cambrai granted the administration of the churches of Scarenbecca and Everna (today's neighbouring Evere) to the canons of Soignies, located in modern-day Hainaut, Belgium. Politically, the town was part of the Duchy of Brabant. In 1301, John II, Duke of Brabant, had the town administered by the schepen (aldermen) of Brussels. A new church dedicated to Saint Servatius was built around that same time, at the same location as the old church.
At the end of the 14th century, the lands of Schaerbeek that belonged to the Lords of Kraainem were sold and reconverted into a hunting ground. The official entry of the visiting Dukes of Burgundy into Brussels, their second capital, was also through Schaerbeek, where they had to swear to uphold the city's privileges. The game reservation and the rural character of the village lasted until the end of the 18th century. The areas not covered by woods were used to cultivate vegetables and grow vines. In 1540, Schaerbeek counted 112 houses and 600 inhabitants.
16th–19th centuries
Until the 16th century, the village had lived in relative peace. This would change in the middle of the 16th century as the Reformation set in. Schaerbeek suffered through ravages and destruction about a dozen times over the following two centuries, starting in the 1570s with William the Silent's mercenary troops fighting the Catholic Duke of Alba. Spanish, French, British, and Bavarian troops all came through Schaerbeek, with the usual exactions and requisitions inflicted on the population.
After the French Revolution, it was decreed that Schaerbeek would be taken away from Brussels and proclaimed an independent municipality, with its own mayor, schepen, and municipal assembly. On 27 September 1830, during the Belgian Revolution, some fighting occurred in the Josaphat valley between the revolutionary troops and the retreating Dutch troops. In 1879, a more modern Church of St. Servatius was built near the old one, which was eventually demolished in 1905. The Municipal Hall and Schaerbeek railway station were built in 1887 and 1902, respectively. In 1889, the shooting range known as the Tir national was established.
At the end of the 19th and in the early 20th centuries, Schaerbeek became home to the gentry. The / was laid out to herald a new, tree-filled residential district for the city's burgeoning middle classes, many of whom employed the period's best architects to design their new homes. Gustave Strauven, and were just three of the architects who reinvented family houses, apartment buildings and educational buildings in the Art Nouveau style.
20th and 21st centuries
At the turn of the 20th century, Schaerbeek was a booming suburb which attracted a large middle-class population. In 1904, the newly landscaped Josaphat Park was inaugurated. One year later, the old St. Servatius' Church, the last witness to Schaerbeek's medieval past, was demolished. In 1915, the British nurse Edith Cavell was executed by an occupying German Army firing squad at the Tir national. Dwight D. Eisenhower came to visit the municipality at the close of World War II. Five years later, the population of Schaerbeek peaked at 125,000 inhabitants.
2016 terrorist attacks
On the morning of 22 March 2016, three coordinated bombings occurred in Belgium in which the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility. In these attacks, at least 31 victims and two suicide bombers were killed, and 300 other people were injured. Hours after the attacks, police were pointed to a home in Schaerbeek by the taxi driver who drove the suspects to Brussels Airport. They raided the home and found a nail bomb, of acetone peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and an ISIL flag. Inside a waste container near the house, they also found a computer belonging to Ibrahim El Bakraoui who is believed to have carried out suicide bombings during the attacks along with his brother.
Nearly seven months later, on 5 October, three police officers were attacked by a man with a camping knife in Schaerbeek. Two of them suffered stab wounds, while the third was physically assaulted but otherwise uninjured. The assailant was then shot in the leg, subdued, and taken to hospital for medical treatment. He was charged with attempted terrorism-related murder but the court did not see these charges proven. He was convicted to a nine-year prison sentence for assault and battery.
Districts
There are two distinct parts of Schaerbeek; an eastern part and a western part. The eastern part (the area that includes the /, the /, the Fleurs Quarter, the /, the Diamant Quarter and Josaphat Park) is an affluent area noted for its architecture and its convenient location (close to the EU institutions and the financial heart of the city, as well as NATO's headquarters).
The western part (the area near Brussels-North railway station, the / and the Van Praet bridge) is home to Brussels' large Belgian Turkish community. The area around St. Mary's Royal Church is dubbed the "Little Anatolia" because of all the Turkish restaurants and shops on the Chaussée de Haecht. The area is also home to a significant Belgian Moroccan population and other immigrant communities such as Spanish, Congolese, and Asian immigrants. However, the district offers a social blend because of the numerous schools like the Hogeschool Sint-Lukas Brussel, the municipal administrations and the proximity of the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat.
Demographics
Foreign population
Schaerbeek has a large concentration of immigrants from other countries, and their children, including many of Turkish ancestry, a significant part of which originates from Afyon or Emirdağ, Turkey.
Similar to Molenbeek, Schaerbeek has a large Muslim population. , the largest share of Muslims in Schaerbeek are of Moroccan origin, but there are also Turks and Albanians. That year, the mayor of Schaerbeek Bernard Clerfayt (DéFI) argued that the diversity in the foreign population means there is a lack of a ghetto effect, and Molenbeek's then-mayor Françoise Schepmans (MR) stated that the foreigner population in Schaerbeek was more diverse than that of Molenbeek.
, 22% of young people in Schaerbeek are unemployed. The municipality lies in a semi-circle of neighbourhoods in Brussels often referred to as the "poor croissant".
, 52.78% of Schaerbeek's population is from non-European countries (predominantly Morocco and Turkey), 21.13% is from another European country (mainly Bulgaria, Romania, France, Spain, and Poland), while the native Belgian population is 18.46%.
Migrant communities in Schaerbeek with over 1,000 people as of 1 January 2020:
Education
Public communal French-language secondary schools include:
, a traditional gateway to the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Institut communal d'enseignement technique Frans Fischer
Lycée Emile Max
French-language subsidised religious secondary schools include:
Collège Roi Baudouin
Institut de la Saint-Famille d'Helmet
Collège Roi Baudouin Enseignement technique et professionnel
Institut Technique Cardinal Mercié-Notre-Dame du Sacré-Coeur
Institut Saint-Dominique
Institut de la Vierge Fidèle
Koninklijk Atheneum Emmanuel Hiel serves as the public Dutch-language secondary school in Schaerbeek, operated by the Flemish Community.
Main sights
Schaerbeek counts a number of Art Deco and Art Nouveau houses, including the Autrique House, the first house built by Victor Horta in the Brussels area.
The Municipal Hall of Schaerbeek, designed in neo-Flemish Renaissance style by the architect , was inaugurated by King Leopold II in 1887.
Josaphat Park, also inaugurated by King Leopold II (in 1904), provides a haven of quiet in the heart of the city. It is bordered by the Brusilia Residence, the tallest residential building in Belgium.
Schaerbeek railway station, where the new national railway museum of Belgium, Train World, opened in 2015.
St. Mary's Royal Church, an eclectic Roman Catholic church built between 1845 and 1888, which has been listed as a protected monument since 1976.
The Clockarium is a clock museum. There is also a beer museum and a mechanical organ museum nearby.
Schaerbeek Cemetery, despite its name, is actually located in Evere.
Politics
The current city council was elected in the October 2018 elections. The current mayor of Schaerbeek is Bernard Clerfayt, a member of DéFl, who is in coalition on the municipal council with Ecolo.
2003 election incident
During the Belgian federal election of 18 May 2003, a candidate received 4,096 unexplained extra votes. After an inquiry, the anomaly was attributed to a single-event upset in an electronic voting machine, likely to have been caused by an ionising particle.
Famous inhabitants
Todor Angelov (1900–1943), Bulgarian member of the Resistance during World War II
Jacques Brel (1929–1978), singer
Roger Camille, also known as Kiko (1936–2006), cartoonist
Nicolas Colsaerts (b. 1982), European Tour professional golfer
Claude Coppens (b. 1936), pianist and composer
Monique de Bissy (1923–2009), French-Belgian member of the Resistance during World War II
Michel de Ghelderode (1898–1962), avant-garde dramatist, employed at the Municipal Hall from 1923 to 1946
Andrée de Jongh (1916–2007), member of the Resistance during World War II
Paul Deschanel (1855–1922), French statesman and President of France
Daniel Ducarme (1954–2010), politician and Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region
Georges Eekhoud (1854–1927), novelist
Virginie Efira (b. 1977), actress and television presenter
Jan Ferguut (1835–1902), writer and poet
Emilio Ferrera (b. 1967), football player and coach
Agustín Goovaerts (1885–1939), architect
Georges Grun (b. 1962), football player
(1875–1947), Art Nouveau architect
Jan Cornelis Hofman (1889–1966), Dutch post-impressionist painter, died there.
Alain Hutchinson (b. 1949), politician and MEP
(1864–1935), Art Nouveau architect
Camille Jenatzy (1868–1913), racing driver
Henry Le Bœuf (1874–1935), banker and patron of the arts
René Magritte (1898–1967), surrealist painter
Maurane (1960–2018), singer and actress
Anca Parghel (1957–2008), Romanian jazz singer, lived on the /.
Rob Redding (b. 1976), American media proprietor and abstract artist
Jean Roba (1930–2006), comic book author, creator of Boule et Bill
François Schuiten (b. 1956), comic book artist
Roger Somville (1923–2014), painter
Paul-Henri Spaak (1899–1972), politician, statesman, Prime Minister, Secretary General of NATO, and one of the Founding fathers of the European Union
Gustave Strauven (1878–1919), Art Nouveau architect
Raymond van het Groenewoud (b. 1950), musician and singer
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Schaerbeek is twinned with:
Houffalize, Belgium
Al-Hoceima, Morocco
Nablus, Palestine
Beyoğlu, Turkey
Prairie Village, Kansas, United States
Dardania, Pristina, Kosovo
Quebec City, Canada
Vicovu de Sus, Romania
Anyang, China
References
Notes
External links
Official website
Local libraries (Evere-Schaerbeek)
Police zone site – 5344 Polbruno (Evere-Saint-Josse-Schaerbeek)
Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region
Populated places in Belgium
Turkish diaspora in Europe