Ruth Sanger

Ruth Sanger
Ruth Ann Sanger (6 June 1918 – 4 June 2001) was an Australian immunogeneticist, haematologist and serologist. She was known for her work on human red cell antigens and for the genetic mapping of the human X chromosome. She was Director of the Medical Research Council Blood Group Unit, of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine from 1973 to 1983.
She worked closely with Robert Russell Race from the 1940s, and they married in 1956. They co-authored many papers after 1948, and co-wrote six editions of a leading work on blood groups, Blood Groups in Man, which helped make blood transfusions safer. The book was known as "Race and Sanger", which were published between 1950 and 1975.
Education and early life
Sanger was born in Southport, Queensland, Australia and had four siblings. Her father, Rev. Hubert Sanger, became headmaster of Armidale School in New South Wales. She was first cousins with Frederick Sanger, the biochemist and two-time winner of the Nobel prize.
She received her early education in New South Wales at three schools: Harleyville Ladies College (1924–1926), New England Girls school, Armidale (1926–1927), and Abbotsleigh Wahrounga (1928–35).
She went on to receive a Bachelor of Science from Sydney University (1940), and earned a PhD from the University of London (1948).
Career
From 1940 to 1946 she worked as a haematologist for the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service in Sydney, Australia. In 1946, she moved to England to work with R.R. Race at the Medical Research Counsil (MRC), Blood Group Unit. While there, she received a doctorate from the University of London in 1948 on the variety of blood group systems. She returned to Australia after receiving her doctorate, but then moved permanently to the United Kingdom in 1950 and remained at the MRC until 1973.
The first edition of Blood Groups in Man was published in August 1950, based on the systematic analysis of blood groups in her PhD thesis.
In 1973, she succeeded R.R. Race as Director of the Medical Research Council's Blood Group Unit at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in London. She retired in 1983.
Honours and awards
Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award, USA (1957), joint with R. R. Race
Philip Levine Award, USA (1970), joint with R. R. Race
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) (1972)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (1972, Canada), joint with R. R. Race
Oliver Memorial Award from the British Red Cross (1973)
Received an honorary Doctor of Medicine (MD (Honoris Causa)) from the Helsinki University (1990)
Her nomination for the Royal Society reads:
Personal life
Sanger married Race on April 6, 1956 following the death of Race's first wife.
Death
Sanger died in Putney in 2001 and had no children.
Selected publications
Sanger, Ruth A. (1946-10). "The Incomplete Antibody : a Quantitative Aspect". Nature. 158 (4014): 487–487. doi:10.1038/158487a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
Race, R. R.; Mourant, A. E.; Lawler, Sylvia D.; Sanger, Ruth (1948-06-01). "THE Rh CHROMOSOME FREQUENCIES IN ENGLAND". Blood. 3 (6): 689–695. doi:10.1182/blood.V3.6.689.689. ISSN 0006-4971.
Sanger, Ruth (1955-12). "An Association Between the P And Jay Systems of Blood Groups". Nature. 176 (4494): 1163–1164. doi:10.1038/1761163a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
External links
The Robert Race and Ruth Sanger papers are kept at the Wellcome Library. They have been digitised and are available online.
References
1918 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Australian haematologists
Australian geneticists
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century British women scientists
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom