Tzvetan Todorov

Tzvetan Todorov (1 March 1939 – 7 February 2017) was a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist. He was the author of many books and essays, which have had a significant influence in anthropology, sociology, semiotics, literary theory, intellectual history and culture theory.
Early life
Tzvetan Todorov was born on 1 March 1939 in Sofia, Bulgaria. He earned an M.A. in philology at the University of Sofia in 1963. He enrolled at the University of Paris to do his doctorat de troisième cycle (equivalent to the Ph.D.) in 1966 and his doctorat ès lettres in 1970.
Career
Todorov was appointed to his post as a director of research at the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in 1968. In 1970, he helped to found the journal Poétique, of which he remained one of the managing editors until 1979. With structuralist literary critic Gérard Genette, he edited the Collection Poétique, the series of books on literary theory published by Éditions de Seuil, until 1987. He was a visiting professor at several universities in the US, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley.
Todorov published a total of 39 books, including The Poetics of Prose (1971), Introduction to Poetics (1981), The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (1982), Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle (1984), Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps (1991), On Human Diversity (1993), A French Tragedy: Scenes of Civil War, Summer 1944 (1994), Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria (1999), Hope and Memory (2000), Imperfect Garden: The Legacy of Humanism (2002), In Defence of the Enlightenment (2009), Memory as a Remedy for Evil (2010), The Totalitarian Experience (2011), The Inner Enemies of Democracy (2014) and Insoumis (2015). Todorov's historical interests have focused on such crucial issues as the conquest of The Americas and the German Nazi concentration camps.
Todorov's greatest contribution to literary theory was his definition, in Introduction à la littérature fantastique (1970), of the Fantastic, the fantastic uncanny, and the fantastic marvelous. Todorov defines the fantastic as being any event that happens in our world that seems to be supernatural. Upon the occurrence of the event, we must decide if the event was an illusion or whether it is real and has actually taken place. Todorov uses Alvaro from Jacques Cazotte's Le Diable amoureux as an example of a fantastic event. Alvaro must decide whether the woman he is in love with is truly a woman or if she is the devil.
Upon choosing whether the event was real or imaginary, Todorov says that we enter into the genres of uncanny and marvelous. In the fantastic uncanny, the event that occurs is actually an illusion of some sort. The "laws of reality" remain intact and also provide a rational explanation for the fantastic event. Todorov gives examples of dreams, drugs, illusions of the senses, madness, etc. as things that could explain a fantastic/supernatural event. In the fantastic marvelous, the supernatural event that occurs has actually taken place and therefore the "laws of reality" have to be changed to explain the event. Only if the implied reader cannot opt for one or the other possibility is the text purely fantastic.
Aside from his work in literary theory, Todorov has also published studies of philosophy. He wrote Frail Happiness about the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He focuses on Rousseau's ideas of attaining human happiness and how we can live in 'modern' times.
In one of his major works, Facing the Extreme, Todorov asks whether it is true the Nazi concentration camps and the Soviet Gulags revealed that in extreme situations "all traces of moral life evaporate as men become beasts locked in a merciless struggle for survival" (31–46). That opinion is commonplace of popularized accounts of the camps, and also appears in accounts of survivors themselves. Primo Levi, quoted in Todorov, writes that camp life is a "continuous war of everyone against everyone." To survive, all dignity and conscience had to be sacrificed and everyone is alone. Reports from gulag survivors are similar. However, in his reading of actual survivor testimonies, Todorov says the picture is not that bleak, that there are many examples of inmates helping each other and showing compassion in human relationships despite the inhumane conditions and terror. Survivors point out that survival always depended on the help of others. He concludes that life in the camps and gulag did not follow the law of the jungle and that the counter-examples are numerous, even in Levi's work.
Todorov's honors include the CNRS Bronze Medal, the Charles Lévêque Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and the first Maugean Prize of the Académie française and the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences; he was also an Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He was an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He also received the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences. In 2015, he was awarded the [Wayne C. Booth] Award for lifetime achievement in narrative studies by the International Society for the Study of Narrative.
Personal life and death
Tzvetan Todorov was born in the family of Todor Borov, a famous Bulgarian linguist and intellectualist from the early 20th century. His brother is the Bulgarian mathematician and theoretical physicist Ivan Todorov.
Todorov was married twice. His first wife was the scholar Martine van Woerkens and his second was Nancy Huston, with whom he had two children, until 2014. He died on 7 February 2017, at the age of 77. He is survived by a son, Boris, from the first marriage, and a daughter, Léa, and a son, Sacha, from the second.
Bibliography
Books
Introduction à la littérature fantastique (1970), translated by Richard Howard as The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre in 1973
The Poetics of Prose (1971), translated in 1977
Introduction to Poetics (1981)
Theories of the Symbol (1982), translated by Catherine Porter
Symbolism and Interpretation (1982), translated by Catherine Porter
Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (1984), translated from the French by Richard Howard
Mikhail Bakhtin: the dialogical principle (1984), translated by Wlad Godzich
Literature and its Theorists: A Personal View of Twentieth-Century Criticism (1987), translated by Catherine Porter
Genres in Discourse (1990), translated by Catherine Porter
On human diversity: nationalism, racism, and exoticism in French thought (1993), translated by Catherine Porter
French tragedy: scenes of civil war, summer 1944 (1996), translated by Mary Byrd Kelly; translation edited and annotated by Richard J. Golsan
Voices from the Gulag: Life and Death in Communist Bulgaria (1999), Tzvetan Todorov (ed.); translated by Robert Zaretsky
A Passion for Democracy: Benjamin Constant (1999), translated by Alice Seberry
Facing the extreme: moral life in the concentration camps (2000), translated by Arthur Denner and Abigail Pollack
Fragility of goodness: why Bulgaria's Jews survived the Holocaust (2001), a collection of texts with commentary by Tzvetan Todorov
Life in common: an essay in general anthropology (2001), translated by Katherine Golsan and Lucy Golsan; with a new afterword by the author
Frail Happiness: An Essay on Rousseau (2001), translated by John T. Scott and Robert D. Zaretsky
Imperfect garden: the legacy of humanism (2002), translated by Carol Cosman
Hope and memory: lessons from the twentieth century (2003), translated by David Bellos (French: Mémoire du mal, tentation du bien, 2000)
New world disorder: reflections of a European (2005), preface by Stanley Hoffmann; translated by Andrew Brown
Torture and the War on Terror (2009), translated by Gila Walker
In Defence of the Enlightenment (2009), translated by Gila Walker
The fear of barbarians: beyond the clash of civilizations (2010), translated by Andrew Brown
Memory as a Remedy for Evil (2010), translated by Gila Walker
Muros caídos, muros erigidos (2011), translated by Zoraida de Torres Burgos
The Totalitarian Experience, translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. Kolkata, India: Seagull Books, 2011
The Inner Enemies of Democracy, translated by Andrew Brown. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2014
Insoumis: essai. Paris: Robert Laffont: Versilio, 2015
Articles
See also
Genre studies
The Possibility of Hope
References
External links
Tzvetan Todorov on the Enlightenment Today, a nineteen-minute interview on Philosophy Bites
The Tzvetan Todorov Book Interview
Interview with Tzvetan Todorov: "It is surprising to see so many walls erected in the midst of globalisation", Barcelona Metropolis, num. 78, Spring 2010
1939 births
2017 deaths
Critical theorists
Writers from Sofia
Bulgarian emigrants to France
Bulgarian writers in French
20th-century French philosophers
21st-century French philosophers
French literary theorists
French literary critics
20th-century French historians
Intellectual historians
French geologists
French semioticians
French sociologists
Historians of Mesoamerica
20th-century Mesoamericanists
French Mesoamericanists
Trope theorists
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Harvard University faculty
Yale University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French male writers
French male essayists
20th-century French essayists
21st-century French essayists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
21st-century French historians
University of Paris alumni