Callitrichidae

Callitrichidae
The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae.
This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.
Ancestral stem-callitrichids likely were "normal-sized" ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the Amazon Basin.
All callitrichids are arboreal. They are the smallest of the simian primates. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree exudates, with some species (e.g. Callithrix jacchus and Cebuella pygmaea) considered obligate exudativores.
Callitrichids typically live in small, territorial groups of about five or six animals. Their social organization is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring.
They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females. The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.
Species and subspecies list
Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are:
Family Callitrichidae
Genus Saguinus
Subgenus Saguinus
Red-handed tamarin, Saguinus midas
Western black tamarin, Saguinus niger
Eastern black-handed tamarin, Saguinus ursulus
Pied tamarin, Saguinus bicolor
Martins's tamarin, Saguinus martinsi
Saguinus martinsi martinsi
Saguinus martinsi ochraceus
White-footed tamarin, Saguinus leucopus
Cottontop tamarin, Saguinus oedipus
Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi
Subgenus Tamarinus
Moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax
Spix's moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax mystax
Red-capped moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax pileatus
White-rump moustached tamarin, Saguinus mystax pluto
White-lipped tamarin, Saguinus labiatus
Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus labiatus labiatus
Gray's red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus labiatus rufiventer
Thomas's red-bellied tamarin, Saguinus labiatus thomasi
Emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator
Black-chinned emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator imperator
Bearded emperor tamarin, Saguinus imperator subgrisescens
Mottle-faced tamarin, Saguinus inustus
Genus Leontocebus
Black-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis
Spix's black-mantle tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis
Graells's tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi
Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi
Brown-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis
Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi
Spix's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis
Mura's saddleback tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis mura
Lako's saddleback tamarin, Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus
Andean saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus leucogenys
Lesson's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus fuscus
Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus cruzlimai
Weddell's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli
Weddell's tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli weddelli
Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli crandalli
White-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus
Golden-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus tripartitus
Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus illigeri
Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus lagonotus
Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin, Leontocebus nigrifrons
Genus Leontopithecus
Golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia
Golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas
Black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus
Superagui lion tamarin, Leontopithecus caissara
Genus Patasola
Patasola magdalenae
Genus Micodon
Micodon kiotensis
Genus Callimico
Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii
Genus Mico
Silvery marmoset, Mico argentatus
Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset, Mico humilis
White marmoset, Mico leucippe
Black-tailed marmoset, Mico melanurus
Schneider's marmoset, Mico schneideri
Hershkovitz's marmoset, Mico intermedia
Emilia's marmoset, Mico emiliae
Black-headed marmoset, Mico nigriceps
Marca's marmoset, Mico marcai
Santarem marmoset, Mico humeralifer
Gold-and-white marmoset, Mico chrysoleucos
Maués marmoset, Mico mauesi
Sateré marmoset, Mico saterei
Rio Acarí marmoset, Mico acariensis
Rondon's marmoset, Mico rondoni
Munduruku marmoset, Mico munduruku
Genus Cebuella
Western pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea
Eastern pygmy marmoset, Cebuella niveiventris
Genus Callithrix
Common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
Black-tufted marmoset, Callithrix penicillata
Wied's marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii
White-headed marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi
Buffy-tufted marmoset, Callithrix aurita
Buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps
References
External links
Primate families
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxa described in 1903