PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Ravia, Oklahoma

Ravia, Oklahoma
Ravia is a town in Johnston County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 528 at the 2010 census, up from 459 in 2000.
Geography
Ravia is located in southwestern Johnston County. Oklahoma State Highway 1 passes through the town, leading north to Ada and southwest to its terminus at U.S. 177. State Highway 22 runs east from Ravia to Tishomingo, the Johnston county seat.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Ravia has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 459 people, 175 households, and 131 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 201 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 71.90% White, 17.43% Native American, 0.87% from other races, and 9.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.
There were 175 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $20,694, and the median income for a family was $26,094. Males had a median income of $20,962 versus $15,729 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,391. About 26.5% of families and 30.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.5% of those under age 18 and 26.2% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
While not born in the town, country singer and actor Gene Autry was raised partially in Ravia.
References
Towns in Johnston County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma
Sobhan, Iran

Sobhan, Iran
Sobhan (also Romanized as Sobḩān; also known as Sobḩānābād) is a village in Qohab-e Rastaq Rural District, Amirabad District, Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 12 families.
References
Populated places in Damghan County
بلدة كاليدونيا (توضيح)

بلدة كاليدونيا (توضيح)
قد يقصد من «بلدة كاليدونيا» :
مذبحة شرفات

مذبحة شرفات
تقع قرية شرفات غرب بيت صفافا وشمال بيت جالا على بعد 5 كم من مدينة القدس المحتلة، ويمر خط الهدنة الإسرائيلي – العربي (حدود عام 1948) على بعد 300م من القرية
التفاصيل
في الثالثة من صبيحة يوم 7 فبراير عام 1951 وصلت ثلاث سيارات من القدس المحتلة إلى نقطة تبعد ثلاثة كيلو مترات ونصف عن خط السكة الحديدية جنوب غرب المدينة وتوقفت حيث ترجل منها نحو ثلاثين جندياً واجتازوا خط الهدنة وتسلقوا المرتفع باتجاه قرية شرفات الواقعة في الضفة الغربية والمطلة على القدس بمسافة تبعد نحو خمسة كيلو مترات. وقطع هؤلاء الجنود الأسلاك الشائكة المحيطة بالمدينة وأحاطوا ببيت مختار القرية، ووضعوا عبوات ناسفة في جدرانه وجدران البيت المحاذي له، ونسفوهما على من فيهما، وانسحبوا تحت حماية نيران زملائهم التي انصبت بغزارة على القرية وأهلها. وأسفرت هذه المذبحة عن سقوط عشرة شهداء: شـيخين وثلاث نسـاء وخمسة أطفال، كما أسفرت عن وقوع ثمانية جرحى جميعهم من النساء والأطفال.
بعد المجزرة
دمرت القوات الصهيونية بعد هذه المذبحة جميع منازل قرية شرفات، وأُقيمت على اراضي القرية مستوطنة جيلو والبعض من اراضي بيت جالا.
مراجع
مذابح ضد الفلسطينيين
Jesús Morales

Jesús Morales Martínez (born December 18, 1985) is a Mexican former professional footballer, who last played as a striker for C.F. La Piedad, wearing jersey #25. He made his debut for Chivas de Guadalajara April 9, 2005 against Chiapas, a game which resulted in a 0–2 loss for Guadalajara. At one point during 2006, he was loaned to Chivas USA of Major League Soccer, and played seven games for the team.
External links
Jesús Morales at Esmas.com
1985 births
Living people
Mexican expatriate men's footballers
Chivas USA players
Atlante F.C. footballers
Club León footballers
People from Uruapan
Footballers from Michoacán
Mexican men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
Men's association football forwards
Rolf Forsberg

Rolf Forsberg (July 12, 1925 – February 16, 2017) was an American playwright, film and theater director.
Biography
Forsberg is known for directing films such as The Late Great Planet Earth and Parable, a film produced for the 1964 New York World's Fair.
Parable portrayed humanity as a traveling circus and Jesus Christ as a circus clown. This marked a new depiction of Christ and inspired the musical Godspell. Parable went on to be honored at Cannes, the Edinburgh Film Festival and Venice Film Festival.
On June 8, 2013, the UCLA Film and Television Archive offered a retrospective of the works of Rolf Forsberg titled The Outre World of Rolf Forsberg. He died in February 2017 at the age of 92.
Filmography
Sacagawea – on PBS, (2003)
Tecumseh – History Channel (1997)
Seven Signs of Christ's Return (2002)
Where Jesus Walked – starring Barbara Harris (1995)
Touring Civil War Battlefields (1992)
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World – narrated by Pierce Brosnan (1990)
Beyond The Next Mountain – starring Saeed Jaffery and Barry Foster (1987)
The Late Great Planet Earth – starring Orson Welles (1979)
Mother Tiger Mother Tiger (1976)
Peace Child (1974)
Nail (1974)
And There Was Morning (1973)
One Friday (1973)
King of the Hill (1972)
Ark (1970)
Stalked – starring Jack Hawkins(1968)
Awareness (1968)
Antkeeper – narrated by Fred Gwynne (1966)
Parable (1964)
Light Time for PBS (1960)
Stage-ography
A Tenth of an Inch Makes The Difference – performer's Arena, Chicago (1984)
Revival – Pasadena Playhouse Studio (1973)
The Dybbuk Between Two Worlds – Court Theatre (Chicago) (1962)
A Tenth of an Inch makes the Difference – New York (1961)
The Tempest- off-Broadway (1959)
The Tempest – San Francisco Shakespeare Festival (1958)
Oedipus Rex – Court Theatre (Chicago) (1960)
Round Dance – Playwrights, Chicago (1955)
Shakuntala – Playwrights, Chicago (1954)
The Trojan Women by Euripides – Court Theatre (Chicago) (1956)
Rashomon – Chicago (1953)
Moods From Shakespeare, USA Tour (1944–1953)
References
External links
1925 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American film directors
American people of Swedish descent
Writers from Chicago
Gilbert G. Collier

Gilbert G. Collier
Gilbert Georgie Collier (December 30, 1930 – July 20, 1953) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on 19–20 July 1953.
Collier joined the Army from Tichnor, Arkansas in 1951.
Awards and decorations
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Sergeant (then Cpl.), U.S. Army, Company F, 223rd Infantry Regiment, 40th Infantry Division
Place and date: Near Tutayon, Korea, 19 – July 20, 1953
Entered service at: Tichnor Ark. Born: December 30, 1930, Hunter, Ark.
G.O. No.: 3, January 12, 1955
Citation:
Sgt. Collier, a member of Company F, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and indomitable courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. Sgt. Collier was pointman and assistant leader of a combat patrol committed to make contact with the enemy. As the patrol moved forward through the darkness, he and his commanding officer slipped and fell from a steep, 60-foot cliff and were injured. Incapacitated by a badly sprained ankle which prevented immediate movement, the officer ordered the patrol to return to the safety of friendly lines. Although suffering from a painful back injury, Sgt. Collier elected to remain with his leader, and before daylight they managed to crawl back up and over the mountainous terrain to the opposite valley where they concealed themselves in the brush until nightfall, then edged toward their company positions. Shortly after leaving the daylight retreat they were ambushed and, in the ensuing fire fight, Sgt. Collier killed 2 hostile soldiers, received painful wounds, and was separated from his companion. Then, ammunition expended, he closed in hand-to-hand combat with 4 attacking hostile infantrymen, killing, wounding, and routing the foe with his bayonet. He was mortally wounded during this action, but made a valiant attempt to reach and assist his leader in a desperate effort to save his comrade's life without regard for his own personal safety. Sgt. Collier's unflinching courage, consummate devotion to duty, and gallant self-sacrifice reflect lasting glory upon himself and uphold the noble traditions of the military service.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients
Notes
References
1930 births
1953 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American military personnel killed in the Korean War
United States Army non-commissioned officers
People from Woodruff County, Arkansas
Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Edwar al-Kharrat

Edwar al-Kharrat (‎; 16 March 1926 – 1 December 2015) was an Egyptian novelist, writer and critic.
Early life
He was born in Alexandria to a Coptic Christian family. He studied law at Alexandria University and worked briefly in banking and insurance. He was also actively engaged in left-wing politics and spent two years in jail from 1948 to 1950. He moved to Cairo in the mid-1950s where he worked for a time as a translator at the Romanian embassy.
Writing
Al-Kharrat has been described as "one of Egypt's most influential fiction writers" and "one of the most important writers in the Arab world". He was a leading figure among the group of Egyptian writers known as the Sixties Generation, and founded and edited the literary journal Galerie 68, considered to be the mouthpiece of that generation. In this role, al-Kharrat promoted and disseminated the works of such writers as Sonallah Ibrahim, Bahaa Taher, Ibrahim Aslan, Yahya Taher Abdullah, and Gamal al-Ghitani. He also had a lengthy association with the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organisation (AAPSO) and the Afro-Asian Writers' Association, and edited Lotus, a journal of African and Arabic literature.
As a writer, his first book was a collection of short stories called High Walls, published in 1958/59. Two more volumes of stories came out in the 1970s. Also in 1979, his first novel Rama and the Dragon was published to widespread critical acclaim. A "daringly experimental" work, Rama has been called "a breakthrough for the Arab novel". Al-Kharrat himself described the novel as "untranslatable", although an English translation was completed by Ferial Ghazoul and John Verlenden and published by the AUC Press in 2002 after winning the 1999 Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature. The Arab Writers Union ranked Rama at 8th in its list of the 100 best Arabic novels.
Al-Kharrat has also translated a number of foreign literary works into Arabic, including Tolstoy's War and Peace. He has won several prestigious literary awards including the Sultan al-Owais Prize and the Naguib Mahfouz Medal. He was invited to St Antony's College, Oxford in 1979 as a visiting scholar and has participated in numerous cultural festivals, including the London Literature Festival in 1999. He died on 1 December 2015, aged 89.
Works
Rama and the Dragon, translated by Ferial Ghazoul and John Verlenden
City of Saffron, translated by Frances Liardet
Girls of Alexandria, translated by Frances Liardet
Stones of Bobello, translated by Paul Starkey
See also
List of Egyptian writers
References
External links
Author interview with Banipal magazine, 1999
1926 births
2015 deaths
Writers from Alexandria
Egyptian Copts
Coptic writers
Egyptian novelists
Egyptian male short story writers
Alexandria University alumni
Egyptian magazine founders
20th-century Egyptian writers
المنقل (فرع العدين)

المنقل (فرع العدين)
المنقل محلة تابعة لقرية الغول، التابعة لعزلة الاخماس بمديرية فرع العدين إحدى مديريات محافظة إب في الجمهورية اليمنية، بلغ تعداد سكانها 152 حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع وروابط خارجية
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
المنقل
عجب (مسلسل)

عجب (مسلسل)
عجب هو مسلسل كويتي عُرض عام 2012. يتناول قصة سيدة تملك حاسة سادسة قوية، تقودها إلى سر عمره 20 سنة تصل من خلاله إلى شخصية تشبهها تماما، وتحدث بينهما الكثير من المفارقات.
مصادر
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كويتية بدأ عرضها في 2012
Camp Chezar

Camp Chezar
Camp Shezar (also spelled Camp Chezar and originally Camp Caesar) is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Egypt. It contains a cemetery that dates back to the 3rd century BC (Ptolemaic era).
Origin of the name
It is spelled with French orthography as French was the most common foreign language in Egypt at the time of its inception. The name consists from and , francized as , .
See also
Neighborhoods in Alexandria
Camp Shezar كامب شيزار
References
Neighbourhoods of Alexandria
1931–32 Northern Football League

1931–32 Northern Football League
The 1931–32 Northern Football League season was the 39th in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition in Northern England.
Clubs
The league featured 12 clubs which competed in the last season, along with two new clubs:
Evenwood Town
Harrogate, joined from the Yorkshire League
League table
References
1931-32
4
أندريه دوراند

أندريه دوراند هو رسام كندي، ولد في 1947.
مراجع
أشخاص مرتبطون بجامعة كينغستون
رسامون كنديون
فنانون من أوتاوا
مواليد 1947
Karl-Hans Kern

Karl-Hans Kern (3 October 1932 – 21 May 2014) was a German politician (SPD) and member of the Bundestag from 1967 until 1976.
Kern also served as a delegate for Germany at the United Nations General Assembly.
References
External links
Personal obituary
Political obituary
1932 births
2014 deaths
People from Heilbronn
Members of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg
University of Tübingen alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
كورت إدوارد فيشباك

كورت إدوارد فيشباك هو مصور أمريكي، ولد في 1942.
مراجع
مصورو بورتريه أمريكيون
مصورو بورتريه
مصورون أمريكيون
مواليد 1942
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (دافيس)
حدائق الملك عبد الله العالمية

حدائق الملك عبد الله العالمية، نسبة إلى الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ملك المملكة العربية السعودية سابقاً هي حدائق يعتزم إنشائها في مدينة الرياض بتكلفة تزيد على 1.6 مليار ريال سعودي. وتعد ضمن أكبر ثلاث حدائق مغطاة في العالم، بمساحة تزيد على مليوني متر مربع، ويعزز هذا المشروع الحركة السياحية بشكل كبير، ليكون واجهة للمشاريع السياحية في الرياض والمملكة على وجه العموم. ويمثل نقلة كبيرة جدًّا في مفهوم السياحة والترفيه في المملكة، وقد جرى تقسيم المشروع إلى مراحل مما تسبب في تأخر افتتاحه عن الموعد المقرر في العام 2017، وفي يوليو 2019 جرى توقيع عقد تنفيذ استكمال المشروع، الذي يتواكب مع رؤية السعودية 2030، إنفاذا لتوجيه الملك سلمان بن عبد العزيز وبناء على ما عرضه ولي العهد الأمير محمد بن سلمان على أن يتم التعامل معه بوصفه مشروعا واحدا والانتهاء منه خلال 30 شهرا.
وصف المشروع
يقع مشروع حدائق الملك عبد الله العالمية في أرض صحراوية غرب مدينة الرياض بمحاذاة طريق جدة السريع قريب من حي طويق وكان حي طويق توجهه لحدائق الرياض بعد انطلاق مشروع حديقه الامير محمد بن سلمان بن عبدالعزيز ال سعود قرب موقع حديقة الملك عبدالله، على مساحة 2.2 مليون متر مربع، وهو يجمع بين نماذج متعددة من الحدائق العالمية القديمة والحديثة، وبيئات مناخية مختلفة، كما يعرف بالبيئة التاريخية للمنطقة وكيف تطورت زمنيا عن طريق دمج التاريخ بالطبيعة.
مكوناته
يتكون المشروع من مجموعة حدائق كبرى وحدائق أخرى أصغر منها، والحدائق الست هي: الحدائق النباتية الداخلية المغطاة، والحديقة الخارجية المفتوحة المطلة على الوادي، وقد صُممت على شكل هلالين تبلغ مساحتهما 24 فداناً وتهدف إلى تثقيف الزوار بالتغيرات النباتية التي حصلت منذ الآف السنين في المنطقة الصحراوية بهدف تثقيفهم على تغييرات النشوء والتطور والتكيف للنباتات، والحدائق العلمية والمائية والدولية والطبيعية، ومن الحدائق الأخرى المتفرعة: حدائق الطيور والفراشات والزواحف والزهور والضوء والصوت وحديقة للفيزياء والاكتشاف والمتاهة وحدائق خاصة بالأطفال، وهناك أيضا المتحف النباتي، وبنك البذور وبنك الجينات، وممشى الوادي وأبراج المشاهدة، وساحة الاحتفالات.
ويشتمل المشروع أيضا على متنزهات للعائلات والشباب ومرافق خدمية متكاملة من الأسواق والمسارح والجلسات والمقاهي والملاعب وغيرها، بالإضافة للعناصر التكميلية الأخرى كالساحات الرئيسية للاحتفالات والمناسبات ولإقامة المعارض والمهرجانات وأماكن الجلوس والتنزه ومبنى الإدارة والمشتل الزراعي والمساجد ومجمعات التكييف والكهرباء ومباني الأمن ومراكز التذاكر ومواقف للسيارات التي تتسع لأكثر من 50 ألف سيارة.
انظر ايضاً
الرياض
عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود
حديقة الملك سلمان .
وصلات خارجية
إنفاذاً لتوجيه خادم الحرمين .. استكمال «حدائق الملك عبد الله».
حدائق الملك عبد الله العالمية.. أكبر الحدائق المغطاة في العالم بمليار ريال.
مراجع
حدائق في السعودية
السياحة في السعودية
Dubai Properties

Dubai Properties is a property development and management company based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The company is a member of the Dubai Holding group.
Dubai Properties is a member of the Dubai Holding group and is based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Dubai Properties core activity is the development of large scale residential and commercial property developments within the Emirate of Dubai.
Projects
The portfolio of projects handled by Dubai Properties includes:
Jumeirah Beach Residence
The Walk (Jumeirah Beach Residence)
Business Bay
Executive Towers
Business Bay Hotel
Bay Avenue
Ghoroob, Mirdif
Shorooq, Mirdif
Dubai Internet City
Vision Tower
Bay Square
Jaddaf Waterfront
Mudon
Villanova
Serena
Remraam
Bellevue Towers
Riverside
Manazel Al Khor
The Villa
1/JBR
Dubai Wharf
Manazel Al Khor
La Vie
References
Further reading
External links
https://nidhiglobal.com/
Companies based in Dubai
Alexander Macdonald (Manitoba politician)

Alexander Macdonald (Manitoba politician)
Alexander Macdonald (1 November 1844 – 28 August 1928) was a Canadian politician, the 12th Mayor of Winnipeg in 1892.
Macdonald was born in Pitlochry, Scotland and moved to Canada in 1868, eventually settling in Winnipeg in 1871. He contributed to the establishment of the Manitoba Free Press newspaper in 1872, among his numerous commercial activities. He headed the Winnipeg-based A. Macdonald & Co. whose market extended throughout western Canada, between Fort William and Vancouver. He also became president of the Great-West Life Insurance Company in 1894.
He served as Winnipeg's mayor for one year, 1892. In 1910, the Winnipeg Telegram reported that he was one of that city's 19 millionaires.
References
1844 births
1928 deaths
Canadian chief executives
Canadian newspaper founders
Mayors of Winnipeg
Scottish emigrants to Canada
People from Pitlochry
ميكا كاوامورا

ميكا كاوامورا (و. ) هي مانغاكا يابانية، ولدت في آيتشي.
أعمال للمؤلف
Daa! Daa! Daa! (|だぁ!だぁ!だぁ!)
Shin Daa! Daa! Daa! (新☆だぁ!だぁ!だぁ! )
Happy Ice Cream! (ハッピー アイスクリーム!)
Awasete Ippon (あわせて いつぽん)
Taiho Shite Mi~na! (タイホしてみーな)
Panic x Panic (ぱにっく×ぱにっく)
Momo ni Kiss! (挑にキッス!)
Annin Musume (杏仁小娘)
روابط خارجية
مراجع
رسامو مانغا
فنانو مانغا من آيتشي
مواليد 1973
Bahrainization

Bahrainization is the Bahraini government's effort to increase the proportion of Bahraini citizens in the country's workforce. Bahrainization involves directives requiring companies to hire Bahraini workers, as well as government-provided training for Bahraini citizens to make them more competitive in the workforce.
History and examples
Aspects of Bahrainization can be found in policies from as early as the 1970s. In the 1980s, the government introduced the "Ten Thousand Scheme", a project to train Bahraini citizens for private sector work.
Bahrainization is often implemented through government directives aimed at specific sectors, such as hospitality, travel, or the private sector as a whole. For example, in the 1990s the government instituted a requirement that only Bahraini citizens could be taxi drivers, and in the 2000s, similar requirements were implemented for truck drivers and workers at petrol stations. Policies sometimes include quotas for the percentage of Bahraini workers in companies in a particular sector.
An example of a Bahrainization-related policy quoted in Andrew Gardner's ethnography City of Strangers is as follows: "Firms are requested to increase employment of nationals by 5 percent a year until one-half of the labor force is Bahraini. New establishments employing 10 or more workers are required to have 20 percent Bahrainis in their workforce, with further annual increase of 5 percent until 50 percent is reached. Firms of less than 10 employees must employ at least one Bahraini other than the owner."
Impact
Bahrainization has been credited for increasing the labor participation rate of Bahraini women. In 2016, Bahrain's private-sector female labor participation rate was only 11.3%, but among Bahraini citizens the corresponding rate was 30%.
Bahrainization policies sometimes have a negative effect on Bahrain's foreign workers. Some foreign workers, including foreign business owners, worry that the changing policies might put their livelihoods at risk. The policies have caused some foreign residents to leave the country; for example, from the 1990s to the 2000s the Lions Club in Riffa saw its membership fall from 75 to less than 40, a decline that was attributed to members moving away because of Bahrainization.
Comparisons with other Gulf states
Bahrainization is a form of workforce nationalization (also known as "Gulfization"), similar to Qatarization, Emiratization, and Saudization. Like other Gulfization programs, Bahrainization involves quotas for what fraction or number of employees must be citizens. However, the situation in Bahrain differs from other Gulf countries in some ways; when the quotas were introduced in 1995, Bahrain already had a higher citizen participation rate in the workforce than other Gulf countries.
See also
Economy of Bahrain
Labour Market Regulatory Authority (Bahrain)
Migrant workers in Bahrain
References
Economy of Bahrain
Society of Bahrain
Employment by country
إشارات ضوئية للطيران

إشارات ضوئية للطيران، في حالة حدوث عطل لاسلكي أو عدم تجهيز طائرة بجهاز راديو، أو في حالة وجود طيار أصم، قد تستخدم مراقبة الحركة الجوية مصباح إشارة (يُطلق عليه «بندقية الإشارة» أو «بندقية خفيفة» بواسطة إدارة الطيران الفيدرالية ) لتوجيه الطائرات. تتطلب لوائح منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي من أبراج مراقبة الحركة الجوية لامتلاك مصابيح إشارات ضوئية للطيران. يحتوي مصباح الإشارة على شعاع ساطع مركّز وقادر على بث ثلاثة ألوان مختلفة: الأحمر والأبيض والأخضر. قد تكون هذه الألوان تومض أو ثابتة، ولها معاني مختلفة للطائرات أثناء الطيران أو على الأرض. يمكن للطائرات التعرف على التعليمات عن طريق هز أجنحتها، أو تحريك الجنيحات إذا كانت على الأرض، أو عن طريق وميض أضواء الهبوط أو الملاحة خلال ساعات الظلام. عادةً ما يتم تحديد البنادق الضوئية للإشارة الخاصة بالتحكم في الحركة الجوية باستخدام شعاع مركز (أبيض) سطوع> 180.000 - 200000 شمعة، وتكون مرئية لما يقرب من 4 أميال في ظروف ضوء النهار الصافي. يصف الجدول أدناه معنى الإشارات. يعود استخدام مجموعة مصابيح الإشارة الحمراء / الخضراء / البيضاء المحمولة باليد لمراقبة الحركة الجوية إلى ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي على الأقل.
مراجع
اتصالات ضوئية
بنية تحتية للمطارات
مراقبة جوية
اتصالات الطيران