Tropical monsoon climate

Tropical monsoon climate
An area of tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a sub-equatorial, tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category Am. Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above in every month of the year and a dry season. The tropical monsoon climate is the intermediate climate between the wet Af (or tropical rainforest climate) and the drier Aw (or tropical savanna climate).
A tropical monsoon climate's driest month has on average less than 60 mm, but more than . This is in direct contrast to a tropical savanna climate, whose driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than of average monthly precipitation. In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either have more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. A tropical monsoon climate tends to vary less in temperature during a year than does a tropical savanna climate. This climate has a driest month which nearly always occurs at or soon after the winter solstice.
Versions
There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate:
Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. Unlike most tropical savanna climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season(s). In essence, this version of the tropical monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates.
Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons. This variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. This is followed by a sustained period (or sustained periods) of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to (and sometimes in excess of) 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months. Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall.
Area
Tropical monsoon are most commonly found in Africa (West and Central Africa), Asia (South and Southeast Asia), central of South America and Central America. This climate also occurs in sections of the Caribbean, North America, and northern Australia.
Factors
The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean toward land). In the “winter” (or low-sun season) an offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) is prevalent. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat.
Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation also occur in Africa though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia. During the high-sun season, the Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along tradewind coasts.
Countries and cities
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Asia
Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
Calamba, Philippines
Cà Mau, Vietnam
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Da Nang, Vietnam
Hat Yai, Thailand
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kochi, Kerala, India
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Malé, Maldives
Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Manila, Philippines
Narathiwat, Thailand
Pattani, Thailand
Pingtung, Taiwan
Quezon City, Philippines
Semarang, Indonesia
Sihanoukville, Cambodia
Sylhet, Bangladesh
Taitung, Taiwan
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Wanning, China
Yangon, Myanmar
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Oceania
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Africa
Bata, Equatorial Guinea
Conakry, Guinea
Douala, Cameroon
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Monrovia, Liberia
Port Harcourt, Nigeria
The Americas
Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
Barrancabermeja, Colombia
Miami, Florida, United States
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Villahermosa, Mexico
Villavicencio, Colombia
Select charts
See also
Tropical climate
Tropical rainforest climate
Tropical savanna climate
Köppen climate classification
References
Climate, Monsoon
Köppen climate types