Ulmus davidiana

Ulmus davidiana, also known as the David elm, or Father David elm (named after the botanist Armand David, who collected specimens), is a small deciduous tree widely distributed across China, Mongolia, Korea, Siberia, and Japan, where it is found in wetlands along streams at elevations of 2000–2300 m (6,500–7,500 ft). The tree was first described in 1873 from the hills north of Beijing, China.
Classification
Two varieties of Ulmus davidiana are recognized: var. davidiana, occurring only in China, and var. japonica Rehder, the more widely ranging Japanese Elm. Some authorities, however, do not consider japonica to be a variety of U. davidiana, The Illustrated Flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East (2019), for example, maintaining U. japonica as a species. In 1916 Arnold Arboretum described the two as different species. Harold Hillier originally (1973) listed and described japonica as a variety of U. davidiana,<ref>Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs. Ed. 3, 399, (1973); David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK</ref> but Hillier's separated the two as distinct species in later editions of their Manual of Trees and Shrubs.
DescriptionUlmus davidiana is considered to have a remarkable resemblance to the American elm (U. americana) in all but ultimate size. The tree grows to a maximum height of 15 m (50 ft), with a relatively slender trunk < 0.3 m (1 ft) d.b.h. supporting a dense canopy casting a heavy shade. Its bark remains smooth for a comparatively long time, before becoming longitudinally fissured. The leaves, often dark red on emergence, are obovate to obovate-elliptic < 10 cm (4 in) × < 5 cm (2 in), with a minimal petiole of 2-3mm; the upper surface is rough. The perfect, wind-pollinated apetalous flowers are produced on second-year shoots in March, followed by obovate samarae < 19 mm (3/4 in) long × < 14 mm (1/2 in) wide.
Pests and diseases
Evaluated with other Chinese elms at the Morton Arboretum in Illinois, the tree was found to have a good resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED) . The species is reputed to have a good resistance to elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, elm yellows (elm phloem necrosis) and leafminers in the US.
Cultivation
The tree was briefly propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire from 1971 to 1977, during which time only four were sold.Hillier & Sons Sales inventory 1962 to 1977 (unpublished).
There are no known cultivars of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce beyond the United States.
American testing
The David Elm has shown some promise as a result of testing at the Ohio State University (OSU) in Ohio.Struve, D. K. and Rhodus, T. (1990). Turning copper into gold. Amer. Nurseryman, 172: 114-123. At OSU, the plants were cultivated in copper-lined pots and planted in a wide lawn under a powerline and in small home lawns. The tree's performance has been mixed, but shows potential. Some specimens did extremely well, while others struggled. The tree seems to perform well on disturbed sites, in calciferous (alkaline) soils, and also seems to have a better tolerance for wet soil than the literature has indicated. A number of strong saplings were cultivated that show promise. Some saplings underwent judicious pruning early on to maximize structural stability of the plant ("pruning can help the plant result in a more structurally stable branching pattern" ), and blue-colored tree shelters were used on some plants until the stem reached a diameter of 25–37 mm.
Additional observation shows that at least 50% of emerging leaves on the trees survived a hard freeze that lasted 5 days during April 2007. Leaves were approximately 70% emerged when temperatures fell to −6°C (21°F). Temperatures fell below freezing for 5 days (April 4–8, 2007).
Notable trees
The UK TROBI Champion is a relatively young tree at White House Farm, Ivy Hatch, Kent, measuring 5 m high by 17 cm d.b.h. in 2009.
Etymology
The tree is named for Father Armand David, the French missionary and naturalist who introduced the tree to France in the 19th century.
Accessions
North America
Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 5957 (wild collected), 785-80 (cult. from wild material).
Brenton Arboretum, US. No details available.
Chicago Botanic Garden, US. Five trees, no other details available.
Dawes Arboretum, US. , Newark, US. Two trees, Acc. nos. D1997-0455.001 & D2006-0032.001.
Denver Botanic Gardens, US. Acc. no. 950870. No details available.
Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 00-318, Three specimens wild collected.
Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 427-84
United States National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., US. Acc. no. 64463
Europe
Arboretum Poort Bulten , Losser, The Netherlands. Acc. no. LOS0243.
Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collection.
Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 510
Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. no. 18095
Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Sweden. Acc. no. 2001-1659, obtained from South Korea.
Oxford University Botanic Garden, UK. Acc. no. 0004891.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. nos. 20021373, 20030905 grown from seed wild collected Liaoning, China, and Korea resp.
Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Hampshire, UK. Acc. nos. 2000.0018, 2004.0514
Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm collection. Planted Smeerdijkgaarde, Kortenhoef 2013.
References
External links
Sheet labelled Ulmus davidiana; Armand David type specimen (1), fruit and new leaves; eastern Mongolia, 1864-5
Sheet labelled Ulmus davidiana; Armand David type specimen (2) fruit and new leaves; eastern Mongolia, 1864-5
Sheet labelled Ulmus davidiana; flowers and emerging leaves; Armand David specimen, eastern Mongolia, 1864-5
Sheet labelled Ulmus davidiana; fruit and new leaves; Armand David specimen, eastern Mongolia, 1864-5
Further reading
Jung, Mee Jung, Seong-Il Heo, and Myeong-Hyeon Wang. Free radical scavenging and total phenolic contents from methanolic extracts of Ulmus davidiana. Food Chemistry'' 108.2 (2008): 482-487.
davidiana
Trees of China
Flora of China
Trees of Japan
Flora of Japan
Trees of Korea
Flora of Korea
Trees of Mongolia
Flora of Mongolia
Trees of Siberia
Flora of Siberia
Trees of Asia
Vulnerable plants
Ulmus articles with images
Elm species and varieties