Küstrin Putsch

Küstrin Putsch
The Küstrin Putsch of 1 October 1923, also known as the Buchrucker Putsch after its leader, was a minimally planned coup attempt against the Weimar Republic by units of the paramilitary Black Reichswehr under Bruno Ernst Buchrucker. It was in large part an attempt by Buchrucker to halt the order to disband the units under his command and to have an arrest warrant against him lifted. It failed in the eastern German town of Küstrin when the colonel in charge of the Küstrin Fortress detained Buchrucker and called in the Reichswehr. Buchrucker was convicted of treason and sentenced to prison but was amnestied after serving four years of the ten-year sentence.
Background
Groups from the Black Reichswehr called labor commandos (German: ) led by Bruno Ernst Buchrucker wanted to bring down the Reich government of Chancellor Gustav Stresemann and replace the parliamentary democratic republic with a national dictatorship. The putsch was prompted when on 26 September 1923 the government ended passive resistance to the occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops that had been imposed in January 1923 after Germany defaulted on the war reparations payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. In addition there was an arrest warrant against Buchrucker for misuse of the labor commandos and an order from Reichswehr leadership to disband them, something that threatened the economic livelihood of many of the members. The commandos were officially tasked with finding and collecting weapons caches, but under Burchrucker they often engaged in military drills as part of the Black Reichswehr.
Buchrucker learned about the arrest warrant issued against him on 30 September in Berlin and drove to Küstrin (since 1945 Kostrzyn nad Odrą, Poland), about 320 km to the southeast. There he ordered the leader of the city's labor commandos, Major Fritz Hertzer, to have his men move inside the fortifications of the Old Town the following morning. He gave as his reason the arrest warrant against him and said that he was seeking the labor commandos' help and protection. The next morning he planned to contact the local commander of the Reichswehr to have him inform the Reichswehr minister of the threatening situation in Küstrin. Buchrucker hoped that would get the arrest warrant lifted.
The attempt
The next morning Buchrucker delivered a reportedly nearly incoherent speech to the men assembled in the Küstrin Fortress. He and Hertzer went to the fortress commander, Colonel Gudowius, explained the situation to him and were immediately told that they were under arrest. Buchrucker pointed out his units' numerical superiority and asked the commander "not to stand in his way, the great national moment has now come". He also declared that he would strike out "not only here in Küstrin but everywhere at the same time". The colonel told him again that he was under arrest and telephoned Reichswehr units in Küstrin and Frankfurt-an-der-Oder for support. Several sergeants loyal to Buchrucker then forcibly entered the colonel's office. Asked by his subordinates for instructions, Buchrucker was unable to come to a decision on what to do. Hertzer, calling Buchrucker a "'limp dishrag", then put himself under Gudowius' command.
Hertzer ordered the rest of the labor commandos in the fortress to stand down and said that they had all been lied to and betrayed by Buchrucker. Later that day, the Reichswehr reinforcements from Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, who on their way had by chance met a group of labor commandos also going to Küstrin, arrived there together. When the commandos were getting out of their truck, the Reichswehr opened fire on them with a machine gun, killing one and wounding seven. They were the putsch's only casualties. 381 Black Reichswehr labor commandos were arrested but released a short time later. All of the officers involved remained under arrest.
In Berlin, putschists from the labor commandos briefly controlled the Spandau Citadel and Fort Hahneberg but were forced to surrender to the Reichswehr. A similar situation in Rathenow, west of Berlin, was defused on 3 October.
Aftermath
Between 22 and 27 October 1923, the trial of 14 people arrested in Küstrin took place before an extraordinary court in Cottbus. It was held without the public present for fear of endangering public order. Buchrucker declared in court that he had wanted only to put pressure on the Reichswehr minister to withdraw the arrest warrant. That was in the interests of the state, he said, because there were "daredevils" in the ranks of the labor commandos from whom violence was to be feared if he was arrested. The court did not accept his account. According to its judgment there were sufficient indications that "the events in Küstrin were in fact only part of a larger-scale undertaking". Buchrucker's hour-long period of indecision on what to do was taken to mean that he had serious decisions to make. The court also thought that Buchrucker assumed that the Reichswehr would join him or remain neutral. He was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and a fine of ten gold marks for perpetrating high treason but was given amnesty in October 1927 on the occasion of President Paul von Hindenburg's birthday. Nine of the other 14 men tried were convicted, with seven of them receiving prison sentences of less than 6 months.
See also
Beer Hall Putsch
Kapp Putsch
References
Politics of the Weimar Republic
1923 in Germany
1920s coups d'état and coup attempts
Conflicts in 1923
Military operations involving Germany
Attempted coups in Germany
Free State of Prussia