PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Benjamin C. Stark

Benjamin C. Stark
Benjamin "Ben" C. Stark is an American biologist and a professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He grew up in a small city in mid-Michigan in the 1950s-1960s. After high school he majored in cellular biology at the University of Michigan (B.S. 1971) and later he received his master (M.Sc. 1974) and doctoral (Ph.D. 1977) degrees from Yale University with Sidney Altman. After two postdoctoral positions, he took a faculty position at Illinois Institute of Technology, where he has worked since. He has carried out research in the area of genetic engineering and RNA biology.
He was one of the co-discoverers of RNase P, a catalytic RNA, in the laboratory of Sidney Altman who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech in 1989 for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA. Other major accomplishment of Stark includes the discovery of enhancement of productivity of recombinant organisms engineered to express the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb (hemoglobin)), the first bacterial hemoglobin. He has over 80 peer-reviewed publications.
Awards and honors
Stark's research has been recognized by many awards, including Honor Award for University Research by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (2013), Person of the Millennium (IIT Millennium Project, 1999), and the Teaching Excellence Award (Lewis College, IIT, 1988).
References
1955 births
Living people
Yale University alumni
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
American bioengineers
Biotechnologists
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Biologists from Michigan
قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 822

قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 822
في 30 أبريل 1993، اعتمد بالإجماع، قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 822، بعد أن أعرب عن قلقه إزاء تدهور العلاقات بين أرمينيا وأذربيجان، وما تلا ذلك من تصعيد للأعمال القتالية المسلحة والحالة الإنسانية في المنطقة، طالب المجلس بالوقف الفوري لأعمال القتال والانسحاب الفوري لقوات الاحتلال الأرمينية في مقاطعة كلبجر قرب مرتفعات قره باغ في أذربيجان.
وحث المجلس الأطراف المعنية على استئناف المفاوضات الرامية إلى إنهاء النزاع، وفقا لعملية السلم التي اقترحتها مجموعة مينسك التابعة لمنظمة الأمن والتعاون في أوروبا، والامتناع عن اتخاذ أي إجراء من شأنه أن يخل بالعملية. وعلى الرغم من أنها اعترفت بضلوع أرمينيا، فإنها لم تتهم أرمينيا مباشرة بالعدوان.
ودعا القرار بعد ذلك إلى عدم اعاقة لجهود الإغاثة الإنسانية الدولية في المنطقة، من أجل تخفيف معاناة السكان المدنيين عن طريق المعونة الإنسانية، مع تذكير الأطراف بالوفاء بالتزاماتها بموجب القانون الدولي الإنساني. وخلص بالطلب إلى الأمين العام، بالتشاور مع الرئيس الحالي لمنظمة الأمن والتعاون في أوروبا ورئيس مجموعة مينسك المنبثقة عن المؤتمر تقييم الوضع وتقديم تقرير إلى مجلس الأمن.
ورحب الجانبان باتخاذ هذا القرار.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن نزاع مرتفعات قره باغ
العلاقات الأرمنية الأذربيجانية
حرب مرتفعات قرة باغ
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
نص القرار على undocs.org
أحداث أبريل 1993
حرب ناغورنو قرة باغ
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن أذربيجان
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن أرمينيا
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة عام 1993
ماثيو لابيني

ماثيو لابيني هو كاتب سيناريو أمريكي، ولد في 5 مايو 1959، وتوفي في 1 سبتمبر 2017.
مراجع
كتاب تلفاز ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون
كتاب تلفاز
كتاب تلفاز أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون
مواليد 1959
وفيات 2017
ويليام جون كوين

ويليام جون كوين هو شخصية أعمال أمريكي، ولد في 8 مايو 1911 في سانت بول في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 24 أكتوبر 2015 في غلينفيو في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 20
أمريكيون في النقل بالسكك الحديدية
خريجو جامعة مينيسوتا
خريجو كلية الحقوق في جامعة منيسوتا
مئويون أمريكيون
مئويون رجال
محامون من ولاية إلينوي
مدراء سكك حديدية أمريكيون
مواليد 1911
وفيات 2015
Idrissa Adam

Idrissa Adam (born 28 December 1984) is a Cameroonian sprinter who competes in the 100 metres and 200 metres.
His first international outing came at the African Junior Athletics Championships in 2003, where he was fifth in the 100 m final. He won his first continental level medal the following year, taking the bronze medal in the 4×100 metres relay at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics in a team including Joseph Batangdon. It was another four years before he won another major medal: at the 2008 African Championships he and Batangdon again claimed the relay bronze for Cameroon. He came fourth in that event at the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie.
He represented Cameroon in the 100 and 200 m at both the 2010 African Championships in Athletics and the 2010 Commonwealth Games, but did not progress beyond the early rounds. He established himself as an individual runner at the 2011 All-Africa Games, where he ran a Cameroonian record of 10.14 seconds in the 100 m semi-finals (later finishing sixth) and was the surprise winner of the 200 m gold medal ahead of Ben Youssef Meité.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Cameroonian male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Cameroon
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for Cameroon
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Cameroon
African Games gold medalists for Cameroon
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 All-Africa Games
20th-century Cameroonian people
21st-century Cameroonian people
طارق حامد

طارق حامد (من مواليد 24 أكتوبر 1988 بمحافظة الدقهلية) هو لاعب كرة قدم مصري دولي في مركز وسط الميدان الدفاعي يلعب في صفوف نادي الاتحاد السعودي.
مسيرته الكروية
بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي طلائع الجيش، وفي موسم 2011/2012 تم تصعيده إلى الفريق الأول بنادي سموحة السكندري ثم انضم اللاعب لنادي الزمالك في موسم 2014/2015 .
بدا مع نادي الزمالك
في موسم 2016-17
بالتحديد في 10 فبراير 2017، بعد تتويج نادي الزمالك ببطولة كأس السوبر المحلي للمرة الثالثة في تاريخه بعد تغلبه على الأهلي 4-1 بضربات الجزاء الترجيحية بعد انتهاء الوقت الأصلي بالتعادل السلبي قال طارق حامد:
موسم 2018-19
في 21 يوليه 2019، سجل طارق حامد هدفاً في المباراة التي جمعت الزمالك مع الجونة ضمن منافسات الجولة الثالثة والثلاثين من الدوري المصري الممتاز.
موسم 2019-20
في 20 فبراير 2020، سجل طارق حامد ركلة الجزاء الثالثة خلال المبارة التي إنتهت بفوز الزمالك 4-3 بركلات الترجيح علي الأهلي في نهائي كأس السوبر المصري 2019-20.
موسم 2020-21
في 24 مايو 2021، أشهر محمود البنا، حكم المباراة الزمالك والمصري بطاقة صفراء في وجه طارق حامد بعد تدخل على جريندو لاعب المصري، وعاد البنا لتقنية حكم الفيديو المساعد، ليقوم بإلغاء البطاقة الصفراء، ويشهر البطاقة الحمراء مباشرة في وجه طارق حامد في الدقيقة 67.
في 6 مايو 2021، سجل طارق حامد الهدف الثاني لفريقه في شباك سموحة، في المباراة التي أقيمت على استاد القاهرة، ضمن منافسات الجولة العشرون من الدوري المصري الممتاز.
إسلوبه في اللعب
يلعب طارق حامد دوراً رئيسياً في وسط الملعب الدفاعي، لجديته وروحه القتالية وشخصيتة القوية ودوره القيادي في الملعب والذي يحظى بإشادة ودعم الجماهير بسبب مواقفه الرجولية وأدائه المميز. يمتاز طارق حامد بدقة التمريرات القصيرة والطولية كما ينجح في استخلاص الكرة بصورة صحيحة بنسب عالية. طارق حامد بجانب قدراته البدنية الهائلة، وقدرته على إفتكاك الكرة من الخصوم دوما، وإفساد الهجمات، قادر أيضاً على إجادة بعض المهام الأخرى في وسط الملعب مثل تدوير الكرة في وسط الملعب، وإرسال كرات طولية للمهاجمين تسفر عن هجمات خطرة وفرص تهديفية محققة، بالإضافة إلى قدرته على التسديد بعيد المدى.
قال عنه جوسفالدو فيريرا، مدرب الزمالك الأسبق:
الاحصائيات الدولية
الإنجازات
مع المنتخب
شارك مع منتخب مصر في نهائيات كأس العالم 2018 في روسيا.
مع الاتحاد السعودي
دوري المحترفين السعودي (1): 2022–23
كأس السوبر السعودي (1): 2022
مع الزمالك
الدوري المصري الممتاز (3): 14-2015، 2020–21، 2021–22
كأس مصر (5): 2015، 2016، 2018، 2019، 2021
كأس السوبر المصري (2): 2017، 2020
كأس الكونفيدرالية الأفريقية (1): 18-2019
كأس السوبر الأفريقي (1): 2020
مراجع
روابط خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مصريون مغتربون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون مصريون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون من القاهرة
لاعبو الدوري المصري الممتاز
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو طلائع الجيش
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2017
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2019
لاعبو كأس العالم 2018
لاعبو كرة قدم مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون مصريون
لاعبو منتخب مصر لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الاتحاد (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الزمالك
لاعبو نادي سموحة
مواليد 1409 هـ
مواليد 1988
مواليد في القاهرة
Conchita Espinosa

Conchita Espinosa (February 23, 1914 – September 19, 2006) was a world-renowned pianist who combined academics and the arts to create an educational style that exists today at Conchita Espinosa Academy in Miami, Florida.
Early life and education
When Espinosa was three years old, she played popular Cuban melodies on the piano by ear for the first time in an ice cream parlor. She began formal piano lessons when she was five. At the age of 14, Espinosa graduated from the Conservatorio Internacional de Música in Havana as a professor of piano and music theory. She continued her music education with renowned professors and artists Joaquín Nin, Ernesto Berumen and Jascha Fishermann. Espinosa performed concerts in Mexico, Cuba and the United States
Career
In 1933, at the age of 19, she founded “La Academia Musical Conchita Espinosa” in Havana. By 1959, at the end of Batista's pro-Western rule, the Academy – which included an elementary school and music and dance programs – had 450 students. Three decades later, after leaving Fidel Castro's Cuba and arriving in Miami, Espinosa continued her life's work as a teacher of music.
In 1963, she opened Conchita Espinosa Academy in Miami, in the garage of a small home in the neighborhood that would later become Little Havana. The Academy grew in enrollment, until, in 1984, it moved to a parcel. The school now serves students in grades pre-kindergarten to eighth grade. Conchita Espinosa Academy is now directed by her daughter, Maribel Diaz.
Awards
During her extensive career, Espinosa received many honors including the Richard and Dorothy Lear Memorial “Distinguished Educator Award” (March 1994) and the “Legacy of Excellence Award” presented by General Motors during the 1999 Miami Hispanic Heritage Festival. Additionally, she received “Conchita Espinosa Day” proclamations from both the City of Miami and Miami-Dade County(:. In 2001, SW 6th street – which fronts Conchita Espinosa Academy – was named “Conchita Espinosa Way.” The last honor presented to Espinosa before her death was the prestigious Medalla de Excelencia Nacional Cubana from the Instituto de San Carlos de Cayo Hueso in May 2006.
References
About Conchita Espinosa from the Conchita Espinosa Academy official site
Cuban pianists
Cuban women pianists
1914 births
2006 deaths
20th-century pianists
Cuban emigrants to the United States
20th-century women pianists
1952 in France

1952 in France
Events from the year 1952 in France.
Incumbents
President: Vincent Auriol
President of the Council of Ministers:
until 20 January: René Pleven
20 January-8 March: Edgar Faure
starting 8 March: Antoine Pinay
Events
25 February – Battle of Hòa Bình ends in defeat for French forces by the Việt Minh in Vietnam.
1 October – Operation Bretagne begins in Vietnam.
19 October – Alain Bombard begins to sail from Canary Islands to Barbados in 65 days; he reaches them 23 December.
29 October – Operation Lorraine begins.
October – Battle of Nà Sản begins.
8 November – Operation Lorraine ends with no decisive result.
2 December – Battle of Nà Sản ends in French victory.
Luxury brand Givenchy is founded by fashion designer Hubert de Givenchy.
Arts and literature
1 June – Roman Catholic Church bans books of André Gide.
Sport
25 June – Tour de France begins.
19 July – Tour de France ends, won by Fausto Coppi of Italy.
Births
25 January – Sara Mandiano, singer and songwriter.
15 February – Dominique Mouillot, business leader.
26 March – Didier Pironi, motor racing driver (died 1987)
27 March – Maria Schneider, actress (died 2011)
1 April – Bernard Stiegler, philosopher (died 2020)
2 April – Thierry Le Luron, impersonator and humorist (died 1986)
23 April – Jean-Dominique Bauby, journalist, author and editor (died 1997)
11 May – Renaud, singer
3 June – Dominique Laffin, actress (died 1985)
7 June – Hubert Auriol, motor racing driver (died 2021)
27 June – Lydia Schenardi, politician and Member of the European Parliament
16 July – Jean Paul Gaultier, fashion designer
31 August – Edwy Plenel, journalist and editor of Le Monde
23 October – Pierre Moerlen, drummer and percussionist (died 2005)
25 October – Florence Picaut, athlete
October – François Ovide, guitarist (died 2002)
4 December – Farid Chopel, actor, comedian and singer (died 2008)
Full date unknown
Didier Dubois, mathematician
René Renou, wine expert (died 2006)
Françoise Thébaud, historian, professor emeritus
Deaths
11 January – Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, general, military hero of World War II (born 1889)
18 May – Henry Bérenger, diplomat (born 1867)
16 July – Jean Chantavoine, musicologist and biographer (born 1877)
3 November – Louis Verneuil, playwright and screenwriter (born 1893)
18 November – Paul Éluard, poet (born 1895)
19 November – Marcel Henriot, World War I flying ace (born 1896)
27 November – Abel Lefranc, literary historian (born 1863)
5 December – André Lefaur, actor (born 1879)
Full date unknown
Gabrielle Petit (feminist), feminist activist, anticlerical, libertarian socialist, and newspaper editor (born 1860)
See also
List of French films of 1952
References
1950s in France
Edu Moya

Edu Moya
Eduardo 'Edu' Moya Cantillo (born 3 January 1981 in Monesterio, Extremadura) is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a right-back.
External links
1981 births
Living people
People from Tentudía
Footballers from the Province of Badajoz
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CF Extremadura footballers
RCD Mallorca players
CD Tenerife players
Recreativo de Huelva players
RC Celta de Vigo players
Hércules CF players
Xerez CD footballers
CP Cacereño players
Bolivian Primera División players
Club Bolívar players
FC Lusitanos players
Indian Super League players
Odisha FC players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Expatriate men's footballers in Bolivia
Expatriate men's footballers in Andorra
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Bolivia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Andorra
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in India
Brock Davis

Brock Davis
Bryshear Barnett "Brock" Davis (born October 19, 1943) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder whose professional career, including minor league service, lasted for 13 seasons (1963–1975). Davis was born in Oakland, California and attended John C. Fremont High School in Los Angeles and California State University, Los Angeles. Davis attended high school with future professional baseball players Leon McFadden, Willie Crawford, Bobby Tolan and Bob Watson. He threw and batted left-handed, stood tall and weighed .
Davis made his big league debut at age 19 with the Houston Colt .45s on April 9, 1963. He appeared in 34 games during the 1963 season (including the September 27 game in which all nine of the Colts starters were rookies) but did not see significant action in the major leagues again until 1971, when he played for the Chicago Cubs.
He was traded along with Jim Colborn and Earl Stephenson by the Cubs to the Milwaukee Brewers for outfielder José Cardenal on December 3, 1971. Davis batted .318 in 1972 in a utility role with the Brewers. His final game as a major-leaguer was on October 4, 1972.
All told, in 242 MLB games played, he collected 141 hits, including 12 doubles and five triples, 43 runs batted in. On June 14, 1963, Davis hit the only home run of his major league career, against Jack Sanford of the San Francisco Giants.
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)
1943 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Amarillo Sonics players
Baseball players from Oakland, California
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Chicago Cubs players
Dallas–Fort Worth Spurs players
Evansville Triplets players
John C. Fremont High School alumni
Hawaii Islanders players
Houston Astros players
Houston Colt .45s players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Midland Cubs players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
San Antonio Brewers players
San Antonio Bullets players
San Antonio Missions players
Tacoma Cubs players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
مشهد ومدرسة السادات الثعالبة

مشهد ومدرسة السادات الثعالبة
ضريح ومدرسة السادات الثعالبة' ، هو أحد المساجد التي انشئت في عصر الدولة الايوبية في مصر ، تقع بشارع سيدى عقبة بالقرب من الإمام الشافعى.
وصفه
يبلغ ارتفاع المدخل الرئيسى 4.17 متراً واتساعه 4.42 متراً وهو من الحجر. أما الباب فيبلغ ارتفاعه 2.23 واتساعه 1.28 متراً ويقع في حنية تدخل عن الواجهة بمقدار 16 سم واتساعها 2.26 مترا. ويعلوها عتب مكون من صنجات معشقة طولها 2.26 مترا وارتفاعها 65 سم، يحيط بها إطار غاية في الجمال. ويعلو الصنجات مربعات بارزة بها زخارف مختلفة هندسية ونباتية وكتابية بالخط الكوفي، ويبلغ طول ضلعها 11 سم.
انظر أيضاً
قائمة آثار إسلامية مصرية
قائمة مساجد القاهرة
مراجع
مساجد مصر وأولياؤها الصالحون، المجلس الأعلى للشئون الإسلامية
دليل الآثار الإسلامية بالقاهرة، المجلس الأعلى للآثار
وصلات خارجية
آثار القاهرة الإسلامية - ايوان الثعالبة
مصادر
آثار إسلامية
آثار مصر
Romeo, Colorado

Romeo, Colorado
Romeo is a Statutory Town in Conejos County, Colorado, United States. The population was 302 at the 2020 census. A post office called Romeo was established in 1901. The community derives its name from the surname Romero.
Geography
Romeo is located in east-central Conejos County in the San Luis Valley region. U.S. Route 285 runs along the western border of the town, leading north to Alamosa and south to the New Mexico border and beyond. Colorado State Highway 142 is the town's Main Street, with its western terminus at U.S. 285 and leading east to Manassa and to San Luis.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
See also
San Luis Valley
References
External links
Town of Romeo contacts
CDOT map of the Town of Romeo
Towns in Conejos County, Colorado
Towns in Colorado
Rekhetre

Rekhetre was an ancient Egyptian queen from the late 4th Dynasty or early 5th Dynasty. She was a daughter of Pharaoh Khafre. Her husband is never mentioned, but Rekhetre would have been the wife of one of Khafre's successors, possibly Menkaure.
Titles
Reketre was a King's daughter (of his body), She who sees Horus and Set, Great one of the hetes sceptre and a King's wife. In the tomb of her ka-servant Kaemnefret she is referred to as a daughter of Khafre.
Tomb
Rekhetre's tomb was excavated in 193–35 by Selim Hassan. The tomb was first just known as the tomb of Rekhit-Ra, but was later given the number G 8530. The tomb is located in the Central Field which is part of the Giza Necropolis.
The tomb has a long passage which takes a 90 degree turn to the left and via an entrance leads to a shorter passage. A sharp turn to the right leads to a chapel. In one corner a niche was created and on the other side three pillars mark the passage to a side room. From that side room a sloping passage leads to a burial chamber containing a sarcophagus. The sarcophagus was empty. The leg bones of a bull were found on top of the sarcophagus, and human bones were found besides the sarcophagus. These human remains may be those of Rekhetre herself. A recess had been cut in one of the walls to hold the canopic jars, but these had disappeared.
Several items were found in the debris from the floor of the burial chamber. These include several small alabaster vases, a lid of a canopic jar, and an alabaster fragment containing the image of a woman seated on a chair. Further fragments of the canopic jars were found in the chapel area and the forecourt of the tomb.
Tomb of Kaemnefert
The family tomb G 8538 belongs to Kaemnefert, Irenakhet Iri and Kakaiankh.
Kaemnefret was an overseer of ka-priests of the funerary estate, and senior of the dockyard of neheb-boats. He was also a ka-servant of Rekhetre.
Kaemnefret is shown standing before Rekhetre in two matching scenes on the doorjambs. She is shown holding a lotus flower to her nose with her left hand. She is dressed in a simple long dress and has a long tripartite wig. She wears bracelets, anklets, and a necklace. Kaemnefret is shown at a smaller scale before the queen and is holding a censer in his hands. In a register below this scene four ka-servants are depicted: Ptahsheri carries a ewer and a basin, Ihy carries a live goose, followed by Iynefer who is holding a duck in each hand, and then Ptahwer who carries another live goose. All men are apparently wearing their kilts backwards. The matching scene on the other jamb is very similar. The ka-servants in the lower register are shown carrying legs of a bull and another goose.
References
Queens consort of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
26th-century BC women
Khafre
Menkaure
ولاد بنخليل (سيدي الحاج العربي)

ولاد بنخليل (سيدي الحاج العربي)
ولاد بنخليل هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة بير الطالب، إقليم سيدي قاسم، جهة الرباط سلا القنيطرة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة سيدي الحاج العربي التي تضم 12 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 463 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في سيدي الحاج العربي (بير الطالب)
فرقة الحسم

فرقة الحسم هو تحالف تابع للجبهة الجنوبية نتج عن اندماج ثلاث جماعات سورية ثائرة في جنوبي سوريا.
الجماعات المنضوية
لواء عامود حوران
فرقة شهداء الحرية
فرقة فجر التوحيد
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الجماعات المسلحة في الحرب الأهلية السورية
مراجع
الجيش السوري الحر
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية انحلت في 2018
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 2017
Auxiliary electrode

Auxiliary electrode
In electrochemistry, the auxiliary electrode, often also called the counter electrode, is an electrode used in a three-electrode electrochemical cell for voltammetric analysis or other reactions in which an electric current is expected to flow. The auxiliary electrode is distinct from the reference electrode, which establishes the electrical potential against which other potentials may be measured, and the working electrode, at which the cell reaction takes place.
In a two-electrode system, either a known current or potential is applied between the working and auxiliary electrodes and the other variable may be measured. The auxiliary electrode functions as a cathode whenever the working electrode is operating as an anode and vice versa. The auxiliary electrode often has a surface area much larger than that of the working electrode to ensure that the half-reaction occurring at the auxiliary electrode can occur fast enough so as not to limit the process at the working electrode.
When a three-electrode cell is used to perform electroanalytical chemistry, the auxiliary electrode, along with the working electrode, provides a circuit over which current is either applied or measured. Here, the potential of the auxiliary electrode is usually not measured and is adjusted so as to balance the reaction occurring at the working electrode. This configuration allows the potential of the working electrode to be measured against a known reference electrode without compromising the stability of that reference electrode by passing current over it.
The auxiliary electrode may be isolated from the working electrode using a glass frit. Such isolation prevents any byproducts generated at the auxiliary electrode from contaminating the main test solution: for example, if a reduction is being performed at the working electrode in aqueous solution, oxygen may be evolved from the auxiliary electrode. Such isolation is crucial during the bulk electrolysis of a species which exhibits reversible redox behavior.
Auxiliary electrodes are often fabricated from electrochemically inert materials such as gold, platinum, or carbon.
See also
Electrochemical cell
Electrochemistry
Reference electrode
Voltammetry
Working electrode
References
Further reading
Electroanalytical chemistry devices
Electrodes