Frontend and backend

Frontend and backend
In software engineering, the terms frontend and backend (sometimes written as back end or back-end) refer to the separation of concerns between the presentation layer (frontend), and the data access layer (backend) of a piece of software, or the physical infrastructure or hardware. In the client–server model, the client is usually considered the frontend and the server is usually considered the backend, even when some presentation work is actually done on the server itself.
Introduction
In software architecture, there may be many layers between the hardware and end user. The front is an abstraction, simplifying the underlying component by providing a user-friendly interface, while the back usually handles data storage and business logic.
In telecommunication, the front can be considered a device or service, while the back is the infrastructure that supports provision of service.
A rule of thumb is that the client-side (or "frontend") is any component manipulated by the user. The server-side (or "backend") code usually resides on the server, often far removed physically from the user.
Software definitions
In content management systems, the terms frontend and backend may refer to the end-user facing views of the CMS and the administrative views, respectively.
In speech synthesis, the frontend refers to the part of the synthesis system that converts the input text into a symbolic phonetic representation, and the backend converts the symbolic phonetic representation into actual sounds.
In compilers, the frontend translates a computer programming source code into an intermediate representation, and the backend works with the intermediate representation to produce code in a computer output language. The backend usually optimizes to produce code that runs faster. The frontend/backend distinction can separate the parser section that deals with source code and the backend that generates code and optimizes. Some designs, such as GCC, offer choices between multiple frontends (parsing different source languages) or backends (generating code for different target processors).
Some graphical user interface (GUI) applications running in a desktop environment are implemented as a thin frontend for underlying command-line interface (CLI) programs, to save the user from learning the special terminology and memorizing the commands.
Web development as an example
Another way to understand the difference between the two is to understand the knowledge required of a frontend vs. a backend software developer. The list below focuses on web development as an example.
Both
Version control tools such as Git, Mercurial, or Subversion
File transfer tools and protocols such as FTP or rsync
Frontend focused
Markup and web languages such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and ancillary libraries commonly used in those languages such as Sass or jQuery
Asynchronous request handling and AJAX
Single-page applications (with frameworks like React, Angular or Vue.js)
Web performance (largest contentful paint, time to interactive, 60 FPS animations and interactions, memory usage, etc.)
Responsive web design
Cross-browser compatibility issues and workarounds
End-to-end testing with a headless browser
Build automation to transform and bundle JavaScript files, reduce image sizes and other processes using tools such as Webpack and Gulp.js
Search engine optimization
Accessibility concerns
Basic usage of image editing tools such as GIMP or Photoshop
User Interface
Backend focused
Scripting languages like PHP, Python, Ruby, Perl, Node.js, or Compiled languages like C#, Java or Go
Automated testing frameworks for the language being used
Application Data Access
Application Business Logic
Database administration
Scalability
High availability
Security concerns, authentication and authorization
Software Architecture
Data transformation
Backup methods and software
Note that both positions, despite possibly working on one product, have a very distinct set of skills.
API
The frontend communicates with backend through an API. In the case of web and mobile frontends, the API is often based on HTTP request/response. The API is sometimes designed using the "Backend for Frontend" (BFF) pattern, that serves responses to ease the processing on frontend side.
Hardware definitions
In network computing, frontend can refer to any hardware that optimizes or protects network traffic. It is called application front-end hardware because it is placed on the network's outward-facing frontend or boundary. Network traffic passes through the front-end hardware before entering the network.
In processor design, frontend design would be the initial description of the behavior of a circuit in a hardware description language such as Verilog, while backend design would be the process of mapping that behavior to physical transistors on a die.
See also
References
Software architecture
Software engineering terminology