PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Dana Arnold

Dana Arnold
Dana Rebecca Arnold, (born 22 June 1961) is a British art historian and academic, specialising in architectural history. Since 2016, she has been Professor of Art History at the University of East Anglia. She previously taught at the University of Leeds, the University of Southampton and the University of Middlesex.
Early life and education
Arnold was born on 22 June 1961. She studied at Westfield College, London, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1983. She attended the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, graduating with a Master of Science (MSc) degree in 1984, and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1997 or 1998. Her doctoral thesis was titled "The architect and the metropolis: the work of James and Decimus Burton in London and Dublin, c. 1800-1840".
Academic career
Dana started her academic career at the University of Leeds where she was senior lecturer in its Department of Fine Art from 1994 to 1999, and Director of the Centre for Studies in Architecture and the Decorative Arts. From 1999 to 2012, she was Professor of Architectural History at the University of Southampton. She was also head of research for its School of Humanities between 2003 and 2012. From 2012 to 2016, she was Professor of Architectural History and Theory at the University of Middlesex. and director of its Centre for Ideas. In 2016, she moved to the University of East Anglia where she had been appointed Professor of Art History.
Arnold was a guest professor at Tianjin University in China, and honorary professor at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. She has published books, essays and articles on architecture, architectural history, imperialism and historiography. Arnold describes her research as a:
On 4 April 2006, Arnold was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA).
Selected publications
A Short Book About Art, May 2015.
The Spaces of the Hospital: Spatiality and Urban Change in London 1680-1820. Routledge, London, 2013.
Rethinking Architectural Historiography, editors: Dana Arnold, Elvan Altan Ergot, Belgin Turan Ozkaya, Routledge, London, 2006
Rural Urbanism: London landscapes in the early nineteenth century. Manchester University Press, 2006.
Cultural identities and the aesthetics of Britishness, editor, Manchester University Press, 2004
Tracing Architecture: The Aesthetics of Antiquarianism, Wiley & Sons Publishers, 2003
Art History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004.
Reading Architectural History. Routledge, London, 2002.
Re-presenting the Metropolis: Architecture, Urban Experience and Social Life in London 1800-1840. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2000.
The Georgian Country House: Architecture Landscape and Society. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 1998.
References
Academics of Middlesex University
Living people
Academics of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Leeds
1961 births
Architectural historians
Women art historians
British women writers
Alumni of Westfield College
Alumni of University College London
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
باري شوارتز (عالم اجتماع)

باري شوارتز (عالم اجتماع)
باري شوارتز هو عالم اجتماع أمريكي، ولد في 19 يناير 1938 في فيلادلفيا في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة شيكاغو
خريجو جامعة بنسيلفانيا
خريجو جامعة تمبل
خريجو جامعة ميريلاند (كوليدج بارك)
علماء اجتماع أمريكيون
علماء من فيلادلفيا
مواليد 1938
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة جورجيا
بوب شايفر

بوب شايفر هو لاعب كرة قاعدة أمريكي، ولد في 22 مايو 1944 في في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
رياضيون من كونيتيكت
رياضيون من مقاطعة ويندهام (كونيتيكت)
كشافة أتلانتا بريفز
كشافة بالتيمور أوريولز
كشافة بوسطن (ريد سوكس)
كشافة كنساس سيتي رويالس
كشافة واشنطن ناشونالز
لاعبو كرة قاعدة من كونيتيكت
مدراء بالتيمور أوريولز
مدراء بوسطن (ريد سوكس)
مدربو أوكلاند أثلتكس
مدربو دوري كرة القاعدة الثانوي
مدربو كنساس سيتي رويالس
مدربو لوس أنجلوس دودجرز
مواليد 1944
Victoria Konefal

Victoria Konefal is an American actress. She has portrayed Ciara Brady on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives since 2017.
Early life
Konefal was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her family consists of her parents, an older brother and sister, Victoria is the youngest. She studied at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School. In 2015, she participated in a beauty pageant competition, where she was crowned Miss Poland USA.
Career
Konefal is signed with MN2S International Music & Talent Agency and Katz PR, previously she was signed with Talent Works and Bold Management & Production. Konefal started her acting career in 2015 by landing a lead role in two films Forgetting Sandy Glass as Kelly, and the horror film Fog City as Georgia Paige. In 2016, she guest-starred in an episode of Modern Family as Rivka. In 2017, she appeared in three films: The Wrong Crush, where she played the lead role of Amelia; horror film Circus Kane as Tracy; and Deadly Exchange as Blake. In August 2017, it was announced that she had been cast in the role of Ciara Brady on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. She debuted on December 1, 2017.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Actresses from San Francisco
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series winners
21st-century American women
Actresses from Brooklyn
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
(38124) 1999 JV43

(38124) 1999 JV43
1999 جاي في 43 (ويعرف أيضًا باسم (38124) 1999 جاي في 43 وفق تسمية الكوكب الصغير) ؛ هو كويكب ضمن حزام الكويكبات.
اكتُشف هذا الجُرم الفلكي بواسطة بحث لنكولن عن الكويكبات القريبة من الأرض في 10 مايو 1999، وترتيبه 38124 من حيث الاكتشاف.
الوصف
اكتُشف في 10 مايو 1999 في مرصد ماغدالينا ريدج، الواقع في مقاطعة سوكورو، نيومكسيكو في الولايات المتحدة، بواسطة مشروع بحث لنكولن عن الكويكبات القريبة من الأرض . وقد رصد المشروع 1,165 مشاهدة للكويكب إلى غاية 5 فبراير 2022 بتوقيت منطقة المحيط الهادئ، أي في مدة قدرها 10,219 يومًا (28.0 عام). تستغرق الفترة المدارية للكويكب 1,290 يومًا (3.5 عام).
الخصائص المدارية
يتميز مدار هذا الكويكب بنصف محور رئيسي يبلغ 2.32 وحدة فلكية، وحضيض قدره 1.98 وحدة فلكية، وانحراف قدره 0.147 وزاوية ميلان 4.17 درجة بالنسبة لمسار الشمس. بسبب هذه الخصائص، أي نصف المحور الرئيسي بين 2 و3.2 وحدة فلكية وحضيض أكبر من 1,666 وحدة فلكية، يُصنف هذا الجُرم الفلكي وفقًا لقاعدة بيانات مختبر الدفع النفاث لأجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة كائنًا من حزام الكويكبات الرئيسي.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الكواكب الصغيرة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1999
اكتشافات بحث لينكون للكويكبات القريبة من الأرض
حزام الكويكبات
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي الدرجة الأولى 1953–54

دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي الدرجة الأولى 1953–54 هو الموسم 57 من دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي. أشرف على تنظيمه اتحاد إسكتلندا لكرة القدم، وكان عدد الأندية المشاركة فيه 16، وفاز فيه نادي سلتيك.
نتائج الموسم
مراجع
الدوري الإسكتلندي لكرة القدم
دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي 1953–54
دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 1953–54
جون كاسبار كروغ

جون كاسبار كروغ هو سياسي نرويجي، ولد في 27 سبتمبر 1776 في في النرويج، وتوفي في 18 سبتمبر 1831 في برغن في النرويج.
مناصب
انتخب (1814 – 1828).
انتخب عن دائرة خلال (1827 – 1829).
انتخب عن دائرة خلال (1821 – 1823).
انتخب عن دائرة خلال (1824 – 1826).
مراجع
أعضاء برلمان النرويج
مواليد 1776
وفيات 1831
Pierre Matthieu

Pierre Matthieu (1563–1621) was a French writer, poet, historian and dramatist.
Biography
Pierre Matthieu was born at Pesmes in the Haute-Saône. He studied under the Jesuits and mastered Latin, Ancient Greek and Hebrew. At the age of 19, he served his father as adjunct at the Collège of Vercel (in the Doubs) and it was there that his tragedy Esther (published in Lyon in 1585) was performed by the students. He studied law at Valence, received his doctorat in 1586 and became a lawyer at the Présidial Court of Lyon.
Although he had expressed his attachment to the House of Guise and the Catholic League, he was among those chosen and sent by the inhabitants of Lyon to King Henry IV of France in February 1594 to assure the new king of their fidelity. With the king having visited the city the year before, Matthieu was put in charge of organizing the ceremonies of the royal reception. Subsequently, he moved to Paris and, with the protection of Pierre Jeannin, he became historiograph. He was esteemed by the royal court and enjoyed special access to Henry IV.
He fell ill accompanying Louis XIII at the siege of Montauban and died in Toulouse at the age of 58.
Works
Pierre Matthieu wrote five tragedies:
Clytemnestre (1578) - the story of Clytemnestra
Esther (1581) - the story of Esther
Vashti (1589) - the story of Vashti
Aman, de la perfidie (1589) - the story of Haman
La Guisiade (1589) - an attack of Henry III and justification of his assassination.
The five tragedies of Matthieu sought — despite their use of Biblical or ancient stories (other than La Guisade) — to explore contemporary issues of the French Wars of Religion and to justify the noble defense of religion; the tragedies' heroes were generally allegorical representations of Henry I, Duke of Guise.
As poet, he published Tablettes de la vie et de la mort and Quatrains de la vie et de la mort.
His novels, La Magicienne, Aelius Sejanus and La Femme Cathenoise were hostile to Concini and his wife.
He also wrote several works of history and royal historiography. For example:
Histoire de Louis XI, Roy de France (1610)
Histoire de France et des choses memorables advenues aux provinces estrangeres durant sept annees de paix du règne de Henri IV (1605)
Historiopolitographia Sive Opus Historicopoliticum: In Qvo Res Toto Pene Orbe Hisce Proximis Annis gestae (1611)
References
1563 births
1621 deaths
16th-century French dramatists and playwrights
17th-century French dramatists and playwrights
17th-century French male writers
16th-century French poets
Historiographers
Burton Millard

Burton Millard (1828April 7, 1862) was an American machinist and Republican politician. He served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He died at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Civil War.
Biography
Born in Scio, New York, Millard moved to Wausau, Wisconsin. He owned a machine shop. In 1855, he served as Sheriff of Marathon County, Wisconsin, and coroner of the county. In 1858, Millard served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He served as a commissary sergeant in the 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War and was killed while on duty in Lee's Mill Earthworks, Virginia.
Notes
1828 births
1862 deaths
People from Allegany County, New York
Politicians from Wausau, Wisconsin
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Wisconsin sheriffs
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople
Union Army non-commissioned officers
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
United States politicians killed during the Civil War
Al-Shabab

Al-Shabab
Al-Shabaab or Al-Shabab (الشباب ash-Shabāb) is an Arabic phrase meaning "the Youth". It may refer to:
Association football
Al Shabab Al Arabi Club Beirut, a Lebanese association football club
Al Shabab Al Arabi Club Dubai, an Emirati former association football club
Al-Shabab Club (Manama), a football club in Bahrain
Al-Shabab FC (Riyadh), a football club in Saudi Arabia
Al-Shabab SC (Al Ahmadi), a football club in Kuwait
Al-Shabab SC (Baghdad), a football club in Iraq
Al-Shabab SC (Seeb), a football club in Oman
Al-Shabab SC (Syria), a football club in Raqqa, Syria
Chabab Ghazieh SC, a Lebanese football club
Shabab Al Ahli Club, an Emirati association football club
Shabaab al Jabal, a Libyan football club
Shabab Al-Ordon SC, a Jordanian association football club
Shabab Al Sahel FC, a Lebanese football club
Shabab El-Bourj SC, a Lebanese football club
Shabab Rafah, a Palestinian football club
Muaither SC, a Qatari football club previously known as Al Shahab
Groups
Al-Shabaab (militant group), a Somalia-based militant Islamist group aligned with Al-Qaeda
Ash-Shabab al-Mu'min, a Zaidi Shia insurgent group operating in Yemen commonly known as the Houthis
Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique), a rebel group also known as al-Shabaab
Locations
RNOV Shabab Oman, a pair of vessels in the Royal Omani Navy
Shabab Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Iran
Shabab, Iran, a city in Iran
Other
Shabaab (film), a 1954 Indian film
Jeff Burk

Jeff Burk (born June 6, 1984) is an American author and editor of Bizarro and horror fiction, currently living in Portland, Oregon. His writing is characterized by the use of humor mixed with extreme violence and gore.
Background
Jeff Burk was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He attended the Indiana University of Pennsylvania where he studied political science, sociology, and history. In 2008 he moved to Portland, Oregon where he became involved in the Bizarro fiction literary movement.
Writing and publishing
Burk is best known for his short novel Shatnerquake which is about the actor William Shatner battling the various fictional characters he has played over the years. The book was widely praised by a variety of media outlets including The Guardian, Boing Boing, and The Portland Mercury. The book has been held up as an example of how independent publishing and internet marketing can reach new audiences.
On March 1, 2010, his second book, Super Giant Monster Time!, was released.
He is the editor-in-chief of The Magazine of Bizarro Fiction, a quarterly print magazine dedicated to publishing "the very best of the Bizarro genre."
He is also the head editor of Deadite Press, Eraserhead Press' cult horror imprint.
Burk is also the host of JEFF ATTACKS! Podcast. The Podcast has mixed reviews on Apple Podcasts, with a rating of 3 stars and only 2 reviewers.
Political and social activism
While attending the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Burk became heavily involved in political activism. His actions were focused on the issues of anti-war, feminism, LGBT rights, worker's rights, and drug law reform. He has been quoted in a numbered of national news sources regarding his political work, including the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Fort Collins Now, and others.
Burk is an advocate for the liberalization of copyright laws and a supporter of file-sharing. He has offered his books and magazines for free download via his website and has leaked his work to various P2P outlets (most notably torrent sites). In response to making his work available for free he said: The internet has allowed us all so many opportunities to share with each other. To resist this is to resist the future. Others may attempt to block this forward progression with lawsuits and file protection. I, instead, want to do what I can to contribute to this wonderful digital community.
Bibliography
Fiction
Shatnerquake (2009)
Super Giant Monster Time (2010)
Cripple Wolf (2011)
Shatnerquest (2013)
As editor
The Magazine of Bizarro Fiction (editor from 2009 to 2012)
The Journal of Experimental Fiction #37 (guest editor with Eckhard Gerdes)
References
Further reading
External links
Bizarro Central Bio
1984 births
Living people
American humorists
21st-century American novelists
American science fiction writers
Copyright activists
American drug policy reform activists
Indiana University of Pennsylvania alumni
Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
American horror novelists
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
أولاد شكرة (البخاتي الجنوبية)

أولاد شكرة (البخاتي الجنوبية)
أولاد شكرة هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة لبخاتي، إقليم آسفي، جهة مراكش آسفي في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة البخاتي الجنوبية التي تضم 16 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 298 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في البخاتي الجنوبية (لبخاتي)
Jim Battle (baseball)

Jim Battle (baseball)
James Milton Battle (March 26, 1901 – September 30, 1965) was a reserve infielder in Major League Baseball. Listed at , 170 lb., he batted and threw right-handed.
A native of Bailey, Texas, Battle played briefly for the Chicago White Sox during the season as a backup for third baseman Willie Kamm and shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh. In a six-game majors career, Battle was a .375 (3-for-8) hitter with one triple and one run scored without home runs or RBI. He also spent parts of seven seasons in the Minor leagues with the Longview Cannibals (1924-'25), Paris Bearcats (1925-'26), Little Rock Travelers (1927), Seattle Indians (1928), Waco Cubs (1928-'29) and Dallas Steers (1929), registering a .286 average (737-for-2573) with 23 homers in 594 game appearances.
Battle died in Chico, California, at the age of 64.
See also
1923 Chicago White Sox season
References
External links
Baseball Reference – major league statistics
Baseball Reference – minor league statistics
Major League Baseball infielders
Chicago White Sox players
Dallas Steers players
Little Rock Travelers players
Longview Cannibals players
Paris Bearcats players
Seattle Indians players
Waco Cubs players
Baseball players from Texas
1901 births
1965 deaths
People from Fannin County, Texas
غريغوري فروست

غريغوري فروست (13 مايو 1951)؛ روائي أمريكي.
روابط خارجية
المصادر
خريجو جامعة أيوا
روائيون أمريكيون
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب خيال علمي أمريكيون
كتاب فنتازيا أمريكيون
كتاب قصة قصيرة ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب قصة قصيرة أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب من بنسلفانيا
مواليد 1951
Filattiera

Filattiera is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Massa and Carrara in the Italian region Tuscany, located about northwest of Florence and about northwest of Massa.
Main sights
Church of San Giorgio (12th century). It contains a rare tombstone from 752 remembering the work of a Lombard bishop credited with sweeping off paganism in the area. The church has an aisle with apse (another aisle was destroyed in the 12th century), and a bell tower, also from the 12th century.
Romanesque church of San Giovanni Battista, at Dobbiana. The façade is made of sandstone. The interior is in Baroque style.
Medieval pieve of St. Stephen, at Sorano, known from 1148.
References
Cities and towns in Tuscany
Jaime Pedro Gonçalves

Jaime Pedro Gonçalves (26 November 1936 – 6 April 2016) was a Mozambican Roman Catholic archbishop.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1967, Gonçalves was named a bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beira, Mozambique in 1976 and was named archbishop in 1984. He retired in 2012, and died in 2016.
See also
Notes
1936 births
2016 deaths
Mozambican Roman Catholic archbishops
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Africa
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Africa
Roman Catholic archbishops of Beira
Kachina Village, Arizona

Kachina Village, Arizona
Kachina Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in Coconino County, Arizona, United States. The population was 2,622 at the 2010 census. Kachina Village is primarily a bedroom community for Flagstaff.
Geography
Kachina Village is located at (35.097016, -111.692648).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.
Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kachina Village has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,664 people, 1,021 households, and 658 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,376 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.0% White, 4.3% Native American, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.3% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.8% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. 9.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,021 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 26.0% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 37.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,703, and the median income for a family was $51,037. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $26,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,849. About 4.4% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
Education
Kachina Village is served by the Flagstaff Unified School District.
References
External links
Kachina Village Improvement District
Highlands Fire District
Census-designated places in Coconino County, Arizona
Census-designated places in Arizona
حاجز كولوم

حاجز كولوم أو بئر كولوم في الفيزياء (Coulomb barrier) هي تسمية ترجع إلى قانون كولوم وهو العالم الفيزيائي شارل كولومب (1736–1806) ، وحاجز كولوم هو حاجز من الطاقة ناشيئ عن الـثأير الكهرومغناطيسي المتنافر الذي يمنع شحنتين متماثلتين (مثل نواتي ذرات) من الاقتراب من بعضهما واندماجهما في تفاعل.
يعطى هذا الحاجز بطاقة جهد كهربائي ساكن :
حيث:
k ثابت كولوم = 8.9876×109 N m² C−2;
ε0 سماحية الفراغ ;
q1, q2 شحنتي الجسيمين المتفاعلين ;
r نصف قطر التآثر .
تولد علامة موجبة للحاجز U قوة تنافر بين الجسمين، حيث تزيد طاقة الجسمين كلما زاد اقتربابهما من بعضهما. أما إذا كانت إشارة U سالبة (أي طاقة جهدية سالبة ) فهي تعني ارتباط بين الجسمين (أي يوجد بينهما تجاذب) .
تطبيقه على الذرات
يزيد حاجز كولوم بزيادة العدد الذري (أي بزيادة عدد البروتونات في كلتا النواتين المتصادمتين):
حيث:
e شحنة أولية = 1.602 ×10−19 C,
و Zi العدد الذري للنواة i.
ومن أجل التغلب على جهد التنافر بين النواتين الذريتين فلا بد أن يكون اصطدام النواتين عند سرعات أكبر، بحيث تتغلب طاقتهم الحركية على قوة التنافر بينهما . بالنسبة لنواتين يجب اصطدامهما عند سرعات عالية بحيث تقتربان كافيا من بعضهما لكي تعمل القوة الشديدة على ارتباطهما ببعضهما .(وهذا هو ما يحدث في تجارب معجلات الجسيمات ) .
وطبقا لقوانين الديناميكا الحرارية للغازات تكون درجة الحرارة مقياس لمتوسط سرعة الجزيئات في الغاز . هذا بالنسبة للغاز المثالي أما بالنسبة إلى غاز عادي فيعطينا توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان نسبة الجزئيات ذات سرعة معينة كدالة لدرجة حرارة الغاز، وبناء عليه فهو يعطينا نسبة الجسيمات التي تتحرك بسرعات يمكنها التغلب على حاجز كولوم.
في الواقع العملي يكفي لان تكون درجة حرارة الغاز أقل عن المتوقع للتغلب على حاجز كولوم وذلك بسبب وجود ما يسمى بالنفق الكمومي طبقا لنظرية جورج جاموف - وهي ظاهرة كمومية تظهر على المستوي الذري تجعل الجسيم يخترق الحاجز عن طريق نفق . وبالنسبة إلى تفاعل الاندماج النووي فإن اعتبار خاصية النفق الكمومي والتوزيع الحراري لسرعة الجسيمات تؤدي إلى بعض الشروط لكي يتم تفاعل الندماج بالفعل، وتسمى تلك الشروط نافذة جاموف.
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