PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Valmir Louruz

Valmir Louruz (Porto Alegre, March 13, 1944 – April 29, 2015) was a Brazilian football manager.
Managerial statistics
Honors
Player
Internacional
Campeonato Gaúcho: 1969, 1970, 1971
Manager
CSA
Campeonato Alagoano: 1981
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 1989
Júbilo Iwata
J. League Cup: 1998
Juventude
Copa do Brasil: 1999
References
External links
1944 births
2015 deaths
Footballers from Porto Alegre
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Esporte Clube Pelotas players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Sport Club Internacional players
Centro Sportivo Alagoano players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Brazilian football managers
Esporte Clube Juventude managers
Esporte Clube Pelotas managers
Centro Sportivo Alagoano managers
Grêmio Esportivo Brasil managers
Londrina Esporte Clube managers
Tuna Luso Brasileira managers
Esporte Clube Vitória managers
Clube Náutico Capibaribe managers
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube managers
Paysandu Sport Club managers
Júbilo Iwata managers
Sport Club Internacional managers
Figueirense FC managers
Vila Nova Futebol Clube managers
São José Esporte Clube managers
Al-Ahli Saudi FC managers
Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube managers
Clube de Regatas Brasil managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B managers
J1 League managers
Saudi Pro League managers
Brazilian expatriate football managers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Expatriate football managers in Japan
Expatriate football managers in Kuwait
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Willie Callaghan (footballer, born 1941)

Willie Callaghan (footballer, born 1941)
Willie Callaghan (born 9 December 1941) is a Scottish former footballer, who played for East Stirlingshire, Aberdeen, Albion Rovers and Stranraer in the Scottish Football League and Barnsley in the Football League.
In the summer of 1963, he played in the Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League with Toronto City.
References
1941 births
Living people
Men's association football wingers
Scottish men's footballers
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Dumbarton F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
Stranraer F.C. players
St Roch's F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Footballers from Glasgow
Toronto City players
Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League players
هرات (يزد)

هرات (يزد)
هرات هي مدينة تقع في إيران في قسم. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 10,795 نسمة .
انظر أيضا
قائمة مدن إيران
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة يزد
مدن إيران
مدن محافظة يزد
مقاطعة خاتم
Uíge

Uíge, formerly Carmona, is a provincial capital city in northwestern Angola, with a population of 322,531 (2014 census), and a municipality, with a population of 519,196 (2014 census), located in the province of the same name. It grew from a small market centre in 1945 to become a city in 1956.
Name
Uíge was renamed Vila Marechal Carmona in 1955 after the former Portuguese President Óscar Carmona, renamed simply Carmona after it became a city, but changed back to Uíge in 1975.
History
During Portuguese occupation it was a major center for coffee production in the 1950s. The city was the nerve center of rebel activity against Portuguese occupation. Consequently, the city faced frequent guerrilla war between Portuguese forces and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola; FNLA).
It had the worst known ever outbreak of the Marburg virus in 2005.
Demographics
In 2010 it had a population of 119,815. In 2014 the population was 322,531. Projected to be the fourth fastest growing city on the African continent between 2020 and 2025, with a 5.92% growth.
References
Provincial capitals in Angola
Populated places in Uíge Province
Municipalities of Angola
Walid Hamdiya

Walid Hamdiya
Walid Radi Ibrahim Hamdiya (1963–August 2, 2004) was a senior member of Palestinian militant group Hamas. During the 1980s and 1990s, information he supplied to Israel reportedly enabled the Israeli Defense Forces to kill several senior Hamas members, including Emad Akel. He was considered by Palestinian security officials to be one of the most senior Palestinian spies for Israel ever discovered. Hamdiya was assassinated in his hospital bed during a Hamas operation at the Shifa Hospital in Gaza City on August 2, 2004.
Spying for Israel
Hamdiya was a senior leader of Hamas. In 1995, Hamas arrested Hamdiya for allegedly providing information to Israel that led to the 1993 death of militant leader Emad Akel and four other senior Hamas military leaders. He was considered one of the most important and senior captured spies employed by Israel.
In detention, he reportedly confessed to helping Israel locate and kill at least 5 Hamas members between 1987 and 1995. After a 1-day trial condemned by human rights groups such as Amnesty International, Hamdiya was convicted on October 17, 2002, and sentenced to death by firing squad.
Assassination
On Monday, August 2, 2004, a policeman at Gaza Central Jail threw grenades into a prison cell holding accused collaborators with Israel. Later that day, masked gunmen entered the Shifa Hospital in Gaza City and shot to death Hamdiya and another accused spy. Hamdiya was in his bed in the intensive care unit. Hamas claimed responsibility for the operation. Human Rights Watch condemned the operation at the hospital as a violation of international humanitarian law.
References
Hamas military members
Assassinated Hamas members
2004 murders in Asia
Targeted killing
History of Hamas
Human rights in the Gaza Strip
1963 births
2004 deaths
List of prime ministers of Mongolia

List of prime ministers of Mongolia
The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the head of government of Mongolia. The office was established in 1912, shortly after Mongolia declared its independence from the Qing dynasty during the Mongolian Revolution of 1911.
From 1924 to 1992, during the Mongolian People's Republic, the official title of the head of government underwent several changes, including Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and finally, Prime Minister.
Prime ministers of Mongolia (1912–present)
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Timeline
See also
List of Mongol rulers
President of Mongolia
List of heads of state of Mongolia
Prime Minister of Mongolia
Notes
References
Mongolia
Prime Minister
Prime ministers
1912 establishments in Mongolia
Cori Callahan

Cori Callahan
Corinne Renae Callahan (born May 6, 1985) is an American soccer coach, artistic photographer and former goalkeeper.
University career
Callahan had a standout career at the University of Portland from 2003 through 2006, where she backstopped the Pilots to the 2005 NCAA Division I national championship, capping off an undefeated season. She saved two penalty kicks in the penalty shootout of the semi-final match against Penn State; that performance helped to name her the NCAA tournament's Defensive Most Valuable Player.
At Portland, she became the program's all-time leader in saves with 263, shutouts with 39, and finished with a 0.59 goals against average (GAA), which is fifth in program history, earning All-American status.
Professional career
After leaving Portland, Callahan moved on to the W-League, where she played for the Vancouver Whitecaps in 2007 and the Seattle Sounders in 2008.
On October 6, 2008, she was drafted in the first round (seventh overall) by Sky Blue FC in the 2008 WPS General Draft. She remained on the roster for Sky Blue in WPS throughout the 2009 season, earning a winner's medal for the inaugural WPS Championship.
International career
Callahan has won caps for the United States at the under-21 and under-23 levels. For the U-21s, she started every match in the 2007 Nordic Cup, and returned to the Nordic Cup with the U-23 team in 2006, 2007, and 2008.
Photography
Callahan is the founder of a photography site, Cori Alexander Photography, which displays her portfolio containing a number of galleries. These galleries include images of nature settings, bridges such as the Golden Gate Bridge and the Brooklyn Bridge, and an ongoing collection titled "365", designed to capture one moment for every day of the year.
Personal life
Callahan's brother, Clint Alexander, is the director of East Coast casting for the Fox Broadcasting Company. Her mother works for the Contra Costa Times, and her father has battled multiple sclerosis for many years. Portions of sales that she makes out of her photography site go to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. She married Matt Callahan in May 2015, and has three children.
References
External links
Portland player profile
Portland 2006 statistics
Sky Blue FC player profile
Cori Alexander Photography
1985 births
Living people
NJ/NY Gotham FC players
Seattle Sounders Women players
Portland Pilots women's soccer players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC (women) players
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
American women's soccer players
Women's association football goalkeepers
American women's soccer coaches
Female association football managers
San Diego Toreros women's soccer coaches
California Golden Bears women's soccer coaches
Mahlezan

Mahlezan (also Romanized as Mahlezān; also known as Mahlah Zān, Mahlan Zān, Mahlehzān, Mahl-i-zan, Makhlazan, Malhaz̄ān, and Mātāzān) is a village in Valdian Rural District, Ivughli District, Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 462, in 127 families.
References
Populated places in Khoy County
محل اقتراع

محل اقتراع
محل الاقتراع أو مكتب الاقتراع أو مركز اقتراع كما يطلق عليها في الانتخابات الحكومية وهي المواقع التي يدلي فيها المصوتون بآرائهم. لمحل الاقتراع أو لجنة الانتخابات شروط يجب أن تستوفيها للحفاظ على نزاهة الانتخابات وهي توفير الخصوصية للمصوت والحفاظ على سرية التصويت وأيضا سهولة الوصول وأن يكون المحل معروفا وعاما ما أمكن. وعادة ما توضع اللجان الانتخابية داخل المدارس أو الملاعب أو المقرات الحكومية. ويداوم في اللجنة الانتخابية بضعة أشخاص يعرفون باسم قضاة الإنتخابات الذين يراقبون السيرورة الانتخابية ويساعدون المصوتين في معرفة إجراءات الإدلاء بالصوت.
صور
مراجع
انتخابات
مصطلحات سياسية
لاغو نورتي

لاغو نورتي (تترجم إلى لاغو الشمالية) هي منطقة إدارية في المقاطعة الفيدرالية في البرازيل. تقع معظم المنطقة المأهولة بالسكان في شبه جزيرة على بحيرة بارانوا. بلغ عدد سكانها في عام 2010 ما يقارب 41627 نسمة.
طالع أيضا
قائمة المناطق الإدارية في القطاع الفدرالي البرازيلي
روابط خارجية
موقع الحكومة المحلية الرسمي
مدن البرازيل
مناطق إدارية في القطاع الفدرالي البرازيلي
Joshua Abrams (gridiron football)

Joshua Abrams (gridiron football)
Joshua Abrams (born January 18, 1986) is a former Canadian football cornerback. He was signed by the Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Ohio. After spending the 2008 season on the practice squad, he was signed to a future contract at the end of the year.
On February 2, 2010, Abrams signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, where he played in five games and recorded seven tackles. He was released by the Argonauts on June 28, 2011.
References
External links
Ohio Bobcats bio
Toronto Argonauts profile
Just Sports Stats
1986 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American football running backs
Players of American football from DeKalb County, Georgia
Green Bay Packers players
Ohio Bobcats football players
People from Dunwoody, Georgia
Players of Canadian football from Georgia (U.S. state)
Canadian football defensive backs
Canadian football linebackers
Toronto Argonauts players
تشارلز إتش. إلستون

تشارلز إتش. إلستون هو مدرس ومحامي وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 1 أغسطس 1891 في مارييتا في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 25 سبتمبر 1980 في فورت لودرديل في الولايات المتحدة. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب .
مراجع
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من أوهايو
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي
جمهوريون من ولاية أوهايو
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون من سينسيناتي (أوهايو)
سياسيون من مارييتا (أوهايو)
محامون أمريكيون في القرن 20
محامون من أوهايو
مواليد 1891
وفيات 1980
أنيت وارن

أنيت وارن هي عازفة الجاز ومغنية أمريكية، ولدت في 11 يوليو 1922 في كليفلاند في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
مئويات
مئويون أمريكيون
مغنو جاز أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنون من أوهايو
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
مغنيو أفلام
مواليد 1922
عمر شلايل

عمر شلايل
عمر محمود خضر شلايل ويُكنى أبو رجائي (1945 في يبنا - 2 ديسمبر 2017 في غزة) دبلوماسي، وسياسي ومهندس مدني فلسطيني.
حياته
وُلد شلايل في عام 1945 لأسرة فلسطينية تسكن في قرية يبنا في قضاء الرملة. هجرتهم العصابات الصهيونية عام 1948 ولجئوا إلى مدينة جباليا. تلقى تعليمه الأساسي والإعدادي في مدارس الأونروا والثانوي في مدرسة فلسطين الثانوية بمدينة غزة.
حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في الهندسة المدنية عام 1970 من جامعة الإسكندرية. وكان خلال دراسته رئيسًا للاتحاد العام لطلبة فلسطين في الجامعة بين عامي 1968 و1969، وانضم خلالها إلى حركة فتح.
درس العلوم السياسية في جامعة الخرطوم، وحصل على شهادة الماجستير عام 1999، وشهادة الدكتوراه عام 2004.
الحياة العملية
كان أمينًا لسر حركة فتح في إقليم ليبيا بين عامي 1975 و1983 وقائمًا بأعمال مدير مكتب منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية بين عامي 1980 و1983.
في 29 أكتوبر 1983، طلبت ليبيا من ممثل منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية مغادرة ليبيا.
انتقل للعمل لدى هيئة التعبئة والتنظيم في تونس بين أعوام 1983 و1985. صار عضوًا في المجلس الوطني الفلسطيني في عام 1984. عُين سفيرًا فوق العادة لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية لدى السودان في عام 1985 واستمر في المنصب حتى عام 2006. كما كان رئيسًا للمجلس الأعلى للمهندسين الفلسطينيين بين عامي 1986 و1995.
في 11 فبراير 2006، نُقل للعمل في مقر وزارة الشؤون الخارجية. ومُددت خدماته حتى 25 فبراير 2007.
درّس في جامعة الزعيم الأزهري في السودان، وفي جامعة الأزهر وجامعة فلسطين بقطاع غزة.
وفاته
تُوفي في 2 ديسمبر 2017 في مدينة غزة ودُفن فيها.
المراجع
أشخاص من الرملة
أشخاص من جباليا
أعضاء المجلس الوطني الفلسطيني
أعضاء حركة فتح
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة الأزهر (غزة)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة فلسطين
خريجو جامعة الإسكندرية
خريجو جامعة الخرطوم
دبلوماسيون فلسطينيون
سفراء فلسطين لدى السودان
سفراء فلسطين لدى ليبيا
سياسيون فلسطينيون
عرب في زمن الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
لاجئون فلسطينيون
مسلمون سنة فلسطينيون
مغتربون فلسطينيون في تونس
مغتربون فلسطينيون في مصر
مهندسون مدنيون فلسطينيون
مواليد 1945
وفيات 1439 هـ
وفيات 2017
وفيات في غزة
1999–2000 Botola

1999–2000 Botola
The 1999–2000 Botola is the 44th season of the Moroccan Premier League. Raja Casablanca are the holders of the title.
References
Morocco 1999–2000
Botola seasons
Morocco
Botola
Salwan Jassim

Salwan Jassim Abbood (born 26 September 1991) is an Iraqi male weightlifter, competing in the 105 kg category and representing Iraq at international competitions. He placed ninth in the men's 105 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Major results
References
1991 births
Living people
Iraqi male weightlifters
Sportspeople from Baghdad
Weightlifters at the 2014 Asian Games
Olympic weightlifters for Iraq
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Iraq
Asian Games medalists in weightlifting
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
Islamic Solidarity Games medalists in weightlifting
21st-century Iraqi people
İrfan Kahveci

İrfan Kahveci
İrfan Can Kahveci (born 15 July 1995) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a winger for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe and the Turkey national team.
Club career
Gençlerbirliği
After playing in the youth squad for Gençlerbirliği, Irfan Can made his debut for the first team during the 2014–15 season. On 9 November 2014, he scored his first league goal in the 63rd minute against Kasımpaşa. He finished the season with 6 goals in 30 matches in league and cup competitions.
In his second season with Gençlerbirliği he amassed 3 goals in 33 matches in all competitions.
İstanbul Başakşehir
On 26 December 2016, Kahveci signed a 4.5-year contract with İstanbul Başakşehir. On 2 December 2020, he scored a hat-trick against RB Leipzig in the UEFA Champions League. His team, however, lost the match 3–4. It made him only the third player to score a hat-trick in a losing cause in the Champions League, after Ronaldo and Gareth Bale.
Fenerbahçe
On 31 January 2021, Fenerbahçe announced via Twitter that Kahveci joined the team. He signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Fenerbahçe for a €7 million fee.
On 4 March 2021, he made his debut against Antalyaspor at the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Süper Lig match tied 1–1. On October 2021, he scored his first goal against Konyaspor, Fenerbahçe lost 2–1.
In 2023-24 season, he made a very strong start with new coach and team's local legend İsmail Kartal and became one of the key players who took more responsibility on the field. On 26 October 2023, he weared Fenerbahçe jersey for 100th times in all competitions against Ludogorets Razgrad in UEFA Europa Conference League Group H third week match, Fenerbahçe won 3-1 in Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium.
International career
Kahveci was called up by manager Fatih Terim for Turkey's friendly match against Russia on 31 August 2016 and subsequent World Cup 2018 qualifier against Croatia. He made a debut in the national team on 23 March 2018 in a 1–0 win against Ireland. In his second match in June 2019, a friendly against Uzbekistan, he had a chance to score his first international goal, but he missed a 90th minute penalty kick. Turkey still won the game 2–0 courtesy of a brace from Zeki Çelik.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Turkey's goal tally first.
Honours
İstanbul Başakşehir
Süper Lig: 2019–20
Fenerbahçe
Turkish Cup: 2022–23
Individual
Turkish Footballer of the Year: 2020
Süper Lig Team of the Season: 2021–22, 2022–23
References
External links
Profile at TFF
1995 births
Living people
People from Ayaş, Ankara
Sportspeople from Ankara Province
Footballers from Ankara
Men's association football forwards
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's international footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Süper Lig players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Hacettepe S.K. footballers
İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. players
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
UEFA Euro 2020 players
Van Johnson (racing driver)

Van Johnson (racing driver)
Van Dale Johnson (February 4, 1927 – July 19, 1959) was an American racing driver. Born in Greeley, Colorado, Johnson grew up in Anaheim, California where he attended schools. Before heading east to further his racing career, Johnson raced jalopies and midgets on Southern California tracks, most notably Culver City Speedway, though he is also known to have competed at Carrell Speedway as well.
Johnson competed in the United States Auto Club National Championship from 1956 to 1959, making six starts. He also failed to qualify or crashed in practice in eleven more race attempts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1958 and 1959. He captured his first and only race win in his sixth race start in June 1959 at the famed Langhorne Speedway.
A month later in his next race, Johnson was killed in a third-lap crash in a Non-Championship race at Williams Grove Speedway where his car was either rammed from the side by that of Joe Barzda or the wheels of their cars became entangled. Barzda's car had suffered a reported stuck throttle when entering the third turn and, after making contact, flipped over just as Johnson's. While Barzda escaped with minor injuries, Johnson died of a skull fracture and other injuries or a broken neck.
Johnson's Vargo Special was the same racer in which Dick Linder had perished a few months earlier and in which Hugh Randall would be killed three years later.
At the time of his death Johnson was reported to be a resident of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and a former resident of Anaheim, California, Bally, Pennsylvania, where he had moved about three years before his death, and Norristown, Pennsylvania.
Complete USAC Championship Car results
References
External links
Van Johnson at Champ Car Stats
1927 births
1959 deaths
People from Greeley, Colorado
Sportspeople from Weld County, Colorado
Sportspeople from Berks County, Pennsylvania
Racing drivers from Colorado
Racing drivers from Pennsylvania
Racing drivers who died while racing
Sports deaths in Pennsylvania
Vanessa Moody

Vanessa Moody
Vanessa Erin Moody (born November 20, 1995) is an American fashion model.
Career
Moody's father encouraged her to pursue modeling and brought her to an open call at The Campbell Agency in Dallas. She debuted as an exclusive for Alexander Wang (opening his F/W 2014 show) and Balenciaga; the next season she walked in almost 50 shows, including closing for Givenchy. A following season brought her to an almost record 72 shows. She has appeared in campaigns for Alexander Wang, Valentino, Versace Jeans, Coach New York, Michael Kors, to name a few.
In 2014, Moody was chosen as a "Top Newcomer" by models.com. She previously ranked on their "Money Girl" list.
Moody walked in the 2017 Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show.
In 2014 Moody started an editorial career with a shoot for Vogue Paris and Love Magazine.
In 2015 she appeared on her first two Vogue covers by photographer Stephen Meisel. By the second cover she had earned a spot in Vogue Italia's 50th Anniversary 50 Top Models. Following that same year she had her first solo cover with Vogue Germany.
Personal life
References
1996 births
Living people
American female models
Female models from Texas
People from Lewisville, Texas
Women Management models
21st-century American women
Kitee Airfield

Kitee Airfield is an aerodrome in Kitee, Finland.
See also
List of airports in Finland
References
External links
Town of Kitee – Airfield
VFR Suomi/Finland – Kitee Airfield
Lentopaikat.net – Kitee Airfield
Airports in Finland
Airfield
Buildings and structures in North Karelia
إيرا كوهن

إيرا كوهن هو مصور وكاتب ومخرج وشاعر وممثل أمريكي، ولد في 3 فبراير 1935 في نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 25 أبريل 2011 بسبب قصور كلوي.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
كتاب من الجانب الغربي الشمالي لمنهاتن
أشخاص من الجانب الغربي الشمالي لمنهاتن
أمريكيون مغتربون في المغرب
أمريكيون مغتربون في هولندا
شعراء أمريكيون
شعراء أمريكيون في القرن 20
شعراء أمريكيون يهود
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب من مانهاتن
كتاب من مدينة نيويورك
مخرجو أفلام من مدينة نيويورك
مصورون من ولاية نيويورك
مواليد 1935
ناشرون أمريكيون (أشخاص)
وفيات 2011
وفيات بسبب الفشل الكلوي
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21
Ibn Sahl

Ibn Sahl may refer to:
Ibn Sahl (mathematician) (c. 940–1000), Persian mathematician and optics engineer
Ibn Sahl of Seville (1212–1251), Moorish poet of Andalusia
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), Persian Muslim polymath
Al-Fadl ibn Sahl (d. 818), Persian vizier of the Abbasid era
Al-Hasan ibn Sahl (d. 833), Abbasid government official
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (838–870), Muslim hakim, Islamic scholar, physician and psychologist
Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), Persian Christian physician
See also
Sahl (disambiguation)
تآثر

تآثر
التآثر هو أحد أنواع الفعل الذي يحدث بين جسمين أو أكثر يملكان تأثيرا على بعضهما البعض. فكرة التأثير ثنائي الاتجاه تعتبر المبدأ الأساسي في التآثر، كمقابل للتأثير السببي. اجتماع عدة تآثرات بسيطة يمكن أن يقود لظاهرة الانبثاق المدهشة. يأخذ التآثر معان متعددة حسب فروع العلوم.
تآثر فيزيائي
ابسط أنواع التآثر الذي نعرفه تآثر جسمين مشحونين بكهرباء، أحدهما سالب والأخر موجب، نلاحظ أنهما ينجذبان تحت التأثير الكهرومغناطيسي، وإذا كان الجسمان يحملان نفس نوع الشحنة الكهربائية فإنهما يتنافران .
كذلك من المعهود لدينا تنافر الأقطاب المغناطيسية المتماثلة وتجاذبها إذا كانت متضادة.
للتآثر بين الجسيمات الأولية دور أساسي في بناء الكون والعالم الملموس، ولا يخفى علينا مسألة الجاذبية التي شدت انتباه نيوتن، ويهتم بدراستها العلماء حتى يومنا هذا إلى جانب تآثرات أخرى شكلت الكون ولا تزال تشكله، وأدت إلى ظهور المادة الحية والحياة على الأرض وظهور الكائنات الحية حتي ظهور الإنسان.
فالعالم المحسوس هو عالم الجسيمات والتآثر بينها.
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