Florence Reece

Florence Reece (April 12, 1900 – August 3, 1986) was an American social activist, poet, and folksong writer. She is best known for the song "Which Side Are You On?" which she originally wrote at the age of twelve while her father was out on strike with other coal miners, according to The Penguin Book of American Folk Song by Alan Lomax.
In 1931, during the Harlan County strike by the United Mine Workers of America and the National Miners Union, in which her husband was an organizer, Reece updated her song to the version known today.
Biography
Born in Sharps Chapel, Tennessee, the daughter and wife of coal miners, she is best known for the song "Which Side Are You On?". According to folklorist Alan Lomax who collected it from her in 1937, she wrote the song in 1912 when her father was out on strike, and then updated it in 1931 during the Harlan County War strike by the United Mine Workers of America and the National Miners Union in which her husband, Sam Reece, was an organizer.
Pete Seeger, collecting labor union songs, learned "Which Side Are You On" in 1940. The following year, it was recorded by the Almanac Singers in a version that gained a wide audience. More recently, Billy Bragg, Dropkick Murphys, Rebel Diaz, Natalie Merchant, Ani DiFranco, and Tom Morello each recorded their own interpretations of the song.
In 1931, the miners and the mine owners in southeastern Kentucky were locked in a bitter and violent struggle called the Harlan County War. In an attempt to intimidate the family of union leader Sam Reece, Sheriff J. H. Blair and his men, hired by the mining company, illegally entered their home in search of Reece. Reece had been warned in advance and escaped but his wife, Florence, and their children were terrorized. That night, after the men had gone, Florence wrote the lyrics to "Which Side Are You On?" on a calendar that hung in their kitchen. She took the melody from a traditional Baptist hymn, "Lay the Lily Low", or the traditional ballad "Jack Munro".
Reece appeared in the Academy Award-winning documentary film Harlan County, USA, singing her anthem to rally the striking miners. She was portrayed by Emily Bachynski in the second episode of the television show Damnation performing "Which Side Are You On?"
Florence and Sam Reece were married for 64 years until his death from pneumoconiosis (black lung) in 1978. After a lifetime of speaking on behalf of unions and social welfare issues, Florence Reece died of a heart attack in 1986 at the age of 86 in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Discography
Coal Mining Women (no date indicated), Rounder Records CD
References
Notes
Sources
Biography of Florence Reece on the Appalachian Protest Songwriters web page, Virginia Tech University
Interview with Florence Reece in Kathy Kahn, Hillybilly Women: Mountain women speak of the struggle and joy in Southern Appalachia. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1973.
"Which Side Are You On?" An Interview With Florence Reece" by Ron Stanford, Sing Out!: The Folk Song Magazine, Vol. 20, No. 6, 1971, pages 13–15
AFS 14,588-14,589 Ron Stanford / Florence and Sam Reece Recording Project, "Two 10-inch tapes of an interview of Florence and Sam Reece, with songs by Florence Reece. Recorded in Tennessee by Ron Stanford, June 3–7, 1971" . From the Library of Congress, Research Centers, The American Folklife Center, Finding Aids to Collections in the Archive of Folk Culture, Tennessee Collections, compiled by Christopher DeWitt, Madeline Esposito, Dave Lewis, and Michael Pahn, https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guides/Tennessee.html
"Against the Current: poems and stories" by Florence Reece, privately printed by Florence Reece, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1981, https://www.worldcat.org/title/against-the-current-poems-and-stories/oclc/8004758&referer=brief_results
Review of "Against the Current" (Florence Reece, 1981) by Loyal Jones, Appalachian Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, Fall 1984, pages 68–72, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40932631?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
External links
"Which Side Are You On" lyrics, link to MIDI music
Florence Reece in the Civil Rights Digital Library (text and pictures)
Reece, Florence (Recovered History, News Items from The Progressive Review
1900 births
1986 deaths
People from Union County, Tennessee
American folk musicians
American folk singers
United Mine Workers of America people
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee