Brahmic scripts

Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.
History
Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.
The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.
Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes. At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.
Characteristics
Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:
Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short ‘ə’ (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used.
Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.
Comparison
Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:
The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.
The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.
Consonants
Notes
Vowels
Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.
Notes
Numerals
Notes
List of Brahmic scripts
Historical
The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.
Northern Brahmic
Gupta, 4th century
Sharada
Landa
Gurmukhi
Khojki
Khudabadi
Mahajani
Multani
Takri
Chamba
Dogri
Sirmauri
Siddhaṃ
Nagari
Devanagari
Modi
Gujarati
Nandinagari
Kaithi
Sylheti Nagari
Kamarupi
Assamese
Gaudi
Bengali–Assamese (Eastern Nagari)
Assamese
Bengali
Tirhuta (Mithilakshar)
Odia
Nepalese
Bhujimol
Ranjana
Soyombo
Pracalit
Tibetan
Meetei Mayek
Lepcha
Limbu
Khema
ʼPhags-pa
Zanabazar square
Marchen
Marchung
Pungs-chen
Pungs-chung
Drusha
Dives Akuru
Kalinga
Bhaiksuki
Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)
Southern Brahmic
Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
Pallava
Tamil
Grantha
Malayalam
Tigalari
Saurashtra
Khmer
Khom Thai
Proto-Tai script?
Sukhothai
Thai
Fakkham
Thai Noi
Lao
Tai Viet
Dai Don
Lai Tay
Lai Pao
Cham
Kawi
Balinese
Batak
Buda
Javanese
Old Sundanese
Sundanese
Lontara
Makasar
Ulu scripts
Incung
Lampung
Lembak
Ogan
Pasemah
Rejang
Serawai
Baybayin
Buhid
Hanunó'o
Tagbanwa
Kulitan
Basahan
Mon–Burmese
Modern Mon
Burmese
Chakma
S'gaw Karen
Shan
Tanchangya
Lik-Tai scripts
Ahom
Khamti
Tai Le
Tai Tham
New Tai Lue
Pyu
Vatteluttu
Kolezhuthu
Malayanma
Sinhala
Bhattiprolu
Kadamba
Telugu-Kannada
Kannada
Goykanadi
Telugu
Unicode of Brahmic scripts
As of Unicode version , the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:
See also
Devanagari transliteration
International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
National Library at Kolkata romanisation
Bharati Braille, the unified braille assignments of Indian languages
Indus script – symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation
Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) – the coding scheme specifically designed to represent Indic scripts
References
External links
Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
Windows Indic Script Support
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
South Asian Writing Systems
Enhanced Indic Transliterator Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor
Brahmi Script
Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages
Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts – a Firefox add-on