Eshmunazar II

Eshmunazar II (Phoenician: 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤏𐤆𐤓 meaning "Eshmun helps") was the Phoenician king of Sidon. He was the grandson of Eshmunazar I, and a vassal king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Eshmunazar II succeeded his father Tabnit I who ruled for a short time and died before the birth of his son. Tabnit I was succeeded by his sister-wife Amoashtart who ruled alone until Eshmunazar II's birth, and then acted as his regent until the time he would have reached majority. Eshmunazar II died prematurely at the age of 14. He was succeeded by his cousin Bodashtart.
Eshmunazar II came from a lineage of priests of Astarte, and his rule saw a strong emphasis on religious activities. He and his mother Amoashtart built temples in various parts of Sidon and its neighboring territories. During his reign, King Cambyses II of Persia rewarded Sidon for its milirary contributions to his campaign against Egypt by granting Sidon additional territory. Eshmunazar II is primarily known from his sarcophagus, which features two Phoenician inscriptions; it is currently housed in the Louvre Museum.
Etymology
Eshmunazar is the Romanized form of the Phoenician theophoric name , meaning "Eshmun helps". Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of the city of Sidon.
The name is also transliterated as: ʾEšmunʿazor, ʾšmnʿzr, Achmounazar, Ashmounazar, Ashmunazar, Ashmunezer, Echmounazar, Echmounazor, Eschmoun-ʿEzer, Eschmunazar, Eshmnʿzr, Eshmunazor, Esmounazar, Esmunasar, Esmunazar, Ešmunʿazor, Ešmunazar, Ešmunazor.
Historical context
Sidon, which was a flourishing and independent Phoenician city-state, came under Mesopotamian occupation in the ninth century BC. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities, including Sidon. In 705, King Luli, who reigned over both Tyre and Sidon, joined forces with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule. He was forced to flee to Kition in the neighboring island of Cyprus with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib. Sennacherib placed Ittobaal on the throne of Sidon and imposed an annual tribute. Elayi believes that Ittobaal was of royal Sidonian lineage, a family line driven out of power by the reigning Tyrian kings. When Abdi-Milkutti ascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon captured and beheaded Abdi-Milkutti in 677 BC after a three-year siege; Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to Baal I, the king of rival Tyre and loyal vassal to Esarhaddon.
Sidon returned to its former prosperity while Tyre was besieged for thirteen years (586–573 BC) by the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II. After the Achaemenid conquest in 529 BC. Phoenicia was divided into four vassal kingdoms: Sidon, Tyre, Byblos and Arwad. Eshmunazar I, a priest of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, and the founder of his eponymous dynasty, became king around the same time. During the early Persian period (539–486 BC), Sidon rose to power, becoming Phoenicia's preeminent city. Sidonian kings began an extensive program of mass-scale construction projects attested in the funerary inscription on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II and the dedicatory Bodashtart inscriptions found on the foundations of the Temple of Eshmun's monumental podium.
Reign
Chronology and length of reign
Eshmunazar is believed to have reigned in the later half of the sixth century BC, during the Persian Achaemenid Period of Sidon's history, from 539 BC until his premature death 525 BC. The absolute chronology of the kings of Sidon from the dynasty of Eshmunazar I onward has been much discussed in the literature; traditionally placed in the course of the fifth century BC, inscriptions of this dynasty have been dated back to an earlier period on the basis of numismatic, historical and archaeological evidence. The most complete work addressing the dates of the reigns of these Sidonian kings is by the French historian Josette Elayi, who shifted away from the use of biblical chronology. Elayi placed the reigns of the descendants of Eshmunazar I between the middle and the end of the sixth century BC. Elayi used all available documentation of the time, including inscribed Tyrian seals, and stamps excavated by the Lebanese archaeologist Maurice Chehab in 1972 from Jal el-Bahr, a neighborhood in the north of Tyre. She also used Phoenician inscriptions discovered by the French archaeologist Maurice Dunand in Sidon in 1965, and conducted a systematic study of Sidonian coins, the first coins to bear minting dates representing the years of Sidonian kings’ reigns.
Temple building and territorial expansion
The kings of Sidon held priestly in addition to military, judiciary and diplomacy responsibilities. Among the Sidonian kings' various duties, priestly functions were given particular importance as is highlighted by the place of the priestly title, which preceded the royal title and the patronym in the royal inscriptions of Eshmunazar I and Tabnit. Some locally minted coins display scenes suggesting that the Sidonian kings actively participated in religious ceremonies. Eshmunazar II descended from a line of priests; his father Tabnit and his grandfather Eshmunazar I were priests of Astarte, in addition to being kings of Sidon, as recorded on Tabnit's sarcophagus inscriptions. Eshmunazar II's mother was also a priestess of Astarte as illustrated on line 14 of her son's sarcophagus inscriptions. The construction and restoration of temples and the execution of priestly duties served as promotional tools used by Sidonian monarchs to bolster their political power and magnificence, and to depict them as pious recipients of divine favor and protection. This royal function was manifested by Eshmunazar II and his mother Queen Amoashtart through the construction of new temples and religious buildings for the Phoenician gods Baal, Astarte, and Eshmun in a number of Sidon's neighborhoods and its adjoining territory.
In recognition to Sidon's naval warfare contributions, the Achaemenids awarded Eshmunazar II the territories of Dor, Joppa, and the plain of Sharon.
Succession and death
Phoenician royalty was lifelong and hereditary. The responsibilities and power of the position were passed down to the regent's child or another member of their family when they die. The royal ancestry and lineage of Sidonian kings was documented up to the second or third-degree ancestor (see line 13 and 14 of Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus inscription). Queen mothers held political power and exercised in the form of association with political acts and co-regency. Eshmunazar II's father King Tabnit I ruled for a short time and died before the birth of his son, he was succeeded by his sister-wife Amoashtart who assumed the role of regent during the interregnum, ruled alone until Eshmunazar II's birth, and then acted as his regent until the time he would have reached majority. Eshmunazar II died aged 14 during the reign of his overlord Cambyses II of Achaemenid Persia. After his premature death Eshmunazar II was succeeded by his cousin Bodashtart.
Eshmunazar II's sarcophagus
The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II is one of the only three Ancient Egyptian sarcophagi found outside Egypt, with the other two belonging to Eshmunazar's parents, King Tabnit and Queen Amoashtart. It was likely carved in Egypt from local amphibolite for a member of the Egyptian elite, and captured as booty by the Sidonians during their participation in Cambyses II's conquest of Egypt in 525 BC. The sarcophagus has two sets of Phoenician inscriptions, one on its lid and a partial copy of it on the sarcophagus trough, around the curvature of the head. The sarcophagus was discovered on 19 January 1855 when treasure-hunters were digging in the grounds of an ancient cemetery in the plains south of the city of Sidon. It was found outside a hollowed-out rocky mound locally known as Magharet Abloun ('The Cavern of Apollo'), a part of a large complex of Achaemenid era necropoli. The discovery is attributed to Alphonse Durighello, an agent of the French consulate in Sidon, who informed and sold the sarcophagus to Aimé Péretié, an amateur archaeologist and the chancellor of the French consulate in Beirut. The sarcophagus was first described, and acquired by Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes, a French aristocrat who donated it to the French state. The sarcophagus of King Eshmunazar II is housed in the Louvre's Near Eastern antiquities section in room 311 of the Sully wing. It was given the museum identification number of AO 4806.
The inscriptions of the sarcophagus of Eshmunazardi are written in the Phoenician language, in the Phoenician alphabet. They identify the king buried inside, tell of his lineage and temple construction feats and warns against disturbing him in his repose. The inscriptions also state that the "Lord of Kings" (the Achaemenid King of Kings, probably Cambyses II) granted the Sidonian king "Dor and Joppa, the mighty lands of Dagon, which are in the plain of Sharon" in recognition of his deeds. The deeds in question probably relate to the contribution of Eshmunazar to the Egyptian campaign of Cambyses II. Copies of the inscriptions were sent to scholars across the world and translations were published by well-known scholars of the time.
Genealogy
Eshmunazar II was a descendant of Eshmunazar I's dynasty. Eshmunazar's son Tabnit succeeded him. Tabnit had a child, Eshmunazar II, with his sister Amoashtart. Tabnit died before the birth of Eshmunazar II, and Amoashtart ruled in the interlude until the birth of her son, then was co-regent until he reached adulthood.
See also
King of Sidon
Karatepe bilingual
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
6th-century BC monarchs in Asia
6th-century BC Phoenician people
Kings of Sidon
Vassals of the Achaemenid Empire