Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)

Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
The Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) was a series of battles and offensives launched by various Syrian rebel groups, led by the al-Nusra Front, against Syrian government forces in the Raqqa Governorate as part of the Syrian Civil War. The campaign was launched at the second half of 2012 and ended in the capture of the city of Raqqa as well as dozens of smaller towns and facilities.
The campaign
2012
On 19 September 2012, Free Syrian Army rebels led by the Farouq Brigades captured the border town of Tell Abyad and its border crossing with the town of Akçakale in Turkey. The next day, the Syrian Air Force bombed a petrol station in Tell Abyad, killing 30 civilians and wounding 70. A rebel fighter was also mortally wounded. In October, Syrian government forces launched a counteroffensive in Tell Abyad which resulted in a border clash between Syria and Turkey.
On 12 October 2012, the al-Nusra Front and Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya attacked the Suluq barracks in Raqqa and claimed to have killed 32 Syrian soldiers.
In November 2012, both the rebels and government forces set up checkpoints on the road between al-Thawrah (Tabqa) and Aleppo. By the end of December, the majority of the Raqqa province were reportedly under rebel control, and rebel fighters entered al-Thawra.
2013
Battle of al-Thawrah
On 10 January 2013, heavy clashes erupted in the town of al-Thawra and the Syrian Air Force in Tabqa airbase shelled the town with artillery. By 11 February, rebels led by the al-Nusra Front fully captured both the town and the Tabqa Dam next to it.
Battle of Raqqa city
On 6 March 2013, rebel forces led by the al-Nusra Front fully captured the city of Raqqa from Syrian government, forces after a 3-day battle. The Syrian Army retreated to the military base of the 17th Division, to the northeast of the city.
Aftermath
The al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham implemented Sharia in the towns they captured. By April 2013, hundreds of Assyrians were displaced from al-Thawra. Christians, including those who supported the opposition, were kidnapped in Raqqa, al-Thawra, and Tel Abyad by al-Nusra and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIL also carried out public executions of dozens of people in the towns by firing squad. Political activism was also suppressed, several churches and mosques were burned, and hundreds of Armenians fled Raqqa.
Order of battle
Rebel forces
Free Syrian Army-affiliated groups
Farouq Brigades
Raqqa Revolutionaries Brigade
Jihad in the Path of God Brigade
Kurdish Front Brigade
Euphrates Knights Brigade
Free Tabqa Brigade
Independent Islamist groups (some of which are also part of FSA)
Islamic Unity and Liberation Front (alliance of several Islamist militias)
Liwa Owais al-Qorani
Nasr Saladin Brigade
Liwa Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
Muntasir Billah Brigade
Katibat Hudheifa bin al-Yaman
Katibat Mohammed bin Abdullah
Katibat Musaib bin Umair
Katibat Abu Dujana
Katibat Saraya al-Furat
Katibat Shuhada al-Jamaa Jund al-Rahman
Katibat Ahrar al-Badiyah
Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades
Muntasir Billah Brigade
Al-Tawhid Brigade
Conquest Brigade
Ghuraba al-Sham Battalion
Syrian Islamic Front
Ahrar al-Sham
Liwa Umanaa’ al-Raqqa
Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)
Katibat al-Bara'
Katibat Saraya al-Furat
Al-Qaeda affiliates and other Salafist jihadists
Islamic State of Iraq
Muhajireen Battalion
Shura Council Front
Al-Nusra Front
Harakat al-Fajr al-Islamiyya
Ghuraba al-Sham
Katibat Usud al-Sunna (part of Mujahideen Shura Council)
Government forces
Syrian Armed Forces
Syrian Army
17th Division
Syrian Air Force
National Defence Forces
Military Intelligence Directorate
Political Security Directorate
See also
Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)
2015 Idlib offensive
Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)
References
Bibliography
Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2012
Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2013
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the al-Nusra Front
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant