PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Pierre Bouby

Pierre Bouby (born 17 October 1983) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Career
Born in Vichy, Bouby started his career with Lyon and joined Amiens in 2002, but did not make a first-team appearance for either club. In 2004, he signed for Championnat de France amateur Group B side Moulins and went on to become a regular starter during a three-year spell at the club, playing more than 100 league matches. He was part of the team that won promotion to the Championnat National in 2005, but relegation back to the CFA followed a year later.
In 2007, Bouby joined CFA Group B outfit Croix de Savoie on a free transfer. He played 30 league games in his first season with the club, scoring five goals as the team won promotion to the National, and the following campaign he netted 8 times in 32 appearances. In June 2009, he signed a new contract with Croix de Savoie. Later the same summer, the club was bought by mineral water company Evian; the new owners changed the club name to Evian Thonon Gaillard F.C. and improvements were made to the playing squad. The team subsequently won promotion to Ligue 2 at the end of the 2009–10 season as National champions and Bouby enjoyed his most prolific goalscoring campaign, netting 9 goals in 32 league matches.
Bouby was again a first-team regular during the first half of the 2010–11 season, but lost his place in the side following the 2–0 home defeat to Dijon on 25 February 2011. He made only two substitute appearances over the remainder of the campaign, and ended the season having played in 23 league matches as Evian secured their second consecutive league title and subsequent promotion, this time to Ligue 1. On 1 June 2011, Bouby signed a three-year contract with Ligue 2 club Metz, and went on to score 2 goals in 15 matches during the first five months of the 2011–12 season.
On 21 June 2019, Bouby announced that he had retired. He continued at US Orléans working for the administrative staff, becoming responsible for communication, marketing, digital and social networks at the club.
Since 2015, he's a frequent participant of the cult radio programme, Les Grosses Têtes
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
People from Vichy
Footballers from Allier
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Olympique Lyonnais players
Amiens SC players
AS Moulins players
Thonon Evian Grand Genève FC players
FC Metz players
Nîmes Olympique players
AJ Auxerre players
US Orléans players
Wael Ben Romdhane

Wael Ben Romdhane (born 12 December 1992) is a retired Tunisian football midfielder.
References
1992 births
Living people
Tunisian men's footballers
AS Djerba players
Stade Gabèsien players
AS Gabès players
Men's association football midfielders
Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
Baba Iddi

Baba Iddi (born 6 July 1982) is a Ghanaian football striker.
Career
Iddi began his career with Great Africans in Kumasi before being scouted for Alemannia Aachen in 2000. He was the top scorer in the reserve team and he moved to the first team in 2002 playing in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga. After one season, he moved to Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. in 2004. After a year, he was sold to Asante Kotoko and played a year in Kumasi before being sold for €100.000 to Hearts of Oak in January 2005. He played another year with Hearts of Oak and moved in July 2006 to King Faisal Babes, where he was a finalist for the 2007 Ghana Premier League All-Star Team. He tried out for Perak FA in Malaysia and Dalian Shide in China, but did not get a contract. In August 2008, he left Perak and moved to FK Vardar in Macedonia. In summer 2009 he moved to Belgium and signed with KSC Lokeren.
References
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumasi
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Alemannia Aachen players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
FK Vardar players
Expatriate men's footballers in North Macedonia
Asante Kotoko S.C. players
King Faisal Babes F.C. players
Perak F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia
Belgian Pro League players
K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Paul Cleary (runner)

Paul Cleary (runner)
Paul Marcus Cleary (born 28 April 1976 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a retired
male middle-distance runner from Australia, who represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he was eliminated in the qualifying heats of the men's 1,500 metres competition. He set his personal best (3.36.20) in the men's 1500 metres on 13 March 1999 in Brisbane, Australia.
References
sports-reference
1976 births
Living people
Australian male middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Australia
Athletes from Melbourne
خوان إسكوديرو

خوان إسكوديرو (25 سبتمبر 1920 بسلامنكا في إسبانيا - 3 يناير 2012) هو لاعب كرة قدم إسباني في مركز الوسط. لعب مع أتلتيكو مدريد.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم من سلامنكا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من شلمنقة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
مواليد 1920
وفيات 2012
هوب ألدريش روكفلر

هوب ألدريش روكفلر هي صحفية أمريكية، ولدت في 17 مايو 1938.
مراجع
أشخاص من سانتا فيه (نيومكسيكو)
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
صحفيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
عائلة روكفلر
مواليد 1938
خوسيه أنطونيو باريوس

خوسيه أنطونيو باريوس (21 مارس 1949 بسانتا كروث دي تينيريفه في إسبانيا - ) هو مدرب كرة قدم ولاعب كرة قدم إسباني في مركز الوسط. لعب مع نادي برشلونة ونادي غرناطة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تنريفه
لاعبو برشلونة
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1968
لاعبو كرة قدم كناريون
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي إيركوليس
لاعبو نادي تنريفه
لاعبو نادي غرناطة
لاعبو نادي ليفانتي
مواليد 1948
مواليد 1949
Amirabad, Oshnavieh

Amirabad, Oshnavieh
Amirabad (also Romanized as Amīrābād) is a village in Oshnavieh-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Oshnavieh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,478, in 318 families.
References
Populated places in Oshnavieh County
في-1

في-1
في 1 أو فاو-1 V1 وتعني «سلاح الانتقام»، وعرف اختصاراً باسم V-1، هي قنبلة طائرة ومن أوائل الصواريخ الجوالة في التاريخ العسكري، استعمل للمرة الأولى من قبل الألمان لقصف بريطانيا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية من يوم 13 يونيو 1944 وحتى 29 مارس 1945، وبعد يومين من آخر قصف باستعمال هذا الصاروخ استخدمت ألمانيا النازية صاروخ فاو-2 (V2).
التفكيك
أول ضابط تفكيك قنابل أبطل مفعول فاو-1 كان جون بيلكنتون هدسون في عام 1944.
مراجع
انظر أيضا
فاو-2
اختراعات ألمانية نازية
طائرات نفاثة ألمانية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أسلحة الحرب العالمية الثانية
أسلحة في
صواريخ باليستية عابرة للقارات
صواريخ موجهة ألمانية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
طائرات بمحرك نفاث نبضي
طائرات حلقت لأول مرة عام 1942
طائرات ذات أجنحة وسطية
طائرات عسكرية بدون طيار ألمانية
طائرات فيزل
طائرات نفاثة بمحرك واحد
ورد رمادي أزرق

ورد رمادي أزرق (الاسم العلمي:Rosa caesia) هو من النباتات يتبع الورد من ال الوردية.
انظر أيضاً
الورد
قائمة أنواع الورد
مراجع
ورد رمادي أزرق
ورد رمادي أزرق
نباتات وصفها جيمس سميث
وردية
ورد رمادي أزرق
جيسي سبنسر

جيسي سبنسر (و. 1979 – م) هو ممثل، وموسيقي، ومونتير، من أستراليا، ولد في ملبورن.
التعليم
تعلم في .
وصلات خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص متعلمون في كلية سكوتش (ملبورن)
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلو أفلام أستراليون
ممثلو تلفزيون أستراليون
ممثلون أستراليون في القرن 20
ممثلون أستراليون في القرن 21
ممثلون أستراليون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
ممثلون من ملبورن
مواليد 1979
مواليد في ملبورن
ممثلون أطفال ذكور أستراليون
خوسيه فينس

خوسيه فينس (24 أبريل 1912 – القرن الـ20) هو ملاكم أوروغواياني راحل، مثّل بلاده في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1936.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
ملاكمو الوزن الثقيل
ملاكمون أوروغويانيون
ملاكمون أولمبيون من الأوروغواي
ملاكمون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1936
مواليد 1912
Badejan Akhureh

Badejan Akhureh
Badejan Gorji (also Romanized as Badejan Gorji; also known as Badejan Gorji and Bādjān) is a village in Barf Anbar Rural District, in the Central District of Fereydunshahr County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 303, in 70 families.
References
Populated places in Fereydunshahr County
البادية الغربية

البادية الغربية هي إحدى مناطق محافظة المفرق، الأردن.
المراجع
ألوية الأردن
Steve Lindberg

Steve Lindberg (born June 2, 1944) is a Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. In 2006, he was elected to the Michigan State House of Representatives representing the 109th State House district, which is located in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and includes the counties of Alger, Luce, Schoolcraft, and most of Marquette. He was the Chairman of the Labor Committee.
Early life
Lindberg was born in Carlshend, Michigan, on June 2, 1944. He graduated from Gwinn High School in 1962 and attended Northern Michigan University where he received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration, his teaching certificate and later a master's degree in Guidance and Counseling. In 1968, Lindberg began teaching at the Women's Job Corps Center at Northern Michigan University. He then taught in the Marquette Public Schools System as a teacher and Guidance Counselor. He owned a travel agency in Marquette, Michigan. Lindberg retired in 1997.
Political career
Lindberg was elected to replace outgoing representative Stephen Adamini on November 7, 2006, who retired due to term limits. Lindberg received more than twice as many votes as his Republican opponent, Joel Westrom. Lindberg won a highly competitive four-way Democratic primary earlier in the year. He represented the 109th district, located in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. He sat on the Education, Energy and Technology, Labor, Tourism, and Outdoor Recreation and Natural Resources committees. Lindberg won re-election in 2008 against Republican Doreen Takalo and Independent Richard Hendricksen. In 2009, Lindberg became chairman of the Labor Committee.
Lindberg has a relatively liberal voting record in the State House. He voted No on SB 776, the bill which amended the Michigan penal code to ban late term and partial birth abortions. He voted Yes on HB 4836, a bill which would characterize discrimination based on sexual orientation a hate crime. He twice voted to ban tobacco smoking in public places. Lindberg has a generally pro-labor, pro-environment voting record. The Michigan AFL-CIO gives him a lifetime rating of 100. The Michigan League of Conservation Voters also gives him a lifetime score of 100.
Electoral history
2008 election for State House
Steve Lindberg (D), 61%
Doreen Takalo (R), 30%
Richard Hendricksen (I), 7%
2006 election for State House
Steve Lindberg (D), 67%
Joel Westrom (R), 33%
2006 Democratic primary election for State House
Steve Lindberg (D), 45%
Mike Taylor (D), 29%
Rod DesJardins (D), 14%
Richard Hendricksen (D), 11%
References
External links
Official website
1944 births
Living people
People from Marquette County, Michigan
People from Schoolcraft County, Michigan
Democratic Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Northern Michigan University alumni
School counselors
21st-century American politicians
Natnael Berhane

Natnael Berhane
Natnael Teweldemedhin Berhane (born 5 January 1991) is an Eritrean professional road bicycle racer, who rides for UCI Continental team . He is a two-time winner of the road race at the African Road Championships, in 2011 and 2012.
Career
In 2013, Asmara-born Natnael joined . Natnael won the queen stage of the 2013 Tour of Turkey by powering away from the small lead group in the last 200 meters of a long, steep climb. With the provisional suspension of Mustafa Sayar for an earlier EPO positive in the Tour of Algeria, the first place on the General Classification was awarded to Natnael. In early 2014 Turkish Cycling Federation stripped Sayar of his victory and announced Natnael's victory. At the beginning of the season, Natnael won La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, thanks to the bonus seconds awarded during the intermediate sprints on the last stage. He was the first African winner of this race.
After two years with Europcar for his professional debut, Natnael joined African Pro-Continental cycling team for the 2015 cycling season. He was named in the start list for the 2016 Tour de France and the start list for the 2017 Giro d'Italia.
Major results
Source:
2009
7th Overall Tour of Eritrea
2010
1st Overall Tour of Eritrea
1st Stage 1
2nd Overall Tour du Rwanda
1st Stage 7
9th Road race, African Road Championships
2011 (2 pro wins)
African Road Championships
1st Road race
1st Team time trial
1st Stage 6 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
3rd Overall Tour d'Algérie
1st Stage 1
8th Circuit d'Alger
2012 (1)
African Road Championships
1st Road race
1st Team time trial
7th Time trial
1st Overall Tour d'Algérie
1st Young rider classification
1st Stage 3
2013 (2)
1st Team time trial, African Road Championships
1st Overall Tour of Turkey
1st Stage 3
2014 (2)
1st Time trial, National Road Championships
1st Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
1st Sprints classification
5th Tour du Finistère
2015 (1)
African Road Championships
1st Team time trial
6th Road race
National Road Championships
1st Road race
3rd Time trial
5th Overall Tour of Austria
7th Overall Tour of Utah
2017
2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
2018
10th Overall Tour of Guangxi
2019 (1)
1st Road race, National Road Championships
African Games
2nd Team time trial
4th Road race
4th Time trial
Combativity award Stage 10 Tour de France
2023
4th Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Notes
References
External links
Team Europcar Profile
1991 births
Living people
Eritrean male cyclists
Sportspeople from Asmara
Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey stage winners
Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey winners
African Games silver medalists for Eritrea
African Games medalists in cycling
Competitors at the 2019 African Games
Liza Huber

Liza Huber
Liza Victoria Huber (born February 22, 1975) is an American television actress, best known for her role as Gwen Hotchkiss on the daytime soap Passions. She is the daughter of actress Susan Lucci.
In 2008, she retired from acting to spend time with her family.
Career
Huber appeared with her mother in a 1993 Ford Motor Company advertisement. Huber's television debut was an uncredited role in Lifetime's original movie, Ebbie (1995), which starred her mother.
In 1999, Huber was announced as a cast member in the new NBC daytime soap Passions. She left the show in 2000, when she announced she was quitting acting to return to New York and be near her fiancé at the time.
In 2000, she was named Miss Golden Globe, an honor the Golden Globe Awards show gives each year to the daughter of a celebrity. Huber was asked to return to Passions in 2002, after her replacement Natalie Zea chose to depart the role of Gwen when her contract ended.
Huber starred in and co-produced the play Four Dogs and a Bone at the Harold Clurman Theater in New York City, as part of her student acting requirements. For a week in October 2003, she appeared on the game show Hollywood Squares.
Personal life
Liza met her future husband Alex Hesterberg in first grade; they married in 2004. Liza and her family, which includes four children, reside in Wayland, Massachusetts. In 2011, Liza founded the company Sage Spoonfuls.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Female models from New York (state)
American soap opera actresses
American people of Italian descent
Actresses from New York (state)
People from Garden City, New York
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
غرانت روزنبرغ

غرانت روزنبرغ هو كاتب سيناريو أمريكي، ولد في 3 ديسمبر 1952.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1952
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (دافيس)
Biosurfactant

Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. Some are of commercial interest. As a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, biosurfactants can be processed by the cultivation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the stationary phase on many sorts of low-priced substrates like biochar, plant oils, carbohydrates, wastes, etc. High-level production of biosurfactants can be controlled by regulation of environmental factors and growth circumstances.
Classification
Biosurfactants are usually categorized by their molecular structure. Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the significant classes of biosurfactants include glycolipids, lipopeptides and lipoproteins, and polymeric surfactants as well as particulate surfactants.
Examples
Common biosurfactants include:
Bile salts are mixtures of micelle-forming compounds that encapsulate food, enabling absorption through the small intestine.
Lecithin, which can be obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is a common food ingredient.
Rhamnolipids, which can be produced by some species of Pseudomonas, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Sophorolipids are produced by various nonpathogenic yeasts.
Emulsan produced by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
Microbial biosurfactants are obtained by including immiscible liquids in the growth medium.
Applications
Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.
Oil spill remediation
Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, thus they have the potential to solubilise hydrocarbon contaminants and increase their availability for microbial degradation. In addition, biosurfactants can modify the cell surface of bacteria that biodegrade hydrocarbons, which can also increase the biodegradability of these pollutants to cells. These compounds can also be used in enhanced oil recovery and may be considered for other potential applications in environmental protection.
References
External links
Production and Characterization of Biosurfactants Using Bacteria Isolated from Acidic Hot Springs
Surfactants
Bioremediation
Cleaning product components
Environmental terminology
ويليام هنتر (سياسي)

ويليام هنتر (سياسي)
ويليام هنتر هو سياسي كندي، ولد في 28 سبتمبر 1858 في كندا، وتوفي في 8 مارس 1939 في كندا. حزبياً، نشط في .
مراجع
مواليد 1858
وفيات 1939
Hevea nitida

Hevea nitida is a species of rubber tree in the genus Hevea, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a medium-sized evergreen tree up to tall. It is native to the rainforests of northern Brazil and Colombia.
Description
H. nitida is a medium-sized, evergreen tree growing to with a slender trunk and branching crown. The exception to this is the variety toxicodendroides, which is a shrubby form only growing to about tall. The leaves have three, drooping, elliptical leaflets, that are folded upwards at the midrib; both upper and lower surfaces are glossy bright green. Male and female flowers are separate and borne in mixed panicles. The calyx lobes have blunt tips and the disks of both male and female flowers are markedly broad, and in the female flowers, lacerated. The fruit capsules are green with reddish tips and usually contain three large, rounded seeds.
Distribution and habitat
H. nitida is found in northern Brazil and Colombia. It mostly occurs north of the Amazon River, and because of its habitat requirements for drier ground, its range is divided into a number of subpopulations mainly in the western half of the range of the genus. There are also populations south of the Amazon in northern Peru and near the lower reaches of the Madeira River. It grows at altitudes of up to about above sea level, typically growing in sandy soil, in sparse, well-drained forest, but sometimes growing in areas briefly inundated in the wet season. The variety H. nitida var toxicodendroides only grows on the sandstone mesas of the Vaupés Department and Amazonas Department in Colombia.
Uses
The seeds are poisonous when raw but can be eaten when well-boiled. Some native tribes consume them regularly, but others regard them as famine food only to be eaten at times of food scarcity. Tapping the tree gives a thin latex that has the undesirable quality of preventing coagulation when mixed with the latex from other rubber tree species.
References
Trees of the Amazon rainforest
Trees of Brazil
Trees of Colombia
Trees of Venezuela
Crotonoideae
(33229) 1998 FC124

(33229) 1998 FC124
1998 أف سي 124 (ويعرف أيضًا باسم (33229) 1998 أف سي 124 وفق تسمية الكوكب الصغير) ؛ هو كويكب ضمن حزام الكويكبات.
اكتُشف هذا الجُرم الفلكي بواسطة بحث لنكولن عن الكويكبات القريبة من الأرض في 24 مارس 1998، وترتيبه 33229 من حيث الاكتشاف.
الوصف
اكتُشف في 24 مارس 1998 في مرصد ماغدالينا ريدج، الواقع في مقاطعة سوكورو، نيومكسيكو في الولايات المتحدة، بواسطة مشروع بحث لنكولن عن الكويكبات القريبة من الأرض . وقد رصد المشروع 2,312 مشاهدة للكويكب إلى غاية 5 فبراير 2022 بتوقيت منطقة المحيط الهادئ، أي في مدة قدرها 15,451 يومًا (42.3 عام). تستغرق الفترة المدارية للكويكب 1,510 يومًا (4.1 عام).
الخصائص المدارية
يتميز مدار هذا الكويكب بنصف محور رئيسي يبلغ 2.58 وحدة فلكية، وحضيض قدره 2.25 وحدة فلكية، وانحراف قدره 0.128 وزاوية ميلان 15.1 درجة بالنسبة لمسار الشمس. بسبب هذه الخصائص، أي نصف المحور الرئيسي بين 2 و3.2 وحدة فلكية وحضيض أكبر من 1,666 وحدة فلكية، يُصنف هذا الجُرم الفلكي وفقًا لقاعدة بيانات مختبر الدفع النفاث لأجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة كائنًا من حزام الكويكبات الرئيسي.
الخصائص الفيزيائية
يُقدر القدر المطلق (H) لـ بـ13.51 ووضاءته بـ0.377، مما يمكِّن تقدير قطره بـ 5.438كم. استُخلصت هذه النتائج بفضل ملاحظات مستكشف الأشعة تحت الحمراء عريض المجال (WISE)، وهو مرصد فضائي أمريكي وُضع في المدار في عام 2009 ويراقب السماء بأكملها بالأشعة تحت الحمراء، في عام 2011، نُشرت النتائج الأولى المتعلقة بالكويكبات من الحزام الرئيسي.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الكواكب الصغيرة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1998
اكتشافات بحث لينكون للكويكبات القريبة من الأرض
حزام الكويكبات
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
فرانك كوينتيرو

فرانك كوينتيرو هو موسيقي وملحن فنزويلي، ولد في 27 نوفمبر 1952.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
مغنو بوب فنزويليون
مواليد 1952
موسيقيون من كاراكاس
موسيقيون وموسيقيات فنزويليون
قادة فرق فنزويليون
ملحنون ذكور فنزويليون
طبالون فنزويليون
إنفاذية الإشعاع الحراري

إنفاذية الإشعاع الحراري أو المُنفذية للإشعاع الحراري هو خاصية لبعض السوائل التي تسمح لأشعة الضوء المرور من خلالها دون أن تسخن. لذلك فإن المادة المُنفذية لا تتأثر بالحرارة. وُصِفت إنفاذية الإشعاع الحراري أول مرة من قبل الفيزيائي والكيميائي الألماني غُستاف مَغنوس في القرن التاسع عشر.
الهواء مُنفذ للإشعاع الحراري . لذلك لا تُسخّن أشعة الشمس الهواء الجوي. فهواء الغلاف الجوي يسخن عن طريق الإشعاع الحراري طويل الموجة المنبعث من التربة وخاصة عن طريق الماء على سطح الأرض. أما الماء فليس منفذاً للإشعاع الحراري ويسخن مباشرة بأثر أشعة الشمس.
انظر أيضا
الاحتباس الحراري
المراجع
غلاف الأرض الجوي