Expediency Discernment Council

Expediency Discernment Council
The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (Majma'-e Taškhīs-e Maslahat-e Nezām) is an administrative assembly of Iran appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution on 6 February 1988. It was originally set up to resolve differences or conflicts between the Majlis and the Guardian Council, but "its true power lies more in its advisory role to the Supreme Leader." According to Hooman Majd, the Leader "delegated some of his own authority to the council—granting it supervisory powers over all branches of the government" following President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's election in 2005.
Members of the council are chosen by the Supreme Leader every five years.
History and role
By 1987, the legislative process as well as the country's long-term policy formation had come to a standstill due to the doctrinal conflict between radical factions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Guardian Council, which officials described as coercive at the time. Consultations in February the following year led to Ayatollah Khomeini ordering the appointment of a 13-member council that was given legislative authority: it could pass temporary laws (effective for three-year periods). Article 112 of Iran's Constitution states the EDC will be convened by the Supreme Leader to determine expedience cases where the Guardian Council finds an Islamic Consultative Assembly decision against the principles of religious law or the constitution, and where the Consultative Assembly is unable to satisfy the Guardian Council in view of the expedience of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Formally, the Expediency Discernment Council of the System (or Regime) is primarily a constitutional advisory body for the Supreme Leader (at the latter's behest), as described in article 112 of the Islamic Republic's Constitution. It is meant to "discern the interests of the Islamic Republic" by resolving internal regime conflicts. The Council consisted of thirteen members when originally convened, and included six clergy members (appointed by the Supreme Leader), six public officials (President, Prime Minister, Majles Speaker, Supreme Court Chief Justice, Prosecutor General, and a Supreme Leader representative), as well as the Majles member whose legislation was overturned. The EDC Chairman is appointed every five years by the Supreme Leader. Even though the Supreme Leader is a member of the Council itself (and it being his advisory council), he can deputize the Council. Nine years later, in 1997, Khamenei expanded its membership to thirty-four, twenty-five of whom were thence appointed for five-year terms. During February 2007, a new Council was formed, with twenty-seven members being directly chosen by the Supreme Leader this time.
As stated by article 111, if the position of Supreme Leader is undeclared for whatever reason, a council composed of President, head of the Judiciary, and one of the jurisconsults of the Guardian Council chosen by the EDC shall discharge his functions collectively and temporarily. If any of them is unable to discharge his duties, another person shall be appointed by the EDC in his place. The Council also resolves disputes that concern the Guardian Council and the Majles. Domestic and foreign policies of the regime are determined only after consultation with the Expediency Council, according to article 110 of the Constitution (with oversight of the Supreme Leader). The Expediency Council is only meant to act on behalf of the legislative branch, although in reality it intercedes as a mediator between all bureaucratic branches, including the executive. If ratification of the Consultative Assembly is not confirmed by the Guardian Council (and deputies insist on implementing the ratification), the EDC can intervene to make a decision. The Expediency Discernment Council can advise the faghih on policy and strategy (in accordance to article 111 of the Constitution), and despite not being part of the legislative branch, it can remove parliamentary powers. As an example of this, in April 2000 it removed from parliamentary capacity the faculty to investigate institutions under the control of the Supreme Leader, such as the Pasdaran and the Council of the Guardians. In practice, its composition almost guarantees its rulings mirror the legal opinion the Guardian Council, and more importantly, the Supreme Leader's. Being dominated by conservative ulama, this has furthered the faction's grip over Iran.
During August 2001, the Council was convened by the Supreme Leader to resolve the dispute between the Judiciary and the Assembly. The latter was dominated by reformers, while the former was dominated by conservatives, so the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei wanted the EDC to settle this political confrontation. The confrontation referred to the parliament's rejection to approve conservative candidates' appointments to the Guardian Council. Conservatives did not want to lose control of the Guardian Council, dreading president Mohammad Khatami and reformist allies would push through political and social reforms. Members of the Council are generally ayatollahs and hojatoleslams (a step before ayatollah). In 2005, the capacity of the Council to act as a government supervisory body was supplemented to its powers. The EDC's influence grew when cleric Hashemi Rafsanjani joined it.
Members
Current members (2022–Present)
Historic membership
Eighth council (2017–2022)
Seventh council (2012–2017)
On 14 March 2012, a new council was appointed for a five-year period. Eight months before the end of the council, chairman Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani dies and Ali Movahedi-Kermani became interim chairman until the end of the council period.
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Chairman until January 2017)
Ali Movahedi-Kermani (Chairman from February 2017)
Mohsen Rezaei (Secretary)
Ahmad Jannati
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
Ebrahim Amini
Hassan Rouhani
Ali Akbar Nategh Nouri
Ali Larijani
Hassan Sane'i
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi
Mahmoud Mohammadi Araghi
Majid Ansari
Gholamreza Mesbahi-Moghadam
Gholam Reza Aghazadeh
Ali Agha-Mohammadi
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, followed by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mohammad Javad Irvani
Mohammad Reza Bahonar
Habibollah Asgaroladi
Saeed Jalili
Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel
Hassan Habibi
Davoud Danesh Jafari
Parviz Davoudi
Hossein Saffar Harandi
Mohammad Reza Aref
Mohammad Forouzandeh
Lt. General Hassan Firouzabadi
Hossein Mohammadi
Hossein Mozaffar
Mostafa Mir-Salim
Morteza Nabavi
Ali Akbar Velayati
Lt. General Ahmad Vahidi
Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh
Ex officio members:
President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, followed by Hassan Rouhani
Parliament Speaker: Ali Larijani
Judiciary Chief: Sadeq Larijani
SNSC Secretary: Saeed Jalili, followed by Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani
Clergy members of Guardians Council at one point:
Ahmad Jannati
Mohammad Momen
Mohammad-Reza Modarresi Yazdi
Mehdi Shabzendedar
Mohammad Yazdi
Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
The minister concerned depending on the subject under discussion
The parliament commission head concerned depending on the subject under discussion
Sixth council (2007–2012)
The following is a list of its members of the years (2007-2012):
Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar, Ayatollah (Chairman of the Council) *
Mohsen Rezaee, PhD* (Secretary General)
Jannati, Ahmad, Ayatollah *
Vaez Tabasi, Abbas, Ayatollah *
Amini Najafabadi, Ebrahim, Ayatollah *
Haddad-Adel, Gholam Ali, PhD *
Emami Kashani, Mohammad, Ayatollah *
Movahedi-Kermani, Ali, Ayatollah *
Habibi, Hassan Ebrahim, PhD *
Mousavi, Mir Hossein MSc *
Velayati, Ali Akbar, MD *
Dorri Najafabadi, Ghorbanali, Ayatollah *
Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam *
Sane'i, Hassan, Hojatoleslam *
Rouhani, Hassan, Hojatoleslam, PhD *
Asgar Owladi, Habibollah *
Larijani, Ali, PhD *
Bahonar, Mohammad Reza
Tavassoli Mahallati, Mohammad Reza, Ayatollah *
Mirsalim, Mostafa *
Nabavi, Morteza *
Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri, Hojatoleslam *
Firouzabadi, Hassan, Major General *
Aghazadeh, Gholam Reza *
Namdar Zanganeh, Bijan *
Ali Agha-Mohammadi
Mohammad Forouzandeh
Davoud Danesh-Jafari
Majid Ansari
Hossein Mozaffar
Mohammad Javad Irvani
Mohammad Reza Aref
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani
Parviz Davoodi
Ex officio members:
President
Speaker of Majles
Chief of the Judiciary
The minister concerned depending on the subject under discussion
The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject discussed
If mediating between Majlis and Guardian Council, the council will also include the six clerics of the Guardian Council.
Fifth council (2002–2007)
The following is a list of its members of the years 2002-2007.
Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar, Ayatollah (Chairman) *
Amini Najafabadi, Ibrahim, Ayatollah *
Vaez Tabasi, Abbas, Hojatoleslam *
Emami Kashani, Mohammad, Ayatollah *
Mousavi, Mir Hussein *
Velayati, Ali Akbar *
Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam *
Sane'i, Hassan, Hojatoleslam *
Rouhani, Hassan, Hojatoleslam, PhD *
Asgar Owladi, Habibollah *
Dorri Najafabadi, Qorbanali, Hojatoleslam *
Larijani, Ali *
Mirsalim, Mostafa *
Tavassoli Mahallati, Mohammadreza, Ayatollah *
Nabavi, Morteza *
Firouzabadi, Hassan, Major General *
Aqazadeh, Gholamreza *
Namdar Zanganeh, Bijan *
Rafsanjani, Mohammad Hashemi *
Habibi, Hassan Ibrahim *
Mohsen Rezaee * (Secretary General of the Council)
Ahmad Jannati
Ali Movahedi-Kermani
Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri
Mohammad Reza Aref
Gholam Ali Haddad-Adel
Majid Ansari
Mohammad Reza Bahonar
Hossein Mozaffar
Mohammad Javad Irvani
Mehdi Karroubi (appointed at 2004)
(*) Re-appointed
Ex officio members:
President
Speaker of Majles
Chief of the Judiciary
The minister concerned depending on the subject under discussion
The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject discussed
If mediating between Majlis and Guardian Council, the council will also include the six clerics of the Guardian Council.
Fourth council (1997–2002)
The following is a list of its members of the year 1997-2002.
Hashemi Rafsanjani, Akbar, Hojatoleslam (Chairman)
Mohsen Rezaee (Secretary General from Sept. 1997)
Mahdavi Kani, Mohammad-Reza, Hojatoleslam
Amini, Ebrahim , Ayatollah
Jannati, Ahmad , Ayatollah
Movahedi-Kermani, Ali, Ayatollah
Tabasi, Abbas, Hojatoleslam
Emami Kashani, Mohammad, Ayatollah
Mousavi, Mir Hussein
Velayati, Ali Akbar
Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam
Sane'i, Hassan, Hojatoleslam
Rouhani, Hassan, Hojatoleslam, PhD *
Mousavi Khoeiniha, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam
Asgar Owladi, Habibollah
Dorri Najafabadi, Qorbanali, Hojatoleslam
Larijani, Ali
Mirsalim, Mostafa
Tavassoli Mahallati, Mohammadreza, Ayatollah
Nouri, Abdullah, Hojatoleslam
Nabavi, Morteza
Firouzabadi, Hassan, Lt. General
Aqazadeh, Gholamreza
Namdar Zanganeh, Bijan
Rafsanjani, Mohammad Hashemi
Nourbakhsh, Mohsen
Habibi, Hassan Ibrahim
Ex officio members:
President: Khatami, Mohammad, Hojatoleslam
Majlis Speaker: Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri, Hojatoleslam followed by Karroubi, Mehdi, Hojatoleslam
Judiciary Chief: Yazdi, Mohammad, Ayatollah followed by Hashemi Shahroudi, Mahmoud, Ayatollah
The minister or head office of administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion
The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject which is being discussed
Clergy members of Guardians Council at one point: (Only in case of mediating between Majlis and Guardian Council)
Jannati, Ahmad, Ayatollah
Ostadi, Reza, Ayatollah
Rezvani, Gholamreza, Ayatollah
Mo'men, Mohammad, Ayatollah
Yazdi, Mohammad, Ayatollah
Taheri Khoram-Abadi, Hasan, Ayatollah
Third council (1992–1997)
The following is a list of its members of the year 1992–1997.
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (chairman)
Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
Hassan Sane'i
Ahmad Khomeini
Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
Ali Movahedi-Kermani
Mohammadreza Tavassoli Mahallati
Abdullah Nouri
Hassan Rouhani
Hassan Ibrahim Habibi
Mir Hussein Mousavi
Ex officio members:
President: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Majlis Speaker: Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri
Judiciary Chief: Mohammad Yazdi
The minister or head office of administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion
The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject which is being discussed
Clergy members of Guardians Council at that time.
Second council (1989–1992)
The following is a list of its members of the year 1989-1992.
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (chairman)
Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
Yousef Saanei
Hassan Sane'i
Ahmad Khomeini
Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
Ali Movahedi-Kermani
Mohammadreza Tavassoli Mahallati
Abdullah Nouri
Mir Hussein Mousavi
Ex officio members:
President: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Majlis Speaker: Mehdi Karroubi followed by Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri
Judiciary Chief: Mohammad Yazdi
The minister or head office of administration concerned depending on the subject under discussion
The representative of Majlis commission concerning the subject which is being discussed
Clergy members of Guardians Council at that time.
First council (February 6, 1988–1989)
The following is a list of its members of the year 1988-1989.
Ali Khamenei (chairman)
Mohammadreza Tavassoli Mahallati
Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha
Mir Hussein Mousavi
Ahmad Khomeini (Reporting the decision outcomes of Council to Ruhollah Khomeini)
Ex officio members:
President: Ali Khamenei
Majlis Speaker: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Judiciary Chief: Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili
Clergy members of Guardians Council at that time.
Chairmen
Colour key:
See also
Center for Strategic Research
References and notes
External links
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty(RFE/RL) 13 September 2004, mentions Expediency Council
A Caliphate disguised as a republic
Advisory councils for heads of state
Government of Iran