PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Zinc arsenide

Zinc arsenide (Zn3As2) is a binary compound of zinc with arsenic which forms gray tetragonal crystals. It is an inorganic semiconductor with a band gap of 1.0 eV.
Synthesis and reactions
Zinc arsenide can be prepared by the reaction of zinc with arsenic
3 Zn + 2 As → Zn3As2
Structure
Zn3As2 has a room-temperature tetragonal form that converts to a different tetragonal phase at 190 °C and to a third phase at 651 °C. In the room-temperature form, the zinc atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated and the arsenic atoms are surrounded by six zinc atoms at the vertices of a distorted cube. The crystalline structure of zinc arsenide is very similar to that of cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) and cadmium phosphide (Cd3P2). These compounds of the Zn-Cd-P-As quaternary system exhibit full continuous solid-solution.
Electronic structure
Its lowest direct and indirect bandgaps are within 30 meV or each other.
References
arsenide
zinc
II-V semiconductors
II-V compounds
Soviet chemical weapons program
Theobald of Bavaria

Theobald of Bavaria
Theobald (also Theudebald, Theodolt, or Theodoalt) (died 717/719) was the duke of Bavaria from at least 711, when his father Theodo associated him with his rule at Passau or Salzburg. He was the second son of Theodo and Folchaid.
His father divided the duchy between his four sons some time before 715. On his death in 716, the duchy was divided, but it is not certain whether this division was territorial or not. If so, it seems likely, from references to wars with the Thuringii, that Theobald had his capital at Ratisbon and his dukedom corresponded to that diocese.
Theobald's name occurs commonly in the "Codex of Salzburg" (Salzburger Verbrüderungsbuch) of 784. Theobald married Biltrude as his first or second wife. He may have had a prior marriage to one Waldrada, who conversely may have been his younger brother Tassilo's wife. Biltrude later married Grimoald, his youngest brother and successor.
710s deaths
8th-century dukes of Bavaria
Agilolfings
Year of birth unknown
Baiuvarii
Gladys Huntington

Gladys Huntington (1887 – 1959), née Parrish, was an American writer. Huntington's works include the novel Carfrae's Comedy, the play Barton's Folly, and the bestselling book Madame Solario.
Biography
Huntington was born Gladys Theodora Parrish in Philadelphia to a Quaker family on December 13, 1887. Her parents were Alfred Parrish and Katharine Broadwood Jennings. From a young age, she lived in New York, Paris, London, Biarritz, Rome, and "a villa on Lake Como."
She married Boston native Constant Davis Huntington on October 17, 1916. The two moved to London where Constant opened Putnam's London office. The two resided in Hyde Park Gardens and then at Amberley House in Sussex, where they remained until her death.
On May 31, 1959, three years after the publication of Madame Solario, Huntington committed suicide.
Writing
Huntington published two novels, a play, and two short stories in The New Yorker. She is best known for Madame Solario. The novel was anonymously published in 1956 (likely due to what was considered scandalous content), and her identity as the author would not be revealed for three decades. It is mainly thanks to the French journalist and novelist Bernard Cohen, who investigated in 2009, that Huntington was recognized as Madame Solario's author. The book was immediately republished in France with the author's name on the cover. The story takes place in Cadenabbia on Lake Como in 1906.
The novel has been translated into seven languages. However, it went out of print for a period of time. Persephone Books released a new edition in 2016 with a foreword by Alison Adburgham. It was adapted into a French film by René Féret in 2012.
The book was considered a masterpiece by Marguerite Yourcenar, who discussed it on several occasions in her correspondence. In a segment on neglected books, Mary Renault in The American Scholar praised the book and called it "one of the finest novels of our century."
In a letter, Paul Bowles called it "beautifully imagined and written", adding, "What a shame that the author never wrote anything else! And didn't even dare sign her name to it for fear of scandalizing her British in-laws. (She was American, of course!)"
When Penguin published the novel in paperback in 1978, The New York Times wrote, "When first published 1956, this anonymous novel was acclaimed for its elegant style and disturbing urgency. It deserves a new audience."
Huntington's prose is often compared to that of Henry James. After her death, she left an unfinished novel, titled The Ladies' Mile.
Works
Carfrae's Comedy (1915)
Madame Solario (1956)
References
1887 births
1959 deaths
20th-century American women writers
Writers from Philadelphia
American dramatists and playwrights
People from Amberley, West Sussex
1959 suicides
Suicides in England
يلينا دوبلجفيتش

يلينا دوبلجفيتش مواليد 7 مايو 1987 في نيكشيتش، جمهورية يوغوسلافيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية، هي لاعبة كرة سلة مونتينيغرية. بدأت مسيرتها الاحترافية في سنة 2002. تلعب مع لوس أنجلوس سباركس في دوري الاتحاد الوطني لكرة السلة النسائية. وتحمل الرقم 28. يبلغ طولها . فازت بلقب دوري المحترفات.
المسيرة الاحترافية
لعبت مع روس كاسارس فالنسيا في سنة 2006، ثم لعبت مع نادي غلطة سراي لكرة السلة للسيدات من سنة 2014 إلى 2016، ثم لعبت مع لوس أنجلوس سباركس في سنة 2016.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من نيكتسيتش
لاعبات كرة سلة مونتينيغريات
لاعبو لوس أنجلوس سباركس
لاعبو نادي غلطة سراي لكرة السلة للسيدات
لاعبو هجوم أمامي (كرة السلة)
مواليد 1987
مواليد في نيكشيتش
أعلام كرة سلة مونتينيغريون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
أعلام كرة سلة مونتينيغريون مغتربون في تركيا
عرق مغولي

عرق مغولي
العرق المغولي هو مصطلح يستخدم لوصف سكان شرق آسيا ووسط آسيا و جنوب شرق آسيا و شمال آسيا وأيضاً لوصف السكان الأصلين للأمريكيتين و جزر المحيط الهادئ ويصنفون بالأعراق الثلاثة الأكبر بالإضافة للعرقين القوقازي و الأسود.
مراجع
تحديدات تاريخية للأعراق
علم الإنسان الحيوي
علوم زائفة
مصطلحات مهينة للبشر
أولاد ناصر (صنهاجة)

أولاد ناصر (صنهاجة)
أولاد ناصر هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة مزم صنهاجة، إقليم قلعة السراغنة، جهة مراكش آسفي في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة صنهاجة التي تضم 21 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 1057 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في صنهاجة (مزم صنهاجة)
Chemcedine El Araichi

Chemcedine El Araichi (born 18 May 1981) is a retired Belgian-Moroccan football player and currently the assistant manager of Royal Albert Quévy-Mons.
Coaching career
On 19 June 2019, El Araichi was appointed assistant manager of Luigi Nasca at Quévy-Mons.
Statistics
International career
El Araichi earned his first cap for Morocco during a Friendly against Czech Republic on 11 February 2009 played in Morocco and finished 0–0.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mons
Moroccan men's footballers
Morocco men's international footballers
Belgian sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Belgian men's footballers
Moroccan expatriate men's footballers
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
R.A.E.C. Mons (1910) players
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
K.S.V. Roeselare players
R.E. Mouscron players
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Győri ETO FC players
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
R.F.C. Seraing (1922) players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Men's association football defenders
Francs Borains players
Footballers from Hainaut (province)
بيت العربة (الطويلة)

بيت العربة (الطويلة)
بيت العربة هي إحدى قرى عزلة القصبة بمديرية الطويلة التابعة لمحافظة المحويت، بلغ تعداد سكانها 329 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع وروابط خارجية
World Gazetteer:Yemen
الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بالجمهورية اليمنية
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
قرى عزلة القصبة
شيوة الغربية

شيوة الغربية
قرية شيوة الغربية هي إحدى القرى التابعة لمركز أجا في محافظة الدقهلية في جمهورية مصر العربية. حسب إحصاءات سنة 2006، بلغ إجمالي السكان في شيوة الغربية 1462 نسمة، منهم 745 رجل و717 امرأة.
طالع أيضا
محافظة الدقهلية
قائمة قرى محافظة الدقهلية
المصادر
قرى أجا
دولة حلب

دولة حلب (1920-1925) إحدى خمس دويلات أسسها الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا وضمت عدة مدن وكانت عاصمتها مدينة حلب. شملت دولة حلب الأغلبية من المسلمين السنة. وتمتد لتغطي شمال سوريا بالإضافة إلى منطقة حوض نهر الفرات في شرق سوريا. وتعتبر هذه المنطقة من أكثر المناطق خصوبة ووفرة بالمعادن.
كانت عاصمتها هي مدينة حلب، والتي يتواجد فيها الكثير من التجمعات المسيحية واليهودية بالإضافة إلى المسلمين السنة. ويوجد في الدولة أيضا أقليات من الشيعة والعلويين. وسكنت العرقيات الأرمنية (وخاصة المهجرين أيام الإبادة الأرمنية)، الشركسية والآشورية في شمال حلب جنبا إلى جنب مع العرب والكرد. حيث بعام 1922 وحسب الإحصائيات كان الأرمن يشكّلون 12% من عدد سكان حلب.
تعداد السكان
كانت أغلبية سكان دولة حلب من المُسلمين السُنَة، كان معظمهم من العرب، ولكن كان هناك أيضًا مجتمعات من الأكراد، خاصةً في المناطق الشرقية، إلى جانب الأعراق الأخرى المتنوعة التي تم نقلها خلال الفترة العثمانية، وأبرزها الشراكسة والألبان والبوشناق والبلغار والأتراك والقبرديين والشيشانيين وغيرهم. عاش عدد كبير من المسلمين الشيعة في دولة حلب، خصوصاً في مدن مثل نبل والفوعة والزهراء وكفريا ومعرة مصرين.
كانت حلب أيضًا موطنًا لإحدى أغنى المجتمعات المسيحية الشرقية وأكثرها تنوعًا في الشرق. مثل المسيحيون الذين ينتمون إلى أكثر من عشرة تجمعات مختلفة (مع انتشار بارز لأتباع الكنائس الرسولية الأرمنية وكنيسة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك والسريانية الأرثوذكسية) حوالي ثلث سكان مدينة حلب، مما جعلها المدينة التي تضم أكبر مجتمع مسيحي في الشرق الأوسط خارج لبنان. سكن العديد من المسيحيين في المناطق الشرقية من الدولة أيضًا، حيث كانوا ينتمون أساسًا إلى الإثنية السريانية والآشورية.
في عام 1923، كان مجموع سكان الولاية حوالي 604,000 (باستثناء السكان البدو في المناطق الشرقية). وكان في مدينة حلب جالية يهودية كبيرة.
إحصاء سكان دولة حلب سنة 1340 هـ - 1922م
لم يحص من لواء دير الزور سوى سكان مركز اللواء أي مدينة دير الزور، وسوى سكان مراكز أقضية البوكمال والميادين والرقة.
حكام دولة حلب
كامل باشا القدسي (1920- 1922)
مصطفى بك برمدا (1923-1924)
مرعي باشا الملاح (1924-1925)
اتحاد سوريا
أسسَ الجنرال غورو الاتحاد السوري في 28 حزيران / يونيو 1922. وضم الاتحاد دولة حلب ودولة دمشق ودولة جبل العلويين، ودمج الاتحاد السوري في الدولة السورية (1925–1930) في 1 كانون الثاني / يناير 1925. ومع مركزية الدولة السورية الجديدة في عام 1925، فقدت حلب استقلالها الذاتي وأصبحت على مستوى محافظة تتبع دمشق. عُين الحاكم العام الحالي لدولة حلب مرعي باشا الملاح واليا لمحافظة حلب (برتبة وزير). ومع ذلك ظل العلم الاستعماري لدولة حلب قيد الاستخدام حتى 25 يناير 1925 حين تم إلغاؤه أخيرا.
انظر أيضا
دولة دمشق
دولة جبل الدروز
دولة جبل العلويين
المراجع
سوريا في 1920
لبنان في 1920
أنظمة حكم ما بين الحربين العالميتين
الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان
انحلالات سنة 1925 في آسيا
تاريخ حلب
دول سابقة في الشرق الأوسط
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1925
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1920
كيانات سياسية منحلة ما بين الحربين العالميتين
مستعمرات فرنسية سابقة
1977 visit by Anwar Sadat to Israel

1977 visit by Anwar Sadat to Israel
On 19-21 November 1977, President of Egypt Anwar Sadat visited Jerusalem. The purpose of the visit was to address the Knesset, the legislative body in Israel, to try to advance the Israeli-Arab peace process. Sadat met with senior Israeli officials, including Prime Minister Menachem Begin. It was the first visit of its kind by an Arab leader to Israel. At that time, the two countries were considered at war.
Background
Sadat had stated before a special session of the Egyptian People's Assembly that he was ready to go to their "home," the Knesset in Jerusalem and discuss peace on 9 November 1977. Among those present was the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat. Sadat got a standing ovation, and the audience did not think that the president was serious about what he was saying. The Israelis responded and sent an official invitation to him through the American ambassador in Cairo.
The visit
“You want to live with us in this part of the world,” Sadat declared. “In all sincerity, I tell you, we welcome you among us, with full security and safety.” During the speech, he also fervently rejected Israeli sovereignty over the Old City of Jerusalem. After visiting Al Aqsa Mosque, Sadat toured the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Aftermath
Sadat's move was widely condemned by Arab leaders.
Talks continued in the Egyptian city of Ismailia, with American mediation. In 1978, the two sides would reach a bilateral agreement at Camp David that culminated in a peace treaty. On 6 October 1981, while watching the annual parade that marked Egypt's initial success in the Yom Kippur War, Sadat was assassinated. Some claim that one of the motives for the murder was the peace agreement.
References
1977 in Egypt
1977 in Israel
Egypt–Israel relations
Anwar Sadat
November 1977 events in Asia
Greg Quinn (farmer)

Greg Quinn (farmer)
Greg Quinn (born 1950) is an American farmer in Staatsburg, New York, who lobbied several NY state senators and assemblypersons and in 2003, was successful in overturning the ban on the commercial cultivation of blackcurrants, enacted by Congress in 1911. blackcurrants, a berry fruit used in juice, jams, candy, yogurt, ice cream, and cereal provide twice the antioxidant ORAC capacity per serving of blueberries, four times the vitamin C content of oranges, and twice the potassium content of bananas. With no supply and no market, Quinn founded his company, CurrantC™, in 2003 and began to grow black currants on his , farm and Quinn sought to interest consumers and New York farmers in the fruit, which was then being supplied to the United States by Europe usually in the form of preserves. CurrantC™ is now the number one supplier of Currant products in the United States.
In addition to farming and teaching at the New York Botanical Garden, Quinn has written eight children's books published by Scholastic Press, including the titles A Gift of a Tree, The Garden in Our Yard, 365 Meditations for Teachers, and books within the Natural Treasure series. He also has written for SKY magazine, Good Housekeeping, and Fine Gardening and has been "The Garden and Nature Guy" on WHUD and other Pamal Broadcasting radio stations, and FOX 5 television, WNYW out of New York City.
References
Further reading
External links
Greg Quinn in the news
- Greg Quinn's Facebook page
1950 births
American activists
Farmers from New York (state)
Living people
People from Staatsburg, New York
21st-century American farmers
فرنسيس دود

فرنسيس دود هو عسكري أمريكي، ولد في 5 أكتوبر 1899 في إنديانا في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 5 مارس 1973.
مراجع
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي في الحرب الكورية
جنرالات الجيش الأمريكي
حائزون على وسام الاستحقاق الأمريكي
خريجو الأكاديمية العسكرية الأمريكية
مواليد 1899
وفيات 1973
Algerian frigate Rais Korfou

Algerian frigate Rais Korfou
Rais Korfou (903) (also transliterated Rais Korfo or Rais Korfu) is a Koni II-class frigate of the Algerian National Navy.
Design and description
Rais Korfou is a Project 1159T frigate (NATO reporting name: Koni II). The frigate has a length of , beam of and draught of . The frigate has a displacement of standard and at full load. The ship is powered by combined diesel and gas (CODAG) propulsion system, consisted of one SGW Nikolayev M8B gas turbine with and two Russki B-68 diesel engines with connected to three shafts. She has a top speed of with gas turbine and with diesels only, and range of with cruising speed of . The ship has a complement of 130 personnel.
The ship is armed with two AK-726 twin-barrel 76 mm guns and two AK-230 twin-barrel 30 mm autocannons. For anti-submarine warfare, the frigate are equipped with a pair of RBU-6000 Smerch-2 12-barrel anti-submarine rocket launchers and two depth charge racks. The ship could also carry 22 naval mines. As built, Rais Korfou was equipped with one 4K33 Osa-M (SA-N-4 'Gecko') twin missile launcher with capacity of 20 missiles for anti-aircraft and limited anti-surface capability.
As built, the ship sensor suites includes 3P-60 UE weapons control, MR-302 Rubka ("Strut Curve") air/surface search radar, Don-2 navigation radar, "High Pole B" IFF, "Watch Dog" and "Quad Loop" Electronic Support Measures (ESM) systems, two optronic directors, and MG-322 hull-mounted sonar. Fire control for the weapons consisted of Fut-B ("Hawk Screech") radar for the 76 mm guns, MR-104 Rys ("Drum Tilt") radar for the 30 mm autocannons, and MPZ-301 ("Pop Group") radar for missile control. The vessel was also equipped with two PK-16 decoy-dispenser system which used chaff as a form of missile defense.
Modernization
Rais Korfou underwent a modernization refit in Kronstadt from 1997 to November 2000. The refit included the replacement of MR-302 Rubka with Pozitiv-ME1.2 radar, the removal of 4K33 Osa-M missile launcher and Fut-B radar, fitting of two twin 533 mm torpedo launchers amidships and replacement of ESM and decoy systems with new NRJ-6A ESM system and two PJ-46 decoy launchers.
Construction and career
The frigate was laid down on 7 July 1982 at the A.M. Gorky Shipyard in Zelenodolsk with yard number 254. Launched on 11 November 1983, the ship was temporarily commissioned with the Soviet Navy on 30 August 1984 as SKR-129 with hull number 844.
The ship departed Soviet Union for Algeria in October 1984. She was commissioned into Algerian National Navy as Rais Korfou in Algiers on 3 January 1985.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Koni-class frigates
1983 ships
Ships built in the Soviet Union
Frigates of the Algerian National Navy
ميرتشا ستان

ميرتشا ستان
ميرتشا ـستان (3 أغسطس 1977 ببوخارست في رومانيا - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم روماني في مركز الدفاع. لعب مع جامعة كلوج وزمبرو تشيسيناو ونادي براشوف و ونادي فارول كونستانتسا و.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في مولدافيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية رومانيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كرة قدم من بوخارست
رومانيون مغتربون في مولدوفا
رياضيون رومانيون مغتربون في مولدوفا
رياضيون من بوخارست
لاعبو الدوري الوطني المولدوفي
لاعبو جامعة كلوج
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الثانية الروماني
لاعبو زمبرو تشيسيناو
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في مولدوفا
لاعبو نادي براشوف
مواليد 1977
لاعبو نادي ميوفيني
Michael Ayers (boxer)

Michael Ayers (boxer)
Michael Ayers (born 26 January 1965) is a British former boxer who was British lightweight champion between 1995 and 1997 and IBO world lightweight champion between 1999 and 2001.
Career
Born in London in 1965, Michael Ayers had a successful amateur career, winning the ABA lightweight title in 1987, before making his professional boxing debut in May 1989 with a win over Young Joe Rafiu. In June 1991 he beat Wayne Weekes to take the vacant BBBofC Southern Area lightweight title.
In October 1992 he stopped Scott Brouwer in the fourth round to take the WBC International title. He made a successful defence of this title in February 1993 against Danny Myburgh, setting up a challenge for Giovanni Parisi's WBO World lightweight title in April that year. Previously having a 100% record, Ayers suffered his first defeat with Parisi taking a unanimous points decision.
In February 1995 he beat Paul Burke to take the British lightweight title, stopping the defending champion in the sixth round. Over the next two years he made four successful defences, against Karl Taylor, Charles Shepherd, Dave Anderson, and Colin Dunne. He was due to fight again for the WBO World title in 1996 but the fight was postponed due to a shoulder injury sustained by the defending champion Artur Grigorian; a rescheduled fight in May 1997 was again postponed due to Grigorian's shoulder problems. The delays in getting to fight Grigorian led to Ayers relinquishing his British title in August 1997.
In March 1999 he stopped Luis Flores in the fourth round to take the vacant IBO World lightweight title. He made six successful defences of the World title, against Mkhuseli Kondile, Daniel Sarmiento, Tony Miller, Mehdi Labdouni, and twice against Wayne Rigby, the first of these voted 'British fight of the year' by Boxing News. A further defence against James Armah was cancelled due to a back injury sustained by Ayers. In November 2001 he moved up a weight to challenge for Sarmiento's IBO super lightweight title, losing via a unanimous points decision. Ayers relinquished his IBO lightweight title on 26 December, retiring from the sport.
Ayers returned to the ring in July 2003 to fight Jon Honney, but lost a six-round points decision, after which he retired for good.
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
English male boxers
Lightweight boxers
People from Tooting
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Wandsworth
Boxers from Greater London
لفافة بوك

لفافة بوك أو لفافة القضيب العميقة أو اللفافة العميقة للقضيب أو لفافة غالوديت أو لفافة القضيب هي طبقة من لفافة عميقة تغلف أجسام الانتصاب الثلاثة في القضيب.
التركيب
تستمر لفافة بوك مع اللفافة الظاهرة للحبل المنوي في الصفن والرباط المعلق للقضيب.
المنظر البطني للفافة بوك يظهر أنها تقسم الجسم لإسفنجي إلى أجزاء من الغلالة البيضاء وأجزاء الجسم.
التمايز
الأصل يختلف حسب مدى قربه. البعض يذكر أنها استمرار للفافة العجانية العميقة، بينما يذكر الآخرون أنها تلتحم مع الغلالة البيضاء.
الوظيفة
تمتد الأوردة الظهرانية العميقة للقضيب داخل لفافة بوك، بينما الأوردة السطحية تمتد في السلخ تحت الجلد مباشرة.
التسمية
تحمل لفافة بوك اسم جراح التجميل غوردون بوك.
صور إضافية
طالع أيضا
غلالة بيضاء (قضيب)
المصادر
روابط خارجية
الجهاز التناسلي الذكري عند الثدييات
تشريح قضيب الإنسان
قضيب
لفافة
Pre-ejaculate

Pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculatory fluid, pre-seminal fluid or Cowper's fluid, and colloquially as pre-cum) is a clear, colorless, viscous fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the penis during sexual arousal. It is similar in composition to semen but has distinct chemical differences. The presence of sperm in the fluid is variable from low to absent. Pre-ejaculate functions as a lubricant and an acid neutralizer.
Origin and composition
The fluid is discharged from the urethra of the penis during arousal, masturbation, foreplay or at an early stage during sexual intercourse, some time before the individual fully reaches orgasm and semen is ejaculated. It is primarily produced by the bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands), with the glands of Littré (the mucus-secreting urethral glands) also contributing. The amount of fluid that is issued varies widely among individuals. Some individuals do not produce any pre-ejaculate fluid, while others emit as much as . The outflow of pre-ejaculate is independent of mechanical or electrical stimulation of the penis or an erection.
Pre-ejaculate fluid contains chemicals associated with semen, such as acid phosphatase, but other semen markers, such as gamma-glutamyltransferase, are absent.
Function and risks
Pre-ejaculate neutralizes acidity in the urethra caused by residual urine, creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm. The vagina is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival. Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity, and plays a role in semen coagulation.
Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men. Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration. Popular belief – dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study – stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of coitus interruptus (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.
Studies have demonstrated the presence of HIV in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.
Overproduction
In rare cases, an individual may produce an excessive amount of pre-ejaculate fluid, which may be treatable by a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, such as finasteride.
See also
Vaginal lubrication
References
Semen
Ejaculation
Men's health