Outline of cryptography

Outline of cryptography
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:
Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.
Essence of cryptography
Cryptographer
Encryption/decryption
Cryptographic key
Cipher
Ciphertext
Plaintext
Code
Tabula recta
Alice and Bob
Uses of cryptographic techniques
Commitment schemes
Secure multiparty computation
Electronic voting
Authentication
Digital signatures
Crypto systems
Dining cryptographers problem
Anonymous remailer
Pseudonymity
Onion routing
Digital currency
Secret sharing
Indistinguishability obfuscation
Branches of cryptography
Multivariate cryptography
Post-quantum cryptography
Quantum cryptography
Steganography
Visual cryptography
History of cryptography
Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji
World War I cryptography
World War II cryptography
Reservehandverfahren
Venona project
Ultra
Ciphers
Classical
Substitution
Monoalphabetic substitution
Caesar cipher
ROT13
Affine cipher
Atbash cipher
Keyword cipher
Polyalphabetic substitution
Vigenère cipher
Autokey cipher
Homophonic substitution cipher
Polygraphic substitution
Playfair cipher
Hill cipher
Transposition
Scytale
Grille
Permutation cipher
VIC cipher – complex hand cypher used by at least one Soviet spy in the early 1950s; it proved quite secure for the time
Modern symmetric-key algorithms
Stream ciphers
A5/1 & A5/2 – ciphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard
BMGL
Chameleon
FISH – by Siemens AG
WWII 'Fish' cyphers
Geheimfernschreiber – WWII mechanical onetime pad by Siemens AG, called STURGEON by Bletchley Park
Pike – improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson
Schlusselzusatz – WWII mechanical onetime pad by Lorenz, called tunny by Bletchley Park
HELIX
ISAAC – intended as a PRNG
Leviathan
LILI-128
MUGI – CRYPTREC recommendation
MULTI-S01 - CRYPTREC recommendation
One-time pad – Vernam and Mauborgne, patented 1919; an extreme stream cypher
Panama
RC4 (ARCFOUR) – one of a series by Professor Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC recommended limited to 128-bit key
CipherSaber – (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV, easy to implement
Salsa20 – an eSTREAM recommended cipher
ChaCha20 – A Salsa20 variant.
SEAL
SNOW
SOBER
SOBER-t16
SOBER-t32
WAKE
Block ciphers
Product cipher
Feistel cipher – pattern by Horst Feistel
Advanced Encryption Standard (Rijndael) – 128-bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197; Created 2001—by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation.
Anubis – 128-bit block
BEAR – built from a stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson
Blowfish – 64-bit block; by Bruce Schneier et al.
Camellia – 128-bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation
CAST-128 (CAST5) – 64-bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares, insistent that the name is not due to their initials
CAST-256 (CAST6) – 128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition
CIPHERUNICORN-A – 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation
CIPHERUNICORN-E – 64-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
CMEA – cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.
CS-Cipher – 64-bit block
Data Encryption Standard (DES) – 64-bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976
DEAL – an AES candidate derived from DES
DES-X – a variant of DES to increase the key size.
FEAL
GDES – a DES variant designed to speed up encryption
Grand Cru – 128-bit block
Hierocrypt-3 – 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation
Hierocrypt-L1 – 64-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
IDEA NXT – project name FOX, 64-bit and 128-bit block family; Mediacrypt (Switzerland); by Pascal Junod & Serge Vaudenay of Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) – 64-bit block;James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich
Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
KASUMI – 64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security
KHAZAD – 64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen
Khufu and Khafre – 64-bit block ciphers
Kuznyechik – Russian 128-bit block cipher, defined in GOST R 34.12-2015 and RFC 7801.
LION – block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson
LOKI89/91 – 64-bit block ciphers
LOKI97 – 128-bit block cipher, AES candidate
Lucifer – by Tuchman et al. of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES
MAGENTA – AES candidate
Mars – AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al.
MISTY1 – NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
MISTY2 – 128-bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)
Nimbus – 64-bit block
NOEKEON – 128-bit block
NUSH – variable block length (64-256-bit)
Q – 128-bit block
RC2 – 64-bit block, variable key length
RC6 – variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al.
RC5 – Ron Rivest
SAFER – variable block length
SC2000 – 128-bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation
Serpent – 128-bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen
SHACAL-1 – 160-bit block
SHACAL-2 – 256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France)
Shark – grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen
Square – father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen
TEA – by David Wheeler & Roger Needham
Triple DES – by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3
Twofish – 128-bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier et al.
XTEA – by David Wheeler & Roger Needham
3-Way – 96-bit block by Joan Daemen
Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
Enigma – WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, any user networks for most of the variants
Purple – highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain
SIGABA – WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett et al.
TypeX – WWII UK cypher machine
Hybrid code/cypher combinations
JN-25 – WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants
Naval Cypher 3 – superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 1930s and into WWII
Modern asymmetric-key algorithms
Asymmetric key algorithm
ACE-KEM – NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research
ACE Encrypt
Chor-Rivest
Diffie-Hellman – key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation
El Gamal – discrete logarithm
Elliptic curve cryptography – (discrete logarithm variant)
PSEC-KEM – NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters
ECIES – Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System, Certicom Corporation
ECIES-KEM
ECDH – Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement, CRYPTREC recommendation
EPOC
Kyber
Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem – knapsack scheme
McEliece cryptosystem
Niederreiter cryptosystem
NTRUEncrypt
RSA – factoring
RSA-KEM – NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft
RSA-OAEP – CRYPTREC recommendation
Rabin cryptosystem – factoring
Rabin-SAEP
HIME(R)
Threshold cryptosystem
XTR
Keys
Key authentication
Public key infrastructure
X.509
OpenPGP
Public key certificate
Certificate authority
Certificate revocation
ID-based cryptography
Certificate-based encryption
Secure key issuing cryptography
Certificateless cryptography
Merkle tree
Transport/exchange
Diffie–Hellman
Man-in-the-middle attack
Needham–Schroeder
Offline private key
Otway–Rees
Trusted paper key
Wide Mouth Frog
Weak keys
Brute force attack
Dictionary attack
Related key attack
Key derivation function
Key strengthening
Password
Password-authenticated key agreement
Passphrase
Salt
Factorization
Cryptographic hash functions
Message authentication code
Keyed-hash message authentication code
Encrypted CBC-MAC (EMAC) – NESSIE selection MAC
HMAC – NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1, FIPS PUB 113 and IETF RFC
TTMAC – (Two-Track-MAC) NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany)
UMAC – NESSIE selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UC Davis
MD5 – one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; 128-bit digest
SHA-1 – developed at NSA 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA have released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
SHA-256 – NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation
SHA-384 – NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation
SHA-512 – NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation
SHA-3 – originally known as Keccak; was the winner of the NIST hash function competition using sponge function.
Streebog – Russian algorithm created to replace an obsolete GOST hash function defined in obsolete standard GOST R 34.11-94.
RIPEMD-160 – developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited)
RTR0 – one of Retter series; developed by Maciej A. Czyzewski; 160-bit digest
Tiger – by Ross Anderson et al.
Snefru – NIST hash function competition
Whirlpool – NESSIE selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium)
Cryptanalysis
Classical
Frequency analysis
Contact analysis
Index of coincidence
Kasiski examination
Modern
Symmetric algorithms
Boomerang attack
Brute force attack
Davies' attack;
Differential cryptanalysis
Impossible differential cryptanalysis
Integral cryptanalysis
Linear cryptanalysis
Meet-in-the-middle attack
Mod-n cryptanalysis
Related-key attack
Slide attack
XSL attack
Hash functions:
Birthday attack
Attack models
Chosen-ciphertext
Chosen-plaintext
Ciphertext-only
Known-plaintext
Side channel attacks
Power analysis
Timing attack
Cold boot attack
Network attacks
Man-in-the-middle attack
Replay attack
External attacks
Black-bag cryptanalysis
Rubber-hose cryptanalysis
Robustness properties
Provable security
Random oracle model
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Semantic security
Malleability
Forward secrecy
Forward anonymity
Freshness
Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers
Beale ciphers
Chaocipher
D'Agapeyeff cipher
Dorabella cipher
Rongorongo
Shugborough inscription
Voynich manuscript
Organizations and selection projects
Cryptography standards
Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication Program – run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS publications are ongoing and related to cryptography
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – standardization process that produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – standardization process produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – standardization process that produces many standards called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing)
General cryptographic
National Security Agency (NSA) – internal evaluation/selections, charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) – internal evaluation/selections, a division is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government
Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) – Australian SIGINT agency, part of ECHELON
Communications Security Establishment (CSE) – Canadian intelligence agency
Open efforts
Data Encryption Standard (DES) – NBS selection process, ended 1976
RIPE – division of the RACE project sponsored by the European Union, ended mid-1980s
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – a "break-off" competition sponsored by NIST, ended in 2001
NESSIE Project – an evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union, ended in 2002
eSTREAM– program funded by ECRYPT; motivated by the failure of all of the stream ciphers submitted to NESSIE, ended in 2008
CRYPTREC – evaluation/recommendation program sponsored by the Japanese government; draft recommendations published 2003
CrypTool – an e-learning freeware programme in English and German— exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis
Influential cryptographers
List of cryptographers
Legal issues
AACS encryption key controversy
Free speech
Bernstein v. United States - Daniel J. Bernstein's challenge to the restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States.
Junger v. Daley
DeCSS
Phil Zimmermann - Arms Export Control Act investigation regarding the PGP software.
Export of cryptography
Key escrow and Clipper Chip
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Patents
RSA – now public domain
David Chaum – and digital cash
Cryptography and law enforcement
Telephone wiretapping
Espionage
Cryptography laws in different nations
Official Secrets Act – United Kingdom, India, Ireland, Malaysia, and formerly New Zealand
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 – United Kingdom
Academic and professional publications
Journal of Cryptology
Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security
Cryptologia – quarterly journal focusing on historical aspects
Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems – cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory
Allied sciences
Security engineering
See also
Outline of computer science
Outline of computer security
References
Cryptography
Cryptography