Engishiki

Engishiki
The is a Japanese book about laws and customs. The major part of the writing was completed in 927.
History
In 905, Emperor Daigo ordered the compilation of the Engishiki. Although previous attempts at codification are known to have taken place, neither the Konin nor the Jogan Gishiki survive, making the Engishiki important for early Japanese historical and religious studies.
Fujiwara no Tokihira began the task, but work stalled when he died four years later in 909. His brother Fujiwara no Tadahira continued the work in 912 eventually completing it in 927.
After a number of revisions, the work was used as a basis for reform starting in 967.
Contents
The text is 50 volumes in lengths and is organized by department:
volumes 1–10: Department of Worship: In addition to regulating ceremonials including Daijyō-sai (the first Niiname-sai following the accession of a new emperor) and worship at Ise Grand Shrine and Saikū, this section of the Engishiki recorded liturgical texts, listed all 2,861 Shinto shrines existing at the time, except for and , and listed the 3,131 officially-recognized and enshrined Kami. Felicia Gressitt Bock published a two-volume annotated English language translation with an introduction entitled Engi-shiki; procedures of the Engi Era in 1970.
volumes 11–40: Department of State and Eight Ministries
volumes 41–49: Other departments
volume 50: Miscellaneous laws
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Engishiki Jinmyocho
Engishiki Jinmyocho is a part of the Engishiki where the main shrines and gods of Japan are listed.
It is from it that many categorizations of Shinto shrines are found
simple:Engishiki_Jinmyocho
Myojin Taisha (名神大社) ones listed as especially significant.
another class
Shikinai Shosha (式內小社) minor shrines listed
Shikigeisha (式外社) ones that were ignored by both the Engishiki Jinmyocho and the Rikkokushi
Kokushi genzaisha (国史見在社) ones in the Rikkokushi but not the Engishiki.
Myojin Taisha
Myojin Taisha is a high rank of a Shinto shrine.
These shrines are considered "great shrines" or "taisha" under the ancient system of shrine rankings. Myojin Taisha shrines are found throughout Japan, particularly in the Kyoto-Osaka region, including Yamashiro, Yamato, Ōmi, Mutsu, Tajima, and Kii provinces. There are 224 shrines that enshrine 310 kami listed as Myojin Taisha in the Engishiki Jinmyocho. Additionally, there are 203 shrines with 285 kami listed for Myojinsai or "festivals for famed deities" in book 3 of Engishiki. While most of the shrines in these two listings overlap, there are some differences in names and numbers. There are several theories about these differences, but it is unclear why the lists differ. Myojin Taisha is one of the highest ranks of Shinto shrines.
A related list is the Kokushi genzaisha (国史見在社) which refers to shrines which appear in the Rikkokushi (六国史) but not in the Engishiki
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Shikinai Taisha
Shikinai Taisha (式内大社) are shrines that are listed in volumes 9 and 10 of the "Engishiki" as Shinto shrines, also known as Shikinaisha, that are ranked as major shrines. There are 492 of these shrines listed. This category includes both the historical shrines and their modern equivalents. However, shrines that are designated as "" are not included in this category.
Shikinai Shosha
Shikinai Shosha (式內小社) are shrines listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho as minor shrines.
Shikigeisha
Shikigeisha (式外社) refers to Shinto shrines that were known to have existed in the early 10th century when the was being written, but were not included in it.
Shikigeisha, therefore, were considered "off-register" or "unofficial" shrines that were not recognized by the government as official state shrines.
Shikigeisha can be further classified into various categories, including shrines outside the control of the imperial court, those with their own power and influence, shrines that integrated Buddhism into their practices, and shrines managed by Buddhist monks. Additionally, some Shikigeisha lacked proper formal shrine buildings.
Shikigeisha contrast with Shikinaisha which are shrines that were recorded in the Engishiki.
Kokushi genzaisha are a type of Shikigeisha which appear in the Rikkokushi.
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Kokushi genzaisha
Kokushi genzaisha (国史見在社) are a type of Shinto shrine. It means a shrine that appears in the Rikkokushi (六国史) but not in the Engishiki Jinmyocho
The Rikkokushi or the Six Official Histories, includes Nihon shoki, Shoku nihongi, Nihon kōki, Shoku nihon kōki, Montoku jitsuroku, and Sandai jitsuroku. They chronicle the mythology and history of Japan from the earliest times to 887. The six histories were written at the imperial court during the 8th and 9th centuries, under order of the Emperors. Kokushi gensaisha are also called kokushi shozaisha or "shrines that appear in the Official Histories". This gives them a high level of historical significance. Some of the shrines listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho as Myojin Taisha also overlap with the kokushi genzaisha, but the term usually refers to shrines that are only mentioned in the Official Histories.
国史 (Kokushi) means official history, 見在 gensai means appearing and 社 sha means shrine
Shrine lists
These are non-exhaustive lists of shrines of the given categories defined by the Engishiki
List of Myojin Taisha
Aso Shrine
Atsuta Shrine
Awa Shrine
Awaga Shrine
Dewa Shrine
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha
Fushimi Inari-taisha
Futarasan shrine
Gassan Shrine
Hakozaki Shrine
Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)
Hinokuma Shrine
Hirano Shrine
Hiraoka Shrine
Hirose Taisha
Hirota Shrine
Hiyoshi Taisha
Ichinomiya Asama Shrine (Fuefuki)
Ichinomiya Sengen Shrine
Ichinomiya Shrine (Tokushima)
Ikukunitama Shrine
Ikuta Shrine
Imizu Shrine
Isasumi Shrine
Isonokami Shrine
Itakiso shrine
Itsukushima Shrine
Iwa Shrine
Izanagi Shrine
Izumo-daijingū
Izumo-taisha
Izushi Shrine
Kamado Shrine
Kamigamo Shrine
Kashima Shrine
Kasuga-taisha
Katori Shrine
Kehi Shrine
Keta Jinja
Keta Taisha
Kibitsu Shrine (Bitchū)
Kibitsuhiko Shrine
Kifune Shrine
Kinpu Shrine (Yoshino)
Kono Shrine
Kōra taisha
Kumano Hongū Taisha
Kumano Taisha
Masumida Shrine
Matsunoo Taisha
Mikami Shrine
Mishima Taisha
Munakata Taisha
Nagata Shrine
Nakayama Shrine
Nangū Taisha
Niukawakami Shrine
Niutsuhime Shrine
Nukisaki Shrine
Ōasahiko Shrine
Oarai Shrine
Ōmiwa Shrine
Ōmiwa Shrine, Ichinomiya
Ōtori taisha
Ōyamato Shrine
Ōyamazumi Shrine
Samukawa Shrine
Shimogamo Shrine
Sumiyoshi Shrine (Fukuoka)
Sumiyoshi Shrine (Shimonoseki)
Sumiyoshi-taisha
Suwa-taisha
Tado Taisha
Takebe taisha
Tamasaki Shrine
Tamura Shrine
Tatsuta Taisha
Three Mountains of Dewa
Tsukiyomi Shrine (Kyoto)
Tsukubasan Shrine
Tsutsukowake Shrine
Ube Shrine
Umenomiya Taisha
Usa Jingū
Utsunomiya Futarayama Shrine
Wakasahiko Shrine
Yahiko Shrine
List of Shikinai Taisha
Aekuni Shrine
Ikasuri Shrine
Ikoma Shrine
Izawa-jinja
Izawa-no-miya
Kagoshima Shrine
Kumano Hayatama Taisha
Sasamuta Shrine
Susaki Shrine
Tosa Shrine
Uda Mikumari Shrine
Yoshino Mikumari Shrine
List of Shikinai Shosha
Atago Shrine
Chichibu Shrine
Dewa Shrine
Hirasaki Shrine
Izusan Shrine
Kamayama Shrine
Miho Shrine
Minashi Shrine
Mononobe Shrine
Ōgamiyama Shrine
Oguni shrine
Owari Ōkunitama Shrine
Sada Shrine
Shirayama Hime Shrine
Shitori Shrine
Shizuoka Sengen Shrine
Susa Shrine
Taga-taisha
Takase Shrine
Tamanooya Shrine
Toga Shrine
Tsukubasan Shrine
Tsuno Shrine
Watatsu Shrine
Yaegaki Shrine
List of Shikigeisha
List of Kokushi Gensaizha
Akihasan Hongū Akiha Shrine
Inaba Shrine
Iwashimizu Hachimangū
Kaneda Castle
Kashii-gū
Keta Wakamiya Shrine
Kitano Tenmangū
Kogane Shrine
Koshiō Shrine
Kumano Nachi Taisha
Kushifuru Shrine
Ōharano Shrine
Omura Shrine
Shirahige Shrine
Takachiho Shrine
Tamukeyama Hachimangū
Tenson Shrine
Yasaka Shrine
See also
Japanese Historical Text Initiative
Ruijū Kokushi, a categorized and chronological history text of the Six National Histories
Historiography of Japan
Beppyo shrine
Ichinomiya
Kanpei-taisha
References
Further reading
External links
Japanese text and English translation at the Japanese Historical Text Initiative
Manuscript scans, Waseda University Library: volumes 1-50 and 8-10
Government of Japan
10th century in Japan
Law of Japan
Society of Japan
Late Old Japanese texts
Law books
Legal history of Japan
Shinto texts
10th century in law
10th-century Japanese books
927
Engishiki Jinmyocho