Photoreceptor protein

Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria. They mediate light responses as varied as visual perception, phototropism and phototaxis, as well as responses to light-dark cycles such as circadian rhythm and other photoperiodisms including control of flowering times in plants and mating seasons in animals.
Structure
Photoreceptor proteins typically consist of a protein attached to a non-protein chromophore (sometimes referred as photopigment, even so photopigment may also refer to the photoreceptor as a whole). The chromophore reacts to light via photoisomerization or photoreduction, thus initiating a change of the receptor protein which triggers a signal transduction cascade. Chromophores found in photoreceptors include retinal (retinylidene proteins, for example rhodopsin in animals), flavin (flavoproteins, for example cryptochrome in plants and animals) and bilin (biliproteins, for example phytochrome in plants). The plant protein UVR8 is exceptional amongst photoreceptors in that it contains no external chromophore. Instead, UVR8 absorbs light through tryptophan residues within its protein coding sequence.
Photoreceptors in animals
Melanopsin: in vertebrate retina, mediates pupillary reflex, involved in regulation of circadian rhythms
Photopsin: reception of various colors of light in the cone cells of vertebrate retina
Rhodopsin: green-blue light reception in the rod cells of vertebrate retina
Protein Kinase C: mediates photoreceptor deactivation, and retinal degeneration
OPN5: sensitive to UV-light
Photoreceptors in plants
UVR8: UV-B light reception
Cryptochrome: blue and UV-A light reception
Phototropin: blue and UV-A light perception (to mediate phototropism and chloroplast movement)
Zeitlupe: blue light entrainment of the circadian clock
Phytochrome: red and far-red light reception
All the photoreceptors listed above allow plants to sense light with wavelengths range from 280 nm (UV-B) to 750 nm (far-red light). Plants use light of different wavelengths as environmental cues to both alter their position and to trigger important developmental transitions. The most prominent wavelength responsible for plant mechanisms is blue light, which can trigger cell elongation, plant orientation, and flowering. One of the most important processes regulated by photoreceptors is known as photomorphogenesis. When a seed germinates underground in the absence of light, its stem rapidly elongates upwards. When it breaks through the surface of the soil, photoreceptors perceive light. The activated photoreceptors cause a change in developmental program; the plant starts producing chlorophyll and switches to photosynthetic growth.
Photoreceptors in phototactic flagellates
(Also see: Eyespot apparatus)
Channelrhodopsin: in unicellular algae, mediates phototaxis
Chlamyopsin and volvoxopsin
Flavoproteins
Photoreceptors in archaea and bacteria
Bacteriophytochrome
sensory bacteriorhodopsin
Halorhodopsin
Proteorhodopsin
Cyanobacteriochrome
Photoreception and signal transduction
Visual cycle
Visual phototransduction
Responses to photoreception
Visual perception
Phototropism
Phototaxis
Circadian rhythm (body clock)
Photoperiodism
See also
Biliproteins
References
Circadian rhythm
Sensory receptors
Signal transduction
Biological pigments
Integral membrane proteins
Molecular biology