Word formation

Word formation
In linguistics, word formation is an ambiguous term that can refer to either:
the processes through which words can change (i.e. morphology), or
the creation of new lexemes in a particular language
Morphological
A common method of word formation is the attachment of inflectional or derivational affixes.
Derivation
Examples include:
the words governor, government, governable, misgovern, ex-governor, and ungovernable are all derived from the base word (to) govern
Inflection
Inflection is modifying a word for the purpose of fitting it into the grammatical structure of a sentence. For example:
manages and managed are inflected from the base word (to) manage
worked is inflected from the verb (to) work
talks, talked, and talking are inflected from the base (to) talk
Nonmorphological
Abbreviation
Examples includes:
etc. from et caetera
Acronyms & Initialisms
An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of other words. For example:
NASA is the acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration
IJAL (pronounced /aidʒæl/) is the acronym for International Journal of American LinguisticsAcronyms are usually written entirely in capital letters, though some words originating as acronyms, like radar, are now treated as common nouns.
Initialisms are similar to acronyms, but where the letters are pronounced as a series of letters. For example:
ATM for Automated Teller Machine SIA for Singapore International AirlinesBack-formation
In linguistics, back-formation is the process of forming a new word by removing actual affixes, or parts of the word that is re-analyzed as an affix, from other words to create a base. Examples include:
the verb headhunt is a back-formation of headhunter the verb edit is formed from the noun editor the word televise is a back-formation of televisionThe process is motivated by analogy: edit is to editor as act is to actor. This process leads to a lot of denominal verbs.
The productivity of back-formation is limited, with the most productive forms of back-formation being hypocoristics.
Blending
A lexical blend is a complex word typically made of two word fragments. For example:
smog is a blend of smoke and fog brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch.
stagflation is a blend of stagnation and inflation chunnel is a blend of channel and tunnel, referring to the Channel Tunnel
Although blending is listed under the Nonmorphological heading, there are debates as to how far blending is a matter of morphology.
Compounding
Compounding is the processing of combining two bases, where each base may be a fully-fledged word. For example:
desktop is formed by combining desk and top railway is formed by combining rail and way firefighter is formed by combining fire and fighter''
Compounding is a topic relevant to syntax, semantics, and morphology.
Word formation vs. Semantic change
There are processes for forming new dictionary items which are not considered under the umbrella of word formation. One specific example is semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define as a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form.
References
See also
Neologism
Linguistic morphology