PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Iosif Fabian

Iosif Fabian (10 August 1923 – 6 July 2008) was a Romanian football player and coach who played as a striker.
Club career
Born in Cluj, Romania, Fabian started his youth career at Muncitorii Cluj. Then he went to play in the neighborhood country Hungary for a few years starting there his senior career. He returned to Romania, at Ferar Cluj for a short period before joining Carmen București. He made his Liga I debut on 25 August 1946 in a match against Jiul Petroşani winning 3–1 and scoring once. During that season he scored 13 goals in 13 matches, and puts his team on the second place in the 1946–47 league table. The same year he leaves Romania, and goes abroad to Italy and signs for AC Torino in the Serie A, where he met up with the legendary Valentino Mazzola, in his first season on the club Josef won the Serie A contributing with 9 goals in 15 appearances, and was the only foreigner on the team. Over the years spent in Italy, he also played for Lucchese and Bari.
In 1951 he left Italy, and went to France and signs for two seasons with AS Cannes, during the 1951–52 season he was loaned out to Roubaix-Tourcoing. During his time in France Spanish side Atlético Madrid put an eye on him and wanted to transfer him to Spain.
After his time in France, he went to Portugal in 1953, and signed for Sporting CP he made there only 6 appearances and scored two goals but won the Portuguese Liga in 1954. Fabian saw his name linked to several clubs and more in the various echelons of Portuguese football but choose instead Barreirense, he was a player-coach there.
After retiring, he started a long career coaching various teams in Portugal and Mozambique. His last training job was at Imortal de Albufeira in the 1983–84 season
International career
Fabian made his debut for the national side led by coach Virgil Economu, on 8 October 1946, in a match against Bulgaria ended 2–2, his only goal for Romania was in a 2–1 victory over Yugoslavia in the Balkan Cup on 11 October 1946.
Honours
Torino
Serie A: 1947–48
Sporting CP
Portuguese Liga: 1953–54
Cup of Portugal: 1953–54
References
1923 births
2008 deaths
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
FC Carmen București players
Torino FC players
Lucchese 1905 players
SSC Bari players
AS Cannes players
Sporting CP footballers
Men's association football forwards
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate football managers
Footballers from Cluj-Napoca
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in France
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Primeira Liga players
Romanian football managers
S.C. Olhanense managers
S.C. Covilhã players
Expatriate football managers in Portugal
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Mozambique
Expatriate football managers in Mozambique
S.C. Covilhã managers
CO Roubaix-Tourcoing players
Guillermo Cano Isaza

Guillermo Cano Isaza (12 August 1925 – 17 December 1986) was a Colombian journalist. The editor of El Espectador between 1952 until 1986, he was assassinated in Bogotá in what was widely seen as an attack related to his criticism of Colombia's drug barons.
Biography
Guillermo Cano was the heir of Fidel Cano Gutiérrez, the founder of El Espectador. As a journalist, he had worked on the paper's bullfighting, sports, cultural and political sections. He had served as the editor of El Espectador since from 1952 until his death.
Death
On 17 December 1986 as Guillermo Cano Isaza was leaving the offices from El Espectador in his Subaru Leone, one of two hitmen on a motorcycle across the street at a stoplight opened fire at Cano with an Uzi shooting Cano 4 times in the chest, causing him to lose control of the car and crash into a light pole. The hitmen quickly fled the scene he was taken to a Hospital where he died shortly before 7 pm . It was assumed that the attack was in response to a campaign Cano had launched in the paper years earlier to denounce the influence of drug traffickers in the country's politics. Three years later, the El Espectador's building was destroyed with a 300-pound bomb, Cano's family lawyer was murdered, and the Cano family summer house was burned down.
In an October 1995 ruling, four individuals (María Ofelia Saldarriaga, Pablo Enrique Zamora, Carlos Martínez Hernández, and Luis Carlos Molina Yepes) were found guilty of conspiring to commit his murder and sentenced to prison terms of 16 years, 8 months. However, on appeal the convictions of all but Molina were overturned.
Legacy
In 1997, UNESCO created an annual prize that bears his name—the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize—which serves to honour a person or institution that has done outstanding work in defending the freedom of the press. In 2000 he was named one of International Press Institute's 50 World Press Freedom Heroes of the 20th century.
Cano is portrayed by the Colombian actor Germán Quintero in the TV series Escobar, el patrón del mal.
References
External links
UNESCO biographical sketch of Guillermo Cano
1925 births
1986 deaths
Assassinated newspaper editors
Assassinated Colombian journalists
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
People murdered by Colombian organized crime
People murdered in Colombia
Colombian editors
People from Bogotá
Cano family
Social Democratic Party (Angola)

Social Democratic Party (Angola)
The Social Democratic Party (Partido Social-Democrata) is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda on November 16, 1988. The party is led by Bengui Pedro João.
Sources
UNHCR.org: Social Democratic Party (Angola)
Political parties in Angola
Social democratic parties in Angola
Political parties established in 1988
1988 establishments in Angola
أنتوني كينغ (كاتب)

أنتوني كينغ (كاتب)
أنتوني كينغ هو كاتب أمريكي، ولد في 6 يونيو 1975 في ميرتل بيتش في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة ولاية كارولينا الشمالية في تشابل هيل
كتاب أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كوميديون أمريكيون
كوميديون من كاليفورنيا
مواليد 1975
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 21
Mick Kearney

Mick Kearney (born 29 March 1991) is an Irish rugby union player, currently playing for Irish side Ulster in the United Rugby Championship. His primary position is lock, though he has also played as a flanker.
Career
Club
Kearney, who is originally from Dublin and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, joined Connacht in 2011. He had previously played for amateur club Clontarf and been part of the Leinster youth set-up, from schools to under-19's and Leinster colleges. He made his debut in a home match against Welsh side the Ospreys on 26 November that year, coming off the bench in a 17–6 loss. Kearney made his first senior start for Connacht against his native province Leinster on 1 January 2012, playing at blindside flanker. At the end of his first season with Connacht, Kearney had made 11 Pro12 appearances for the team, 5 of them starts. He had also played 3 times in the Heineken Cup, coming on as a replacement in both matches against Gloucester and the away match with Toulouse.
Kearney played more often for Connacht in his second season, making 8 starts and 7 replacement appearances in the 2012–13 Pro12. He also played for the province in 4 of their 6 pool games in the 2013–14 Heineken Cup, starting all but one of his games. He scored his first try for the team in a Pro12 match away to Edinburgh on 12 April 2013, which Connacht won 32–24.
In April 2015 it was announced that Kearney would return to his native province of Leinster for the 2015–16 season. Kearney was released by Leinster at the end of the 2018–19 season, and joined Italian side Zebre ahead of the 2019–20 season, where former Leinster teammate Ian Nagle had also moved to. On 30 May 2021 he left Zebre, and on 26 August he joined Ulster on a short-term contract. He left Ulster at the end of the 2021–22 season, announcing his retirement in May 2022.
International
Kearney has represented Ireland at under-age levels including playing for the Irish under-20 team. He was part of the squad that went to the 2011 IRB Junior World Championship in Italy. He started each of the group matches against England, South Africa and Scotland in the second row, as well as the first game in the 5–8th place play-offs against South Africa. He was left as a replacement for the final game against Wales, however.
References
External links
Ulster Rugby profile
United Rugby Championship profile
Connacht Profile
Leinster Profile
ItsRugby profile
1991 births
Living people
People educated at Mount Temple Comprehensive School
Rugby union players from County Dublin
Irish rugby union players
Connacht Rugby players
Leinster Rugby players
Zebre Parma players
Ulster Rugby players
Rugby union locks
Irish expatriate rugby union players
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate rugby union players in Italy
Uganda mangabey

Uganda mangabey
The Uganda mangabey (Lophocebus albigena ugandae) is a subspecies of the grey-cheeked mangabey (L. albigena), an Old World monkey, found only in Uganda and in the Minziro Forest Reserve, just over the border in Tanzania. Colin Groves upgraded the Ugandan population of this crested mangabey to the new species L. ugandae on 16 February 2007, but this is not widely accepted. This subspecies is significantly smaller than the other subspecies of grey-cheeked mangabey, with a shorter skull and smaller face. 2018 was the most recent year in which the International Union for Conservation of Nature assessed the conservation status of L. albigena ugandae, describing it as being of vulnerable.
Taxonomy
In 1978, Colin Groves recognized three subspecies of Lophocebus albigena, namely L. a. albigena; L. a. johnstoni; and L. a. osmani. Three decades later, in 2007, he raised these subspecies to full species rank on phylogenetic grounds, at the same time recognising that the mangabeys present in Uganda were sufficiently different from the remainder of L. albigena as to constitute a separate species, which he named L. ugandae. The IUCN continues to list these all as subspecies.
Description
The Uganda mangabey is rather smaller than the grey-cheeked mangabey (L. albigena). It is less sexually dimorphic and has a smaller skull. Individuals from the east of Uganda have a yellowish-brown colour while those from the west are a slightly darker greyish-brown. The mane and breast are pale chocolate-brown and contrast more with the body colour than do the equivalent parts of the Johnston's mangabey (Lophocebus johnstoni).
Distribution and habitat
The Uganda mangabey is known from the forests on the north and northwestern sides of Lake Victoria, including the Mabira Forest, from which it was first described, the Bujuko Forest, the Bukasa Forest, and the vicinity of Sango Bay. It also occurs near Kibaale, to the east of the Albertine Rift Valley. It occurs in both primary and secondary forests, and is an arboreal species, spending most of its time in the upper canopy, where it forages for fruits and seeds; favoured food items include the fruits of the false nutmeg and of the breadfruit, the fruits and seeds of Erythrophleum spp., the fruits of the date palm and the fruits of the oil palm.
Conservation
One of the largest populations of Uganda mangabey is in the Mabira Central Forest Reserve. This protected area is being illegally logged and parts are being converted to agricultural use. Attempts are being made to habituate several groups of mangabey to the presence of humans with a view to increasing wildlife tourism in the area as a means to discourage habitat destruction and provide an extra source of income for the local community.
References
Lophocebus
Primates of Africa
Endemic fauna of Uganda
Mammals of Uganda
Mammals described in 1912
Taxa named by Paul Matschie
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
إدوارد دبليو. باريت

إدوارد دبليو. باريت هو صحفي أمريكي، ولد في 1910، وتوفي في 1989.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية الصحافة للدراسات العليا في جامعة كولومبيا
خريجو جامعة برنستون
صحفيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
صحفيون أمريكيون
صحفيون من ألاباما
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب من برمنغهام (ألاباما)
كلية الصحافة للدراسات العليا في جامعة كولومبيا
مساعدو وزير الخارجية الأمريكي
مواليد 1910
وفيات 1989
الألبا (صحيفة تونسية)

الألبا (صحيفة تونسية)
الألبا هي صحيفة أسبوعية فاشية تصدر باللغة الإيطالية تنشر من العاصمة تونس. أسسها جوزيبي كولومبو والمستشار المقيم أوليفا، تم نشر العدد الأول في 5 سبتمبر 1935.
فيما يتعلق بالحرب الإيطالية الإثيوبية الثانية، تفاخرت «الألبا» بوجود شركتين من القمصان السوداء من تونس، «نوميدي» و «زاما»، في ميادين القتال. هاجم المنشور الماسونيين والمناهضين للفاشية، بينما ناشد الإيطاليين شراء منتجات من دولتهم. اعتبرت القنصلية البريطانية الخطابات في الألبا مهينة لبريطانيا العظمى ومالطا، وقدمت شكوى رسمية ضد النشر. تم إغلاقها لاحقًا من قبل السلطات الاستعمارية الفرنسية وكان العدد الأخير في 14 نوفمبر 1935.
المراجع
الفاشية في العالم العربي
تأسيسات سنة 1935 في تونس
صحف إيطالية تصدر في تونس
صحف تونسية سابقة
صحف ومجلات صنفت على أنها فاشية
فاشية في إفريقيا
منشورات انحلت في 1935
منشورات أسست في 1935
وسائل الإعلام في مدينة تونس
انحلالات سنة 1935 في تونس
صحف أسست في 1935
قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 1836

قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 1836 المتخذ بالإجماع في 29 سبتمبر 2008.
القرار
قرر مجلس الأمن تمديد بعثة الأمم المتحدة في ليبريا (UNMIL) لسنة أخرى، حتى 30 سبتمبر 2009، مع تعديل انتشارها المأذون به.
ومن خلال اتخاذ القرار 1836 (2008) بالإجماع ، أيد المجلس تخفيض عدد الأفراد العسكريين بمقدار 1,460ودمج القطاعات الأربعة الحالية في قسمين، على أن يتم ذلك في الفترة بين تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 2008 وآذار / مارس 2009.
كما أيد الزيادة الفورية لـ 240 شرطيًا، من أجل توفير الخبرة في المجالات المتخصصة، والدعم التشغيلي لأعمال الشرطة المنتظمة، والاستجابة للحوادث الطارئة. وضمن الحد الأقصى العام، وافق على خطط الأمين العام لإجراء تعديلات داخلية في تكوين عناصر الشرطة، بما في ذلك زيادة عدد وحدات الشرطة المشكلة.
وطلب المجلس من الأمين العام أن يواصل رصد التقدم المحرز في معايير بناء السلام المفصلة في تقاريره الأخيرة. واستنادا إلى هذا التقدم، طلب منه أن يوصي بحلول 15 شباط / فبراير 2009 بأي تعديلات أخرى في انتشار بعثة الأمم المتحدة في ليبريا، وأن يدرج في تقريره، بالتشاور مع حكومة ليبريا، سيناريوهات بعيدة المدى للتخفيض التدريجي للبعثة وسحبها.
وطُلب من الأمين العام في تقاريره إيلاء اهتمام خاص لبناء قطاع الأمن الليبري وتقديم توصيات بشأن التعديلات اللازمة لعمليات البعثة والتدريب في هذا الصدد.
وقبل اتخاذ القرار، رحب رئيس المجلس بالممثل الدائم الجديد للصين، الذي تعهد بالتعاون مع الأعضاء الآخرين، ويتطلع إلى رئاسة الصين الشهر المقبل.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة 1801 إلى 1900 (2008-2009)
مراجع
روابط خارجية
نص القرار في undocs.org
ليبيريا في 2008
أحداث سبتمبر 2008
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن سيراليون
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن ليبيريا
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة عام 2008
إيلين جونسون

إيلين جونسون هي ناشِطة أمريكية، ولدت في 1955 في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مواليد 1955
ناشطو إلحاد أمريكيون
خريجو ذا نيو سكول
نيا داكوستا

نيا داكوستا هي كاتبة سيناريو ومخرجة أمريكية ولدت في عام 1989-1990 ببروكلين،نيو يورك.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من بروكلين
أمريكيون من أصل بورتوريكي
خريجو مدرسة تيش العليا للفنون
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كاتبات سيناريو أمريكيات
كتاب سيناريو أفارقة أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون في القرن 21
مخرجات أفلام أمريكيات
مخرجات تلفزيون
مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون أفارقة
مخرجو أفلام من ولاية نيويورك
مخرجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مخرجو تليفزيون أمريكيون أفارقة
مخرجات تلفزيون أمريكيات
Lamine Abid

Lamine Abid
Mohamed Lamine Abid (born 4 July 1991) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays for Hetten FC. He plays primarily as a forward.
Club career
In 2017, he signed a contract with CS Constantine.
In 2021, he joined HB Chelghoum Laïd.
In 2022, he joined US Biskra.
In August 2023, he joined Saudi club Hetten FC.
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
People from Larbatache
Kabyle people
Men's association football forwards
Algerian men's footballers
Algeria men's international footballers
Algerian expatriate men's footballers
Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
Saudi Second Division players
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia
CS Sfaxien players
Expatriate men's footballers in Tunisia
MC Alger players
USM El Harrach players
Hetten FC players
21st-century Algerian people
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
كتاب الظل

كتاب الظل هو كتاب يوميات يستخدمها ممارسو السحر المراسم لتسجيل التعويذات والمراسيم والمحاصيل ومعلومات آخرى متعلقة بالسحر.
في الويكا التقليدية، الكتاب يحتوي على معلومات وتعاليم التقليد (مثل تقاليد غاردنيرية، إسكندرية أو غيره من تقاليد) ومعلومات عن المراسيم والتعويذات. يكون الكتاب منسوخ باليد من معلمه (عادةً يكون القسيس العلي أو القسيسة العلية). يكون المعلومات التقليدية لا تغير، لكن زيادات للكتاب لا تخالف تعاليم الويكا. بعض الويكا يكون لهم كتاب الظل الخاص بهم مع ذات المجموعة الذي ينتمي إلية الويكا، ولكن هذا يكون للاستخدام الشخصي ولا يعطى للمبتدءين الآخرين.
الأنواع الجديدة من الويكا أو الممارسات الوثنية الجديدة، كتاب الظل يكون غالباً كتاب خاص أو تابع لمجموعة وليس مخطوطات تقليدية تنسخ
من معلم إلى طالب. وفي حالات كثيرة يكون هذا الكتاب نص إلكتروني بدلاً من نص مكتوب باليد.
اقرأ أيضاً
سحر أسود
ويكا
مراجع
أغراض دينية
سحر (خارق للطبيعة)
كائنات سحرية
نصوص تستخدم في ويكا
نصوص دينية
ويكا
يوميات
Hitterdal, Minnesota

Hitterdal, Minnesota
Hitterdal is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 199 at the 2020 census.
History
A post office called Hitterdal has been in operation since 1887. The city was named after Hitterdal, in Norway.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 201 people, 89 households, and 58 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 100 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 1.5% African American, 0.5% Asian, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 89 households, of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.81.
The median age in the city was 44.5 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 21.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55.7% male and 44.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 201 people, 86 households, and 57 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 102 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.01% White, 1.49% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.49% of the population.
There were 86 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.89.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,500, and the median income for a family was $35,625. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,737. About 17.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
Government
The current mayor is Gayle Holte.
References
Cities in Minnesota
Cities in Clay County, Minnesota
دار يافي للنشر والتوزيع

دار يافي للنشر والتوزيع هي دار نشر مصرية تأسست عام 2018م، أصدرت الدار العديد من المنشورات الأدبية والكتب والروايات العربية، كما شاركت في العديد من معارض الكتاب المحلية والدولية.
تاريخ الدار
دار يافي هي دار نشر مصرية مقرها القاهرة، تأسست عام 2018 على يد مجموعة من الشباب المهتمين بالثقافة كامتداد لنشاطهم المعرفي على شبكات التواصل الإجتماعي، وتم اعتماد أوراقها الرسمية بإدارة أسماء محمد في المقر الرسمي للدار في القاهرة. وقد شاركت الدار بأعمالها الأولى في معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب 2019.
مجالات الدار
تتنوع إصدارات الدار وتغطي موضوعات مختلفة، وقد أصدرت الدار أعمال متنوعة في مجالات مختلفة منها:
مساهمات ثقافية
من أهم إصدارات الدار رواية «عضوية لويز» للمؤلف والروائي محمد السنور، وكتاب «اعترافات» الذي يضم الكاتب الروائي ضياء الدين خليفة بمشاركة مجموعة من الكاتبين، وأيضاً روايات «آلهة العصر»، و«بنتاجرام»، و«خاتم الأرواح» و«مرايا البيت العتيق» وكتاب «المختارون»، ورواية «الدخان الأزرق» الذي أثار الجدل بسبب اقتباس نفس العنوان من رواية تحمل نفس العنوان لكاتب آخر.
وصلات خارجية
دار يافي للنشر والتوزيع
المراجع
تكتل شركات في مصر
دور نشر في مصر
شركات قابضة مصرية
مجموعات نشر
Ceroxylon quindiuense

Ceroxylon quindiuense, often called Quindío wax palm, is a palm native to the humid montane forests of the Andes in Colombia and Peru.
Description
This palm species can grow to a height of —or rarely, even as high as . It is the tallest recorded monocot in the world. The trunk is cylindrical, smooth, light colored, covered with wax; leaf scars forming dark rings around the trunk. The leaves are dark green and grayish, long, with a petiole up to . Fruits are globose and orange-red when ripe, in diameter.
Taxonomy
Ceroxylon quindiuense was described by Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten and published in Bonplandia (Hannover) 8: 70. (1860).
Etymology:
Ceroxylon: generic name composed of the Greek words: kèròs = "wax" and xγlon = "wood", in reference to the thick white wax found on the trunks.
quindiuense: geographical epithet alluding to its location in Quindío.
Synonymy:
Klopstockia quindiuensis H.Karst
Ceroxylon floccosum Burret
Ecology
It grows in large and dense populations along the central and eastern Andes of Colombia (rarely in the western Colombian Andes), with a disjunct distribution in the Andes of northern Peru. The elevational range of this species is between above sea level. It achieves a minimum reproductive age at 80 years. Wax palms provide habitats for many unique life forms, including endangered species such as the yellow-eared parrot (Ognorhynchus icterotis).
Vernacular names
Palma de cera, palma de ramo (both names in Colombia).
Conservation
Populations of Ceroxylon quindiuense are threatened by habitat disturbance, overharvesting and diseases. The fruit was used as feed for cattle and pigs. The leaves were extensively used in the Catholic celebrations of Palm Sunday; such leaves coming from young individuals which were damaged to death. That activity has been reduced severely in recent years due to law enforcement and widespread campaign. Felling of Ceroxylon quindiuense palms to obtain wax from the trunk also is an activity still going on in Colombia and Peru. The palm is recognized as the national tree of Colombia, and since the implementation of Law 61 of 1985, it is legally a protected species in that country.
Cultivation and uses
The wax of the trunk was used to make candles, especially in the 19th century. The outer part of the stem of the palm has been used locally for building houses, and was used to build water supply systems for impoverished farmers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Colombia and California.
Gallery
References
quindiuense
Trees of Colombia
Trees of Peru
Flora of the Andes
Ornamental trees
Nature conservation in Colombia
Colombian culture
National symbols of Colombia
Plants described in 1859