PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Kyrenia District

Kyrenia District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is Kyrenia. It is the smallest of Cyprus' districts, and is the only one controlled in its entirety by the unrecognised de facto state of Northern Cyprus, where the same territory is administered as the de facto Girne District, a distinct entity.
It is bordered on the south by Nicosia District and on the east and south-east by Famagusta District. It includes much of the north coast, with the towns of Kyrenia, Lapethos and Karavas. Also the Kyrenia Mountains, which overlook the coast, with the prominent castles of St. Hilarion and Buffavento.
Unlike the portions of Nicosia, Famagusta and Larnaca under Northern Cyprus' control, which are variously partitioned into five of its six districts, the boundaries of Cyprus' de jure Kyrenia District are coterminous with Northern Cyprus' de facto Girne District. A district administration-in-exile exists in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled part of the island, near Ledra Palace, while the TRNC district has a kaymakam.
History
Under Lusignan and Venetian rule, Kyrenia District was known as the contrée (French) or contrade (Italian ) of Cérines, which was one of the eleven provinces of the Kingdom of Cyprus. At that time, the province of Nicosia, known as the Vicomté, extended closer to the sea, encroaching upon the Pentadaktylos foothills in the present Kyrenia District.
Under Ottoman Turkish rule, Kyrenia was one of the six cazas into which the island was divided. The Caza of Kyrenia, was divided into three nahiehs – Kyrenia, Lefka and Morphou. The caza was headed by a Kaimakan. When the British took control of Cyprus in 1878, these administrative units were retained. But by 1881, Kyrenia Caza was reduced to one nahieh, namely Kyrenia, which covered roughly the same as its present area.
A British officer styled a Commissioner (later District Officer) was appointed for the Caza, while the Turkish Kaimakan was initially retained with certain of his functions.
In 1881 the Caza and Nahieh of Kyrenia had a population of 13,266, (Greek 75%, Turkish 20%), representing 7% of the population of Cyprus. By 1960 the population had grown to 31,015 (Greek 79%, Turkish 14%, Maronite 6%). The Maronite population was almost entirely located in the villages of Kormakiti, Asomatos and Karpaseia.
Settlements
According to Statistical Codes of Municipalities, Communities and Quarters of Cyprus per the Statistical Service of Cyprus (2015), Kyrenia District has 3 municipalities and 44 communities. Municipalities are written with bold.
Agia Eirini
Agios Amvrosios
Agios Epiktitos
Agios Ermolaos
Agios Georgios
Agirda
Agridaki
Asomatos
Bellapais
Charkeia
Diorios
Elia
Fotta
Ftericha
Kalograia
Kampyli
Karakoumi
Karavas
Karmi
Karpaseia
Kato Dikomo
Kazafani
Kiomourtzou
Klepini
Kontemenos
Kormakitis
Koutsovendis
Krini
Kyrenia
Lapithos
Larnakas tis Lapithou
Livera
Motides
Myrtou
Orga
Palaiosofos
Panagra
Pano Dikomo
Pileri
Sychari
Sysklipos
Templos
Thermeia
Trapeza
Trimithi
Vasileia
Vouno
References
Districts of Cyprus
Army Group South

Army Group South was the name of one of three German Army Groups during World War II.
It was first used in the 1939 September Campaign, along with Army Group North to invade Poland. In the Invasion of Poland Army Group South was led by Gerd von Rundstedt and his chief of staff Erich von Manstein.
Two years later, Army Group South became one of three army groups into which Germany organised their forces for Operation Barbarossa. Army Group South's principal objective was to capture Soviet Ukraine and its capital Kiev.
In September 1944, the Army Group South Ukraine was renamed Army Group South in Eastern Hungary. It fought in Western Hungary until March 1945 and retired to Austria at the end of the Second World War, where it was renamed Army Group Ostmark on 2 April 1945.
Operation Barbarossa
Ukraine was a major center of Soviet industry and mining and had the good farmland required for Hitler's plans for Lebensraum ('living space'). Army Group South was to advance up to the Volga River, engaging a part of the Red Army and thus clearing the way for the Army Group North and the Army Group Center on their approach to Leningrad and Moscow respectively.
To carry out these initial tasks its battle order included the First Panzer Group (Gen. Kleist) and the German Sixth (Gen. Reichenau), Seventeenth (Gen. Stülpnagel) and Eleventh Armies (Gen. Schobert), Luftlotte 1 (Keller) and the Romanian Third and Fourth Armies.
Operation Blue
In preparation for Operation Blue, the 1942 campaign in southern Russia and the Caucasus, Army Group South was split into two army groups: Army Group A and Army Group B. Army Group A was ordered south to capture the oil fields in the Caucasus.
In February 1943, Army Group Don and the existing Army Group B were combined and re-designated Army Group South. A new Army Group B became a major formation elsewhere. The German Sixth Army, which was destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad, was re-constituted and later made part of Army Group South in March 1943. On 4 April 1944, Army Group South was re-designated Army Group North Ukraine. Army Group North Ukraine existed from 4 April to 28 September.
In September 1944, Army Group South Ukraine was re-designated Army Group South. At the end of World War II in Europe, Army Group South was again renamed; as Army Group Ostmark, the remnants of Army Group South ended the war fighting in and around Austria and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Army Group Ostmark was one of the last major German military formations to surrender to the Allies.
Order of battle for Army Group South, October 1944
Commanders
See also
Army Group Centre
Army Group North
References
1939 establishments in Germany
South
Military units and formations established in 1939
تيموثي جاي سوليفان

تيموثي جاي سوليفان هو محامي أمريكي، ولد في 15 أبريل 1944 في رافينا في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
أشخاص من فرجينيا
أشخاص من مقاطعة بورتج (أوهايو)
خريجو كلية هارفارد للحقوق
خريجو كلية وليام وماري
مواليد 1944
محامون من ولاية فرجينيا
رؤساء الكليات في كلية وليام وماري
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية وليام وماري
بن جعفر (زاوية الشرادي)

بن جعفر (زاوية الشرادي)
بن جعفر هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة الأوداية، عمالة مراكش، جهة مراكش آسفي في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة زاوية الشرادي التي تضم 18 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 90 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في زاوية الشرادي (الأوداية)
فرنسيس سانت باول

فرنسيس سانت باول هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكية أمريكي، ولد في 25 أبريل 1979.
رياضيو المسار والميدان من كاليفورنيا
رياضيون من لوس أنجلوس
عداؤون سريعون أمريكيون
كشافة شيكاغو بيرز
لاعبو سانت لويس رامز
لاعبو كرة القدم الأمريكية من لوس أنجلوس
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من كاليفورنيا
مدربو رياضة من لوس أنجلوس
مدربو كرة القدم الأمريكية من كاليفورنيا
مستقبلون واسعون كرة قدم أمريكية
مواليد 1979
Cinnoline

Cinnoline is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the formula C8H6N2. It is isomeric with other naphthyridines including quinoxaline, phthalazine and quinazoline.
Properties
The free base can be obtained as an oil by treatment of the hydrochloride with base. It co-crystallizes with one molecule of ether as white silky needles, (m.p. 24–25 °C) upon cooling ethereal solutions. The free base melts at 39 °C. It has a taste resembling that of chloral hydrate and leaves a sharp irritation for some time.
Discovery and synthesis
The compound was first obtained in impure form by cyclization of the alkyne o-C6H4(NH2)C≡CCO2H in water to give 4-hydroxycinnoline-3-carboxylic acid. This material could be decarboxylated and the hydroxyl group reductively removed to give the parent heterocycle. This reaction is called the Richter cinnoline synthesis. Improved methods exist for its synthesis. It can be prepared by dehydrogenation of dihydrocinnoline with freshly precipitated mercuric oxide. It can be isolated as the hydrochloride.
Cinnolines are cinnoline derivatives. A classic organic reaction for synthesizing cinnolines is the Widman–Stoermer synthesis, a ring-closing reaction of an α-vinyl- aniline with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite:
The sodium nitrite is first converted to nitrous acid which then forms the electrophilic intermediate dinitrogen trioxide. The next intermediate is the stable nitrosamine with goes on to lose water forming the diazonium salt which then reacts with the vinyl group in the ring-closing step. A conceptually related reaction is the Bamberger triazine synthesis towards triazines.
Another cinnoline method is the Borsche cinnoline synthesis.
Safety
Cinnoline is toxic.
See also
Benzo[c]cinnoline
References
Aromatic bases
Terje Hauge

Terje Hauge (born 5 October 1965 in Bergen, Norway) is a former Norwegian football referee from the club Olsvik IL.
Career
Since he made his debut in 1990, Hauge has refereed 232 matches in the Tippeligaen. He has been an authorised FIFA referee since 1993. He won the Kniksen award as referee of the year in the Tippeligaen in 2004, 2007 and 2010.
Hauge is currently ranked as an Elite referee in the UEFA Referees Categories.
Matches refereed in the Tippeligaen: 301
Matches refereed in the European cups: 50+
Matches refereed for National teams: 50+
Hauge has also refereed in the 2002 World Cup, Euro 2000 (4th referee), Euro 2004 and the 1996 and 2003 Norwegian cup finals. He also refereed the UEFA Super Cup match between FC Porto and Valencia CF at the Stade Louis II in Monaco on 27 August 2004.
Hauge was not selected to referee at the Euro 2008 tournament however, his fellow countryman and colleague Tom Henning Øvrebø given the honor instead. This marked the first time Øvrebø was selected over Hauge to referee at a major tournament.
He also refereed the 2005 Ukrainian Cup Final.
In a UEFA Champions League tie between Chelsea and Barcelona, Hauge sent off Chelsea defender Asier del Horno for a challenge on Barcelona's Lionel Messi, and Chelsea eventually slipped to a 2–1 defeat. After the match Hauge received death threats from Chelsea fans, but stood by his decision.
On 17 May 2006, Terje Hauge became the first Norwegian referee to referee in a UEFA Champions League Final. He took charge of the match between Arsenal and Barcelona at the Stade de France in Paris. During the match, he created history when he showed a red card to goalkeeper Jens Lehmann of Arsenal, making Lehmann the first player ever to be sent off in a Champions League Final.
References
Kniksen Award winners
Norwegian football referees
1965 births
Living people
2002 FIFA World Cup referees
UEFA Champions League referees
Sportspeople from Bergen
UEFA Euro 2004 referees
لارا (مسلسل)

لارا (مسلسل)
لارا مسلسل تلفزيوني كرواتي.
الأبطال
Doris Pinčić في دور لارا
Ivan Herceg في دور يعقوب
Filip Juričić في دور خلدون
Frane Perišin في دور توفيق
Jagoda Kumrić في دور شجون
Jana Milić في دور ليلي
Stefan Kapičić في دور ناجي
Ecija Ojdanić في دور سهيله
Ornela Vištica في دور كارمن
Sanja Vejnović في دور مايا
Dino Rogić في دور مازن
وصلات خارجية
تيلينوفيلا 2011
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في كرواتيا
كروات خياليون
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كرواتية انتهت في 2013
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كرواتية بدأ عرضها في 2011
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كرواتية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات مدبلجة للعربية
ألفريدو هنريكس ناسيمنتو

ألفريدو هنريكس ناسيمنتو (10 مايو 1937 في البرتغال - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم برتغالي في مركز حراسة المرمى. لعب مع نادي بنفيكا ونادي بيلينينسش و.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون
أشخاص من مونتيجو
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو بنفيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون
لاعبو نادي بيليننسش
مواليد 1937
رياضيون من محافظة سيتوبال
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة سيتوبال
سيرجيو فارغاس (سياسي)

سيرجيو فارغاس (سياسي)
سيرجيو فارغاس هو مغني وموسيقي وسياسي دومينيكاني، ولد في 15 مارس 1960 في جمهورية الدومينيكان. حزبياً، نشط في . وقد انتخب .
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
دومينيكانيون في القرن 20
دومينيكانيون في القرن 21
رجال دومينيكانيون
كتاب أغان
كتاب أغان دومينيكانيون
كتاب أغان ذكور دومينيكانيون
كتاب أغان موسيقى لاتينيون
لاتينيون حاصلون على جائزة غرامي
مغنون ذكور دومينيكانيون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور دومينيكانيون في القرن 21
مغنون ومغنيات دومينيكانيون
مواليد 1960
موسيقيو ميرينغي
تششمة كره (مقاطعة دلفان)

تششمة كره (مقاطعة دلفان)
تششمة كره هي قرية تقع في قسم ايتيوند الجنوبي الريفي (مقاطعة دلفان) في إيران.
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن إيران
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة دلفان
بلدات وقرى في مقاطعة دلفان
François Lamy (theologian)

François Lamy (theologian)
François Lamy (1636 – 11 April 1711) was a French Benedictine ascetical and apologetic writer, of the Congregation of St-Maur.
Life
Lamy was born at Montireau in the Department of Eure-et-Loir. While fighting a duel, he was saved from a fatal sword-thrust by a book of the Rule of St. Benedict which he carried in his pocket. Seeing the finger of God in this, he took the Benedictine habit at the monastery of St-Remi at Reims in 1658. Shortly after his elevation to the priesthood he was appointed subprior of St-Faron at Meaux, but a year later resigned this position.
During 1672-5 he taught philosophy at the monasteries of Mont St-Quentin and St-Médard in Soissons. He was the first of the Maurists to teach the Cartesian system of philosophy.
In 1676 he came to St-Germain-des-Prés near Paris where he taught theology until 1679. The general chapter of 1687 appointed him prior of Rebais in the Diocese of Meaux, but he was ordered by the king to resign his office in 1689. The remainder of his life he spent in literary pursuits at the Abbey of St-Denis near Paris, where he died.
Works
He was one of the most famous writers of his times and was an intimate friend of Bossuet. Of his twenty printed works the following are the most important:
"Vérité évidente de la Religion chrétienne" (Paris, 1694)
"Le Nouvel Athéisme Renversé, ou réfutation du système de Spinoza" (Paris, 1696; 2nd ed., Brussels, 1711)
"Sentiments de piété sur la profession religieuse" (Paris, 1697)
"De la Connaissance de soi-même" (5 vols., Paris, 1694-8; 2nd ed., 1700), which raised a controversy between the author and Malebranche concerning the disinterested love of God
"Lettre d'un théologien à un de ses amis" (Paris, 1699)
"Plainte de l'apologiste des Bénédictins à MM. les prélats de France" (Paris, 1699)
"L'incrédule amené à la Religion par la Raison" (Paris, 1710)
"De la Connaissance et de l'Amour de Dieu" (Paris, 1712)
In the last two treatises the author defends the Maurist edition of the works of Augustine of Hippo against the Jansenists and the Jesuits.
References
Tassin, Histoire litteraire de la Congregation de St-Maur (Brussels, 1770), 351-67
Le Cerf, Bibliothèque historique et critique des auteurs de la Congregation de St-Maur (La Haye, 1726), 185-95.
Specific
1636 births
1711 deaths
People from Eure-et-Loir
French Benedictines
17th-century French Catholic theologians
John Baines (bobsledder)

John Baines (bobsledder)
John Baines (born 26 September 1985) is a bobsledder who competes for Team GB, and a comms specialist in the Royal Air Force. His Olympic debut was at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the two-man and four-man bobsleigh events, participating as a brakeman.
Biography
John Baines was born on 26 September 1985 in Middlesbrough, England. He went to school at Ormesby Primary School. In his youth, he competed locally in 100m and 200m track events.
Baines joined the Royal Air Force at age 20; he works as a communications specialist. His first bobsleigh experience was on an RAF bobsleigh team; a few months later, he tried out in the Team GB trials and was accepted. The RAF gave him two years of support so that he could train for the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Baines has competed in bobsledding since 2008. He worked with British bobsleigh pilot Lamin Deen on the Americas Cup circuit, where they competed as GBR2.
Olympics
The Sochi Olympics is Baines' first Olympics. He originally planned to compete only in the four-man bobsleigh team, but after a "career-threatening" injury to Craig Pickering – a slipped disc – Baines was picked to replace Pickering on the two-man bobsleigh. This was announced 12 February 2014, four days before the event. Baines said that although he was sorry for Pickering, "on the other hand, I get to do the two-man as well as the four-man, so I'm quite happy".
Baines' race in the two-man bobsleigh began 16 February 2014, where he was partnered with Lamin Deen. Deen said of his new partner that "I have worked closely in the summer with John though and I'm quite confident that he can put in a great performance". They finished in 23rd place. The four-man bobsleigh was on the final weekend of the Olympics; Baines's team, GBR2, finished in 19. At both events, Baines acted as brakeman.
Personal life
Baines and his wife have a son and a daughter. He has one sister, Laura, who works for the National Health Service.
References
1985 births
Living people
Olympic bobsledders for Great Britain
British male bobsledders
Sportspeople from Middlesbrough
Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Charles Vernon Culver

Charles Vernon Culver (September 6, 1830 – January 10, 1909) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Early life
Culver was born in Logan, Ohio. He received a liberal preparatory schooling and attended the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio. He moved to Pennsylvania and settled in Reno, Pennsylvania, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He also became interested in the development of oil in Venango County, Pennsylvania, and the establishment of national banks in thirteen cities throughout the East.
He was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1866. While a member of Congress, he became bankrupt and was imprisoned in 1866 but was eventually acquitted after a long trial. He resumed operations in the oil business, with headquarters in Franklin, Pennsylvania. He died while on a business trip in Philadelphia in 1909. He was interred in Franklin Cemetery in Franklin, Pennsylvania.
Culver and the Great Bank Scandal
Culver had made a small profit in Logan, Ohio, by investing some bank money in oil. He took that money and began buying up banks throughout the oil region. He bought land two miles below Oil City, Pennsylvania, where he established the town of Reno and The Reno Oil and Land Company and starting selling stock in what appears to have been a basic pyramid scheme.
Culver also attempted to establish the Reno-Pithole railroad, to run between Reno and Pithole, Pennsylvania, the leading oil boom town at the time. Culver was not one for half measures—to run the railroad he hired Ambrose Burnside, and to hook investors, he brought deep-pocketed men of wealth from all over the country to tour his as-yet-non-existent oil fields.
Ultimately Culver's plan collapsed and he was pursued by creditors and courts up and down the oil region. The collapse of his banks triggered a financial panic throughout the oil region that drove many oilmen out of the business and created chaos that set the stage for men like John D. Rockefeller to move in.
A more complete and colorful account of Culver's career can be found in the book The Great Oildorado by Hildegarde Dolson.
References
External links
The Political Graveyard
1830 births
1909 deaths
Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
People from Logan, Ohio
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
أتسوشي ياناغيساوا

أتسوشي ياناغيساوا (باليابانية: 柳沢敦؛ بالكانا: ヤナギサワ アツシ) ، من مواليد 27 مايو 1977 في كوسوجي في توياما في اليابان ، لاعب كرة قدم ياباني، وهو يلعب مع نادي كاشيما أنتلرز الياباني ومنتخب اليابان لكرة القدم.
بدأ ياناغيساوا مسيرته الكروية مع نادي كاشيما أنتلرز الياباني في عام 1996 ، واستمر باللعب معهم حتى عام 2003 ، وقد شارك خلال تلك الفترة في 178 مباراة وسجل 71 هدف، وفي موسم 2003/2004 انتقل إلى نادي سامبدوريا الإيطالي، ولعب معهم 15 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف، وفي موسم 2004/2005 انتقل إلى نادي ميسينا الإيطالي، ولعب معهم 28 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف، وأعير في عام 2006 إلى نادي كاشيما أنتلرز الياباني، وهو يلعب معهم حتى الآن.
وقد بدأ ياناغيساوا باللعب مع منتخب اليابان لكرة القدم في عام 1998 ، وقد شارك معهم في كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2002 وكأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006.
مسيرته الكروية
لعب أتسوشي ياناغيساوا خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 5 أندية في عشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها 108 هدف ضمن 415 مباراة. حيث فاز في ثلاثة مواسم بالكأس وفي خمسة مواسم بالدوري.
خاض أتسوشي ياناغيساوا مسيرته مع نادي كاشيما أنتلرز في موسم 1996 في المرة الأولى ليلعب معه ثمانية مواسم ثم في عامي 2006-2008 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا طوالها في 220 مباراة سجل خلالها 80 هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي سامبدوريا في موسم 2003–04 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك في 15 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي مسينا في موسم 2004–05 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 29 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي كيوتو سانغا في موسم 2008 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 85 مباراة سجل خلالها 21 هدفًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي فيغالتا سنداي في موسم 2011 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 66 مباراة سجل خلالها 7 أهداف.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يابانيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام كرة قدم من محافظة توياما
رياضيون يابانيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الأولى
لاعبو سامبدوريا
لاعبو فيغالتا سنداي
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2000
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كأس القارات 2005
لاعبو كاشيما أنتلرز
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون يابانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2000
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب اليابان لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب اليابان لكرة القدم لدرجة الشباب
لاعبو نادي كيوتو سانغا
لاعبو نادي مسينا
لاعبون فازوا بكأس الأمم الآسيوية
مواليد 1977
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
Rectoanal inhibitory reflex

Rectoanal inhibitory reflex
The rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) (also known as the anal sampling mechanism, anal sampling reflex, rectosphincteric reflex, or anorectal sampling reflex) is a reflex characterized by a transient involuntary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter in response to distention of the rectum. The RAIR provides the upper anal canal with the ability to discriminate between flatus and fecal material.
The ability of the rectum to discriminate between gaseous, liquid and solid contents is essential to the ability to voluntarily control defecation. The RAIR allows for voluntary flatulation to occur without also eliminating solid waste, irrespective of the presence of fecal material in the anal canal.
Reflex arc
The physiological basis for the RAIR is poorly understood, but it is thought to involve a coordinated response by the internal anal sphincter to rectal distention with recovery of anal pressure from the distal to the proximal sphincter. Mediated by the autonomic nervous system, the afferent limb of this reflex depends upon an intact network of interstitial cells of Cajal in the internal anal sphincter. These cells, which are mediated at least in part by nitric oxide, provide inhibitory innervation of the internal anal sphincter.
Clinical significance
Impairment of this reflex can result in fecal incontinence. The absence of a RAIR is pathognomonic for Hirschsprung's disease.
See also
External anal sphincter
Levator ani
References
Rectum
Excretion
كأس العالم لكرة الماء للنساء 1983

كأس العالم لكرة الماء للنساء 1983 كان الموسم الرابع من كأس فينا للنساء، وجرت المنافسات في كيبك، كندا، في الفترة من 13 يونيو إلى 19 يونيو 1983. ونظمت من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للسباحة (FINA).
وتوج منتخب هولندا بكأس البطولة. فيما حل منتخب الولايات المتحدة في المركز الثاني، ومنتخب أستراليا في المركز الثالث.
المباريات
الترتيب
النهائي
19 يونيو 1983 — المركز الثالث
19 يونيو 1983 — المركز الأول
الترتيب النهائي
طالع أيضاً
كأس العالم لكرة الماء للنساء (فينا)
مراجع
كرة ماء نسائية في 1983
كيبك في 1983
أحداث يونيو 1983 الرياضية
الرياضة في كيبك
كأس العالم لكرة الماء للنساء (فينا)
كرة ماء نسائية في كندا
منافسات كرة ماء دولية تستضيفها كندا
رياضية كندية نسائية في 1983
أحداث يونيو 1983 الرياضية في كندا