PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Robert Cooper (Australian businessman)

Robert Cooper (Australian businessman)
Robert Cooper (1777–1857) was an Australian businessman in the early Colonial era of Sydney, responsible for the construction of many notable buildings and commercial ventures.
Cooper was born in London on 15 May 1777 to fishmonger Francis and Frances (née Pilkinton) Cooper, and ran two public houses in London, the White Swan on Ratcliffe Highway in the docklands and another in Piccadilly. In October 1812 he was convicted of smuggling and receiving stolen goods and was sentenced to penal transportation for fourteen years to New South Wales arriving on the Earl Spencer in October 1813. He received a conditional pardon in 1818.
In Sydney he was a prolific businessman. Around 1819, he opened a shop in George Street opposite the Town Hall and was running trading ventures to Van Diemans Land in a small ship he bought. He also obtained an Auctioneer's licence and opened a distillery and brewery. Other ventures included milling flour and bread, cedar cutting, production of gunpowder, and weaving of cloth.
By 1830 he was one of the most wealthy men in Sydney becoming one of the principal shareholders in the Bank of New South Wales. He also owned large tracts of land in Paddington, Chippendale, Leichardt and Waterloo, Sydney. He stood as a candidate for Sydney in the New South Wales Legislative Council at the first elections in 1843, but ran last.
He established Willeroo Station on the shore of Lake George, outside of Canberra Australia, and built Juniper Hall in Paddington at the time the largest house in the Colony of New South Wales. He also commissioned Paddington Town Hall and founded Sydney Grammar School.
Family life
Cooper was known affectionately as 'Robert the Large'. He had three wives. Cooper's first wife died in 1818 in England soon after his conviction, his second wife, Elizabeth Kelley, died in childbirth 1821 in January 1822 he married a third time to Sarah May, from the Hawkesbury River district. Altogether he had some twenty-eight children. His son Frederick Augustus (1834-1908), became a barrister and served as a member of both the New South Wales and Queensland legislatures, another Robert Cooper was Mayor of Ulladulla in 1896. His grandson was Sir Pope Alexander Cooper, Attorney General of Queensland and also Chief Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland.
Cooper died at Paddington on 25 May 1857, aged 80, and his wife Sarah died on 6 November 1863.
References
External links
Family tree - Robert "Black Bob" Cooper 1777-1857
Australian businesspeople
1776 births
1857 deaths
Settlers of New South Wales
Businesspeople from Sydney
English emigrants to colonial Australia
19th-century English criminals
Convicts transported to Australia
Tex Thornton

Tex Thornton
Charles Bates "Tex" Thornton (July 22, 1913 – November 24, 1981) was an American business executive who was the founder of Litton Industries.
Early life
Charles Bates Thornton was born on July 22, 1913, in Goree, Texas.
Career
He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, reaching the rank of Colonel and commanding a staff of officers in the office of statistical control. Following the war he offered the group of ten to several employers as an all-or-nothing proposition to provide the corporation with an analytical management team. Henry Ford II had recently taken over Ford Motor Company, which was in bad financial shape and had virtually non-existent financial control systems. He interviewed and hired the team, which became known as the "Whiz Kids". Seven of the ten went on to senior executive positions.
Thornton left Ford in 1948 to work for Hughes Aircraft. In 1953, he founded a company called Electro-Dynamics, then acquired the vacuum tube manufacturing business of Charles Litton, Sr. in 1953. In 1954, Electro-Dynamics also bought the rights to use the well-known "Litton" name. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions orchestrated by Thornton, Litton became a huge conglomerate with a wide range of products.
In 1966, Thornton received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan in October, 1981.
Philanthropy
The USC Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California is named in honor of Thornton's widow, Flora L. Thornton, due in part to a $25 million donation she made in 1999. Thornton was a trustee and donor to the university for many years. The Thornton Center for Engineering Management at Stanford University is also named in honor of Thornton.
The Charles B. Thornton Administrative building on the campus of Pepperdine University stands as a tribute to the Thornton family.
Death
He died in November 1981. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery.
References
Bibliography
External links
Tex Thornton page on Littoncorp website
The Presidency Project
1913 births
1981 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Knox County, Texas
Texas Tech University alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
20th-century American businesspeople
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
20th-century American philanthropists
People from Holmby Hills, Los Angeles
Military personnel from Texas
Arbeitslager

Arbeitslager is a German language word which means labor camp. Under Nazism, the German government (and its private-sector, Axis, and collaborator partners) used forced labor extensively, starting in the 1930s but most especially during World War II. Another term was Zwangsarbeitslager ("forced labor camp").
The Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager for different categories of inmates. The largest number of them held civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries (see Łapanka for Polish context) to provide labour in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges, or work on farms and in stone quarries.
The Nazis also operated concentration camps, some of which provided free forced labor for industrial and other jobs while others existed purely for the extermination of their inmates. A notable example is Mittelbau-Dora labor camp complex that serviced the production of the V-2 rocket. See List of German concentration camps for more. The large chemical works at Monowitz and owned by IG Farben was near Auschwitz and was designed to produce synthetic rubber and fuel oil. The labour needed for its construction was supplied by several labour camps around the works. Some of the prisoners were Auschwitz inmates, who were selected for their technical skills, such as Primo Levi for example.
Arbeitskommandos
Arbeitskommandos, officially called Kriegsgefangenenarbeitskommando were sub-camps under prisoner-of-war camps for holding prisoners of war of lower ranks (below sergeant), who were working in industries and on farms. This was permitted under the Third Geneva Convention provided they were accorded proper treatment. They were not allowed to work in industries manufacturing war materials, but this restriction was frequently ignored by the Germans. They were always under the administration of the parent prisoner-of-war camp, which maintained records, distributed International Red Cross packages and provided at least minimal medical care in the event of the prisoner's sickness or injury. The number of prisoners in an Arbeitskommando was usually between 100 and 300.
One should differentiate these from sub-camps of Nazi concentration camps operated by the SS, which were also called Arbeitskommando. Because of the two different types there is some confusion in the literature, with the result of occasional reports of prisoners-of-war being held in concentration camps. In some cases the two types were physically adjacent, when both POWs and KL-inmates were working at a large facility such as a coal mine or chemical plant. They were always kept apart from each other.
See also
Forced labor in Germany during World War II
HASAG
IG Farben
Krupp
Labor camp
Stalag
Stalag VIII-B
Stalag IX-B
Siemens-Schuckert
Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden
References
External links
Forced Laborers in the "Third Reich" – By Ulrich Herbert
Arbeitskommando 10001 in Ruckenwaldau (now Wierzbowa, Poland – Lower Silesia) – in Polish
Economy of Nazi Germany
Unfree labor during World War II
Holocaust terminology
U2 (Hamburg U-Bahn)

U2 (Hamburg U-Bahn)
The U2 is a line of the Hamburg U-Bahn which has a length of . It serves 25 stations. The line opened in 1913. It starts in Niendorf Nord and leads via the city center at Hauptbahnhof Nord to Mümmelmannsberg.
History
The first part of the line was opened on 21 October 1913 from Schlump to Emilienstraße. In 1914 it was extended to Hellkamp, a station which was closed and dismantled in 1964 and in 1965 replaced by new station Lutterothstraße. In 2009 eastern parts of U2 and U3 lines were swapped behind Berliner Tor. Before that, the U2 line led to Wandsbek-Gartenstadt. Since then, it ends in Mümmelmannsberg, and the U3 became a ring line again with a branch to Wandsbek-Gartenstadt.
Opening and closing dates
21 October 1913: Schlump – Emilienstraße
23 May 1914: Emilienstraße – Hellkamp
1 May 1964: Closure of the line Schlump – Hellkamp for several months because of works at Osterstraße and abandonment of Hellkamp station
30 May 1965: (Schlump –) Lutterothstraße
30 October 1966: Lutterothstraße – Hagenbecks Tierpark
2 January 1967: Berliner Tor – Horner Rennbahn (as U3)
24 September 1967: Horner Rennbahn – Legienstraße (as U3)
29 September 1968: Hauptbahnhof Nord – Berliner Tor (as U21)
28 September 1969: Legienstraße – Billstedt (as U3)
31 May 1970: Billstedt – Merkenstraße (as U3)
31 May 1970: Schlump – Gänsemarkt (as U22)
3 June 1973: Gänsemarkt – Hauptbahnhof Nord
1 June 1985: Hagenbecks Tierpark – Niendorf Markt
29 September 1990: Merkenstraße – Mümmelmannsberg (as U3)
9 March 1991: Niendorf Markt – Niendorf Nord
Gallery
References
External links
Hamburg U-Bahn lines
Railway lines opened in 1913
1913 establishments in Germany
أوروبا تحت الاحتلال الألماني

أوروبا تحت الاحتلال الألماني أو أوروبا النازية هو المصطلح الذي يشير إلى احتلال القوات العسكرية لألمانيا النازية للدول الأوروبية ذات السيادة في أوقات متعددة ما بين 1939 و1945 ويديرها النظام النازي.
خلفية تاريخية
العديد من البلاد المحتلة من ألمانيا دخلت الحرب العالمية الثانية على أنهم حلفاء المملكة المتحدة أو الاتحاد السوفيتي. بعضهم قد أُجبر على الاستسلام مثل تشيكوسلوفاكيا؛ وآخرون مثل بولندا هُزمت في المعركة (الغزو كان في 1 سبتمبر 1939) ثم احتلت. في بعض الحالات، نُفيت الحكومات الشرعية، وفي حالات أخرى شكل السكان حكومات منفية في دول حلفاء أخرى. بعض الدول التي احتلها النازيون كانت رسميًا محايدة. دول أخرى كانت من دول المحور احتلتها القوات الألمانية في مرحلة متأخرة من الحرب.
الدول المحتلة
الحكومات في المنفى
حكومات الحلفاء في المنفى
حكومات المحور في المنفى
حكومات محايدة في المنفى
المراجع
استشهادات
كتب
وصلات خارجية
خريطة أوروبا 1942
احتلال عسكري ألماني
ألمانيا النازية
إمبراطوريات سابقة
قوى المحور
مناطق احتلت في الحرب العالمية الثانية
روبرت تشايلدريس

روبرت تشايلدريس هو رسام توضيحي أمريكي، ولد في 1915، وتوفي في 1983.
مراجع
خريجو جامعة كليمسون
رسامون توضيحيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1915
وفيات 1983
(28623) 2000 FX29

(28623) 2000 FX29
2000 أف أكس 29 (ويعرف أيضًا باسم (28623) 2000 أف أكس 29 وفق تسمية الكوكب الصغير) ؛ هو كويكب ضمن حزام الكويكبات.
اكتُشف هذا الجُرم الفلكي بواسطة مرصد لويل للبحث عن الأجرام القريبة من الأرض في 27 مارس 2000، وترتيبه 28623 من حيث الاكتشاف.
الوصف
اكتُشف في 27 مارس 2000 في مرصد محطة أندرسون ميسا، الواقع في مقاطعة كوكونينو، أريزونا في الولايات المتحدة، بواسطة مشروع مرصد لويل للبحث عن الأجرام القريبة من الأرض . وقد رصد المشروع 1,186 مشاهدة للكويكب إلى غاية 5 فبراير 2022 بتوقيت منطقة المحيط الهادئ، أي في مدة قدرها 9,967 يومًا (27.3 عام). تستغرق الفترة المدارية للكويكب 1,410 يومًا (3.9 عام).
الخصائص المدارية
يتميز مدار هذا الكويكب بنصف محور رئيسي يبلغ 2.46 وحدة فلكية، وحضيض قدره 2.18 وحدة فلكية، وانحراف قدره 0.113 وزاوية ميلان 6.35 درجة بالنسبة لمسار الشمس. بسبب هذه الخصائص، أي نصف المحور الرئيسي بين 2 و3.2 وحدة فلكية وحضيض أكبر من 1,666 وحدة فلكية، يُصنف هذا الجُرم الفلكي وفقًا لقاعدة بيانات مختبر الدفع النفاث لأجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة كائنًا من حزام الكويكبات الرئيسي.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الكواكب الصغيرة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 2000
اكتشافات مرصد لويل للبحث عن الأجرام القريبة من الأرض
حزام الكويكبات
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
ريناتا أدلر

ريناتا أدلر (19 أكتوبر 1938 في ميلانو - ) روائية، وصحفية، وكاتِبة من الولايات المتحدة.
الجوائز
زمالة غوغنهايم
جائزة القلم للرواية
روابط خارجية
المراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من دانبري (كونيتيكت)
أشخاص من نيوتاون (كونيتيكت)
أعضاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والآداب
أمريكيات في القرن 21
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
خريجو جامعة هارفارد
خريجو كلية برين ماور
خريجو كلية ييل للحقوق
روائيات أمريكيات
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كاتبات غير روائيات أمريكيات
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب من كونيتيكت
مهاجرون إيطاليون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1937
ناقدات أفلام أمريكيات
ناقدات أمريكيات
ناقدات سينمائيات
نقاد سينمائيون أمريكيون
كلاي هاين

كلاي هاين هو ملحن أمريكي، ولد في 8 ديسمبر 1963.
مراجع
خريجو جامعة إلينوي في أوربانا شامباين
مواليد 1963
بحيرة ستاف

بحيرة ستاف هي بحيرة وخزان لإنتاج الطاقة الكهرومائية في نظام نهر ستاف، وتقع على الحافة الشمالية لمنطقة ميشن، على بعد حوالي 65 كم (40 ميل) شرق فانكوفر بكندا. يبلغ طول الذراع الرئيسي للبحيرة حوالي 20 كم (12 ميل) من الشمال إلى الجنوب، ويبلغ طول ذراعها الجنوبي الغربي، الذي ينتهي عند سد ستاف فولز بالقرب من ستاف فولز، حوالي 9.5 كم (5.9 ميل). وتبلغ المساحة الإجمالية للبحيرة حاليا حوالي 55 كيلومتر مربع (21 ميل مربع). قبل بناء السد، كان حجم البحيرة حوالي ثلث حجم ذراعها الرئيسي الحالي.
المناخ
تتمتع بحيرة ستاف بمناخ محيطي (نوع من تصنيف كوبن للمناخ). متوسط هطول الأمطار السنوي هو 2359.4 ملم (92.89 بوصة). تختلف الحدود القصوى من −26.7 درجة مئوية (−16.1 درجة فهرنهايت)، المسجلة في 31 يناير 1929، إلى 40.0 درجة مئوية (104.0 درجة فهرنهايت)، المسجلة في 25 يونيو 1925.
السدود
قامت شركة ستاف فولز باور، التي أصبحت فيما بعد شركة تابعة لسكك حديد كولومبيا البريطانية الكهربائية، ببناء سد على النهر في الفترة 1920-1922. كان سد ستاف فولز وباورهاوس والمنازل الصغيرة وقاعة المجتمع ومجتمع العمال الكبير والسكك الحديدية، المعروفة باسم فرع ستاف فولز، جزءًا من هذه المشاريع. ونتيجة لذلك، تم رفع الجزء العلوي وإغراق الغابات، كما كان الحال لاحقًا مع بحيرة هايوارد، التي تشكلت عند الانتهاء من سد روسكين وباورهاوس في عام 1930. وظل أشجار الأرز في النهر لسنوات، على الرغم من أنه خلال في الثمانينيات والتسعينيات من القرن الماضي، تمت استعادة الأخشاب من قبل أطقم العمل من معسكر اعتقال بالقرب من بحيرة سايرس (بحيرة سيدار)، المتاخمة للفتحة من الذراع الرئيسي، عن طريق خفض مستوى الخزان لفترة طويلة للسماح باستخراج الأخشاب.
بعد بناء السد، استخدمت خطوط قطع الأشجار حق الطريق ودخلت شمالًا إلى وادي ستاف. تم تصوير فيلم "نحن لسنا ملائكة" جزئيًا في مجمع سد ستاف، مع مدينة وهمية كبيرة وكاتدرائية خشبية رائعة (وحقيقية) مبنية على دعائم في بحيرة ستاف. تم تفكيك المجموعة بأكملها، على الرغم من نقل منصة الفرقة الموسيقية من نوع شرفة المراقبة إلى موقع بحيرة هايوارد الترفيهي أسفل سد ستاف مباشرةً.
حول البحيرة
يتم التحكم في معظم العقارات المجاورة لبحيرة ستاف بواسطة هيئة الطاقة والكهرباء. يوجد عدد صغير من الكبائن الخاصة على الشواطئ الشرقية، ويقع مخيم مزرعة زاجاك الصيفي للأطفال ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة على الجانب الجنوبي الغربي من البحيرة. يمكن الوصول إلى الجانب الشرقي من البحيرة عبر طريق سيلفستر. ويمكن رؤية طوف كبير على صورة القمر الصناعي جوجل عند الإحداثيات 49.309144،-122.320021 والذي يطفو حول البحيرة خلال أشهر الصيف.
التنزه
تعد بحيرة ستاف موقعًا شهيرًا لسيارات الدفع الرباعي وركوب الدراجات الترابية بسبب مسطحاتها الطينية الواسعة في الجنوب الغربي.
المراجع
روابط خارجية
Bulletin 48: Landforms of British Columbia, A Physiographic Outline, Plate XIIB, Coast Mountains, Pacific Ranges, Looking down the valley of Tingle Creek to Stave Lake - جبل روبي ريد is just right of the mouth of Tingle Creek, Mount Baker is in the distance.
أرخبيلات المحيط الهادئ
تاريخ كولومبيا البريطانية
جزر كولومبيا البريطانية
جغرافية شمال غرب المحيط الهادئ
مضائق كولومبيا البريطانية
ميشن (كولومبيا البريطانية)
Grace (short story)

Grace (short story)
"Grace" is a short story by James Joyce written toward the end of 1905 and published in his 1914 collection Dubliners.
Plot summary
The story begins with an unconscious man falling down the stairs in a pub after heavy drinking. A friend of his, Mr. Power, finds him, reveals him to be named Tom Kernan, and takes him home to his wife. Kernan is a salesman who once possessed an easy charm and manner but has since descended into alcoholism. An injury to his tongue sustained during the fall keeps Kernan in bed.
Two days later, he is visited by his friends Power, M'Coy, and Cunningham. The friends have concocted a plan to get Kernan to attend a Catholic retreat with them. The four discuss many matters and finally settle upon religion. The friends mention attending a confessional retreat at a Jesuit church and invite Kernan along. He does not respond to the idea at first. The conversation shows a superficial understanding of faith, and the friends make many comical errors about the church.
The scene shifts to the Jesuit church in Gardiner Street where all listen to a priest's sermon.
Analysis
Kernan's gin-drinking in the novel Ulysses (which is set on 16 June 1904) indicates the failure of his friends' plan. According to Stanislaus Joyce, the three parts of the story recall the tripartite structure of Dante's Divine Comedy ("inferno-purgatorio-paradiso").
References
Joyce, James. Dubliners (London: Grant Richards, 1914)
Allen, Walter. "The Short Story in English" (Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1981)
External links
Short stories by James Joyce
1914 short stories
شقران متغير

شقران متغير (الاسم العلمي:Puccinia variabilis) هو من الفطريات يتبع الشقران من ال الشقرانية.
انظر أيضاً
الشقران
قائمة أنواع الشقران
مراجع
شقران متغير
شقران متغير
شقران متغير
International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers

International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers
The International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers (IFPTE) is a North American labor union representing various professional, technical, and administrative support workers in the United States and Canada, in both the public and private sectors.
Its roots may be traced back to the International Federation of Draftsmen's Unions, a craft union for shipyard engineers and draftsmen, chartered by the American Federation of Labor in 1918, and expanding its jurisdiction in 1919 to become the International Federation of Technical Engineers, Architects, and Draftsmen's Unions.
Presidents
C. L. Rosemund
Foster J. Pratt
Russell M. Stephens
1967: James Woodside
1970: William T. Cleary
1972: Rodney A. Bower
1985: James Sommerhauser
1994: Paul Almeida
2001: Greg Junemann
2018: Paul Shearon
2021: Matt Biggs
References
External links
1918 establishments in the United States
AFL–CIO
American engineering organizations
Canadian Labour Congress
Engineering societies
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Trade unions established in 1918
Trade unions in the United States
1952–53 French Division 2

1952–53 French Division 2
Statistics of Division 2 in the 1952–53 season.
Overview
It was contested by 18 teams, and Toulouse won the championship.
League standings
References
France - List of final tables (RSSSF)
French
2
Ligue 2 seasons
2001–02 ABA Goodyear League

2001–02 ABA Goodyear League
12 teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro and Slovenia participated in Goodyear League in its first season: Union Olimpija, Krka, Pivovarna Laško, Geoplin Slovan, Cibona VIP, Zadar, Triglav Osiguranje, Split Croatia Osiguranje, FEAL Široki, Bosna ASA, Sloboda Dita, Budućnost.
In February 2002 ABA was admitted as an equal member of the ULEB association.
There were 22 rounds played in the regular part of the season, best four teams qualified for the Final Four Tournament which was played in Ljubljana on March 23 and 24 2002.
The first trophy in Goodyear League was won by Union Olimpija.
Regular season
Final four
Matches played at Hala Tivoli, Ljubljana
Stats leaders
Ranking MVP
Points
Rebounds
Assists
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Rank
!width="175"|Name
!width="120"|Team
!width="60"|Assists
!width="60"|Games
!width="60"|APG
|-
|1.||align="left"| Rumeal Robinson||align="left"| Zadar||50||12||4.17
|-
|2.||align="left"| Dragan Aleksić ||align="left"| Sloboda Dita||91||22||4.14
|-
|3.||align="left"| Marko Popović ||align="left"| Zadar||61||17||3.59
|-
|4.||align="left"| Mladen Erjavec||align="left"| FEAL Široki||67||22||3.05
|-
|3.||align="left"| Davor Marcelić ||align="left"| Zadar||48||16||3.00
|-
References
External links
2001–02
2001–02 in European basketball leagues
2001–02 in Serbian basketball
2001–02 in Slovenian basketball
2001–02 in Croatian basketball
2001–02 in Bosnia and Herzegovina basketball
حرف الزواحي (بعدان)

حرف الزواحي (بعدان)
حرف الزواحي هي إحدى قرى عزلة الحرث بمديرية بعدان التابعة لمحافظة إب، بلغ تعداد سكانها 359 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
حرف الزواحي
Afsaneh Bayegan

Afsaneh Bayegan (born January 2, 1961) is an Iranian film and television actress and beauty pageant titleholder who placed 2nd Runner-Up at Miss Iran 1976. Born in Tehran, her artistic career started with the short film Boogh or The Horn by Ali Alinejad (1982).
Filmography
Missing (1985)
The Sanctuary of Courtship (1986)
The High School (1986)
The Organization (1986)
Let Me Live (1986)
The Tuberose (1987)
The Punishment (1987)
Tooba (1988)
The Last Chance (1989)
Mortal (1989)
Shangool and Mangool (1989)
Two Features with a Ticket (1990)
Hungry Wolves (1991)
The Chance to Live (1991)
The Preserve (1991)
The Crabs' Attack (1992)
The Splendor of Returning (1992)
Maryam and Mitil (1992)
Alma (1992)
The Simpleton (1992)
Atal Matal Tootooleh (1992)
The Stuntman (1993)
Maryam and Mitil (1993)
The Punishment (1994)
The Spectacular Day (1994)
Strange Sisters (1995)
Not Forgiven (1996)
Wounded (1997)
Tathti (1997)
The Rebel (1997)
The Stunt Men (1997)
The Changed Man (1998)
Hand in Soil (1998)
The Night Raid (1998)
Tootia (1998)
SMS from another World (2008)
Shirin (2008)
Superstar (2009)
Women Are Amazing (2010)
Flying Passion (2012)
Negar (2017)
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Actresses from Tehran
Iranian film actresses
Iranian television actresses
20th-century Iranian actresses
Shahid Beheshti University alumni
Shroud (sailing)

Shroud (sailing)
On a sailing boat, the shrouds are pieces of standing rigging which hold the mast up from side to side. There is frequently more than one shroud on each side of the boat.
Usually a shroud will connect at the top of the mast, and additional shrouds might connect partway down the mast, depending on the design of the boat. Shrouds terminate at their bottom ends at the chain plates, which are tied into the hull. They are sometimes held outboard by channels, a ledge that keeps the shrouds clear of the gunwales.
Shrouds are attached symmetrically on both the port and starboard sides. For those shrouds which attach high up the mast, a structure projecting from the mast must be used to increase the angle of the shroud at the attachment point, providing more support to the mast. On most sailing boats, such structures are called spreaders, and the shrouds they hold continue down to the deck. On large sailing ships, however, particularly square-riggers, the shrouds end at the projections (called tops or crosstrees) and their loads are carried into the mast slightly further down by futtock shrouds.
Contrast with forestay and backstay.
See also
Chainplate
References
Sailing rigs and rigging
Nautical terminology
de:Want#Wanten