Bandwing

Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae. Many species primarily inhabit xeric weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locusts:
Locusta migratoria: the migratory locust
Chortoicetes terminifera: the Australian plague locust
Locustana pardalina the brown locust
These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwings that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium is extremely small or absent.
Defense
When bandwings feel safe, they appear drab. When they feel threatened, they leap out to reveal bold and bright colors. Some predators might even mistake the blue-winged grasshopper for a butterfly. But when the predator looks for the grasshopper, it is hiding in the grass. Bandwings continue this process if the predator tries to attack them.
Tribes and genera
The Orthoptera Species File lists the following:
Tribe Acrotylini
Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
Acrotylus Fieber, 1853
Pusana Uvarov, 1940
Tribe Anconiini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic)
Anconia Scudder, 1876
Tribe Arphiini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America
Arphia Stål, 1873
Lactista Saussure, 1884 (synonym Rehnita)
Leuronotina Hebard, 1932
Tomonotus Saussure, 1861
Tribe Bryodemini
Auth. Bei-Bienko 1930; distribution: mostly central Asia
Andrea Mishchenko, 1989
Angaracris Bei-Bienko, 1930
Bryodema Fieber, 1853
Bryodemacris Benediktov, 1998
Bryodemella Yin, 1982 (Eastern Europe and temperate Asia)
Compsorhipis Saussure, 1889
Uvaroviola Bei-Bienko, 1930
Tribe Chortophagini
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
Chimarocephala Scudder, 1875
Chortophaga Saussure, 1884
Encoptolophus Scudder, 1875
Nebulatettix Gómez, Lightfoot & Miller, 2012
Shotwellia Gurney, 1940
Tribe Epacromiini
Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia through to New Caledonia
Aiolopus Fieber, 1853
Demirsoyus Sirin & Çiplak, 2004
Epacromius Uvarov, 1942
Heteropternis Stål, 1873
Hilethera Uvarov, 1923
Jasomenia Bolívar, 1914
Paracinema Fischer, 1853
Parahilethera Zheng & Ren, 2007
Platypygius Uvarov, 1942
Tribe Hippiscini
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: Americas
Agymnastus Scudder, 1897
Camnula Stål, 1873
Cratypedes Scudder, 1876
Hadrotettix Scudder, 1876
Heliastus Saussure, 1884
Hippiscus Saussure, 1861 (monotypic)
Leprus Saussure, 1861
Pardalophora Saussure, 1884
Sticthippus Scudder, 1892
Xanthippus (grasshopper) Saussure, 1884
Tribe Locustini
Auth. Kirby, 1825; distribution: Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia
subtribe Locustina Kirby, 1825
Locusta Linnaeus, 1758 (monotypic)
Oedaleus Fieber, 1853
Psophus Fieber, 1853 - monotypic Psophus stridulus
subtribe undetermined
Brunnerella Saussure, 1888
Chifanicus Benediktov, 2001
Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884
Grammoscapha Uvarov, 1942
Locustana Uvarov, 1921
Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884
Ptetica Saussure, 1884
Pycnodictya Stål, 1873
Pyrgodera Fischer von Waldheim, 1846
Scintharista Saussure, 1884
Tribe Macherocerini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic)
Machaerocera Saussure, 1859
Tribe Oedipodini
Auth. Walker, 1871; distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Asia
Celes (grasshopper) Saussure, 1884
Mioscirtus Saussure, 1888
Ochyracris Zheng, 1991
Oedipoda Latreille, 1829
Oedipodacris Willemse, 1932
Tribe Parapleurini
Auth. Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893 (synonym Parapleuri); distribution: N. America, Europe, Asia
Ceracris Walker, 1870
Ceracrisoides Liu, 1985
Formosacris Willemse, 1951
Mecostethus Fieber, 1852
Parapleurodes Ramme, 1941
Stethophyma Fischer, 1853
Yiacris Zheng & Chen, 1993
Tribe Psinidiini
Auth. Otte, 1984; distribution: N. America
Derotmema Scudder, 1876
Hippopedon Saussure, 1861 (synonym Platylactista)
Mestobregma Scudder, 1876
Metator McNeill, 1901
Psinidia Stål, 1873
Trachyrhachys Scudder, 1876
Trepidulus McNeill, 1901
Tribe Sphingonotini
Auth. Johnston, 1956; distribution: worldwide, esp. Africa, Europe, Asia
Conipoda Saussure, 1884
Cophotylus Krauss, 1902
Eusphingoderus Bei-Bienko, 1950
Eusphingonotus Bey-Bienko, 1950
Heliopteryx Uvarov, 1914
Helioscirtus Saussure, 1884
Hyalorrhipis Saussure, 1884
Microtes Scudder, 1900
Phaeonotus Popov, 1951
Pseudoceles Bolívar, 1899
Quadriverticis Zheng, 1999
Sphingoderus Bei-Bienko, 1950
Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852 - type species: Sphingonotus caerulans
Tetramerotropis Saussure, 1888
Thalpomena Saussure, 1884
Vosseleriana Uvarov, 1924
Tribe Trilophidiini
Auth. Shumakov 1963; distribution: Africa, Asia (monotypic tribe)
Trilophidia Stål, 1873
Tribe Trimerotropini
Auth. Blatchley, 1920; distribution: Americas
Circotettix Scudder, 1876
Conozoa Saussure, 1884
Dissosteira Scudder, 1876
Spharagemon Scudder, 1875
Trimerotropis Stål, 1873
Tribe Tropidolophini
Auth. Otte, 1995; distribution: N. America (monotypic tribe)
Tropidolophus Thomas, 1873 - monotypic Tropidolophus formosus
Genera incertae sedis
Angaracrisoides Gong & Zheng, 2003
Asphingoderus Bei-Bienko, 1950
Atympanum Yin, 1982
Aulocaroides Werner, 1913
Aurilobulus Yin, 1979
Austroicetes Uvarov, 1925
Brancsikellus Berg, 1899
Chloebora Saussure, 1884
Chondronotulus Uvarov, 1956
Chortoicetes Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Crinita Dirsh, 1949
Cyanicaudata Yin, 1979
Diraneura Scudder, 1897
Dittopternis Saussure, 1884
Elmisia Dirsh, 1949
Eokingdonella Yin, 1984
Eremoscopus Bei-Bienko, 1951
Eurysternacris Chopard, 1947
Fitzgeraldia Uvarov, 1952
Flatovertex Zheng, 1981
Granada (insect) Koçak & Kemal, 2008
Homoeopternis Uvarov, 1953
Humbe (insect) Bolívar, 1882
Jinabia Uvarov, 1952
Kinshaties Zheng, 1977
Leptopternis Saussure, 1884
Mecistopteryx Saussure, 1888
Morphacris Walker, 1870
Nepalacris Balderson & Yin, 1987
Oreacris Bolívar, 1911
Promesosternus Yin, 1982
Pseudaiolopus Hollis, 1967
Pycnocrania Uvarov, 1941
Pycnodella Descamps, 1965
Pycnodictya Stål, 1873
Pycnostictus Saussure, 1884
Qualetta Sjöstedt, 1921
Rashidia Uvarov, 1933
Tibetacris Chen, 1964
Tmetonota Saussure, 1884
Zimbabwea Miller, 1949
†Mioedipoda Stidham & Stidham, 2000
†Nymphacrida Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
†Oedemastopoda Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
The genus Cibolacris was originally placed in Oedipodinae, and later moved to Gomphocerinae. The genus Stethophyma is traditionally included in Oedipodinae, but North American authors in particular sometimes place it in the Gomphocerinae or Acridinae. Some authors place all members of Oedipodinae within the subfamily Acridinae, and there has been much confusion and debate about the limits and relationships of the two subfamilies.
References
External links