Khanate

Khanate
A khanate or khaganate is the name for a type of historic polity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic, Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of a khagan, was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.
Mongol khanates
Mongol Empire (1206–1368)
Mongol Empire was the largest steppe nomadic Khaganate as well as second largest empire and the largest contiguous empire in history. After Genghis Khan established appanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below.
List of Mongol khanates
Chagatai Khanate (1226–1347), In 1226, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai Khan established the Chagatai Khanate. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. By 1347 the khanate had splitted into the Moghulistan and West Chagatai Khanate.
Il-Khanate (1252–1335), In 1256, Il-Khanate was established by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulagu Khan. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.
Golden Horde
Blue Horde
Great Horde
Astrakhan Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Khanate of Kazan
White Horde
Nogai Horde
Kazakh Khanate
Khanate of Bukhara
Khanate of Khiva
Khanate of Sibir
Yuan dynasty
Northern Yuan dynasty
Bogd Khanate (1911–1924), under rule of the Bogd Khan, the last Mongol khagan
Dzungar Khanate, formed in 1634, covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan and western Mongolia; 2 December 1717 – 1720, also styled Protector of Tibet; 1755 tributary to the Qing dynasty, 1758 annexed by Qing dynasty
Kalmyk Khanate, established c.1630 by the Torghut branch of the Mongol Oirats, settled along the lower Volga River (in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771
Kara Del
Keraite Khanate
Khamag Mongol Khanate
Khoshut Khanate
Khotgoid Khanate
Mergid Khanate
Naiman Khanate
Tatar Khanate
Moghul Khanate
Yarkent Khanate
Turpan Khanate
Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930
Turkic khanates
Possible Proto-Turkic or Turkic khaganates
Xiongnu, mentioned in Chinese sources, were possibly of Proto-Turkic or Turkic origin (disputed) and are proposed as the possible ancestors of the Huns (who may have been Turkic, but whose language remains unclassified).
Xueyantuo, mentioned in Chinese sources, were a Tiele tribe, related to the earlier Dingling people, who emerged after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy (they were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks).
Turkic khaganates
First Turkic Khaganate
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Western Turkic Khaganate
Avar Khaganate
Second Turkic Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
Khazar Khaganate
Turgesh Khaganate
Kara-Khanid Khanate
Kimek Khanate
Cumania
Pechenegs
Old Great Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, predecessor to the modern Chuvash Republic and the Chuvash people.
First Bulgarian Empire, which started as a Turkic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the same Bulgar Turkic Dulo clan), but later became fully Slavicized and a Tsardom.
Golden Horde
Khanate of Kazan
Crimean Khanate
Central Asian Turkic khanates
Keraite Khanate
Naiman Khanate
Tatar Khanate
Merkit Khanate
Senior zhuz
Middle zhuz
Junior zhuz
Nogai Khanate
Astrakhan Khanate
Besh Tau El
Bukey Horde, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde – This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe settled between the Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region.
Khanate of Bukhara
Khanate of Khiva
Karluk Khanate
Khanate of Kashgaria – Kashgaria was founded in 1514 as part of Chagatai Khanate; in the 17th century it was divided into several minor khanates without importance, with real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders. It became the Yarkent Khanate which was annexed by the Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680.
Kazakh Khanate
Kokand Khanate
Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930
Maimana Khanate
Oghuz Yabgu State
Qasim Khanate (hence modern Kasimov) – named after its founder, a vassal of Moscovia/Russia
Khanate of Sibir – source of the name Siberia, as the first significant conquest during Russia's great eastern expansion across the Urals
The Khanate of Tuva near Outer Mongolia
Uzbek Khanate
Yarkent Khanate
Turpan Khanate
Iranian khanates
Ardabil Khanate
Baku Khanate
Derbent Khanate
Erivan Khanate
Ganja Khanate
Gazikumukh Khanate
Javad Khanate
Karabakh Khanate
Karadagh khanate
Khalkhal Khanate
Khoy Khanate
Kura Khanate
Maku Khanate
Maragheh Khanate
Marand Khanate
Nakhchivan Khanate
Nishapur Khanate
Quba Khanate
Sarab Khanate
Shaki Khanate
Shamakhy Khanate
Shirvan Khanate
Tabriz Khanate
Talysh Khanate
Urmia Khanate
Other khanates
Rouran Khaganate
Later Jin dynasty – Later evolved into the Qing dynasty
Khanate of Kalat
See also
Rus Khaganate (not an actual Khanate but so named retroactively)
Afsharid dynasty
Beg Khan
Orda (organization)
Safavid dynasty
Timurid dynasty
References
External links
Political systems
Anthropology
Islamic monarchies