Crepidula

Crepidula, commonly known as the slipper snails, slipper limpets, or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (Crepidula), hat snails (Calyptraea), spiny slipper snails (Bostrycapulus), and cup-and-saucer snails (Crucibulum) as well as Crepipatella, Siphopatella, Grandicrepidula, and Maoricrypta.
These recent changes in the definition of Crepidula are based on both DNA sequence data as well as anatomical work. Dissections of various calyptraeids show that species that are now placed in Grandicrepidula and Maoricrypta are anatomically very different from the true Crepidula. If only the shells are examined this difference is not apparent. This distinction is supported by DNA sequence data from 3 genes (COI, 16S and 28S).
The genus Crepidula is probably the best studied group within the calyptraeids. A variety of species are commonly used in developmental, ecological, and behavioral research. They have been the major focus of research on protandrous sex-change in marine invertebrates and have been used to demonstrate that sex change is environmentally mediated (the timing of sex change depends on association with other individual snails). Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula onyx are well-studied examples of invasive, exotic species in marine habitats.
Due to their simple shells and plastic morphology, calyptraeid taxonomy is challenging. In many cases distinct species with similar-looking shells have been lumped into a single species with either global or unusual distributions. In these cases close examination of the mode of development or of DNA data is vital to verify the species identity. Because such taxonomic lumping is difficult to clear from the internet or from the literature many species range estimates available on the internet include dubious data or data from species that have been taken out of synonymy.
Species
Species within the genus Crepidula include:
Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
Crepidula aeola Dall, 1927
Crepidula aplysioides Reeve, 1859
Crepidula arenata Broderip, 1834
Crepidula argentina Simone, Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 2000
Crepidula atrasolea Collin, 2000
Crepidula badisparsa Collin, 2005
Crepidula cachimilla Cledon, Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2004
Crepidula carioca Simone, 2006
Crepidula cerithicola (C.B.Adams, 1852)
Crepidula complanata Krauss, 1848
Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 - synonym: Crepidula glauca
Crepidula coquimbensis Brown & Olivares, 1996
Crepidula cymbaeformis Conrad, 1844
Crepidula depressa Say, 1822
Crepidula derjugini Golikov & Kussakin, 1962
Crepidula excavata Broderip, 1834
Crepidula fimbriata Reeve, 1859
Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common slipper shell, common Atlantic slippersnail, boat shell, quarterdeck shell.
Crepidula glottidiarum Dall, 1905
Crepidula goreensis Gmelin, 1791
Crepidula huertae Collin, 2019
Crepidula incurva (Broderip, 1834)
Crepidula intratesta Simone, 2006
Crepidula lessonii (Broderip, 1834)
Crepidula maculosa Conrad, 1846
Crepidula margarita Simone, 2006
Crepidula marginalis Broderip, 1834
Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829
Crepidula naticarum Williamson, 1905
Crepidula navicella (Lesson, 1831)
Crepidula navicula (Mörch, 1877)
Crepidula nivea C.B. Adams, 1852
Crepidula norrisiarum Williamson, 1905
Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846
Crepidula onyx G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 - onyx slippersnail
Crepidula perforans Valenciennes, 1846
Crepidula philippiana Gallardo, 1977
Crepidula plana Say, 1822
Crepidula porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758)
Crepidula protea (d'Orbigny, 1841)
Crepidula pyguaia Simone, 2006
Crepidula rostrata C. B. Adams, 1852
Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851
Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002
Crepidula williamsi Coe, 1947
Crepidula wolfae Collin, 2019
Species brought into synonymy
Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791) sensu Zenetos et al.2004: synonym of Bostrycapulus odites Collin, 2005
Crepidula acuta H. C. Lea, 1842: synonym of Crepidula convexa Say, 1822
Crepidula adspersa Dunker, 1846: synonym of Crepidula porcellana Lamarck, 1801
Crepidula bilobata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula lingulata Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)
Crepidula calceolina Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula californica Tryon, 1886: synonym of Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Crepidula calyptraeiformis Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Bostrycapulus calyptraeiformis (Deshayes, 1830)
Crepidula candida Risso, 1826: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1835: synonym of Crepipatella capensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835)
Crepidula cataldi Parenzan, 1970: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula coei Berry, 1950: synonym of Crepidula naticarum Williamson, 1905
Crepidula contorta Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of Maoricrypta monoxyla (Lesson, 1830)
Crepidula costata G. B. Sowerby I, 1824: synonym of Maoricrypta costata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824)
Crepidula costata Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Maoricrypta costata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824)
Crepidula costulata Dunker, 1852: synonym of Crepidula incurva (Broderip, 1834)
Crepidula crepidula (Linnaeus, 1767): synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula depressa Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula deshayesii de Folin, 1867: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula desmoulinsi Locard, 1886: synonym of Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829
Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula dorsata (Broderip, 1834): synonym of Crepipatella dorsata (Broderip, 1834)
Crepidula excisa Philippi, 1849: synonym of Ergaea walshi (Reeve, 1859)
Crepidula explanata Gould, 1853: synonym of Crepidula perforans (Valenciennes, 1846)
Crepidula exuviata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula perforans (Valenciennes, 1846)
Crepidula fasciata de Roissy, 1805: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula fecunda Gallardo, 1979: synonym of Crepipatella peruviana (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula fissurata G. B. Sowerby II, 1883: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)
Crepidula foliacea Broderip, 1834: synonym of Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Crepidula gibbosa Defrance, 1818: synonym of Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829
Crepidula glauca Say, 1822: synonym of Crepidula convexa Say, 1822
Crepidula grandis Middendorff, 1849: synonym of Grandicrepidula grandis (Middendorff, 1849)
Crepidula gravispinosa Kuroda & Habe, 1950: synonym of Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Crepidula hochstetteriana Wilkens, 1922 : synonym of † Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873)
Crepidula immersa Angas, 1865: synonym of Maoricrypta immersa (Angas, 1865)
Crepidula incurva Zittel, 1864: synonym of † Crepidula wilckensi Finlay, 1924 : synonym of Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873) †
Crepidula italica Defrance, 1818: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula lamina H. C. Lea, 1843: synonym of Crepidula plana Say, 1822
Crepidula lingulata Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)
Crepidula lirata Reeve, 1859: synonym of Crepidula incurva (Broderip, 1834)
Crepidula maculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym for Sigapatella novaezelandiae.
Crepidula minuta Middendorff, 1849: synonym of Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846
Crepidula monoxyla (Lesson, 1831): synonym of Maoricrypta monoxyla (Lesson, 1830)
Crepidula nautiloides Lesson, 1832: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula navicelloides Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846
Crepidula nebulata Mabille, 1895: synonym of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, 1852
Crepidula orbella Yokoyama, 1920: synonym of Ergaea walshi (Reeve, 1859)
Crepidula orbiculata Dall, 1919: synonym of Crepipatella orbiculata (Dall, 1919)
Crepidula osculans C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of Phenacolepas osculans (C. B. Adams, 1852)
Crepidula pallida (Broderip, 1834): synonym of Calyptraea pallida Broderip, 1834
Crepidula patagonica d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of Crepipatella patagonica (d'Orbigny, 1841)
Crepidula patula Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Crepipatella peruviana (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula peruviana Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella peruviana (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula plana (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850): synonym of Ergaea walshi (Reeve, 1859)
Crepidula pulchella Aradas, 1846: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula rhyssema Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Crepidula plana Say, 1822
Crepidula riisei Dunker, 1852: synonym of Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Crepidula rostriformis Gould, 1846: synonym of Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
Crepidula rugosa Carpenter, 1856: synonym of Crepidula onyx G. B. Sowerby I, 1824
Crepidula rugulosa Dunker, 1846: synonym of Crepipatella capensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835)
Crepidula sandaliformis de Serres, 1830: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula sandalina Deshayes, 1833: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula scabies Reeve, 1859: synonym of Ergaea walshi (Reeve, 1859)
Crepidula sinuosa Turton, 1825: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Crepidula solida Hinds, 1844: synonym of Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
Crepidula squama (Broderip, 1834): synonym of Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851
Crepidula strigellata Dunker, 1853: synonym of Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851
Crepidula sulin Dautzenberg, 1912: synonym of Crepidula porcellana Lamarck, 1801
Crepidula tomentosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Crepidula uncata Menke, 1847: synonym of Crepidula adunca G. B. Sowerby I, 1825
Crepidula uncinata Philippi, 1887: synonym of Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822)
Crepidula virginica Conrad, 1871: synonym of Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Crepidula walshi Reeve, 1859: synonym of Ergaea walshi (Reeve, 1859)
† Crepidula wilckensi Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873)
Crepidula youngi (Powell, 1940): synonym of Maoricrypta youngi Powell, 1940
Species that were previously placed in the genus Crepidula but have subsequently been removed from the genus on the basis of work by Bruce Marshall of the Te Papa Museum and Rachel Collin of the Smithsonian Institution include the following:
Now Maoricrypta:
Crepidula costata is a synonym for Maoricrypta costata - ribbed slipper shell
Crepidula youngi (Powell, 1940)
Crepidula wilckensi Finlay, 1924
Crepidula immersa G. F. Angas, 1867
Now Grandicrepidula:
Crepidula grandis Middendorff, 1849: synonym of Grandicrepidula grandis (Middendorff, 1849)
Grandicrepidula collinae Marshall
Now Siphopatella:
Crepidula walshi L. A. Reeve, 1859
Synonyms:
Crepidula maculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832: synonym of Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin, 1791)
Ecology
Like all calyptraeids, slipper snails are sedentary filter-feeders. Adults use their large gill to capture microalgae from suspension, but there is some evidence that small juveniles can also use the radula to scrape algae from the substrate.
Introduced and invasive Crepidula species
Crepidula fornicata - Native to the east coast of North America and ranging from Florida north into Canada. This species is now widespread and considered highly invasive along the north coast of Spain and France, along much of England's coastline and into the North Sea. It has also been reported from San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and the Mediterranean Sea.
Crepidula convexa - Native to the east coast of North America and ranging from South Carolina to New England. This species has been reported from Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay.
Crepidula onyx - Native to the Southern coast of California and northern Pacific coast of Mexico. This species is now widespread and considered highly invasive in Asia. It has been reported from Korea, Japan and Hong Kong.
References
Collin, R. 2003. The Utility of Morphological Characters in Gastropod Phylogenetics: An Example From the Calyptraeidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4: 541–593
Collin, R. 2003. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Calyptraeid Gastropods and Their Implications for the Biogeography of Marine Speciation. Systematic Biology, 5: 618–640.
Collin, R. 2002. Another Last Word on Crepidula Convexa With a Description of C. Ustulatulina N. Sp. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) From the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 1: 177–184.
Collin, R. 2000. Phylogeny of the Crepidula plana (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) cryptic species complex in North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78: 1500–1514.
Hoagland, K.E. 1977. Systematic review of fossil and recent Crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the Calyptraeidae. Malacologia 16(2): 353-420
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp. (Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
External links
Hoagland K.E. 1983. Notes on type specimens of Crepidula (Prosobranchia: Calyptraeidae) in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 135: 1–8.
pfds on calyptraeid taxonomy
Calyptraeidae
Gastropod genera
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck