Dimensional metrology

Dimensional metrology, also known as industrial metrology, is the application of metrology for quantifying the physical size, form (shape), characteristics, and relational distance from any given feature.
History of metrology
Standardized measurements are essential to technological advancement, and early measurement tools have been found dating back to the dawn of human civilization. Early Mesopotamian and Egyptian metrologists created a set of measurement standards based on body parts known as anthropic units. These ancient systems of measurements utilized fingers, palms, hands, feet, and paces as intervals.
Carpenters and surveyors were some of the first dimensional inspectors, and many specialized units craftsmen, such as the remen, were worked into a system of unit fractions that allowed for calculations utilizing analytic geometry. Later agricultural measures such as feet, yards, paces, Cubits, fathoms, rods, cords, perch, stadia, miles and degrees of the Earth's circumference, many of which are still in use.
Early Measurement Tools & Standardization
Early Egyptian rulers were incremented in units of fingers, palms, and feet based on standardized inscription grids. These grids outlined the standards of measurement as canons of proportion, and were made commensurate with Mesopotamian standards based on fingers, hands, and feet. In this system, four palms or three hands measured one foot; ten hands equaled one meter.
These standards were used to measure and define property and regulated by law for several purposes, such as taxation, infrastructure, and more. such as buildings and fields were adopted by the Greeks, Romans, and Persians as legal standards and became the basis of European standards of measure. They were also used to relate length to area with units such as the khet, setat and aroura, area to volume with units such as the artaba and space to time with units such as the Egyptian minute of march, the itrw which recorded an hours travel on a river, and the days sail.
Modern tools
Modern measurement equipment include hand tools, CMMs (coordinate-measuring machines), machine vision systems, laser trackers, and optical comparators. A CMM is based on CNC technology to automate measurement of Cartesian coordinates using a touch probe, contact scanning probe, or non-contact sensor. Optical comparators are used when physically touching the part is undesirable; components that consist of fragile or mailable materials require measurement using non-contact techniques. Instruments can now build 3D models of a part and its internal features using CT Scanning or X-Ray imaging.
Relative measurements
Measurements are often expressed as a size relative to a theoretically perfect part that has its geometry defined in a print or computer model. A print is a blueprint illustrating the defined geometry of a part and its features. Each feature can have a size, a distance from other features, and an allowed tolerance set on each element. The international language used to describe physical parts is called Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (colloquially known as GD&T). Prints can be hand drawn or automatically generated by a computer CAD model. However, computer controlled measurement like coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and vision measuring machines (VMMs) can measure a part relative to a CAD model without the need for a print. Typically, this process is done to reverse engineer components.
Mechanical engineering
Industrial metrology is common in manufacturing quality control systems to help identify errors in component production and ensure proper performance. Blueprints and 3D CAD models (as described above) are usually made by a mechanical engineer.
See also
Position sensor
Positioning system
References
Further reading
External links
National Institute for Standards and Technology Dimensional Metrology Portal
An example of Industrial Metrology equipment.
The Dimensional Metrology Standards Consortium is an ANSI standards organization that identify needed standards in the field of digital metrology
Metrology
Dimension
Manufacturing