حشو (لغويات)

حشو (لغويات)
في اللغويات، الحشو أو التوقف المؤقت أو التردد خلال الكلام هو صوت أو كلمة تصدر من المتحدثين خلال حوار معين للإشارة إلى أنهم يتوقفون مؤقتًا ليفكروا بما سيقولونه. (يجب عدم الخلط بينها وبين أسماء العناصر النائبة، مثل thingamajig وwhatchamacallit وwhosawhatsa وwhats'isface، والتي تشير إلى أشياء أو أشخاص تم نسيان أسمائهم مؤقتًا أو غير ذات صلة أو غير معروفة.) يندرج الحشو تحت فئة اللغة الصيغية، للغات الأخرى أصوات حشو مميزة مختلفة. لمصطلح الحشو أيضًا استخدام مختلف في الوصف النحوي لتركيبات wh-motion.
الاستخدام
المحادثة هي تبادل اطراف الحديث بين شخصين أو مجموعة من الاشخاص، مما يعني أنه كلما أراد شخص ما التحدث وسمع توقفا، فانهم يفعلون نفس الشيء. تشير الوقفات الزمنية عادةً إلى أن دور شخص ما قد انتهى، مما قد يؤدي إلى حدوث ارتباك عندما لا ينتهي شخص ما من التفكير ولكنه يتوقف مؤقتًا ليفكر؛ من أجل منع هذا الإرباك، سيستخدمون الحشو مثل um، er، أو uh. يشير استخدام كلمة حشو إلى أن الشخص الآخر يجب أن يستمر في الاستماع بدلاً من التحدث.
تتضمن كلمات الحشو بشكل عام القليل من المحتوى المعجمي أو قد لا تتضمن أي محتوى معجمي، ولكن بدلاً من ذلك تقدم أدلة للمستمع حول كيفية التفاعل مع ما قاله المتحدث. قد تتغير الكلمات المستخدمة من قبل الناس (مثل الاستخدام المتزايدلكلمة like ومعناها مثل)، ولكن المعنى والسبب وراء استخدام الناس لهم لن يتغير.
في اللغة الإنجليزية
تعد أصوات الحشو الأكثر استخداما في الإنجليزية الأمريكية هي ah أو uh وum (er and erm في الإنجليزية البريطانية). خاصةً بين المتحدثين الأصغر سنًا، الحشو "like"،
"you know"، "I mean"، "actually"، "so"، "basically"، "right", من بين الأكثر تقبلا. وصف كريستوفر هيتشنز استخدام كلمة «مثل» كعلامة للخطاب أو وقفة صوتية كمثال شائع على «إضفاء الطابع الكاليفورني على حديث الشباب الأمريكي»، وانتشارها مؤخرًا عبر اللهجات الإنجليزية الأخرى عبر وسائل الإعلام.
في لغات أخرى
In Afrikaans , and are common fillers (um, and uh being in common with English).
In American Sign Language, UM can be signed with open-8 held at the chin, palm in, the eyebrows down (similar to FAVORITE); or bilateral symmetric bent-V, palm out, repeated axial rotation of wrist (similar to QUOTE).
في Arabic, ("means") and ("by God") are common fillers. In Moroccan Arabic, ("like") is a common filler, as well as (so). In Iraqi Arabic, ("what's its name") is a filler.
In Armenian, բան ("thing"), Միգուցե, ("maybe"), էլի ("c'mon") and ոնց որ ("as if") are common fillers.*
In Bengali, (and ("..er..that is") are common fillers.
In Bislama, is the common filler.
In Bulgarian, common fillers are , ('well'), ('so'), ('thus'), ('well'), ('this') and ('it means'), ('right').
In Cantonese, speakers often say ("that is to say"; "meaning") and ("so; then") as fillers.
In Catalan ("so"), ("therefore"), ("it means"), saps? ("you know"?) and ("say") are common fillers.
In Croatian, the words (literally "this one", but the meaning is lost) and ("so"), and ("meaning", "it means") are frequent.
In Czech, fillers are called , meaning "word cotton/padding", or , meaning "parasitic expressions". The most frequent fillers are , or ("so"), ("simply"), ("like").
In Danish, is one of the most common fillers.
In Dhivehi and (“aww”) are some common fillers.
In Dutch and ("thus") are some of the more common fillers. Also ("actually"), ("so"), ("come on") and ("so to say") in Netherlandic Dutch, ("well") or ("well") in Belgian Dutch, ("you know?") etc.
In Esperanto, ("therefore") is the most common filler.
In Estonian, ("so") is one of the most common fillers.
I,n Filipino and ("what"), ("like"), ("isn't it right?"), ("that's") are the most common fillers.
In Finnish, ("like") and are the most common fillers. Swearing is also used as a filler often, especially among youth. The most common swear word for that is , which is a word for female genitalia.
In French, is most common; other words used as fillers include ("what") ("well"), ("you see"), ("you see what I mean?") ("you know"), (roughly "well", as in "Well, I'm not sure"), and (roughly "suddenly"). Outside Franc,e other expressions are ("y'know what I mean?"; Québec), or ("go one time"; especially in Brussels, not in Wallonia). Additional filler words used by youngsters include ("kind"), ("like"), and ("style"; "kind").
In German, traditional filler words include , and ("actually"). So-called modal particles share some of the features of filler words, but they actually modify the sentence meaning.
In Greek , ("so") and ("good") are common fillers.
In Hebrew, is the most common filler. is also quite common. Millennials and the younger Generation X speakers commonly use (the Hebrew version of "like"). Additional filler words include (short for "that means"), ("s,o"), and ("in short"). Use of fillers of Arabic origin such as (a mispronunciation of the Arabic ) is also common.
In Hindi, ("it means"), ("what do you say"), ("that") and ("what it is") are some word fillers. Sound fillers include , अ (a, [ə]),.
In Hungarian, filler sound is , common filler words include , (well..,.) and (a variant of , which means "it says here..."). Among intellectuals, (if you like) is used as filler.
In Icelandic, a common filler is ("here"). , a contraction of ("you know"), is popular among younger speakers.
In Indonesian, and are among the most common fillers.
In Irish, ("say"), ("well"), and are common fillers, along with as in Hiberno-English.
In Italian, common fillers include ("um", "uh"), ("well then", "so"), ("like"), ("there"), ("actually", "that is to say", "rather"), and ("well", "so"; most likely a shortening of or , which are themselves often used as filler words).
In Japanese, common fillers include (or "um"), (literally "that over there", used as "um"), (or "well"), (used as "hmmm"), and (a surprise reaction, with tone and duration indicating positive/negative).
In Kannada, for "also", for "the matter is" are common fillers.
In Korean and are commonly used as fillers.
In Kyrgyz, ("then", "so"), ("that"), ("that"), ("this"), ("um"), are common fillers.
In Lithuanian , ("you know"), ("meaning"), ("like") are some of common fillers.
In Malay, speakers often use words and phrases such as (literally, "what name") or ("that") as common fillers.
In Malayalam, ("that means...") and ("then...") are common.
In Maltese and Maltese English, ("then"), or just , is a common filler.
In Mandarin Chinese, speakers often say ; (pronounced nàge/nèige). Other common fillers are and .
In Mongolian, ("now") and ("that") are common fillers.
In Nepali, ("meaning") , ("No?") are commonly used as fillers.
In Norwegian, common fillers are ("in away"), ("just") (literally "not true?", meaning "don't you agree?", "right?", "no kidding" or "exactly")l, ("well"), ("like") and ("is it", "it is"). In Bergen, ("true") is often used instead of . In the region of , (comes from skjønner du which means "you see/understand)", "as you can see/understand") is also a common filler.
In Persian, ("you see"), ("thing"), and ("for instance") are commonly used filler words. As well as in Arabic and Urdu, ("I mean") is also used in Persian. Also, is a common filler in Persian.
In Portuguese , ("so"), ("like") and ("well") are the most common fillers.
In Polish, the most common filler sound is and also (both like English um) and while common, its use is frowned upon. Other examples include, (like English well), ("you know").
In Punjabi, ("it means") is a common filler.
In Romanian, ("therefore") is common, especially in school, and is also very common (can be lengthened according to the pause in speech, rendered in writing as ), whereas is widely used by almost anyone. A modern filler has gained popularity among the youths – gen , analogous to the English "like", literally translated as "type".
In Russian, fillers are called ("parasite words"); the most common are ("eh"), ("here it is"), ("this"), ("that kind, sort of"), ("some kind [of this]"), ("well, so"), ("I mean, kind of, like"), ("so"), ("what's it [called]"), ("kinda"), ("[just] like, sort of"), and ("understand?, you know, you see").
In Serbian, ("means"), па (pa, "so"), мислим (mislim, "i think") and ("this") are common fillers.
In Slovak, ("that"), ("this"), ("simply"), or ("it's like...") are used as fillers. The Hungarian (or in its Slovak pronunciation) can also be heard, especially in parts of the country with a large Hungarian population. is a filler typical of Eastern Slovak and one of the most parodied features.
In Slovene, ("indeed", "just", "merely"), ("right?"), ("well"), v bistvu ("in fact"), and pravzaprav ("actually") are some of the most common fillers.
In Spanish, fillers are called . Some of the most common in American Spanish are (roughly equivalent to uhm, literally means "this"), and (roughly equivalent to "I mean", literally means "or be it"). In Spai,n the previous fillers are also used, but ("right?") and are very common too. and occasionally ("well") is used. Younger speakers there often use (meaning "as", "like" or "in [noun] mode"). The Argentine filler word che became the nickname of rebel Ernesto "Che" Guevara, by virtue of his frequent use of it. Other possible filled pauses in Spanish are: a, am, bueno, como, and others.
In Swedish, fillers are called ; some of the most common are or , ("yes"), or (for example ) or (comes from , which means "only"), or ("therefore", "thus"), (comes from , which means "what"), and and (both similar to the English "like").
In Tamil, ("if you see...") and ("then...") are common.
In Telugu, ("what's here is...") and ("then...") are common and there are numerous like this.
In Turkish, ("meaning..."), ("thing"), ("that is"), and ("as such", "so on") are common fillers.
In Ukrainian, (similar to "um"), ("well"), ("and"), ("this"), ("this one") are common fillers.
In Urdu, ("meaning..."), ("this and that" or "blah blah"), ("yeah yeah") and ("ok") are also common fillers.
In Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt), "ơ" or "à" (surprise); "ý là" (I mean);...
In Welsh (Cymraeg), or , from — ‘Is it not so?’ — is used as a filler, and in a similar way, especially in southern dialects and (abbreviations of and — the singular and plural/respectful forms of ‘you know’) along with and (abbreviations of and — ‘you see’); (from — ‘so/such/like/in that way’, used in northern dialects) ; (‘alright/right’) is used as a filler at the beginning, middle or end of sentences ; — used loosely to mean ‘alright’ ; , an abbreviation of — ‘there we are’; and are used similarly to the English ‘um…’ and ‘uh…’.
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المداخلة
عدم طلاقة الكلام
المراجع
روابط خارجية
لماذا يقول الناس «أمم» و«إيه» عندما يترددون في كلامهم؟، نيو ساينتست، 6 مايو 1995
نقلا
نينو أميريدزه، بويد إتش ديفيز، ومارجريت ماكلاغان، محررون. الحشو والإيقاف المؤقت والعناصر النائبة. دراسات نمطية في اللغة 93، جون بنجامينز، أمستردام / فيلادلفيا، 2010. استعراض
تواصل إنساني
لسانيات