Schinzel's hypothesis H

Schinzel's hypothesis H
In mathematics, Schinzel's hypothesis H is one of the most famous open problems in the topic of number theory. It is a very broad generalization of widely open conjectures such as the twin prime conjecture. The hypothesis is named after Andrzej Schinzel.
Statement
The hypothesis claims that for every finite collection of nonconstant irreducible polynomials over the integers with positive leading coefficients, one of the following conditions holds:
There are infinitely many positive integers such that all of are simultaneously prime numbers, or
There is an integer (called a "fixed divisor"), which depends on the polynomials, which always divides the product . (Or, equivalently: There exists a prime such that for every there is an such that divides .)
The second condition is satisfied by sets such as , since is always divisible by 2. It is easy to see that this condition prevents the first condition from being true. Schinzel's hypothesis essentially claims that condition 2 is the only way condition 1 can fail to hold.
No effective technique is known for determining whether the first condition holds for a given set of polynomials, but the second one is straightforward to check: Let and compute the greatest common divisor of successive values of . One can see by extrapolating with finite differences that this divisor will also divide all other values of too.
Schinzel's hypothesis builds on the earlier Bunyakovsky conjecture, for a single polynomial, and on the Hardy–Littlewood conjectures and Dickson's conjecture for multiple linear polynomials. It is in turn extended by the Bateman–Horn conjecture.
Examples
As a simple example with ,
has no fixed prime divisor. We therefore expect that there are infinitely many primes
This has not been proved, though. It was one of Landau's conjectures and goes back to Euler, who observed in a letter to Goldbach in 1752 that is often prime for up to 1500.
As another example, take with and . The hypothesis then implies the existence of infinitely many twin primes, a basic and notorious open problem.
Variants
As proved by Schinzel and Sierpiński
it is equivalent to the following: if condition 2 does not hold, then there exists at least one positive integer such that all will be simultaneously prime, for any choice of irreducible integral polynomials with positive leading coefficients.
If the leading coefficients were negative, we could expect negative prime values; this is a harmless restriction.
There is probably no real reason to restrict polynomials with integer coefficients, rather than integer-valued polynomials (such as , which takes integer values for all integers even though the coefficients are not integers).
Previous results
The special case of a single linear
polynomial is Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, one of the most important results of
number theory. In fact, this special case is the only known instance of Schinzel's Hypothesis H. We do not
know the hypothesis to hold for any given polynomial of degree greater than , nor for any system of
more than one polynomial.
Almost prime approximations to Schinzel's Hypothesis have been attempted by many mathematicians; among them, most notably,
Chen's theorem states that there exist infinitely many prime numbers such that is either a prime or a semiprime
and Iwaniec proved that there exist infinitely many integers for which is either a prime or a semiprime. Skorobogatov and Sofos have proved that almost all polynomials of any fixed degree satisfy Schinzel's hypothesis H.
If there is a hypothetical probabilistic density sieve, using the DHR sieve can prove the Schinzel's hypothesis H in all cases by mathematical induction.
Prospects and applications
The hypothesis is probably not accessible with current methods in analytic number theory, but is now quite often used to prove conditional results, for example in Diophantine geometry. This connection is due to Jean-Louis Colliot-Thélène and Jean-Jacques Sansuc. For further explanations and references on this connection
see the notes of Swinnerton-Dyer.
The conjectural result being so strong in nature, it is possible that it could be shown to be too much to expect.
Extension to include the Goldbach conjecture
The hypothesis does not cover Goldbach's conjecture, but a closely related version (hypothesis HN) does. That requires an extra polynomial , which in the Goldbach problem would just be , for which
N − F(n)
is required to be a prime number, also. This is cited in Halberstam and Richert, Sieve Methods. The conjecture here takes the form of a statement when N is sufficiently large, and subject to the condition that
has no fixed divisor > 1. Then we should be able to require the existence of n such that N − F(n) is both positive and a prime number; and with all the fi(n) prime numbers.
Not many cases of these conjectures are known; but there is a detailed quantitative theory (see Bateman–Horn conjecture).
Local analysis
The condition of having no fixed prime divisor is purely local (depending just on primes, that is). In other words, a finite set of irreducible integer-valued polynomials
with no local obstruction to taking infinitely many prime values is conjectured to take infinitely many prime values.
An analogue that fails
The analogous conjecture with the integers replaced by the one-variable polynomial ring over a finite field is false. For example, Swan noted in 1962 (for reasons unrelated to Hypothesis H) that the polynomial
over the ring F2[u] is irreducible and has no fixed prime polynomial divisor (after all, its values at x = 0 and x = 1 are relatively prime polynomials) but all of its values as x runs over F2[u] are composite. Similar examples can be found with F2 replaced by any finite field; the obstructions in a proper formulation of Hypothesis H over F[u], where F is a finite field, are no longer just local but a new global obstruction occurs with no classical parallel, assuming hypothesis H is in fact correct.
References
External links
Analytic number theory
Conjectures about prime numbers
Unsolved problems in number theory