PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Alfred Loritz

Alfred Loritz (born 24 April 1902 in Munich – died 14 April 1979 in Vienna) was a German lawyer and politician who briefly rose to prominence in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War.
Early life
A Munich lawyer, the Catholic Loritz was a right-wing opponent of the Nazi regime. In early 1939, he made contact with a group of Bavarian monarchists in an ultimately-abortive attempt to foment discontent. Ultimately he would spend most of the war in exile in Switzerland.
Political career
In 1945, he established his own political party, the Wirtschaftliche Aufbau-Vereinigung (WAV) and soon gained a reputation as a demagogic speaker. A believer in a strong federal Germany, Loritz's fiery rhetoric attracted attention both in Germany itself and from the occupiers, with some even suggesting that he might prove to be "a new Hitler". However, although he belonged to the political right, Loritz's populism lacked a strong ideological basis, and he appealed mainly to internal refugees who saw him as a strong voice for their defence. He was also a strong advocate of denazification and under the Bavarian government of Hans Ehard was chosen to head up a special ministry for that purpose.
Always at best a loose organisation, the WAV won twelve seats in the Bundestag in the 1949 election but by then had already largely disintegrated as an organisation and saw its vote collapse in the state elections of 1950 and the municipal elections of 1952, when its vote share had fallen to 0.3%. In the Bundestag, the party quickly fell apart, with four deputies breaking away in October 1950 to link up with the Centre Party. That was followed by six more in December 1951 leaving WAV to join the German Party, along with a seventh, who joined the Deutsche Rechtspartei. Loritz was thus left as the sole member in the Bundestag and, although a handful of far-right independents linked up with him in 1953, his influence had largely gone.
Disappearance and death
In the late 1950s Loritz sought to relaunch his political career in Bremen, but before this could take off he was arrested on charges of incitement to perjury. Loritz escaped to Austria where he was eventually granted political asylum. He would live out his days there, dying in a Vienna hospital in 1979.
References
External links
1902 births
1979 deaths
20th-century German lawyers
Fugitives wanted by Germany
German Roman Catholics
Leaders of political parties in Germany
Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria
Politicians from Munich
آلان دبليو. إكرت

آلان دبليو. إكرت (30 يناير 1931، بوفالو في الولايات المتحدة - 7 يوليو 2011، كورونا في الولايات المتحدة)؛ كاتِب مُتخصِّص في أدب الأطفال، مؤرخ وروائي أمريكي.
روابط خارجية
المصادر
أشخاص من بيل فونتين
حائزون على جائزة إيمي
روائيون أمريكيون
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون تاريخيون أمريكيون
روائيون من ولاية نيويورك
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب تلفاز
كتاب تلفاز أمريكيون
كتاب تلفاز ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو من ولاية نيويورك
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب من بوفالو (نيويورك)
مواليد 1931
مؤرخون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مؤرخون من أوهايو
مؤرخون من ولاية نيويورك
وفيات 2011
فرانكنبرغ (ساكسونيا)

فرانكنبرغ (ساكسونيا)
فرانكنبرغ زاكسن هي بلدة ألمانية تقع في ألمانيا في ساكسونيا. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 16,521 نسمة .
المدن التوأمة
مدن Frankenberg، Mühlbach و Sachsenburg هي مدن توأمة لـفرانكنبرغ زاكسن.
أعلام
فرانشيسكا هوفمان
بير كلوغه
إبرهارد فوغل
أولريش بيكر
فرانز كوهن
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن ألمانيا
مراجع
فرانكنبرغ (ساكسونيا)
بلدات ساكسونيا
Ian Bedford

Ian Bedford
Philip Ian Bedford (11 February 1930 – 18 September 1966) was an English first-class cricketer who had a sensational start to his first-class career with Middlesex in 1947 as a 17-year-old lower-order batsman and leg break bowler. In his first match, against Essex, he was the fourth spin bowler used in the Essex first innings, but took four wickets for 81 runs. He then took four for 65 in his second match against Nottinghamshire, five for 53 in his third against Surrey and five for 54 in his fourth and final match of 1947 against Lancashire.
He was less successful in subsequent seasons, and returned to club cricket in 1951 while working for a construction company, until he succeeded John Warr as Middlesex captain in 1961 and 1962. He was a popular captain, who often declared boldly in an effort to achieve a result.
Bedford played in 77 first-class matches between 1947 and 1962, taking 128 wickets at an average cost of 32.87, with a personal best of 6/52.
He died following a brain aneurysm, while batting for Finchley C.C. at Buckhurst Hill in 1966. He was 36. He left a wife and four young daughters.
References
External links
1930 births
1966 deaths
English cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
Combined Services cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Cricketers from Greater London
Deaths from aneurysm
Middlesex cricketers
جايسون إيتون

جايسون إيتون هو لاعب اتحاد الرغبي نيوزيلندي، ولد في 21 أغسطس 1982 في نيوزيلندا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في اليابان
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي دوليون من نيوزيلندا
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي مغتربون في اليابان
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي من بالميرستون نورث
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو اتحاد رغبي نيوزيلنديون مغتربون
مواليد 1982
ريغي هوستون

ريغي هوستون هو عازف ساكسفون أمريكي، ولد في 2 يوليو 1947.
مراجع
عازفو سكسفون بلوز أمريكيون
عازفو سكسفون جاز أمريكيون
عازفو سكسفون ذكور أمريكيون
عازفو سكسفون فانك أمريكيون
عازفو سكسفون في القرن 21
مواليد 1947
موسيقيو جاز ذكور
موسيقيو جاز ذكور أمريكيون
موسيقيو جاز من نيو أورلينز
موسيقيو ريذم أند بلوز من نيو أورلينز
موسيقيون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 21
عازفو سكسفون أمريكيون في القرن 21
الساقية (توضيح)

الساقية (توضيح)
ناعور (آلة لرفع المياه)
الساقية (الساحل) : دوار تابع لجماعة تغزوت في إقليم الحسيمة، المغرب
الساقية (بني مكود) : دوار تابع لجماعة إغزران في إقليم صفرو، المغرب
الساقية (بوكنالة) : دوار تابع لجماعة عين مديونة في إقليم تاونات، المغرب
الساقية (ريمة) : قرية في عزلة القرصب، مديرية كسمة، محافظة ريمة اليمنية
جدول مائي صغير
مجرى مائي مرفوع أو محفور، اصطناعي، مثلا الساقية الملكية بقصر الحمراء في مدينة غرناطة الأندلسية.
الساقية أو ساقية سيدي يوسف، وهي مدينة تونسية تقع في ولاية الكاف.
ساقية قرية فلسطينية كانت بالقرب من يافا، قبل أن تدمر في حرب 1948م.
الساقية بلدية في غرناطة.
ريجينا فون سيبولد

ريجينا فون سيبولد (و. ) هي قابلة، وطبيبة، وطبيبة التوليد والنساء، وطبيبة توليد ألمانية، توفيت في دارمشتات، عن عمر يناهز 78 عاماً.
مراجع
أطباء ألمان في القرن 19
أطباء ألمان في القرن 20
أطباء توليد ألمان
طبيبات ألمانيات
طبيبات في القرن 19
طبيبات في القرن 20
مواليد 1771
وفيات 1849
C14H16O10

C14H16O10 هي صيغة كيميائية تحتوي على 14 ذرة من الكربون و16 ذرة من الهيدروجين و10 ذرات من الأكسجين وتبلغ كتلتها المولية . ومن المركبات الكيميائية التي تحمل الصيغة نفسها:
مراجع
روابط خارجية
C14H16O10 على موقع chemcalc
C14H16O10 على موقع chemspider
C14H16O10 على موقع pubchem
C14H16O10 على موقع convertunits
صيغ جزيئية
يو مي

يو مي هي لاعب كرة مضرب كورية جنوبية، ولدت في 9 مايو 1986 في سول في كوريا الجنوبية.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من دايغو
رياضيون من سول
فائزون بميداليات الألعاب الجامعية في كرة المضرب
فائزون بميداليات برونزية في الألعاب الجامعية لكوريا الجنوبية
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب الجامعية الصيفية 2007
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب الجامعية الصيفية 2011
كوريات جنوبيات في القرن 21
لاعبات كرة مضرب كوريات جنوبيات
لاعبو كرة مضرب في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2006
لاعبو كرة مضرب في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2014
لاعبو كرة مضرب من سول
منافسون في الألعاب الآسيوية من كوريا الجنوبية
مواليد 1986
Chris Billy

Chris Billy
Christopher Anthony Billy is an English retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played in the Football League for Huddersfield Town, Plymouth Argyle, Notts County, Bury and Carlisle United. He also played for Halifax Town, Farsley Celtic and Ossett Town.
Career
Billy began his career with Huddersfield Town in 1991. He scored the winning goal in the Second Division play-off final at Wembley Stadium in 1995 that saw Huddersfield promoted to the First Division under the management of Neil Warnock. The latter resigned within days and was appointed manager of Plymouth Argyle, who had just been relegated to the Third Division, and he signed Billy in August. He scored four goals in his first season with the club as they gained promotion via the play-offs, and made 137 appearances in all competitions during his three seasons with Argyle, scoring nine times. He had a brief spell with Notts County in 1998 before being signed by Warnock again, this time for Bury. He spent five seasons with Bury and amassed 178 league appearances, with 11 goals.
He left Bury in 2003 and moved to Carlisle United, where he experienced relegation from the Football League in his first season with the club. Carlisle made a swift return from the Football Conference the following season, gaining promotion through the play-offs. Gaining back to back promotions winning league 2 the following year. Having made 142 appearances for Carlisle, Billy was transferred to Halifax Town in January 2007. Eight months later, he was released from his contract to join Farsley Celtic. He spent time on loan with Ossett Town, having signed in February 2008, before retiring as a player.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Huddersfield
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Farsley Celtic F.C. players
Ossett Town A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Kufri, India

Kufri, India
Kufri is a resort hill station in the district of Shimla, India. It is located from the state capital Shimla on the National Highway No. 22. On the Kufri Avenue, the main thoroughfare, boutiques and restaurants mix with Indian-style hotels and souvenir shops are to look for during a visit.
The name Kufri is derived from the word kufr meaning "lake" in the local language. The highest point in the surrounding region, Kufri has a Himalayan wildlife zoo which hosts rare antelopes, felines and birds including the Himalayan monal, the state bird of Himachal Pradesh until 2007. During winter a meandering path through the potato plantations turns into a popular ski track.
Geography
Kufri is located at . It has an average elevation of 2,720 metres (8923 feet).
History
The region around Shimla including Kufri was once a part of the Kingdom of Nepal until the area was ceded to the British Raj as part of the Sugauli Treaty. This region remained obscure from the rest of the world until the British 'discovered' it in 1819.
Places of interest
Kufri Fun Campus an amusement park to enjoy the whole day. This park is equipped with various rides, pools and world's highest go-kart track.
Kufri to the Mahasu Peak- the highest peak in Kufri.
Indira Tourist Park
The Indira Tourist Park is near the Himalayan Nature Park and provides panoramic view of the locations around.
Chini Bungalow
It is the Kufri bungalow which is very famous for its statues and architecture.
Gallery
References
External links
Ski areas and resorts in India
Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh
Shimla district
252 Clementina

252 Clementina هو كويكب، يقع ضمن حزام الكويكبات. اكتشف في 11 أكتوبر 1885. وقد اكتشفه هنري جوزيف أناستاز.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1885
اكتشافات هنري جوزيف أناستاز
كواكب صغيرة ذات أسماء مجهولة المصدر
كواكب صغيرة مرقمة
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
كويكبات خلفية
ثوم فراشي

ثوم فراشي
الثوم الفراشي نوع نباتي عشبي يتبع جنس الثوم من الفصيلة الثومية.
الموئل والانتشار
ينتشر في بلاد الشام.
مصادر
ثوم (جنس)
الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
شبه جزيرة سيناء
نباتات الشام
نباتات إسرائيل
نباتات فلسطين
نباتات مصر
نباتات وصفت في 1854
NGC 3068B

NGC 3068B في الفهرس العام الجديد، هي مجرة، تقع في كوكبة الأسد. اكتشفت بواسطة ويليام هيرشل.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
اكتشافات ويليام هيرشل
الفهرس العام الجديد
محمد أيوب كهورو

محمد أيوب كهورو (14 أغسطس 1901 - 21 أكتوبر 1980 ) سياسي من باكستان. ينتمي إلى الرابطة الإسلامية الباكستانية. تولى منصب وزير الدفاع (9 أبريل 1958–7 أكتوبر 1958) ورئيس وزراء السند ثلاث مرات (16 أغسطس 1947–28 أبريل 1948) و(25 مارس 1951–29 ديسمبر 1951)، و(9 نوفمبر 1954–13 أكتوبر 1955).
المراجع
أشخاص من السند
رؤساء وزراء إقليم السند
وزراء دفاع في باكستان
وفيات 1980
إمجاض (آيت النص إيسك)

إمجاض (آيت النص إيسك)
إمجاض هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة تيوغزة، إقليم سيدي إفني، جهة كلميم واد نون في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة آيت النص إيسك التي تضم 32 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 44 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في آيت النص إيسك (تيوغزة)
قائمة مدن كونيتيكت

قائمة مدن كونيتيكت هذه قائمة مدن كونيتيكت في الولايات المتحدة.
قوائم متعلقة بجغرافيا كونيتيكت
Reinaldo (footballer, born 1976)

Reinaldo (footballer, born 1976)
Reinaldo Rosa dos Santos (born 1 July 1976), commonly known as Reinaldo, is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a forward.
International career
Reinaldo played five games at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship, scoring a hat-trick in his country's 6-0 win over Syria.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Hellas Verona FC players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
Ceará Sporting Club players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama players
Sport Club do Recife players
Al-Arabi SC (Qatar) players
Club Guaraní players
Joinville Esporte Clube players
América Futebol Clube (RN) players
Ceilândia Esporte Clube players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Belgian Pro League players
Serie A players
Qatar Stars League players
Paraguayan Primera División players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Paraguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Footballers from Belo Horizonte
بوبي جونز (مغني)

بوبي جونز (مغني)
بوبي جونز هو مغني أمريكي، ولد في 18 سبتمبر 1939 في هنري في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من مقاطعة هينري (تينيسي)
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 20
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 21
أمريكيون أفارقة مسيحيون
حائزون على جائزة غرامي
شخصيات تلفزيونية إفريقية أمريكية
شخصيات تلفزيونية أمريكية
مغنو غوسبل أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون من أصل إفريقي
مغنون ذكور أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 20
مغنون من ناشفيل (تينيسي)
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من تينيسي
مواليد 1939
دكة

دكة
الدكة هي بناء من الحجر أو الطابوق توضع خارج البيت مجاور المجاز وملاصقة للبيت معدة للجلوس واستقبال الضيوف وخصوصا الجيران. تكسى الدكة عادة بالقماش أو تصف عليها وسائد للراحة أثناء الجلوس. كان بيت الرسول في مكة مزودا بدكة كان يجلس عليها أحيانا غير المجلس داخلي.
تنتشر الدكة في مختلف أرجاء الدول العربية وتستخدم عادة للزيارات الخفيفة التي لا تستوجب ضيافة كثيرة وغالبا للقاء الأهل والجيران والأصدقاء ويستخدم المجلس للزيارات الرسمية.
عمارة عربية
عناصر معمارية عربية
77

77 may refer to:
77 (number)
one of the years 77 BC, AD 77, 1977, 2077
Music
77 (band), a Spanish hard rock band
77 (Matt Kennon album)
"77" (song), by Peso Pluma
Talking Heads: 77, debut album by Talking Heads
77 (Nude Beach album), an album by the band Nude Beach
See also
'77 (disambiguation)
7/7, the 7 July 2005 London bombings
List of highways numbered
Tomas Norström

Tomas Norström
Stig Tomas Norström (23 May 1956 – 3 October 2021) was a Swedish actor and film director. He also recorded audiobooks, among them J. R. R. Tolkien's works.
Norström studied at the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting until 1981, together with Jessica Zandén, Maria Johansson, Sissela Kyle, and Peter Stormare.
Partial filmography
1976: Near and Far Away - Gregor
1977: Mackan - Roffe
1979: En kärleks sommar - Laboratorieassistenten
1979: Kejsaren - Dräng
1980: Der Mann, der sich in Luft auflöste - Kvant
1981: Höjdhoppar'n - Rickard
1981: Varning för Jönssonligan - Kriminalassistent Holm
1983: Second Dance - Manne
1984: Två solkiga blondiner - Holken
1984: Sköna juveler - Robber
1985: Svindlande affärer - Tecknar-Micke
1987: Res aldrig på enkel biljett
1988: Som man ropar (TV Mini Series) - Gerard
1988: Venus 90 - Kenneth, Sound engineer
1990: Werther - Max Karlsson
1990: S*M*A*S*H (TV Mini Series) - Börje
1990: I skog och mark
1990: The Rabbit Man - Henrik
1990: Good Evening, Mr. Wallenberg - Andersson
1991: The White Viking - Bishop Thangbrandur
1992: Hammar - Bror Hammar
1992: Min store tjocke far - Vicar
1993: Dreaming of Rita - Verkstadsägare
1993: Kådisbellan - Boxing Trainer
1994: Polismördaren - Herrgott Nöjd
1994: Stockholm Marathon - Ypsilon (voice, uncredited)
1994: Händerna - Kjell-Åke
1994: Bert (TV Series) - Banan-Boris Strängborn
1995: Vita lögner - Delgivningsman
1996: Jägarna - Ove
1996: Drömprinsen - Filmen om Em - Larsa
1996: Lögn - The Associate Professor's Mother's Lover
1997: Reine & Mimmi i fjällen! - Folke Nilsson
1998-2000: Pistvakt – En vintersaga (TV Series) - Olle Ivar Marklund / Pelle
2000: Hur som helst är han jävligt död - Editor Flink
2002: Livet i 8 bitar - Stig
2003: Kitchen Stories - Folke Nilsson
2005: Spadek - Krister
2005: Pistvakt - Olle Ivar Marklund
2005: Wallander (TV Series) - Kuratorn
2006: Inga tårar - Arvid
2006: LasseMajas detektivbyrå (TV Series) - Polismästaren
2007: Beck (TV Series) - Jon Ljunggren
2007: Blåbärskriget - Bärkungen
2008: LasseMajas detektivbyrå – Kameleontens hämnd - Polismästaren
2010: Home for Christmas - Kristen
2013: LasseMajas detektivbyrå - Von Broms hemlighet - Polismästaren
2014: LasseMajas detektivbyrå - Skuggor över Valleby - Polismästaren
2015: Villmark Asylum - Frank
2015: LasseMajas detektivbyrå - Stella Nostra - Polismästaren
2016: A Cure for Wellness - Frank Hill
2018: LasseMajas detektivbyrå - Det första mysteriet - Police Chief / Gym Teacher
2020: Lasse-Majas detektivbyrå – Tågrånarens hemlighet - Polismästaren
He also directed the 2008 film Gunnel together with Henrik Carlheim-Gyllenskiöld.
References
External links
Swedish Film Database
1956 births
2021 deaths
Swedish film directors
Swedish male film actors
People from Södertälje
20th-century Swedish male actors
21st-century Swedish male actors
Cheryl Shepard

Cheryl Shepard
Heidi Cheryl Shepard (born 5 February 1966 in New York City) is an American actress based in Germany. She gained fame through her role in German television series Hinter Gittern – Der Frauenknast ("Behind Bars - the Women's Prison") between 1997 and 2000. From 2003 to 2015, she appeared in hospital drama In aller Freundschaft ("In All Friendliness").
Life and career
Shepard's family moved to Switzerland when she was four years old, where she grew up in Basel, Bern and Zürich. She attended drama school in Zürich, graduating in 1986. She gained stage experience at the Staatstheater Stuttgart and the Nationaltheater Mannheim.
In 1990, she moved to the Lake Constance area, where she oriented herself more towards film and television. She moved to Leipzig in 2007, where she still lives.
In 1997, she played her first major role in a television series, appearing in 80 episodes of Hinter Gittern – Der Frauenknast, playing Susanne Teubner, a character who killed her husband in a crime of passion. From 2003 to 2015, she played plastic surgeon and urologist Dr Elena Eichhorn in In aller Freundschaft. Following that, she struggled to find new roles and filed for bankruptcy. On 31 July 2015, she opened a café, Cheryl's Café, in Leipzig, but she had already closed the business by April 2016. Between May 2016 and April 2017, she played a leading role in the 13th season of telenovela Rote Rosen ("Red Roses").
She supports causes advocating cultural awareness and is an active member of the charity Hand in Hand International e.V. – Verein für Begegnung und Zusammenarbeit.
Shepard has been married to German actor Nikolaus Okonkwo since 2006. They have a biological son and two adopted children. She also has two adult daughters from her first marriage.
Selected filmography
1990: Mit Leib und Seele (TV series, episode 2x05)
1997: Freunde fürs Leben (TV series)
1997: Der Mordsfilm (TV series, 3 episodes)
1997–2000: Hinter Gittern – Der Frauenknast (TV series, 80 episodes)
2001: Ein Vater zum Verlieben (TV film)
2002: Nesthocker – Familie zu verschenken (TV series, episodes 3x04–3x05)
2002: Sternenfänger (TV series, 26 episodes)
2003:
2003–2015: In aller Freundschaft (TV series, 483 episodes)
2008: Der Arzt vom Wörthersee (TV series, episodes 1x03–1x04)
2010: Stuttgart Homicide (TV series, episode 1x06)
2011: (feature film)
2015: Blauwasserleben (TV film)
2016–2017: Rote Rosen (telenovela, 199 episodes)
References
American actresses
American expatriate actresses in Germany
American expatriates in Germany
1966 births
Living people
21st-century American women
Carthaginian peace

Carthaginian peace
A Carthaginian peace is the imposition of a very brutal "peace" intended to permanently cripple the losing side. The term derives from the peace terms imposed on the Carthaginian Empire by the Roman Republic following the Punic Wars. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all its colonies, was forced to demilitarize, paid a constant tribute to Rome and was barred from waging war without Rome's permission. At the end of the Third Punic War, the Romans systematically burned Carthage to the ground and enslaved its population.
Origin
The term was popularized by the 20th century economist John Maynard Keynes.
The term refers to the outcome of a series of wars between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage, known as the Punic Wars. The two empires fought three separate wars against each other, beginning in 264 BC and ending in 146 BC.
At the end of the Third Punic War, the Romans laid siege to Carthage. When they took the city, they killed most of the inhabitants, sold the rest into slavery, and destroyed the entire city. There is no ancient evidence for modern accounts that the Romans sowed the ground with salt.
By extension, a Carthaginian peace can refer to any brutal peace treaty demanding total subjugation of the defeated side.
Modern use
Modern use of the term is often extended to any peace settlement in which the peace terms are overly harsh and designed to accentuate and perpetuate the inferiority of the loser. Thus, after World War I, many (the economist John Maynard Keynes among them) described the so-called peace brought about by the Treaty of Versailles as a "Carthaginian peace."
The Morgenthau Plan put forward after World War II has also been described as a Carthaginian peace, as it advocated the deindustrialization of Germany. It was intended to severely curb the influence of German power in the region and to prevent its remilitarization, as had occurred after World War I (German rearmament and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland). The Morgenthau Plan was dropped in favor of the Marshall Plan (1948–1952), which entailed the rebuilding of Western European infrastructure, particularly in West Germany.
General Lucius D. Clay, a deputy to General Dwight D. Eisenhower and, in 1945, Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany, would later remark that "there was no doubt that JCS 1067 contemplated the Carthaginian peace which dominated our operations in Germany during the early months of occupation. This is while the US was following the Morgenthau Plan." Clay would later replace Eisenhower as governor and as commander-in-chief in Europe. The Marshall Plan was favored as a revival of the West German economy was considered to be necessary for the recovery of the economy of Europe. West Germany was regarded as a key bulwark against the Eastern Bloc.
See also
Debellatio
Scorched earth
Victor's justice
Carthago delenda est
Pyrrhic victory
References
Bibliography
Political terminology
Third Punic War
Peace
Abuse
Cruelty
Metaphors referring to places
Metaphors referring to war and violence