Avdiivka

Avdiivka, is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. The city is located in the centre of the oblast, just north of the regional centre, Donetsk. The large Avdiivka Coke Plant is located in Avdiivka. The city had a pre-war population of but in October 2023, it was reported as 1,600 and then 'just over 1,000', mostly living below ground level.
Avdiivka was within the claimed boundaries of the separatist Donetsk People's Republic, before Russia declared its annexation of the region in September 2022. During the war in Donbas, Avdiivka became a frontline city and saw a battle in 2017. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, heavy fighting led to Avdiivka being largely destroyed and most of its population having fled.
History
Early history
The presence of nomadic peoples in the area of Avdiivka dates back to at least the ninth to thirteenth centuries, as evidenced by a stone sculpture (or baba) that was discovered in a mound.
The first settlement on the territory of the modern city was founded , by fugitive serfs from the Kursk, Voronezh and Poltava Governorates. It was named after the name of the first settler, Avdiivka. In 1778, by order of the Novorossiysk governor, the newly established village became state property. The way of life of the early Avdiivka settlers was agricultural farming of crops, mainly cereals. In 1798, it had a population of about 500 people. The fertile land attracted more settlers over time, and Avdiivka was located near a postal route connecting Mariupol and Bakhmut. By 1861, 2,300 people lived there.
In the late 19th century, the Catherine Railway was built. It passed through a newly built railway station at Avdiivka, spurring on further development. According to the 1897 census, the number of residents decreased to 2,153 (1,282 males and 871 females), of whom 2,057 were of the Orthodox faith. A brick factory was built in the village in 1900. The factory expanded its output to include tiles in 1905. In 1908, 5,475 people (2,736 males and 2,739 females) lived in the village and there were 865 farm households.
20th century and early 21st century
In April 1920, a detachment of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine attacked the Avdiivka railway station, where they destroyed railway property and telephone sets. In November 1920, Nestor Makhno ordered the detachment of Fyodor Shuss to occupy Avdiivka and the village near it.
Between 1923 and 1931, Avdiivka served as the administrative center of Avdiivka Raion of Stalino Okruha.
Avdiivka suffered as a result of the Holodomor, a manmade famine in Soviet Ukraine that lasted from 1932–1933. The number of documented deaths in Avdiivka was 485 people.
It served again as district center of Avdiivka Raion starting in 1938. During World War II, Avdiivka was occupied by Nazi Germany between October 21, 1941 and September 8, 1943, when it was liberated by detachments of the 40th Rifle Division and the 127th Rifle Division of the Red Army.
Avdiivka received city status in 1956. In October 1959, construction on the Avdiivka Coke Plant began. The plant became operational on 30 November 1963. It became the largest coke-chemical producer in Ukraine. Also in 1963, Avdiivka was removed from Avdiivka Raion again, to briefly become a city of oblast significance. From 1965 it was included as part of Yasynuvata Raion, until 1990 when it became a city of oblast significance again.
In 2001, its population was 37,200.
Russo-Ukrainian War
Starting Mid-April 2014 pro-Russian separatists captured several towns in Donetsk Oblast; including Avdiivka. On 21 July 2014, Ukrainian forces reportedly secured the city from separatists. This claim was repeated the next day. Ukrainian forces kept control of Avdiivka, which became a frontline city and frequently shelled. According to the OSCE, the area between Avdiivka and neighboring separatist-controlled Yasynuvata is one of the hotspots of the Russo-Ukrainian War.
In March 2016 the Ukrainian army set up its fortifications in the area's "Industrial Zone", until then a buffer zone between the Donetsk People's Republic controlled territories and government-held territory in the eastern part of Avdiivka. This meant that the pro-Russian separatists no longer had full control of the highway that connected Donetsk and Horlivka (two major cities under their control), and that it became more difficult for them to fire at Avdiivka even with weapons that Minsk II did not prohibit. After March 2016, fighting for Avdiivka's "Industrial Zone" greatly intensified.
In 2017, the city was embroiled in a battle from 29 January until 4 February, which left the city without electricity and heating for several days. In January 2017 BBC News estimated that between 16,000 and 22,000 people were living in Avdiivka.
As part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces fired rockets towards Avdiivka, most notably the coke plant in the city. Much of the civilian population has fled due to the battle. On 24 October 2023, BBC News reported that 'just over 1,000' people, or 3% of the city's pre-war population, were still living in Avdiivka. On 22 February 2023 Governor of Donetsk Oblast Pavlo Kyrylenko declared that Avdiivka was almost completely destroyed. As of late October 2023, the city remained under Ukrainian control. In March, Russian troops were attempting to encircle the city while also attempting to capture Bakhmut. Beginning on October 14, 2023, Russia made a general push to attempt to encircle the city once more, with very limited success and high losses of soldiers, armour and other important assets.
Demographics
As of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
Ethnicity
Ukrainians: 63.5%
Russians: 33.7%
Belarusians: 0.9%
Greeks: 0.6%
Language
Russian: 87.2%
Ukrainian: 12.5%
Belarusian: 0.1%
Armenian: 0.1%
Industry and infrastructure
Local heating energy is normally provided via natural gas from the Avdiivka Coke Plant. In 2017, the plant was damaged during a bombardment by pro-Russian separatists, leaving the town without heating for several days.
The city is also home to the Avdiivka Factory of Metallic Structures, a quartz sand quarry and a number of other factories and industrial facilities.
Connecting Avdiivka Coke Plant with the city centre is a local tramway service. Due to the war in Donbas it is no longer operating. The line had three rail stops and the city train station.
A railway divides the city into the old city and the "Khimik" settlement (lit. chemist).
Notable people
Oleksandr Filippov - footballer
Alexander Novak - Russian politician
Gallery
References
Cities in Donetsk Oblast
Populated places established in the 18th century
Bakhmutsky Uyezd
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Populated places established in the Russian Empire
1778 establishments in Ukraine
Avdiivka urban hromada
Populated places destroyed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine