PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Raj Chandra Sen

Raj Chandra Sen was an Indian politician. A government Minister in the Kota State before the independence of India, he represented the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad in the 1st Lok Sabha (lower house of the parliament of India) elected in 1952.
Early life
Sen was born on 19 June 1890 in Dilwara, as the elder son of Rao Bahadur Raj Bijey Singhji of Kunari. Sen hailed from a Rajput family, belonging to the Jhala clan and Jetawat sub-clan. His father had been brought to Kunari by adoption in 1888, after the death of Raj Rup Singh. Sen studied at Mayo College in Ajmer and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree.
Civil servant and Minister in Kota State
Between 1910 and 1912 he worked as attache to the Agent to the Governor General in Central India. In 1914 he joined the Revuene Department of the Kota State Service. On 9 November 1926 he was named Private Secretary to the Maharaja of Kota, and he was seated to the immediate left of the Maharaja in the durbar (court). In 1940 he was named Minister in of the Kota State Council. He served as Minister until 1947.
Sen also owned lands. In 1936 he succeeded his father as the holder of the Kunari estate (which traced its history to 1644, when the second ruler of Kota bestowed it upon Arjun Singh). His estate consisted of Kunari (on the left bank of Chambal river, opposite Kota town) and eight dependent villages.
Parliamentarian
In 1952, Sen was elected to the first Lok Sabha from the Kota-Bundi constituency. He obtained 41,715 votes (44.85%). Sen was one of three Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad members in the first Lok Sabha, all elected from constituencies in Rajasthan.
References
1890 births
India MPs 1952–1957
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad politicians
Year of death missing
People from Sirohi district
People from Kota district
قائمة رؤساء غلمدغ

قائمة رؤساء غلمدغ
رؤساء غلمدغ رئيس غلمدغ هو رأس حكومة ولاية غلمدغ، وهي ولاية اتحادية في جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية. يتم انتخاب الرئيس ونائب الرئيس لمدة أربع سنوات، ويمكن أن يخدما فترتين متتاليتين.
قائمة
المراجع
تأسيسات سنة 2006 في إفريقيا
حكومة الصومال
دول وأقاليم أسست في 2006
رؤساء غلمدغ
قوائم رؤساء الدول
والتر جود (سياسي)

والتر جود (سياسي)
والتر جود هو أمين سر وسياسي أمريكي، ولد في 25 سبتمبر 1898 في ريسينغ سيتي في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 13 فبراير 1994 في الولايات المتحدة. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الجمهوري. وقد انتخب عضو مجلس النواب الأمريكي.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أبرشانيون أمريكيون
أشخاص من مقاطعة بوتلر (نبراسكا)
أشخاص من مقاطعة هينيبين (مينيسوتا)
أطباء من مينيسوتا
أطباء من نبراسكا
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من مينيسوتا
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري
أعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من منيسوتا
أفراد عسكريون من مينيسوتا
أفراد عسكريون من نبراسكا
أمريكيون معادون للشيوعية
أمريكيون مناهضون للشيوعية
المحافظة في الولايات المتحدة
جمهوريون من مينيسوتا
خريجو جامعة نبراسكا لنكولن
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ضباط الجيش الأمريكي
عسكريون أمريكيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
مرشحو الرئاسة الأمريكية لعام 1964
مغتربون أمريكيون في الصين
مواليد 1898
وفيات 1994
وفيات في مقاطعة هينيبين (مينيسوتا)
Daniel Conn

Daniel Conn
Daniel William Conn (born 14 February 1986) is an Australian model and former professional rugby league footballer. He played in the for several clubs in the NRL.
Playing career
Conn was a Wellington Cowboys & St Johns Dubbo junior. Conn made his first grade debut for Canterbury in round 11 of the 2005 NRL season against Melbourne. In 2007, Conn joined the Gold Coast and was an inaugural squad member in the clubs first year.
The Sydney Roosters signed Conn in 2010. Conn played in the Sydney Roosters 2010 NRL Grand Final loss against St. George Illawarra. In 2011 he was forced to retire at age 25 due to spinal cord injuries.
Controversies
Michael Weyman incident
In round 4, 2008, while playing for the Gold Coast Titans Conn vigorously tackled then-Canberra Raiders forward Michael Weyman with a swinging arm. Weyman reacted poorly and threw punches after the play the ball, breaking Conn's nose. Conn was forced off the field through the blood rule, and Weyman was sent off and banned for six matches.
The two went head to head again in the 2010 NRL Grand Final when Conn, playing for the Sydney Roosters, was booked for a high shot on the then-St. George Illawarra forward.
Painkiller prescription fraud
In 2008 Conn was castigated by a magistrate, fined $5000 and ordered to do community service after admitting to faking painkiller prescriptions. The court was told he was charged after presenting a bogus prescription for the drugs Valium and Tramal at a Gold Coast pharmacy. Suspicious pharmacy staff contacted the doctor noted on the prescription who said the document was false. The pharmacist refused to fill the script and alerted police.
Police prosecutor Mark Williams said investigations revealed Conn, who refused to be interviewed by police, had presented another false prescription to the same pharmacy the previous year.
Retirement
In round 12 of the 2011 NRL season, Conn received a major neck injury which needed major surgery to have his spine fused. A week later he was told that there was a high possibility that if he continued with his career that he may not see the future. Even though he retired at the age of 25, he believed it was the best choice.
Conn starred in series 6 of Geordie Shore where the gang travelled to Australia, he was dating Geordie Shore housemate Vicky Pattison and was known as 'Fit Dan' on the show. He has also appeared on the reality TV show Ex On The Beach, where he is introduced as Vicky Pattison's ex.
References
External links
NRL Official Profile
1986 births
Australian rugby league players
Australian people of Greek descent
Australian people of Māori descent
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players
Gold Coast Titans players
Sydney Roosters players
Newtown Jets NSW Cup players
Rugby league locks
Rugby league second-rows
Living people
Rugby league players from New South Wales
إنغريد كروس

إنغريد كروس هي صاحبة مطعم ومغنية مؤلفة أمريكية، ولدت في 27 أبريل 1947 في فيلادلفيا في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
مغنون وكتاب أغاني أمريكيون في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال من فيلادلفيا
أصحاب مطاعم أمريكيون
أمريكيات في القرن 21
توائم أمريكيون
سيدات أعمال أمريكيات في القرن 20
كتاب أغان أمريكيون يهود
كتاب أغان من بنسيلفانيا
كتاب من فيلادلفيا (بنسلفانيا)
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون وكتاب أغان من بنسيلفانيا
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان أمريكيون
مغنيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
مغنيات وكاتبات أغان أمريكيات
مواليد 1947
يهود أمريكيون
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21
Elvira Woodruff

Elvira Woodruff (born June 19, 1951) is an American children's writer known for books that include elements of fantasy and history.
Writing
Elvira Pirozzi was born in Somerville, New Jersey, and attended Adelphi University and Boston University for one year each as an English literature major. She held diverse jobs including janitor, gardener, ice-cream truck driver, receptionist, window-dresser, store owner, and baker. Her first marriage did not last, and she found herself divorced and raising two young sons. She worked as a librarian in Easton, Pennsylvania and read stories to young children. She began writing. By 1999, she had written twenty children's books.
Reviews
Kirkus Reviews described her book Small Beauties as a "little history in a lovely story," and her book The Memory Coat as an exploration of how Russian-Jewish families escaped oppression to come to America. Publishers Weekly described her book The Summer I Shrunk My Grandmother as a deft blend of "magic and farce" and a "lighthearted romp about a somewhat misguided budding scientist".
Books
Dear Levi
Dear Levi: Letters from the Overland Trail: Letters from the Overland Trail (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), illustrated by Beth Peck
Dear Austin: Letters from the Underground Railroad (Knopf, 1998), illus. Nancy Carpenter
Time Travelers
George Washington's Socks (Scholastic, 1991)
George Washington’s Spy: A Time-travel Adventure (2010)
Other
Awfully Short for the Fourth Grade (Holiday House, 1989), illus. Will Hillenbrand – Woodruff's first book published
The Summer I Shrank My Grandmother (1990)
Tubtime (Holiday House, 1990)
Mrs. McClosky's Monkeys (Scholastic, 1991) – Woodruff's first manuscript sale
Back in Action (1991)
The Wing Shop (1991)
Show And Tell (1991)
Dear Napoleon, I Know You're Dead, But ... (Holiday House, 1992), illus. Noah and Jess Woodruff
The Disappearing Bike Shop (1992)
Ghosts Don't Get Goose Bumps (1993)
The Secret Funeral of Slim Jim the Snake (1993)
The Magnificent Mummy Maker (1994)
Dragon in My Backpack (1996)
The Orphan Of Ellis Island: A Time-travel Adventure (1997)
Can You Guess Where We're Going? (1998)
The Memory Coat (1999)
The Ghost of Lizard Light (1999)
The Christmas Doll (2000)
The Ravenmaster's Secret: Escape from the Tower of London (Scholastic, 2003)
Small Beauties: The Journey of Darcy Heart O'Hara (2006)
Fearless (2007)
To Knit or Not to Knit: Helpful and Humorous Hints for the Passionate Knitter (2014)
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
American children's writers
American historical novelists
People from Raritan, New Jersey
Writers from Somerville, New Jersey
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
Women historical novelists
21st-century American women
Novelists from New Jersey
Frederick Groves (footballer, born 1891)

Frederick Groves (footballer, born 1891)
Frederick William Groves (13 January 1891 – 1965) was an English professional football forward, who played in the Football League for Brighton & Hove Albion, Arsenal, Glossop and Charlton Athletic. He made over 130 appearances for Arsenal in wartime football.
Life and career
Born in Shadwell, London, Groves played as a forward, either as inside forward or centre forward. He started his career at Glossop before moving to Woolwich Arsenal as an amateur in August 1912, turning professional in October 1913. He made his debut against Derby County on 7 December 1912, playing three games in Woolwich Arsenal's relegation season of 1912–13, after which they moved to Arsenal Stadium in north London and dropped the "Woolwich" from their name.
He continued to be a bit-part player in the two seasons Arsenal spent in the Football League Second Division, playing just five games in two years. After first-class football was suspended for the First World War, Groves found more chances to play in the side in wartime games, and made 133 appearances in wartime matches for Arsenal, and was a semi-regular on the resumption of League football in 1919–20, playing 29 League games that season (as Arsenal had since been elected to the First Division). He played another 13 the following season, before leaving the club in August 1921; in total he played 53 games in League and FA Cup for Arsenal, scoring seven goals.
He saw out his career, firstly at Brighton & Hove Albion for three years, and then Charlton Athletic in 1924–25.
Career statistics
References
1891 births
1965 deaths
Date of death missing
People from Shadwell
Footballers from the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
English men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Men's association football outside forwards
Glossop North End A.F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Dartford F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Brentford F.C. wartime guest players
سان أومير

سان أومير هي بلدية تقع في إقليم باد كاليه من منطقة نور با دو كاليه في شمال فرنسا. تبلغ مساحة هذه المدينة 16.4 (كم²)، وترتفع عن سطح البحر 6 م، يبلغ عدد سكانها 15777 نسمة حسب إحصاء المعهد الوطني للإحصاء والدراسات الاقتصادية سنة 2009 م. وترأس Bruno Magnier البلدية خلال فترة (2008-2014).
توأمة
لسان أومير اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
دتمولد
يبر
أعلام
قاي دايفيد
رومان بوشيه
تشارلز بلوندن
جوزيف ليوفيل
ألكسندر ريبو
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
* Les résultats des recensements de la population
المقاطعات الفرعية الفرنسية
بلديات باد كاليه
سان أومير
كونتية أرتوا
عملية بايونيه

عملية بايونيه كانت عملية إنفاذ قانون مُتعددة الجنسيات بلغت ذروتها في عام 2017، واستهدفت عدة مواقع أسواق في الشبكة المُظلمة أبرزُها موقعي ألفاباي وهانسا. كما تم إغلاق العديد من المواقع الأخرى. جرت العملية بتعاوُن بين السلطات الأمنية في كل من كندا وتايلاند والولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
اقتصاد غير رسمي
تور (شبكة مجهولية)
ثقافة سرية
جريمة سيبرانية
عمليات تطبيق القانون
القانون في 2017
David Allan (police officer)

David Allan (police officer)
Lieutenant-Colonel William David Allan OBE (4 November 1879 – 9 January 1961), known as David Allan, was a British soldier and police officer.
Allan was born in Elgin, Moray, Scotland. He was educated at Elgin Academy and Blundell's School and commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd (Morayshire) Volunteer Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders on 4 January 1902. He transferred to the Regular Army, in the Black Watch, on 8 February 1902, and served with his regiment in the Second Boer War in South Africa. After the end of hostilities there in June 1902, he left Cape Town with other men of the regiment on the SS Orissa, which arrived at Southampton in late October 1902. He had been promoted lieutenant by 1910. On 20 June 1910, he became adjutant (and promoted temporary captain) of the 10th (Cyclist) Battalion, Royal Scots (Territorial Force). He was promoted major in 1917. On 1 January 1919, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
Allan served as chief constable of Bootle from 1919 to 1920, and chief constable of Argyll from 1920 until 22 June 1927. He was then appointed HM Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the Reserve of Officers on 27 March 1929. On 1 December 1930 he was appointed one of the two HM Inspectors of Constabulary for England and Wales.
On 8 June 1931 he became assistant commissioner "A" of the London Metropolitan Police, in charge of uniformed policing. However, on 3 November 1931 he returned to the post of inspector of constabulary for England and Wales. He retired on 31 August 1938.
Allan married Eve Crozier; they had three sons. He died at his home in Elgin in 1961, aged 81.
Footnotes
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People from Elgin, Moray
British Chief Constables
Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Black Watch officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1879 births
1961 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
Chief Inspectors of Constabulary (Scotland)
Inspectors of Constabulary
Territorial Force officers
أكادير البور (ماوت)

أكادير البور (ماوت)
أكادير البور هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة لمهارة، إقليم تارودانت، جهة سوس ماسة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة ماوت التي تضم 27 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 269 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في ماوت (لمهارة)
إثيل سنودن

إثيل سنودن ، زوجة الفيكونت سنودن (وُلدت باسم إثيل أناكن؛ 8 سبتمبر 1881 - 22 فبراير 1951)، اشتراكية بريطانية وناشطة في مجال حقوق الإنسان وسياسية النسوية. تعود إلى خلفية من الطبقة المتوسطة، أصبحت اشتراكية مسيحية بواسطة مبشر راديكالي، وعززت في البداية الاعتدال والامتناع عن شرب المسكرات في الأحياء الفقيرة في ليفربول. انضمت إلى الجمعية الفابية ولاحقًا حزب العمل المستقل، وحصلت على دخل من خلال المحاضرة في بريطانيا وخارجها. كانت سنودن واحدة من أبرز الناشطين في حق الاقتراع للنساء قبل الحرب العالمية الأولى، ومن ثم في تأسيس حملة السلام النسائية لمعارضة الحروب والدعوة إلى السلام عن طريق التفاوض. وبعد زيارة للاتحاد السوفييتي وجهت انتقادات قوية لنظامها، الأمر الذي جعلها غير شعبية عندما رُحلت إلى الجانب الأيسر في بريطانيا.
تزوجت سنودن من السياسي البارز في حزب العمال والمستشار المستقبلي للخزانة، فيليب سنودن. ارتقت بالمقياس الاجتماعي في عشرينيات القرن الماضي، ما يسرها كثيرًا، ورحبت بتعيينها كمديرة لهيئة الإذاعة بي بي سي ومديرة لدار الأوبرا الملكية. على الرغم من أن زوجها حصل على رتبة الفيكونت، قل وجود المال وتولت هي مهمة الرعاية به، بعد وفاته، استأنفت تنظيم حملات الاعتدال بالإضافة إلى العمل الصحفي. كانت تميل إلى أن تكون متحدثةً عامةً مثيرةً للجدل، التي تولّت المشروع بحماس وناضلت من أجله متجاهلةً كل ما يقف في طريقها؛ قيل لها أن «اللباقة أو التعقل غريبان على طبيعتها».
نشأتها
كانت إثيل أناكن ابنة ريتشارد أناكن، مقاول بناء. أصبح والدها أيضًا منخرطًا في السياسة وعمل فيما بعد كعضو في بلدية هاروغيت، وأصبح عمدة البلدة في 1930-1931. وصفها كاتب سيرة فيليب سنودن، كولين كروس بأنها «امرأة ذات إرادة قوية وتبدو رائعة المظهر». تدربت كمدرسة في كلية إيدج هيل في ليفربول، على الرغم من انضمامها إلى جماعة المبشر الراديكالي الكاهن الدكتور سي. إف. أكيد؛ أصبحت اشتراكية بعد الاستماع إلى خطبته عن «هل يمكن أن يكون الرجل مسيحيًا مقابل جنيه إسترليني واحد في الأسبوع؟» وانضمت مع أكيد إلى العمل الاجتماعي في الأحياء الفقيرة في ليفربول لتعزيز الامتناع عن شرب المسكرات. وانضمت أيضًا إلى الجمعية الفابية.
وبحسب زوجها المستقبلي، السياسي في حزب العمال فيليب سنودن، فقد اجتمعا في الاجتماع الفابي في ليدز على الأرجح في عام 1903، على الرغم من أن ماري أغنيس هاملتون تصورت أنهما التقيا في بيت برادفورد التابع لويليام ومارثا ليتش. هاروغيت، وهي مدينة المنتجعات لا تعتمد على صناعة الطحن، كانت تُعتبر منطقة لذوي الطبقة العليا وكان من النادر لشخص من خلفية إثيل أن يكون اشتراكيًا. أخذت محاضرتها الأولى نيابةً عن حزب العمال المستقل في يوركشاير في معهد كيغلي لابور في سبتمبر 1903، ربما نُظمت من قبل سنودن. في عام 1904 بدأت العمل بصفتها مدرسة في مدرسة والفيردن في نلسون، لانكشاير التي كانت على بعد 9 أميال فقط من منزل سنودن في كولينغ، وأصبحت زائرةً منتظمة، على الرغم من أن مارثا والدة فيليب سنودن لم تتمكن من الالتزام بمقابلتها، معتقدة أنها مغرورة ومتعالية.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
العصر الإدواردي
أعضاء الجمعية الفابية
بريطانيون معادون للشيوعية
دعاة سلام بريطانيون
دعاة سلام نسويون
عدم التدخل
مسيحيون سلميون بريطانيون
مواليد 1881
نساء العصر الفيكتوري
نسويات اشتراكيات
نسويون مسيحيون
وفيات 1951
Berlin Plus agreement

Berlin Plus agreement
The Berlin Plus agreement is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002. These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's 1999 Washington summit, sometimes referred to as the CJTF mechanism, and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.
Content
The Berlin Plus agreement has seven major parts:
The NATO–EU Security Agreement, which covers the exchange of classified information under reciprocal security protection rules.
Assured Access to NATO planning capabilities for EU-led Crisis Management Operations (CMO).
Availability of NATO assets and capabilities for EU-led CMOs, such as communication units and headquarters.
Procedures for Release, Monitoring, Return and Recall of NATO Assets and Capabilities.
Terms of Reference for the Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe and European Command Options for NATO.
Arrangements for coherent and mutually reinforcing capability requirements, in particular the incorporation within NATO's defence planning of the military needs and capabilities that may be required for EU-led military operations.
EU–NATO consultation arrangements in the context of an EU-led CMO making use of NATO assets and capabilities.
This comprehensive framework for NATO-EU relations was concluded on March 17, 2003 by the exchange of letters by High Representative Javier Solana and the then-Secretary General of NATO Lord Robertson.
Practice
Procedures
The use of NATO assets by the EU is subject to a "right of first refusal": NATO must first decline to intervene in a given crisis.
Approval of the use of assets has to be unanimous among NATO states. For example, Turkish reservations about Operation Concordia using NATO assets delayed its deployment by more than five months.
Operations
To date, the EU has conducted two operations with the support of NATO:
2003: EUFOR Concordia in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The EU took over from NATO's operation Allied Harmony and deployed around 300 troops to provide security to EU and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe monitors overseeing the implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement.
2004+: EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following NATO's decision at the 2004 Istanbul summit to terminate the mission of NATO's Stabilisation Force (SFOR) by the end of the year, the EU started its own 7,000-strong mission, EUFOR Althea, in the country with the aim to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement and to maintain a safe and secure environment.
See also
European Union–NATO relations
Common Security and Defence Policy
Command and control structure of the European Union
References
Military of the European Union
Treaties entered into by the European Union
European Union and third organisations
NATO relations
Treaties concluded in 2002
NATO treaties
2002 in Germany
December 2002 events in Germany
Leroy Lewis (footballer)

Leroy Lewis (footballer)
Leroy Sherrier Lewis (29 May 1945 – 13 September 2021) was a Costa Rican association football player and coach.
In his native country, he led his hometown team Limonense to their best performance in the top flight league, finishing as runners-up. He also found success in Belize, where he led the national team to their best result at the Copa Centroamericana, finishing four at the 2013 edition, thus qualifying to the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Belize's only participation at such tournament so far.
Playing career
As a player, he played in his native Costa Rica with AD Limonese and Uruguay de Coronado.
Coaching career
Lewis coached teams in Costa Rica and Belize, winning the national championships in Costa Rica and Belize with Guanacasteca (Segunda División de Costa Rica) and Belmopan Bandits (Belize Premier Football League) respectively. He also has coached Belize national football team on three occasions.
Death
Lewis died on 13 September 2021 at his home after battling with prostate cancer.
References
External links
1945 births
2021 deaths
Costa Rican football managers
Costa Rican expatriate football managers
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in Belize
Belize national football team managers
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Sportspeople from Limón Province
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Costa Rica
ري كرامر

ري كرامر هي فنانة قصص مصورة وكاتبة للأطفال وكاتِبة ورسامة توضيحية هولندية، ولدت في 10 أكتوبر 1887 في سوكابومي في إندونيسيا، وتوفيت في 16 سبتمبر 1977 في لارين في هولندا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أسماء قلمية
أشخاص من سوكابومي
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون هولنديون
رسامات توضيحيات هولنديات
رسامون توضيحيون هولنديون
فنانات قصص مصورة هولنديات
فنانو قصص مصورة هولنديون
كاتبات أطفال هولنديات
كاتبات دراما ومسرح هولنديات
كتاب أطفال هولنديون
كتاب دراما ومسرح هولنديون في القرن 20
مواليد 1887
هولنديات في القرن 20
هولنديون في الهند الشرقية الهولندية
وفيات 1977
كتاب بأسماء مستعارة القرن 20
Envelope journalism

Envelope journalism (also envelopmental journalism, red envelope journalism, white envelope journalism, Ch'ongi, wartawan amplop) is a colloquial term for the practice of bribing corrupt journalists for favorable media coverage.
The term brown envelope journalism is common in English-speaking countries; other envelope colors are more commonly used in Asia, the Philippines, China, Korea, India, and Indonesia.
The term arose from the envelopes used to hold cash bribes, given ostensibly as tokens of appreciation for attending a press conference.
More recently, the term ATM journalism has arisen, to indicate the change to electronic transfer of bribes to journalists' bank accounts.
References
Journalism ethics