PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Dn42

Dn42
dn42 is a decentralized peer-to-peer network built using VPNs and software/hardware BGP routers.
While other darknets try to establish anonymity for their participants, that is not what dn42 aims for. It is a network to explore routing technologies used in the Internet and tries to establish direct non-NAT-ed connections between the members.
The network is not fully meshed. dn42 uses mostly tunnels instead of physical links between the individual networks. Each participant is connected to one or more other participants. Over the VPN or the physical links, BGP is used for inter AS routing. While OSPF is the most commonly used protocol for intra AS routing, each participant is free to choose any other IGP, like Babel, inside their AS.
History
The DN42 project grew out of the popular PeerIX project started by HardForum members in mid-2009. The PeerIX project, while small in initial numbers grew to over 50 active members with a backlog of 100 requests to join the network. Ultimately the project was unable to meet the demand of user scale and eventually deprecated (though many of the core member team still have their networks online.)
The founding members of the DN42 project tried to unsuccessfully rekindle the PeerIX project(through the private google group) and instead formed their own IPv6 only network, successfully scaling it to the size it is today.
Technical setup
Address space
Network address space for IPv4 consists of private subnets: 172.20.0.0/14 is the main subnet. Note that other private address ranges may also be announced in dn42, as the network is interconnected with other similar projects. Most notably, ChaosVPN uses 172.31.0.0/16 and parts of 10.0.0.0/8, Freifunk ICVPN uses 10.0.0.0/8 and NeoNetwork uses 10.127.0.0/16.
For IPv6, Unique Local Address (ULA, the IPv6 equivalent of private address range) (fd00::/8) are used. Please note that other network use IPv6 addresses in this range as well, including NeoNetwork's use of fd10:127::/32.
AS numbers
In order to use BGP, even in a private environment, autonomous system numbers are needed. dn42 uses several private or reserved AS number ranges, including 64512 to 64855 and 76100 to 76199. Since June 2014, dn42 is now using a new private range, 4242420000 to 4242429999, part of larger private range defined by RFC 6996.
BGP routers
While some participants use hardware routers, most participants use general purpose servers or virtual machines to lower their cost. The most commonly used BGP implementations used in dn42 are BIRD and FRR, but some participants use OpenBGPD, XORP, GoBGP or the implementation of JunOS or Cisco IOS.
DN42 TLD
Websites and services hosted on the Dn42 network often use the dn42 top-level domain. The dn42 tld is not an official IANA top-level domain, but it is handled through the dn42 registry. Internal anycast servers for dn42 are found at 172.20.0.53, 172.23.0.53, and fd42:d42:d42:54::1, fd42:d42:d42:53::1.
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Internet exchange points
Virtual private networks
Peer-to-peer computing
Computer networking
Maxime Camara

Maxime Camara
Mamadouba Resmu Camara nicknamed Maxime Camara (4 February 1945 – 29 March 2016) was a Guinea international football midfielder.
Career
Born in Kissidougou, Camara played club football for local side Hafia F.C. in the 1960s and 1970s. He helped the club win the 1972 African Cup of Champions Clubs.
Camara represented Guinea at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. He also made several appearances for the senior Guinea national football team, including four FIFA World Cup qualifying matches, and played at the 1976 African Cup of Nations finals.
Personal
On 24 April 1974 he married Aminata Touré, the daughter of the Guinean President Ahmed Sekou Touré.
They have 4 children.
Camara became seriously ill while living in Guinea in 2005. He was then evacuated to Morocco where he died on 29 March 2016.
References
External links
Biography at Sports-reference.com
1945 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Conakry
Guinean men's footballers
Guinea men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Guinea
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1976 African Cup of Nations players
Hafia FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Church of the East monastery on Sir Bani Yas

Church of the East monastery on Sir Bani Yas
The Church of the East monastery on Sir Bani Yas is an archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates discovered in 1992. The site is significant as evidence of the presence of Christianity in the UAE in the pre-Islamic period. Believed to be Nestorian, the Christian community continued for at least a century after the arrival of Islam .
In 1992 the remnants of an ancient buried building on the eastern side of the island of Sir Bani Yas were discovered, and through further excavations was found to be a 7th century Church of the East Christian monastery which operated for 150 years. The site consists of a church, a monastery and a series of courtyard houses, including dormitories, a kitchen, cells and burial sites. dating to the 7th and 8th centuries CE. The monastery is believed to have housed between 30-40 monks. The complex was built around the sole burial found on the site. Archaeological finds indicate contact with Bahrain, India and Iraq. the site is part of a series of Christian complexes across the Persian Gulf region including Kuwait at both Akkaz and Al Qusur on Failaka Island, at Kharg on the Iranian coastline and in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia at Jubail.
In 1995, a site director of the excavation project discovered a Christian cross in the form of a small piece of plaster, identifying it as a Christian site by comparing it to ancient churches known from elsewhere in the Persian Gulf region. Assessments by the team in charge of excavating the ancient Christian monastery concluded that the site was, at one time, home to about 30 monks from the Church of the East. Stucco decorations were found including Nestorian crosses and vine and scroll motifs.
The complex is the oldest Christian site in the UAE.
Other early Christian sites in the UAE
In 2000 further remains were discovered on the island of Marawah, with a church similar to that on Sir Bani Yas.
References
Assyrian Church of the East churches
Islands of the United Arab Emirates
Christianity in the United Arab Emirates
7th-century churches
Catholic Church in the Arabian Peninsula
Apostolic Vicariate of Arabia
Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia
سالي شاهين

سالي شاهين (من مواليد 29 نوفمبر 1987) هي ملكة جمال مصر عام 2002، بدأت حياتها كعارضة أزياء وموديل، وبعد حصولها على اللقب عرضت عليها الكثير من البرامج لتقديمها في القنوات المصرية والعربية، واتجهت حاليًا إلى تطوير نفسها في مجال التمثيل، لتلتحق بالعديد من ورش إعداد الممثّل. قامت بعمل فوازير مسلسليكو :2013
برامج تلفزيونية
فؤش في المعسكر 2014
ده كلام 2017
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
عارضات أزياء مصريات
مذيعات مصريات
ملكات جمال مصريات
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 21
مواليد 1397 هـ
مواليد 1408 هـ
مواليد 1987
ممثلات تلفزيون مصريات
John C. Butcher

John C. Butcher
John Charles Butcher (born 31 March 1933) is a New Zealand mathematician who specialises in numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations.
Butcher works on multistage methods for initial value problems, such as Runge-Kutta and general linear methods. The Butcher group and the Butcher tableau are named after him.
More recently, he is investigating a new type of method with stability identical to that of a Runge-Kutta method.
Biography
Butcher studied mathematics at Auckland University College - BSc and MSc - and the University of Sydney - PhD (1961) and DSc.
Positions held are as aside.
He was awarded the Jones Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand in 2010, for his "exceptional lifetime work on numerical methods for the solution of differential equations and leadership in the development of New Zealand mathematical sciences." In 2011, he received the Van Wijngaarden Award.
In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours, Butcher was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to mathematics.
Publications
.
.
John C. Butcher: "Trees, B-series and exponential integrators", IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis Vol.30,No.1(Jan. 2010),pp. 131–140. DOI:10.1093/imanum/drn086 .
.
J.C.Butcher:"Trees and B-series", Numerical Algorithms (2019), vol.81, pp. 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-018-0643-7
John C. Butcher: "B-Series : Algebraic Analysis of Numerical Methods", Springer(SSCM, volume 55), ISBN 978-3030709556 (April, 2021).
References
External links
Auckland Home page
Personal Home page
Homepage of John C. Butcher
1933 births
Living people
New Zealand computer scientists
Numerical analysts
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
20th-century New Zealand mathematicians
21st-century New Zealand mathematicians
Kahelqu

Kahelqu (also Romanized as Kahelqū; also known as Bābā Qeshlāqī-ye Chūbānlār) is a village in Qeshlaq Rural District, Abish Ahmad District, Kaleybar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 128, in 28 families.
References
Populated places in Kaleybar County
قائمة زملاء الجمعية الملكية المنتخبين في 1702

قائمة زملاء الجمعية الملكية المنتخبين في 1702
هذه الصفحة تعرض قائمة زملاء الجمعية الملكية المُنتخبين لعام 1702.
الزملاء
المراجع
العلم في 1702
إنجلترا في 1702
1702
أبرار ألفي

أبرار ألفي (بالهندية: अबरार अलवी؛ بالإنجليزية: Abrar Alvi) هو كاتب سيناريو ومخرج وممثل هندي (وحمل سابقاً جنسية الراج البريطاني)، ولد في 19 يوليو 1927، وتوفي في 18 نوفمبر 2009 في مومباي في الهند. من الجوائز التي نالها سنة 1963.
جوائز
(1963)
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
حائزون على جوائز فيلم فير
كتاب ذكور هنود في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو هنود في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو هنود
مخرجو أفلام باللغة الهندية
مخرجو أفلام من مومباي
مخرجو أفلام هنود في القرن 20
مسلمون هنود
ممثلو أفلام هنود
ممثلون في السينما الهندية
ممثلون من مومباي
ممثلون هنود في القرن 20
مواليد 1346 هـ
مواليد 1927
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
كاسر الحجر المخروطي

كاسر الحجر المخروطي أو السفرس المخروطي هي نبات معمر عشبي ينتمي إلى فصيلة كاسرات الحجر.
المراجع
نباتات أوروبا
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
نباتات الحدائق في أوروبا
نباتات وصفت في 1759
نباتات جبال البرانس
نباتات جبال الألب
الحياة النباتية في أوروبا
كاسر الحجر
Lucius Kelly

Lucius Kelly
Lucius Owen Kelly (June 18, 1858 – July 11, 1932) was a farmer and political figure on Prince Edward Island, Canada. He represented 3rd Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1886 to 1890 as a Conservative.
He was born in Fort Augustus, Prince Edward Island, the son of Francis Kelly and Sarah McCarron, and was educated at Prince of Wales College and at a business college in Charlottetown. Kelly was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1890. He also served as a commissioner of the peace. Kelly moved to Boston later in life and died there at the age of 74.
References
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
1858 births
1932 deaths
كأس العالم لسباق الدراجات على الطريق 1992

كأس العالم لسباق الدراجات على الطريق 1992 هو الموسم 4 من كأس العالم لسباق الدراجات على الطريق، بدأ الموسم بسباق طواف سان سيباستيان 1992 في 7 أغسطس 1992.
فاز بالمركز الأول أولاف لودفيغ، وبالمركز الثاني طوني رومينغر، وبالمركز الثالث دافيدي كاساني
السباقات
مراجع
سباق الدراجات على الطريق في سنة 1992
كأس العالم لسباق الدراجات على الطريق للرجال
دائرة بني سنوس

دائرة بني سنوس إحدى دوائر ولاية تلمسان عاصمتها بني سنوس. وتضم كل من بلديات:
بني سنوس وتقع إلى الجنوب الغربي من عاصمة الولاية، تبعد عنها تقريبا 40 كلم
العزايل
بني بهدل
تعتبر المنطقة منطقة زراعية بالدرجة الأولى، حيث تكثر فيها بشكل خاص اشجار الزيتون الذي يعتبر من أهم منتجاتها الموسمية، تحوي المنطقة كذلك على مخزون مائي جوفي معتبر بفضل وقوعها في منطقة تقع بين الجبال الغنية يالمياه التي يسببها تساقط الثلوج في فصل الشتاء
المصادر
بني سنوس
إيفا كوبليتا

إيفا كوبليتا مواليد 8 يوليو 1982 في ريغا، هي لاعبة كرة سلة لاتفية. بدأت مسيرتها الاحترافية في سنة 1997. تم اختيارها من قبل فريق إنديانا فيفر خلال الدرافت. يبلغ طولها . مثلت منتخب بلادها. شاركت في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية سنة 2008. اعتزلت اللعب في 2014.
مراجع
روابط خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من ريغا
لاعبات كرة سلة لاتفيات
لاعبو كرة سلة أولمبيون لاتفيون
لاعبو كرة سلة في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
لاعبو نادي فنربخشة لكرة السلة للسيدات
لاعبو هجوم أمامي (كرة السلة)
لاعبو وسط كرة سلة
مواليد 1982
مواليد في ريغا
أعلام كرة سلة لاتفيون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة سلة من ريغا
مايكل ويلدنج

مايكل ويلدنج هو وكيل مواهب وممثل بريطاني، ولد في 23 يوليو 1912 في المملكة المتحدة، وتوفي في 8 يوليو 1979 بلندن في المملكة المتحدة.
أعمال
أفلام
(1942) فيما نخدم
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
ممثلون بريطانيون بإعاقات
أشخاص متعلمون في مستشفى المسيح
أشخاص من تشيتشستر
مسرحيون إنجليز
ممثلو أفلام إنجليز
ممثلو تلفزيون إنجليز
ممثلون إنجليز في القرن 20
ممثلون من إسكس
ممثلون من سوسيكس
مواليد 1912
وفيات 1979
وفيات بسبب الصرع
وفيات بسبب حوادث السقوط
وفيات عرضية في إنجلترا
Tiago Cruz

Tiago Cruz
Tiago Daniel Galante Cruz (born ) is a Portuguese futsal player who plays as a winger for Braga/AAUM and the Portugal national team.
References
External links
Tiago Cruz at playmakerstats.com (formerly thefinalball.com)
1995 births
Living people
Portuguese men's futsal players
Sportspeople from Vila do Conde
Sportspeople from Porto District
جون شيريدان هوغن

جون شيريدان هوغن هو صحفي كندي، ولد في 1815، وتوفي في 1859.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص من تورونتو
صحفيون من أونتاريو
صحفيون من تورونتو
مهاجرون إلى كندا العليا
مواليد 1815
وفيات 1859
خط طول 40° غرب

خط طول 40° غرب هو أحد خطوط الطول الجغرافية، والتي تمتد من القطب الشمالي الجغرافي إلى القطب الجنوبي الجغرافي، وحسب التحويل الزمني يتأخر خط طول 40° غرب عن خط غرينتش بساعتين و40 دقيقة.
من القطب إلى القطب
ينطلق خط طول 40° غرب من القطب الشمالي نحو القطب الجنوبي مرورا بالمناطق التي ترد في الجدول التالي:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="120" | الإحداثيات
! scope="col" | البلد أو الإقليم أو البحر
! scope="col" | ملاحظات
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | المحيط المتجمد الشمالي
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | بحر لنكولن
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | المحيط الأطلسي
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| سيارا بيرنامبوكو — from باهيا — from ميناس جرايس — from Bahia — from إسبيريتو سانتو (البرازيل) — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | المحيط الأطلسي
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | المحيط الجنوبي
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | القارة القطبية الجنوبية
| المطالب الإقليمية بالقارة القطبية الجنوبية by both (المقاطعة الأرجنتينية بالقارة القطبية الجنوبية) and (المقاطعة البريطانية بالقارة القطبية الجنوبية)
|-
|}
مراجع
خطوط طول
Judicial discretion

Judicial discretion is the power of the judiciary to make some legal decisions according to their discretion. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the ability of judges to exercise discretion is an aspect of judicial independence. Where appropriate, judicial discretion allows a judge to decide a legal case or matter within a range of possible decisions.
However, where the exercise of discretion goes beyond constraints set down by legislation, by binding precedent, or by a constitution, the court may be abusing its discretion and undermining the rule of law. In that case, the decision of the court may be ultra vires, and may sometimes be characterized as judicial activism.
In 1824, US Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the following on this subject:
Judicial power, as contradistinguished from the power of the laws, has no existence. Courts are the mere instruments of the law, and can will nothing. When they are said to exercise a discretion, it is a mere legal discretion, a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed by law; and, when that is discerned, it is the duty of the court to follow it. Judicial power is never exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge, always for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the legislature; or, in other words, to the will of the law.
Concerns with regard to recidivism and other law and order issues have led to the introduction of mandatory sentencing. E.g. three-strikes laws and most sex offender registry laws in US are examples of laws carrying severe consequences, and which does not leave room for sentencing judges to consider the actual gravity of the offense, thus significantly limiting judicial discretion in sentencing. Introduction of mandatory minimum in criminal sentencing is often viewed as a shift of judicial power from judges to prosecutors, who are capable of affecting the length of potential sentence through their charging decision, e.g. filing charges on lesser included offense and dropping the charges carrying mandatory minimum sentences. Mandatory sentencing laws have been particularly popular among legislators in the United States. This has provoked formation of non-profit organizations such as Families Against Mandatory Minimums, Women Against Registry and RSOL to lobby for reinstatement of judicial discretion in criminal sentencing.
See also
Aharon Barak
Close case
References
Further reading
Gelsthorpe, Loraine and Padfield, Nicola. Exercising Discretion: Decision-making in the criminal justice system and beyond (Willan Publishing 2003).
Criminal law
Judiciaries
Legal doctrines and principles
482 BC

482 BC
Year 482 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Iullus (or, less frequently, year 272 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 482 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Greece
The Athenian archon Themistocles secures the ostracism of his opponents and becomes the political leader of Athens. The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, is one of those ostracised due to his opposition to Themistocles' naval policy.
China
While King Fuchai of Wu attends a meeting in Huangchi, in an attempt to gain hegemony over all the other duchies of Zhou Dynasty China, his capital city in the State of Wu is captured in a surprise assault by King Goujian of Yue. In 473 BC the State of Wu will finally be annexed by the State of Yue.
Rome
Continuation of hostilities with the Aequi.
Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army enters Roman territory and ravages the countryside.
Births
Deaths
References
Abdullah II Al-Sabah

Abdullah II Al-Sabah
Sheikh Abdullah II Sabah II Al-Jabir I Al-Sabah (1814 – 1892) was a cavalry commander in the Military of Kuwait, the fifth ruler of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1866 – 1892) and oldest son of the fourth ruler of Kuwait. He spent much of his rule dealing with natural disasters, maintaining stability as well as building stronger ties with the Ottoman Empire which supplied the most vital resource in Kuwait, drinking water. The first coins minted by Kuwait were issued during his reign.
Early life
Under the orders of his father, on 24 April 1841 Abdullah II signed a one-year naval truce with Samuel Hennell, who spoke on behalf of the British, which expired and was never renewed. The truce prohibited Kuwait from undertaking any form of maritime offense as well as giving all mediation efforts in maritime disputes over to the British Empire.
Reign
Abdullah ruled from November 1866 to 1892, inheriting a state that had undergone a century long increase in merchant marine and navy traffic with stable governance partly due to British support. Upon becoming ruler, he quickly pivoted towards the Ottoman Empire and away from the British. He also negotiated with the Al Saud family to maintain power. Throughout his reign he rebuffed requests from the British Commissioner, Lewis Pelly, speaking on behalf of the British Empire, to rise up against the Ottomans. He was considered a modest man with simple tastes.
A great deal of this approval hinged on his relief work during natural disasters. In 1868 a great famine struck and he worked to bring an end to the rampant starvation. In September 1871 disaster struck again, this time in the maritime industry of Kuwait. Hundreds of Kuwaiti pearling vessels were sunk along with their crews due to extremely high waves. Historians are split on whether this was due to great storms in the Indian Ocean or caused by the eruption of Bushehr.
In 1886–87, under Abdullah II, Kuwait began minting coins in copper due to the lack of Indian rupees circulating in the local economy.
Abdullah sided with the Jabir bin Mardaw, Emir of Khorramshar during the Basra and Muhamarrah conflict with the Al-Nasser tribe under his reign, and helped him consolidate power in the region.
Due to his allegiance to the Ottoman Empire, in 1871, Midhat Pasha gave him the title Kaymakam which means provincial sub-governor.
Physical description
In his later years he was described as tall with a heavy athletic body and a long white beard. He wore a purple bisht made of silk and adorned with gold embroidery over a thawb, with a white silk scarf used as a belt. On both hands rested many diamond rings. At his waist was an ornate janbiya with a hilt made of solid gold, encrusted with pearls and gemstones.
Notes
External links
19th-century monarchs in the Middle East
19th-century Ottoman military personnel
1814 births
1892 deaths
House of Al-Sabah
Rulers of Kuwait
Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
نايجل روبرتسون

نايجل روبرتسون هو رائد أعمال بريطاني، ولد في 13 أغسطس 1962 في في المملكة المتحدة.
مراجع
أصحاب أعمال إنجليز
إنجليز مغتربون في موناكو
مغتربون إنجليز في الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1962
روجر نورييغا

روجر نورييغا هو دبلوماسي أمريكي، ولد في 1959 في ويتشيتا في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
دبلوماسيون أمريكيون من أصل إسباني وأمريكي لاتيني
جمهوريون من ولاية كنساس
خريجو جامعة واشبورن
سياسيون أمريكيون من أصل مكسيكي
سياسيون من ويتشيتا
معهد المشروع الأمريكي لأبحاث السياسة العامة
مواليد 1959
مساعدو وزير الخارجية الأمريكي
مندوبو الولايات المتحدة الدائمون إلى منظمة الدول الأمريكية