PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
كامبريه

كامبريه أو قمراي (Cambrai) مدينة تقع في قسم نور بشمال فرنسا، وتعد ميناء مطلاً على نهر شيلدي. حدثت فيها معركة كامبريه في الفترة الواقعة بين 20 نوفمبر و3 ديسمبر عام 1917، وهي إحدى حملات الحرب العالمية الأولى، عُرفت بأول استخدام ناجح للدبابات.
تعد المدينة أسقفية منذ القرن 4، وتعود مطرانية كامبريه للقرن 16، والتي كان لها سلطة كبيرة في العصور الوسطى تحت إمرة الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة حتى سيطرت إسبانيا على المنطقة عام 1595، وفرنسا في عام 1677. تمتد منطقة أبريشية كامبريه لتطابق مقاطعة برابان، ومن ضمن ذلك الجزء الأوسط للبلاد المنخفضة. حطمت الكاتدرائية القديمة بها في عام 1793.
عانت المدينة من الدمار في كلتي الحربين العالميتين، فاحتلها الألمان بين عامي 1914 و1918، وكذلك بين عامي 1940 و1944.
عرفت المدينة قديماً بصناعة النسيج الجيدة، كما أعطت اسمها لأحد أنواع الأقمشة القطنية وهو البتيستا (Cambric) الذي صنع هناك لأول مرة. والمدينة أيضاً منطقة زراعية، وتنتج فيها أيضاً المنتجات الطينية والحديدية والخشبية. عدد سكان المدينة 33716 نسمة (عام 1999).
المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لكامبريه:
توأمة
لكامبريه اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
ازترغوم
كامب-لينتفورت
أعلام
كوينتين جوريغوي
جوليان فارليت
جون بيل
جويمي دوفاي
رينيه دومون
سامويل روبيل
مارك فييفي
فرانسوا فنلون
قاي ويلسون
المراجع
موسوعة كولمبيا
كامبريه
الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة
المقاطعات الفرعية الفرنسية
بلديات نور
مدن إمبراطورية حرة
Tert-Butylhydroquinone

Tert-Butylhydroquinone
tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone) is a synthetic aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol. It is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with a tert-butyl group.
Applications
Food preservative
In foods, TBHQ is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats. It does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavor or odor of the material to which it is added. It can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). As a food additive, its E number is E319. It is added to a wide range of foods. Its primary advantage is extending storage life.
Other
In perfumery, it is used as a fixative to lower the evaporation rate and improve stability.
It is used industrially as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides.
It is used as an antioxidant in biodiesel.
It is also added to varnishes, lacquers, resins, and oil-field additives.
Safety and regulation
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have evaluated TBHQ and determined that it is safe to consume at the concentration allowed in foods. The FDA and European Union both set an upper limit of 0.02% (200mg/kg) of the oil or fat content in foods. At very high doses, it has some negative health effects on lab animals, such as producing precursors to stomach tumors and damage to DNA.
A number of studies have shown that prolonged exposure to very high doses of TBHQ may be carcinogenic, especially for stomach tumors. Other studies, however, have shown opposite effects including inhibition against HCA-induced carcinogenesis (by depression of metabolic activation) for TBHQ and other phenolic antioxidants (TBHQ was one of several, and not the most potent). The EFSA considers TBHQ to be noncarcinogenic. A 1986 review of scientific literature concerning the toxicity of TBHQ determined that a wide margin of safety exists between the levels of intake by humans and the doses that produce adverse effects in animal studies. There have been reports of vision disturbances in individuals exposed to this chemical.
In addition, TBHQ has been identified by high-throughput screening as having potential immunotoxic effects.
References
Hydroquinones
Food additives
Food antioxidants
Preservatives
Alkylphenols
Tert-butyl compounds
E-number additives
Kanu (footballer, born 1997)

Kanu (footballer, born 1997)
Victor Hugo Soares dos Santos (born 7 March 1997), commonly known as Kanu, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defender for Bahia, on loan from Botafogo.
Career statistics
Notes
Honours
Bahia
Campeonato Baiano: 2023
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Associação Desportiva Cabofriense players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
بين ريتش

بين ريتش هو مهندس فضاء جوي أمريكي، ولد في 18 يونيو 1925 في مانيلا في الفلبين، وتوفي في 5 يناير 1995 في فينتورا في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من مانيلا
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير الطيران الوطني
أمريكيون متجنسون
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (لوس أنجلوس)
خريجو كلية الهندسة - جامعة كاليفورنيا
فلبينيون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1925
وفيات 1995
وفيات السرطان في كاليفورنيا
وفيات بسبب سرطان المريء
Charlie Graham

Charlie Graham
Charles Henry Graham (April 24, 1878 – August 29, 1948), known as "Uncle Charlie", was an American baseball catcher, manager and team owner. Listed at , 190 lb., Graham batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Santa Clara, California.
Graham played and coached for Santa Clara College before entering Major League Baseball during the 1906 season with the Boston Americans. In one season career, he was a .233 hitter (21-for-90) with one home run and 12 RBI in 30 games, including 10 runs, one double, and one stolen base. Following his majors career, he played and coached in the minor leagues.
In 1918, Graham became manager and part owner of the PCL San Francisco Seals. He managed until 1921 and eventually took control of front office. Under his management the Seals moved to their own park, Seals Stadium, in 1931. The Seals won pennants in 1922, 1923, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1935 and 1946, to become one of the most successful teams in PCL history. Their rosters included several future major league stars, such as Earl Averill, Joe DiMaggio, Smead Jolley and Paul Waner, as well as Lefty O'Doul as the team's manager. In 1946 the Seals had a new co-owner, Paul Fagan, who eventually bought the team outright from Graham.
Graham died in San Francisco, California, at age 70. A dormitory at Santa Clara University is named in his honor. One of his sons, Robert A. Graham joined the Jesuits and became a leading authority on the Vatican's World War II history.
References
External links
Retrosheet
1878 births
1948 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Boston Americans players
Santa Clara Broncos baseball coaches
Minor league baseball executives
San Jose (minor league baseball) players
San Jose Brewers players
Stockton Wasps players
Pueblo Indians players
San Francisco Wasps players
Sacramento Gilt Edges players
Sacramento Senators players
Tacoma Tigers players
Sacramento Cordovas players
Sacramento Sacts players
Sacramento Solons managers
San Francisco Seals (baseball) managers
Santa Clara University alumni
Sportspeople from Santa Clara, California
Baseball players from Santa Clara County, California
Douglas Robinson (English cricketer)

Douglas Robinson (English cricketer)
Lieutenant Colonel Douglas Charles Robinson was British army officer and a first-class cricketer who captained Gloucestershire. He also played for Essex, Marylebone Cricket Club and for the amateur Gentlemen and England XI teams.
Family and cricket
Robinson was born in 1883 at Lawrence Weston House near Bristol, and educated at Marlborough College. His father was Gloucestershire player Arthur Robinson and his grandfather was Elisha Smith Robinson. Many of his relations were prominent cricketers.
Military career
He attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned as a Second lieutenant in the 3rd (militia) Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment on 19 March 1902. He fought in World War I with the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster), and became a lieutenant-colonel.
He later bred cows at Ham Court Farm near Cheltenham and died there in 1963.
References
Notes
Sources
1880s births
1963 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Essex cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
British Army cricketers
Non-international England cricketers
Army and Navy cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at Marlborough College
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Cricketers from Bristol
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
British Army personnel of World War I
King's Own Royal Regiment officers
Military personnel from Bristol
Wicket-keepers
باليمز

باليمز
الباليمز هي أكبر المدافع المستعملة لدى العثمانيين قدميا.
كان يصلح لضرب القلاع على الغالب. والكلمة أصلها إيطالية، محرفة من كلمة «Pallamezza».
مراجع
كلمات وجمل تركية
عسكرية الدولة العثمانية
Paul B. Steinberg

Paul B. Steinberg
Paul Burton Steinberg (born March 21, 1940) is an American attorney and former politician in the state of Florida.
Early life, education, & military service
Steinberg was born in Brooklyn, New York. He came to Florida in 1957. He graduated from the University of Miami (BBA, 1961) and from Stetson School of Law (JD, 1963). He was an editor of the business school newspaper and served on the debate team. He served in the United States Coast Guard from 1963 to 1971. He served on active duty in 1963 and was in the reserves from 1964 to 1971. He reached the rank of Petty officer third class.
Political career
He is the former chairman of the Miami Beach Beautification Committee. He served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978, as a Democrat, representing the 101st district. He served in the Florida Senate from 1978 to 1982 representing the 36th district.
From 1981 to 1982 he served as chairman of the Florida Motion Picture & T.V. Council.
Legal career
He has practiced law with Steinberg & Associates since the firm's founding in 1969.
Personal life
He and his wife Sandra have three children. He and his son Richard work at the same law firm.
References
1940 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
United States Coast Guard non-commissioned officers
Democratic Party Florida state senators
Politicians from Brooklyn
Politicians from Miami Beach, Florida
University of Miami Business School alumni
21st-century American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Florida lawyers
Stetson University College of Law alumni
مدار إهليلجي

مدار إهليلجي
كان الاعتقاد لدى علماء الفلك إبان مرحلة الفيزياء الكلاسيكية أن الكواكب تدور حول الشمس ضمن مدارات دائرية. ظل هذا الاعتقاد سائدا حتى مطلع القرن السابع عشر الميلادي عندما تبين للعالم الألماني جوهانز كبلر أن هذه المدارات ليست دائرية تماما وإنما يظهر على طرفيها قليل من الانبعاج أو ما يعرف بالتفلطح بحيث تبدو بيضاوية وإهليلجية الشكل.
كما أن العالم أبو إسحق البطروجي هو أول من أشار بأن حركة الكواكب السيارة بأنها إهليلجية.
ومن الجدير بالذكر أن مدارات الكواكب ليست كلها اهليجية؛ فكوكب نبتون وكوكب الزهرة والكوكب القزم بلوتو تتمتع بمدارات دائرية تقريباً، بينما ترسم بقية كواكب المجموعة الشمسية مدارات اهليجية ولكنها قريبة من المدار الدائري، بحيث لا تزيد نسبة التفلطح في مدار كوكب الأرض عن 0.0034 و مدار كوكب المريخ عن 0.0052 بينما تبلغ نسبة التفلطح هذه أعلاها في مدار كوكب زحل حيث تبلغ ما نسبته 0.1076.
مراجع
انظر أيضًا
مدار أرضي
المدار.
المدار الجغرافى الثابت.
المحطة الفضائية الدولية.
مدار أرضي منخفض
مدار أرضي متوسط
مدارات
Omphalodes cappadocica

Omphalodes cappadocica, the Cappadocian navelwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, native to woodland habitats in Turkey. It is an evergreen perennial growing to tall by wide, with slightly hairy, oval pointed leaves and loose terminal racemes of bright blue flowers with white eyes, similar to forget-me-nots, appearing in spring.
This plant is valued in cultivation as groundcover for moist, shady situations, such as woodland plantings. The species and the cultivar 'Cherry Ingram' are recipients of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Etymology
Omphalodes is derived from Greek and means 'navel-like'; this is a reference to the shape of the fruit of navel wort.
Cappadocica means 'from Cappadocia, Asia Minor (Turkey).
References
External links
cappadocica
ماري دي بريين

ماري دي بريين (حوالي. 1225 - 1275) هي إمبراطورة القسطنطينية اللاتينية بعد زواجها من بالدوين الثاني آخر إمبراطور كاثوليكي لـ القسطنطينية، هي الابنة البكر لـ جان دي بريين إمبراطور القسطنطينية اللاتينية بحيث كان الوصي على زوجها خلال صباه، من زوجته الثالثة برينغاريا من ليون، وأيضا هي الشقيقة الصغرى لـ إيزابيلا الثانية ملكة القدس.
أيضا أصبحت الوصية على الإمبراطورية خلال أحد غيابات زوجها المتكررة بين نهاية 1243 حتى 1248 نحو أوروبا الغربية للطلب المساعدة حول الدعم المالي، وأيضا خلال مشاركته في الحملة الصليبية السابعة بجانب ابن خالته لويس التاسع ملك فرنسا.
المراجع
أسرة بريين
أسرة كورتيناي الكابيتيون
إمبراطورات القسطنطينية اللاتينية
بنات ملوك
حاكمات في القرن 13
مواليد عقد 1220
وفيات 1275
مير غضب (كبغيان)

مير غضب (كبغيان)
مير غضب هي قرية تقع في إيران في قسم كبغيان الريفي. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 18 نسمة بحسب إحصاء 2016.
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن إيران
مراجع
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة دنا
أسد الله عبد الله

أسد الله عبد الله مواليد 19 أكتوبر 1990 في المالديف، هو لاعب كرة قدم مالديفي. يلعب كمهاجم.
المسيرة الدولية
على المستوى الدولي شارك لأول مرة مع منتخب المالديف ضد منتخب النيبال في كأس نهرو 2012 منذ بداية المباراة ولكن تم استبداله باللاعب أحمد رشيد في الدقيقة 63 من المباراة. مسجل هذفه الدولي الأول في الدقيقة السادسة.
مراجع
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2010
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2014
لاعبو كرة قدم مالديفيون
لاعبو منتخب المالديف لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فالنسيا (المالديف)
منافسون في الألعاب الآسيوية من جزر المالديف
مواليد 1411 هـ
مواليد 1990
كفر ثلث

كفر ثلث بلدة فلسطينية في محافظة قلقيلية شمالي الضفة الغربية. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 5,606 نسمة حسب التعداد العام للسكان عام 2017. وهي من البلدات المحتلة عام النكسة.
التسمية
الجغرافيا
تقع بلدة كفر ثلث في وسط فلسطين، في الجزء الشمالي الغربي من الضفة الغربية، إلى الجنوب الشرقي من مدينة قلقيلية. يحيط بها من الشرق بلدة دير استيا، ومن الشمال بلدة عزون، ومن الغرب بلدة عزبة الأشقر، أما من الجنوب فيحدها بلدتي بديا وسنيريا.
التاريخ
عُثر على قطع أثرية تعود إلى العصور الهلنستية، والرومانية، البيزنطية في البلدة.
العهد العثماني
تبعت كفر ثلث إلى الإمبراطورية العثمانية في عام 1517 مع كل فلسطين، وكانت تتبع ولاية شرق بيروت في الشام. في عام 1596 ظهر لأول مرة اسم كفر ثلث في سجلات الضرائب العثمانية، حيث دفعوا معدل ثابت للضريبة بنسبة 33,3٪ على المنتجات الزراعية المختلفة، مثل القمح، والشعير، والمحاصيل الصيفية، والزيتون، والماعز، وخلايا النحل. عام 1882، أجرى صندوق استكشاف فلسطين الغربية مسحاً للبلدة ووصفها بأنها «بلدة صغيرة على أرض مرتفعة، بها بئرين».
الانتداب البريطاني
في عام 1917، سقطت كفر ثلث بيد الجيش البريطاني، ودخلت البلدة مع باقي فلسطين مظلة الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين عام 1920 حتى وقوع النكبة.أجرت سلطات الانتداب البريطاني تعدادا عاما للسكان عام 1922، وقد بلغ عدد السكان حوالي 643 نسمة جميعهم مسلمين، ثم تزايد العدد حتى وصل إلى 955 نسمة جميعهم مسلمين في تعداد عام 1931.
الحكم الأردني
في أوائل خمسينيات القرن العشرين أتبعت كفر ثلث للحكم الأردني بين حربي 1948 و1967، وكان عدد سكانها آنذاك حوالي 1,213 نسمة عام 1961.
النكسة
سقطت كفر ثلث في يد الاحتلال بعد حرب النكسة.
السلطة الفلسطينية
بعد تأسيس السلطة الفلسطينية، قسمت أراضي البلدة إلى قسمين: الأول شكل حوالي 10.7% من المساحة الكلية للبلدة، وعرف باسم المنطقة «ب»، بينما القسم الآخر والذي يشكل النسبة المتبقية عرف باسم المنطقة «ج».
السكان
دخلت فلسطين وفود كبيرة عبر العصور من تجار وغيرهم وذلك لموقعها الهام كنقطة وصل بين القارات، ومركز للحضارات والأديان.
يبلغ عدد سكان كفر ثلث حاليا حوالي 5,606 نسمة جميعهم من المسلمين وذلك حسب التعداد العام للسكان 2017 الذي أجراه الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء الفلسطيني.
مؤسسات البلدة
يدير كفر ثلث مجلس بلدي. يوجد في البلدة مركز شرطة، وعيادة صحية حكومية وعدة مدارس حكومية، بالإضافة إلى عدة مساجد، مؤسسات مجتمعية كالنادي النسوي، والنادي الرياضي وجمعية خيرية.
الاقتصاد
الزراعة
تعد الزراعة القطاع الاقتصادي الرئيسي في البلدة، تنتج البلدة محاصيل الزيتون، والتين، واللوز، والعدس، والقمح وبعض الخضراوات. لكن التوسع العمراني للبلدة والتوسع في البنية التحتية وفتح الشوارع قلص المساحات المزروعة من الأراضي الزراعية.
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
صفحة بلدة كفر ثلث في موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة.
صورة جوية للبلدة.
بلدات الضفة الغربية
بلديات فلسطين
قرى الضفة الغربية
قرى وبلدات محافظة قلقيلية
محافظة قلقيلية
بلديات دولة فلسطين
Pirmin Strasser

Pirmin Strasser
Pirmin Franz Strasser (born 16 October 1990) is an Austrian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for St. Pölten.
Club career
Born in Linz, Strasser began his career with SV Grödig in the second division. In July 2010, his contract expired and he was allowed to leave.
Strasser signed with SV Ried after two months without a club. However, he failed to make an appearance for his new team, and in early January 2011 moved to Spain, joining UD Almería and being assigned to the B-side.
In the 2011–12 season, Strasser was promoted to the Andalusians' main squad as third-choice, after the departure of Diego Alves to Valencia CF. He continued to be exclusively used by the B's in the third level during his spell, however, being released in May 2014.
On 9 May 2014, Strasser returned to his former club Grödig, replacing released Kevin Fend. He made his debut as a professional on 14 March of the following year, coming on as a substitute for injured Cican Stankovic in a 0–4 away loss against SK Rapid Wien.
On 7 January 2021, he joined St. Pölten.
International career
Strasser played for Austria's under-19 team in the 2009 UEFA European Championship elite qualification, against Finland. He later appeared in two friendlies with the under-21s, against Hungary and Portugal.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Linz
Austrian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
2. Liga (Austria) players
FC Juniors OÖ players
SV Grödig players
SV Ried players
Segunda División B players
UD Almería B players
New Zealand Football Championship players
Waitakere United players
SKN St. Pölten players
Austria men's youth international footballers
Austria men's under-21 international footballers
Austrian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's association footballers in New Zealand
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Carlos Velázquez (baseball)

Carlos Velázquez (baseball)
Carlos Quiñones Velázquez [″Carlín″] (March 22, 1948 – March 16, 2000) was a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball. Listed at 5' 11", 180 lb., he batted and threw right handed.
Born in Loiza, Puerto Rico, Velázquez joined the Milwaukee Brewers of the American League during the 1973 midseason. He posted a 2–2 record and saved two games in his brief majors stint. He also pitched eight Minor league seasons from 1969 through 1976, going 46–48 with a 2.69 earned run average in 301 appearances.
Velázquez died in his hometown of Loiza at the age of 51.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Sources
1948 births
2000 deaths
People from Loíza, Puerto Rico
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Milwaukee Brewers players
Clinton Pilots players
Danville Warriors players
Evansville Triplets players
Newark Co-Pilots players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Puerto Rico Boricuas players
Sacramento Solons players
Spokane Indians players
Paruzzaro

Paruzzaro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about north of Novara.
Paruzzaro borders the following municipalities: Arona, Gattico-Veruno, Invorio, and Oleggio Castello. The municipal territory is home to the Romanesque church of San Marcello (late 10th-early 11th centuries). There is a fresco cycle by 15th–16th-century local artists in the church.
References
Cities and towns in Piedmont
Solar eclipses on Saturn

Solar eclipses on Saturn occur when the natural satellites of Saturn pass in front of the Sun as seen from Saturn. These eclipses happen fairly often. For example, some of Saturn's moons can have a solar eclipse every day depending on the saturnian season.
For bodies which appear smaller in angular diameter than the Sun, the proper, more general term would be a transit and for those that are larger than the apparent size of the Sun, the proper term would be an occultation.
Seven of Saturn's satellites – Janus, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Rhea, Dione and Titan – are large enough and near enough to eclipse or occult the Sun, or in other words to cast an umbra on Saturn. Most of the more distant satellites, besides being tiny, have orbits that are strongly inclined to the plane of Saturn's orbit, and would rarely be seen to transit.
At this distance, the sun covers only about 3 arcminutes in the sky of Saturn. In comparison, the seven major moons of Saturn have angular diameters of 5–10' (Mimas), 5–9' (Enceladus), 10–15' (Tethys), 10–12' (Dione), 8–11' (Rhea), 14–15' (Titan), and 1–2' (Iapetus). Iapetus is Saturn's third largest moon, but is too far away to completely eclipse the Sun. Janus, a very close moon to Saturn, has an angular diameter of about 7', meaning that it can fully cover the Sun.
Unlike Jupiter, Saturn has a moderate axial tilt of 26.7 degrees. This means that solar eclipses on Saturn are much more rare than solar eclipses on Jupiter.
References
External links
Brufau, Rainer. (2021). Triple shadow phenomena on Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus from 1000 CE to 3000 CE (Version 0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5515898
Solar eclipses by planet
Saturn
إيف (توضيح)

إيف (توضيح)
قد يقصد من «إيف» :
إيف (اسم) : أسم مؤنث معطى
Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre

Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre
The Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre, officially known as the Brandenburg an der Havel State Welfare Institute (Landes-Pflegeanstalt Brandenburg a. H.), was a killing centre established in 1939 as part of the Nazi euthanasia programme, known after the war as "Aktion T4". Nearly 10,000 people were murdered there during its operation, primarily those with mental and physical disabilities.
Overview
The killing centre was located in Brandenburg an der Havel in the old gaol in Neuendorfer Straße 90c. Brandenburg Concentration Camp was housed in these buildings from August 1933 to February 1934.
A concentration camp, one of the first in Germany, was located on Neuendorfer Straße in Brandenburg Old Town. After closing this inner city concentration camp, the Nazis used the Brandenburg-Görden Prison, located in Görden, a suburb of Brandenburg. Later the old gaol became the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre where the Nazis killed people with mental problems, including children. They called this operation "Action T4" because of the Berlin address, Tiergartenstraße 4, the headquarters of this planned and well-organized killing "euthanasia" organisation. Brandenburg an der Havel was one of the first locations in the Third Reich where the Nazis experimented with killing their victims by gas. This foreshadowed the mass killings in Auschwitz and other extermination camps. After complaints by local inhabitants about the smoke, the mobile furnaces used to burn the corpses ceased operation. Shortly after this, the Nazis closed the old prison.
At the Centre Christian Wirth experimented in developing gas chambers for gassing the physically and mentally disabled. The killing of people with carbon monoxide started in January 1940 at the Centre headed by Irmfried Eberl. The gas chambers were disguised as showers. The victims were take to the Centre under the false statement, that they were being transferred to a mental hospital.
Victim numbers
According to a table compiled in 1942 and discovered in 1945, the so-called Hartheim Statistics, a total of 9,772 people were murdered in a gas chamber at the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre in 1940.
These statistics only cover the first killing phase, under Action T4, that was halted by an order from Hitler dated 24 August 1941.
See also
Hartheim killing centre
Am Spiegelgrund clinic
References and footnotes
Sources
(Probevergasung, Hungerkost)
External links
www.doew.at
Table from the Hartheim Statistics (PDF)
Aktion T4 euthanasia centres
20th century in Brandenburg
Brandenburg an der Havel