Perlin noise

Perlin noise is a type of gradient noise developed by Ken Perlin in 1983. It has many uses, including but not limited to: procedurally generating terrain, applying pseudo-random changes to a variable, and assisting in the creation of image textures. It is most commonly implemented in two, three, or four dimensions, but can be defined for any number of dimensions.
History
Ken Perlin developed Perlin noise in 1983 as a result of his frustration with the "machine-like" look of computer-generated imagery (CGI) at the time. He formally described his findings in a SIGGRAPH paper in 1985 called "An Image Synthesizer". He developed it after working on Disney's computer animated sci-fi motion picture Tron (1982) for the animation company Mathematical Applications Group (MAGI). In 1997, Perlin was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for creating the algorithm, the citation for which read:
Perlin did not apply for any patents on the algorithm, but in 2001 he was granted a patent for the use of 3D+ implementations of simplex noise for texture synthesis. Simplex noise has the same purpose, but uses a simpler space-filling grid. Simplex noise alleviates some of the problems with Perlin's "classic noise", among them computational complexity and visually-significant directional artifacts.
Uses
Perlin noise is a procedural texture primitive, a type of gradient noise used by visual effects artists to increase the appearance of realism in computer graphics. The function has a pseudo-random appearance, yet all of its visual details are the same size. This property allows it to be readily controllable; multiple scaled copies of Perlin noise can be inserted into mathematical expressions to create a great variety of procedural textures. Synthetic textures using Perlin noise are often used in CGI to make computer-generated visual elementssuch as object surfaces, fire, smoke, or cloudsappear more natural, by imitating the controlled random appearance of textures in nature.
It is also frequently used to generate textures when memory is extremely limited, such as in demos. Its successors, such as fractal noise and simplex noise, have become nearly ubiquitous in graphics processing units both for real-time graphics and for non-real-time procedural textures in all kinds of computer graphics.
It is frequently used in video games to make procedurally generated terrain that looks natural.
Algorithm detail
Perlin noise is most commonly implemented as a two-, three- or four-dimensional function, but can be defined for any number of dimensions. An implementation typically involves three steps: defining a grid of random gradient vectors, computing the dot product between the gradient vectors and their offsets, and interpolation between these values.
Grid definition
Define an -dimensional grid where each grid intersection has associated with it a fixed random -dimensional unit-length gradient vector, except in the one dimensional case where the gradients are random scalars between −1 and 1.
Dot product
For working out the value of any candidate point, first find the unique grid cell in which the point lies. Then, identify the corners of that cell and their associated gradient vectors. Next, for each corner, calculate an offset vector. An offset vector is a displacement vector from that corner to the candidate point.
For each corner, we take the dot product between its gradient vector and the offset vector to the candidate point. This dot product will be zero if the candidate point is exactly at the grid corner.
Note that a gradient vector's influence grows with distance, which can be avoided by normalizing the offset vector to a length of 1 first. This would introduce noticeable sharp changes, except the distance is taken into account in the following interpolation step. Normalizing the offset vector is however not a common practice.
For a point in a two-dimensional grid, this will require the computation of four offset vectors and dot products, while in three dimensions it will require eight offset vectors and eight dot products. In general, the algorithm has complexity in dimensions.
Interpolation
The final step is interpolation between the dot products. Interpolation is performed using a function that has zero first derivative (and possibly also second derivative) at the grid nodes. Therefore, at points close to the grid nodes, the output will approximate the dot product of the gradient vector of the node and the offset vector to the node. This means that the noise function will pass through 0 at every node, giving Perlin noise its characteristic look.
If , an example of a function that interpolates between value at grid node 0 and value at grid node 1 is
where the smoothstep function was used.
Noise functions for use in computer graphics typically produce values in the range and can be scaled accordingly.
Implementation
The following is a two-dimensional implementation of classical Perlin noise, written in C.
The original reference implementation by Perlin had major differences:
it is using a three-dimensional approach by interpolating between 8 corners of a cube instead of the 4 corners of a square below.
the random gradient direction shuffles bits of the integer coordinates of corners, which is much faster than shuffling using the interference at high frequency of rotations of the integer coordinates of corners, merged and rotated again at high frequency by a product: the rotations are not uniformly distributed.
Perlin's method split the integer space into cubes and then uses a random permutation of these cubes to shuffle them, and then each cube position corners is assigned one of twelve directions to the neighboring non-permuted cubes in a paving space: this requires only integer operations but maintains a uniform distribution of directions.
the interpolation function is the smoother 4-degree smootherstep (with the first three derivatives equal to zero on the clamping boundaries) and not the basic linear step. This avoids visible artefacts, notably along vertices or diagonals joining the sampling corners, where the result would visibly be anisotropic (tainting the desired white noise into pink noise; if the noise was used to generate a solid crystal, it would not be entirely black and opaque to the light, but partly transparent and colored in some discrete directions of observation).
#include <math.h>
/* Function to linearly interpolate between a0 and a1
* Weight w should be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
*/
float interpolate(float a0, float a1, float w) {
/* // You may want clamping by inserting:
* if (0.0 > w) return a0;
* if (1.0 < w) return a1;
*/
return (a1 - a0) * w + a0;
/* // Use this cubic interpolation [[Smoothstep]] instead, for a smooth appearance:
* return (a1 - a0) * (3.0 - w * 2.0) * w * w + a0;
*
* // Use [[Smootherstep]] for an even smoother result with a second derivative equal to zero on boundaries:
* return (a1 - a0) * ((w * (w * 6.0 - 15.0) + 10.0) * w * w * w) + a0;
*/
}
typedef struct {
float x, y;
} vector2;
/* Create pseudorandom direction vector
*/
vector2 randomGradient(int ix, int iy) {
// No precomputed gradients mean this works for any number of grid coordinates
const unsigned w = 8 * sizeof(unsigned);
const unsigned s = w / 2; // rotation width
unsigned a = ix, b = iy;
a *= 3284157443; b ^= a << s | a >> w-s;
b *= 1911520717; a ^= b << s | b >> w-s;
a *= 2048419325;
float random = a * (3.14159265 / ~(~0u >> 1)); // in [0, 2*Pi]
vector2 v;
v.x = cos(random); v.y = sin(random);
return v;
}
// Computes the dot product of the distance and gradient vectors.
float dotGridGradient(int ix, int iy, float x, float y) {
// Get gradient from integer coordinates
vector2 gradient = randomGradient(ix, iy);
// Compute the distance vector
float dx = x - (float)ix;
float dy = y - (float)iy;
// Compute the dot-product
return (dx*gradient.x + dy*gradient.y);
}
// Compute Perlin noise at coordinates x, y
float perlin(float x, float y) {
// Determine grid cell coordinates
int x0 = (int)floor(x);
int x1 = x0 + 1;
int y0 = (int)floor(y);
int y1 = y0 + 1;
// Determine interpolation weights
// Could also use higher order polynomial/s-curve here
float sx = x - (float)x0;
float sy = y - (float)y0;
// Interpolate between grid point gradients
float n0, n1, ix0, ix1, value;
n0 = dotGridGradient(x0, y0, x, y);
n1 = dotGridGradient(x1, y0, x, y);
ix0 = interpolate(n0, n1, sx);
n0 = dotGridGradient(x0, y1, x, y);
n1 = dotGridGradient(x1, y1, x, y);
ix1 = interpolate(n0, n1, sx);
value = interpolate(ix0, ix1, sy);
return value; // Will return in range -1 to 1. To make it in range 0 to 1, multiply by 0.5 and add 0.5
}
Permutation
Many implementations of Perlin noise use the same permutation set that Ken Perlin used in his original implementation. That implementation is as follows:
int permutation[] = { 151, 160, 137, 91, 90, 15, 131, 13, 201, 95, 96, 53, 194, 233, 7, 225,
140, 36, 103, 30, 69, 142, 8, 99, 37, 240, 21, 10, 23, 190, 6, 148,
247, 120, 234, 75, 0, 26, 197, 62, 94, 252, 219, 203, 117, 35, 11, 32,
57, 177, 33, 88, 237, 149, 56, 87, 174, 20, 125, 136, 171, 168, 68, 175,
74, 165, 71, 134, 139, 48, 27, 166, 77, 146, 158, 231, 83, 111, 229, 122,
60, 211, 133, 230, 220, 105, 92, 41, 55, 46, 245, 40, 244, 102, 143, 54,
65, 25, 63, 161, 1, 216, 80, 73, 209, 76, 132, 187, 208, 89, 18, 169,
200, 196, 135, 130, 116, 188, 159, 86, 164, 100, 109, 198, 173, 186, 3, 64,
52, 217, 226, 250, 124, 123, 5, 202, 38, 147, 118, 126, 255, 82, 85, 212,
207, 206, 59, 227, 47, 16, 58, 17, 182, 189, 28, 42, 223, 183, 170, 213,
119, 248, 152, 2, 44, 154, 163, 70, 221, 153, 101, 155, 167, 43, 172, 9,
129, 22, 39, 253, 19, 98, 108, 110, 79, 113, 224, 232, 178, 185, 112, 104,
218, 246, 97, 228, 251, 34, 242, 193, 238, 210, 144, 12, 191, 179, 162, 241,
81, 51, 145, 235, 249, 14, 239, 107, 49, 192, 214, 31, 181, 199, 106, 157,
184, 84, 204, 176, 115, 121, 50, 45, 127, 4, 150, 254, 138, 236, 205, 93,
222, 114, 67, 29, 24, 72, 243, 141, 128, 195, 78, 66, 215, 61, 156, 180 };
This specific permutation is not absolutely required, though it does require a randomized array of the integers 0 to 255. If creating a new permutation table, care should be taken to ensure uniform distribution of the values.
Complexity
For each evaluation of the noise function, the dot product of the position and gradient vectors must be evaluated at each node of the containing grid cell. Perlin noise therefore scales with complexity for dimensions. Alternatives to Perlin noise producing similar results with improved complexity scaling include simplex noise and OpenSimplex noise.
See also
Value noise
Simulation noise
Simplex noise
References
External links
Matt Zucker's Perlin noise math FAQ
Rob Farber's tutorial demonstrating Perlin noise generation and visualization on CUDA-enabled graphics processors
Jason Bevins's extensive C++ library for generating complex, coherent noise values
PHP Implementation (GitHub)
Perlin Noise Explained in Depth (with C++ source code)
The Book of Shaders by Patricio Gonzalez Vivo & Jen Lowe
Perlin noise online generator
Python package to create Perlin noise
Random terrain generation and perlin noise with SDL
Noise (graphics)
Special effects
Fractals
Computer graphics
Articles with example C code