Night-watchman state

Night-watchman state
A night-watchman state, or minarchy, whose proponents are known as minarchists, is a model of a state that is limited and minimal, whose functions depend on libertarian theory. Right-libertarians support it only as an enforcer of the non-aggression principle by providing citizens with the military, the police, and courts, thereby protecting them from aggression, theft, breach of contract, fraud, and enforcing property laws.
In the United States, this form of government is mainly associated with libertarian and Objectivist political philosophy. In other countries, minarchism is also advocated by some non-anarchist libertarian socialists and other left-libertarians. A night-watchman state has also been popularized by Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974). The United Kingdom in the 19th century has been described by historian Charles Townshend as a standard-bearer for this form of government.
Origin
As a term, night-watchman state was coined by German socialist Ferdinand Lassalle in an 1862 speech in Berlin wherein he criticized the bourgeois-liberal limited government state, comparing it to a night-watchman whose sole duty was preventing theft, playing on the double meaning of the German term Nachtwächter to mean someone who was incompetent or stupid. The phrase quickly caught on as a description of capitalist government, even as liberalism began to mean a more involved state, or a state with a larger sphere of responsibility. Ludwig von Mises later opined that Lassalle tried to make limited government look ridiculous though it was no more ridiculous than governments that concerned themselves with "the preparation of sauerkraut, with the manufacture of trouser buttons, or with the publication of newspapers".
Proponents of the night-watchman state are minarchists, a portmanteau of minimum and -archy. Arche is a Greek word which came to mean "first place, power", "method of government", "empire, realm", "authorities" (in plural: ), or "command". The term minarchist was coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III in 1980.
Philosophy
Right-libertarian minarchists generally justify the state as legitimate within the non-aggression principle, even though some argue that a monopoly on the use of force is necessary to enforce a private 'property and contract violation ban', while parliamentary democratic minarchy's tend to evolve towards economic totalitarianism over the long run. Anarcho-capitalism has many legal attack vectors. For example the monopoly on force mandate of large states denies natural persons the right to resist in case of state legal offenses, since the state is the ultimate arbitrator on it's territory. Another example is that states prevent new city states from getting sovereign recognition outside already recognized states allowing for intervention. Another common objection to anarcho-capitalism is that private defense and court firms would tend to represent the interests of those who pay them enough.
Left-libertarian minarchists justify the state as a temporary measure on the grounds that social safety net benefits the working class. Some anarchists, such as Noam Chomsky, are in agreement with social democrats on the welfare state and welfare measures, but prefer using non-state authority. Left-libertarians such as Peter Hain are decentralists who do not advocate abolishing the state, but do wish to limit and devolve state power, stipulating that any measures favoring the wealthy be prioritized for repeal before those which benefit the poor.
Some minarchists argue that a state is inevitable because anarchy is futile. Robert Nozick, who publicized the idea of a minimal state in Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), argued that a night-watchman state provides a framework that allows for any political system that respects fundamental individual rights and therefore morally justifies the existence of a state.
See also
Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
Big government
Liberalism
Classical liberalism
Constitutional liberalism
Debates within libertarianism
Objectivist movement
Objectivism and libertarianism
Property is theft!
Small government
Taxation as theft
Voluntaryism
References
Notes
Bibliography
Machan, Tibor R. (December 2002). "Anarchism and Minarchism. A Rapprochement". Journal des Economists et des Estudes Humaines. 14 (4): 569–588.
Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York City: Basic Books.
Ostrowski, Marius S. (2014). "Towards libertarian welfarism: protecting agency in the night-watchman state". Journal of Political Ideologies. 13 (1): 107–128.
Wolff, Jonathan (1991). Robert Nozick: Property, Justice, and the Minimal State. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
External links
"Market Anarchism as Constitutionalism" by Roderick T. Long
"Chaos Theory: Two Essays on Market Anarchy" by Robert P. Murphy
Robert Nozick and the Immaculate Conception of the State by Murray Rothbard
Criticism of capitalism
Ferdinand Lassalle
Libertarian terms
Libertarian theory
Minarchism
Libertarianism in the United States
Minarchism
Political terminology
Political systems