Turbo (gastropod)

Turbo (gastropod)
Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
Turbo is the type genus of the family.
Description
The shells of species in this genus are more or less highly conspiral, thick, about 20–200 mm, first whorls bicarinate, last whorl large often with strong spiral sculpture, knobs or spines, base convex, with or without umbilicus. Species in this genus have a round aperture and a solid, dome-shaped calcareous operculum. This circular operculum commences as a multispiral disc, like that of a Trochus, upon the outer side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the foot which projects partly over it. This arrangement produces an operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, but which is only feebly, or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general distribution of the calcareous matter.
The radula is broad and generally rather short. The median, lateral and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably ∞.5.1.5.∞. The central teeth contain no cusps. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the tooth,—a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at the sides. Frequently the central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals bear supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with or without cusps. The inner marginals are very large, with large cusps.
The first Turbo species were found in the Upper Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago.
Taxonomy
According to Alf et al. the genus Turbo is divided in 16 Recent subgenera. The number of presently known living species in Turbo is 66, plus five subspecies.
Species
Species in the genus Turbo include:
Turbo acutangulus Linnaeus, 1758 (taxon inquirendum)
Turbo albofasciatus Bozzetti, 1994
Turbo angelvaldesi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996
Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 - Silver-mouth Turban
Turbo artensis Montrouzier, 1860
Turbo bozzettiana Bozzetti, 2011
Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) - Brown Dwarf Turban
Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856 - Filose turban
Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781 - channeled turban
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 - Chestnut turban
† Turbo chevalieri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo cidaris Gmelin, 1791 - Crown turban
Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786 - horned turban
Turbo crassus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo debesi Kreipl & Alf, 2000
† Turbo embergeri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo euthymi Jousseaume, 1881
Turbo excellens G. W. Sowerby III, 1914
Turbo exquisitus Angas, 1877 - Equisite turban
† Turbo fakaauensis Tröndlé & Letourneux, 2012
† Turbo faurei Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
† Turbo fittoni Basterot, 1825
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828 - Wavy turban
Turbo funiculosus Kiener, 1848
Turbo gemmatus Reeve, 1848
† Turbo grangensis Pritchard, 1909
† Turbo granulosus (Grateloup, 1827)
Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846 - Gruner's turban
Turbo haraldi Robertson, 1957
Turbo haynesi (Preston, 1914) - Hayne's turban
Turbo heisei Prado, 1999
Turbo heterocheilus Pilsbry, 1888
Turbo histrio Reeve, 1848
† Turbo histrioides Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020
Turbo hosodai Tomida & Kadota, 2014
Turbo imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846 - Ribbed turban
† Turbo ishidai Tomida, Sano & Kase, 2021
† Turbo izuensis Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020
Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848
Turbo jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeck & Dance, 1992
Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839 - Jourdan's turban
Turbo kenwilliamsi Williams, 2008 - Beautiful turban
Turbo laetus Philippi, 1849
Turbo lajonkairii (Deshayes, 1839)
Turbo laminiferus Reeve, 1848 - crinkly turban
† Turbo lesperonensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo lorenzi Alf & Kreipl, 2015
† Turbo maderensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo magnificus Jonas, 1844 - Magifecent turban
Turbo marisrubri Kreipl & Alf, 2001
Turbo markusrufi Kreipl & Alf, 2003
Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758 - Green turban
† Turbo matsuzakiensis Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Turbo mazatlanicus Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932
† Turbo mekamiensis Nishiwada, 1894
Turbo militaris Reeve, 1848 - Military turban
† Turbo minoensis Itoigawa, 1960
Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo moolenbeeki Dekkers & Dekker, 2016
† Turbo moorei Hayward, 1981
† Turbo multicarinatus Grateloup, 1832
† Turbo neuvillei Cossmann & Peyrot, 1917
† Turbo oryctus (Suter, 1917)
† Turbo ozawai Otsuka, 1938 †
†Turbo parvuloides Nomura, 1940
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo reevii Philippi, 1847 - Reeve's turban
Turbo sandwicensis (Pease, 1861) - Hawaiian top shell
† Turbo sanoi Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 - South African turban, giant periwinkle, alikreukel
Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828 - Stony turban
Turbo sazae Fukuda, 2017
Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919) - Galapagos turban
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 - Rough turban
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886 - Miniature turban
Turbo sparverius Gmelin, 1791 - Corded Turban
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo stenogyrus P. Fischer, 1873 - Miniature turban
† Turbo subsetosus d'Orbigny, 1852
† Turbo tenisoni Finlay, 1927
Turbo ticaonicus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798)
Turbo tuberculosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Turbo tursicus (Reeve, 1843)
Turbo walteri Kreipl & Dekker, 2009
† Turbo yoshiharuyabei Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Synonyms
The following species were brought into synonymy:
Turbo aculeatus Allan, 1818: synonym of Epitonium muricatum (Risso, 1826)
Turbo acutus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Turbonilla acuta (Donovan, 1804)
Turbo aegyptius Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Rubritrochus declivis (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775)
Turbo aereus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo aethiops Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Diloma aethiops (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo agonistes Dall & Ochsner, 1928: synonym of Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919)
Turbo albidus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo albocinctus Link, 1807: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo albulus Fabricius O., 1780: synonym of Menestho albula (Fabricius, 1780)
Turbo albus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo amabilis Ozaki, 1954: synonym of Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863)
Turbo amussitatus Gould, 1861: synonym of Homalopoma amussitatum (Gould, 1861)
Turbo anguis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
Turbo angulatus Eichwald, 1829: synonym of Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo anomala Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791
Turbo archimedis Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo argentata Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo argenteus Anton, 1839: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo armatus Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo arsinoensis Issel, 1869: synonym of Collonista arsinoensis (Issel, 1869)
Turbo aruginosa Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo ascaris Turton, 1819: synonym of Aclis ascaris (Turton, 1819)
Turbo assimilis Kiener, 1847: synonym of Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo asteriola Dall, 1925: synonym of Bolma bartschi Dall, 1913
Turbo aurantius Kiener, 1847: synonym of Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo auriscalpium Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Rissoa auriscalpium (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ayersi Olsson, 1967: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo bicarinatus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo bicarinatus G. B. Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of Trichotropis bicarinata (Sowerby I, 1825)
Turbo boswellae Barnard, 1969: synonym of Cantrainea boswellae (Barnard, 1969)
Turbo breviculus Philippi, 1847: synonym of Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo briareus Dall, 1881: synonym of Arene briareus (Dall, 1881)
Turbo brunneus Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798)
Turbo bryereus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Schwartziella bryerea (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo caerulescens Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo calathiscus Montagu, 1808: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo calcar Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo canaliculatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo canalis Montagu, 1803: synonym of Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo cancellatus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo carduus P. Fischer, 1873: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus f. carduus P. Fischer, 1873 accepted as Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 (original rank)
Turbo carinatus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo carinatus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo carinatus Cantraine, 1835: synonym of Cantrainea peloritana (Cantraine, 1835)
Turbo cernicus G. B. Sowerby III, 1896: synonym of Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848
Turbo carneus Lowe, 1825: synonym of Margarites groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo chemnitzianus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo chinensis Ozawa & Tomida, 1995: synonym of Turbo cornutus [Lightfoot], 1786
Turbo cimex Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo cinereus Born, 1778: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo cinereus Couthouy, 1838: synonym of Margarites costalis (Gould, 1841)
Turbo cingillus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo cingulata Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo circularis Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846
Turbo classicarius J.E. Gray, 1850: synonym of Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo clathratulus J. Adams, 1798: synonym of Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo clathratulus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Epitonium clathratulum (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo clathrus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Epitonium clathrus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo coccineus Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816: synonym of Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo cochlus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo confragosus Gould, 1851: synonym of Astralium confragosum (Gould, 1851)
Turbo conoideus Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Megastomia conoidea (Brocchi, 1814)
Turbo coreensis Recluz, 1853: synonym of Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo coronatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo costatus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo crassior Montagu, 1803: synonym of Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo crassus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo cremensis Andrzeiewsky, 1832: synonym of Gibbula adriatica (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo crenatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Opalia crenata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo creniferus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo crenulatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo davidis Röding, 1798 : synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo declivis Forskål, 1775: synonym of Rubritrochus declivis (Forskål, 1775)
Turbo decussatus Montagu, 1803 : synonym of Parthenina decussata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo delphinus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Angaria delphinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo depressum Carpenter, 1856: synonym of Turbo funiculosus Kiener, 1848
Turbo diminutus Link, 1807 : synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo dinegrata Rôding, 1798: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo discors Allan, 1818 : synonym of Alvania discors (Allan, 1818)
Turbo discrepans Allan, 1818 : synonym of Alvania discors (Allan, 1818)
Turbo distortus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Angaria delphinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo divisus Adams J., 1797 : synonym of Ondina divisa (J. Adams, 1797)
Turbo duplicatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo echinatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo elegantissimus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Turbonilla lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo elevatus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster elevatus (Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852)
Turbo elongatus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo euthymi Jousseaume, 1881: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo exoletus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo expansus Brown in J. Smith, 1839: synonym of Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
Turbo fabalis Turton, 1825: synonym of Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
Turbo fasciata Renieri MS, Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo fasciatus Renieri, 1804: synonym of Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo ferrugineus Anton, 1839: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo filifer Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Leptothyra filifer (Deshayes, 1863)
Turbo filosus W. Wood, 1828: synonym of Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856
Turbo flammeus Salis Marschlins, 1793: synonym of Tricolia pullus pullus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo fluctuatus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo fokkesi Jonas, 1843: synonym of Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo foliaceus Rousseau, 1854: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo folicaeus Philippi, 1847: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo fortispiralis Kreipl & Alf, 2003: synonym of Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo grandineus Valenciennes, 1846 : synonym of Calliostoma punctulatum (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo granoliratus G.B. Sowerby III, 1908: synonym of Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784): synonym of Modelia granosa (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo granulata (Röding, 1798): synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella granulata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo granulosus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo granulatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo graphicus Brown, 1818 : synonym of Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo groenlandicus Röding, 1798 : synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo helicinus Phipps, 1774: synonym of Margarites helicinus (Phipps, 1774)
Turbo helicoides Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo hemprichii Troschel, 1849: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo henicus Watson, 1885: synonym of Bolma henica (Watson, 1885)
Turbo heteroclitus Kiener, 1847: synonym of Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo hippocastanum Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo humerosa Smith, 1901: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo imbricatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella imbricata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo incarnatus Couthouy, 1838: synonym of Margarites groenlandicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo indistinctus Montagu, 1808: synonym of Parthenina indistincta (Montagu, 1808)
Turbo indutus Watson, 1879: synonym of Homalopoma indutum (Watson, 1879)
Turbo insculptus Montagu, 1808: synonym of Ondina divisa (J. Adams, 1797)
Turbo interruptus Adams J., 1800: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo interstinctus J. Adams, 1797: synonym of Chrysallida interstincta (J. Adams, 1797)
Turbo irroratus Say, 1822: synonym of Littoraria irrorata (Say, 1822)
Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786
Turbo jugosus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo jungi Lai, 2006: synonym of Lunella jungi (Lai, 2006)
Turbo labiatus Brown, 1827: synonym of Littorina arcana Hannaford-Ellis, 1978
Turbo lacteus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turbonilla lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo lacteus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo laetus Montrouzier in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1863: synonym of Collonia granulosa Pease, 1868
Turbo laevis Pennant, 1777: synonym of Melanella alba (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo lamellosus Philippi, 1846: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo lamellosus Broderip, 1831: synonym of Lunella torquata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo lapidifera Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo lehmanni Menke, 1843: synonym of Notogibbula lehmanni (Menke, 1843)
Turbo litoreus [sic]: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo littoreus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo lucullanus Scacchi, 1833: synonym of Fossarus ambiguus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ludus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
Turbo lugubris Reeve, 1848: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo lugubris Kiener, 1847: synonym of Lunella ogasawarana Nakano, Takashashi & Ozawa, 2007
Turbo macandrewii Mörch, 1868: synonym of Anadema macandrewii (Mörch, 1868)
Turbo mammillatus Donovan, E., 1804: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo maoa Curtiss, 1938: synonym of Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo martinii W. Wood, 1828: synonym of Amaea martinii (W. Wood, 1828)
Turbo membranaceus Adams J., 1800: synonym of Rissoa membranacea (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo menkei Thiele, 1930: synonym of Turbo haynesi (Preston, 1914)
Turbo mespilus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Turbo minimus W. Wood, 1828: synonym of Echinolittorina mespillum (Mühlfeld, 1824)
Turbo minutus Michaud, 1828: synonym of Clathrella clathrata (Philippi, 1844)
Turbo mitzschii Anton, 1838: synonym of Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo modestus Philippi, 1847: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo moltkianus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo moniliformis (Röding, 1798): synonym of Lunella moniliformis Röding, 1798
Turbo monilis Turton, 1819: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo muricatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Cenchritis muricatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo muricatus Nowell-Usticke, 1959: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo murreus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Isanda murrea (Reeve, 1848)
Turbo naninus Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1864: synonym of Leptothyra nanina (Souverbie in Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1864)
Turbo natalensis Krauss, 1848: synonym of Turbo cidaris natalensis (Krauss, 1848)
Turbo nautileus Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo nebulosus Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775: synonym of Monodonta nebulosa (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775)
Turbo necnivosus Iredale, 1929: synonym of Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo neritiformis Brown, 1827: synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo neritoides Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo nicobaricus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Chrysostoma paradoxum (Born, 1778)
Turbo niger W. Wood, 1828: synonym of Prisogaster niger (W. Wood, 1828)
Turbo nigerrimus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Diloma nigerrima (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo nitidissimus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Ebala nitidissima (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo nitzschii Anton, 1839: synonym of Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo nivosa Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo tuberculosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Turbo nivosus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Chrysallida nivosa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo obligatus Say, 1822: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo obscura Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo obscurus Couthouy, 1838: synonym of Solariella obscura (Couthouy, 1838)
Turbo obsoletus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo obtusatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo olearius Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo olivaceus Brown, 1827: synonym of Margarites olivaceus (Brown, 1827)
Turbo ovalis da Costa, 1778: synonym of Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo palliatus Say, 1822: synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo pallidus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo pallidus Perry, G., 1811: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo papyraceus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Pseudostomatella papyracea (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo parvulus Philippi, 1849: synonym of Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886
Turbo parvus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo peloritanus Cantraine, 1835: synonym of Cantrainea peloritana (Cantraine, 1835)
Turbo perdix Wood, 1828: synonym of Phasianella ventricosa Swainson, 1822
Turbo permundus Iredale, 1929: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo pethiolatus Swainson, 1840: synonym of Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo phasianellus Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Calliotrochus marmoreus (Pease, 1861)
Turbo picta Röding, 1798: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo pictus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Tricolia pullus picta (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo pileolum Reeve, 1842: synonym of Astralium pileolum (Reeve, 1842)
Turbo planorbis Fabricius O., 1780: synonym of Skeneopsis planorbis (O. Fabricius, 1780)
Turbo plicatus Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo plicatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Odostomia plicata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo politus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Melanella polita (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ponsonbyi Sowerby III, 1897: synonym of Bothropoma ponsonbyi (Sowerby, 1897)
Turbo porcatus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo porphyrites Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo porphyrites [sic, porphyria]: synonym of Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo princeps Philippi, 1846: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo psittacinus Philippi, 1846: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo pulcher (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Turbo haraldi Robertson, 1957
Turbo pulcher Reeve, 1842: synonym of Turbo kenwilliamsi Williams, 2008
Turbo pulcherrimus Noodt, 1819: synonym of Calliostoma (Maurea) punctulatum (Martyn, 1784) represented as Calliostoma punctulatum (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo pullus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Tricolia pullus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo pumiceus Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Cirsotrema cochlea (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844)
Turbo punctatus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo punctatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo punctura Montagu, 1803: synonym of Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo purpureus Risso, 1826: synonym of Clanculus cruciatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo pustulata Reeve, 1843: synonym of Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo pustulatus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo puteolus Turton, 1819: synonym of Lacuna parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo pyropus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Yaronia pyropus (Reeve, 1848)
Turbo quadricarinatus Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Mathilda quadricarinata (Brocchi, 1814)
Turbo quadrifasciatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo radiatus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846
Turbo radina Webster, 1905: synonym of Turbo smaragdus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo replicatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo reticulatus J. Adams, 1797: synonym of Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)
Turbo reticulatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)
Turbo reticulatus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo retusus Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo rissoanus Delle Chiaje, 1828: synonym of Rissoa variabilis (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824)
Turbo ruber J. Adams, 1797: synonym of Barleeia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo rubicundus Chemnitz: synonym of Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo rudis Maton, 1797: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo rudissimus Johnston, 1842: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo rugosus Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo rugosus Brown, 1818: synonym of Tornus subcarinatus (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo sangarensis Schrenck, 1861: synonym of Homalopoma sangarense (Schrenck, 1861)
Turbo sanguineus de Folin, 1868: synonym of Collonista purpurata (Deshayes, 1863)
Turbo sanguineus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo saxatilis Olivi, 1792: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo scabrosus Preston, 1914: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo scalaris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Epitonium scalare (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo semicostatus Pease, 1861: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo semicostatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo semilugubris Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Vaceuchelus semilugubris (Deshayes, 1863)
Turbo semistriatus Montagu, 1808: synonym of Crisilla semistriata (Montagu, 1808)
Turbo separatista Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Separatista helicoides (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo seruiensis Smits & Moolenbeek, 1995: synonym of Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo shandi Hutton, 1873: synonym of Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784)
Turbo shepeianus J. Adams, 1798: synonym of Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo shepeianus Kanmacher, 1798: synonym of Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo siamea Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786
Turbo siculus Brugnone, 1850: synonym of Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo smaragdus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella smaragdus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo somnueki Patamakanthin, 2001: synonym of Turbo tursicus (Reeve, 1843)
Turbo speciosus Mühlfeld, 1824: synonym of Tricolia speciosa (Mühlfeld, 1824)
Turbo speciosus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo argyrostomus perspeciosus (Iredale, 1929)
Turbo spenglerianus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781
Turbo spinosus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo spiralis Montagu, 1803: synonym of Chrysallida pellucida (Dillwyn, 1817)
Turbo splendidulus G.B. Sowerby III, 1886: synonym of Turbo laetus Philippi, 1849
Turbo squamosa Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798)
Turbo squamosus J.E. Gray, 1847: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo stamineus Martyn, 1784: synonym of Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo stellaris Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Astralium stellare (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo striatulus da Costa, 1778: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo striatulus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo striatulus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turbonilla striatula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo striatus J. Adams, 1797: synonym of Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo subcastaneus Pilsbry, 1888: synonym of Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo subluteus Adams J., 1797: synonym of Rissoa parva (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo subtruncatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo subulatus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)
Turbo subumbilicatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Peringia ulvae (Pennant, 1777)
Turbo sulcatus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo sulcatus Leach, 1852: synonym of Littorina compressa Jeffreys, 1865
Turbo taeniatus G.B. Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of Photinastoma taeniatum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825)
Turbo tautiranus Curtiss, 1938: synonym of Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo taylorianus E.A. Smith, 1880: synonym of Bolma tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880)
Turbo tenebrosus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo terebellum Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Niso terebellum (Dillwyn, 1817)
Turbo terebra Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella terebra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo tessellatus Kiener, 1848: synonym of Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo torcularis Born, 1778: synonym of Turritella exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo torquatus Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella torquata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo tricarinulatus Euthyme, 1885: synonym of Turbo cidaris cidaris Gmelin, 1791
Turbo tricolor Risso, 1826: synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo tricostatus Hutton, 1884: synonym of Lunella smaragdus (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo trifasciatus J. Adams, 1800: synonym of Cingula cingillus (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo trochiformis Born, 1778: synonym of Trochita trochiformis (Born, 1778)
Turbo trochoides Reeve, 1848: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo truncatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
Turbo tuberculata Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo tuberculatus W. Wood, 1828: synonym of Tectarius antonii (Philippi, 1846)
Turbo tuberculatus Kiener, 1847: synonym of Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo tumidulus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo turbinopsis Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo turriformis Preston, 1914: synonym of Turbo lamniferus Reeve, 1848
Turbo turtonis Turton, 1819: synonym of Epitonium turtonis (Turton, 1819)
Turbo ulvae Pennant, 1777: synonym of Peringia ulvae (Pennant, 1777)
Turbo undulata Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo undulatus Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Lunella undulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
Turbo ungulinus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella ungulina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo unicus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798)
Turbo unidentatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Odostomia unidentata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo unifasciatus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Barleeia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo ustulatus Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo variegatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Turritella variegata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo venezuelensis Weisbord, 1962: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo ventricosus Woodward, 1833: synonym of Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Turbo ventrosus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Ecrobia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo venustus Philippi, 1845: synonym of Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo verconis Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839
Turbo vericulum Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo vermicularis Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Turritella vermicularis (Brocchi, 1814)
Turbo versicolor Nowell-Usticke, 1959: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo versicolor Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lunella cinerea (Born, 1778)
Turbo vestitus Say, 1822: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
Turbo vieuxi Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of Tricolia speciosa (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824)
Turbo vinctus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo virens Anton, 1839: synonym of Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791
Turbo viridana Röding, 1798: synonym of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
Turbo viridicallus (Jousseaume, 1898): synonym of Lunella viridicallus (Jousseaume, 1898)
Turbo vitreus Montagu, 1803: synonym of Hyala vitrea (Montagu, 1803)
Turbo vittatus Donovan, 1804: synonym of Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800)
Turbo zebra Wood, 1828: synonym of Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822)
Turbo zebra Donovan, 1825: synonym of Littoraria zebra (Donovan, 1825)
Turbo zetlandicus Montagu, 1815: synonym of Alvinia zetlandica Montagu, 1815
The following species are nomina nuda (names not published with an adequate description):
Turbo curvatus Chiereghini MS, Brusina, 1870 (nomen nudum): accepted as Eulima philippii Weinkauff, 1868
The following species are alternate representation:
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1843 represented as Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 (alternate representation)
The following species are nomina dubia (names of unknown or doubtful application):
Turbo articulatus Reeve, 1848 (nomen dubium)
Turbo concinnus Philippi, 1846 (nomen dubium)
Turbo crellenus Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen dubium)
Turbo disjunctus Anton, 1838 (nomen dubium)
Turbo elegans Philippi, 1846 (nomen dubium)
Turbo margaritaceus Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen dubium)
Turbo pustulatus Brocchi, 1821 (nomen dubium)
Turbo variabilis Reeve, 1842 (nomen dubium)
Temporary names:
† Turbo geniculatus Brocchi, 1814
The following species are species inquirenda (names with uncertain or disputed validity):
Turbo regenfusii Deshayes, 1843 - great green turban
Human uses
When the Caribbean hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus, or "purple pincher" as it is known in the pet trade is kept as a house pet, Turbo shells are a favorite choice of shells for the crab.
Turbo cornutus, common name the "horned turban", is an expensive food item in Korea, and Japan, where they are known as .
The attractively colored operculum of at least two different Turbo species has been used for various decorative purposes, including in jewelry and buttons. These opercula are sometimes known as "cat's eyes".
References
Notes
Sources
Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, .
Williams, S.T. (2007). Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592.
Williams S. (2008) The calcareous operculum as a character for defining subgenera in the marine gastropod genus Turbo. Vita Malacologica 7: 1-13. [16 December 2008]