Arabic script

Arabic script
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world (after the Latin script), the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts).
The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam. With the religion's spread, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: Persian (Farsi), Malay (Jawi), Uyghur, Kurdish, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Balti, Balochi, Pashto, Lurish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Rohingya, Somali, Mandinka, and Mooré, among others. Until the 16th century, it was also used for some Spanish texts, and—prior to the language reform in 1928—it was the writing system of Turkish.
The script is written from right to left in a cursive style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. However, the basic letter form remains unchanged. The script does not have capital letters. In most cases, the letters transcribe consonants, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are abjads, with the versions used for some languages, such as Sorani, Uyghur, Mandarin, and Serbo-Croatian, being alphabets. It is also the basis for the tradition of Arabic calligraphy.
History
The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the Nabataean alphabet or (less widely believed) directly from the Syriac alphabet, which are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet (which also gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet), which, in turn, descended from the Phoenician alphabet. In addition to the Aramaic script (and, therefore, the Arabic and Hebrew scripts), the Phoenician script also gave rise to the Greek alphabet (and, therefore, both the Cyrillic alphabet and the Latin alphabet used to write this article).
Origins
In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around Petra, Jordan. These people (now named Nabataeans from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke Nabataean Arabic, a dialect of the Arabic language. In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE, the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the Aramaic language (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for inscriptions (known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on papyrus. This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet.
Overview
The Arabic script has been adapted for use in a wide variety of languages besides Arabic, including Persian, Malay and Urdu, which are not Semitic. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the sound), therefore many languages add their own letter to represent in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: Indian and Turkic languages written in the Arabic script tend to use the Persian modified letters, whereas the languages of Indonesia tend to imitate those of Jawi. The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the Perso-Arabic script by scholars.
When the Arabic script is used to write Serbo-Croatian, Sorani, Kashmiri, Mandarin Chinese, or Uyghur, vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can, therefore, be used as a true alphabet as well as an abjad, although it is often strongly, if erroneously, connected to the latter due to it being originally used only for Arabic.
Use of the Arabic script in West African languages, especially in the Sahel, developed with the spread of Islam. To a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those of the Maghreb (for instance the position of the dots in the letters and ). Additional diacritics have come into use to facilitate the writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term , which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages.
Table of writing styles
Table of alphabets
Current use
Today Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China are the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including Azerbaijani, Baluchi, Brahui, Persian, Pashto, Central Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Punjabi and Uyghur.
An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages:
Middle East and Central Asia
Arabic
Garshuni (or Karshuni) originated in the 7th century, when Arabic became the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent, but Arabic script was not yet fully developed or widely read, and so the Syriac alphabet was used. There is evidence that writing Arabic in this other set of letters (known as Garshuni) influenced the style of modern Arabic script. After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some Syriac Christian communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the Levant and Mesopotamia.
Kazakh in Kazakhstan, China, Iran and Afghanistan
Kurdish in Northern Iraq and Northwest Iran. (In Turkey and Syria the Latin script is used for Kurdish)
Kyrgyz by its 150,000 speakers in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwestern China, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan
Turkmen in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Iran
Uzbek in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan
Persian in Iranian Persian and Dari in Afghanistan. It had former use in Tajikistan but is no longer used in Standard Tajik
Baluchi in Iran, in Pakistan's Balochistan region, Afghanistan and Oman
Southwestern Iranian languages as Lori dialects and Bakhtiari language
Pashto in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Tajikistan
Uyghur changed to Latin script in 1969 and back to a simplified, fully voweled Arabic script in 1983
Judeo-Arabic languages
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
Azerbaijani language in Iran
Talysh language in Iran
Mazanderani language in Iran
Shughni language in Afghanistan
East Asia
The Chinese language is written by some Hui in the Arabic-derived Xiao'erjing alphabet (see also Sini (script))
The Turkic Salar language is written by some Salar in the Arabic alphabet
Uyghur alphabet
South Asia
Balochi in Pakistan and Iran
Dari in Afghanistan
Kashmiri in India and Pakistan (also written in Sharada and Devanagari although Kashmiri is more commonly written in Perso-Arabic Script)
Pashto in Afghanistan and Pakistan
Khowar in Northern Pakistan, also uses the Latin script
Punjabi (Shahmukhi) in Pakistan, also written in the Brahmic script known as Gurmukhi in India
Saraiki, written with a modified Arabic script – that has 45 letters
Sindhi, a British commissioner in Sindh on August 29, 1857, ordered to change Arabic script, also written in Devanagari in India
Aer language
Bhadrawahi language
Ladakhi (India), although it is more commonly written using the Tibetan script
Balti (a Sino-Tibetan language), also rarely written in the Tibetan script
Brahui language in Pakistan and Afghanistan
Burushaski or Burusho language, a language isolated to Pakistan.
Urdu in Pakistan (and historically several other Hindustani languages). Urdu is one of several official languages in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Telangana.
Dogri, spoken by about five million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and in Himachal Pradesh, but also in northern Punjab, although Dogri is more commonly written in Devanagari
Arwi language (a mixture of Arabic and Tamil) uses the Arabic script together with the addition of 13 letters. It is mainly used in Sri Lanka and the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu for religious purposes. Arwi language is the language of Tamil Muslims
Arabi Malayalam is Malayalam written in the Arabic script. The script has particular letters to represent the peculiar sounds of Malayalam. This script is mainly used in madrasas of the South Indian state of Kerala and of Lakshadweep.
Rohingya language (Ruáingga) is a language spoken by the Rohingya people of Rakhine State, formerly known as Arakan (Rakhine), Burma (Myanmar). It is similar to Chittagonian language in neighboring Bangladesh and sometimes written using the Roman script, or an Arabic-derived script known as Hanifi
Ishkashimi language (Ishkashimi) in Afghanistan
Southeast Asia
Malay in the Arabic script known as Jawi. In some cases it can be seen in the signboards of shops and market stalls. Particularly in Brunei, Jawi is used in terms of writing or reading for Islamic religious educational programs in primary school, secondary school, college, or even higher educational institutes such as universities. In addition, some television programming uses Jawi, such as announcements, advertisements, news, social programs or Islamic programs
co-official in Brunei
Malaysia but co-official in Kelantan and Kedah, Islamic states in Malaysia
Indonesia, Jawi script is co-used with Latin in provinces of Aceh, Riau, Riau Islands and Jambi. The Javanese, Madurese and Sundanese also use another Arabic variant, the Pegon in Islamic writings and pesantren community.
Southern Thailand
Predominantly Muslim areas of the Philippines (especially Tausug language)
Ida'an language (also Idahan) a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Ida'an people of Sabah, Malaysia
Cham language in Cambodia besides Western Cham script.
Africa
North Africa
Arabic
Berber languages have often been written in an adaptation of the Arabic alphabet. The use of the Arabic alphabet, as well as the competing Latin and Tifinagh scripts, has political connotations
Tuareg language, (sometimes called Tamasheq) which is also a Berber language
Coptic language of Egyptians as Coptic text written in Arabic letters
Northeast Africa
Bedawi or Beja, mainly in northeastern Sudan
Wadaad's writing, used in Somalia
Nubian languages
Dongolawi language or Andaandi language of Nubia, in the Nile Vale of northern Sudan
Nobiin language, the largest Nubian language (previously known by the geographic terms Mahas and Fadicca/Fiadicca) is not yet standardized, being written variously in both Latinized and Arabic scripts; also, there have been recent efforts to revive the Old Nubian alphabet.
Fur language of Darfur, Sudan
Southeast Africa
Comorian, in the Comoros, currently side by side with the Latin alphabet (neither is official)
Swahili, was originally written in Arabic alphabet, Swahili orthography is now based on the Latin alphabet that was introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial administrators
West Africa
Zarma language of the Songhay family. It is the language of the southwestern lobe of the West African nation of Niger, and it is the second leading language of Niger, after Hausa, which is spoken in south central Niger
Tadaksahak is a Songhay language spoken by the pastoralist Idaksahak of the Ménaka area of Mali
Hausa language uses an adaptation of the Arabic script known as Ajami, for many purposes, especially religious, but including newspapers, mass mobilization posters and public information
Dyula language is a Mandé language spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali.
Jola-Fonyi language of the Casamance region of Senegal
Balanta language a Bak language of west Africa spoken by the Balanta people and Balanta-Ganja dialect in Senegal
Mandinka, widely but unofficially (known as Ajami), (another non-Latin script used is the N'Ko script)
Fula, especially the Pular of Guinea (known as Ajami)
Wolof (at zaouia schools), known as Wolofal.
Yoruba, earliest attested history of use since 17th Century, however earliest verifiable history of use dates to the 19th Century. Yoruba Ajami used in Muslim praise verse, poetry, personal and esoteric use
Arabic script outside Africa
In writings of African American slaves
Writings of by Omar Ibn Said (1770–1864) of Senegal
The Bilali Document also known as Bilali Muhammad Document is a handwritten, Arabic manuscript on West African Islamic law. It was written by Bilali Mohammet in the 19th century. The document is currently housed in the library at the University of Georgia
Letter written by Ayuba Suleiman Diallo (1701–1773)
Arabic Text From 1768
Letter written by Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori (1762–1829)
Former use
With the establishment of Muslim rule in the subcontinent, one or more forms of the Arabic script were incorporated among the assortment of scripts used for writing native languages. In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans, parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, while in the Soviet Union, after a brief period of Latinisation, use of Cyrillic was mandated. Turkey changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in Tajikistan, whose language's close resemblance to Persian allows direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran.
Africa
Afrikaans (as it was first written among the "Cape Malays", see Arabic Afrikaans)
Berber in North Africa, particularly Shilha in Morocco (still being considered, along with Tifinagh and Latin, for Central Atlas Tamazight)
French by the Arabs and Berbers in Algeria and other parts of North Africa during the French colonial period
Harari, by the Harari people of the Harari Region in Ethiopia. Now uses the Geʻez and Latin alphabets
For the West African languages—Hausa, Fula, Mandinka, Wolof and some more (e.g. Yoruba)—the Latin alphabet has officially replaced Arabic transcriptions for use in literacy and education
Kinyarwanda in Rwanda
Kirundi in Burundi
Malagasy in Madagascar (script known as Sorabe)
Nubian
Shona in Zimbabwe
Somali (see wadaad's Arabic) has mostly used the Latin alphabet since 1972
Songhay in West Africa, particularly in Timbuktu
Swahili (has used the Latin alphabet since the 19th century)
Yoruba in West Africa
Europe
Albanian called Elifbaja shqip
Aljamiado (Mozarabic, Berber, Aragonese, Portuguese, Ladino, and Spanish, during and residually after the Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula)
Belarusian (among ethnic Tatars; see Belarusian Arabic alphabet)
Bosnian (only for literary purposes; currently written in the Latin alphabet; Text example: = Molimo se tebi, Bože (We pray to you, O God); see Arebica)
Crimean Tatar
Greek in certain areas in Greece and Anatolia. In particular, Cappadocian Greek written in Perso-Arabic
Polish (among ethnic Lipka Tatars)
Central Asia and Caucasus
Adyghe language also known as West Circassian, is an official languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation. It used Arabic alphabet before 1927
Avar as well as other languages of Daghestan: Nogai, Kumyk, Lezgian, Lak and Dargwa
Azeri in Azerbaijan (now written in the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic script in Azerbaijan)
Bashkir (officially for some years from the October Revolution of 1917 until 1928, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script)
Chaghatay across Central Asia
Chechen (sporadically from the adoption of Islam; officially from 1917 until 1928)
Circassian and some other members of the Abkhaz–Adyghe family in the western Caucasus and sporadically – in the countries of Middle East, like Syria
Ingush
Karachay-Balkar in the central Caucasus
Karakalpak
Kazakh in Kazakhstan (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, currently using Cyrillic, phasing in Latin)
Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script)
Mandarin Chinese and Dungan, among the Hui people (script known as Xiao'erjing)
Ottoman Turkish
Tat in South-Eastern Caucasus
Tatar before 1928 (changed to Latin Yañalif), reformed in the 1880s (İske imlâ), 1918 (Yaña imlâ – with the omission of some letters)
Turkmen in Turkmenistan (changed to Latin in 1929, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991)
Uzbek in Uzbekistan (changed to Latin, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991)
Some Northeast Caucasian languages of the Muslim peoples of the USSR between 1918 and 1928 (many also earlier), including Chechen, Lak, etc. After 1928, their script became Latin, then later Cyrillic
South and Southeast Asia
Acehnese in Sumatra, Indonesia
Assamese in Assam, India
Banjarese in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Bengali in Bengal, Arabic scripts have been used historically in places like Chittagong and West Bengal among other places. See Dobhashi for further information.
Maguindanaon in the Philippines
Malay in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Although Malay speakers in Brunei and Southern Thailand still use the script on a daily basis
Minangkabau in Sumatra, Indonesia
Pegon script of Javanese, Madurese and Sundanese in Indonesia, used only in Islamic schools and institutions
Tausug in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia it can be used in Islamic schools in the Philippines
Maranao in the Philippines
Rakhine in Burma and Bangladesh
Mongolian in Afghanistan There is also a language in the Mongolic family that spoken in the Afghanistan it is called Mogholi language
Tagalog in the Philippines
Yakan in Basilan
Aslian in Malaysia
Ternate in Indonesia by the Muslims
Tidore in Indonesia
Meitei in Bangladesh
Shughni in Afghanistan
Thai in Malaysia
Sylheti in Arakan, Bengal, Chittagong, and Tripura
Kedah Malay in Myanmar, Malaysia, and Thailand
Uab Meto in Indonesia
Molbog in Sabah used by the Muslims even though in Palawan
Bonggi in Sabah by the Muslims
Kadazan in Malaysia is a Muslim language
Dusun used in Brunei, and Malaysia
Sama used in Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Bajau is in Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Sarawak Bisaya used in Malaysia, and Brunei
Sabah Bisaya is used in Sabah
Lotud spoken in Malaysia only
Lun Bawang in Sarawak, Sabah, Temburong and Kalimantan
Tiruray in the Bangsamoro
Chavacano in Cotabato, Zamboanga Peninsula, Sulu, Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Sabah, and Kalimantan
Maranao has Arabic script in Lanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, and Sabah
Iranun used in Islamic schools in Mindanao,and Malaysia
Middle East
Hebrew was written in Arabic letters in a number of places in the past
Northern Kurdish in Turkey and Syria was written in Arabic script until 1932, when a modified Kurdish Latin alphabet was introduced by Jaladat Ali Badirkhan in Syria
Turkish in the Ottoman Empire was written in Arabic script until Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared the change to Latin script in 1928. This form of Turkish is now known as Ottoman Turkish and is held by many to be a different language, due to its much higher percentage of Persian and Arabic loanwords (Ottoman Turkish alphabet)
Unicode
As of Unicode , the following ranges encode Arabic characters:
Arabic (0600–06FF)
Arabic Supplement (0750–077F)
Arabic Extended-A (08A0–08FF)
Arabic Extended-B (0870–089F)
Arabic Extended-C (10EC0–10EFF)
Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50–FDFF)
Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70–FEFF)
Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (1EE00–1EEFF)
Rumi Numeral Symbols (10E60–10E7F)
Indic Siyaq Numbers (1EC70–1ECBF)
Ottoman Siyaq Numbers (1ED00–1ED4F)
Additional letters used in other languages
Assignment of phonemes to graphemes
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|+ Table of additional letters in other languages
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=4 | Letter or Digraph
! rowspan=2 class="nowrap" style="" | Use & Pronunciation
! rowspan=1 | Unicode
! rowspan=1 colspan=4 | i'jam & other additions
! rowspan=2 | Shape
! rowspan=2 | Similar Arabic Letter(s)
|-
! U+
!
!
! above
! below
|-
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Pe, used to represent the phoneme in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Khowar, Sindhi, Urdu, Kurdish, Kashmiri; it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme otherwise it is normalized to ب e.g. پول Paul also written بول
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+067E
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter Ƴ (palatalized glottal stop ) in some African languages such as Fulfulde.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0750
| colspan=2 class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots (horizontal)
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | B̤ē, used to represent a voiced bilabial implosive in Hausa, Sindhi and Saraiki.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+067B
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 2 dots (vertically)
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents an aspirated voiced bilabial plosive in Sindhi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0680
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 4 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ṭhē, represents the aspirated voiceless retroflex plosive in Sindhi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+067A
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots (vertically)
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ṭē, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+067C
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots
| ring
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ṭe, used to represent the phoneme (a voiceless retroflex plosive ) in Sindhi
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+067D
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots (inverted)
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ṭe, used to represent Ṭ (a voiceless retroflex plosive ) in Punjabi, Kashmiri, Urdu.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0679
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| small
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Teheh, used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme (pinyin q) in Chinese Xiao'erjing.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+067F
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 4 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "c" voiceless dental affricate phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0684
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 2 dots (vertically)
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "ć" voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0683
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 2 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Che, used to represent ("ch"). It is used in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Urdu, Kashmiri and Kurdish. in Egypt.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0686
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ce, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0685
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "đ" voiced alveolo-palatal affricate phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0757
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Źim, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0681
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Hamza
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Saraiki to represent a Voiced alveolar implosive .
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0759
| class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" |
| class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" |
| small
| 2 dots (vertically)
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Saraiki to represent a voiced retroflex implosive .
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+068A
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 1 dot
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ḍal, used to represent a Ḍ (a voiced retroflex plosive ) in Punjabi, Kashmiri and Urdu.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0688
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| small
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Dhal, used to represent the phoneme in Sindhi
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+068C
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ḍal, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0689
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| ring
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ṛe, represents a retroflex flap in Punjabi and Urdu.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0691
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| small
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ṛe, used to represent a retroflex lateral flap in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0693
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| ring
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Ormuri to represent a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative , as well as in Torwali.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+076B
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots (vertically)
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Že / zhe, used to represent the voiced postalveolar fricative in, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu, Punjabi and Uyghur.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0698
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ǵe / ẓ̌e, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0696
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot
| 1 dot
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Kurdish to represent rr in Soranî dialect.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0695
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| V pointing down
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Kalami to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative , and in Ormuri to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+076D
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots vertically
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Shina to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative .
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+075C
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 4 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | X̌īn / ṣ̌īn, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+069A
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot
| 1 dot
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Unofficially used to represent Spanish words with in Morocco.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+069C
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ga, used to represent the voiced velar plosive in Algerian and Tunisian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06A8
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur, Mesopotamian Arabic, Urdu and Ottoman Turkish.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06AF
| colspan=2 | line
| horizontal line
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Gaf, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06AB
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| ring
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive in the Jawi script of Malay.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0762
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06AC
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive in the Pegon script of Indonesian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+08B4
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ng, used to represent the phone in Ottoman Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur, and to unofficially represent the in Morocco and in many dialects of Algerian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06AD
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ee, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0623 U+064A
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| Hamza
| 2 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| class="nowrap" | +
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | E, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0626
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Hamza
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ii, used to represent the phoneme in Somali and Saraiki.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0649 U+0653
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Madda
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | O, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0624
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Hamza
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
|style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ö, used to represent the phoneme in Kyrgyz.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0624
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Strikethrough
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Pasta Ye, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto and Uyghur.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06D0
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 2 dots vertical
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Nārīna Ye, used to represent the phoneme [ɑj] and phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06CC
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots (start + mid)
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=1 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| colspan=2 class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%;" | end only
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | X̌əźīna ye Ye, used to represent the phoneme [əi] in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06CD
| colspan=2 | line
| horizontal line
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Fāiliya Ye, used to represent the phoneme [əi] and in Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki and Urdu
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0626
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Hamza
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Oo, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0623 U+0648
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Hamza
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| +
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Uu, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
| style="font-size:85%;" | + U+0648 U+0653
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Madda
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| +
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents a voiced velar implosive in Sindhi and Saraiki
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06B1
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| horizontal line
| 2 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the Velar nasal phoneme in Sindhi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06B1
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 2 dots + horizontal line
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Khē, represents in Sindhi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06A9
| colspan=2 | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 style="font-size:120%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | "Swash kāf" is a stylistic variant of in Arabic, but represents un- aspirated in Sindhi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06AA
| colspan=2 | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| or
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the phoneme (pinyin ng) in Chinese.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0763
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the retroflex nasal phoneme in Pashto.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06BC
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot
| ring
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the retroflex nasal phoneme in Sindhi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06BB
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| small
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Punjabi to represent and Saraiki to represent .
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0768
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot + small
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Nya in the Jawi script.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06BD
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Nya in the Pegon script.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06D1
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Nga in the Jawi script and Pegon script.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06A0
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Marwari to represent a retroflex lateral flap , and in Kalami to represent a voiceless lateral fricative .
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+076A
| colspan=2 | line
| horizontal line
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:100%;" |
| colspan=3 style="font-size:100%;" |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | – or alternately typeset as – is used in Punjabi to represent voiced retroflex lateral approximant /ɭ/
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+08C7
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| rowspan=2 | small
| rowspan=2 style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 style="font-size:120%;" |
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0644 U+0615
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Vi, used in Algerian Arabic and Tunisian Arabic when written in Arabic script to represent the sound (unofficial).
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06A5
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| 3 dots
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ve, used in by some Arabic speakers to represent the phoneme /v/ in loanwords, and in the Kurdish language when written in Arabic script to represent the sound . Also used as pa in the Jawi script and Pegon script.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06A4
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Va in the Jawi script.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06CF
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents a voiced labiodental fricative in Kyrgyz, Uyghur, and Old Tatar; and in Kazakh; also formerly used in Nogai.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06CB
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents "O" in Kurdish, and in Uyghur it represents the sound similar to the French eu and œu sound. It represents the "у" close back rounded vowel phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06C6
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| V pointing down
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | U, used to represents the Close back rounded vowel phoneme in Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uyghur.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06C7
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Damma
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents Ê or É in Kurdish.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06CE
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| V pointing down
| 2 dots (start + mid)
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:130%;" |
| colspan=3 style="font-size:130%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Do-chashmi he (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration and breathy voice in Punjabi and Urdu. Also used to represent in Kazakh, Sorani and Uyghur.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06BE
| colspan=2 | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:130%;" |
| colspan=3 style="font-size:130%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Ae, used represent and in Kazakh, Sorani and Uyghur.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06D5
| colspan=2 | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=1 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| colspan=2 style="font-size:85%;" | end only
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Baṛī ye ('big yāʼ), is a stylistic variant of ي in Arabic, but represents "ai" or "e" , in Urdu and Punjabi.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06D2
| colspan=2 | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the phoneme (pinyin c) in Chinese.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+069E
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| 3 dots
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the phoneme (pinyin z) in Chinese.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0637
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|
|
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "o" open-mid back rounded vowel phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06C9
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| V pointing up
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "nj" palatal nasal phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0769
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| 1 dot V pointing down
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in Kurdish to represent ll in Soranî dialect.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06B5
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| V pointing down
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "lj" palatal lateral approximant phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+06B5
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| V pointing down
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| style="font-size:150%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| colspan=3 class="nowrap" style="font-size:140%;" |
| style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "i" close front unrounded vowel phoneme in Bosnian.
| style="font-size:85%;" | U+0627 U+0656 U+0649
| colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" |
| Alef
| style=color:#E2E5EA; | none
| style="font-size:150%;" |
| +
|-
|}
Footnotes:'''
Letter construction
Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters. Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of kāf are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages, the letter Hā has diverged into two forms dō-čašmī hē and gōl hē, while a variant form of yā referred to as baṛī yē is used at the end of some words.
Table of Letter Components
See also
Arabic (Unicode block)
Eastern Arabic numerals (digit shapes commonly used with Arabic script)
History of the Arabic alphabet
Transliteration of Arabic
Xiao'erjing
References
External links
Unicode collation charts—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape
"Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic"
Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative
Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup", Lang Resources & Evaluation'', Vol. 53, pp. 1–65. ;
Arabic orthography
Right-to-left writing systems
Abjad writing systems