Maya monarchs

Maya monarchs, also known as Maya kings and queens, were the centers of power for the Maya civilization. Each Maya city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. The position of king was usually inherited by the oldest son.
Symbols of power
Maya kings felt the need to legitimize their claim to power. One of the ways to do this was to build a temple or pyramid. Tikal Temple I is a good example. This temple was built during the reign of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil. Another king named Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal would later carry out this same show of power when building the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque. The Temple of Inscriptions still towers today amid the ruins of Palenque, as the supreme symbol of influence and power in Palenque.
Succession
Maya kings cultivated godlike personas. When a ruler died and left no heir to the throne, the result was usually war and bloodshed. King Pacal's precursor, Pacal I, died upon the battlefield. However, instead of the kingdom erupting into chaos, the city of Palenque, a Maya capital city in southern Mexico, invited in a young prince from a different city-state. The prince was only twelve years old.
Expansion
Pacal and his predecessors not only built elaborate temples and pyramids. They expanded their city-state into a thriving empire. Under Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, Tikal conquered Calakmul and the other cities around Tikal, forming what could be referred to as a super city-state. Pacal achieved in creating a major center for power and development.
Responsibilities
A Maya king was expected to be an excellent military leader. He would often carry out raids against rival city-states. The Maya kings also offered their own blood to the gods. The rulers were also expected to have a good mind to solve problems that the city might be facing, including war and food crises.
Maya kings were expected to ensure the gods received the prayers, praise and attention they deserved and to reinforce their divine lineage. They did this by displaying public rituals such as processions through the streets of their cities. A more private ritual was that of blood sacrifice, which was done by Lords and their wives.
Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Classic Period
Aguas Calientes
c.790: Chak Lakamtuun
Aguateca
?-770: Ucha'an K'an B'alam – father of Tan Te' Kinich, ruled in the 8th century AD.
770-c.802: Tan Te' K'inich – son of Ucha'an K'an B'alam
Altun Ha
4 December 584-?: Til Man K'inich
La Amelia
Bonampak
Calakmul
The kings of Calakmul were known as k'uhul kan ajawob ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom"). This list is not continuous, as the archaeological record is incomplete. All dates AD.
Cancuén
Caracol
Cobá
Copán
(Note:Despite the sparse references to previous rulers in Copán, the first safe reference is from 426. All the rulers, with the exception of the last one, appear in the called Altar Q.)
La Corona
c.520-544: Chak Took Ich'aak
c.658: Chak Naahb Kaan
667-679: K'inich Yook
?: Chak Ak'aach Took
c.721: Yajaw Te' K'inich
Dos Pilas
Dzibilchaltun
c.800: Ukuw Chan Chaak
Ek' Balam
Ukit Kan Leʼk Tokʼ
Edzná
Unen-K'awiil (c. 620-638)
Sihyaj Chan K'awiil (c. 636–649)
Kal-Chan-Chaak (649-662)
B'aah Pahk (662-672), wife of the former
Janaab Yook K'inich (672–692)
Hul Janaab Chanek (692-c. 710)
Chan Chawaj (c.711-731)
Aj-Koht-Chowa-Nahkaan (c. 805–850)
Pdrich (850-860s)
Ajan (c.869)
La Florida
?: Sihyaj Chan K'awiil
?: Aj Pat Chan
?: Chakaj Chaak
c.677: Bahlam K'awiil
c.681: K'ahk Ti' Kuy
?: Uh Ti' Kuy
c.700: Tahn Tuun Chaak
c.731: Lady Chaak
731-766: K'ahk Chan Yopaat
c.790: A king, depicted in Stela 1
Holmul
(Note: No known dates)
?: Och Chan Yopaat
?: Sakhb Chan Yopaat Makcha
?: K’inich Tacal Tun
?: Vilaan Chak Tok Vakhab
Ixkun
Ixtutz
c.780: Aj Yaxjal B’aak
Machaquila
La Mar
781-?: Parrot Chaak
Moral Reforma
662-after 690: Muwaan Jol, ascended under king Yuknoom of Calakmul; however, in 690, ascended once again under the king of Palenque.
Motul de San José
701-c.710: Yichte K'inich I
c.700–725: Sak Muwaan
c.725–735: Tayel Chan K'inich
?: Sihyaj K'awiil
c.742–755: Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich (son of Sak Muwaan)
c.755–779: Lamaw Ek'
Naranjo
Palenque
Mythological and legendary rulers
?-Muwaan Mat c.2325 BC
Uk'ix Chan c.987 BC
Casper c.252 BC
Historical rulers
El Perú
672–692: Lady K'abel
Piedras Negras
Pusilha
c.569–595: K’awiil Chan K’inich (this first ruler and dynasty probably descended from the first dynasty of Naranjo)
c.595–650: K’ahk U’ Ti’ Chan
c.650–670: Muyal Naah K’ukhul K’ahk’ U’
c.670–680: Ruler D
c.680–710: Ruler E
c.710–731: Lady Ich’aak K’inich
c.731–750: K’ahk Chan (began a new line of rulers)
c.750–768: K’ahk Kalav
c.768-c.800?: K’awiil Chan
Quiriguá
Río Azul
Ruler X, not yet satisfactorily deciphered.
Sacul
c.760–790: Ch'iyel
Plan de Ayutla
Seibal
Tamarindito
Teotihuacan
c.378: Spearthrower Owl, ruled when his son took over Tikal.
Tikal
The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers.
Toniná
Ucanal
Itzamnaaj Bahlam, ruled at least between 698 and 702.
Xultun
Yax We'nel Chan K'inich, depicted in a mural of a Late Classic room, 10K2
Yaxchilan
Yaxha
c.799: K'inich Lakamtuun
Yo'okop
c.570: Na Chaʼak Kab, a Kaloomte that may have ruled under the overlord Sky Witness from Calakmul or Dzoyola.
Yootz
14 January 713–730: Yajawte K’inich
c.730-750: K’ahk’ Yohl K’inich
c.750-760: Taxin Chan
El Zapote
c.404?: K’ahk Bahlam
c.439: Chan K’awiil
Zapote Bobal
?: Yukul K’awiil
?: Ti’ K’awiil
?-559: Chan Ahk
c.660: Janaab Ti’O
?-23 IV 663: Itzamnaaj Ahk
Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Post-Classic Period
Chichen Itzá
c.869–890: K’ak’upakal K’awiil, possibly ruler or a high-ranked official
c.930–950: Ak-Holtun-Bahlam I
?-1047: Ak-Holtun-Bahlam II
1047-?: Poshek Ix Soi
c.1194: Canek
Cocom dynasty
Hunac Ceel, general who conquered the city in the 12th–13th century, and founded a new ruling family.
Iximche
Izamal
c.1000?: Ah Ulil
Mixco Viejo
Q'umarkaj
c.1225–1250: Bahlam Kitze
c.1250–1275: Kʼokʼoja
c.1275–1300: E Tzʼikin
c.1300–1325: Ajkan
c.1325–1350: Kʼokaibʼ
c.1350–1375: Kʼonache
c.1375–1400: Kʼotuja
c.1400–1435: Quqʼkumatz
c.1435–1475: Kʼiqʼabʼ
c.1475–1500: Vahxakʼ i-Kaam
c.1500–1524: Oxib Keh
Uxmal
This city is here included because, despite of being founded in the Classic period, attained the peak of its influence already in the Post Classic.
Tutul Xiu dynasty
c.500: Hun Uitzil Chac, founded the kingdom in year 500.
?: Ah Suytok
c.890–910: K’ahk Pulaj Chan Chaak
987–1007: Ak Mekat
1441–1461: Ah Xiu Xupan
See also
List of rulers of Copan
List of the rulers of Dos Pilas
Rulers of Tikal
Yaxchilan rulers
Maya stelae
References
Further reading
Prager C. Die Inschriften von Pusilha: Epigraphische Analyse und Rekonstruktion der Geschichte einer klassischen Maya-Stätte. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Bonn: Institut für Altamerikanistik und Ethnologie, Universität Bonn, 2002 P. 220
Prager C., Volta B., Braswell G. The Dynastic History and Archaeology of Pusilha, Belize // The Maya and their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts, and Ceramics / Ed. by G. Braswell. — London and New York: Routledge, 2014. — P. 272–281.