PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
كاثرين فليمنيغ

كاثرين فليمنيغ هي ممثلة ألمانية (وحملت سابقاً جنسية ألمانيا الشرقية)، ولدت في 2 فبراير 1967 في برلين في ألمانيا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
ممثلات أفلام ألمانيات
ممثلات ألمانيات في القرن 20
ممثلات ألمانيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون ألمانيات
ممثلات من برلين
مواليد 1967
كيمياء عصبية

كيمياء عصبية
الكيمياء العصبية هي دراسة محددة عن الكيماويات العصبية، والتي تشمل الناقلات العصبية وجزيئات أخرى مثل الأدوية العصبية النشطة التي تؤثر على الخلايا العصبية. هذا المبدأ يدرس عن كثب الطريقة التي تؤثر بها الكيماويات العصبية على شبكة عمل الأعصاب. يُقدّم هذا المجال المتطور لعلم الأعصاب للكيميائيين في مجال الأعصاب اتصال جزئي- كلي بين تحليل المركبات العضوية النشطة في الجهاز العصبي والعمليات العصبية مثل المرونة القشرية، الخلايا العصبية الجذعية، وتمايز العصبية.
نبذة تاريخية
تأسيس الكيمياء العصبية كتخصص نادر عبارة عن أصول لسلسلة من «الندوات الدولية للكيمياء العصبية»، حيث نُشر أول مجلد للندوة الأولى عام 1954 بعنوان الكيمياء الحيوية للجهاز العصبي النخامي. أدّت هذه اللقاءات
إلى تشكيل الجمعية الدولية للكيمياء العصبية والجمعية الأمريكية للكيمياء العصبية. ناقشت هذه اللقاءات في وقت مبكر طبيعة المواد الأولية للناقلات العصبية الممكنة مثل الأسيتيل كولين، هيستامين، مادة P " نيروببتيد "، وسيروتونين. وبحلول عام 1972، كانت الأفكار أكثر واقعية، حيث صُنفت الكيماويات العصبية مثل نورإبينفرين، دوبامين، والسيرتونين كـ «ناقلات عصبية وهمية في مناطق معينة من الجهاز العصبي في الدماغ».
انظر أيضاً
علم الغدد الصم العصبية
المرونة العصبية أو متشابك اللدونة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
Basic Neurochemistry online, searchable textbook
American Society for Neurochemistry
طب الجهاز العصبي
فروع الكيمياء
T7 RNA polymerase

T7 RNA polymerase
T7 RNA Polymerase is an RNA polymerase from the T7 bacteriophage that catalyzes the formation of RNA from DNA in the 5'→ 3' direction.
Activity
T7 polymerase is extremely promoter-specific and transcribes only DNA downstream of a T7 promoter. The T7 polymerase also requires a double stranded DNA template and Mg2+ ion as cofactor for the synthesis of RNA. It has a very low error rate. T7 polymerase has a molecular weight of 99 kDa.
Promoter
The promoter is recognized for binding and initiation of the transcription. The consensus in T7 and related phages is:
5' * 3'
T7 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGA
T3 AATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGGAGA
K11 AATTAGGGCACACTATAGGGAGA
SP6 ATTTACGACACACTATAGAAGAA
bind------------
-----------init
Transcription begins at the asterisk-marked guanine.
Structure
T7 polymerase has been crystallised in several forms and the structures placed in the PDB. These explain how T7 polymerase binds to DNA and transcribes it. The N-terminal domain moves around as the elongation complex forms. The ssRNAP holds a DNA-RNA hybrid of 8bp. A beta-hairpin specificity loop (residues 739-770 in T7) recognizes the promoter; swapping it out for one found in T3 RNAP makes the polymerase recognize T3 promoters instead.
Similar to other viral nucleic acid polymerases, including T7 DNA polymerase from the same phage, the conserved C-terminal of T7 ssRNAP employs a fold whose organization has been likened to the shape of a right hand with three subdomains termed fingers, palm, and thumb. The N-terminal is less conserved. It forms a promoter-binding domain (PBD) with helix bundles in phage ssRNAPs, a feature not found in mitochondrial ssRNAPs.
Related proteins
T7 polymerase is a representative member of the single-subunit DNA-dependent RNAP (ssRNAP) family. Other members include phage T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases, the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), and the chloroplastic ssRNAP. The ssRNAP family is structurally and evolutionarily distinct from the multi-subunit family of RNA polymerases (including bacterial and eukaryotic sub-families). In contrast to bacterial RNA polymerases, T7 polymerase is not inhibited by the antibiotic rifampicin. This family is related to single-subunit reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.
Application
In biotechnology applications, T7 RNA polymerase is commonly used to transcribe DNA that has been cloned into vectors that have two (different) phage promoters (e.g., T7 and T3, or T7 and SP6) in opposite orientation. RNA can be selectively synthesized from either strand of the insert DNA with the different polymerases. The enzyme is stimulated by spermidine and in vitro activity is increased by the presence of carrier proteins (such as BSA).
Homogeneously labeled single-stranded RNA can be generated with this system. Transcripts can be non-radioactively labeled to high specific activity with certain labeled nucleotides.
T7 RNA polymerase is used in the synthesis of mRNA and sgRNA.
See also
T7 expression system
References
Further reading
- note that the nuclease activity reported here is an artifact.
External links
T7 RNA Polymerase Enzymology
OpenWetWare
RNA
Phage proteins
تيري هاردي

تيري هاردي هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكية أمريكي، ولد في 31 مايو 1976 في مونتغومري في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
رياضيون من مونتغومري
لاعبو أريزونا كاردينالز
لاعبو كرة القدم الأمريكية من مونتغومري
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكية من ألاباما
مواليد 1976
نهايات ضيقة كرة القدم الأمريكية
إشارة ثنائية القطب

إشارة ثنائية القطب
في الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية، الإشارة ثنائية القطب (بالإنجليزية: Bipolar signal)، هي إشارة ذات قطبية تتغيّر في أيّ من الاتجاهين من الصفر، فإذا كانت الإشارة متماثلة، فإنها لا تحتوي على مركبة تيار مستمر.
يمكن أن تحتوي الإشارة ثنائية القطب على نظام تشفير ثنائي من حالة عدم العودة إلى الصفر (NRZ) أو نظام تشفير ثنائي من ثلاث حالات من العودة إلى الصفر (RZ).
عادة ما تكون الإشارة ثنائية القطب متماثلة فيما يتعلق بالاتساع الصفري، أي أن القيم المطلقة لحالات الإشارة الإيجابية والسلبية متساوية اسمياً.
مراجع
نظرية الاتصالات
Karl Auer (footballer)

Karl Auer (footballer)
Karl Auer (12 August 1903 – 22 February 1945) was a German international footballer.
Personal life
A businessman after retiring from playing, Auer served as a police sergeant-major in the German Army during the Second World War and was killed in action on the Eastern Front on 22 February 1945.
References
1903 births
1945 deaths
Men's association football midfielders
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
German Army soldiers of World War II
German Army personnel killed in World War II
تود غريفيث

تود غريفيث هو لاعب هوكي الجليد كندي، ولد في 27 يناير 1985 في ويلاند في كندا.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من ويلاند (أونتاريو)
أعلام هوكي جليد من أونتاريو
مهاجمو هوكي جليد كنديون
مواليد 1985
لاعبو هوكي جليد كنديون مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو هوكي جليد كنديون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
Josef Argauer

Josef Argauer (15 November 1910, in Vienna – 10 October 2004) was an Austrian football coach.
He was the coach of the Austria national football team during the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
External links
1910 births
2004 deaths
Austrian football managers
1958 FIFA World Cup managers
FK Austria Wien managers
Wiener Sport-Club managers
Sportspeople from Vienna
Qusheh Bolagh, Maragheh

Qusheh Bolagh, Maragheh
Qusheh Bolagh (also Romanized as Qūsheh Bolāgh) is a village in Quri Chay-ye Gharbi Rural District, Saraju District, Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 4 families.
References
Towns and villages in Maragheh County
Derek Haas (ice hockey)

Derek Haas (ice hockey)
Derek Haas (born May 1, 1955) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre who played 30 games in the World Hockey Association with the Calgary Cowboys during the 1975–76 WHA season.
Early life and education
Haas was born in Trail, British Columbia. He played junior hockey with the Victoria Cougars during the 1973–1974 season.
Career
From 1982 to 1995, Haas played in the Ligue Magnus in France and became a French citizen as a result, playing for the country in the 1988 Winter Olympics. Haas also played for the Springfield Indians.
References
External links
1955 births
Calgary Cowboys players
French ice hockey centres
Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic ice hockey players for France
Springfield Indians players
Tidewater Sharks players
Victoria Cougars (WHL) players
Ours de Villard-de-Lans players
Canadian emigrants to France
Disciples of Jesus in Islam

Disciples of Jesus in Islam
The Quranic account of the disciples (al-ḥawāriyyūn) of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more-or-less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, Andrew, James, Jude, John and Simon the Zealot. Scholars generally draw a parallel with the disciples of Jesus and the companions of Muhammad, who followed Muhammad during his lifetime, 600 years later.
Textual references
In the Qur'an
The following is a list of all the Qur'anic references to the disciples of Jesus:
In Hadith
The following are Hadith (narrations originating from the words of Muhammad), collected by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri, which indirectly emphasize Islamic beliefs concerning the disciples of Jesus:
See also
Sahaba
Habib the Carpenter
People of Ya-Sin
References
Followers of Jesus
Articles about multiple people in the Quran
مارتينا تشوركوفيتش

مارتينا تشوركوفيتش مواليد 4 يوليو 1993 في زغرب، هي لاعبة كرة يد كرواتية تلعب كجناح أيسر. مثلت منتخب كرواتيا لكرة اليد للسيدات.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في رومانيا
رياضيون كرواتيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون من زغرب
كرواتيات في القرن 21
كرواتيون مغتربون في تركيا
كرواتيون مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبات كرة يد كرواتيات
لاعبو كرة يد شاطئية
لاعبو كرة يد مغتربون
لاعبو كرة يد من زغرب
لاعبو لوهافر
مواليد 1993
مواليد في زغرب
Sébastien Pérez

Sébastien Pérez (born 24 November 1973) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender.
Career
Pérez was born in Saint-Chamond, Loire. He began his career with AS Saint-Étienne and SC Bastia.
In July 1998 Pérez signed for Blackburn Rovers, managed by Roy Hodgson at the time, from Bastia for a fee of £3 million. His stay in East Lancashire was somewhat short, and he only made five appearances for Blackburn. He did, however, manage to score twice for the club; against Chelsea in the league (a game in which he was also sent off) and Lyon in the UEFA Cup. His career with Blackburn started well, but he suffered a serious injury, and upon return to the squad he struggled regaining his place back in the starting lineup. He was then loaned out to former side Bastia.
In June 1999 Pérez completed a move back to France, where he joined Marseille. He was loaned out to Galatasaray for the 2001–02 season, then returned to Marseille until the end of the 2003–04 season, when he was released. He joined FC Istres.
Pérez is also a member of the France national beach soccer team.
Honours
Galatasaray
Süper Lig: 2001–02
France Beach
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup: 2005
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
People from Saint-Chamond
Footballers from Loire (department)
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
AS Saint-Étienne players
SC Bastia players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
FC Istres players
French expatriate men's footballers
Premier League players
Süper Lig players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
French people of Spanish descent
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
French beach soccer players
Hirmand County

Hirmand County is in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Dust Mohammad.
The National Census in 2011 counted 65,471 people in 14,835 households. At the 2016 census, the county's population was 63,979 in 16,559 households.
Administrative divisions
The population history and structural changes of Hirmand County's administrative divisions over two consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. The latest census shows two districts, five rural districts, and one city.
References
Counties of Sistan and Baluchestan Province
جوناثان بيهي

جوناثان بيهي
جوناثان هنري ديسيري ويليام بيهي المعروف بـجوناثان بيهي (13 يناير 1989 في مارسيليا في فرنسا - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب في مركز الهجوم لعب سابقاً في نادي الجيل.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تايلاند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ماليزيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سنغافورة
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سلطنة عمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل إيفواري
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في تايلاند
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في روسيا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في سلطنة عمان
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في سنغافورة
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في ماليزيا
رياضيون من مارسيليا
فرنسيون من أصل إيفواري
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بي إي سي تيرو ساسانا
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو غينغان
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تايلاند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سنغافورة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في عمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ماليزيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مارسيليا
لاعبو لوخ إينيرجيا فلاديفوستوك
لاعبو لومان
لاعبو مونبلييه
لاعبو نادي الجيل
لاعبو نادي النهضة (عمان)
لاعبو نادي كاسي كارنو
لاعبو نادي واريورز
لاعبو هامبورغ
إي. آرثر غراي

إي. آرثر غراي هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 28 فبراير 1925 في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 10 أبريل 2007. حزبياً، نشط في الحزب الديمقراطي. وقد انتخب عضو مجلس ولاية نيويورك.
مراجع
أشخاص من بورت جيرفيس
أعضاء مجلس شيوخ ولاية نيويورك
ديمقراطيون من ولاية نيويورك
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1925
وفيات 2007
Anthony D'Souza

Anthony D'Souza (born 2 March 1987) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Goa.
Career
Early career
Born in Siolim, Goa, D'Souza started his football career at the SESA Football Academy before joining the youth team of Sporting Clube de Goa in 2006. During the 2007–08 season he was loaned out to Velsao Pale. D'Souza then made his I-League debut with Sporting Goa on the last day of the 2009–10 I-League season against Chirag United on 28 May 2010 in which he also managed to score his first professional goal as Sporting Goa won 1–0 but were still relegated to the I-League 2nd Division. However, despite relegation, D'Souza stayed on with the club and helped them back to the I-League for the 2011–12 season in which he scored five goals.
D'Souza then signed for Salgaocar in 2012 and during the 2012 Indian Federation Cup scored in all three of the clubs group stage matches to end the tournament as the second top scorer among Indians that year.
Pune
After spending one season at Salgaocar D'Souza signed for Pune F.C. in the I-League on 15 July 2013. He then made his debut for the club on 29 September 2013 against Shillong Lajong when he came on as an 88th-minute substitute for Nikhil Kadam as Pune drew the match 0–0. While training with the India national team in March 2015 D'Souza suffered a severe ankle injury that kept him out for most of the 2015 season.
Churchill Brothers
He made a comeback to football from his ankle injury for Churchill Brothers against Mohun Bagan in second half playing for 35 minutes. He has been used as a second half impact player by coach.
Career statistics
References
External links
Pune Football Club Profile.
1987 births
Living people
People from North Goa district
Indian men's footballers
Sporting Clube de Goa players
Salgaocar FC players
Pune FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Goa
I-League players
I-League 2nd Division players
سمير الرفاعي

سمير الرفاعي
قد يُشير اسم «سمير الرفاعي» إلى:
فيليبي تابيا

فيليبي تابيا هو سباح تشيلي، ولد في 25 أبريل 1995.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
سباحو التزلج الحر
سباحون أولمبيون في تشيلي
سباحون ذكور تشيليون
سباحون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
مواليد 1995
Boswellia nana

Boswellia nana is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family endemic to the Yemeni island of Socotra. They are small trees or shrubs, sometimes so bent that they are lying nearly horizontal to the ground.
The habitat of Boswellia nana is arid, partly deciduous forest land on limestone escarpments, at altitudes from 300 to 550 m. Specimens are also known to grow on flat, paved limestone; B. nana is known from only in two populations, confined to an area of less than 20 km2 in the northeastern part of the island.
It is possible that Boswellia nana is a natural hybrid between B. socotrana and another Boswellia species (though which other species is, as yet, unknown). Some evidence for this is found in a solitary Boswellia tree discovered growing at the bottom of limestone cliffs at Hamadero; it displays some characteristics of both B. nana and B. socotrana. Furthermore, this tree is growing in an area that lies ecologically in between the habitats of both species, sharing certain qualities. However, B. nana was thought (by botanists Mats Thulin and Abdul Nasser Al-Gifri, in 1998) to be a smaller form of Boswellia popoviana.
References
nana
Endemic flora of Socotra
Threatened flora of Asia
Vulnerable plants
Plants described in 1971
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
ميس بونيني

ميس بونيني (الاسم العلمي:Celtis boninensis) هو من النباتات يتبع الميس من ال القنبية.
انظر أيضاً
الميس
مراجع
ميس بونيني
ميس بونيني
ميس بونيني
ميس بونيني
Artūrs Štālbergs

Artūrs Štālbergs (born October 15, 1984) is a Latvian professional basketball coach for BK Liepājas Lauvas. He is also a former player.
Playing career
Štālbergs started basketball career in his hometown Liepāja. In 2003, he moved to USA where he played college basketball. Štālbergs finished his collegiate career in 2007 at University of Evansville.
In 2007, he returned to Europe and joined Liepājas Lauvas where he played for two years. After a strong second season in Liepāja, he agreed with Ukrainian team BC Azovmash in August 2009. However, ultimately he didn't sign contract with them. In October 2009, he moved to VEF Rīga.
In September 2010, he decided to retire from basketball so he could pursue a coaching career.
He was a member of the Latvia national basketball team that participated in EuroBasket 2009.
Coaching career
Štālbergs started coaching in 2010 when he joined Liepājas Lauvas coaching staff which was led by Agris Galvanovskis. In 2012, he followed Galvanovskis and moved to Ukrainian team MBC Mykolaiv to be his assistant. In early 2014, he left Ukraine due to unstable political situation and finished season at Valmiera's coaching staff.
In July 2014, he was added as an assistant coach to BC Nizhny Novgorod, which is set to make Euroleague debut for 2014-15 campaign. He was hired as head coach for Nizhny Novgorod for the 2016-2017 season, coaching the team to the Eurocup Top16 stage, but left in the summer due to poor results in the VTB League. He served as head coach for BC Lietkabelis for the 2017-2018 season. He started the season with an 8-0 record in the LKL, and was successful in the Eurocup, with a 3-2 record, before a couple of unexpected losses and reported clashes with management and players lead to his firing in December. He was hired as the new coach for BK Liepājas Lauvas for the 2018-2019 season in May.
Štālbergs has also been involved in Latvian National Team programs. He was the head coach of Latvian U20 National Team that made finals of U20 European Championship.
References
External links
FIBA Europe Profile
1984 births
Living people
BK Liepājas Lauvas players
BK VEF Rīga players
Evansville Purple Aces men's basketball players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Latvian basketball coaches
Latvian men's basketball players
Latvian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Sportspeople from Liepāja
BC Lietkabelis players
BC Lietkabelis coaches
Power forwards (basketball)
لويس كابوتو

لويس كابوتو هو اقتصادي وسياسي أرجنتيني، ولد في 21 أبريل 1965 في بوينس آيرس في الأرجنتين. نشط حزبياً في اقتراح جمهوري. وقد انتخب وزير المالية.
مراجع
اقتصاديون أرجنتينيون
اقتصاديون في القرن 20
اقتصاديون في القرن 21
خريجو جامعة بوينس آيرس
رؤساء بنك الأرجنتين المركزي
مواليد 1965
اقتصاديون أرجنتينيون في القرن 20
اقتصاديون أرجنتينيون في القرن 21
Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons

Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (FRCS) is a professional qualification to practise as a senior surgeon in Ireland or the United Kingdom. It is bestowed on an intercollegiate basis by the four Royal Colleges of Surgeons (the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (chartered 1784), Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (chartered 1505), and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow). The initials may be used as post-nominal letters.
Several Commonwealth countries have organisations that bestow similar qualifications, among them the FRCSC in Canada, FRACS in Australia and New Zealand, FCS(SA) in South Africa, FCSHK in Hong Kong, FCPS by College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan in Pakistan and FCPS by College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai in India.
The intercollegiate FRCS examinations are administered by two committees, the JCIE (Joint Committee on Intercollegiate Examinations, which handles domestic examinations) and the JSCFE (Joint Surgical Colleges Fellowship Examination, which handles overseas examinations). This system replaced the earlier one in which each college administered its own examinations. First the curricula were intercollegiately coordinated by the ISCP (Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme) of the JCST (Joint Committee on Surgical Training), and then the examinations became intercollegiate.
The original fellowship was available in general surgery and in certain specialties—ophthalmic or ENT surgery, or obstetrics and gynaecology—which were not indicated in the initials. It came to be taken midway through training. Each of the four Royal Colleges of Surgeons of the UK and Ireland used to administer its own examinations. The four postnominals were FRCS(Eng), FRCS(Ed), FRCS(G), and FRCS(I). The FRCS designation without further specification then referred by convention/tradition to FRCS(Eng) specifically. Today the examination and qualification are intercollegiate, although each surgeon can still choose afterward to be affiliated with one or more specific colleges. (In Canada the FRCS(C) qualification is administered by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.)
There are now a range of higher fellowships, taken at the end of higher specialist training and often in narrower fields, the first of which was FRCS (Orth) in orthopaedics. Others include FRCS (Urol) in urology and FRCS (OMFS) in maxillofacial surgery.
Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons
The MRCS examinations are also now intercollegiate.
Fellows
The original 300 Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS) include:
Marcus Beck (1843-1893)
John Badley (1783–1870)
John Abernethy (1764–1831)
Robert Keate (1777–1857)
Richard Partridge (1805–1873)
Joseph Jordan (1787-1873)
See :Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England for more recent examples of Fellows.
See also
Fellow of the American College of Surgeons
Fellowship in Dental Surgery FDSRCS England
References
Professional titles and certifications
Surgical organisations based in the United Kingdom