Greater London Built-up Area

Greater London Built-up Area
The Greater London Built-up Area, or Greater London Urban Area, is a conurbation in south-east England that constitutes the continuous urban sprawl of London, and includes surrounding adjacent urban towns as defined by the Office for National Statistics. It is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 9,787,426 in 2011.
Overview
The Greater London Built-up or Urban Area had a population of 9,787,426 and occupied an area of at the time of the 2011 census.
It includes most of the London region – omitting most of its woodland; small, buffered districts; the Lee Valley Park; and the two largest sewage treatment works serving London by the River Thames. Outside the region's administrative boundary, it includes contiguous suburban settlements and a few densely populated outliers connected to it by ribbon development. Its outer boundary is constrained by the Metropolitan Green Belt and it is therefore much smaller than the wider metropolitan area of London.
As a selective grouping of relatively low- to mid-density (and some high-density) output areas, each consisting of roughly 120 households, it can be compared to the London region, which covers and contained 8,173,194 residents at the time of the 2011 census.
The built-up area of the Greater London region continues beyond the region's administrative boundary in some places, while stopping short of it in others. For this reason, the density of the Greater London Built-Up Area is 8.3% higher than that of Greater London, the figure for which includes these outlying rural areas (notably in Hillingdon, Enfield, Havering and Bromley). All of both areas are drained ultimately by the River Thames. The area uses around 4 gigawatts of electricity power.
History
The density gradient of industrialising cities has tended to follow a specific pattern: the density of the centre of the city would rise during urbanisation and the population would remain heavily concentrated in the city centre with a rapid decline in settlement towards the periphery. Then, with continued economic growth and the expanding networks of public transport, people (particularly the middle-class) would then slowly migrate towards the suburbs, gradually softening the population density gradient. This point was generally reached when the city reached a certain stage of economic development. In London, this point was reached in the first half of the nineteenth century, in Paris toward the end of the century and in New York City at the turn of the twentieth.
However, London had been sprawling out of its medieval confines within the City since the eighteenth century, when the city experienced its first great urban surge. Areas to the west of Westminster were increasingly built up for the wealthy, to live in the suburbs of the city.
A dramatic increase in the city's urban sprawl began in the nineteenth century when labourers flocked from the countryside to work in the new factories that were then springing up. Large developments of small terraced houses began to appear and the new public transport systems – (the Tube, buses and trams) – allowed workers to commute into the city daily. Suburban districts also sprung up around the city centre to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial town.
By the mid-nineteenth century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in the growth in urban sprawl came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s. The line joined the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line eventually extended as far as in Buckinghamshire, more than from Baker Street and the centre of London.
Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, the Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee, and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near Pinner and at Wembley Park. In 1919, with the expectation of a post-war housing boom, Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited was formed and went on to develop estates at Kingsbury Garden Village near Neasden, Wembley Park, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at Rickmansworth and create places such as Harrow Garden Village.
By the early twentieth century, amid increasing middle-class affluence, large low-density suburbs of semi-detached houses had sprung up all around the city, doubling the area of built-up London in the interwar period alone, despite the population increase is just 10%. H.G Wells even predicted in 1902 that within a hundred years most of southern England would have been subsumed into one gigantic conurbation centred in London.
2011 Census subdivisions
At the time of the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components:
London region
The London region consists of 33 districts: the City of London, the 12 Inner London boroughs (including the City of Westminster), and the 20 Outer London boroughs.
Barking and Dagenham
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Camden
City of London
City of Westminster
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Hackney
Hammersmith and Fulham
Haringey
Harrow
Havering
Hillingdon
Hounslow
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth
Lewisham
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Richmond upon Thames
Southwark
Sutton
Tower Hamlets
Waltham Forest
Wandsworth
Surrey
Addlestone
Ashford
Ashtead
Banstead
Bramley
Brookwood
Broomhall/Windlesham/Virginia Water
Caterham
Chertsey
Chobham
Claygate
Cobham
Effingham
Egham
Epsom
Esher
Ewell
Guildford
Hooley
Leatherhead
Lyne
Mimbridge
Netherne-on-the-Hill
Ottershaw
Pirbright
Pirbright Camp
Shepperton
Staines-upon-Thames
Sunbury
Walton-on-Thames
Warlingham
Weybridge
Woking
Worplesdon
Hertfordshire
Bedmond
Borehamwood
Bushey
Cheshunt
Chorleywood
Elstree
Hemel Hempstead
Hoddesdon
How Wood
Northwood
Park Street
Rickmansworth
Sawbridgeworth
Smallford
St Albans
St Margarets
Waltham Cross
Watford
Berkshire
Binfield
Bracknell
Cheapside
North Ascot
Winkfield Street
Woodside
Wraysbury
Essex
Broadley Common
Chigwell
Harlow
Loughton
Stapleford Abbotts
Waltham Abbey
Kent
Dartford
Gravesend
Greenhithe
Maypole
Northfleet
Stone
Swanscombe
Omitted areas
In the 2011 census, the following areas were considered to be built-up areas but outside the Greater London Built-up Area, despite being within Greater London. All of these areas had populations of less than a thousand except New Addington BUA and Harefield BUA which had populations of 22,280 and 6,573 respectively. Note that these are Built-up areas as defined by Office for National Statistics and will have different boundaries from the settlements after which they are named.
Berry's Green
Crews Hill
Cudham
Downe
Harefield
Hazelwood
New Addington
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
2001 Census subdivisions
At the time of the 2001 Census, the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components:
London region
Within the region, there were 33 components corresponding to the City of London and the London boroughs. However, the ONS boundaries are not identical to the local authority boundaries, and outlying areas such as Biggin Hill in Bromley are omitted.
Barking and Dagenham
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Camden
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Hackney
Hammersmith and Fulham
Haringey
Harrow
Havering
Hillingdon
Hounslow
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth
Lewisham
City of London
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Richmond upon Thames
Southwark
Sutton
Tower Hamlets
Waltham Forest
Wandsworth
Westminster
Outside Greater London
South East England
Addlestone
Banstead / Tadworth
Caterham and Warlingham
Chertsey
Dartford
Egham
Epsom and Ewell
Esher / Molesey
Gravesend
Leatherhead
Northfleet
Ottershaw
Shepperton
Staines-upon-Thames
Sunbury
Sunningdale / Ascot
Swanscombe
Virginia Water
Walton and Weybridge
West End
Windlesham
Woking / Byfleet
East of England
Bushey
Cheshunt
Chigwell
Chorleywood
Hemel Hempstead
Hoddesdon
Kings Langley
Loughton
Rickmansworth
St Albans
South Oxhey
Waltham Abbey
Watford
See also
List of urban areas in the United Kingdom
London metropolitan area
Notes
References
Works cited
Greater London
Geography of London
Urban areas of England
South East England