PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Paila

Paila
A paila is a type of cookware that in several Spanish-speaking South American countries refers to a large shallow metal pan or earthenware bowl which oftentimes is also used as a serving plate for the foods prepared in it. Dishes served in clay pailas are often prepared in the paila itself by way of baking in an oven.
By extension, the word paila is also used for the dishes that are eaten from it, such as paila marina and paila de huevo. An advantage of the clay paila is that clay retains heat well and keeps foods warm. Its Valencian equivalent is the paella, which is simply referred to as arroz (rice) by the locals.
Etymology
Paila derives from Old French paele, from Latin patĕlla. It is first attested in Spain in the 16th century, and both is diminutive (pailita) and aumentative (pailón) appeared at the time. Its cognates include modern French poêle and Catalan paella. Nowadays, the use of the term is widespread in Latin America but relatively rare in Spain, where the doublet padilla survives as paílla in Andalusia.
Regional varieties
In addition to being used to prepare the traditional pork fritada, the large shallow and heavy copper paila from Ecuador is also used throughout the country and in the department of Nariño in Colombia as an "ice pail." This is performed by placing the bowl on ice and adding ingredients such as fruit, which is stirred to form a variety of ice creams and sorbets.
In Chile and Peru, clay pans are used to cook cornbread and other specialties such as pan or "pan marina."
In Bolivia, especially in the Cochabamba region, paila is used to cook chicharrón (pork cracklings).
Gallery
References
Sendoya Ramírez, Pedro José (1952). "Dictionary of the Great Indian Tolima." Minerva Editorial LTDA. R498.6 R15d 19 ed. (Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango).
Serving and dining
Kitchenware
Chilean pottery
Chilean cuisine
Peruvian pottery
Del Bates

Del Bates
Delbert Oakley "Del" (or "Butch") Bates Jr. (June 12, 1940 – September 24, 2009), was an American professional baseball catcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, in . In 22 career games, he had 8 hits, in 60 at-bats. Bates batted left-handed and threw right-handed.
Bates was born in Kirkland, Washington, in 1940. After graduating from Bothell High School, he served four years in the U.S. Navy, as a submariner, stationed in Honolulu, Hawaii. After being discharged, Bates was signed by the Los Angeles Angels, as an amateur free agent, in 1963.
After retiring from baseball, Bates was a longshoreman at the Port of Seattle. He was active in the International Longshore Union, Local 19, until retiring, in 2004. Bates died on September 24, 2009.
External links
Del Bates at The Deadball Era
Del Bates Seattle Times Obituary from Legacy.com
1940 births
2009 deaths
Philadelphia Phillies players
Eugene Emeralds players
Richmond Braves players
Major League Baseball catchers
Sportspeople from Kirkland, Washington
Baseball players from King County, Washington
Arizona Instructional League Angels players
Columbus Jets players
Dallas–Fort Worth Spurs players
Rochester Red Wings players
Tri-City Angels players
Wichita Aeros players
قانون الأعمال المغربي

قانون الأعمال المغربي هو فرع من فروع القانون الخاص يتضمن مجموعة من الحقوق المتعلقة بشؤون الأعمال. ويستند إلى أحكام القانون المدني المتعلقة بالالتزامات والعقود المنصوص عليها في قانون الالتزامات والعقود المغربي. بالإضافة القانون التجاري، والتقاضي التجارية الذي يدخل في نطاق اختصاص التجارة.
انظر أيضا
أخلاقيات الأعمال
مدونة أخلاقية
قانون الأعمال
قانون الالتزامات والعقود المغربي
مراجع
القانون الخاص في المغرب
Soumaila Samake

Soumaila Samake (born March 18, 1978) is a Malian former professional basketball player. A 7'0" tall center, he was drafted by the New Jersey Nets in the second round of the 2000 NBA draft, and played for the Nets and the Los Angeles Lakers. He scored 68 points and grabbed 76 rebounds in 47 NBA games between 2000 and 2003. His final NBA game was played on December 4th, 2002 in a 85 - 93 loss to the Utah Jazz where he played for 2 minutes and recorded no stats.
While playing with the Lakers in 2002, Samake was suspended five games after testing positive for Nandrolone, an anabolic steroid. Samake said that he had accidentally ingested the substance while taking a dietary supplement. He was only the third NBA player suspended for steroids, following Don MacLean and Matt Geiger.
On November 29, 2011, it was announced that the National Basketball League of Canada's Quebec Kebs had signed Samake to their active roster.
References
External links
NBA.com: Soumaila Samake Bio
1978 births
Living people
Centers (basketball)
Cincinnati Stuff players
Malian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Greenville Groove players
Jilin Northeast Tigers players
KK Mornar Bar players
KK Olimpija players
Laval Kebs players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Malian expatriates in the United States
Malian men's basketball players
New Jersey Nets draft picks
New Jersey Nets players
Orlandina Basket players
People from Sikasso Region
Zhejiang Golden Bulls players
21st-century Malian people
327 (عدد)

327 (عدد)
327 هو عدد صحيح، يلي العدد 326 وويسبق العدد 328.
في الرياضيات
خصائص
عدد طبيعي.
عدد فردي.
عدد موجب، السالب منه هو -327.
في التاريخ
327 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري.
هي سنة 327 م في التقويم الميلادي.
انظر أيضًا
أعداد صاتمة
حساب الجمل
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
الأعداد الصاتمة، ديوان اللغة العربية.
أعداد صحيحة
تقنية خط المرمى

تقنية خط المرمى
في لعبة كرة القدم، تقنية خط المرمى هي الطريقة المستخدمة لتحديد عبور الكرة بكامل محيطها خط المرمى من عدمه بمساعدة الأجهزة الإلكترونية، وفي الوقت نفسه تساعد الحكم في تحديد مشروعية الهدف هل هو صحيح أم لا. إن الغاية الرئيسية من استخدام تقنية خط المرمى هي تقديم الدعم للحكام في صنع القرار من خلال تنبيه الحكم على تجاوز الكرة لخط المرمى.
بعد شد و جذب و صراع في تحديد استخدام هذه التقنية من عدمه، و التي تكللت بعدم استخدام هذه التقنية خاصة في بريميرليغ و بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010 و كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 2012، وافق مجلس الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم IFAB في 5 يونيو 2012، رسميا على استخدام تقنية خط المرمى، حيث اشترطوا وجود حكم المرمى مع استخدام تقنية عين الصقر . ومن ثم إتت موافقة الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم في يوليو 2012 باسستخدام تقنية خط المرمى بعد القرار المتّخذ من قبل هيئة البورد المشرفة على القوانين داخل الفيفا والقاضي بالسماح باستخدام هذه التقنية.
فاستخدمت التكنولوجيا لأول مرة في كأس العالم للأندية 2012 و التي أقيمت في اليابان، حيث تم استعمال كاميرات عين الصقر البريطانية المستخدمة عادة في كرة المضرب، و غول ريف (الحقل المغناطيسي والكرة الخاصة) دون أن يتم الاحتكام إليهما لعدم وجود أي احتجاج من أي طرف في تلك البطولة.
واستخدمت في يورو 2016 المقام بفرنسا وكأس العالم 2014 المقامة بالبرازيل وكأس العالم 2018 المقامة بروسيا
مراجع
معدات كرة القدم
Erich Campe

Erich Campe (1 February 1912 – 5 May 1977) was a German boxer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Berlin.
Amateur career
In 1932 he won the silver medal in the welterweight class after losing the final against Edward Flynn. Campe was the German Welterweight Champion 1932 and 1934.
Olympic results
Defeated Aikoku Hirabayashi (Japan) PTS
Defeated Carl Jensen (Denmark) PTS
Defeated Bruno Ahlberg (Finland) PTS
Lost to Edward Flynn (USA) PTS
References
sports-reference.com
External links
1912 births
1977 deaths
Boxers from Berlin
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Germany
Boxers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
German male boxers
بارك الرب أمريكا

بارك الرب أمريكا: أو (God Bless America) و هي ثاني أكبر أغنية وطنية أمريكية بعد النشيد الوطني من كلمات الملحن الأمريكي إرفينغ برلين كتبها سنة 1918 و تم تلحينها من قبله وأصبحت أغنية سنة 1938. و بعدها غنتها المغنية كايت سميث.
وهي مثل نشيد ودعوة أو صلاة يغنيها الشعب الأمريكي طلباً من الله لكي يحمي وطنهم الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
تاريخ النشيد
كتب كلماته الملحن الأمريكي إرفينغ برلين سنة 1918 عندما كان يخدم في الجيش الأمريكي في أحد المعسكرات في نيويورك. و يتم تشغيل هذه النشيد وغنائه مع النشيد الوطني في بعض الأحيان في المناسبات المختلفة مثل منافسات الرياضة والفنون و غيرها. و بتاريخ 21 تموز 2011 تم تشغيل هذا النشيد من قبل ناسا لرواد الفضاء على متن المحطة الدولية بدلاً من المنبه اليومي الذي يتم تشغيله لإيقاضهم.
كلمات النشيد مترجمة إلى العربية
بينما تتجمع غيوم العواصف فوق البحر البعيدة
لنقسم بالولاء للوطن الحر
لنكن شاكرين للأرض المعطاء
ونحن نعلي أصواتنا بنشيد صلاة
بارك الرب أمريكا
الأرض التي أحبها
قف معها وقدها
خلال الليل بنور من الأعالي
من الجبال والبراري
إلى المحيطات البضاء من الرغوة
بارك الرب أمريكا، بيتي وبلدي السعيد
المصادر
مقالة بارك الرب أمريكا في ويكيبيديا اللغة الأنكليزية
أغاني صنفت ضمن أغاني السجلات الوطنية الأمريكية
أغان كتبها إرفينغ برلين
أغان منفردة في 2001
أغاني 1918
أغاني 1939
قومية أمريكية
أغاني منفردة 1959
أغاني منفردة 1939
لوري هاربر

لوري هاربر (10 ديسمبر 1970 - ) هو لاعب كريكت أسترالي.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كريكت أستراليون
لاعبو كريكت من نيوساوث ويلز
مواليد 1970
لاعبو كريكت من فيكتوريا
Abandinus

Abandinus was a theonym used to refer to a Celtic god or male spirit worshipped in Godmanchester in Cambridgeshire during the Romano-Celtic period.
Epigraphic evidence
Abandinus is represented in Britain on a single altarstone. He is unknown throughout the rest of the Roman Empire and is therefore thought to have been a local god of the Roman fort at Godmanchester in Cambridgeshire, possibly associated with either a natural spring or a stream in the neighbourhood.
The Roman fort at Godmanchester, a strategic site on Ermine Street at the crossing of the River Great Ouse, is thought to have been called Durovigutum. The god is known only from an inscribed bronze feather, very likely some sort of votive object, dedicated to him.
The inscription on the bronze feather reads:
"DEO ABANDINO VATIAVCVS D S D"
‘To the god Abandinus, Vatiacus dedicates this out of his own funds’.
Semantics of the theonym
The semantics of the theonym are unknown. All the same, linguistic knowledge of Proto-Celtic lexis permits a narrowing of the likely possibilities of the theonym's semantics. The name could be interpreted as an extended form of a stem composed of Proto-Celtic elements deriving from Proto-Indo-European roots *ad- ‘to’ + either *bʰend- ‘sing, rejoice’ or *bʰendʰ- ‘bind’. Along these lines, the name would mean ‘(the god) who sings to (something/someone)’ or ‘(the god) who binds (something/someone) to (something/someone).’
However, it is also possible to see the name as an extended form of a variant form of the Proto-Celtic word *abon- ‘river,’ derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ab-, *h₂eb- ‘water, river’. The shorter element *abo- likely existed in the Proto-Celtic hydronomy as a word for ‘river’ or ‘water.’ It is evident in Romano-Celtic as an unspecific variant name for the rivers flowing into the Humber, documented as Abus. This element developed in Modern Welsh as aber- meaning ‘river estuary’. This *abo- element could have been the source of the Ab-- element in the theonym Abandinus. So the name can also be analysed as *Ab-Andinus ‘Andinus of the River,’ Andinus being a theonym attested elsewhere in the ancient Roman Empire.
References
Gods of the ancient Britons
Godmanchester
Alphonse A. Kolb

Alphonse A. Kolb
Alphonse Anton Kolb (1893–1983) was a German-American artist known for creating sculptures and other art works ranging in size from medals to statues. For many years he worked for Bastian Brothers of Rochester, New York, and was the semi-official sculptor of the Rochester Numismatic Association.
Biography
Born near Heidelberg, Germany on December 5, 1893. Kolb studied art and sculpture in Munich, Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1913. He became a US citizen in 1918. He was a sculptor, designer, and engraver and worked for Bastian Brothers Company striking metal dies for medals, plaques, and buttons for nearly 50 years. Kolb worked in clay, bronze, steel, wood, silver, and gold, and his works ranged in size from dime-size coins to plaques several feet high. His many works include designing and sculpting the medal for Rochester's centennial in 1934, the medal commemorating the 1,000th meeting of the Rochester Numismatic Association, the medal marking the association's 50th anniversary in 1962, the Bausch & Lomb 75th anniversary, and many others. He was also responsible for a 1928 tablet on the Broad Street side of City Hall honoring pioneers who came to this area on packet boats. Kolb is credited with a 1932 plaque on the west side of Wilson Boulevard at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York, bearing the words of The Genesee, the song honoring the Genesee River, written by Thomas Thackeray Swinburne, a UR graduate. In 1938, Kolb designed and sculpted the Civic Medal which is awarded annually by the Rochester Museum and Science Center for community service. In 1955, Kolb was himself the recipient of this award.
At the age of 65, he decided to retire. He and his second wife, Kathryn, traveled for a time, but after her death in 1968, he decided to return to work. "I can’t be without my work," Kolb said. "It’s the best thing for me." Kolb was also a coin and medal collector and had a rose garden at his home. He was a lifetime member American Numismatic Association, the Rochester Numismatic Association, and the Albany Numismatic Society. As a member of the Rochester Numismatic Association, Kolb designed and struck dies for the medal awarded to the outgoing president of the organization bearing that person's likeness. Kolb held this responsibility from 1920 to 1976, and was himself president of the organization in 1931.
Alphonse Kolb was married to Elfrieda L. Reichelt Kolb until her death in 1945. He later remarried, this time to Kathryn M. Yohann Kolb. Alphonse Kolb did not have any children by either of his marriages, though he was survived by nieces and nephews in Germany. Kolb suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died on March 30, 1983, at the age of 89.
References
External links
Rochester Numismatic Association - History The history of the RNA.
Rochester Numismatic Association - Medals The medals of the RNA.
Alphonse A. Kilb - Medals
1893 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
Artists from Rochester, New York
Magnolia fraseri

Magnolia fraseri, commonly known as Fraser magnolia, mountain magnolia, earleaf cucumbertree, or mountain-oread, is a species of magnolia native to the south-eastern United States in the southern Appalachian Mountains and adjacent Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain from West Virginia south to northern Florida and west to eastern Texas. The Appalachian plants are classified as Magnolia fraseri var. fraseri, and the more coastal plants as M. fraseri var. pyramidata. These two kinds of magnolia are often recognized as distinct species, M. fraseri and M. pyramidata, respectively.
Fraser magnolia is a small, deciduous tree growing to 14 m (40 ft) tall, as a basal-branching, fragrant plant, with brown bark with a "warty" or "scaly" texture. The leaves are quite large, 15–25 cm (rarely up to 53 cm) long and 8–18 cm (rarely up to 29 cm) broad, with a pair of auricles (or "ear-lobes") at the base and an entire margin; they are green above and glaucous blue-green below. The showy white flowers are 16–25 cm in diameter with nine tepals; they open in late spring or early summer, after the foliage. The fruit is a woody, oblong, cone-like structure (like all Magnolias) 6.5–12 cm long, covered in small, pod-like follicles each containing one or two red seeds that hang out from the cone by a slender thread when ripe. A good seed crop occurs only about every 4–5 years. Reproduction is accomplished by both seed and vegetative sprouts. The fruit is eaten by wildlife, helping disperse the seeds. In the Appalachian Mountains, the Fraser Magnolia is a popular nest tree for the Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel.
This tree grows best on rich, moist, well-drained soil. The very large showy white flowers and large-leaved, coarse-textured foliage make this an attractive ornamental tree, but otherwise it has little commercial value. It is sometimes cultivated in North America as a native alternative to exotic magnolias, and can be grown a considerable distance north of its natural range if given conditions favorable to its growth.
There are two varieties:
Magnolia fraseri var. fraseri, native to the Appalachian Mountains.
Magnolia fraseri var. pyramidata (Bartram) Pampanini, from the Coastal Plain. The vernacular name for this variety is Pyramid magnolia.
The bigleaf magnolia (Magnolia macrophylla) also has auriculate-lobed leaves.
Fraser Magnolia is named for the Scottish botanist John Fraser (1750–1811), who collected extensively in the Appalachian Mountains.
Gallery
References
Hunt, D., ed. (1998). Magnolias and their allies. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society. .
Sternberg, G. (2004). Native Trees for North American Landscapes pp. 264. Timber Press, Inc.
External links
Magnolia fraseri images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
https://archive.today/20060311195300/http://wildwnc.org/trees/Magnolia_fraseri.html (wildwnc.org)
Photos of flowers and foliage
Magnolia fraseri images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
Interactive Distribution Map of Magnolia fraseri
fraseri
Plants described in 1788
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Khorovats

Khorovats is an Armenian barbecue. The meat may be marinated before grilling, but it does not have to be. It can be made with lamb, pork, beef, chicken, fish, or even veal. This is generally a dish reserved for "festive occasions".
Etymology
The word "խորոված" khorovats means "grilled" in Armenian and comes from the verb "խորովել" khorovel (to grill).
Description
Khorovats can be made with lamb, pork, beef, chicken, or less commonly veal. Some type of vegetable is usually served with the meat. A common preparation for green vegetables like asparagus or green beans is to fry them and combine with whipped eggs, a dish which resembles scrambled eggs with vegetables.
A typical khorovats is made of chunks of meat grilled on a shampoor (շամփուր) or skewer, although steaks or chops grilled without skewers may be also used.
2006 book Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore gives three tips for making good khorovats:
The distance between the fire and the skewers should be approximately 12 to 15 centimeters (about 6 inches)
The largest pieces of meat should always go in the middle, where there is more heat for the fire
Shampoors (skewers) should be placed close together to concentrate the heat from the cooking fire
In Armenia itself, khorovats is often made with the bone still in the meat (as lamb or pork chops).
Proshian Street in Yerevan is dubbed "Barbecue Street" by foreigners, because many khorovats restaurants are located on the street.
In popular culture
In his The Travels of Sir John Chardin in Persia and the Orient 17th-century French traveler Jean Chardin wrote:
In a scene from the 1976 Soviet film When September Comes, prominent Armenian actor Armen Dzhigarkhanyan (Levon) makes khorovats with his grandson in the balcony of his daughter's Moscow apartment. His neighbors see smoke coming out of the balcony and call the firemen, but when a fireman arrives, everything settles down and all the neighbors gather at Levon's house to enjoy the dish.
Since 2009, an annual festival of khorovats has been held in Akhtala in northern Armenia. In 2012, John A. Heffern, the US ambassador to Armenia, was among 15,000 guests of the festival.
References
Sources
Armenian cuisine
National dishes
Culture of Armenia
Meat dishes
تيت باريش

تيت باريش هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكي في مركز الدفاع، ولد في 28 مايو 1986 في أكوورث في الولايات المتحدة. لعب مع أتلانتا سيلفرباكس.
مراجع
لاعبو أتلانتا سيلفرباكس
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكيون
مواليد 1986
حي العصبة

حي العصبة يقع جنوب غرب مسجد قباء وهذا الاسم قديم ويسكن فيها قبائل بني عوف ويوجد بها عدة آثار وأماكن زارها النبي وبيوت الصحابة ومنها بئر عذق ويسمى حاليا ببستان المستظل وكذلك يوجد مسجد بنو أنيف والمسمى بمسجد الصبح وقد صلى فيه النبي وكذلك يوجد مسجد النور أو الشمس أو العصبة وبجواره بئر ينبض بالماء العذب وكذلك يوجد فيها نخيل بأنواع من التمور وأهما عجوة العالية.
المراجع
أحياء المدينة المنورة
لايسترية زرقاء الأوراق

لايسترية زرقاء الأوراق (الاسم العلمي:Leycesteria glaucophylla) هي من النباتات يتبع اللايسترية من ال المعزية الورق.
انظر أيضا
اللايسترية
مراجع
لايسترية زرقاء الأوراق
لايسترية زرقاء الأوراق
لايسترية زرقاء الأوراق
Magnetic mirror point

Magnetic mirror point
In astrophysics, a magnetic mirror point is a point where the motion of a charged particle trapped in a magnetic field (such as the (approximately) dipole field of the Earth) reverses its direction. More precisely, it is the point where the projection of the particle's velocity vector in the direction of the field vector is equal to zero.
Whenever charged particles from the sun hit Earth's magnetosphere, it is observed that the magnetic field of Earth reverses direction.
Since the forces that generate our magnetic field are constantly changing, the field itself is also in continual flux, its strength waxing and waning over time. This causes the location of Earth's magnetic north and south poles to gradually shift, and to even completely flip locations every 300,000 years or so.
See also
Magnetic mirror
L-shell
Dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field
List of artificial radiation belts
References
Astrophysics
2006 Abepura incident

2006 Abepura incident
The 2006 Abepura incident was a clash between Papuan student protesters and Indonesian policemen and soldiers in the district of Abepura, Jayapura of Papua on 16 March 2006. The clashes killed four policemen and a soldier, and further injured tens of protesters.
Protests
On 16 March 2006, students from Cenderawasih University protested the Grasberg mine in Abepura, Jayapura, where they blocked the road to the airport and refused talks with representatives of local authorities and did not disperse when ordered by police. After a standoff, the police's Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) opted to disperse the crowd with tear gas, and after some time the protests turned into a clash with the police employing firearms and the protesters throwing rocks and bottles at them. Three Brimob officers were killed in the clashes alongside one Indonesian Air Force Sergeant, with another police officer succumbing to his wounds the following week. In total, twenty five were treated for injuries, and at least five had been shot.
Arrests
The day after the incident, multiple Brimob officers fired their weapons towards the sky in front of Abepura's military base, injuring three civilians. Raids were launched against the student dormitories, with 23 people arrested for the attacks, of which 20 were prosecuted. Of the arrested suspects, one died in custody due to physical abuse.
Aftermath
Some protesters later reportedly crossed over to Papua New Guinea in order to evade capture. Australian Senator Natasha Stott Despoja claimed, citing activists, that 16 corpses had been discovered close to the scene of the rioting, though this claim was rebuked by an Indonesian local human rights organization.
References
2006 in Indonesia
Human rights abuses in Indonesia
Papua conflict
History of Papua (province)
عدنان ضيف

عدنان ضيف
عدنان علي ضيف لاعب كرة قدم بحريني معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز قلب الدفاع. لعب كامل مسيرته الرياضية في نادي المحرق. شارك مع منتخب البحرين في كأس آسيا 1988.
مصادر
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بحرينيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو كأس آسيا 1988
لاعبو كرة قدم بحرينيون
لاعبو منتخب البحرين لكرة القدم
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Crustless bread

Crustless bread is bread without crusts. Panko is made from such a bread, which is produced by passing an electric current through the dough.
The British food group RHM manufactures a crustless bread targeted at children called Hovis Invisible Crust, which is produced by baking the bread at low temperature. Other bread manufacturers have released crustless bread, with the crusts removed.
Measurable nutritional loss can result from omitting crusts from bread.
See also
List of breads
References
Breads