Accident

Accident
An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans. The term accident implies that nobody should be blamed, but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Most researchers who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity. For example, when a tree falls down during a wind storm, its fall may not have been caused by humans, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car wrecks are not true accidents; however English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry.
Types
Physical and non-physical
Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, tongue biting while eating, electric shock by accidentally touching bare electric wire, drowning, falls, being injured by touching something sharp or hot, or bumping into something while walking.
Non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, accidental deletion of data, or forgetting an appointment.
Accidents by activity
Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.
In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries.
Accidents by vehicle
Vehicle collisions are not usually accidents; they are mostly caused by preventable causes such as drunk driving and intentionally driving too fast. The use of the word accident to describe car wrecks was promoted by the US National Automobile Chamber of Commerce in the middle of the 20th century, as a way to make vehicle-related deaths and injuries seem like an unavoidable matter of fate, rather than a problem that could be addressed. The automobile industry accomplished this by writing customized articles as a free service for newspapers that used the industry's preferred language. Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public to not use the word accident to describe vehicle collisions.
Aviation
Bicycles
Sailing ships
Traffic collisions
Train wrecks
Trams
Domino effect accidents
In the process industry, a primary accident may propagate to nearby units, resulting in a chain of accidents, which is called domino effect accident.
Common causes
Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries. According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls, poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.
The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products. Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey. In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.
Accident models
Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed, which can be classified by type. No single model is the sole correct approach. Notable types and models include:
Sequential models
Domino Theory
Loss Causation Model
Complex linear models
Energy Damage Model
Time sequence models
Generalized Time Sequence Model
Accident Evolution and Barrier Function
Epidemiological models
Gordon 1949
Onward Mappings Model based on Resident Pathogens Metaphor
Process model
Benner 1975
Systemic models
Rasmussen
Reason Model of System Safety (embedding the Swiss cheese model)
Healthcare error proliferation model
Human reliability
Woods, 1994
Non-linear models
System accident
Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP)
Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM)
Assertions that all existing models are insufficient
Ishikawa diagrams are sometimes used to illustrate root-cause analysis and five whys discussions.
See also
General
Accident analysis
Root cause analysis
Accident-proneness
Idiot-proof
Injury
Injury prevention
List of accidents and disasters by death toll
Safety
Safety engineering
Fail-safe
Poka-yoke
Risk management
Transportation
Air safety
Aviation accidents and incidents
Bicycle safety
Car
Automobile safety
Traffic collision
List of rail accidents
Tram accident
Sailing ship accidents
Other specific topics
Aisles: Safety and regulatory considerations
Explosives safety
Nuclear and radiation accidents
Occupational safety and health
Safety data sheet
Personal protective equipment
Criticality accident
Sports injury
References
External links
Failure