Timeline of psychiatry

Timeline of psychiatry
This is a timeline of the modern development of psychiatry. Related information can be found in the Timeline of psychology and Timeline of psychotherapy articles.
Early history of psychiatry
1550 BCE
The Ebers papyrus, one of the most important medical papyri of
ancient Egypt, briefly mentioned clinical depression.
6th century BCE
600 B.C., many cities had temples to Asklepios known as an Asklepieion that provided cures for psychosomatic illnesses
4th century BCE
Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the root of mental disorders.
280 BCE
Greek physician and philosopher Herophilus studied the nervous system and distinguished between sensory nerves and motor nerves.
250 BCE
Greek anatomist Erasistratus studied the brain and distinguished between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
9th century
The first bimaristan was built in Baghdad, followed by several others throughout the Arab world. By the 13th century, they had become large, complex, and divided into several different specialized units. A number of these hospitals contained wards for patients with mental illness.
11th century
Persian physician Avicenna recognized "physiological psychology" in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings.
1247
Bethlehem Royal Hospital in Bishopsgate outside the wall of London, one of the most famous old psychiatric hospitals was founded as a priory of the Order of St. Mary of Bethlem to collect alms for Crusaders; after the English government secularized it, it started admitting mental patients by 1377 (1403?), becoming known as Bedlam Hospital; in 1547 it was acquired by the City of London, operating until 1948; it is now part of South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.
Psychiatry in the Enlightenment
1656
King Louis XIV of France founded Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective.
1672
English physician Thomas Willis published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function.
1716
As the first governmental institution dedicated to caring for the mentally ill on German territory, the hospital "Chur-Sachisches Zucht-Waysen und Armen-Haus" was opened in Waldheim in 1716.
1724
After being plagued with guilt over the Salem Witch Trials, influential New England Puritan minister Cotton Mather broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations.
1758
English physician William Battie published Treatise on Madness, calling for treatments to be utilized on rich and poor mental patients alike in asylums.
1793
French physician Philippe Pinel was appointed to Bicêtre Hospital in south Paris, ordering chains removed from mental patients, and founding Moral Treatment. In 1809 he published the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).
1796
The York Retreat in England was founded by Quakers, becoming known for humane treatment and serving as a model.
Psychiatry in the 19th century
1808
German physician Johann Christian Reil coined the term "psychiatry".
1812
American physician Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations, upon the Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook on psychiatry.
1821
The element lithium was first isolated from lithium oxide and described by English chemist William Thomas Brande.
1841
What became the Royal College of Psychiatrists, then known as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, was founded in England, receiving a royal charter in 1926.
1844
The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), the forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1845
The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission.
1851
Dr. Samuel Cartwright, a prominent Louisiana physician and one of the leading authorities in his time on the medical care of people referred to as "negroes", identified two mental disorders peculiar to slaves: Drapetomania, or the disease causing slaves to run away; Dysaethesia Aethiopica which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness among slaves. Today, both are considered examples of scientific racism.
1852
French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel published Traite des Maladies Mentales (2 vols.); the 2nd ed. (1860) coined the term "dementia praecox" (demence precoce) for patients with "stupor" (melancholia).
In 1857 he published Traité des Dégénérescences, promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of Degeneration, which became one of the most influential concepts in psychiatry for the rest of the century.
1859
Paul Briquet published Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l’Hystérie.
The first psychiatric clinic in the Russian Empire was organized by Ivan Mikhailovich Balinsky (1827-1902) at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg.
1892
Daniel Hack Tuke edited the first dictionary of psychiatry.
1893
German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin clinically defined "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia.
1895
Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published Studies on Hysteria, based on the case of Bertha Pappenheim (known as Anna O.), developing the Talking Cure; Freud and Breuer later split over Freud's obsession with sex.
1899
The Kraepelinian dichotomy between affective psychosis and dementia praecox (schizophrenia) was introduced in the 6th edition of Emil Kraepelin's famous Lehrbuch.
On 4 November Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung).
Early 20th century psychiatry
1900
Russian neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev discovered the role of the hippocampus in memory.
1901
German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what later became known as Alzheimer's disease.
Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
1902
Swiss-born psychiatrist Adolf Meyer became director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute, influencing American psychiatry with his "common sense" approach which included keeping detailed patient records; he coined the term "mental hygiene".
1905
French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon Scale to assess intellectual ability, marking the start of standardized psychological testing.
1906
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov published the first Conditioning studies.
1908
The term "Schizophrenia" was coined by Swiss psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler.
1909
In September Sigmund Freud visited Clark University, winning over the U.S. psychiatric establishment.
1910
Sigmund Freud founded the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), with Carl Jung as the first president, and Otto Rank as the first secretary.
Boris Sidis opened the Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute (a private hospital) at Maplewood Farms in Portsmouth, NH for the treatment of nervous patients using the latest scientific methods.
1911
Alfred Adler left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory on his own childhood.
The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) was founded.
1913
The British Psychoanalytical Society was founded by Ernest Jones, who became Freud's biographer.
Citing Freud's inability to acknowledge religion and spirituality, Carl Jung split and developed his own theories; his new school of thought became known as Analytical Psychology.
Jacob L. Moreno pioneered Group Psychotherapy methods in Vienna, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction; they later became known as Psychodrama and Sociometry.
1914
Sigmund Freud published On Narcissism: An Introduction.
1917
Sigmund Freud published Introduction to Psychoanalysis, and Mourning and Melancholia.
1920
Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach developed the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
1921
Sigmund Freud published Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.
1923
German pharmacologist Otto Loewi and English neuroscientist Sir Henry Dale discovered Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be described, winning them the 1936 Nobel Prize.
1924
German neuropsychiatrist Hans Berger discovered human Electroencephalography.
Otto Rank published The Trauma of Birth, coining the term "pre-Oedipal", causing Freud to break with him.
1926
The Société Psychanalytique de Paris was founded with the endorsement of Sigmund Freud; the Nazis closed it in 1940.
1927
Austrian psychiatrist Manfred Sakel developed Insulin Shock Therapy as a treatment for psychosis; it was discontinued in the 1970s.
Austrian physician Julius Wagner-Jauregg won the Nobel Prize for his invention of malarial therapy as a treatment for general paralysis of the insane (neurosyphilis). He first initiated the treatment in 1917.
1928
Indian Association for Mental Hygiene established.
1933
Hungarian psychiatrist Sándor Ferenczi published a paper claiming that patient accounts of childhood sexual abuse are true, providing a psychological explanation, causing Freud to break with him.
1935
The Indian division of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association was formed due to the efforts of Dr. Banarasi Das.
1938
Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti and Italian psychiatrist Dr. Lucio Bini discovered Electroconvulsive Therapy.
1942
Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger founded Existential Therapy.
The Controversial Discussions between Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna Freud and Melanie Klein, founder of Object Relations Theory caused the British Psychoanalytical Society to permanently split into three camps.
1944
Ritalin (Methylphenidate) was synthesized.
1946
Mary Jane Ward published the novel The Snake Pit, which was filmed in 1948, causing reforms in U.S. state psychiatric hospitals.
1947
Indian Psychiatric Society established.
1948
Lithium carbonate's ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in bipolar mood disorder (manic depression) was demonstrated by Australian psychiatrist John Cade, becoming the first effective medicine for the treatment of mental illness.
1949
Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz won the Nobel Prize for his work on Lobotomy.
The era of the new psychopharmacology
1950
The World Psychiatric Association was founded.
1952
The first published clinical trial of chlorpromazine which is the first antipsychotic (invented by Henri Laborit, Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker) was conducted at Sainte-Anne Hospital Center in Paris. Known as Largactil in Europe, it was brought to Montreal by Heinz Lehman and named Thorazine.
1952
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); it was revised in 1968, 1980/7, 1994, 2000 and 2013.
1952
The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant iproniazid was discovered.
1953
Russian-born physiologist Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of Chicago discovered Rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research.
French psychiatrist Jacques Lacan broke with the IPA over his variable-length sessions, and founded the Société Française de Psychanalyse.
1954
James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discovered the brain reward system.
Roger Sperry of Caltech began split-brain research.
On the recommendation of the Bhore Committee in 1946, the All India Institute of Mental Health was founded, becoming the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in 1974 at Bangalore.
1956
Gregory Bateson, John Weakland, Donald deAvila Jackson, and Jay Haley proposed the double bind theory of schizophrenia, which regards it as stemming from situations where a person receives different or contradictory messages.
The English translation of The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud was published in 24 volumes (1956–74).
1957
Arvid Carlsson demonstrated that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain.
The first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), imipramine was discovered.
1958
Aaron B. Lerner et al. of Yale University isolated the hormone melatonin, which was found to regulate the circadian rhythm.
1960s
Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy.
1960
The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, under the trade name Librium was introduced.
1961
Professor of psychiatry Thomas Szasz publishes The Myth of Mental Illness.
1963
United States president John F. Kennedy introduced legislation delegating the National Institute of Mental Health to administer Community Mental Health Centers for those being discharged from state psychiatric hospitals.
Medard Boss founded Daseinsanalysis.
1964
Ronald David Laing published Sanity, Madness and the Family, claiming that the roots of schizophrenia lie in the "family nexus", where people play dark games with each other.
1970
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lithium for acute mania.
The United States U.S. Controlled Substances Act was passed, putting LSD, DMT, Psilocybin, Mescaline, and Marijuana on Schedule I (no accepted medical use).
1972
American psychologist David Rosenhan published the Rosenhan experiment, a study challenging the validity of psychiatric diagnoses.
1973
The American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder.
1975
The Caucus of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the American Psychiatric Association was officially founded. A primary function of the organization was to advocate to the APA on LGBT mental health issues. The caucus changed its name to the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists in 1985.
1977
The ICD-9 was published by the WHO.
Andrey Lichko published Psychopathies and Character Accentuations in Adolescents.
1980
Transgender people were officially classified by the American Psychiatric Association as having "gender identity disorder."
1982
The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) was launched in India.
1983
The European Psychiatric Association was founded.
1987
The Indian Mental Health Act was drafted by the parliament, but it came into effect in all the states andunion territories of India in April 1993. This act replaced the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912, which had earlier replaced the Indian Lunatic Asylum act of 1858.
1988
Fluoxetine (trade name Prozac), the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant was released, quickly becoming the most prescribed.
The American Neuropsychiatric Association was founded.
1990
Use of the "blood-oxygen-level dependent" (BOLD) in MRI first discovered by Dr. Seiji Ogawa
1991
Kenneth Kwong successfully applied BOLD to image human brain activities with MRI, and published the findings in 1992.
1994
The appetite-suppressing hormone leptin was discovered.
1996
U.S. President Bill Clinton signed the Mental Health Parity Act, requiring psychiatric conditions to be considered equal to any other medical or surgical illness by health insurance providers; in 2008 President George W. Bush signed an amended version.
21st century
2000
The No Free Lunch Organization was founded by Dr. Bob Goodman, an internist from New York.
2002
The European Brain Council was founded in Brussels.
The term for schizophrenia in Japan was changed from Seishin-Bunretsu-Byō 精神分裂病 (mind-split-disease) to Tōgō-shitchō-shō 統合失調症 (integration disorder) to reduce stigma. The new name was inspired by the biopsychosocial model; it increased the percentage of patients who were informed of the diagnosis from 37% to 70% over three years.
2012
In 2009 America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16, and in 2012 the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry echoed these recommendations.
The American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.
2013
DSM-5 was published by the American Psychiatric Association. Among other things, it eliminated the term "gender identity disorder," which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "gender dysphoria," which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.
Notes and references
Further reading
Heinrich Laehr (1893). Gedenktage der Psychiatrie und ihrer Hülfsdisciplinen in allen Ländern (Vierte vermehrte und umgearbeitete Auflage). Berlin: Georg Reimer [A chronology of events in the history of psychiatry until 1893].
Thomas S. Szasz (1977). The manufacture of madness : a comparative study of the inquisition and the mental health movement. New York : Harper & Row, pp. 293–321.
Michael H. Stone (1997). Healing the mind : a history of psychiatry from antiquity to the present. New York : W. W. Norton, pp. 435–438.
Psychiatry