Araucaria

Araucaria (original pronunciation: [a.ɾawˈka. ɾja]) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae once widespread during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. There are 20 extant species in New Caledonia (where 14 species are endemic, see New Caledonian Araucaria), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Brazil and Chile.
Description
Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of . The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow, awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely overlapping each other; in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.
The trees are mostly dioecious, with male and female cones found on separate trees, though occasional individuals are monoecious or change sex with time. The female cones, usually high on the top of the tree, are globose, and vary in size among species from diameter. They contain 80–200 large edible seeds, similar to pine nuts, though larger. The male cones are smaller, long, and narrow to broad cylindrical, broad.
The genus is familiar to many people as the genus of the distinctive Chilean pine or monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). The genus is named after the Spanish exonym Araucano ("from Arauco") applied to the Mapuche of south-central Chile and south-west Argentina, whose territory incorporates natural stands of this genus. The Mapuche people call it , and consider it sacred. Some Mapuche living in the Andes name themselves Pehuenche ("people of the ") as they traditionally harvested the seeds extensively for food.
No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus. Many are called "pine", although they are only distantly related to true pines, in the genus Pinus.
Distribution and paleoecology
Members of Araucaria are found in Argentina, Brazil, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Australia, New Guinea, Chile and Papua (Indonesia). Many if not all current populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and maquis shrubland, with an affinity for exposed sites. The earliest records of the genus date to the Middle Jurassic, represented by Araucaria mirabilis of Argentina, and Araucaria sphaerocarpa from England. Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period.
By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, likely due to a relatively recent adaptive radiation, as all New Caledonian species are more closely related to each other than they are to other Araucaria. Much of New Caledonia is composed of ultramafic rock with serpentine soils, with low levels of nutrients, but high levels of metals such as nickel. Consequently, its endemic Araucaria species are adapted to these conditions, and many species have been severely affected by nickel mining in New Caledonia and are now considered threatened or endangered, due to their habitat lying in prime areas for nickel mining activities.
Some evidence suggests that the long necks of sauropod dinosaurs may have evolved specifically to browse the foliage of tall trees, including those of Araucaria. An analysis of modern Araucaria leaves found that they have a high energy content but are slow fermenting, making their ancestors a likely attractive target.
Classification and species list
There are four extant sections and two extinct sections in the genus, sometimes treated as separate genera.
Extant Species
Genetic studies
Genetic studies indicate that the extant members of the genus can be subdivided into two large clades – the first consisting of the sections Araucaria, Bunya, and Intermedia; and the second of the strongly monophyletic section Eutacta. Sections Eutacta and Bunya are both the oldest taxa of the genus, with Eutacta possibly older.
Taxa marked with are extinct.
Section Araucaria. Leaves broad; cones more than diameter; seed germination hypogeal. Syn. sect. Columbea; sometimes includes Intermedia and Bunya
Araucaria angustifolia – Paraná pine (obsolete: Brazilian pine, candelabra tree); southern and southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina.
Araucaria araucana – monkey-puzzle or pehuén (obsolete: Chile pine); central Chile & western Argentina.
Araucaria nipponensis – Japan and Sakhalin (Upper Cretaceous)
Section Bunya. Contains only one living species. Produces recalcitrant seeds with hypogeal (cryptocotylar) germination, though extinct species may have exhibited epigeal germination.
Araucaria bidwillii – bunya-bunya; Eastern Australia
Section Intermedia. Contains only one living species. Produces recalcitrant seeds
Araucaria hunsteinii – klinki; New Guinea
Araucaria haastii - New Zealand (Cretaceous)
Section Eutacta. Leaves narrow, awl-like; cones less than diameter; seed germination epigeal
Araucaria bernieri – New Caledonia
Araucaria biramulata – New Caledonia
Araucaria columnaris – Cook pine; New Caledonia
Araucaria cunninghamii – Moreton Bay pine, hoop pine; Eastern Australia, New Guinea
Araucaria goroensis – New Caledonia
Araucaria heterophylla – Norfolk Island pine; Norfolk Island
Araucaria humboldtensis – New Caledonia
Araucaria laubenfelsii – New Caledonia
Araucaria luxurians – New Caledonia
Araucaria montana – New Caledonia
Araucaria muelleri – New Caledonia
Araucaria nemorosa – New Caledonia
Araucaria rulei – New Caledonia
Araucaria schmidii – New Caledonia
Araucaria scopulorum – New Caledonia
Araucaria subulata – New Caledonia
Araucaria lignitici – (Paleogene) Yallourn, Victoria, Australia
Araucaria famii – (Late Cretaceous) Vancouver Island, Canada.
Section Yezonia. Extinct. Contains only one species
Araucaria vulgaris – Japan (Late Cretaceous)
Section Perpendicula. Extinct. Contains only one species
Araucaria desmondii - New Zealand (Late Cretaceous)
incertae sedis
Araucaria beipiaoensis – Tiaojishan Formation, China (Middle Jurassic)
Araucaria fibrosa – López de Bertodano Formation, Antarctica (Late Cretaceous)
Araucaria marensii – La Meseta Formation, Antarctica & Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina
Araucaria nihongii – Upper Yezo Group, Japan (Late Cretaceous)
Araucaria taieriensis - New Zealand (Late Cretaceous)
Araucaria brownii - England (Middle Jurassic)
Araucaria mirabilis – Patagonia (Middle Jurassic)
Araucaria sphaerocarpa - England (Middle Jurassic)
Araucaria bindrabunensis (previously classified under section Bunya) has been transferred to the genus Araucarites.
Uses
Some of the species are relatively common in cultivation because of their distinctive, formal symmetrical growth habit. Several species are economically important for timber production.
Food
The edible large seeds of A. araucana, A. angustifolia and A. bidwillii — also known as Araucaria nuts, and often called, although improperly, pine nuts — are eaten as food, particularly among the Mapuche people of Chile and southwest Argentina, the Kaingang people in Southern Brazil and among Native Australians.
In South America Araucaria nuts or seeds are called piñas or piñones in Spanish and pinhões in Portuguese, like pine nuts in Europe.
Pharmacological activity
Pharmacological reports on genus Araucaria are anti-ulcer, antiviral, neuro-protective, anti-depressant and anti-coagulant.
See also
Agathis (kauri)
Wollemia
References
External links
Dioecious plants
Extant Triassic first appearances
Conifer genera