PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
1953 French Championships – Women's singles

1953 French Championships – Women's singles
Maureen Connolly defeated defending champion Doris Hart in the final 6–2, 6–4, to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1953 French Championships. With this win, Connolly became the first woman to complete the Career Grand Slam in Women's singles.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Maureen Connolly is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Maureen Connolly (champion)
Doris Hart (finalist)
Shirley Fry (semifinals)
Baba Mercedes Lewis (first round)
Dorothy Head (semifinals)
Angela Mortimer (third round)
Jean Rinkel-Quertier (quarterfinals)
Susan Chatrier (quarterfinals)
Ann Gray (third round)
Julia Sampson (third round)
Nelly Adamson (quarterfinals)
Helen Fletcher (third round)
Ginette Bucaille (quarterfinals)
Silvana Lazzarino (third round)
Anne Shilcock (third round)
Raymonde Jones-Veber (third round)
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Earlier rounds
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
References
External links
on the French Open website
1953 in tennis
1953
1953 in French women's sport
1953 in French tennis
Agnes Adler

Agnes Adler
Agnes Charlotte Dagmar Adler, born Hansen (19 February 1865 in Copenhagen – 11 October 1935 at the same place was a Danish pianist. She is buried at Gentofte Kirkegård.
Life
Agnes Adler was born into a musical family where her father, Carl Emilius Hansen (1834–1910), was an oboist, and her aunt, Louise Amalie Hansen (1828–79), married Hasselriis, who was a violinist. On 31 May 1892 she was married to Adolph Siegfried Adler (1838–1910) but the couple got divorced after the birth of their daughter.
Career
Agnes's father pushed both Agnes and her older brother Robert Emil Hansen into musical careers. The first time she played in public was a concert at the Student's Ballroom Festival with her father and brother in 1873. Both Agnes and her brother were labeled to as prodigies, and in the following year gave many more concerts. Agnes received private tuition from Edmund Neupert, before she, in 1879, was admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Music on a scholarship. She made her debut there in 1882 by playing Mendelssohn's piano concerto conducted by Niels W. Gade, of the Music Society.
She was also part of the Agnes Adler trio with Peder Møller (Violin) and Louis Jensen (Cello).
References
1935 deaths
1865 births
Danish classical pianists
Danish women pianists
Women classical pianists
جاك كولمان (لاعب كرة قدم)

جاك كولمان (لاعب كرة قدم)
جاك كولمان (14 أبريل 1993 في الولايات المتحدة - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكي في مركز الدفاع. شارك مع منتخب الولايات المتحدة تحت 18 سنة لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع نادي شمال كارولاينا.
وصلات خارجية
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من نورمان (أوكلاهوما)
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي الشمالي لكرة القدم
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوكلاهوما
مواليد 1993
لاعبو نادي شمال كارولاينا
لاعبو منتخب الولايات المتحدة لكرة القدم للشباب
فوغاكو (حاسوب خارق)

فوغاكو (حاسوب خارق)
فوغاكو ، هو حاسوب فائق يوجد في معهد ريكن للأبحاث الطبيعية في مدينة كوبي في اليابان. بدأ تطوير الحاسوب في عام 2014 كخليفة للحاسوب الفائق حاسوب كيه، ومن المُقرر أن يبدأ العمل في عام 2021 ، على الرغم من تشغيل أجزاء من جهاز الكمبيوتر في يونيو 2020. وهو أسرع حاسوب عملاق في العالم ضمن قائمة توب 500 للحواسيب الفائقة.
تاريخ
في 23 مايو 2019، أعلنت شركة ريكن عن اسم فوغاكو كاسم لحاسوبها الفائق الجديد. في أغسطس 2019، تم الكشف عن شعار فوغاكو الذي يُصور جبل فوجي، ما يرمز إلى «أداء فوغاكو العالي» و «النطاق الواسع من مستخدميه». في نوفمبر 2019، فاز النموذج الأولي للحاسوب فوغاكو بالمركز الأول في قائمة غرين500 . بدأ شحن رفوف المعدات إلى منشأة ريكن في 2 ديسمبر 2019، واكتمل في 13 مايو 2020. في يونيو 2020، أصبح فوغاكو أسرع حاسوب خارق في العالم في قائمة توب 500، مكان حاسوب شركة أي بي إم سومت.
التكلفة
في عام 2018، أفادت مجلة نيكاي أن البرنامج سيُكلف 130 مليار ين ياباني. تسببت تكلفة البرنامج في جدل كبير، حيث في يونيو 2020 انتقدت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز تكلُفة تطوير الحاسوب، وأشارت إلى أن أجهزة الكمبيوتر العملاقة المُتطورة في المُستقبل القريب ستكون بتكلفة أقل وستتفوق على أداء فوغاكو.
المصادر
روابط خارجية
العلم في 2020
العلم في 2021
حواسيب فائقة
ريكن
جوني موسر

جوني موسر هو مؤرخ نمساوي، ولد في 10 ديسمبر 1925 في في النمسا، وتوفي في 23 يوليو 2011.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي النمساوي
مجريون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
مواليد 1925
مؤرخو الحرب العالمية الثانية
مؤرخو الهولوكوست
مؤرخون نمساويون
مؤرخون نمساويون في القرن 20
وفيات 2011
دوري إستونيا الممتاز 2017

دوري إستونيا الممتاز 2017 هو الموسم 27 من دوري إستونيا الممتاز. أقيم خلال الفترة 3 مارس 2017 وحتى 4 نوفمبر 2017، وكان عدد الأندية المشاركة فيه 10، وفاز فيه نادي فلورا بعد أن لعب 36 مباراة وفاز بـ 28 منها.
نتائج الدوري
مراجع
دوري إستونيا الممتاز
دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 2016–17
دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 2017–18
كرة القدم الإستونية في 2017
مواسم دوري إستونيا الممتاز
كيرتي

كيرتي هي بحيرة متوسطة الحجم تقع في منطقة مستجمعات المياه الرئيسي فووكسي. وهي تقع في منطقة سافو الشمالية في فنلندا.
المصادر
‌
بحيرات فنلندا
جغرافيا فنلندا
Coe Finch Austin

Coe Finch Austin (June 20, 1831 – March 18, 1880) was an educator, botanist and founding member of the Torrey Botanical Club. He was an expert on the mosses and liverworts of North America.
Life
Austin was born in Finchville, Orange County, New York, the second of ten children to farmers James C. Austin and Elizabeth Cortwright Austin. He attended public school when he was young but also worked on his family farm. His interest in plant life also came at an early age and he was a constant companion to his mother in her flower garden.
In the early 1850s, Austin attended Rankin Classical School in Sussex County, New Jersey, where he dedicated himself to the study of botany thanks to the influence of Mrs. Rankin, who was a botanist of note at that time. During this period he developed a particular passion for mosses and lichens. Austin would go on to develop internationally renowned skills for naming and identifying bryophytes.
As a young man, Austin worked as a school teacher in Tappan, New York, where he met and married Hannah Campbell, the daughter of a New Jersey farmer. But it was through his acquaintance with John Torrey that he secured a position as curator of the Columbia College Herbarium from 1859 thru 1863. In 1870, he published his most well-known work, Musci appalachiani, which dealt with the mosses of the Eastern United States.
He died in Closter, New Jersey, where he had lived most of his adult life. He was survived by his wife, one son, five daughters, and his parents.
Legacy
The genus Austinia was named in his honor.
References
External links
View works by C.F. Austin at Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Entry for C.F. Austin in TL2 (Taxonomic Literature).
1831 births
1880 deaths
American botanists
Bryologists
Botanists with author abbreviations
People from Mount Hope, New York
People from Closter, New Jersey
Columbia University people
Torrey Botanical Society members
People from Tappan, New York
Scientists from New York (state)
تريفون لاثان

تريفون لاثان مواليد ، هو لاعب كرة سلة أمريكي. بدأ مسيرته الاحترافية في سنة 2007. يلعب في الدوري المكسيكي لكرة السلة. يحمل الرقم 33. يبلغ طوله .
المسيرة الاحترافية
لعب مع نادي المتحد طرابلس في موسم 2010–2011، ثم لعب مع مونكتون ميراكلز في سنة 2011، ثم لعب مع هاليفاكس رينمين في سنة 2012.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من تشيسابيك (فرجينيا)
لاعب الهجوم صغير الجسم (كرة السلة)
لاعبو كرة سلة أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة سلة الكليات الرجالية في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة سلة مغتربون أمريكيون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة سلة مغتربون أمريكيون في المكسيك
لاعبو كرة سلة مغتربون أمريكيون في كندا
لاعبو كرة سلة مغتربون أمريكيون في لبنان
لاعبو كرة سلة من فرجينيا
لاعبو مونكتون ميراكلز
لاعبو هاليفاكس رينمين
مواليد 1984
Kordi Chal

Kordi Chal (also Romanized as Kordī Chāl; also known as Kodīchāl, Kodī Chāl, Kolī Chāl, and Kurdichal) is a village in Kelardasht-e Sharqi Rural District of the Central District of Kelardasht County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 1,466 in 435 households, when it was in the former Kelardasht Rural District of the former Kelardasht District of Chalus County. The following census in 2011 counted 1,447 people in 451 households, by which time the rural district had split into two rural districts. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,566 people in 531 households, when the rural district had become part of the newly established Kelardasht County. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Kelardasht County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
تييري سانت-سير

تييري سانت-سير هو مهندس وسياسي كندي، ولد في 7 نوفمبر 1977 في تيربون في كندا. نشط حزبياً في الكتلة الكيبيكية. في ، انتخب عضو مجلس العموم الكندي عن دائرة وقد انضم خلال (14 أكتوبر 2008 – 1 مايو 2011) للكتلة البرلمانية الكتلة الكيبيكية وانتخب عضو مجلس العموم الكندي عن دائرة وقد انضم خلال للكتلة البرلمانية الكتلة الكيبيكية وانتخب عضو مجلس العموم الكندي.
مراجع
أشخاص من تيربون
أعضاء مجلس العموم الكندي من كيبك
خريجو جامعة شيربروك
سياسيون كنديون في القرن 21
كيبكيون فرنسيون
مهندسون كنديون
مواليد 1977
Tony Meier

Tony Meier
Anthony Meier (born June 3, 1990) is an American basketball player for Wilki Morskie Szczecin of the Polish Basketball League (PLK). After four years at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Meier entered the 2012 NBA draft but went undrafted.
High school career
Meier played high school basketball at Lafayette High School, in Wildwood, Missouri.
College career
Meier played college basketball at Milwaukee from 2008 to 2012. As a senior, he led the team in scoring, averaging 11.3 points. He also added 3.8 rebounds and 0.8 assists, while shooting with 39.5 percent from the three.
Professional career
Meier's professional career started in the 2012–13 season with Frankston Blues of the South East Australian Basketball League. He left the club on May, after a season-ending ankle injury.
In 2013, he moved to LPB club Vitória. He appeared in 32 games for Vitória, averaging 14.9 points, 6.5 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.
On September 20, 2014, he signed with Starogard Gdański.
On July 23, 2015, Meier signed a one-year deal with Apollon Patras of the Greek Basket League with a prospect of renewal for another year. He finished the season averaging 11.2 points and 3.9 rebounds per game.
On August 3, 2016, he joined ČEZ Nymburk. With Nymburk, he won the Czech League and the Czech Cup. The following year, he returned to Greece and signed with Lavrio, replacing Cole Huff on the team's squad. With Lavrio, he averaged 10.9 points and 3.7 rebounds per game.
On June 25, 2018, he joined Promitheas Patras of the Greek Basket League.
On August 22, 2019, he has signed with Stelmet Zielona Góra of the PLK. Meier averaged 11.2 points, 4 rebounds and 2.1 assists per game during the 2019-20 season. He re-signed with the team on June 23, 2020. However, he announced his retirement on July 26.
On June 14, 2021, he announced that he returned from retirement and has signed with his last club Basket Zielona Góra.
On July 26, 2022, he has signed with Wilki Morskie Szczecin of the Polish Basketball League (PLK).
References
External links
Twitter Account
Eurobasket.com profile
Draftexpress.com profile
ESPN.com profile
RealGM.com profile
Milwaukee Panthers bio
1990 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in the Czech Republic
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Portugal
American men's basketball players
Apollon Patras B.C. players
Basketball players from Missouri
Basket Zielona Góra players
Basketball Nymburk players
Lavrio B.C. players
Milwaukee Panthers men's basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
Promitheas Patras B.C. players
Sportspeople from St. Louis County, Missouri
Wilki Morskie Szczecin players
SKS Starogard Gdański players
Fábio Faria (footballer)

Fábio Faria (footballer)
Fábio do Passo Faria (born 24 April 1989) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central defender.
Club career
Born in Vila do Conde, Faria finished his development at hometown club Rio Ave FC, having arrived aged 16 from FC Porto. In 2007, with the side in the second division, he was promoted to the first team, appearing in two games as they returned to the Primeira Liga.
After almost no competitive appearances in the 2008–09 season, Faria became an undisputed starter the following campaign – 27 matches, one goal, partnering veteran Gaspar as the team retained their league status – and was also first summoned to the Portuguese under-21s. In December 2009, his solid performances earned him a transfer to S.L. Benfica on a four-year contract for an estimated fee of €2 million, effective for 2010–11.
In January 2011, after only having featured once for Benfica (45 minutes in a 2–0 home win against C.S. Marítimo in the group stage of the Taça da Liga, where he played as a left back), Faria was loaned to Real Valladolid of the Spanish Segunda División until June.
Still owned by Benfica, Faria split the 2011–12 season with F.C. Paços de Ferreira and former club Rio Ave. With the latter, after a game against Moreirense F.C. in the League Cup, he felt indisposed and had to be taken to hospital with a heart condition, which put his career on hold for several months; his retirement was completed in March 2013, at the age of only 23.
Personal life
Faria's father, Francisco (born 22 October 1964), was also a footballer. A striker, he also started his career at Rio Ave, and went on to play professionally for 13 years in representation of seven teams (notably C.F. Os Belenenses), amassing top-division totals of 199 games and 62 goals.
Honours
Benfica
Taça da Liga: 2010–11
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Vila do Conde
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Padroense F.C. players
Rio Ave F.C. players
S.L. Benfica footballers
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
Segunda División players
Real Valladolid players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
نيكول مان

نيكول مان (و. ) هي ضابطة، ورائدة فضاء أمريكية، ولدت في بيتالوما، وتحمل رتبة عسكرية مقدم.
التعليم
تعلمت في جامعة ستانفورد، و.
الخدمة العسكرية
خدمت في قوات مشاة بحرية الولايات المتحدة.
جوائز
حصلت على جوائز منها:
نوط الجو
ميدالية حملة العراق
.
مراجع
أشخاص من بيتالوما
أشخاص من روهنيرت بارك (كاليفورنيا)
أفراد سلاح مشاة البحرية الأمريكي في الحرب في أفغانستان (2001–2021)
أفراد مشاة البحرية الأمريكية في حرب العراق
أمريكيات أصليات في القرن 21
أمريكيات في القرن 21
أمريكيون من أصل إستوني
المرأة في صراعات ما بعد 1945
خريجو الأكاديمية البحرية الأمريكية
خريجو جامعة ستانفورد
خريجو كلية الطيارين الاختباريين البحرية الأمريكية
رائدات فضاء
ضباط قوات مشاة البحرية الأمريكية
طيارات أمريكيات أصليون
طيارو اختبار
طيارو اختبار أمريكيون
لاعبات كرة قدم أمريكيات
لاعبو كرة قدم من كاليفورنيا
مدافعات كرة قدم نسائية
مواليد 1977
Ira E. Robinson

Ira E. Robinson
Ira Ellsworth Robinson (September 16, 1869, near Grafton, Taylor County, West Virginia – October 28, 1951, Philippi, West Virginia) was a politician, judge, and the first chairman of the Federal Radio Commission (1928-32).
Biography
Robinson graduated from the Fairmont State Normal School in 1889 and then studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1891. From 1896 to 1900, he was the Taylor County prosecuting attorney. He was a member of the Board of Regents of the State Normal School system from 1901-07. Robinson was elected to the West Virginia Senate for the 1903-04 session and was then appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia in 1907, being elected in 1908 to the remainder of the unexpired term (through 1915).
In 1916, Robinson was the Republican nominee for governor of West Virginia, losing by a narrow margin to Democrat John J. Cornwell. In 1917-18, he served as the chairman of the draft board for northern West Virginia. In 1921, he was put in charge of administration of the federal War Minerals Relief Act.
In 1920, Robinson purchased an 1870 mansion in Barbour County which he renamed Adaland Mansion after his wife; it is now a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
In 1928, Robinson was appointed to the Federal Radio Commission and became its first chairman; he resigned in January 1932. He presided over the 1928 reallocation known as General Order 40, although he opposed it as too favorable to network radio stations. He helped mold much of the early regulation of radio in the US.
Robinson was forced to sell Adaland later in life and died in considerable financial difficulties. He is buried in Bluemont Cemetery in his birthplace of Grafton, West Virginia.
References
External Links
The West Virginia & Regional History Center at West Virginia University houses the papers of Ira E. Robinson in three collections, A&M 155, A&M 294, and A&M 965
1869 births
1951 deaths
19th-century American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American judges
20th-century American politicians
County prosecuting attorneys in West Virginia
Fairmont State University alumni
Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
Members of the Federal Radio Commission
People from Barbour County, West Virginia
People from Grafton, West Virginia
West Virginia lawyers
West Virginia state senators
أندي غولدزورثي

أندي غولدزورثي هو عالم بيئة ومصور وفنان بريطاني، ولد في 26 يوليو 1956 في تشيشير في المملكة المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص من تشيشير
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كورنيل
خريجو جامعة برادفورد
فنانو تنصيبيون إنجليز
فنانون من ليدز
مصورون إسكتلنديون
مصورون إنجليز
مواليد 1956
نحاتون إنجليز
نحاتون ونحاتات إنجليز
سليم شيبزوغوف

سليم شيبزوغوف
سليم بوريسوفيتش شيبزوغوف (بالروسية: Залим Борисович Шебзухов) كان قيادي اسلامي من قبردينو - بلقاريا بروسيا، والقائد الرابع والمعروف الاخير لإمارة القوقاز الإسلامية.
السيرة
سُجن سليم لمدة عامين بعد اعتقاله في 7 ديسمبر 2007. وقد افرج عنه في 24 يونيو 2009 . بعد فترة وجيزة، انضم سليم إلى جماعة إمارة القوقاز الإسلامية المسلحة. في 16 أبريل 2015، أعلنت اللجنة الوطنية الروسية لمكافحة الإرهاب عن مقتله خلال عملية خاصة في نالتشيك، ولكن بعد فترة وجيزة أبلغت اللجنة وسائل الإعلام أنهم مخطئون وأن مقاتلًا آخر يدعى زاور بروكوبتشوك قتل خلال تلك العملية. أصبح زعيمًا أو أميرًا للجماعة بعد وفاة قائدها محمد أبوعثمان الغيمراوي في أغسطس 2015. وفي 10 نوفمبر 2015، أعلنت القوات الخاصة الروسية وفاة الهارب من العدالة الفيدرالية المعروف روبرت زانكشييف، الذي قاد مسلحي ولاية قبردينو - بلقاريا. في 28 ديسمبر 2015، حل سليم محل روبرت كرئيس لمنظمة قباردينو - بلقاريا المتمردة وسرعان ما أصبحت منظمته جزءًا من إمارة القوقاز.
وفاته
لفترة طويلة ظل مصيره ومكانه مجهول حتى توصلت شرطة سان بطرسبرغ إلى معلومات تفيد بانه من المحتمل ان يكون مختبئ بالمدينة. في 17 أغسطس 2016 قتل برصاص القوات الخاصة الروسية، هو واثنين اخرين وهم أستيمير شيرييف وفايشيسلاف نايروف. اثناء غارة شنتها القوات على شقة سليم بسانت بطرسبرغ.
المراجع
روابط خارجية
Is Kabardino-Balkaria The Caucasus Emirate’s Last Bastion?
أشخاص قتلوا برصاص ضباط إنفاذ القانون في روسيا
أشخاص من قبردينو - بلقاريا
أعضاء إمارة القوقاز
قادة إمارة القوقاز
وفيات 2016
غوردون هووكر

غوردون هووكر هو لاعب دوري الرغبي نيوزيلندي، ولد في 29 مايو 1887، وتوفي في 6 ديسمبر 1967 في نيو بلايموث في نيوزيلندا.
مراجع
أجنحة دوري رغبي
لاعبو دوري رغبي نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو منتخب كوينزلاند الوطني لدوري الرغبي
لاعبو منتخب نيوزيلندا الوطني لدوري الرغبي
مواليد 1887
وفيات 1967
Dehahna

Dehahna is a town and commune in M'Sila Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 6,411.
References
Communes of M'Sila Province
M'Sila Province
Mark Knoll

Mark Knoll (born July 26, 1976) is a Canadian former speed skater and schoolteacher. He twice took part in the Winter Olympic Games.
He went to the 1998 Winter Olympics, competing in the men's 5000 metres in speed skating and finishing 24th. He competed again in the 2002 Winter Olympics in the same category and finished 18th.
He is married to Dutch skater Tonny de Jong. They have had three children: Ryder Knoll, Nico Knoll, and Jasper Knoll.
He is currently a grade 7 teacher of In My Backyard & PEAKS with his own homeroom class at Westmount Charter School and resides in Calgary.
Personal records
References
1976 births
Canadian male speed skaters
Living people
Olympic speed skaters for Canada
Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
تانيا شارما

تانيا شارما هي ممثلة هندية، ولدت في 27 سبتمبر 1995.
أعمال
أفلام
بعد الزفاف
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
ممثلات أفلام تيلوغوية
ممثلات تلفزيون هنديات
ممثلات هنديات في القرن 21
مواليد 1995
Yaqut al-Musta'simi

Yaqut al-Musta'simi (Arabic: ياقوت المستعصمي) (died 1298) was a well-known calligrapher and secretary of the last Abbasid caliph.
Life and work
He was probably of Greek origin in Amaseia and carried off when he was very young into slavery. Made into a eunuch, he was converted to Islam as Abu’l-Majd Jamal al-Din Yaqut, better known as Yaqut al-Musta‘simi because he served Caliph al-Musta‘sim, the last Abbasid caliph.
He was a slave in the court of al-Musta'sim and went on to become a calligrapher in the Royal Court. He spent most of his life in Baghdad. He studied with the female scholar and calligrapher, Shuhda Bint Al-‘Ibari, who was herself a student in the direct line of Ibn al-Bawwab. During the Mongol invasion of Baghdad (1258), he took refuge in the minaret of a mosque so he could finish his calligraphy practice, while the city was being ransacked. His career, however, flourished under Mongol patronage.
He refined and codified six basic calligraphic styles of the Arabic script. Naskh script was said to have been revealed and taught to the scribe in a vision. He improved on Ibn Muqla's style by replacing the straight cut reed pen with an oblique cut, which resulted in a more elegant script. He developed Yakuti, a handwriting named after him, described as a thuluth of "a particularly elegant and beautiful type."
He taught many students, both Arab and non-Arab. His most celebrated students are Ahmad al-Suhrawardi and Yahya al-Sufi.
He became a much-celebrated calligrapher across the Arab-speaking world. His school became the model followed by Persian and Ottoman calligraphers for centuries. In the second half of the 13th-century, he gained the honorific, quiblat al-kuttab [cynosure of the calligraphers].
His output was prolific. Although, he is said to have copied the Qur'an more than a thousand times, problems with attributing his work, may have contributed to exaggerated estimates. Other sources suggest that he produced 364 copies of the Q'ran. He was the last of the great medieval calligraphers.
References
1298 deaths
13th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
Calligraphers of Arabic script
Islamic calligraphy
Calligraphers from the Abbasid Caliphate
Year of birth unknown
Muslim artists
Arab people of Greek descent
13th-century calligraphers
Greek slaves
Greek Muslims