Tokugawa Ienari

Tokugawa Ienari (November 18, 1773 – March 22, 1841) was the eleventh and longest-serving shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan who held office from 1787 to 1837. He was a great-grandson of the eighth shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune through his son Munetada (1721–1764), head of the Hitotsubashi branch of the family, and his grandson Harusada (1751–1827).
Ienari died in 1841 and was given the Buddhist name Bunkyouin and buried at Kan'ei-ji.
Events of Ienari's bakufu
1787 (Tenmei 7): Ienari becomes the 11th shōgun of the bakufu government.
1788 (Tenmei 7): Riots in rice shops in Edo and Osaka.
March 6 – 11, 1788 (Tenmei 8, 29th day of the 1st month – 4th day of the second month): Great Fire of Kyoto. A fire in the city, which begins at 3 o'clock in the morning of March 6 burns uncontrolled until the 1st day of the second month (March 8); and embers smolder until extinguished by heavy rain on the 4th day of the second month (March 11). The emperor and his court flee the fire, and the Imperial Palace is destroyed. No other re-construction is permitted until a new palace is completed. This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch VOC Opperhoofd in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent."
February 28, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 18th day of the 1st month): Collapse of the peak of Mount Unzen.
March 17, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 6th day of the 2nd month): Eruption of Mt. Biwas-no-kubi
April 15, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 3rd month): The Shimabara earthquake.
May 10, 1793 (Kansei 5, on the 1st day of the 4th month): Eruption of Mt. Miyama.
September 1817, the Shōgun orders the expulsion of Titia Bergsma, the first European woman to visit Japan
1833–1837, the Tenpō famine
1837 (Tenpō 7): Tokugawa Ieyoshi becomes the 12th shōgun of the bakufu government.
Ienari's time in office was marked by an era of pleasure, excess, and corruption, which ended in the disastrous Tenpō Famine of 1832–1837, in which thousands are known to have perished.
Family life
First wife
In 1778, the four-year-old Hitotsubashi Toyochiyo (豊千代), a minor figure in the Tokugawa clan hierarchy, was betrothed to Shimazu Shigehime or Tadakohime, the four-year-old daughter of Shimazu Shigehide, the tozama daimyō of Satsuma Domain on the island of Kyūshū. The significance of this alliance was dramatically enhanced when, in 1781, the young Toyochiyo was adopted by the childless shōgun, Tokugawa Ieharu. This meant that when Toyochiyo became Shōgun Ienari in 1786, Shigehide was set to become the father-in-law of the shōgun. The marriage was completed in 1789, after which Tadako became formally known as Midaidokoro Sadako, or "first wife" Sadako. Protocol required that she be adopted into a court family, and the Konoe family agreed to take her in but this was a mere formality.
Other relationships
Ienari kept a harem of 900 women and fathered over 75 children.
Many of Ienari's children were adopted into various daimyō houses throughout Japan, and some played important roles in the history of the Bakumatsu and Boshin War. Some of the more famous among them included:
Hachisuka Narihiro, Tokushima Domain
Hachisuka Mochiaki
Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932)
Hachisuka Masauji (1903–1953)
Hachisuka Masako (1941)
Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970)
Matsudaira Naritami, Tsuyama Domain
Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1849), Shimizu Tokugawa family then to Wakayama Domain
Matsudaira Narisawa, Fukui Domain
Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846), Wakayama Domain
Tokugawa Iemochi
Tazawa Hidenari, Tazawa Domain, as Tazawa Hideyasu's adopted son
Parents and siblings
Father: Tokugawa Harusada (1751–1827)
Mother: O-Tomi no Kata (d. 1817)
Adoptive Father: Tokugawa Ieharu
Siblings:
Kiihime married Hosokawa Naritatsu of Kumamoto Domain
Matsudaira Yoshisue (1785–1804) of Takasu Domain
Kuroda Naritaka (1777–1795) of Fukuoka Domain
Tokugawa Harukuni (1776–1793)
Tokugawa Nariatsu
Hisanosuke
Honnosuke
Tokugawa Narimasa
Yunosuke
Wife and concubines
Wife: Shimazu Shigehime, later Kodaiin (1773–1844), daughter of Shimazu Shigehide of Satsuma Domain
Concubine:
Omiyo no Kata (1797–1872) (There is legend said that Omiyo was daughter of Tokugawa Ieharu with a servant) later Senkoin
O-ito no kata
Oyae no Kata (d. 1843) later Kaishun'in
Oraku no Kata (d. 1810) later Korin'in
Otase no Kata (d. 1832) later Myosoin
Ohana no Kata (d. 1845) later Seiren'in
Ohachi no Kata later Honrin'in (d. 1850)
Ohachi no Kata (d. 1813) later Chisoin
Osode no Kata (d. 1830) later Honshoin
Oyachi no Kata (d. 1810) later Seishoin
Osato no Kata (d. 1800) later Chosoin
Ocho no Kata (d. 1852) later Sokuseiin
Oshiga no Kata (d. 1813) later Keimeiin
Outa no Kata (d. 1851) later Hoschiin
Oume no Kata (d. 1794)later Shinsei-in
Oman no Kata (d. 1835) later Seishin'in
Obi no Kata (d. 1808) later Hoshin'in
Children
Toshihime (1789–1817) married Tokugawa Naritomo by Oman
Koso-in (b. 1790) by Oman
Takechiyo (1792–1793) by Oman
Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793-1837) by Korin'in
Hidehime (b. 1794) later Tansei-in by Oume
Ayahime (1795–1797; infant when died and replaced by her younger sister, Asahime) Married Date Chikamune of Sendai Domain by Oman
Tokugawa Keinosuke (1795–1797) by Outa
Tokugawa Atsunosuke (1796–1799) born by Shigehime inherited Shimazu-Tokugawa family
Sohime (1796–1797) by Oshiga
Tokugawa Toyasaburo (b. 1798) by Outa
Kakuhime (1798–1799) by Osato
Gohyakuhime (1799–1800) by Outa
Tazawa Hidenari
Tokugawa Hidemaru
Mine-hime (1800–1853) born by Otase and married Tokugawa Narinobu of Owari Domain
Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited Kii Domain and born to Otase
Toruhime (1801–1802) by Ocho
Jiyohime (1802–1803) by Oume
Asahime (1803–1843) married Date Chikamune later married Matsudaira Naritsugu of Fukui Domain by Obi
Jukihime (1803–1804) by Otase
Tokugawa Tokinosuke (1803–1805) by Ocho
Harehime (1805–1807) by Otase
Tokugawa Torachiyo (1806–1810) by Ocho
Kohime (b. 1806)
Kishihime (1807–1811)
Motohime (1808–1821) married Matsudaira Katahiro of Aizu Domain by Oyachi
Ayahime (1809–1837) married Matsudaira Yoritane of Takamatsu Domain by Osode
Tokugawa Tomomatsu (1809–1813) by Ocho
Yohime (1813–1868), married Maeda Nariyasu, born to Omiyo
Nakahime (1815–1817), born to Omiyo
Tokugawa Narinori (1810–1827) inherited Shimizu family of Gosankyō and born by Oyae
Tokugawa Naritaka born by Ocho
Tsuyahime (b.1811) by Osode
Morihime (1811–1846) married Nabeshima Naomasa of Saga Domain by Oyae
Ikeda Narihiro (1812–1826) born by Oyae
Kazuhime (1813–1830) married Mori Narito of Chōshū Domain by Ocho
Takahime (1813–1814) by Osode
Tokugawa Okugoro (1813–1814) by Ohachi
Kotohime (1815–1816) by Ohana
Tokugawa Kyugoro (1815–1817) by Ocho
Matsudaira Naritami born to Oyae
Suehime (1817–1872) married Asano Naritaka of Hiroshima Domain later Yousein by Omiyo
Kiyohime (1818–1868), married Sakai Tadanori of Himeji Domain later Seiko-in, born to Oyae
Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1820–1838) adopted to Fukui-Matsudaira family by Ohana
Tokugawa Shichiro (1818–1821) by Osode
Matsudaira Nariyoshi (1819–1839) of Hamada Domain and born to Oyae
Ei-hime (1819–1875) married Tokugawa Narikura of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family by Ohana
Tokugawa Nariharu born by Ohana
Matsudaira Narisawa born by Honrin'in
Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850) inherited Shimizu-Tokugawa family later inherited Kii Domain and born by Osode
Hachisuka Narihiro born by Oyae
Tokugawa Hachiro (1822–1823) by Osode
Matsudaira Narisada (1823–1841) born by Ohana
Matsudaira Narikoto (1825–1844) of Akashi Domain born by Ohana
Taehime (1827–1843) by Ohana and married Ikeda Narimichi of Tottori Domain
Tokugawa Taminosuke, born by O-ito
Fumihime
Notable descendants
Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846)
Kikuhime
Yohime
Tokugawa Iemochi
Asahime (1803–1843) married Matsudaira Naritsugu
Kikuhime (1829–1829)
Yoshimaru (1835–1835)
Kuninosuke
Tokugawa Naritaka
Shomaru (1846–1847) inherited Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family
Rihime married Asano Yoshiteru
Fuhime married Matsudaira Noritoshi
Yo-hime (1813–1868) married Maeda Nariyasu
Ikeda Yoshitaka (1834–1850)
Kanoshimaru
Maeda Yoshiyasu
Maeda Toshitsugu (1858–1900)
Namiko married Toshinari Maeda
Maeda Toshitatsu (1908–1989)
Maeda Toshiyasu (b. 1935)
Maeda Toshinori (b. 1963)
Matsudaira Naritami
Matsudaira Yasutomo
Hitoshimaru
daughter married Miura Yoshitsugu
Matsudaira Yasutami (1861–1921)
Matsudaira Yasuyoshi
Matsudaira Yasuharu
Takako married Ichishima Noriatsu
Teruko married Shuta Yasuto
Watanabe Akira
Tsuruko married Matsudaira Yoritsune
Sansuko married Isahaya Fujio
Matsudaira Shiro
Matsudaira Fumihiro
Suehime
Yakuhime (1843–1843)
Kiyo-hime
Tokudairo (1835–1837)
Kisohime (b. 1834) married Sakai Tadatomi
Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1850)
Ryuchiyo
Tatsujiro
Nobehime
Akihime
Junhime
Kikuhime
Hachisuka Narihiro
Kayohime (1848–1865) married Matsudaira Mochiaki
Hachisuka Mochiaki
Hachisuka Masaaki (1871–1932)
Hachisuka Tsuruko
Hachisuka Yoshiko
Hachisuka Saeko married Satake Yoshitane
Hachisuka Fueko married Masayuki Matsuda
Asako married Prince Kaya-no-Miya Harunori
Hachisuka Toshiko (1896–1970) married Matsudaira Yasuharu
1 son and 4 daughters
Masauji Hachisuka (1903–1953)
Masako Hachisuka (b. 1941)
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
Takechiyo (1813–1814)
Tatsuhime (1814–1818)
Tomohime (1815–1815)
Saigen-in (1816–1816)
Yochiyo (1819–1820)
Entsuin (1822-1822)
Tokugawa Iesada
Maihime (1824–1829)
Tokugawa Yoshimasa (1825–1838) of Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa Family
Teruhime (1826–1840) married Tokugawa Yoshiyori and later known as Teimei-in
Hanhime (1826–1826) by Okaju
Tokugawa Harunojo (1826–1827)
Tokugawa Atsugoro (1828–1829)
Tokugawa Jikimaru (1829–1830)
Tokugawa Ginnojo (1832–1833)
Satohime (1833–1834)
Chiehime (1835–1836)
Yoshihime (1836–1837)
Tokugawa Kamegoro (1838–1839)
Maijihime (1839–1840)
Wakahime (1842–1843)
Shoyo-in (1843–1843)
Okuhime (1844–1845)
Tokugawa Tadashimaru (1845–1846)
Shikihime (1848–1848)
Sashin-in (1849–1849)
Tokugawa Choyoshiro (1852–1853)
Eras of Ienari's bakufu
The years in which Ienari was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
Tenmei (1781–1789)
Kansei (1789–1801)
Kyōwa (1801–1804)
Bunka (1804–1818)
Bunsei (1818–1830)
Tenpō (1830–1844)
Ancestry
See also
Matsudaira Sadanobu
Notes
References
Hall, John Whitney and Marius Jansen. (1991). Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; OCLC 62064695
Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
External links
PBS timeline of Japanese History
1773 births
1841 deaths
18th-century shōguns
19th-century shōguns
Tokugawa shōguns
Tokugawa clan
Child monarchs from Asia