PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Ferdinand Berthier

Ferdinand Berthier (30 September 1803 – 12 July 1886) was a French deaf educator, intellectual and political organiser in nineteenth-century France. He was one of the earliest champions of deaf identity and culture.
Early life
Born in 1803 in the town of Louhans, Saône-et-Loire, France, Berthier first attended the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris as a young student in 1811, when the school was under the directorship of Abbé Roch-Ambroise Sicard. He came from the rural south-east of France to learn basic vocational skills and literacy to prepare him for work as a tradesman.
He was influenced by his teacher Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian, a hearing man who had learned French Sign Language and published the first systematic study and defense of the language. Berthier was also influenced by two important deaf students of the school who later became teachers: Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. By the age of 27, Berthier had become one of the more senior professors at the school.He became a deaf rights activist and helped the city of Paris succeed.
Deaf community work
In late 1837, Berthier petitioned the French government for permission to create the Société Centrale des Sourds-muets, which was officially founded the following year as the first organisation to represent the interests of the deaf community. The organisation aimed to bring together "all the deaf spread across the globe... to put speaking and deaf men of intelligence and heart in rapport with each other, no matter the distance, no matter the difference in language, culture and laws."
Berthier's organisation offered deaf workers a practical avenue to support each other through "mutual aid" and a way to organize and attend adult education classes. Berthier performed a delicate balancing act as a passionate defender of deaf identity and sign language under a repressive social and political climate. He also wrote books about deaf history and deaf culture, noting deaf artists and sign-language poets of his time.
Death and legacy
Berthier died on 12 July 1886 in Paris at the age of 82. In 1849, he became the first deaf person to receive the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, the highest French order of merit. On September 30, 2023, a Google Doodle was dedicated to his legacy.
Published works
L'Abbé Sicard... précis historique sur sa vie, ses travaux et ses succès... (Paris: Charles Dounoil, 1873)
Histoire et statistique de l’éducation des sourds-muets (Paris: chez l’auteur, 1836)
Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages d’Auguste Bébian (Paris: J. Ledoyen, 1839)
See also
Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian
Ludwig van Beethoven
References
External links
1803 births
1886 deaths
Educators of the deaf
French educators
People from Louhans
نيكوليت (كيبك)

نيكوليت (كيبك)
نيكوليت هي بلدية محلية في كيبيك تقع في كندا في Nicolet-Yamaska Regional County Municipality. يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 7,828 نسمة ومساحتها 129.20 كم2 .
أعلام
ميخائيل برين
جورج بوشومين
آرثر روسو
انظر أيضاً
قائمة مدن كندا
مراجع
مدن وبلدات كيبك
أماكن مأهولة على نهر سانت لورانس
نيكوليت (كيبك)
Ferruzzano

Ferruzzano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region of Calabria, located about southwest of Catanzaro and about east of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 863 and an area of .
Ferruzzano borders the following municipalities: Bianco, Bruzzano Zeffirio, Caraffa del Bianco, Sant'Agata del Bianco. It is the home town of Giuseppe Zangara, the man who tried to assassinate Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
On October 23, 1907, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck Calabria, at a depth of 33.0 km. The epicentral area included Ferruzzano, where many houses collapsed almost completely, and 158 persons, or 8% of its population, were killed. Ferruzano had been hit as well in the 1905 Calabria earthquake. Several aftershocks followed: on November 17, 1907, Ferruzzano was hit by an earthquake again, as well as on January 23, 1908. New houses built after the earthquakes of 1905 and 1907 resisted the shocks of the 1908 Messina earthquake.
Demographic evolution
References
Cities and towns in Calabria
منتزعة الكبريت الشعرية

منتزعة الكبريت الشعرية هي نوع من البكتيريا، سلبية الغرام، تتبع جنس منتزعة الكبريت.
المراجع
بكتيريا وصفت في 2013
متقلبات دلتا
رفاء جناحي فكي

رفاء جناحي فكي
الرِفاء الجَناحي الفَكَِي ويُسمى أيضاً الرِباط الجَناحي الفَكِّي هوَ رِباط من اللفافة الشدقية البلعومية، ويرتبط من الأعلى مع الزائدة الخطافية الجناحية للصفيحة الإنسية للناتىء الجناحي، كما ترتبط من الأسفل مع النهاية الخَلفية للخط الضرسي اللامي من الفك السُفلي.
يَتغطى السطح الوَسطي للرفاء بواسطة الغشاء المُخاطي للفم، كما يتم فَصل السطح الجانبي عن فِرع الفك السُفلي بواسطة نسيج دهني. ترتبط العضلة المضيقة البلعومية العلوية بالحد الخَلفي للرِفاء، أما الحد الأمامي فيُعطي مكاناً لارتباط الحافة الخَلفية للعضلة المبوقة.
المراجع
روابط خارجية
رأس وعنق الإنسان
مقالات تتضمن نصوصا من الطبعة العشرين لكتاب تشريح جرايز (1918)
جدعون تينسلي

جدعون تينسلي هو سياسي أمريكي، ولد في 5 أبريل 1927 في مقاطعة كنيديان في الولايات المتحدة. نشط حزبياً في الحزب الديمقراطي. وقد انتخب .
مراجع
أشخاص من إلرينو
أعضاء مجلس شيوخ ولاية أوكلاهوما
ديمقراطيون من ولاية أوكلاهوما
مواليد 1927
HTC One Mini

HTC One Mini
The HTC One Mini is an Android smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC. Alternatively known as the HTC M4, HTC 601e or HTC 601s, the One Mini is a mid-range variant of HTC's 2013 flagship high-end smartphone, the HTC One. As such, the One Mini was designed to provide an overall experience as similar to its high-end counterpart as possible, while still being competitively priced in comparison to other smartphones in its range. Officially unveiled on 18 July 2013, the One Mini was released in selected markets in August 2013 followed by a global release in September 2013.
Development and release
With the successful launch of the HTC One, HTC made plans to extend its design and technology into a "family of devices". In particular, HTC North America's president Mike Woodward indicated that consumers had requested a smaller version of the HTC One since its launch. HTC designed the One Mini to provide "exactly the same experience" as the One with "no compromises", at a mid-range price.
In December 2013, the One Mini was banned from sale in the United Kingdom as the result of a patent infringement lawsuit by Nokia. While the HTC One was also affected by the ruling, its sales ban was stayed by the court pending an appeal; the judge indicated that banning HTC One sales would have a negative effect on the company in preparation for the release of its successor.
Specifications
The HTC One Mini uses an almost identical unibody design to the HTC One, and incorporates hardware features first introduced with the HTC One, such as front-facing dual BoomSound stereo speakers and a 4-megapixel rear-facing camera with an UltraPixel image sensor. Internally, the One Mini features a 1.4 GHz dual-core Snapdragon 400 processor with 1 GB of RAM, a 4.3 inch 720p screen with a pixel density of 341 ppi, lacks an infra-red emitter and NFC, uses a smaller 1800 mAh battery, and contains 16 GB of non-expandable storage. The One Mini ships with a version of Android 4.2.2 and HTC Sense 5.0 nearly identical to that of the HTC One.
Reception
Early reviews of the HTC One Mini were positive and praised HTC's adaptation of the HTC One's premium design to a smaller form factor, and also praised the One Mini's display and overall performance that was almost indistinguishable from that of its high-end counterpart. While PC Magazine experienced issues with image quality on the rear camera on a pre-production model, the One Mini was considered a good competitor to the similar Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini due to the One Mini's higher quality build and high-definition screen.
See also
HTC One series
References
External links
HTC One Mini Overview
Android (operating system) devices
One
Discontinued smartphones
Maurizio Rocha

Maurizio Rocha is a Bolivian retired football (soccer) midfielder who played professionally in Major League Soccer and USL A-League.
Youth
Rocha graduated from Saint Benedict's Preparatory School, which he had attended through St. Benedict's foreign exchange program with the Tahuichi Academy in Bolivia. Rocha attended the University of Connecticut, playing on the men's soccer team from 1995 to 1998. He was a 1998 First Team All American.
Professional
In February 1999, Rocha signed the Major League Soccer Project 40 and was assigned to the Miami Fusion. He spent the 1999 season with Project 40. In 2000, he played eleven games with the Fusion first team. The Fusion waived Rocha on November 2, 2000. In 2003, he played for the Rochester Rhinos and El Paso Patriots of the USL A-League. In April 2004, he signed with the Western Mass Pioneers, but was released in July. Rocha also played for Real Santa Cruz in Bolivia.
References
External links
MLS: Maurizio Rocha
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Bolivian men's footballers
Bolivian expatriate men's footballers
UConn Huskies men's soccer players
El Paso Patriots players
Major League Soccer players
Miami Fusion players
Rochester New York FC players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Western Mass Pioneers players
MLS Pro-40 players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Bolivian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
All-American college men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Antonín Pavel Wagner

Antonín Pavel Wagner (3 July 1834, Dvůr Králové nad Labem – 27 January 1895, Vienna) was a Czech sculptor who spent most of his career in Vienna.
Life and work
His family was involved in the textile industry. After completing secondary school, he entered the firm of Adolf Dittrich, a canvas merchant in Prague, to learn the trade. In his free time, he painted and drew. In 1851, he left to study with the sculptor, Josef Max. He spent six years in his studio as an assistant; working on commissions in Hradec Králové, Kutná Hora, and his hometown.
In 1857, he moved to Vienna, where he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts and studied with Franz Bauer. During his time there, he received three awards; one for a fountain in front of the Mariahilfer Kirche. In 1868, he took an extended study trip through Germany, Dalmatia and Italy. Although he came to enjoy great respect in the artistic community, his commissions were relatively few.
He was given an award at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair and, the following year, represented Viennese sculptors at a celebration of the 400th anniversary of the birth of Michelangelo in Florence. He was honored with another award at the Exposition Universelle (1878), in Paris.
Although he spent most of his life in Vienna, he often expressed his attachment to his homeland; participating in the decoration of both the National Theater and the National Museum in Prague. However, due to the small demand for monumental sculpture in Bohemia, he achieved little fame there until his work on the Theatre, when he was already forty-seven years old. He became a full member of the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague, and an "extraordinary member" of the .
The majority of his works can be found in Vienna, including statues of writers and dramatists at the Burgtheater, a statue of Herbard VIII von Auersperg at the Museum of Military History, several fountains, and two allegorical statues at the Vienna City Hall.
References
Further reading
External links
Brief biography and notes @ the Wien Geschichte Wiki
1834 births
1895 deaths
Czech sculptors
Austrian sculptors
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
People from Dvůr Králové nad Labem
.kr

.kr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Registrations are processed via registration agents.
From September 2006, it became possible to register domain names directly under .kr (although this is currently only possible for internationalized domain names). Trademark holders and public bodies benefited from an "early registration period", after which the owners of .kr third-level domains had priority to get the corresponding second-level domains.
1. Sunrise I (18 September–20 November 2006)
Governmental Bodies only
2. Sunrise II (21 November 2006–27 February 2007)
A holder of 3rd level .kr domain
The registered 3rd level domain and the 3rd level domain should be registered before 13 March 2006
The full name of registered trademark using same alphabetical order
3. Landrush (28 March–11 April 2007)
Anyone or any business entity who has an address in the territory
4. General Registration (from 19 April 2007)
First-come first-served basis
In 2011 a new top-level domain was registered for South Korea, intended for domain names in the local language. The top-level domain is domain names and working sites became active during 2011.
Domains and subdomains
Defunct domains and subdomains
Domain hacks
.kr domains are sometimes used as domain hacks such as flic.kr, an alternative address for Flickr.
New generic top level domains (new gTLDs) registered by South Korean organizations or individuals
.doosan: A new brand gTLD for the Doosan Group.
.hyundai: A new brand gTLD for the Hyundai Motor Group.
.kia: A new brand gTLD for Kia Motors.
.samsung: A new brand gTLD for the Samsung Group.
.lotte: A new brand gTLD for the Lotte Group.
. (.xn--t60b56a; .dat-net): A new technology gTLD. Korean Hangul transliteration of English "dotnet."
. (.xn--mk1bu44c; .dat-keom): A new technology gTLD. Korean Hangul transliteration of English "dotcom."
. (.xn--cg4bki; .Samseong): A new brand gTLD for the Samsung Group.
See also
.kp: The top-level domain for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
Communications in South Korea
Footnotes
References
External links
KRNIC
Delegation Record for .KR - IANA
Whois Search (in English) - KISA
Whois Search (in Korean) - KISA
Country code top-level domains
Internet in South Korea
sv:Toppdomän#K
سفارة السويد في كندا

سفارة السويد في كندا هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي لدولة السويد لدى كندا. تقع السفارة في وهي تهدف لتعزيز المصالح السويدية في كندا.
مراجع
انظر أيضًا
العلاقات السويدية الكندية
وصلات خارجية
قائمة سفارات السويد
قائمة السفارات في كندا
العلاقات السويدية الكندية
بعثات السويد الدبلوماسية
بعثات دبلوماسية سويدية
بعثات دبلوماسية في أوتاوا
بعثات دبلوماسية في كندا
التعليم النشط في التعليم العالي

التعليم النشط في التعليم العالي
التعلم النشط في التعليم العالي هي مجلة أكاديمية يستعرضها النظراء وتنشر ثلاث مرات في السنة وذلك في مجال التعليم. رئيس تحرير المجلة هو لين بي بالدوين (جامعة برونيل). تم البدء بالنشر في هذه المجلة منذ عام 2000 وتنشر حاليًا منشورات SAGE بالتعاون مع معهد التعليم والتدريس في التعليم العالي .
نطاق التعليم النشط
يستهدف التعليم النشط في التعليم العالي جميع أولئك الذين يقومون بتدريس ودعم التعليم في التعليم العالي وأولئك الذين يقومون بإجراء الأبحاث أو يستخدمونها في التعلم الفعال والتعليم والتقييم في الجامعات والكليات. تهدف المجلة أيضًا إلى التركيز على جميع جوانب التنمية والابتكارات والممارسات الجيدة في التعليم والتعلم في التعليم العالي، بما في ذلك استخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات والقضايا المتعلقة بإدارة التعليم والتعلم.
ما هو التعلم النشط؟ يُعرّف التعلم النشط بأنه «عملية إشراك الطلاب في بعض الأنشطة التي تجبرهم على التفكير في الأفكار وكيفية استخدامهم لتلك الأفكار» (Michael، 2006، pp. 160). من خلال هذا التطبيق للتعلم، يكون الطلاب قادرين على تطبيق وتقييم فهمهم للمعرفة والمهارات بشكل منتظم. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يصبح الطلاب أكثر نشاطًا عقليًا وجسديًا في تعلمهم من خلال مستويات وأشكال مختلفة من الأنشطة التي تتضمن جمع المعلومات والتفكير وحل المشكلات.
فوائد التعلم النشط لطلاب التعليم العالي
1. يصبح الطلاب أكثر انخراطًا في التجربة من خلال التفسير والحجج. 2. يُمكّن الطلاب من الحصول على اكتساب جديد للمعرفة وصنع المعنى من خلال ملكية التعلم الفردي من خلال مستويات تفكير أعلى. 3. يعزز أسلوبًا كليًا لإشراك المتعلمين من خلال دعم أساليب التعلم المختلفة في بيئة تزدهر على التنوع والتغيير. 4. تطوير قدرات الخريجين مثل التفكير النقدي والإبداعي، وحل المشكلات، والقدرة على التكيف، والاتصال ومهارات التعامل مع الآخرين. 5. زيادة المعرفة بالمحتوى والتفكير النقدي وقدرات حل المشكلات والمواقف الإيجابية تجاه التعلم مقارنةً بالتقديم التقليدي القائم على المحاضرات.
الخلاصة والفهرسة
يستخلص التعلم النشط في التعليم العالي وفهرسته في قواعد البيانات التالية:
رئيس الوزراء الأكاديمية Academic Premier
المحتويات الحالية : العلوم الاجتماعية والسلوكية Social and Behavioral Sciences
ملخصات الإدارة التربوية Educational Administration Abstracts
ملخصات البحوث التربوية على الإنترنت Educational Research Abstracts Online
SCOPUS
مؤشر اقتباس العلوم الاجتماعية (عامل التأثير معلق) Social Sciences Citation Index
روابط خارجية
المراجع
دوريات ثلث سنوية
مجلات أكاديمية تصدرها ساغا
دوريات باللغة الإنجليزية
منشورات أسست في 2000
نشرات دورية تعليم
نشرات دورية أكاديمية أسست في 2000
Bob Thorpe (pitcher)

Bob Thorpe (pitcher)
Robert Joseph Thorpe (June 12, 1935 – March 17, 1960) was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who experienced instant success at the minor league level, had a brief and promising trial with the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball, then was driven from the game by a sore arm and elbow surgery by the end of 1959. Less than a year after his retirement from baseball, Thorpe was working as an apprentice electrician on power lines in his native city of San Diego, California, when he was accidentally electrocuted at the age of 24.
Thorpe stood tall and weighed . He signed with the Cubs in 1953 and his first two seasons in baseball, with the Stockton Ports of the Class C California League, saw him win 44 of 56 decisions. In 1954, he was named the league's Most Valuable Player after posting a 28–4 record with the California circuit's top earned run average, 2.28, in 300 innings pitched. He threw 32 complete games in 33 assignments as a starting pitcher. The performance earned him a five-level promotion to the Major League Cubs at the outset of the 1955 season.
He appeared in two MLB games for the Cubs. In his debut, he worked the final inning of a 14–1 loss at the hands of the St. Louis Cardinals — but retired the Redbirds in order. In his second and final stint, Thorpe hurled the final two innings of another losing effort, this time against the Milwaukee Braves, and allowed two runs (one earned) on four hits.
Thorpe spent the rest of his career in the higher levels of the minors. He was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1957 Rule 5 draft, but developed a sore arm. He missed the entire 1958 season after elbow surgery and retired after only three appearances at the Class A level in 1959.
References
External links
1935 births
1960 deaths
Accidental deaths by electrocution
Accidental deaths in California
Baseball players from San Diego
Chicago Cubs players
Columbus/Gastonia Pirates players
Des Moines Bruins players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Portland Beavers players
Stockton Ports players
لويس باتريدج

لويس باتريدج هو ممثل إنجليزي ولد في 3 يونيو 2003 في واندزورث بلندن اشتهر بدوره في فيلم فيكونت توكيسبيري، و فيلم اينولا هولمز جنبًا إلى جنب مع ممثلة ميلي بوبي براون.
الأعمال
الأفلام
في التلفزيون
أشخاص من واندزورث
ممثلو أفلام إنجليز
ممثلو تلفزيون إنجليز
ممثلون أطفال إنجليز
ممثلون إنجليز في القرن 21
ممثلون وممثلات بريطانيون في القرن 21
مواليد 2003
توماس تورنر

توماس تورنر (7 مارس 1865 في أستراليا - 27 أكتوبر 1936 في أستراليا) هو لاعب كريكت أسترالي. لعب مع فريق فكتوريا للكريكت.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كريكت أستراليون
مواليد 1865
وفيات 1936
لاعبو كريكت من جنوب أستراليا
لاعبو كريكت من فيكتوريا
دالي هاريس

دالي هاريس هو عازف الغيتار الكلاسيكي أمريكي، ولد في 1968.
مراجع
عازفو قيثارة أمريكيون
عازفو قيثارة أمريكيون في القرن 20
عازفو قيثارة كلاسيكيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1968
موسيقيون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 20
Jerry Broome

Jerry Broome (born February 28, Waco, Texas) is an American actor. He first starred in the short film Sixty Cups of Coffee (2000) in Dallas, Tx. In 2001 moved to NYC to study with William Esper and The Actors Movement Studio. His first feature film, the 2008 horror movie Death on Demand, played Sean McIntyre, the killer/ghost. He has appeared on several soap operas One Life to Live, All My Children and had several recurring roles on "The Young and the Restless". Now resides in his home town Austin, Tx.
External links
American male film actors
Living people
1966 births
آيت حماد أوسليمان (ربيس)

آيت حماد أوسليمان (ربيس)
آيت حماد أوسليمان هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة أنزي، إقليم تيزنيت، جهة سوس ماسة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة ربيس التي تضم 84 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 81 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية
المندوبية السامية للتخطيط
أماكن مأهولة في ربيس (أنزي)
محمد بن إبراهيم العمادي

محمد بن إبراهيم العمادي
محمد بن إبراهيم بن عبد الرحمن العمادي (1664 - 1723 م) (1075 - 1135 هـ) فقيه حنفي وشاعر عربي شامي. ولد بدمشق في عائلة معروفة. أخذ العلوم الإسلامية عن شقيقه وعلماء عصره. وفي الأدب، برز في مديح نبوي. تصدر للتدريس بالمدرسة السليمانية ثم تولى إفتاء الحنفية سنة 1709. توفي بدمشق ودفن في مقبرة الباب الصغير.
سيرته
ولد محمد بن إبراهيم بن عبد الرحمن العمادي سنة 1075 هـ/ 1664 م في دمشق عاصمة إيالة دمشق العثمانية. توفي والده وهو في صغير. فنشأ في حجر أخيه علي العمادي المفتي. قرأ القرآن ثم طلب العلوم الإسلامية، فأخذ الحديث عن أبي المواهب الحنبلي، والفقه والنحو والمعاني والبيان عن إبراهيم الفتال وعثمان القطان ونجم الدين الفرضي وعبد الله العجلي. فنال عدة إجازات من مشاهير عصره، منهم: يحيى النايلي الشاوي، وإسماعيل الحائك المفتي، علاء الدين الحصكفي، ومحمد بن سليمان المغربي.
برع في الفنون والعلوم الإسلامية. تولى التدريس بالسليمانية بالميدان الأخضر بعد وفاة أخيه علي، ثم تولى إفتاء الحنفية بدمشق سنة 1121 هـ/ 1709 م. . من تلامذته هو حامد العمادي.
توفي محمد العمادي سنة 1135 هـ/ 1723 م ودفن بتربة الباب الصغير. ومن أبنائه حامد ولد 1103 هـ/ 1692 م وتوفي سنة 1171 هـ/ 1758 م.
شعره
له نظم رائق. وهو من الشعراء المديح النبوي. من قصيدته نبوية:
مراجع
رجال دين عثمانيون
شعراء دمشقيون
شعراء سوريون في القرن 17
شعراء سوريون في القرن 18
فقهاء الحنفية
مدفونون في مقبرة الباب الصغير
مواليد 1075 هـ
وفيات 1135 هـ
نادي كي أر إل

نادي كي أر إل هو نادي كرة قدم باكستاني ويلعب في دوري باكستان الممتاز. يلعب الفريق مبارياته المنزلية على ملعب كي أر إل في راولبندي ويسع لجلوس 8,000 متفرج. تم تأسيسه في عام 1995.
أدائه في بطولات الاتحاد الاتحاد الآسيوي
كأس الكؤوس الآسيوية: مشاركة 1
2000/01: الدور الأول
كأس رئيس الاتحاد الآسيوي: مشاركة 1
2010: 2° في دور المجموعات
الإنجازات
دوري باكستان الممتاز: (1)
2009
كأس باكستان الوطني لكرة القدم للتحدي: (2)
2009، 2010
مصادر
تأسيسات سنة 1995 في باكستان
كي أر إل
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1995
كرة القدم في راولبندي
Scleronomous

Scleronomous
A mechanical system is scleronomous if the equations of constraints do not contain the time as an explicit variable and the equation of constraints can be described by generalized coordinates. Such constraints are called scleronomic constraints. The opposite of scleronomous is rheonomous.
Application
In 3-D space, a particle with mass , velocity has kinetic energy
Velocity is the derivative of position with respect to time . Use chain rule for several variables:
where are generalized coordinates.
Therefore,
Rearranging the terms carefully,
where are respectively homogeneous functions of degree 0, 1, and 2 in generalized velocities. If this system is scleronomous, then the position does not depend explicitly with time:
Therefore, only term does not vanish:
Kinetic energy is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in generalized velocities .
Example: pendulum
As shown at right, a simple pendulum is a system composed of a weight and a string. The string is attached at the top end to a pivot and at the bottom end to a weight. Being inextensible, the string’s length is a constant. Therefore, this system is scleronomous; it obeys scleronomic constraint
where is the position of the weight and is length of the string.
Take a more complicated example. Refer to the next figure at right, Assume the top end of the string is attached to a pivot point undergoing a simple harmonic motion
where is amplitude, is angular frequency, and is time.
Although the top end of the string is not fixed, the length of this inextensible string is still a constant. The distance between the top end and the weight must stay the same. Therefore, this system is rheonomous as it obeys constraint explicitly dependent on time
See also
Lagrangian mechanics
Holonomic system
Nonholonomic system
Rheonomous
Mass matrix
References
Mechanics
Classical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics
de:Skleronom