Sakha

Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of one million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Eastern Federal District, and is the world's largest country subdivision, covering over 3,083,523 square kilometers (1,190,555 sq mi). Yakutsk, which is the world's coldest major city, is its capital and largest city. The republic has a reputation for an extreme and severe climate, with the second lowest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere being recorded in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (second only to Summit Camp, Greenland), and regular winter averages commonly dipping below in Yakutsk. The hypercontinental tendencies also result in warm summers for much of the republic.
Sakha was first home to hunting-gathering and reindeer herding Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples such as the Evenks and Yukaghir. Migrating from the area around Lake Baikal, the Turkic Sakha people first settled along the middle Lena river sometime between the 9th and 16th centuries, likely in several waves, bringing the pastoral economic system of Central Asia with them.
The Russians colonised and incorporated the area as Yakutsk Oblast into the Tsardom of Russia in the early-mid 17th century, obliging the indigenous peoples of the area to pay fur tribute. While the initial period following the Russian conquest saw the Sakha population drop by 70%, the Imperial period also saw the expansion of the native Yakuts from the middle Lena along the Vilyuy River to the north and the east displacing other indigenous groups. Yakutia saw some of the last battles of the Russian Civil War, and the Bolshevik authorities re-organized Yakutsk Oblast into the autonomous Yakut ASSR in 1922. The Soviet era saw the migration of many Slavs, specifically Russians and Ukrainians, into the area.
On 27 September 1990, the area became the Yakutskaya-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic, and on 27 December 1991, it became the "Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)" (in Russian, "Республика Саха (Якутия)").
Yakutia is a region with a high level of natural resource economic potential (25% of the world's diamond production, with only 5% of explored territory: oil, gas, coal, gold, huge tracts of forest). At the same time, the level of poverty among the population remains high (the share of the poor is 15.6% in 2022).
Etymology
The exonym Yakut comes from the Evenk term Yako (also yoqo, ñoqa, or ñoka), which was the term the Evenks used to describe the Sakha. This was in turn picked up by the Russians. The Yukaghirs, another neighboring people in Siberia, use the exonym yoqol ~ yoqod- ~ yoqon- (Tundra Yukaghir) or yaqal ~ yaqad- ~ yaqan- (Kolyma Yukaghir).
The self-designation Sakha is probably of the same origin (*jaqa > Sakha following regular sound changes in the course of development of the Yakut language) as the Evenk and Yukaghir exonyms for the Yakuts. It is pronounced as Haka by the Dolgans, whose language is either a dialect or a close relative of the Yakut language.
Geography
Borders:
internal: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (660 km) (East and Northeast), Magadan Oblast (1520 km) (East), Khabarovsk Krai (2130 km) (Southeast), Amur Oblast (South), Zabaykalsky Krai (South), Irkutsk Oblast (South and Southwest), Krasnoyarsk Krai (West).
water: Arctic Ocean (including Laptev Sea and Eastern Siberian Sea) (North).
Highest point: Peak Pobeda (3,003 m), Mus-Khaya Mountain Peak (2959 m or 3,011 m)
Maximum N–S distance:
Maximum E–W distance:
Sakha stretches to the Henrietta Island in the far north and is washed by the Laptev and Eastern Siberian Seas of the Arctic Ocean. These waters, the coldest and iciest of all seas in the Northern Hemisphere, are covered by ice for 9–10 months of the year. New Siberian Islands are a part of the republic's territory. After Nunavut was separated from Canada's Northwest Territories in 1999, Sakha became the largest subnational entity (statoid) in the world, with an area of , slightly smaller than the territory of India (3.3 million km2), but still slightly larger than Argentina.
Sakha can be divided into three great vegetation belts. About 40% of Sakha lies above the Arctic circle and all of it is covered by permafrost which greatly influences the region's ecology and limits forests in the southern region. Arctic and subarctic tundra define the middle region, where lichen and moss grow as great green carpets and are favorite pastures for reindeer. In the southern part of the tundra belt, scattered stands of dwarf Siberian pine and larch grow along the rivers. Below the tundra is the vast taiga forest region. Larch trees dominate in the north and stands of fir and pine begin to appear in the south. Taiga forests cover about 47% of Sakha and almost 90% of the cover is larch.
The Sakha Republic is the site of Pleistocene Park, a project directed at recreating Pleistocene tundra grasslands by stimulating the growth of grass with the introduction of animals which thrived in the region during the late Pleistocene – early Holocene period.
Time zones
Sakha is the only federal subject of Russia which uses more than one time zone. Sakha spans three time zones. Like the rest of Russia, it does not use daylight saving time.
Rivers
The largest river is the navigable Lena River (4,400 km). As it moves northward, it includes hundreds of small tributaries located in the Verkhoyansk Range.
Lena River
Vilyuy River (2,650 km) Lena River tributary
Markha River (1,181 km) Vilyuy River tributary
Morkoka River (812 km) Markha River tributary
Tyung River (1,092 km) Vilyuy River tributary
Aldan River (2,273 km) Lena River tributary
Amga River (1,462 km) Aldan River tributary
Maya River (1,053 km) Aldan River tributary
Uchur River (812 km) Aldan River tributary
Olyokma River (1,320 km) Lena River tributary
Linde River (804 km) Lena River tributary
Nyuya River (798 km) Lena River tributary
Olenyok River (2,292 km)
Kolyma River (2,129 km)
Indigirka River (1,726 km)
Selennyakh River (796 km) Indigirka River tributary
Alazeya River (1,590 km)
Anabar River (939 km)
Yana River (872 km)
Adycha River (715 km) Yana River tributary
Oldzho River (330 km) Yana River tributary
Bytantay River (620 km) Yana River tributary
Lakes
There are over 800,000 lakes in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:
Lake Bolshoye Morskoye
Lake Bustakh
Emanda
Lake Mogotoyevo
Nedzheli
Lake Nerpichye
Lake Ozhogino
Lake Suturuokha
Tabanda
Ulakhan-Kyuel
Vilyuy Reservoir
Mountains
Sakha's greatest mountain range, the Verkhoyansk Range, runs parallel and east of the Lena River, forming a great arc that begins in the Sea of Okhotsk and ends in the Laptev Sea.
The Chersky Range runs east of the Verkhoyansk Range and has the highest peak in Sakha, Peak Pobeda (3,147 m). The second highest peak is Peak Mus-Khaya reaching 3,011 m.
The Stanovoy Range borders Sakha in the south.
Peninsulas
The Republic's extensive coastline contains a number of peninsulas; from west to east the most prominent are:
Uryung-Tumus Peninsula
Nordvik Peninsula
Terpyay-Tumsa Peninsula
Bykovsky Peninsula
Buor-Khaya Peninsula
Manyko Peninsula
Shirokostan Peninsula
Merkushina Strelka Peninsula
Lopatka Peninsula
Dogukan Peninsula
Islands
From west to east the main islands of Sakha are:
Preobrazheniya Island
Bolshoy Begichev Island
Maliy Begichev Island
Peschany Island
Salkay Island
Orto Ary
Daldalakh
Dyangylakh Island
Dunay Islands
Leykina Island
Islands of the Lena Delta
Brusneva Island
Muostakh Island
Ulakhan Ary Island
Yarok Island
Shelonsky Islands
Makar Island
Stolbovoy Island
New Siberian Islands (by far the largest group)
De Long Islands
Medvezhyi Islands
Kolesovsky Island
Kolesovskaya Otmel
Gabyshevskiy Island
Kamenka Island
Markhayanovskiy Island
Gusmp Island
Sukhanyy Island
Natural resources
Sakha is well endowed with raw materials. The soil contains large reserves of oil, gas, coal, diamonds, gold, silver, tin, tungsten and many others. Sakha produces 99% of all Russian diamonds and over 25% of the diamonds mined in the world.
Climate
Sakha is known for its climate extremes, with the Verkhoyansk Range being the coldest area in the Northern Hemisphere. Some of the lowest natural temperatures ever recorded have been here. The Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold is at Verkhoyansk, where the temperatures reached as low as in 1892, and at Oymyakon, where the temperatures reached as low as in January 1924.
Average annual precipitation: 200 mm (central parts) to 700 mm (mountains of Eastern Sakha).
Administrative divisions
History
Pre-history
Siberia, and particularly Sakha, is of paleontological significance, as it contains bodies of prehistoric animals from the Pleistocene Epoch, preserved in ice or permafrost. In 2015, the frozen bodies of Dina and Uyan the cave lion cubs were found. Bodies of Yuka and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon, a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma River, and bison and horses from Yukagir have also been found. In June 2019, the severed yet preserved head of a large wolf from the Pleistocene, dated to over 40,000 years ago, was found close to the Tirekhtyakh River.
Ymyakhtakh culture (–1300 BC) was a Late Neolithic culture of Siberia, with a very large archaeological horizon. Its origins were in Sakha, in the Lena river basin. From there it spread both to the east and to the west.
Early history
The Turkic Sakha people or Yakuts may have settled the area as early as the 9th century or as late as the 16th century, though most likely there were several migrations. They migrated up north from around Lake Baikal to the middle Lena due to pressure by the Buryats, a Mongolic group.
The Sakha displaced earlier, much smaller populations who lived on hunting and reindeer herding, introducing the pastoralist economy of Central Asia. The indigenous populations of Paleosiberian and Tungusic stock
were mostly assimilated to the Sakha by the 17th century.
Russian conquest
The Tsardom of Russia began its conquest of the region in the 17th century, moving east after the defeat of the Khanate of Sibir. Tygyn, a king of the Khangalassky Sakha, granted territory for Russian settlement in return for a military pact that included war against indigenous rebels of all North Eastern Asia (Magadan, Chukotka, Kamchatka and Sakhalin). Kull, a king of the Megino-Khangalassky Sakha, began a Sakha conspiracy by allowing the first stockade construction.
In 1632 on the right bank of the Lena River the Yakutsk ostrog (fort) was laid out, which laid the foundation for the future city of Yakutsk. The ostrog was laid by Cossack Pyotr Beketov. This date is considered to be the date of Yakutia's inclusion into the Russian state. But this inclusion was not peaceful according even to the Russian sources themselves, for example: Yakut chronicle and Vilyui chronicle, Yakuts raised at least 7 anti-colonial uprisings 1633-1634, 1636-1637, 1639-1640, 1642, 1675-1676, 1681-1682 and 1683-1684, which were brutally suppressed.
In 1638 Yakutsk district was formed, later transformed into Yakutsk province (1775) and Yakutsk region (1784) of the East Siberian governor-general's office.
In the XVIII century there was a mass Christianization of the indigenous inhabitants of the region.
The arrival of Russian settlers at the remote Russkoye Ustye in the Indigirka delta is also believed to date from the 17th century. The Siberian Governorate was established as part of the Russian Empire in 1708.
Russian settlers began to form a community in the 18th century, which adopted certain Sakha customs and was often called Yakutyane (Якутяне) or Lena Early Settlers (ленские старожилы). However, the influx of later settlers had assimilated themselves into the Russian mainstream by the 20th century.
Russian Empire
In an administrative reform of 1782, Irkutsk Governorate was created. In 1805, Yakutsk Oblast was split from Irkutsk Governorate.
Yakutsk Oblast in the early 19th century marked the easternmost territory of the Russian Empire, including such Far Eastern (Pacific) territories as were acquired, known as Okhotsk Okrug within Yakutsk Oblast. With the formation of Primorskaya Oblast in 1856, the Russian territories of the Pacific were detached from Sakha.
The Russians established agriculture in the Lena River basin. The members of religious groups who were exiled to Sakha in the second half of the 19th century began to grow wheat, oats, and potatoes. The fur trade established a cash economy. Industry and transport began to develop at the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the Soviet period. This was also the beginning of geological prospecting, mining, and local lead production. The first steam-powered ships and barges arrived.
Sakha's remoteness, compared to the rest of Siberia, made it a place of exile of choice for both Tsarist and Communist governments of Russia. Among the famous Tsarist-era exiles were the democratic writer Nikolay Chernyshevsky; Doukhobors, conscientious objectors whose story was told to Leo Tolstoy by Vasily Pozdnyakov; the Socialist Revolutionary Party member and writer Vladimir Zenzinov, who left an account of his Arctic experiences; and Polish socialist activist Wacław Sieroszewski, who pioneered in ethnographic research on the Sakha people.
A Sakha national movement first emerged during the 1905 Revolution. A Yakut Union was formed under the leadership of a Sakha lawyer and city councilor by the name of Vasily Nikiforov, which criticized the policies and effects of Russian colonialism, and demanded representation in the State Duma. The Yakut Union acted to make the city council of Yakutsk stand down and was joined by thousands of Sakha from the countryside, but the leaders were arrested and the movement fizzled out by April 1906. Their demand for a Sakha representative in the Duma, however, was granted.
Soviet era
The decree of Emperor Nicholas II of June 25, 1916 "On the requisition of non-natives" required the conscription of 20 thousand Yakuts aged 19 to 43 inclusive, to work in the frontline areas of the First World War. At that time, the draft was avoided thanks to the Lena Gold Industry Partnership: it was considered more profitable to exploit Yakuts for gold mining for the tsarist treasury than to send them to war.
Sakha was home to the last stage of the Russian Civil War, the Yakut Revolt. On April 27, 1922, former Yakutsk Oblast was proclaimed the Yakut ASSR, although in fact the eastern part of the territory, including the city of Yakutsk, was controlled by the White Russians.
The early Soviet period saw a flourishing of Sakha literature as men such as Platon Oyunsky wrote down in writing the traditionally oral and improvised olonkho, in addition to composing their own works. Many early Sakha leaders, including Oyunsky, died in the Great Purge.
Yakutia almost always remained unruly and strived for freedom. A new series of uprisings swept through the region with the advent of Soviet power. The Yakuts then attempted to secede into an independent republic, despite Moscow's habitually brutal resistance. Participants of the 1927-28 Confederalist rebellion led by Yakut Pavel Ksenofontov were shot by the Bolsheviks along with a huge number of Yakut intellectuals and cultural figures, and many were sent to penal servitude. Repressions and purges of disloyal Sakhalars reached such proportions that in 1930 a new, Bulun uprising began, which the "Soviets" also suppressed with extreme cruelty.
Sakha experienced significant collectivization between 1929 and 1934, with the number of households experiencing collectivization rising from 3.6% in 1929 to 41.7% in 1932. After the final establishment of Soviet power in the region, any information about the Siberian revolts was actively concealed, and a beautiful picture of "friendship of peoples" and loyalty of Yakuts to Moscow was maintained. At the same time, there is information from Russian military historians about uprisings of Yakuts and Nenets during the Second World War. The scale of the uprisings was such that military aviation had to be used against the rebels - and this at a time when most of the military equipment was on the western front. The Soviets even created a special operational leadership body to eliminate the rebels. The press wrote about the rebels as bandits and escaped convicts attacking gold mines.
Policies by which the Sakha were harshly affected resulted in the population dropping from 240,500 in 1926 down to 236,700 at the 1959 census.
Sakha's demographics shifted wildly during the Soviet period as ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, among other groups, settled the area en masse, primarily in Yakutsk and the industrial south. Previously, even Yakutsk had been primarily Sakha and Sakha-speaking. With the end of korenizatsiya, usage of the Sakha language was restricted in urban areas such as Yakutsk, which became primarily Russian-speaking.
Post-Soviet era
On September 27, 1990, with the active support of the population of the Republic of Yakutia, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was proclaimed. In October 1991, the post of president of the republic was established. In December 1991, Yakut Mikhail Yefimovich Nikolaev became the first president. At the same time, the name of the republic was changed to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
September 27 is a national holiday in the region, which continues to be celebrated despite the fact that in 2009 the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation overturned the decision on Yakutia's sovereignty. And the title of President of Yakutia was abolished by Putin in 2012. Now the position is called "head of the region". Of course, the head of the region is always a member of the United Russia and fulfills the will of the Kremlin.
In 2012, the Yakuts achieved the registration of their traditional Ayy religion in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.
Since February 2022, thousands of Sakha boys and men have been sent to the war with Ukraine. According to local human rights defenders, mobilization in September 2022 took place with a full range of violations. Men were taken most often at night, one by one, directly from their homes to avoid organized protests. They also took away people who were unfit for health, people with many children, people of age, and even people with disabilities. Human rights activists put the number at about 30,000 people. According to the census, the total number of Yakuts at the moment is less than 480 thousand. To date, there is no official data on the number of dead and wounded, information about the losses is classified.
Demographics
Population: Population density is 0.31 per km2 (2019), which is one of the lowest among Russian districts. Urban population: 65,45% (2018).
Settlements
Vital statistics
Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Ethnic groups
According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:
469,348 Sakha (55.3%)
276,986 Russians (32.6%)
24,334 Evenks (2.9%)
13,233 Evens (1.6%)
11,203 Kyrgyz (1.3%)
7,169 Ukrainians (0.8%)
6,572 Buryats (0.8%)
5,620 Tajiks (0.7%)
Historical population figures are shown below:
Languages
The official languages are both Russian and Sakha, also known as Yakut, which is spoken by roughly half of the republic's population. In the 2021 census, 95% of Yakuts, 72% of Evenks and 60% of Evens declared Sakha as their native language. The Sakha language is a member of the Turkic language family, belonging to the Siberian branch. It is closely related to the Dolgan language of the former Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The Sakha Republic is also home to many of the world's speakers of Tungusic languages, primarily of Evenki and Even. Additionally, Chukchi and the lects of the Yukaghir language family are spoken in the northeast.
Religion
Before the arrival of the Russian Empire, the majority of the local population was Tengrist, similar to the other Turkic people of Central Asia, or in Paleoasian indigenous shamanism with both 'light' (community leading) and 'dark' (healing through spirit journey) shamans. Under the Russians, the local population was converted to the Russian Orthodox Church and required to take Orthodox Christian names, but in practice generally continued to follow traditional religions. During the Soviet era, most or all of the shamans died without successors.
In the 1990s, a neopagan shamanist movement called aiyy yeurekhé was founded by the controversial journalist Ivan Ukhkhan and a philologist calling himself Téris. This group and others cooperated to build a shaman temple in downtown Yakutsk in 2002.
Currently, while Orthodox Christianity maintains a following (however, with very few priests willing to be stationed outside of Yakutsk), there is interest and activity toward renewing the traditional religions. As of 2008, Orthodox leaders described the worldview of the republic's indigenous population (or, rather, those among the population who are not completely indifferent to religion) as dvoyeverie (dual belief system), or a "tendency toward syncretism", as evidenced by the locals sometimes first inviting a shaman, and then an Orthodox priest to carry out their rites in connection with some event in their life.
According to the Information Center under the President of Sakha Republic (Информационный центр при Президенте РС(Я)), the religious demography of the republic was as follows: Orthodoxy: 44.9%, Shamanism: 26.2%, Non-religious: 23.0%, New religious movements: 2.4%, Islam: 1.2%, Buddhism: 1.0%, Protestantism: 0.9%, Catholicism: 0.4%.
According to a 2012 survey, 37.8% of the population of Sakha adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 13% to Tengrism or Sakha shamanism, 2% to Islam, 1% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% to forms of Protestantism, and 0.4% to Tibetan Buddhism. In addition, 26% of the population deems itself atheist, 17% is "spiritual but not religious", and 1.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.
Education
The most important facilities of higher education include North-Eastern Federal University (previously Yakutsk State University) and Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy.
Politics
The head of government in Sakha is the Head (previously President). The first Head of the Sakha Republic was Mikhail Yefimovich Nikolayev. As of 2021, the head is Aysen Nikolayev, who took office on May 28, 2018.
The supreme legislative body of state authority in Sakha is a unicameral State Assembly known as the Il Tumen. The government of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic is the executive body of state authority.
The republic fosters close cultural, political, economic, and industrial relations with the independent Turkic states through membership in organizations such as the Turkic Council and the Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture.
A Yakut separatist movement exists in Sakha, that seeks the creation of an independent Yakutian state. The primary cause of Yakut separatism is the perception of economic exploitation by the federal government. Some journalists and politicians suggested that Turkey supports Sakha separatism financially and politically.
The biggest movement is the Free Yakutia Movement, which is represented on the Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum.
Economy
Industry generates slightly above 50% of the gross national product of Sakha, stemming primarily from mineral exploitation. Industrial enterprises are concentrated in the capital Yakutsk, as well as in Aldan, Mirny, Neryungri, Pokrovsk, and Udachny. The diamond, gold, and tin ore mining industries are the major focus of the economy. Uranium ore is beginning to be mined. The Turkic-speaking Sakha people are engaged in politics, government, finance, economy, and cattle-breeding (horses and cows for milk and meat). The Paleoasian indigenous peoples are hunters, fishermen, and reindeer herders. As of 2008, Sakha Republic is the 19th most developed federal subject in Russia.
The largest companies in the region include Alrosa, Yakutugol, Yakutskenergo, and Yakutia Airlines.
Transportation
Water transport ranks first for cargo turnover. There are six river ports, two seaports (Tiksi and Zelyony Mys). Four shipping companies, including the Arctic Sea Shipping Company, operate in the republic. The republic's main waterway is the Lena River, which links Yakutsk with the rail station of Ust-Kut in Irkutsk Oblast.
Air transport is the most important for transporting people. Airlines connect the republic with most regions of Russia. Yakutsk Airport has an international terminal.
Two federal roads pass the republic. They are Yakutsk–Skovorodino (A360 Lena highway) and Yakutsk–Magadan (M56 Kolyma Highway).
However, due to the presence of permafrost, use of asphalt is not practical, and therefore the roads are made of clay. When heavy rains blow over the region, the roads often turn to mud, sometimes stranding hundreds of travelers in the process.
The Berkakit–Tommot railroad is currently in operation. It links the Baikal-Amur Mainline with the industrial centers in South Sakha. Construction of the Amur–Yakutsk Mainline continues northward; the railway was completed to Nizhny Bestyakh, across the river from Yakutsk, in 2013. Though this one-track railroad from Tommot to Nizhny Bestyakh is under temporary operation (30% of its full capacity), the federal agency for railways declared that this railroad would be in full operation in fall 2015. Also the private company is now constructing the transport and logistics center in Nizhny Bestyakh.
Media
NVK Sakha (national broadcaster company Sakha, Национальная вещательная компания Саха, "Саха" көрдөрөр иһитиннэрэр тэрилтэтэ), the largest media company in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The company owns dozens of TV channels in Yakutia, Russia, and other countries. The main broadcasting languages are Yakut, English, Russian and Evenk. It was founded in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. 70% of the shares are owned by the Russian VGTRK, 25% are owned by Yakutia, and 5% are in free float. NVK Sakha owns its own animation and film production studios, and some music studios. Since 2018, it has also been streaming 24/7 on YouTube.
Culture
Points of interest in the city of Yakutsk include:
the State Russian drama theatre named after Alexander Pushkin
the Sakha Theater named after Platon Oyunsky
the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after D. K. Sivtsev
Suorun Omoloon, the Young Spectator's Theatre
There are a number of museums as well. These include the National Fine Arts Museum of Sakha, the Museum of Local Lore and History named after E. Yaroslavsky, and the Khomus Museum and Museum of Permafrost. In September 2020, the Gagarin Center for Culture and Contemporary Art was opened in the Gagarin District of Yakutsk.
In the 2010s, a movie boom began in Yakutia. The local film industry was labelled "Sakhawood".
The Yakuts have fully preserved their native language, which differs significantly from other Turkic languages by the presence of a layer of unique Paleo-Asiatic vocabulary. The Yakut language has a developed literary tradition with many styles and genres, and the ancient Sakha epic Olonkho is recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity.
National days
April 27: Republic Day
June 21: Yhyakh festival (also known as Sakha New Year)
See also
Cuisine of Sakha
Lena Pillars
List of rural localities in the Sakha Republic
Music in the Sakha Republic
Tuymaada
Yakutian knife
Yakut language
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Official website of the government of Sakha Republic
Geography of Northeast Asia
East Siberian Sea
Russian Far East
Far Eastern Federal District
Laptev Sea
Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Russian-speaking countries and territories
States and territories established in 1922
1922 establishments in Russia
Observer members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture
Republics of Russia