PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Horst Herold

Horst Herold (21 October 1923 – 14 December 2018) was a German police officer. He was the President of the Federal Criminal Police of Germany from 1971 to 1981. Under his leadership, the method for the systematic manhunt of Red Army Faction terrorists, called Rasterfahndung (dragnet), was introduced. He authored several essays on policing.
References
1923 births
2018 deaths
German police chiefs
Alan Buchanan (politician)

Alan Buchanan (politician)
Alan Gilmore Buchanan (born October 28, 1952) is a Canadian university administrator and former politician from Prince Edward Island.
A native of the rural farming hamlet of Belfast in southeastern Queens County, Buchanan is a graduate of the University of Prince Edward Island and Queen's University. Buchanan served as a MLA in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island during the administrations of Joe Ghiz and Catherine Callbeck, holding several cabinet positions, including Minister of Provincial Affairs and Minister of Health. Buchanan has also held positions as a senior bureaucrat and policy advisor as well as a university lecturer. He was appointed to the Law Commission of Canada from 1999 to 2003.
Buchanan ran in the 2003 leadership race for the Prince Edward Island Liberal Party but narrowly lost to Robert Ghiz.
In 2017 along with former PEI politicians like Cynthia Dunsford also a former Liberal MLA and James Rodd the former Province's New Democratic Party leader from 2007 to 2012, did officially join the Province's Green Party due their party's member Hannah Bell won by-election in Charlottetown-Parkdale which becoming first time in PEI politics that third party won in by-election nd shared interest of Party's issue of promoting voting reform for province into adopting Proportional representation as their way to vote.
Personal life
Buchanan subsequently worked as an Inter-Government Communication Officer with Island Telecom and later Aliant, as well as forming his own consulting and communication company.
In June 2005 he was appointed to the position as Registrar at his alma mater, the University of Prince Edward Island.
Buchanan has contributed articles to the journal Canadian Ethnic Studies. He also helped establish the advisory board of the Institute of Island Studies.
The son of Samuel Buchanan and Mae Gilmore, Buchanan married Deborah Ann Watts in 1978.
References
1952 births
University of Prince Edward Island alumni
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
Green Party of Prince Edward Island politicians
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Miturgidae

Miturgidae is a family of araneomorph spiders that includes nearly 170 species in 29 genera worldwide. First described by Eugène Simon in 1886, it has been substantially revised, and includes the previous family Zoridae as a synonym, and excludes the family Xenoctenidae. Several genera have also been removed, such as the large genus Cheiracanthium, which was transferred to the Cheiracanthiidae.
Genera
, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:
Argoctenus L. Koch, 1878 — New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea
Diaprograpta Simon, 1909 — Australia
Elassoctenus Simon, 1909 — Australia
Eupograpta Raven, 2009 — Australia
Hestimodema Simon, 1909 — Australia
Israzorides Levy, 2003 — Israel
Mituliodon Raven & Stumkat, 2003 — Timor-Leste, Australia
Miturga Thorell, 1870 — Australia
Mitzoruga Raven, 2009 — Australia
Nuliodon Raven, 2009 — Australia
Odomasta Simon, 1909 — Australia
Pacificana Hogg, 1904 — New Zealand
Palicanus Thorell, 1897 — Asia, Seychelles
Parapostenus Lessert, 1923 — South Africa, Lesotho
Prochora Simon, 1886 — Italy, Asia
Pseudoceto Mello-Leitão, 1929 — Brazil
Simonus Ritsema, 1881 — Australia
Syrisca Simon, 1886 — South America, Africa
Syspira Simon, 1895 — United States, Mexico
Systaria Simon, 1897 — Asia, Oceania
Tamin Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
Teminius Keyserling, 1887 — North America, South America
Thasyraea L. Koch, 1878 — Australia
Tuxoctenus Raven, 2008 — Australia
Voraptus Simon, 1898 — Africa, Indonesia
Xantharia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
Zealoctenus Forster & Wilton, 1973 — New Zealand
Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 — Asia, Europe, North America
Zoroides Berland, 1924 — New Caledonia
References
External links
Araneomorphae families
Philipp Gilgen

Philipp Gilgen (born October 12, 1976) is a Swiss former swimmer, who specialized in backstroke events. He is a 2000 Olympian and a 17-time Swiss champion in both 100 and 200 m backstroke.
Gilgen competed only in two swimming events at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He posted a FINA B-standard entry time of 56.87 from the Swiss National Championships in Zurich. On the second day of the Games, Gilgen placed thirty-fifth the 100 m backstroke. Swimming in heat three, he edged out Sweden's Mattias Ohlin to wrest a third seed by a hundredth of a second (0.01) in 57.50. Gilgen also teamed up with Remo Lütolf, Karel Novy, and Philippe Meyer in the 4×100 m medley relay. Leading off a backstroke leg in heat one, Gilgen recorded a split of 57.31, but the Swiss team settled only for sixth place and sixteenth overall with a final time of 3:42.78.
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Swiss male backstroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Switzerland
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Casablanca
سدادة (الصرف الصحي)

سدادة (الصرف الصحي)
السدادة في مجال تطهير المياه واللوازم الصحية، هي أداة يستعان بها لإغلاق منفذ صرف بإحكام. ويسمح إغلاق المصرف بملئ الحاوية بالسوائل. وتختلف السدادات عن الغطيان التي تغطي الثقب فحسب لأنها تُدفع إلى داخل الثقب فيحويها.
السدادة التقليدية
تُصنع السدادات غالبا من مادة لينة مثل المطاط، أو تكون ذات حواف لينة، وذلك كي تدخل في ثقوب أصغر منها بقليل، مما يضمن إحكام الغلق.
السدادة المنبثقة
بعض الأحواض الحديثة لها سدادة منبثقة يشغلها مقبض يتحرك لأعلى ولأسفل لفتح وإغلاق المصرف، وفي حمامات المنازل يكون غالبا وراء الصنبور.
مصادر
حمامات
شبكة أنابيب
صرف صحي
نظافة
يو إف سي 67

يو إف سي 67: الكل أو لا شيء هو حدث لفنون القتال المختلطة نظمته يو إف سي، أُقيم في 3 فبراير 2007، على مركز أحداث ماندالاي باي في لاس فيغاس ستريب، نيفادا، الولايات المتحدة.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة أحداث يو إف سي
يو إف سي في 2007
المراجع
الرياضة في نيفادا في 2007
فنون القتال المختلطة في 2007
أحداث بطولة القتال النهائي
فنون القتال المختلطة في لاس فيغاس (نيفادا)
Desert Rose (Sting song)

Desert Rose (Sting song)
"Desert Rose" is a song by British musician Sting, featuring Algerian raï singer Cheb Mami, from Sting's album Brand New Day (1999). It is noted for Sting and Mami's duet. According to Sting, the lyrics have to do with "lost love and longing". Riding a wave of pre-9/11 interest in Latin and Arabic cultures, "Desert Rose" peaked at 2 in Canada, No. 3 in Switzerland, No. 4 in Italy, No. 15 in the UK, and No. 17 in the US.
Reception
Brand New Day received moderate to positive reviews, with one critic calling it "world-beat". Sting took issue with the classification of Brand New Day as "world music", although he acknowledged the North African feel of "Desert Rose". Reviewers noted that the "exotic" song differed from the rest of the album, and cited it as one of Brand New Days highlights.
Music video
The music video was directed by Paul Boyd, and features Sting taking a trip through the Mojave Desert in a Jaguar S-Type driven by a masked female chauffeur while recording himself on a JVC GR-DVX4 video camera, and then going to a nightclub in Las Vegas to perform the song with Cheb Mami. Scenes also feature Sting walking alone in the desert holding the camera up. It ends with a shot of Sting with his eyes shut (possibly asleep) in the back seat of the Jaguar, which is then seen driving off into the distance. After shooting the video, Sting's manager Miles Copeland III approached a music licensing maven, Lloyd Simon, to work with Jaguar on a collaboration, and the auto company featured the video in their prominent television advertisements during the year 2000.
Remixes
Also included on the single releases were club remixes by Victor Calderone. One remixed version of the song was used in an alternative edit of the video, which included more sexually explicit footage. The song was later re-released on Sting's later album Duets.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Desert Rose (radio edit)" – 3:55
"If You Love Somebody Set Them Free" (live at the Universal Amphitheatre, Los Angeles) – 4:27
"Fragile" (live at the Universal Amphitheatre, Los Angeles) – 4:10
"Desert Rose" video (CD-ROM)
UK CD2
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix radio edit)" – 4:47
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" – 9:21
"Desert Rose (Filter Dub Mix)" – 5:21
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" video (CD-ROM)
UK 12-inch
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)"
"Desert Rose (Filter Dub Mix)"
"Desert Rose" (original)
US CD
"Desert Rose (radio edit)" – 3:54
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix radio edit)" – 4:44
"Brand New Day (Murlyn Extended Mix)" – 5:01
"Brand New Day (Murlyn Radio Mix)" – 3:54
Europe CD
"Desert Rose (radio edit)" – 3:54
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" – 9:20
"Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix radio edit)" – 4:44
"Brand New Day (Murlyn Mix)" – 5:01
"Brand New Day" video (CD-ROM)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Release history
References
External links
1999 songs
2000 singles
A&M Records singles
Macaronic songs
Music videos directed by Paul Boyd
Number-one singles in Greece
Number-one singles in Portugal
Songs written by Sting (musician)
Sting (musician) songs
Male vocal duets
Jaguar Cars
تنس كرة القدم

تنس كرة القدم أو فوت نت (في التشيك وسلوفاكيا). هي رياضة نشأت في عقد العشرينات من القرن العشرين في تشيكوسلوفاكيا. تُلعب هذه الرياضة في الهواء الطلق في ملعب صغير مُحدد تنتصفه شبكةٌ مُتدلية ويتواجد كل فريق في أحد نصفي الملعب. وتتمثل اللعبة بمحاولة جعل الكرة تضرب في منطقة الخصم دون ردها من الفريق الآخر على طريقة لعبة التنس ولكن عن طريق أحد أعضاء الجسم عدا اليدين. ويتكون كل فريق من لاعب أو لاعبيّن أو ثلاثة كحد أقصى.
التاريخ
في عام 1922، بدأ لاعبو نادي سلافيا براغ بممارسة اللعبة عن طريق وضع حبل بدلاً من الشبكة. مع اختلاف بعض القوانين عن ماهي عليها اليوم. وفي 1940 تمّ وضع القواعد الأولى للعبة. وأُقيمت أول كأس لتنس كرة القدم في ذلك الوقت. وفي 1961 تم الاعتراف بها كرياضة رسميّة من قِبل المنظمة الرياضية التشيكوسلوفاكية وأنشأت لجنة فوت نت خاصةً بالرياضة.
القوانين
لاعب واحد: يُسمح بضرب الكرة مرتين من قِبل المُستقبل للرمية. وتكون أبعاد الملعب 9 م × 12.8 م.
لاعبان: يُسمح بضرب الكرة ثلاثة مرات من قبل الفريق المُستقبل للرمية (لا يُسمح بضرب الكرة مرتين بشكلٍ مُتتالي من نفس اللاعب). وتكون أبعاد الملعب 9 م × 12.8 م.
ثلاثة لاعبين: يُسمح بضرب الكرة ثلاثة مرات من قبل الفريق المُستقبل للرمية (لا يُسمح بضرب الكرة مرتين بشكلٍ مُتتالي من نفس اللاعب). وتكون أبعاد الملعب 9 م × 18 م.
ارتفاع الشبكة يكون 1.10 متر.
يكون الفوز بـ 11 نقطة بشرط أن يكون الفارق نقطتين. والحد الأقصى للفوز هو 15:14.
يُمنع على اللاعبين لمس الشبكة أثناء اللعب وإلا احتُسبت نقطة للفريق الخصم.
كرة تنس القدم مُشابهة في الحجم للكرة التي تُلعب في رياضة كرة القدم.
الاتحادات العالمية
في عام 1987 تم إنشاء الاتحاد الدولي لتنس القدم والتي سميت بفيفتا ، وفي عام 2010 تأسس اتحاد فوت نت الدولي عن طريق بعض الأعضاء السابقين للاتحاد الدولي لتنس القدم والذي يُسمى بـ UNIF. وفي أبريل 2010 تم إنشاء الجمعية الأوروبية للفوت نت في مارسيليا في فرنسا لإعادة تنشيط هذه الرياضة في أوروبا.
انظر أيضًا
رياضة البادل
مراجع
أشكال التنس
أشكال مختلفة لكرة قدم
ألعاب رياضية تستخدم الكرة
ألعاب كرة القدم الشوارع
الرياضة في جمهورية التشيك
رياضات مختلطة
الرياضة في سلوفاكيا
هيكارو هيرونيوا

هيكارو هيرونيوا (5 يوليو 1985 في كاتسوشيكا في اليابان – )؛ هو لاعب كرة قدم ياباني سابق كان يلعب كلاعب وسط.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يابانيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام كرة قدم من طوكيو
لاعبو الدوري الياباني لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إهيمه إف سي
لاعبو كاشيوا ريسول
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون
مواليد 1985
لاعبو زويجين كانازاوا
Baylis, Illinois

Baylis, Illinois
Baylis is a village in Pike County, Illinois, United States. The population was 200 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Baylis is located at (39.728579, -90.908144).
According to the 2010 census, Baylis has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 265 people, 91 households, and 70 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 106 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.11% White, 0.38% Asian, and 1.51% from two or more races.
There were 91 households, out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.37.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 33.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $32,344, and the median income for a family was $32,422. Males had a median income of $17,250 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,251. About 16.0% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under the age of eighteen and 3.8% of those 65 or over.
References
Villages in Pike County, Illinois
Villages in Illinois
Jan Novak (footballer, born 1997)

Jan Novak (footballer, born 1997)
Jan Novak (born 4 October 1997) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays for NK Trebnje as a forward. He is a product of the NK Krka youth system and represented Slovenia at U18 level.
Club career
NK Krka
A forward or winger, Novak began his career in his native Slovenia with NK Krka in 2004. He rose through the youth ranks to make his professional debut for the club at 16 years of age, with a late appearance as a substitute for Martin Kramarič in a 3–1 PrvaLiga defeat to NK Rudar Velenje on 23 August 2014. Despite scoring prolifically for the youth teams, it wasn't until after relegation to the Second League that Novak made a breakthrough into the first team, making 18 appearances and two goals during the first half of the 2016–17 season before departing the Portoval on 31 January 2017.
Brentford
During the 2016–17 pre-season, Novak travelled to England to join the B team at Championship club Brentford on trial. He was successful, but paperwork problems meant that he was unable to join the club until 31 January 2017, when he signed an 18-month contract for an undisclosed fee. Novak made 32 appearances and scored six goals before his release at the end of the 2017–18 season.
Return to Slovenia
On 22 August 2018, Novak returned to Slovenia to rejoin Second League club NK Krka on a one-year contract and made 26 appearances and scored five goals during the 2018–19 season. Upon the expiration of his contract on 1 July 2019, Novak joined Second League club NK Drava Ptuj on a free transfer. He made 18 appearances and scored two goals during the truncated 2019–20 season and transferred back to NK Krka on 7 August 2020. Novak made just three appearances and transferred to Ljubljana Regional League club NK Trebnje during the 2021–22 off-season. He made 37 appearances and scored 13 goals over the course of the 2021–22 and 2022–23 seasons.
International career
Novak won four U18 caps for Slovenia in 2014.
Career statistics
References
External links
Jan Novak at nzs.si
1997 births
Living people
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football wingers
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
NK Krka players
NK Drava Ptuj (1933) players
Brentford F.C. players
(35304) 1996 XY11

(35304) 1996 XY11
1996 أكس واي 11 (ويعرف أيضًا باسم (35304) 1996 أكس واي 11 وفق تسمية الكوكب الصغير) ؛ هو كويكب ضمن حزام الكويكبات.
اكتُشف هذا الجُرم الفلكي بواسطة سبيس واتش في 4 ديسمبر 1996، وترتيبه 35304 من حيث الاكتشاف.
الوصف
اكتُشف في 4 ديسمبر 1996 في مرصد قمة كت الوطني، الواقع في صحراء سونورا، أريزونا في الولايات المتحدة، بواسطة مشروع سبايس واتش (مشاهد السماء) التابع لجامعة أريزونا. وقد رصد المشروع 760 مشاهدة للكويكب إلى غاية 8 يوليو 2021 بتوقيت منطقة المحيط الهادئ، أي في مدة قدرها 10,245 يومًا (28.1 عام). تستغرق الفترة المدارية للكويكب 1,750 يومًا (4.8 عام).
الخصائص المدارية
يتميز مدار هذا الكويكب بنصف محور رئيسي يبلغ 2.84 وحدة فلكية، وحضيض قدره 2.82 وحدة فلكية، وانحراف قدره 0.00727 وزاوية ميلان 3.14 درجة بالنسبة لمسار الشمس. بسبب هذه الخصائص، أي نصف المحور الرئيسي بين 2 و3.2 وحدة فلكية وحضيض أكبر من 1,666 وحدة فلكية، يُصنف هذا الجُرم الفلكي وفقًا لقاعدة بيانات مختبر الدفع النفاث لأجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة كائنًا من حزام الكويكبات الرئيسي.
انظر أيضًا
قائمة الكواكب الصغيرة
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1996
اكتشافات مشروع سبيس واتش
حزام الكويكبات
كواكب صغيرة مسماة
صرعدد

صرعدد هي إحدى قرى عزلة القارة بمديرية رصد التابعة لمحافظة أبين، بلغ تعداد سكانها 53 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع وروابط خارجية
World Gazetteer:Yemen
الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء بالجمهورية اليمنية
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
قرى مديرية رصد
IBM Q System One

IBM Q System One
IBM Quantum System One is the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer, introduced by IBM in January 2019.
This integrated quantum computing system is housed in a airtight glass cube that maintains a controlled physical environment. A cylindrical protrusion from the center of the ceiling is a dilution refrigerator, containing a 20-qubit transmon quantum processor. It was tested for the first time in the summer of 2018, for two weeks, in Milan, Italy.
IBM Quantum System One was developed by IBM Research, with assistance from the Map Project Office and Universal Design Studio. CERN, ExxonMobil, Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are among the clients signed up to access the system remotely.
From April 6 to May 31, 2019, the Boston Museum of Science hosted an exhibit featuring a replica of the IBM Quantum System One.
On June 15, 2021, IBM deployed the first unit of Quantum System One in Germany at its headquarters in Ehningen.
See also
IBM Eagle
IBM Quantum Platform
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Superconducting quantum computing
Qiskit
References
External links
Official website
Quantum computing
Computer-related introductions in 2019
IBM computers
Edward Fancourt Mitchell

Edward Fancourt Mitchell
Sir Edward Fancourt Mitchell KCMG KC (21 July 1855 – 7 May 1941) was an Australian barrister who was one of the leading experts in Australian constitutional law in the early part of the 20th century.
Early life
Mitchell was born in Richmond, Surrey, England, the son of William Henry Fancourt Mitchell and the former Christina Templeton. His father, a long-serving member of the Victorian Legislative Council, had arrived in Australia in 1833; he was born on an extended visit home. Mitchell attended Geelong Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School, and was then sent to England to attend Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1881, but returned to Australia the same year and was also admitted to the Victorian Bar. He began his professional career as a junior to James Purves.
Legal career
Mitchell eventually established his own practice, frequently appearing before the Supreme Court of Victoria. He also served as chairman of Goldsbrough Mort & Co from 1893 to 1896. After Federation in 1901, Mitchell made regular appearances before the High Court and occasionally before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. He was appointed King's Counsel in 1904 and made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1918.
Other interests
Mitchell was a keen sportsman. He played interstate tennis for Victoria in 1886 and 1887, and was a founding member of the Royal Melbourne Golf Club. He also represented Victoria on the Australian Cricket Board, and was president of the Melbourne Cricket Club from 1933 to 1941.
Mitchell was a devout Anglican, and served as chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne from 1910 until his death. He was a supporter of the Nationalist Party, and in 1918 contested the preselection process for the Flinders by-election. He was defeated by Stanley Bruce, a future prime minister, and was apparently let down by his poor public speaking.
Personal life
Mitchell married Eliza Fraser Morrison on 16 December 1886. He and his wife had four daughters. His third daughter was the blind novelist, Isabel Mary Mitchell. His father-in-law was the educationist Alexander Morrison, headmaster of Scotch College.
References
1855 births
1941 deaths
Australian barristers
Australian cricket administrators
Australian male tennis players
People from Richmond, London
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People educated at Geelong Grammar School
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Australian King's Counsel
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Anglicans
Nationalist Party (Australia) politicians
تقنية النانو في معالجة المياه

تقنية النانو في معالجة المياه
توفر التقانة النانوية، وهي هندسة وفن معالجة المادة على المستوى النانوي _1- 100 نانومتر)، القدرة على تصنيع مواد نانوية جديدة تستخدم في معالجة المياه السطحية والمياه الجوفية ومياه الصرف الصحي الملوثة بأيونات المعادن السامة والمحاليل العضوية والغير عضوية بالإضافة إلى الكائنات الدقيقة. ونتيجة نشاطها الفائق الفريد تجاه التخلص من الملوثات المدمرة، تقع العديد من المواد النانوية تحت نطاق البحث النشط والتطوير بهدف استخدامها في معالجة المياه.
اكتشاف مسببات الأمراض الميكروبية
يعد توفير موردٍ دائمٍ للمياه الصحية الصالحة للشرب إحدى أولويات الحياة الصحية السليمة، إلا أن الأمراض الناجمة عن تلك المياه الملوثَة تمثل سبباً رئيسياً كامناً وراء العديد من حالات الوفاة في أرجاءٍ مختلفةٍ من العالم، وخاصةً فيما بين الأطفال صغار السن، الشيوخ، وهؤلاء الذين يعانون من مشكلات في الجهاز المناعي. ومع تغير علم الأوبئة الناجمة عن الأمراض الملوثة، فقد تنامت المخاوف العالمية العامة حول إعادة ظهور أوبئةٍ معديةٍ والتي تنتشر من خلال التفاعل المعقد مع العوامل الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والتطورية النمائية والبيئية كذلك. ومن ثم يعد أحد التحديات القائمة والهامة في المجال هو ذلك الاكتشاف السريع والدقيق والحساس لمسببات الأمراض الناجمة عن استخدامات المياه الملوثة. حيث بُنيت الاختبارات الميكروبية في وقتنا الحاضر بشكلٍ أساسيٍ على طرق ثقافة استهلاك الوقت time-consuming culture methods. إلا أنه على الرغم من ذلك فيتم تطوير العديد من الطرق الإنزيمية والمناعية والجينية لتحل محل و/ أو تدعم الطرق والأساليب التقليدية للكشف عن الميكروبات. علاوةً على ذلك، فإن للاختراعات في مجال تقانة النانو والعلوم النانوية تأثيراً حيوياً هاماً في علم التشخيص الحيوي، حيث تم إجراء العديد من التجارب القائمة على الجسيمات النانوية والأجهزة النانوية المختلفة بهدف المساعدة في عملية الكشف عن الجسيمات الحيوية.
الألياف النانوية والمبيدات الحيوية النانوية
تُظهِر الألياف النانوية الكهربائية المنسوجة والمبيدات الحيوية النانوية القدرة على إنجاز تحسينات في مجال أغشية فلترة المياه. ونلاحظ أن القاذورات الحيوية التي تتكون على الأغشية وتسببها الشحنات البكتيرية بالمياه تقلل من جودة مياه الشرب، مما جعل منها مشكلةً رئيسية تؤرق الجميع. هذا وقد أسفرت العديد من الدراسات عن التوصل لتلك النتيجة الخاصة بتثبيط واختفاء تلك البكتريا بعد التعرض للألياف النانوية ذات الأسطح الوظيفية. وفي الوقت ذاته فقد أثبتت المبيدات الحيوية النانوية ومنها الجسيمات النانوية المعدنية والمواد النانوية المهندسَة نجاحها في الاندماج مع الألياف النانوية مستهدفةً تحقيق نشاطٍ عالٍ مضادٍ للميكروبات واستقرارٍ في الماء كذلك.
المصادر
تحلية المياه
مرشحات