Paresthesia

Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause. Paresthesia may be transient or chronic, and may have many possible underlying causes. Paresthesias are usually painless and can occur anywhere on the body, but most commonly occur in the arms and legs.
The most familiar kind of paresthesia is the sensation known as "pins and needles" after having a limb "fall asleep". A less well-known and uncommon paresthesia is formication, the sensation of insects crawling on the skin.
Causes
Transient
Paresthesias of the hands, feet, legs, and arms are common transient symptoms. The briefest electric shock type of paresthesia can be caused by tweaking the ulnar nerve near the elbow; this phenomenon is colloquially known as bumping one's "funny bone". Similar brief shocks can be experienced when any other nerve is tweaked (e.g. a pinched neck nerve may cause a brief shock-like paresthesia toward the scalp). In the older age group, spinal column irregularities may tweak the spinal cord briefly when the head or back is turned, flexed, or extended into brief uncommon positions (Lhermitte's sign).
The most common everyday cause is temporary restriction of nerve impulses to an area of nerves, commonly caused by leaning or resting on parts of the body such as the legs (often followed by a pins and needles tingling sensation). Other causes include conditions such as hyperventilation syndrome and panic attacks. A cold sore outside the mouth (not a canker sore inside the mouth) can be preceded by tingling due to activity of the causative herpes simplex virus. The varicella zoster virus (shingles) also notably may cause recurring pain and tingling in skin or tissue along the distribution path of that nerve (most commonly in the skin, along a dermatome pattern, but sometimes feeling like a headache, chest or abdominal pain, or pelvic pain).
Other common examples occur when sustained pressure has been applied over a nerve, inhibiting or stimulating its function. Removing the pressure typically results in gradual relief of these paresthesias. Most pressure-induced paraesthesia results from awkward posture, such as engaging in cross-legged sitting for prolonged periods of time.
Reactive hyperaemia, which occurs when blood flow is restored after a period of ischemia, may be accompanied by paresthesia, e.g. when patients with Raynaud's disease rewarm after a cold episode.
Cases of paresthesia have also been reported at varying frequencies following anthrax, flu, HPV and COVID-19 vaccine intake.
Chronic
Chronic paresthesia (Berger's paresthesia, Sinagesia, or Bernhardt paresthesia) indicates either a problem with the functioning of neurons, or poor circulation.
In older individuals[define], paresthesia is often the result of poor circulation in the limbs (such as in peripheral vascular disease), most often caused by atherosclerosis, the build-up of plaque within artery walls over decades, with eventual plaque ruptures, internal clots over the ruptures, and subsequent clot healing, but leaving behind narrowing or closure of the artery openings, locally and/or in downstream smaller branches. Without a proper supply of blood and nutrients, nerve cells can no longer adequately send signals to the brain. Because of this, paresthesia can also be a symptom of vitamin deficiency or other malnutrition, as well as metabolic disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, or hypoparathyroidism. It can also be a symptom of mercury poisoning.
Irritation to the nerve can also come from inflammation to the tissue. Joint conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome are common sources of paresthesia. Nerves below the head may be compressed where chronic neck and spine problems exist, and can be caused by, among other things, muscle cramps that may be a result of clinical anxiety or excessive mental stress, bone disease, poor posture, unsafe heavy lifting practices, or physical trauma such as whiplash. Paresthesia can also be caused simply by putting pressure on a nerve by applying weight (or pressure) to the limb for extended periods of time.
Another cause of paresthesia may be direct damage to the nerves themselves, i.e., neuropathy, which itself can stem from injury, such as from frostbite; infections such as Lyme disease; or may be indicative of a current neurological disorder. Neuropathy is also a side effect of some chemotherapies, such as in the case of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Benzodiazepine withdrawal may also cause paresthesia, as the drug removal leaves the GABA receptors stripped bare and possibly malformed. Chronic paresthesia can sometimes be symptomatic of serious conditions, such as a transient ischemic attack; or autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, complex regional pain syndrome, or lupus erythematosus. The use of fluoroquinolones can also cause paresthesia. Stroke survivors and those with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may experience paresthesia from damage to the central nervous system.
The varicella zoster virus disease (shingles) can attack nerves, causing numbness instead of the pain commonly associated with shingles.
Acroparesthesia
Acroparesthesia is severe pain in the extremities, and may be caused by Fabry disease, a type of sphingolipidosis.
It can also be a sign of hypocalcemia.
Dentistry
Dental paresthesia is loss of sensation caused by maxillary or mandibular anesthetic administration before dental treatment.
Potential causes include trauma introduced to the nerve sheath during administration of the injection, hemorrhage about the sheath, more side-effect-prone types of anesthetic being used, or administration of anesthetic contaminated with alcohol or sterilizing solutions.
Other
Other causes may include:
Autonomous sensory meridian response ("ASMR")
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Chiari malformation
Coeliac disease (celiac disease)
Complex regional pain syndrome
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Decompression sickness
Dehydration
Erythromelalgia
Fabry disease
Fibromyalgia
Fluoroquinolone toxicity
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS)
Heavy metals
Herpes zoster
Hydroxy alpha sanshool, a component of Sichuan peppers
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
Hyperkalemia
Hyperventilation
Hypocalcemia, and in turn:
Hypermagnesemia, a condition in which hypocalcemia itself is typically observed as a secondary symptom
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Hypothyroidism
Immunodeficiency, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Intravenous administering of strong pharmaceutical drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS), mainly opiates, opioids, or other narcotics, especially in non-medical use (drug abuse)
Lupus erythematosus
Lyme disease
Magnesium deficiency, often as a result of long-term proton-pump inhibitor use
Megavitamin-B6 syndrome
Menopause
Mercury poisoning
Migraines
Multiple sclerosis
Nerve compression syndrome
Obdormition
Oxygen toxicity, especially breathing oxygen under pressure, such as in scuba diving
Pyrethrum or pyrethroid pesticides
Post Polio Syndrome
Rabies
Radiation poisoning
Sarcoidosis
Scorpion stings
Spinal disc herniation or injury
Spinal stenosis
Stinging nettles
Syringomyelia
Transverse myelitis
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (AKA "mad cow disease")
Vitamin B5 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Withdrawal from certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (AKA serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs), such as paroxetine, or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine
Drugs
Anticonvulsant pharmaceutical drugs, such as topiramate, sultiame, or acetazolamide
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Beta alanine
Dextromethorphan (recreational use)
Ketorolac
Lidocaine poisoning
Lomotil
Nitrous oxide, long-term exposure
Ritonavir
Diagnostics
A nerve conduction study usually provides useful information for making a diagnosis. An MRI or a CT scan is sometimes used to rule out certain causes stemming from central nervous system issues.
Treatment
Medications offered can include the immunosuppressant prednisone, intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG), anticonvulsants such as gabapentin or tiagabine, or antiviral medication, depending on the underlying cause.
In addition to treatment of the underlying disorder, palliative care can include the use of topical numbing creams, such as lidocaine or prilocaine. Ketamine has also been successfully used, but is generally not approved by insurance. Careful consideration must be taken to apply only the necessary amount, as excess can contribute to these conditions. Otherwise, these products generally offer extremely effective, but short-lasting relief from these conditions.
Paresthesia caused by stroke may receive some temporary benefit from high doses of baclofen multiple times a day. HIV patients who self-medicate with cannabis report that it reduces their symptoms.
Paresthesia caused by shingles is treated with appropriate antiviral medication.
Etymology
The word paresthesia (British English paraesthesia; plural paraesthesiae or paraesthesias) comes from the Greek para ("beside", i.e., abnormal) and aisthesia ("sensation").
References
Bibliography
Clinical and neurological abnormalities in adult celiac disease, G. Cicarelli • G. Della Rocca • M. Amboni • C. Ciacci • G. Mazzacca • A. Filla • P. Barone, Neurol Sci (2003) 24:311–317 DOI 10.1007/s10072-003-0181-4
External links
Hallucinations
Neurological disorders
Symptoms and signs: Skin and subcutaneous tissue