PolyAgent/wiki_arabic_en_parallel_20231101 huggingface dataset:
Rudolf Lehmann (military judge)

Rudolf Lehmann (military judge)
Rudolf Lehmann (11 December 1890 – 26 July 1955) was a German jurist and military judge who was the Judge Advocate General of the Wehrmacht in World War II. Lehmann was found guilty of war crimes at the High Command Trial at Nuremberg in 1948. He had close ties with Nazi Germany, but was not a member of the Nazi Party.
Career
His father was a professor of law. He grew up in Breslau and Hanau, studied law in Munich, Freiburg, Leipzig and Marburg and qualified as a lawyer before service as a reserve officer in the Imperial Army in World War I, during which he was awarded the Iron Cross. After the war he returned to Marburg University where he was awarded a doctorate in jurisprudence. He then entered government service as a prosecutor and worked at the Reich Justice Ministry.
He entered the Army Legal Service in October 1937 and from July 1938 to May 1945 was head of the Legal Department. In this role he assessed the charges against Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch between February and March 1938 and his judgement was for an acquittal. On 1 May 1944 he was given the unique rank of Generaloberststabsrichter (Colonel General Judicial Officer) which was equivalent to Generaloberst but outside the normal chain of command. He was taken into captivity in May 1945 and held in a US Army Prisoner of War Camp.
Nuremberg trials
He was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg High Command Trial in October 1947 for involvement in drafting the Barbarossa decree and the Commissar Order that stipulated that any captured Soviet political commissar was to be executed, contrary to international law. He was sentenced to seven years imprisonment but was released from Landsberg Prison on 16 August 1950. He then lived in Bad Godesberg, where he was Managing Director of the mining trade association. He died in Bonn aged 64.
References
External links
1890 births
1955 deaths
Lawyers from Poznan
German Army generals of World War II
Colonel generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Judges in the Nazi Party
German Army personnel of World War I
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
German people convicted of war crimes
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
توماس ساندوفال

توماس ساندوفال (30 مارس 1999 بسانتا في في الأرجنتين - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني في مركز الهجوم. لعب مع نادي أتليتيكو كولون.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من سانتا في (الأرجنتين)
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين للشباب لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أتليتيكو كولون
مواليد 1999
لاعبو كرة قدم من سانتا في (الأرجنتين)
2021 The Women's Tour

2021 The Women's Tour
The 2021 AJ Bell Women's Tour was the seventh staging of The Women's Tour, a women's cycling stage race held in the United Kingdom. It ran from 4 to 9 October 2021, as part of the 2021 UCI Women's World Tour.
Route
Classification leadership table
Final standings
See also
2021 in women's road cycling
Notes
References
External links
2021 UCI Women's World Tour
2021 in women's road cycling
2021 in British women's sport
2021
October 2021 sports events in the United Kingdom
The Women's Tour, 2021
أليس كان

أليس كان
اليس كان (8 أغسطس 1990 بديكاتور في الولايات المتحدة - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم أمريكي في مركز حراسة المرمى. لعب مع سبورتينغ كانساس سيتي وشيكاغو فاير وتشارلستون بيتري و ونادي سانت لويس و.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ديكاتور (جورجيا)
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من مقاطعة ديكالب (جورجيا)
لاعبو اتلانتا يونايتد 2
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو أتلانتا يونايتد
لاعبو بطولة دوري كرة القدم المتحدة
لاعبو تشارلستون بيتري
لاعبو سبورتينغ كانساس سيتي
لاعبو سينسيناتي (2016–18)
لاعبو شارلوت إيغلز
لاعبو شيكاغو فاير
لاعبو كرة قدم أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من ولاية جورجيا
لاعبو نادي سانت لويس
لاعبو نادي سينسيناتي
مواليد 1990
رياضيون من ديكاتور (جورجيا)
Henk Nienhuis

Henk Nienhuis (11 August 1941 – 18 February 2017) was a Dutch footballer and manager. He spent the major part of his career at BV Veendam, hence his nickname Mister Veendam.
Playing career
Nienhuis played in midfield for BV Veendam from 1963 to 1973, after joining them from hometown amateur side Nieuw Buinen. He made his debut for Veendam on 25 August 1963 against Excelsior.
He attracted interest from Feyenoord and was called up for Netherlands U-21 in November 1964, only for a severe injury to spoil his chances.
Managerial career
Nienhuis managed Veendam during the second half of the eighties, clinching promotion with them to the Eredivisie twice. He later worked as a director at the club, as he did at FC Groningen.
Personal life
He was honoured as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau in 2000 for his services to football in the Netherlands. His son Evert-Jan also played for Veendam.
Nienhuis died in February 2017 of prostate cancer.
References
External links
Obituaries - Mensenlinq
Profile - Vliegende Keeper
1941 births
2017 deaths
People from Borger-Odoorn
Dutch men's footballers
Footballers from Drenthe
Men's association football midfielders
Eerste Divisie players
SC Veendam players
Dutch football managers
SC Veendam managers
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands
فيصل عنتر

فيصل عنتر (من مواليد 20 ديسمبر 1978) هو لاعب كرة قدم لبناني متقاعد، وقد لعب كمدافع طوال حياته المهنية لكل من نادي التضامن صور ونادي طرابلس ونادي النجمة ونادي المبرة في الدوري اللبناني الممتاز.
وقد مثَّل عنتر المنتخب اللبناني في كأس آسيا 2000 لكرة القدم، حيث كان ممثلًا للمنتخب الوطني من 1998 إلى 2007، وفيصل هو شقيق لاعب كرة القدم رضا عنتر، وفي يونيو 2010 أعلن عنتر اعتزاله وأصبح مشهورًا في الاتحاد اللبناني لكرة القدم.
وفي عام 2011 عاد عنتر لفترة وجيزة إلى نادي التضامن صور لموسم الدوري اللبناني الممتاز 2011-2012 حيث لعب مرتين.
حياته المهنية
هو مدافع بدأ حياته المهنية في فريق التضامن، حيث لعب لمدة 5 سنوات قبل الانتقال إلى نادي طرابلس وأمضى عامين في النادي قبل أن ينتقل إلى نادي النجمة في عام 2005 بعد محاكمة في نادي رينجرز، وبعد بضع سنوات انتقل إلى المبرة، وقد سجَّل 6 أهداف في الدوري اللبناني الممتاز هذا الموسم حتى الآن، وفي يونيو 2010 أعلن فيصل اعتزاله كرة القدم.
في عام 2011 عاد عنتر لفترة وجيزة إلى تضامن صور لموسم الدوري اللبناني الممتاز 2011-2012 حيث لعب مرتين.
حياته المهنية الدولية
كان عنتر قد شارك في أول مباراة دولية له في عام 1998، لكنه يميَّز في بطولة لبنان تحت 21 عام وذلك في 1999 في مباراة ضد جمهورية التشيك.
الأهداف الدولية
قائمة النقاط والنتائج (أهداف لبنان هي الأولى).
المراجع
روابط خارجية
الأهداف التي سجلها فيصل عنتر
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية لبنانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سيراليونيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من أصل إفريقي
رياضيون من أصل سيراليوني
رياضيون من أصل لبناني
رياضيون من فريتاون
سيراليونيون من أصل لبناني
سيراليونيون مهاجرون إلى لبنان
لاعبو التضامن صور
لاعبو الدوري اللبناني لكرة القدم
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2000
لاعبو كرة قدم سيراليونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 1998
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2002
لاعبو كرة قدم لبنانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم لبنانيون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب لبنان لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب لبنان لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي المبرة
لاعبو نادي النجمة (لبنان)
لاعبو نادي طرابلس
لبنانيون من أصل سيراليوني
مسلمون لبنانيون
منافسون في الألعاب الآسيوية من لبنان
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1978
لاعبو كرة قدم من فريتاون
Walter Botsch

Walter Botsch
Walter Hugo Botsch (27 February 1897 – 7 January 1969) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 19th Army. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
Awards
Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class & 1st Class
Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (21 January 1935)
Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (20 April 1940) & 1st Class (19 June 1940)
German Cross in Gold on 22 June 1942 as Oberst im Generalstab in the XXX. Armeekorps
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 May 1945 as Generalleutnant and acting leader of the LVIII. Panzerkorps
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
1897 births
1969 deaths
Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Missing in action of World War II
Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg
Sabrina Richter

Sabrina Richter (née Neukamp; born 10 May 1982) is a German handball player. She plays for the club ProVital Blomberg-Lippe and for the German national team.
She represented Germany at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics, where Germany placed 11th. She participates at the 2009 World Women's Handball Championship in China.
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
German female handball players
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic handball players for Germany
SM UC-98

SM UC-98 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy during World War I.
Design
A German Type UC III submarine, UC-98 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of .
The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . UC-98 was fitted with six mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one SK L/45 or Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members.
Construction and career
The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 17 March 1918. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 10 September 1918 as SM UC-98 under the command of Heinz Stamer. As with the rest of the completed UC III boats, UC-98 conducted no war patrols and sank no ships. She was surrendered on 24 November 1918 and broken up in La Spezia in April 1919.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Ships built in Hamburg
German Type UC III submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1918
World War I submarines of Germany
World War I minelayers of Germany
1918 ships
موسفت جانبي الانتشار

موسفت جانبي الانتشار
LDMOS (موسفت جانبي الانتشار أو أشباه الموصلات ذات أكسيد الفلز المنتشر جانبياً) عبارة عن موسفت مستو مزدوج الإنتشار (ترانزستور يعتبر تأثير المجال فيه من أكسيد الفلز أشباه الموصلات) المستخدم في مكبرات الصوت، بما في ذلك طاقة الميكروويف مضخمات التردد الراديوي ومضخمات القدرة الصوتية. غالبًا ما يتم تصنيع هذه الترانزستورات على طبقات فوقية من السيليكون p / p +. يتضمن تصنيع أجهزة LDMOS في الغالب غرس أيوني مختلف ودورات تلدين لاحقة. على سبيل المثال، تم تصنيع منطقة الإنجراف لهذه الطاقة موسفت باستخدام ما يصل إلى ثلاثة تسلسلات لزرع الأيونات من أجل تحقيق ملف المنشطات المناسب اللازم لتحمل المجالات الكهربائية العالية.
إن RF LDMOS (LDMOS) القائم على السيليكون هو مضخم طاقة التردد الراديوي الأكثر استخدامًا في شبكات الهاتف المحمول، مما يمكّن غالبية حركة الصوت والبيانات الخلوية في العالم. تُستخدم أجهزة LDMOS على نطاق واسع في مضخمات طاقة التردد اللاسلكي للمحطات القاعدية حيث أن المطلب هو طاقة خرج عالية مع استنزاف مماثل لجهد تفكيك المصدر عادةً أعلى من 60 فولت. بالمقارنة مع الأجهزة الأخرى مثل GaAs FETs، فإنها تُظهر ترددًا أقل لكسب الطاقة.
تشمل الشركات المصنعة لأجهزة LDMOS والمسابك التي تقدم تقنيات LDMOS شركة تايوان لصناعة أشباه الموصلات المحدودة، تاور لأشباه الموصلات، شركة جلوبال فاوندريز الطليعة الدولية لأشباه الموصلات، إس تي ميكروإلكترونكس، إنفنيون، RFMD ،NXP (المؤسسة الدولية لتصنيع أشباه الموصلات).
مراجع
أنواع الترانزستورات
اختراعات يابانية
تصميم إلكتروني
روس فيتزجيرالد

روس فيتزجيرالد (25 ديسمبر 1944، ملبورن في أستراليا)؛ مؤرخ، كاتب سيناريو وروائي أسترالي.
المصادر
أستراليون من أصل أيرلندي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سيدني
أشخاص من كوينزلاند
خريجو جامعة نيو ساوث ويلز
روائيون أستراليون
روائيون أستراليون في القرن 20
روائيون أستراليون في القرن 21
علماء سياسة أستراليون
كتاب أستراليون في القرن 20
كتاب أستراليون في القرن 21
كتاب سيناريو
كتاب سيناريو أستراليون
كتاب سيناريو ذكور أستراليون
كتاب من سيدني
مواليد 1944
مؤرخو أستراليا
مؤرخون أستراليون
John C. Floyd

John C. Floyd
John Charles Floyd (April 14, 1858 – November 4, 1930) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Arkansas.
Biography
Born in Sparta, Tennessee, Floyd was the son of John Wesley and Eliza Jane Snodgrass Floyd. He moved to Benton County, Arkansas, in 1869 with his parents, who settled near Bentonville. He attended the common and high schools, and was graduated from the Arkansas Industrial University (later the University of Arkansas) at Fayetteville in 1879. In November 1887, he married Virginia Berry, and they had three children, Nina B., Rector H., and James Berry.
Career
Floyd taught school at Springdale, Arkansas, in 1880 and 1881, and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1882 and commenced practice in Yellville, Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891, and was prosecuting attorney of the fourteenth judicial circuit from 1890 to 1894.
Elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-ninth and to the four succeeding Congresses, Floyd served from March 4, 1905 to March 3, 1915. He was one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1912 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against Robert W. Archbald, judge of the United States Commerce Court. Not a candidate for renomination in 1914, he resumed the practice of law in Yellville, Arkansas. He was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination as Governor of Arkansas in 1920.
Death
Floyd died in Yellville, Arkansas, on November 4, 1930 (age 72 years, 204 days). He is interred at Layton Cemetery, Yellville, Arkansas.
References
External links
1858 births
1930 deaths
People from Sparta, Tennessee
American people of Welsh descent
Democratic Party members of the Arkansas House of Representatives
People from Benton County, Arkansas
Arkansas lawyers
University of Arkansas alumni
People from Springdale, Arkansas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas
Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems

Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
The Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems (HabCat) is a catalogue of star systems which conceivably have habitable planets. The list was developed by scientists Jill Tarter and Margaret Turnbull under the auspices of Project Phoenix, a part of SETI.
The list was based upon the Hipparcos Catalogue (which has 118,218 stars) by filtering on a wide range of star system features. The current list contains 17,129 "HabStars".
External links
Target Selection for SETI: 1. A Catalog of Nearby Habitable Stellar Systems, Turnbull, Tarter, submitted 31 Oct 2002 (last accessed 19 Jan 2010)
Target selection for SETI. II. Tycho-2 dwarfs, old open clusters, and the nearest 100 stars, by Turnbull and Tarter, (last accessed 19 Jan 2010)
HabStars - an article on the NASA website
Astronomical catalogues of stars
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Exoplanet catalogues
جيمس بيل ديكسون

جيمس بيل ديكسون هو عسكري أمريكي، ولد في 19 يناير 1923، وتوفي في 8 أبريل 1944.
مراجع
أفراد عسكريون أمريكيون قتلوا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
حائزون على صليب الطيران المتميز (الولايات المتحدة)
طيارون قتلوا بإسقاط طائراتهم
مواليد 1923
وفيات 1944
أشخاص من أبردين (مسيسيبي)
طيارون قتلوا في حوادث طيران في ألمانيا
Florian Kath

Florian Kath (born 21 October 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a winger.
References
External links
Living people
1994 births
German men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
TSG Balingen players
SC Freiburg players
SC Freiburg II players
1. FC Magdeburg players
People from Balingen
Footballers from Tübingen (region)
جون س. واتسون

جون س. واتسون هو ضابط أمريكي، ولد في 24 أغسطس 1842 في فرانكفورت في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 14 ديسمبر 1923 في واشنطن العاصمة في الولايات المتحدة.
مراجع
وصلات خارجية
أدميرالات بحرية الولايات المتحدة
خريجو الأكاديمية البحرية الأمريكية
عائلة كريتندن
مواليد 1842
وفيات 1923
الكويكب 129147

الكويكب 129147، التعين المؤقت له الكويكب 2005CY70. وهو كويكب من كويكبات طروادة ينتمي إلى كويكبات معسكر طروادة. اكتشف هذا الكويكب في سنة 2005.
كباقي كويكبات معسكر طروادة يقع مداره في النقطة L5 من نقاط لاغرانج وفق نظام الشمس - المشتري. يبلغ القدر المطلق لهذا الكويكب 12.4 ونصف المحور الرئيسي لمداره 5.183 وحدة فلكية. وقد تم رصده 11 مرة حتى فبراير 2013. الإشارة المرجعية له وفق الملحق الدوري لمدارات الكويكبات هي MPO245066
المراجع
اكتشافات مشروع ماسح السماء كاتالينا
كويكبات معسكر طروادة
Anthony Fournier

Anthony Fournier (born 30 April 1989 in France) is a French footballer.
References
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Living people
1989 births
ASA Issy players
US Roye-Noyon players
R.F.C. Seraing (1922) players
K.V. Woluwe-Zaventem players
Royale Union Saint-Gilloise players
US Granville players
AS Beauvais Oise players
US Lusitanos Saint-Maur players
Hilary Thompson

Hilary Thompson, credited almost equally (23 of 49 credits) as Hilarie Thompson, is an American actress, known primarily for her character roles in popular television throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.
Early years
Thompson's performance in her high school's production of My Fair Lady when a talent scout was present led to her first film contract.
Career
In 1966, Thompson made her television debut in a Kodak commercial aired during the Academy Awards.
On television, Thompson portrayed Lynn on Chico and the Man Lizabeth Barrett on The Manhunter, Lieutenant Betty Wheeler on Operation Petticoat, Sharon St. Clair on Number 96, Elizabeth Coates on The Young Rebels, and Ginger on Washingtoon. She also appeared on programs such as I Dream of Jeannie, Bewitched, Gunsmoke, The Flying Nun, Room 222, The Odd Couple, The Brady Bunch, Barnaby Jones, Harry O, Starsky and Hutch, Fantasy Island, Charlie’s Angels,
ALF, and a number of movies, ranging from comedy to drama and suspense-thrillers.
Personal life
In 1988, at the age of 39, Thompson married actor, writer, director, and make-up effects artist, Alan Ormsby. They have a son, Austen.
Filmography
References
External links
(name as spelled for her IMDb page)
Actresses from Michigan
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from Birmingham, Michigan
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women
Year of birth missing (living people)
الأب (توضيح)

الأب (توضيح)
قد يقصد من «الأب» :
Williams Martínez

Williams Martínez Fracchia (18 December 1982 – 17 July 2021) was a Uruguayan professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
Club career
Martínez signed on loan for West Bromwich Albion of the Premier League in January 2006 until the end of the season, and made his Premier League debut as a half-time substitute against Fulham at Craven Cottage on 11 February 2006, a 6–1 defeat. He scored his first goal for the English club on 7 May 2006, an away game at Everton, also his first start for the club, while also conceding a late penalty that gave Everton a 2–2 draw.
In January 2008, he signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Valenciennes, and was loaned to Reims for the 2008–09 season. On 17 August 2009, upon his request, he was released by Valenciennes and signed by his former club Defensor Sporting.
International career
Martínez made his debut for the Uruguay national team in the 2003 Lunar New Year Cup.
Death
Martínez died on 17 July 2021 of suicide, aged 38, as a result of a depression caused by COVID-19-related inactivity. At the time of his death, he was playing for Villa Teresa.
References
External links
tenfieldigital profile
1982 births
2021 deaths
2021 suicides
Footballers from Montevideo
Uruguayan men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Uruguay men's international footballers
Defensor Sporting players
Chacarita Juniors footballers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Valenciennes FC players
Stade de Reims players
Huachipato FC footballers
Club Deportivo Palestino footballers
Cerro Porteño players
Club Atlético River Plate (Montevideo) players
C.A. Cerro players
Deportivo Táchira F.C. players
Rampla Juniors players
Uruguayan Primera División players
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حيد قاسم (الطفة)

حيد قاسم (الطفة)
حيد قاسم هي إحدى قرى عزلة الظفرين بمديرية الطفة التابعة لمحافظة البيضاء، بلغ تعداد سكانها 238 نسمة حسب تعداد اليمن لعام 2004.
مراجع
المركز الوطني للمعلومات باليمن
حيد قاسم
مصوت خلفي متوسط مدور

مصوت خلفي متوسط مدور ، مصوت مستخدم في بعض اللغات المحكيّة، يرمز له بالأبجديّة الصوتيّة الدوليّة بالرمز ⟨⟩.
ملامح الصوت
ظهور الصوت
المراجع
مصوتات مدورة
Discharge coefficient

Discharge coefficient
In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressures.
Mathematically the discharge coefficient may be related to the mass flow rate of a fluid through a straight tube of constant cross-sectional area through the following:
Where:
, discharge coefficient through the constriction (dimensionless).
, mass flow rate of fluid through constriction (mass per time).
, density of fluid (mass per volume).
, volumetric flow rate of fluid through constriction (volume per time).
, cross-sectional area of flow constriction (area).
, velocity of fluid through constriction (length per time).
, pressure drop across constriction (force per area).
This parameter is useful for determining the irrecoverable losses associated with a certain piece of equipment (constriction) in a fluid system, or the "resistance" that piece of equipment imposes upon the flow.
This flow resistance, often expressed as a dimensionless parameter is related to the discharge coefficient through the equation:
which may be obtained by substituting in the aforementioned equation with the resistance multiplied by the dynamic pressure of the fluid, .
An example in open channel flow
Due to complex behavior of fluids around some of the structures such as orifices, gates, and weirs etc., some assumptions are made for the theoretical analysis of the stage-discharge relationship. For example, in case of gates, the pressure at the gate opening is non-hydrostatic which is difficult to model; however, it is known that the pressure at the gate is very small. Therefore, engineers assume that the pressure is zero at the gate opening and following equation is obtained for discharge:
where:
Q, discharge
, area of flow
g, acceleration due to gravity
, head just upstream of the gate
However, the pressure is not actually zero at the gate; therefore, discharge coefficient, C is used as follows:
See also
Flow coefficient
Orifice plate
References
External links
Coefficient of Discharge, J. B. Calvert, 15 June 2003
Mass Flow Choking, Nancy Hall, 6 April 2018
Fluid dynamics