Sippar-Amnanum

Sippar-Amnanum (modern Tell ed-Der in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Near Eastern tell (hill city) about 70 kilometers north of Babylon, 6 kilometers northeast of Sippar and about 26 kilometers southwest of modern Baghdad. Occupation dates back to the days of the Akkadian Empire and later the Ur III period but most of the development was during the Old Babylonian period. Early archaeologists referred to the site as "Der" or Dair".
History
Sippar-Amnanum was the sister city (or suburb in some eyes) of Sippar. Though occupied from the Akkadian Period little is known of its history before the Old Babylonian period. Soundings have shown that occupation extends to 4 meters below the surface with the current water table at 2 meters making excavation of earlier occupation difficult. The oldest excavated layer of Level IV, dating from the Ur III period, of which foundations are apparent.
The chief deity of Sippar-Amnanum was Annunitum, a warlike aspect of Ishtar favored by the Akkadians. She is the daughter of Enlil. According to the Sippar Cylinder of Nabonidus the temple Eulmash of Anunitu (Amnanum) was rebuilt by that Neo-Babylonian king. The cylinder also reports that the temple had earlier been built by Shagarakti-Shuriash (c, 1245–1233 BC, a king of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon, Nabonidus having found one of the original foundation Kassite foundation cylinders. Presumably the temple had been destroyed in the interim by Shutruk-Nakhkhunte of Elam when he destroyed Sippar.
Note that there is some confusion on the city's name since Sîn-kāšid, a king of Uruk, refers to himself in an inscription as "King of the Amnanum", where Amnanum is thought to be a tribal group.
Archaeology
The site covers around 51 hectares with an east and west tell divided by an ancient canal bed. Spippar-Amnanum was surrounded by a 3 kilometer large defensive wall much of which still remains. Tell ed-Der, along with Sippar, was excavated by Hormuzd Rassam between 1878 and 1880. Most of the tablets ended up in the British Museum. As was often the case in the early days of archaeology, excavation records were not made, particularly find spots. This makes it occasionally difficult to tell which tablets came from Sippar-Amnanum as opposed to Sippar. More Tell ed-Der tablets were purchased from locals by E. A. Wallis Budge while he was in the region after brief attempts to dig there in 1891.
A sounding was conducted there between 1940 and 1941 by the Directorate General of Antiquities of the Iraqi Government under the direction of Taha Baqir. Among their finds were the archives of Anum-pisha and Iku-pish (dating to the time of Bablonian rulers Sumu-abum and Sumu-la-El).Three hundred broken cuneiform tablets from the Old Babylonian period were found. Since the site is relatively close to Baghdad, it was a popular target for illegal excavations. More recently, Tell ed-Der was excavated in a number of seasons between 1968 and 1988 by the Belgian Archaeological Expedition to Iraq led by L. De Meyer and M. H. Gasche.
The "House of Ur-Utu" was excavated in the mid 1970s. This residence, of the kalamahhum-priest (lamentation priest) of Annunitum, held around 2500 cuneiform tablets and tablet fragments forming a household archive spanning several centuries. Of these 204 were of Ur-Utu (and his father Inanna-mansum). The destruction of the house by fire helped preserve the tablets. Most of the tablets were contemporary with the reigns of Ammisaduqa and Ammi-ditana of the First Babylonian dynasty.
See also
Cities of the ancient Near East
Tell (archaeology)
Short chronology timeline
References
Further reading
As, Abram van, "Technological Research of Palaeo- and Meso-Babylonian Pottery from Tell ed-Der - First Report", Akkadica 47, pp. 24-25 ,1986
De Graef, Katrien., "An Account of the Redistribution of Land to Soldiers in Late Old Babylonian Sippar-Amnānum", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 141–78, 2002
Dekiere, L., "La généaologie d’Ur-Utu, gala.mah à Sippar-Amnanum", in H. Gasche, M. Tanret, C. Janssen and A. Degraeve (eds), Cinquante-deux réflexions sur le Proche-Orient ancien offertes en homage à Léon de Meyer (Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications, 2), Leuven, Peeters, 125–141, 1994
Dietz Otto Edzard, Altbabylonische Rechts-und Wirtschaftsurkunden aus Tell ed-Der im Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Bayerischen Akademie, 1970
Gohde, Hildegard, "Zwei altbabylonische Siegelabrollungen aus Tell ed-Der: Identifizierung von zwei weiblichen Gottheiten", in O. Loretz, K.A. Metzler and H. Schaudig (eds.), Ex Mesopotamia et Syria Lux: Festschrift fur Manfried Dietrich zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (AOAT 281), Munster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 159-168, 2002
Rivkah Harris, Ancient Sippar: A Demographic Study of an Old Babylonian City (1894-1595 B.C.), Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch-Historisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1975
Janssen, C., H. Gasche, and Tanret, M., "Du chantier à la tablette: Ur-Utu et l’histoire de sa maison à Sippar-Amnanum", in H. Gasche, M. Tanret, C. Janssen and A. Degraeve (eds), Cinquante-deux réflexions sur le Proche-Orient ancien offertes en homage à Léon de Meyer (Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications, 2), Leuven, Peeters, 91–123. 1994
Leemans, W. F., "Les Tablettes Des Fouilles Iraqiennes de Tell Ed-Dēr", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 195–204, 1978
L. De Meyer et al., Tell ed-Der: La vie en Babylonie il y a 4000 ans, Archeologia, no. 195, pp. 8–25, 1984
L. De Meyer, Tell ed-Der, Tome II, Peeters, 1978,
L. De Meyer, Tell ed-Der, Tome III, Peeters, 1980,
L. De Meyer, Tell ed-Der, Tome IV, Peeters, 1984,
de Meyer, L., and H. Gasche, "Rapport des activites archeologiques en Iraq Fouilles de Tell ed-Deir 1970" Sumer 26, pp. 105-108, 1970
Tanret, Michel, "Tanret, Michel. "The works and the days... On scribal activity in old babylonian Sippar-Amnānum", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 98, pp. 33–62, 2004
External links
Digital Sippar-Amnanum tablets at CDLI
1880s archaeological discoveries
Baghdad Governorate
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Former populated places in Iraq