マーサ・クレイヴン・ヌスバウム（Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1947年5月6日 -）は、アメリカ合衆国の哲学者、倫理学者。研究分野は西洋古典学・古代哲学、国際開発論、リベラリズム論、フェミニズム論など多岐にわたる。

ニューヨーク出身。ニューヨーク大学卒業後、ハーバード大学で修士号および博士号を取得。ハーバード大学とブラウン大学に勤めた後、1995年からシカゴ大学教授。

アリストテレス的徳倫理学研究のほか、経済学者アマルティア・センとの共同研究で、「潜在能力アプローチ」（capability approach）を提起し、開発や貧困をめぐる議論にも介入したことで知られる。

受賞歴 
2012年 アストゥリアス皇太子賞社会科学部門
2016年 京都賞思想・芸術部門
2018年 バーグルエン賞
2021年 ホルベア賞
2022年 バルザン賞

著書

単著
Aristotle's De Motu Animalium: Text with Translation, Commentary, and Interpretive Essays, (Princeton University Press, 1978).
The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, (Cambridge University Press, 1986).
Love's Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature, (Oxford University Press, 1990).
The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics, (Princeton University Press, 1994).
Poetic Justice: the Literary Imagination and Public Life, (Beacon Press, 1995).
Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education, (Harvard University Press, 1997).
Plato's Republic: the Good Society and the Deformation of Desire, (Library of Congress, 1998).
Sex & Social Justice, (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Women and Human Development: the Capabilities Approach, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
池本幸生・田口さつき・坪井ひろみ訳『女性と人間開発――潜在能力アプローチ』（岩波書店, 2005年）
Upheavals of Thought: the Intelligence of Emotions, (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law, (Princeton University Press, 2004).
『感情と法―現代アメリカ社会の政治的リベラリズム』河野哲也訳、慶應義塾大学出版会、2010年
Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership, (Belknap Press, 2006).
『正義のフロンティア――障碍者・外国人・動物という境界を越えて』、神島裕子訳、法政大学出版局、2012年
The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, (Belknap Press, 2007).
Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America's Tradition of Religious Equality, (Basic Books, 2008).
『良心の自由―アメリカの宗教的平等の伝統』河野哲也監訳、慶應義塾大学出版会、2011年
From disgust to humanity: sexual orientation and constitutional law, Oxford University Press, 2010.
Not for profit: why democracy needs the humanities, Princeton University Press, 2010.
『経済成長がすべてか?――デモクラシーが人文学を必要とする理由』、小沢自然・小野正嗣訳、岩波書店, 2013年
Creating capabilities: the human development approach, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
Philosophical interventions: reviews 1986-2011, Oxford University Press, 2012.
The New Religious Intolerance: Overcoming the Politics of Fear in an Anxious Age, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012.
The Monarchy of Fear: A Philosopher Looks at Our Political Crisis, Oxford University Press, 2018.

共著
Internal Criticism and Indian Rationalist Traditions, with Amartya Sen, (World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University, 1987).
For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, with Respondents, (Beacon Press, 1996).
辰巳伸知・能川元一訳『国を愛するということ――愛国主義の限界をめぐる論争』（人文書院, 2000年）

編著
Logic, Science, and Dialectic: Collected Papers in Greek Philosophy, (Cornell University Press, 1986).
The Poetics of Therapy: Hellenistic Ethics in its Rhetorical and Literary Context, (Academic Printing & Publishing, 1990).

共編著
Language and Logos: Studies in Ancient Greek Philosophy Presented to G. E. L. Owen, co-edited with Malcolm Schofield, (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Essays on Aristotle's De Anima, co-edited with Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, (Oxford University Press, 1991).
Passions & Perceptions: Studies in Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, co-edited with Jacques Brunschwig, (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
The Quality of Life, co-edited with Amartya Sen, (Clarendon Press, 1993).
水谷めぐみ・竹友安彦訳『クオリティー・オブ・ライフ――豊かさの本質とは』（里文出版, 2006年） 
Virtue Love & Form: Essays in Memory of Gregory Vlastos, co-edited with Terence Irwin, (Academic Printing & Publishing, 1993). 
Women, Culture, and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities, co-edited with Jonathan Glover, (Clarendon Press, 1995). 
Sex, Preference, and Family: Essays on Law and Nature, co-edited with David M. Estlund, (Oxford University Press, 1997).
Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies about Human Cloning, co-edited with Cass R. Sunstein, (Norton, 1998).
中村桂子・渡会圭子訳『クローン、是か非か』（産業図書, 1999年）
Sexual Orientation & Human Rights in American Religious Discourse, co-edited with Saul M. Olyan, (Oxford University Press, 1998).
Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?, co-edited with Joshua Cohen and Matthew Howard, (Princeton University Press, 1999).
The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome, co-edited with Juha Sihvola, (University of Chicago Press, 2002).
Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, co-edited with Cass R. Sunstein, (Oxford University Press, 2004).
安部圭介・山本龍彦・大林啓吾監訳『動物の権利』（尚学社、2013年）
On Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell and Our Future, co-edited with Abbott Gleason and Jack Goldsmith, (Princeton University Press, 2005).
Language and Logos: Studies in Ancient Greek Philosophy Presented to G.E.L. Owen, co-edited with Malcolm Schofield, (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Passions & Perceptions: Studies in Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, co-edited with Jacques Brunschwig, (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
The offensive Internet: privacy, speech, and reputation, edited by Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum, Harvard University Press, 2010. 
Equalizing access: affirmative action in higher education in India, United States, and South Africa, edited by Zoya Hasan and Martha C. Nussbaum, Oxford University Press, 2012.
Subversion and sympathy: gender, law, and the British novel. edited by Martha C. Nussbaum and Alison L. LaCroix, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Shakespeare and the law: a conversation among disciplines and professions, edited by Bradin Cormack, Martha C. Nussbaum, and Richard Strier, University of Chicago Press, 2013.