Niels-Uwe Friedrich Bastian University of Wroclaw, Institute of Theoretical Physics Hirschegg, 16. January 2017
Crossover all over?
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First order phase-transition at high densities? Possible indicators in measurable systems?
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•  1st order phase-transition leads to a strong signal (wiggle) in the baryon stopping signal •  Previous EoS has unreasonable high onset densities and does not fit exp. data Yu. B. Ivanov, PRC 87, 064904 (2013) Bastian, Batyuk, Blaschke, et al., Eur.Phys.J. A52 (2016) no.8, 244 4
•  1st order phase-transition leads to a strong signal (wiggle) in the baryon stopping signal •  Previous EoS has unreasonable high onset densities and does not fit exp. data •  Anti-flow occurs if assuming 1st order phase-transition •  Position of signals depends on characteristic of phase-transition Yu. B. Ivanov, PRC 87, 064904 (2013) Bastian, Batyuk, Blaschke, et al., Eur.Phys.J. A52 (2016) no.8, 244 5
•  Star configurations with same masses, but different radii New class of EOS, that features high mass twins . NASA NICER mission: radii measurements ~ 0.5 km •  Existence of twins implies 1 st order phase-transition and hence a critical point Benic, Blaschke, Alvarez-Castillo, Fischer, Typel, A&A 577, A40 (2015)
Sagert et al. (2009), PRL 102, 081101 Dasgupta et al. (2010), PRC 81 deleptonization burst form core bounce non-standard feature, signal from strong 1 st order phase transition at high densities • Core-collapse supernovae as laboratories to probe the state of matter? •  Evidence for exotic states of matter: non-standard behavior of neutrino fluxes/energies (?) •  Additional neutrino outburst(s) due to high-density phase transition •  All flavors, unlike deleptonization burst •  Associated millisecond features observable with current neutrino detectors •  Structure of neutrino signal contains information about details of phase 7 transition
•  Hadronic equation of state is TM1¹ •  Simple bag model for quark EOS •  Phase transition via Gibbs-construction •  Does not coincide with modern constraints and needs to be updated Sagert & Fischer  et al.(2009) PRL 102, 081101 Fischer et al.(2011) ApJS 194, 39
Actual constraint: chiral EFT for neutron matter at n ≥ no •  Chiral EFT is a solid constraint DD2¹ fits this constraint •  Many others are ruled out (e.g. QB139) ¹S. Typel, PRC 81 (2010), 015803
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Actual constraint: Maximal mass of neutron stars •  Existence of 2 M ↑ stars is strong constraint for EOS at high densities M. Hempel
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Actual constraint: Symmetry energy and its slope at   n = no Lattimer & Lim (2013) ApJ 771, 14 •  Symmetry energy is important EOS property for astrophysics Sn (MeV) E. E. Kolomeitsev, J. M. Lattimer, A. Ohnishi, I. Tews, arXiv:1611.07133 11
•  Very low onset density •  Does not fulfill  2M ( constraint (1.67) •  Does not correspond to chiral EFT data To be fixed by: •  Better hadronic EOS (DD2, DD2f), which fulfills given constraints •  Flexible quark EOS with vector repulsion Needed for 2M O constraint Fix the parameters to optimize properties of phase-transition Fischer et al.(2011) ApJS 194, 39

Low density
• Color field lines compressed by dual meissner effect •  String-tension high G. Ropke, et. al., Phys.Rev. D34 (1986) 3499-3513 Kaltenborn, Bastian, Blaschke, arXiv:1701.04400
High density
•  Dual superconducting vacuum occupied by hadrons •  Pressure on field lines reduced •  Effective string-tension reduced σ = Φσο
Mi = mi + D · (ns)−1/3 - m ; D = Doe-a(n-no)² Kaltenborn, Bastian, Blaschke, arXiv:1701.04400
•  Effective chemical potential
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•  2-phase approach: phase transition via Maxwell construction Kaltenborn, Bastian, Blaschke, arXiv:1701.04400
Kaltenborn, Bastian, Blaschke, arXiv:1701.04400
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Conclusions
•  A first order phase-transition with a big latent heat would result in measurable signals •  Further investigations needed to predict possible scenarios •  Future experiments will provide necessary data.
Outlook
•  Fixing parameters and tabulation of data for supernova simulations is in progress •  Adding confined gluons to fit the temperature behavior •  Tabulation of data for HIC simulation and NS-NS merger
Collaboration
•  David Blaschke, Tobias Fischer, Stefan Typel, Gerd Röpke, Mark Kaltenborn, Yuri Ivanov
Thank vou!
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