Digital Text Reuse Detection in Coptic Literature A Progress Report So Miyagawa, Marco Büchler, Heike Behlmer University of Göttingen MONB.XV, pag. 13, K 939, recto, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna
Digital humanities and corpus linguistics study on Shenoute and Besa’s text reuses (quotations, allusions, etc.) using a digital text reuse detection tool Formal characteristics of text reuses of Shenoute and Besa • Alternation in quotations . . Quotation signals . More unknown text reuses . . Evaluation of text reuse detection tool (TRACER) Contribution to Coptic Linguistics and Septuagint Studies . Functions of the text reuses
SFB 1136 (2015–202)
. German Research Foundation (DFG) Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 1136 “Education and Religion in Cultures of the Mediterranean and Its Environment from Ancient to Medieval Times and to the Classical Islam” . Project Area B 05 "Biblical Interpretation and Educational Traditions in the Coptic-speaking Egyptian Christianity of Late Antiquity: Shenoute, Canon 6" (Heike Behlmer, Julien Delhez, and So Miyagawa) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft F) = G
. electronic Text Reuse Acquisition Project (PI: Marco Büchler) . An Early Career Research Group funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) . Producing the TRACER software for digital text reuse detection sministerium d Forschung Reuse Acquisition Project
. Data mining: 1980’s– . Text mining and NLP: late 1980’s– . Plagiarism checker: 1990’s– Tesserae (since 2006) . .
 Detects text reuses in Latin literature . E.g., found 93 text reuses from Vergil’s Aeneid in Lucan's Civil War, including 46 unknown in previous studies (Coffee et al. 2012:401) Coffee et al. (2012:3)
A field of computational linguistics Büchler (2013), Franzini et al. (2016), Miyagawa et al. (2020) GOTTINGEN
. The latest computer program to detect text reuses .
 Developed by the eTRAP team, directed by Marco Büchler, and belonging to the Institute of Computer Science (University of Göttingen) . Can automatically detect text reuses irrespective of how big the text corpus is 7 0.24581 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 l Xenophon Plato Ephorus Aristoteles 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Hellanicus 1
Attestation: . . . 6 codices (siglum: MONB = Monastero Bianco/White Monastery) MONB.XF, XL, XM, XV, YJ, YK (none complete) appr. 325 existing pages Works (minimum of 5), incipits: He Who Sits upon His Throne . Remember, O Brethren . .
 . .
 Is It Not Written Then Am I Not Obliged People Have Not Understood Themes: . Accusations against Shenoute of excessive violence (and his defense) . Shenoute’s illness . Problems of the female community . Monastic rules Shenoute GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITÄT GÖTTINGEN
Cairo, Coptic Museum Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden London, British Library Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITÄT GÖTTINGEN
eiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden London, British Library Manchester, John Rylands Library Michigan, University of Michigan Library Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale eichische GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITÄT GÖTTINGEN
Coptic WordNet Göttingen, Oslo and Singapore Post-processing Visualization by TRAViz Dot plot view Parallel view Alignment view ASCII texts Processing . Shenoute Canon 6 (MONB.XF, XM, XV, YJ, parts of YK, XL) . Besa (MONB.BA, BB, some other codices)
Lincke et al. (2019). “Optical Character Recognition for Coptic fonts: A multi- • source approach for scholarly editions.” In: Proceedings of DATeCH 2019. . Miyagawa et al. (2019). “Optical character recognition of typeset Coptic text with neural networks.” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Volume 34.
. . . Zeldes, Amir, Caroline Schroeder and So Miyagawa (2013-2016) “recode_coptic.pl” (https://github.com/CopticScriptorium/converters/blob/master/recode_coptic .pl) Can convert old ASCII representation fonts of Coptic such as “Coptic,” “CopticLS", "CMCL", "NagHammadi", "avva_shenouda", "low" fonts into the proper Coptic Unicode. Written in Perl Script
Contacts Center     Microblogs      Messages      My Documents      Tasks SFB 1136 'Bildung und Religion' and KELLIA
o Cohyponyr Dictionary Text Reuse Detection by Tracer Synonym Dictionary ASCII texts
Input Coptic texts: a<hi rend="red">q</hi>cwTn ñ6ı паггедос чмnтшвнр ●  Visualized as web corpus using ANNIS ●  Drawing syntactic trees See Zeldes & Schroeder (2015, 2016) and Miyagawa et al. (2018) Everything ●  Part of speech tagging ● Syntactic roles annotation ● Lemmatization is done by one click! ●  Tokenization (Word segmentation for Coptic) <norm_group norm_group="აчсоты" orig_group="ачсо <norm xml:id="u1" pos="APST" lemma="a" func="aux" head="#u3" orig="a" norm=' :id="u2" pos="PPERS" lemma="ntoq" func="nsubj" head="#u3" orig="q" norm="q" pos="V" lemma="corru" func="root" orig="corru" norm= ASCII texts
hroeder & Zeldes (2016) XPICTOC , eTe ANOK ne Π ミΜεάλ  Μ  Πε e K + COOYN Xe + oybh i an , aλλa e k OYBE IHCOYC [ 3 About ANNIS More ▼ Q Search Historyで1 match Cohyponym Dictionary in 1 document Corpus List Search Options
ill norm="τoпoc" Query Builder Text Reuse Detection by Tracer Synonym Dictionary ❏ analytic view (document) Oslo, Singapore and Göttingen animal hypernym co-hyponym Slaughter et al. (2019) The Making of Coptic Wordnet Laura Slaughter, * Luis Morgado da Costa, * So Miyagawa, * Marco Büchler,* Amir Zeldes,* Heike Behlmer * ◆ University of Oslo, Norway ♦ Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ✦ Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany ♥ Georgetown University, USA Coptic: providing a wordnet for the language, which will also be the first wordnet for the Egyptian branch of the Afroasiatic languages. Wordnet projects aim to provide a machine- tractable lexical resource for automated pro- Abstract With the increasing availability of wordnets for ancient languages, such as Ancient Greek and Latin, gaps re-
dog cat hyponym hyponym ASCII texts GOTTINGEN
. Remote access to ROEDEL, a high- performance computer TRACER ... . . . . is a Java program has a 700 algorithms uses an XML config file has no graphical user-interface terium Dictionary Dictionary ASCII texts GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITÄT
•  x-axis = Shenoute XF •  y-axis = Besa •  left and bottom = the start of the texts •  right and top = the end of the texts Text Re-use Alignment Visualization X
Too many text reuse candidates! From the entire Sahidic Bible to the Sahidic Psalms
.  Desert Fathers and Mothers . Both in solitude and with others . Rituals and liturgies at coenobitic monasteries Pachomian Rules • Jürgen Horn (2000)’s typology of Coptic Psalm mss. (A) Manuscripts of the Psalms (Psalters) (B) Manuscripts for Rituals (e.g. lectionaries) (C)   Quotations (e.g. by Shenoute) (D)   Occasional uses (magic, school exercises etc.) British Library, Or. 5000 “London Psalter"
. Newly found quotations unknown to previous research : 6 (Psalms–Besa), 14 (Psalms–Shenoute Canon 6) See Miyagawa, Büchler and Behlmer (forthcoming 2020)
IGUST-UNIVERSITÄT
€≠K-€-ΠŒΤ Ν⊂Œ≠OY N-Τ€I-2€ビー-Τ€≠K-2ATHYメタŒ €≠K-€-ŒΥΤΡΤŒÞ≠OYビー-Τ€≠K-OPΓΗ (Ps. 82:16, BL) “you will pursue them in this way with your whirlwind and vex them with your wrath." ayd on pwwe nim et=k-na-t-ehy epo≠oy an epai em-mi-ma e≠k-e-ndt ncd≠oy ¿N-T€≠K-¿ATHY N≠Г-ŒYTPTŒP-OY ¿N-T€K-OPГH NT€-OY-CAT€ OYOM≠OY (Besa 4:1:2) “And all men from whom you will get no gain in this place, you will pursue with your whirlwind and vex with your wrath and a fire shall devour them.” (Kuhn) Deletion 1: ɴ-τєι-չє “in this way” Deletion 2:メγω “and” Auxiliary change: Future III (c-k-c-) → conjunctive (n-r-)
e-k-e-aa-y и-θe и-oy-tpip и-кωεт e-y-oyoeia) м-пek-мто eвoλ п-χoeic п-χoeic k- na-GTPTWP-OYビー-TEK-OPLH NTE-OY-CATE OYOM-OY (Ps. 20.10, BL) “You will make them like an oven of fire at the time of your presence. Lord, Lord, you will vex them with your wrath and a fire shall devour them.” ayw on pwwe nim et-k-na-t-ehy epo-oy an epai em-m-ma e-k-e-nwt ncw-oy en- TEK-LATHY N-Γ-QTPTWP-OY LN-TEK-OPГН NTE-OY-CATE OYOM-OY (Besa 4/I/2) “And all men from whom you will get no gain in this place, you will pursue with your whirlwind and vex with your wrath and a fire shall devour them.” (Kuhn) Auxiliary change: Future I → conjunctive IGUST-UNIVERSITÄT
n-tai an te θe n-n-acebhc n-tai an te θe aλλa e-y-na-p-θe m-n-αλοeια) e-αλρe-π- THY Θλο-q євоλ ει支м-π-εο м-π-καε (Ps. 1:4, BL) “This is not like the ungodly. It is not so but they will be like the dust which the wind scatters upon the face of the earth. " nte-n-arreλoc n-t-діаөнкн qit-oy n-q-oyotb-oy m-n-boλ m-n-cobt n- t- CYNALWLH N-d-X00P-0YヤE ON EBOY N-ΘE M-LI-ΦOEIΩ E-QAPE LI-THY ΘλO-q EBOY ειχм-π-εο м-π-καε (Besa 4:1:2) "The angel of the covenant shall take them and remove them outside the wall of the community, and shall moreover disperse them, even as the dust which the wind scatters upon the face of the earth” (Kuhn) De-verbalization: ϵ-ү-ɴⲁ-р-өє… “while they will do like…” → ɴ-өє… “like…” New text reuses found by TRACER And all men from whom yon will get no gain in this place, you will pursue with your whirlwind and vex with your wrath (Ps. 82:16) and a fire shall devour them (Ps. 20:10). The angel of the covenant shall take them and remove them outside the wall of the community, and shall moreover disperse them (cf. Exod. 23:20-3), even as the dust which the wind scatters upon the face of the earth (Ps.1:4), as it is written, 'Forasmuch as (євоλ戈є) they loved the curse, it came upon them; they did not desire the blessing, it fled from them '(Ps. 108:17) (Besa 4/I/2, translation by Kuhn)
. Inspired by the term “Quotative Index” by Tom Güldemann for African languages (2008), but a different concept For example,
“as it is written (in X) (that QUOT)” . Attested 49 times in Shenoute’s Canon 6 and 36 times in Besa 3 positions: preposed, inserted and postposed . JGUST-UNIVERSITÄT
Ps. 32(33):15 п-ент-а≠q-плассє маүаа≠q n-nє≠ү-ջнт п-ет-єімє є-nє≠ү-ջвнүє тнр≠оү “The one who shaped himself their hearts, the one who knows all their works“ Shenoute, He Who Sits Upon His Throne ayya eboy pω xe-ntoq π-ent-a≠q-пλacce n-ne≠χ-εh[t] n-θe et-chε ε̃n-ne-γaλmoc xe-π- ent-a≠q-πλacce мaγaa≠q n-ne≠y-eht  (MONB.YJ p. 33) “but because it is he who has shaped their hearts, as it is written in the Psalms: "the one who himself shaped their hearts”

1 Sam 16:7
пехе-п-хоеiс и-самоүну хе-мпер-баут ехм-пе≠ч-са оүде ехм-т-бот и-те≠ч-αյιн хе≠ч- p-cody naspai xe-n-θe an etebe-ne-pwhe cwayt e-n-so epe-n-noyte swa≠q cwayt xe- epe-n-pwwe gwayt e-π-20 mmate π-noyte ae ntoq e≠q-gwayt e-π-ջht “And the Lord said to Samouêl, Look not upon his beauty nor upon his stature; for he is despised in my sight; for not as men look at the face, does God also look; for men look at the face only and God looks rather at the heart. " (Drescher 1970:36) Shenoute, He Who Sits Upon His Throne п-рωыє є≠q-бωαут є-п-ջο мматє   n-өє єт-снε п-noүтє є≠q-бωαут є-п-εнт[…] “the man looks at the face alone,” as it is written, “it is at the heart that God looks […]” (MONB.YJ p. 33)
Only n-θε ετ-ςΗε (εν-X) (xε-QUOT) . Shenoute’s Canon 6: 49,234 tokens vs Besa: 60,572 tokens . Preposed QIP accompanied the complementizer always, but the others not . Shenoute Besa ■ with Le ◾ withoutユє; євоλユє ■ withoutユє ■ with Le ◾ without戈є; євоλ戈є ■ without xe
Shenoute's Canon 6
Pre-posed QIP construction Post-posed QIP construction Post-posed/inserted:  [quotation = argument], as it is written
. 4 times in Shenoute‘s Canon 6 and once in Besa . Sort of a hybrid of pre-posed and post-posed QIPs. Shenoute, He Who Sits Upon His Throne Ἀλλλ євоλ рω χε-иточ π-єит-α≠ҷ-пλαссє и-иє≠ү-չн[т] и-өє єт-снε εи-иє-ұаλмос χε-п- ent-a≠q-πλacce мaγaa≠q n-ne≠γ-εht  (MONB.YJ p. 33) “but because it is he who has shaped their hearts, as it is written in the Psalms: "the one who himself shaped their hearts" . Shenoute‘s tendency to use postposed QIPs → more skillful than Besa (?)
Conclusions
. The project of SFB1136 and eTRAP have collaborated working on text reuses in Shenoute’s Canon 6 and Besa’s letters and sermons . We found quotations unknown to the previous studies in both corpora . With newly found quotations, we conducted a study on the location of noe etch? . Besa uses more pre-posed noc ctchc than Shenoute . Perhaps this indicates that Shenoute embedded biblical quotations more skillfully than Besa in monastic educational discourse . Full application of Coptic Wordnet to TRACER is the next challenge
. . . . . . . Büchler, M. (2013). Informationstechnische Aspekte des Historical Text Re-use. Doctoral dissertation, Universität Leipzig. Coffee, N., Koenig, J. P., Poornima, S., Forstall, C. W., Ossewaarde, R., & Jacobson, S. L. (2012). The Tesserae Project: intertextual analysis of Latin poetry. Literary and linguistic computing, 28(2), 221-228. Feder, F., Kupreyev, M., Manning, E., Schroeder, C. T., & Zeldes, A. (2018). A linked Coptic dictionary online. In: Proceedings of LaTeCH 2018 - The 11th SIGHUM Workshop at COLING2018 (Santa Fe, NM). Franzini, G., Franzini, E., Büchler, M. (2016). Historical Text Reuse: What Is It?. http://www.etrap.eu/historical-text-re-use/. Horn, J. (2000). Die koptische (sahidische) Überlieferung des alttestamentlichen Psalmenbuches - Versuch einer Gruppierung der Textzeugen für die Herstellung des Texte. In: A. Aejmelaeus & U. Quast (eds.), Der Septuaginta-Psalter und seine Tochterübersetzungen (AAWG.PH Folge 3 320; MSU 24), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 97-106. Kamps, J., & Marx, M. (2002). Visualizing wordnet structure. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Global WordNet. 182-186. Lincke, E.-S., Bulert, K., & Büchler, M. (2019). Optical Character Recognition for Coptic fonts: A multi-source approach for scholarly editions. In: Proceedings of DATeCH 2019.
. . . . . . Miyagawa, S., Zeldes, A., Büchler, M., Behlmer, H., & Troy Griffitts.  (2018). Building linguistically and intertextually tagged Coptic corpora with open source tools.  In: C. Suzuki (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Conference of Japanese Association for Digital Humanities.  Tokyo: Center for Open Data in the Humanities. 139-141. Miyagawa, S., Bulert, K.,  Büchler, M. & Behlmer, H. (2019). Optical character recognition of typeset Coptic text with neural networks. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 34 (Supplement 1). i135-141. Schroeder, C. T., & Zeldes, A.  (2016). Raiders of the Lost Corpus. Digital Humanities Quarterly 10.2. Slaughter, L., Morgado da Costa, L., Miyagawa, S., Büchler, M., Zeldes, A. & Behlmer, H. (2019). The making of Coptic Wordnet.  In: C. Fellbaum, P. Vossen, E. Rudnicka, M. Maziarz, and M. Piasecki (eds.), Proceedings of 10th Global WordNet Conference (GWC 2019).  Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej.  166-175. Zeldes, A. & Schroeder, C. T. (2016) An NLP Pipeline for Coptic. In: Proceedings of LaTeCH 2016 - The 10th SIGHUM Workshop at the Annual Meeting of the ACL (Berlin). 146–55. Zeldes, A & Schroeder, C. T. (2015) Computational Methods for Coptic: Developing and Using Part-of-Speech Tagging for Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 30 (Supplement 1). i164–76. GEORG-AUGUST-UNIVERSITÄT
So Miyagawa (miyagawa.so.36u@kyoto-u.jp) Marco Büchler (buechler@infai.org) Heike Behlmer (hbehlme@uni-goettingen.de)