April 14, 2023   Research Report Meeting Research Project 2203C
Project leader:   Tomohiro Ichinose (Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University)
Research system • Members Tomohiro Ichinose (PL) (Keio Univ.), Rumiko Iwasada (journalist), Masanobu Kii (Kagawa Univ.), Kenji Doi (Osaka Univ.), Keisuke Matsuhashi (NIES), Shunsuke Managi (Kyushu Univ.), Akinobu Murakami (Univ. of Tsukuba), Akinori Morimoto (Waseda Univ.) (eight people in total) • Special researchers Yusuke Ito (Waseda Univ.), Hiroshi Iwasaki (Chiba Univ.), Teppei Osada (Utsunomiya Univ.), Aya Kojima (Saitama Univ.), Takeru Shibayama (TU Wien), Kayo Tajima (Rikkyo Univ.), Azusa Toriumi (Univ. of Tokyo) (seven people in total) • Observer Urban Development Promotion Division, City Planning Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
•   Japan faces a rapid population decline and accelerated aging, prompting efforts to create more compact cities. However, simply making the city compact is not enough. In 2019, an advisory panel established by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism recommended initiating urban revitalization with a focus on creating "comfortable towns that encourage people to walk." This approach aims to maintain city vitality and enhance appeal, leading to the launch of the "Machinaka Walkable Promotion Program" in FY2020. As of January 2023, 346 cities across Japan have submitted proposals to promote walkability. This study's objective is to elucidate a cross-sectional evaluation method for walkable cities. By examining pioneering examples in Europe and the United States, we intend to develop an assessment method tailored to the unique characteristics of Japanese cities. WALKABLE We do! Building a walkable city世界中の多くの都市で、街路空間を車中心から"人中心"の空間へと再構築し、沿道と路上を一体的に使って、人々が集い憩い多様な活動を繰り広げられる場へとしていく取組が進められています。これらの取組は都市に活力を生み出し、持続可能かつ高い国際競争力の実現につながっています。近年、国内でも、このような街路空間の再構築・利活用の先進的な取組が見られるようになりました。しかし、多くの自治体では、将来ビジョンの描き方や具体的な進め方など、どう動き出せば良いのか模索しているのが現状です。このような背景のもと、国土交通省では街路空間の再構築・利活用に関する様々な取組を推進しております。
Overseas survey conducted in FY2022 due to COVID-19 •  Sep. 2020: Matsue City, Izumo City (Shimane Pref.) •  Nov. 2020: Oita City, Tsukumi City (Oita Pref.) •  Jul. 2021: Matsuyama City (Ehime Pref.) •  Sep. 2021: Takamatsu City (Kagawa Pref.) •  Feb. 2022: Beppu City (Oita Pref.) •  Aug. 2022: Vienna (Austria), Paris (France), Barcelona (Spain) •  Sep. 2022: Boston, New York City (USA)
《Standard land price along road》 54,000 From Shimane Prefecture Report 5 consecutive 52,000 years of growth Shifts in total floor area in land readjustment districts min economic ripple effect:162 Billion Yen約１４万㎡の増on a situation 250,000 200,000
Pedestrian traffic has increased!
The area is now bustling!
On the widened sidewalks, on every third Sunday of the month, a market event is held by the local shopping street, and the area is crowded with many people, including families. | Pedestrian traffic volume has doubled compared to before adjustment. 5,512 Current status of pedestrian traffic in central city areas based on camera measurement From Takamatsu City Report瀬戸内国際芸術祭開催年でもあったため次年度以降の◆計画期間1年目：目標値を大きく上回る結果に推移を注視することとしたカメラの精度の検証◆計画期間２年目：新型コロナウイルス感染拡大の影響下においても目標値達成■新型コロナウイルス感染拡大前後の歩行者通行量(1日平均) D A18 0 X 0 X 0 X 0うかなBeopu Oity Kamawa/Lot Springふれあいウォークhttps://www.gokuraku-jigoku-beppu.com/entries/beppu-hatto-walk STILLENT Vienna -Paris City Conter Times Square, New York City Start Yo' O shi  201 Ale and Tieh Line New York City Central Artery (I−93) and Rose Kennedy Greenway (1) 2010. AND AND T AD - 40 /日本の日A  TO A HOLD NOW STATIONGARDERS n the speak can clinative plants academic and min " plant and insect community and showcase plant diversity in an organically / Cargens provided in opportunity to of seve sustainable techniques used in your own hom ardens. The goal is to , create a Visually appealing dynamic and folleseason landscape while providing an educatio sus amable and ecological urban gardening practices. Please take a stroll on the paths and explore the c [ ] [ NEW URBAN ROAD NETWORK Green Axis -Pedestrians -Bikes (no bikelane) Mobility Axis -Public Transport -Private vehicles -Bicycles (bikelane) -No parking lane Secondary streets -Private vehicles -Parking lane s that complete that t Pa li lin ed AVIED s of Notes of the content of desi sat .
Organization of inputs according to social issues and outcomes Poverty Health Environment Population decline Infrastructure developn Regulation introduction City planning Transportation planning Medical cost reduction ■ Emission reductions Improved attractivenes Economic effect
Kato and Kanki, 2017 City Block Southworth 2005草津川跡地公園内の２時期の道路ネットワークデKanai et al. 2019 Koad structure
Created from Maghelal and Capp (2011)
(2) Managi Sustainability City
Downtown itself is easy to walk / pleasant space to walk Low walkability Can walk to downtown (can go l without using private car) Walkability in street space (field observation) 5 minutes from station, 10-minute range (downtown) Sidewalk   ×  Narrow street access on sidewalk ▲ & ■ Parking lot entrance  ● Bus stop Pedestrians stop, detour, and run at small distances to cars entering from parking lot entrances and narrow streets ⇒ Difficult to walk Innovations of structures that maintain continuity of sidewalk are an issue Walkability from perspective of urban structure (analysis using GIS) Downtown and residential area representative points Road distance to downtown 5 - car use
Alternative indices used in this Car traffic volume Space Syntax理論) ▶ Presence of old roads due to HLC, Int. V oc Walking demand Side road leading to the bridge over the Kanda River has a large amount of pedestrian and car traffic volume Among the old roads, the street in front of the Japan Braille Library has a large amount of car traffic volume and lacks safety and comfort
. Narrowed down land transaction price data in Vienna from 1973 to 2021 (about 58,000 cases) to about 3,450 vacant land transactions after 2010 . Obtained 17 candidate explanatory variables, including building regulations (height regulations), public transportation service levels, road surface (pavement, etc.), trees, actual land use, land diversity index, number of restaurants, etc. Spatially combined with land transaction price data using GIS . Hedonic approach used to conduct multiple regression analysis with three patterns: (a) all data, (b) stratified by building regulations, and (c) stratified by land use. Quantitative study of explanatory variables that affect the valuation of walkability through land transaction prices Influence of road pavement surface (aesthetics such as stone pavement, road greening, walkable area, etc.), number of trees, and amenities (number of restaurants) are more strongly influenced in low-rise residential areas than high-rise areas and commercial/industrial areas →Various parameters that have been discussed in the (English) literature on walkability are more strongly reflected in land transaction prices in low-rise and residential areas . Population density is more strongly reflected in land transaction prices in areas where high-rise building construction is possible結果を“Exploring government open data: understanding contributions of better walkability to real estate pricing” by Norihiro Miwa, Takeru Shibayama, Kayo TajimaとしてWCTR (World Conference in Transportation Researchers) 2023へ投稿（2022年末）、2023年2月にAccept(AB)学会発表採択+国際誌への推薦対象との通知あり
〈Overview of equipment used〉 Dimensions: 23 × 10 × 18 cm Mass: 2.6 kg, water resistance IP166 Operating temperature range: −40 degrees to +50 degrees KMeasurement point> PYRO-Box： PYRO-Box: designed, developed, and manufactured by Eco-Counter (France), detects heat radiated from human body and counts traffic volume a 8をn of our N o.4のだろうのシழ  L H A 2 <Effects of opening base facilities> 11月10月9月8月6月7月5月4月3月2 m見事や合35,000 APILLISTICS 8 15 2229 6 13 2027 3 10 17 24 2 11. 10 so令补04年度→令和3年度出典：宇都宮市HP
Implementation period: 14-22 March 2022 | Target area: six cities along Chuo Line | Number of valid respondents: 2,446 people Created for respondents who walked at least one day a week, percentage in parentheses Musashino City: Highest number of people who walk the most and who walk for about 60–90 minutes. Atmosphere of town and green spaces are most regarded. Kokubunji City: Tachikawa City: Many people do not walk much. Large amount of attractive nature, but no fun things to look at or buildings.
Analysis framework Data-based objective walkability index analysis Questionnaire survey-based subjective walkability index Classification of walkability index Categorising components of walkability from perspective of civil engineering and urban planning
Questionnaire survey conducted near centre of Vienna Comparative analysis evaluation’ was obtained from the questionnaire 10総合評価値walkability perspectives Environment and usage at Marunouchi street parking ; Analyse effects from multiple perspectives, such as space usage surveys based on people flow data, thermal environment surveys, user awareness questionnaire surveys, and sales trend surveys (Akinobu Murakami)
Awareness survey
90% of respondents agreed with making in a Marunouchi Naka-dori a permanent outdoor plaza, and 93% agreed with expanding outdoor store seating to the street. (visitor questionnaire)
Sales trend survey
Sales increased at restaurants with expanded outdoor seating compared to all months prior to initiative. Store A: Sales 224%節用：SET*  18°C~32°C
熱的快適範囲：SET*  20°C～30°Cこより通行人が感じる熱的な快適性を評価できる。この範囲では熱的に快適な状態であると判新できる。SET*が30℃~32℃の範囲は、熱、60℃の32℃的には許容できても快適ではないと判断できる。 14.7%
Highway PA design that incorporates the concept of zero-order prevention (Hiroshi Iwasaki) Green space design that incorporates concept of zero-order prevention → Usual use → Unconsciously enjoying effects of green spaces Placing green areas on line based on concept of zero-order prevention Food court Toilet What is zero-order prevention? Health promotion that improves environment and leads to health without individual effort Reference: Primary prevention; Health promotion based on individual efforts Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare / Health Japan 21 (Second) Basic Plan for 10 years from * 1 2013 Noro PA that incorporates zero-order prevention Placing green space on route of normal environment → Unconsciously having contact with greenery → Enjoying effect of greenery → Relieving stress → Effective in preventing driving-related accidents

●   Charles Darwin
‘Facial expression is inherited regardless of learning or culture' The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, 1872 Meaning and judgment of a smile are not influenced by race or life experience Observation survey on street in front of train station in Saitama Relationship between smile degree and car traffic volume on single-section 20 roads Walking space evaluation system 12.38 Average smile degree ( % ) Average : 0.54 0 2 4 6 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 4 6 8 5 0 0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1    2 0    2    4    6    8    0    2    4    6    8    0 S Composition of indices ▷ Space is evaluated in terms of the 'main indices' of subjectivity and activity. ▷ Objective values and equipment status are collected as ‘supplementary survey items’, but not included among evaluation indices.
(1) Managi ③ Shibayama, Tajima (9) Kojima (10) Doi (8) Iwasaki Sustainability Jahn Gehl's classification of outdoor activities ▪ Necessary activities → able to walk ▪ Optional activities → want to walk ▪ Social activities → walk and be happy (7) Murakami
What kind of walkability index is used depends on input and outcome ▪ The concept of “Walkability” is being discussed in the context of health improvement and urban planning •  Ultimate outcome is achievement of well-being, but there are various requirements •  Diversity in walkability indices around the world is due to social issues of each locale ▪  The framework of walkability was demonstrated, and walkability index was organized . We were able to present new indices along with evaluations based on existing indices •   Declining population and revitalization of central urban areas are the most significant challenges in Japanese cities公益財団法人国際交通安全学会International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences