2023/04/14 IATSS External Debriefing Session Research Project 2208C Research on safe and comfortable road environment development under mixed electric mobility PL: Koji Suzuki (Nagoya Institute of Technology) 0001 non
●Study how sidewalks and roadways should be safely used by multiple entities in a mixed electric mobility environment by investigating previous introduction examples in Europe and conducting multifaceted analyses of user psychology, behaviour, etc. ❏Clarify the obstacles that must be cleared when introducing electric mobility through workshops with domestic and international researchers and practitioners. →Propose specific measures to achieve a safe and comfortable transportation society under mixed electric mobility for countries and cities with automobile- and pedestrian-centred road space structures.
ロPL ▷  Koji Suzuki (Nagoya Institute of Technology)口 Members ▷  Kazuhisa Ogawa (Tohoku Institute of Technology), Motoki Shino (University of Tokyo), Taro Sekine (Nihon University)
口Special researchers
▷  Hiroto Inoi (University of Toyama), Miho Iryo (Nagoya University), Katsutoshi Ohta (IATSS adviser), Takeru Shibayama (Vienna University of Technology), Kazufumi Suzuki (National Institute of Technology Gunma College), Sanemune Takada (Komazawa University), Hideki Tatematsu (Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd.), Keisuke Yoshioka (Nihon University), Tatsuto Suzuki (University College London), Alhajyaseen Wael (Qatar University)口Research collaborators ▷  Hiroki Ito (Nagoya Institute of Technology), Hidetoshi Hibino (Nagoya University)
口 Observers
▷  Takashi Miyagi, Shiori Sugiura (Traffic Planning Division, Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency), Takahiro Tsuruga (IATSS Advisor)

口Compact electric mobility for 1–2 people
▷ Mainly target electric scooters, which have various items to consider for sidewalk and roadway use, and conduct research for other types of mobility, with a focus on domestic introduction cases, and organize issues in anticipation of future development in various regions edium spe Ultra-compact mobility minicar (seats 1-2 people) wheelchair mobility support robot (seats 1 person) (seats 1 person) For sidewalk use For roadway use *Image source: Interim report of an expert study group on ideal traffic rules for diverse transportation entities

口Results of previous fiscal years
▷ We conducted research focusing on 'how users perceive' social acceptability of electric mobility, and we confirmed the characteristics and expectations of electric mobility, as well as the obstacles and issues for widespread use, from the perspectives of awareness, evaluations based on actual experience, and evaluation by use for a certain period of time. What impressions do users have of electric mobility? Can we learn the characteristics of electric mobility and the deviations from our initial impressions by actually using them? Can we understand and accept the good and bad aspects of electric mobility by comparing it with existing mobility? Various external factors related to user
performance
Insurance/system
Traffic rules 5
□ Activities of this fiscal year ▷ Collect information on requirements, necessary infrastructure, and systems to be accepted by society as new mobility (international comparison)…WG1，WG2 ▷ Evaluate interactions with others and psychological load on sidewalks and roadways, and acquire necessary knowledge for considering road space development and the safe use of mobility based on field surveys and road observations…WG3, WG5 ▷ Survey of local governments regarding the intention to introduce electric mobility in Japan, organizing issues at the time of introduction…WG4 ▷ Host an international workshop on the research results, and clarify issues to be considered in future …WG6
International comparison
1. Legal system, literature review, and future issues [WG2] 2. Electric mobility introduction intention and issues according to local government survey [WG4] 3. Characteristics of the use of electric scooters on roadways based on actual road and on-site experiments [WG3] 4. User anxiety and behavioural characteristics based on on-site experiments [WG5] International comparative report on acceptability [WG1] 5. 6. International workshop report [WG6] Summary 7. 1.  Legal system, literature review, and future
Purpose of research and activities ● Review of the legal system □Interviews with the National Police Agency about questionable items ● Review of international research and reports 〓Clarify what is and is not stipulated in the legal system of Japan, and organize issues that may arise in Japan and issues that need to be discussed with regards to the spread of electric scooters
●Revision of Road Traffic Act   Revised in April 2022, enforced in July 2023 [New]Specified small motorized bicycle • Maximum speed     2 0 k m/ h • Rated output    0.   6 0 k W 1 9 0 c m • Length • Width 6 0 c m Driving on public roads ・１６ years or older • Driver’s license ：Necessary➡Unnecessary • Driving on sidewalks：Not allowed➡Possibly allowed ≤ 6 km/h • Compulsory automobile liability insurance • License plate (taxation label)
Parking lot laws Bicycle laws Bicycle ordinances Safety standards of the Road Transport Vehicle Act Act on Securing Compensation for Automobile Accidents Local tax laws Garage laws The rated output differs due to the Road Traffic Act and Road Transportation Act, and this affects the applicable laws and regulations, resulting in a complicated system
口Sharing services ▷ Coordination with other efforts to utilize the public road space required口Legal propriety of parking on sidewalks ▷ Judicial precedents that allow or prohibit vehicles to park on sidewalks, and the judgment is divided. ▷ Parking of vehicles/bicycles on sidewalks is controversial口Authority of forced removal ▷ Road Traffic Act：Movement of vehicles by police officers and police chiefs ▷ Ordinances of local governments (Bicycle Act): Forced removal of bicycles by local governments > It has not been determined who will implement forced removal of electric scooters, wheelchairs for those with physically handicaps, and walking aids
口Complex position as a vehicle (even with similar shape and appearance, there are electric scooters equivalent to automobiles) >  Difficulty for users to understand: Possibility that some users will drive on sidewalks with vehicles that can go ≥20 km/h.
口Type certification
▷ Japan has a performance confirmation system. ▷  Driving places divided according to speed (sidewalk is also possible if ≤6 km/h), but how to How to manage speed limit? Limits of GPS.口Cases where individual ownership is assumed ▷  Europe: Mainly sold at consumer electronics retailers, few scales at bicycle shops. ▷ Entry by industries that did not sell 'vehicles' ▷ Issues of thorough safety education. ❏ Consistency with bicycle crime prevention registration ▷  License plates of motorized bicycles are taxation labels, and the owner is determined by the municipality. Issues that may arise in Japan, and issues that require
口Driving on sidewalks is rare in other countries □ Intersections when sharing driving space with bicycles ▷ Bicycle speed in Japan is slower than that in Europe. ▷ Even when the direction of travel is the same, speed zones are different, and hazards emerge. ❏ Road structure characteristics not found in other countries ▷ Unknown impact on Japan’s road environment, which has drainage ditches, gutter lids, telephone poles, fire hydrants, etc.口Helmet wearing ▷ Due to the progress of discussions in other countries, the international direction is mandatory wearing of helmets' for further clarity Issues that may arise in Japan, and issues that require further discussion ‘Bicycle parking/vehicle parking, and other related items’口Correspondence to bicycle parking lots > Trip purpose, trip length, and sex/age of users differ from those for other means of transportation. ●  Use in the afternoon or on weekends, use when going out for entertainment, for short trips, etc. ❏ Authority for removing illegal bicycle parking (vehicle parking) ▷ Unclear and needs to be consistent with the authority for bicycles.口Use by high school students ▷ People aged 16 years and older can drive without a license, so there is a possibility that many people will use it. > Increased driving by users who have never driven a motor vehicle ▷ Discussion needed on whether national standardization should be done by notification from MEXT or whether each school should stipulate it in its school regulations. 2. Electric mobility introduction intention, and issues according to the local government survey [WG4]
□ Overview of the surveys
① Conducted questionnaire surveys of local governments to determine the degree of importance of local issues and the expected level of contributions of the introduction of electric mobility to local issues ② Conducted interview surveys with local governments that have introduced electric mobility to understand the effects and issues of introducing them ③ Examined and evaluated applicability methods for electric mobility services based on local characteristics *Today, results of (1) and (2) from the above survey are extracted and reported 14

l Targeted mobility
▷ Compact mobility for 1–2 people urce: Interim report of expert study group on ideal traffic rules for diverse transportation en
■ Main survey items
んImportance of local issues and the degree of contribution of electric A Issues to discuss with stakeholders before introductionんNeed for differentiation from existing public transportation A Intention to introduce/continue electric mobility services *Some local governments that have not introduced the system responded with assumptions for some responses • Responses received from 53 municipalities (mainly Aichi, Gunma, Osaka, Nara, Hyogo, Mie, Toyama, Shimane, and Ibaraki Prefectures). • Provided information on photographs of electric mobility, legal treatment, and driving positions (*Regarding electric scooters, due to the revision of the Road Traffic Act in July 2023, it will be possible to drive on sidewalks under some conditions, but this survey presents driving rules based on the current Road Traffic Act).
Survev screen
(2) Online response (Google Form)
High Low •   The average importance of ‘securing the last mile’ and ‘securing mobility for the elderly’ tended to be high. In particular, approximately 90% of respondents gave 4 points or more to 'securing mobility for the elderly', and many local governments recognized this as a high-priority issue. •  Many local governments also place importance on items related to local revitalization, such as the 'promotion of tourism' and the ‘revitalization of central city areas’.
● Evaluation of the expected level of contribution of electric mobility to local issues
'Securing mobility for the elderly' ⇒Ultra-compact mobility minicar 'Promotion of tourism', 'Revitalization of central city areas' ⇒ Electric scooter, boarding-type mobility support robot 'Realization of a low-carbon society'  ⇒ All mobility *Image source: Interim report of expert study group on ideal traffic rules for diverse transportation entities Different trends in expected mobility for each local issue 17
● Introduction case for 'The purpose of 'promotion of tourism' (Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture) Approx. 12.5 million people (total number of visitors in 2019) Work on revitalization Examination of the use of ultra-compact mobility minicars (examined in FY2017, implemented in FY2018-FY2020) Four themes for introduction of ultra-compact mobility minicars ① 'Improved value of sightseeing  spots' by increasing ease and convenience for tourists to move around the city ② 'Free access' not only to famous sightseeing spots but also attractive sightseeing spots in the city ③ 'New attractions' in combination with sightseeing plans ④ 'Contributing to reduced carbon dioxide emissions' through the use of electric vehicles 18
❏ Introduction case for 'promotion of tourism' (Izumo City, Shimane Prefecture) ■ Introduction effect
l Recognition of issues and future prospects
AんDue to the presence of issues in terms of income and expenditure when implementing project (*in this demonstration project, there were no private business operators as the implementing body) Wish to study if a scheme can be built that makes it easy for private businesses to participate as a profitable business by reducing costs, including the costs of the management and operation system of electric mobility A Currently mainly used as a commercial vehicle, and rather than focusing on profitability of usage fees, it is used as an SDGs initiative ⇒Effective for the ’promotion of tourism’, but there were problems in terms of management and operation. Currently being used as an SDGs initiative 19

Actual road survey
In addition to grasping the actual conditions On-site experiment through actual road surveys, some items were also verified through on-site experiments ov-side or overtaking a vehic Other dangerous events, etc.
<Intersection>
. Passage method . • D r i v i n g  p o s i t i o n / s p e e d  ' : Turning radius . Other dangerous events, etc. Driving evaluation when driving side- by-side or overtaking a vehicle • Proper separation distance • Comparison with bicycle Vehicle dynamics • Stability by speed • Turning characteristics Technology Funabashi Campus 20

口Driving speed
▷ Two peaks in speed distribution (around 15 km/h and over 20 km/h), and a large difference between sharing and private ownership with the speed limit.
口 Driving position (distance from curb/vehicle)
▷  Large variation in driving positions in Shin-Okubo, which has wide lanes, and Numazu, which has many lanes. Meanwhile, in Nakanoshima, where the lane is narrow, driving at a position of 0.8–1.0 m from the curb. ▷  When being overtaken by a vehicle, the occurrence of overtaking at a minimum separation distance of 1.0 m. The minimum average value is approximately 1.4 m. Distance from vehicle when overtaken
口Behaviour at intersection (Shin-Okubo: Kita-Shinjuku 1-chome intersection) ▷  Driving position: more than 80% of vehicles driving straight ahead are on the roadway only, but there are approximately 20–30% of cases where the vehicle enters the sidewalk when turning right or left (including cases where the vehicle driver gets off and walks onto the sidewalk) ▷  Speed: approximately 15 km/h for going straight, 10–15 km/h for right and left turns, and a certain number of 25 km/h ▷  Minimum turning radius: depends on speed, approximately 5 m when avoiding other vehicles (speed 10 km/h or less), often approximately 10 m when turning left or right (speed 10-15 km/h) Trajectory of electric scooters near/at the intersection Max speed distribution at the intersection
口Vehicle motion response characteristics in slalom driving ▷  Difference in steering mechanism occurs at approximately 10 km/h, and the turning radius is kept constant at low speeds by steering to make short turns. ▷  Conjectured that the control subject differs depending on the driving speed in situations such as obstacle avoidance during actual driving. 4. User anxiety and behavioural characteristics based on on-site experiments [WG5] ((1) National Institute of Technology Gunma College experiment)口Clarify avoidance characteristics and sense of anxiety when passing by electric scooters in a mixed pedestrian environment ▷ Experiment conducted on subjects when walking and riding ●  When walking: avoid electric scooters or bicycles as a pedestrian ●  When riding: ride electric scooters or bicycles and avoid pedestrians ▷ Verification of the effects of different driving speeds and distances from each other
❏ Comparison of distribution of areas of 50% avoidance probability according to speed ▷ Low speed range: avoidance tends to be slower when riding an electric scooter than when riding a bicycle Relative speed 10km/h (5 km/h for pedestrians + 5 km/h for vehicles) Relative speed 20km/h (5 km/h for pedestrians + 15 km/h for vehicles) *Calculated with female dummy = 1 25
● Implementation date: a total of five days in November and December 2021口Location: Nagoya Institute of Technology c口Subjects: 25 people (14 men, 11 women)口Flow of experiment ① Preliminary questionnaire ② After driving practice and preliminary driving passing driving ③ Subject turns left when feeling danger towards the investigator who heads directly towards the subject without avoidance and returns to the original driving position ④ Conducted a questionnaire on the acceptability and anxiety of each drive ⑤ Post-drive, post-experiment questionnaire口 Driving conditions Subject breakdown
Nominal logistic regression analysis with two categories of dependent variables (responses to questionnaires (1) and (2)) *Only (1) introduced in this presentation [Dependent variables] Questionnaire (1)    Driving acceptability 1 , 2 : Not good Questionnaire (2)    Anxiety during passing 4 , 5 : Anxious 1 , 2 , 3 : Not anxious
Negative coefficient: Decreases acceptability All patterns… Large avoidance amount →Low driving acceptability When passing an electric scooter (patterns A, C, D)...Low acceptability for 'people who are reluctant to drive' High acceptability for 'people who tend to drive meticulously' Vehicles passing each other (patterns C, D)...Low acceptability for 'people who tend to drive in an unstable manner due to mood'. 28
[Purpose] Clarify the relationship between the social environment and intention to  use/social acceptability through a comparison of the infrastructure development status and the status of dissemination of electric mobility among different countries. . Intention to use: intention of the individual to use the service on their own Annoying, scary, dangerous… etc., if others use itギ. Social acceptability: awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of dissemination of the service in society Target cities: Tokyo, London, Vienna, Doha 2020 onwards Rapid introduction in anticipation of 2022 WC End of 2020 onwards From 2021 onwards, commonly used despite privately owned vehicles being banned on public roads 2018 onwards Early introduction

Subjects
口 Residents of 23 wards of Tokyo, Greater London, Vienna, and Doha ❏ Age (20s–40s) and gender are equally divided as a general rule (somewhat biased depending on city) Question items口Usage status of electric scooters, future use intention, evaluation of environment and system related to electric scooters, values regarding electric mobility in general, social acceptability, personal attributes, etc.
at least once a month Regular user If less Non-user
● Purpose of use by regular uses and purpose of use by non-users/prospective users Many requests for commuting to work or school
● Frequency of bicycle use by regular users and non-users Most regular users ride at least once a week in Tokyo and London, Increasing proportion of non-cyclists in Vienna, where introduction is progressing Regular u on-use ■週5回以上■週1~4回■数ヶ月に1~2回■滅多にないが乗れる■一度もないHalf of the non-users rarely ride
Analysis of factors that determine use intentions and social acceptability of non-users (frequency of less than once a month) ● Particular focus on the values of users, surrounding environment, and systems, while referencing previous research (UTAUT (Venkatesh et al., 2003), etc.)

integrated)
❏ Among non-users, those who place importance on harmony with their surroundings and not on safety have a higher intent to use.口Higher product satisfaction results in higher use intention and social acceptability ● Quality of social systems and operational services improve social
口In London, social systems and quality of services have a relatively large impact on social acceptability Collision safety °6> 0.824 Poor road drivability p Finding a parking spot ò Traffic rules 0:103 Wide use in society Design Use by neighbours Use intention Social acceptability 0.455** Evaluation of S the current status of Apps Social system o go &o Scooter Surrounding Insurance Dedicated traffic rules traffic rules
• 10% significant, * 5% significant, **1% significant Scooter maintenance Road surface condition Fees SCOOTers o : $$* Safety/comf ort Fun Short turns Good for the environment 35ملا0.594 0.6> lane
口In Tokyo, impacts of values and sighting frequency are not significant口Ultimately determined by evaluation of the current status of SCOOTErs ?>> Collision safety 0.12b Safety/comf ort Poor road drivability 、 Use intention Social acceptability 0.244** Quality of service
・ 10% significant, * 5% significant, **1% significant Scooter maintenance Road surface condition o Fees Evaluation of S the current Apps status of SCooters society Design Use by neighbours Product satisfaction frequency Sighting Social system 0ならScooter Surrounding Insurance Dedicated traffic rules traffic rules lane oss Short turns Good for the environment 36
口In Vienna, only product satisfaction and social systems were significant Suggests the possibility that the structure of consciousness differs depending on the spread of electric mobility Social ・ 10% significant, * 5% Scooter maintenance Road surface condition Fees Apps
Collision 0:>9 safety 0:15」 Poor road drivability .  Finding a && parking spot Traffic rules oes Wide use in A societyのDesign 0.698 Use by neighbours 0.612 - 178 $$ Scooter Surrounding Insurance Dedicated Fun Short turns Good for traffic rules traffic rules lane environment 37
●Theme: Role of Micro-E-Mobility in Modern Transportation Systems: challenges and future expectations ▷ Co-sponsored with WCTRS SIG C4 and G2 ■Date: 28 February 2023, 9:00–13:00 (Central European Time, UTC+1) ●Venue: Technical University of Vienna, hybrid format by Zoom口Program > Report ●  Report by three 2208C project members ●  Presentation by two international researchers and practitioners ✓ E-scooters: an evolutionary approach to Acoustic Vehicle Alert Systems (Prof. Nick Tyler --- University College London, UK ✓   Macro Managing Micro Mobility (Mr. Pedro Homem de Gouveia --- POLIS) ▷ Panel discussion ●   Moderator: Dr. Wael Alhajyaseen (Qatar University, QAT) ●   Panelists: Prof. Guenter Emberger, Prof. Nick Tyler, Mr. Pedro Homem de Gouveia, and Dr. Koji Suzuki
● Participants   Approximately 110 people (90 people online, approximately 20_ people on-site) ● Main discussion points in the panel discussion ▷ Infrastructure suitability ● Single accident problem→Importance of maintenance and management ▷ Safety risk ● Innovations for reducing speed (relative speed between different forms of mobility) → Decrease speed limit, strengthen enforcement, and provide technical support ● Innovations for reducing contact opportunities →Separate passage space ▷  Future of micro-E-mobility ● Whether mobility is sustainable, whether it will replace walking (health aspects), consideration for the future ● Introduction according to trip length (e.g., walking for 1 mile, micro-E-mobility for several km), ideal city structure (importance of hierarchies of road networks to create parking spaces (car → micro-E-mobility) and allow mobility with different speed levels)
30 km/h speed limit and traffic space Connections between sidewalks, bike lane, and crossing facilities Innovations (markings) for handling connections with arterial roads and intersections
口Compact electric mobility expected to solve local issues ▷ 'Securing mobility for the elderly' ⇒ Electric wheelchairん'Securing last mile' ⇒ Ultra-compact mobility minicar ▷ 'Promotion of tourism',  'Revitalization of central city areas' ⇒ Electric scooters, boarding-type mobility support robots ● Obtained knowledge and issues for the future spread and development of electric scooters (1) ➤ Actual usage analysis ● Mostly driving on roadway, but some cases of diving on sidewalk (intersections) → Necessity of being familiar and thoroughly following rules ● Space of 1.0 m each from curb and vehicles needed for driving side-by-side and overtaking. Passage space equivalent to a bicycle lane needed. In cases of narrow widths, improvement of urban-type side ditches are also possible. > Vehicle motion dynamics ● Differences in the steering mechanism between low-speed and high-speed areas, and confirmed effectiveness of balance manipulation by steering at speeds lower than approximately 10 km/h. Concerns about avoidance behaviour of vehicles entering and exiting the road, and the danger of driving at intersections. → Necessary to improve the understanding of users regarding motion characteristics such as responsiveness due to speed and differences in the turning radius during lectures. 41
●Obtained knowledge and issues for the future spread and development of electric scooters (2) ➤ User acceptability ● The amount of avoidance and differences in normal driving characteristics influence anxiety and acceptability when riding an electric scooter, and evaluations also differ depending on the combination of subjects that pass each other. → Also necessary to reduce relative speeds between subjects when scooters pass each other, issue warnings during usage, and raise awareness to increase acceptability that considers driver characteristics. → Social acceptability ●   Potential differences in the structure of consciousness depending on the spread of electric mobility. →During the dissemination transition period, the development of legal systems and improvement of operational services will increase social acceptance. ▷ Future issues based on the analysis of international cases ●   Electric scooters are relatively easy to own due to the cheap vehicle body and taxes. → Issue of thorough safety education for users who do not have driver's license. Also examinations on bicycle parking. ● Future-oriented multifaceted study on whether micro-E-mobility such as electric scooters can be called sustainable mobility (aging society, economic impacts) ● Introduction and deployment of mobility according to the trip length, ideal city structure, and importance of hierarchical road networks to allow for mobility with different speed levels (direction of comprehensive traffic space development) 42公益財団法人国際交通安全学会International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences