1. Introduction

Background
✓  In order to promote early and effective GHG emission reduction, it is necessary to understand the energy intensity and the reduction potential of each region in the world. ✓  There is increasing mention of carbon neutrality, but before that it is important to share such information widely.
Purpose
✓  The purpose is to provide comparable energy intensity estimates for the steel sector in 2019 to contribute to the discussion of climate change mitigation. ※ Although this estimation focuses on the international comparison of 2019 results, it follows the existing assumptions and estimation methods shown in Oda et al. (2012) below, and ensures consistency in time-series transitions. Oda et al. (2012) International Comparisons of Energy Efficiency in Power, Steel, and Cement Industries, Energy Policy, Vol. 44, pp.118-129. 1. Introduction
✓  We estimate energy intensity by region by combining the following methods: A: Macro-statistics approach (based on IEA World Energy Balances) B: Micro-data approach B1: Method based on company reports and association data B2: Method based on technology diffusion rate B2-1 :  Effective utilization rate of by-product gas recovery B2-2 :  Diffusion rate of 5 technologies (CDQ, TRT, Sinter cooler WHR, Hot stove WHR, and PCI) B2-3: Dependence on old technology (OHF and ingot casting) B3: Method to refer to reducing agent ratio ✓  Features of the above method
4
Points
> Japanese iron and steel industry (BOF steel) maintains the best energy intensity among major countries. > In order to promote early CO, emission reduction, it is important not only to take domestic measures but also to promote the spread of energy-saving equipment around the world. 1. Introduction Estimated energy intensity in 2019 Estimated energy intensity in 2015
1. This analysis focuses on comparable energy intensity that reflects energy conservation levels. Correction for hot metal ratios also be carried out. 2. The energy intensity is measured by the energy consumption (GJ) per 1t of crude steel 3. lectricity is converted at a rate of Coal mining, iron ore mining 1MWh = 3.6GJ / 0.333 = 10.8GJ for Scrap gathering, cutting and compression all regions according to the IEA processes statistical primary energy conversion Transportation of materials to steel plants method. Assumed system boundary Assumed system boundary Ref: Oda et al. (2012) processes Direct reduced iron production processes Blast furnace pig iron production processes Onsite power generation, oxygen production processes Converter steel and electric arc furnace steel production processes Secondary refining process Casting and cutting processes Heating machine and hot rolling process Cold rolling, plating, special steel production Upstream (By-product gases electricity, etc) Downstream 2. Method A
7 ✓ The net primary energy consumption used in the steel industry is calculated based on IEA World Energy Balances ▷ Considering external sales and purchase of coke, by-product gases, electricity, etc. ▷ Hot metal ratio, defined as pig iron production per unit of BOF crude steel production, corrected to the 2005 world average of 1.025 <Ratio in 2019: U.S. 0.84, Germany 0.92, EU (28) 0.93, Japan 1.00, China 0.91, India 1.52> Estimated energy intensity based on IEA World Energy After hBalance&rrection Ref: Pig iron production and BOF steel production are based on worldsteel “Steel Statistical Yearbook” (2020). 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
2. Method A

8 ✓ The IEA statistics indicate the total energy consumption of BF-BOF route and EAF route. ✓   How to distinguish between BF-BOF and EAF energy consumption ▷ This analysis treats the activity of the iron and steel sector in terms of three routes: BF– BOF, Scrap-EAF and DRI-EAF ▷  We set representative energy intensity (EI) by route as shown below, and calculate the ratio to the representative El Ratio to the representative EI for areas that do not produce DRI = Calculated primary energy consumption based on IEA World Energy Balances Representative EI of BOF × BOF steel production + Representative EI of scrap-EAF ×  scrap-EAF steel production Assumed energy intensity (EI) for representative value
2. Method A
✓ Estimation by non-electricity and total energy consumption > Not only the latest IEA “World Energy Balances 2021” but also the old Energy Balance are focused on and organized Japan

Japan
> Based on the basic unit published with the Voluntary Action Plan, it is estimated to deteriorate by 0.5% in the four years from 2015 to 2019 (after correcting the impact of hot metal ratio and the impact of the steel product mix). >
Korea
Considering the deterioration of POSCO's CO, intensity (after correcting the impact of production activities outside Korea) and the expansion of the market share of Hyundai Steel, it is estimated to deteriorate by 1.25%. Ref: POSCO "Corporate Citizenship Report" (2018-2020) http://corporatecitizenship.posco.com/citizen/eng/report/s919e30003071.jsp >
Germany
> We calculate energy intensity changes over the last 4 years based on thyssenkrupp’s Annual report. In addition, the ODYSSEE-MURE project has > presented energy intensity (without correction). Hot metal ratio correction is implemented for this. > Based on the above, German energy intensity is evaluated to have deteriorated by 2.4% in the past Ref: https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/investors/reporting-and-publications/reporting-2019-2020.html https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-trends-policies-profiles/germany.html https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/industry/steel-unit-consumption.html >
UK, France, and Italy
Hot metal ratio correction is implemented for the data of the ODYSSEE-MURE project. With reference to the EU improvement rate of 0.5%, it is evaluated as 0.8% improvement, 0.5% improvement, and 1.4% deterioration, respectively. For France, ArcelorMittal's CO₂ intensity is also referred. Ref: ArcelorMittal, Climate Action Report 2019, p.32 3. Method B-1

India
> > The improvement rate of the energy intensity of SAIL and TATA of India Steel Authority is calculated. It is calculated to improve by 0.6% and 3.2%, respectively, over the last four years. Weighted averaged by the crude steel production of the two companies, it can be evaluated as an improvement of 1.6% in the past 4 years (after subtracting the influence of the hot metal ratio). SAIL energy intensity and CO, intensity 11
Energy intensity indicators of CISA members based on China Steel Yearbook
Note 1: Data of "Priority Large and Medium-sized Companies" until 2010, and data of "Members of CISA" after 2015 Note 2: There are discontinuous parts from 2005 to 2007 (final energy base after 2006, excluding energy consumption required for continuous casting and secondary refining after 2007) Ref: China Steel Yearbook (2006-2021)
B2-1 :  Evaluation result of effective utilization potential for recovery of by-product gases in 2019 B2-3: Evaluation result of energy saving potential by replacing old technology in 2019 (GJ/tcs)
Ref: Estimation based on IEA “World Energy Balances 2021”
Ref: Estimation based on worldsteel “Steel Statistical Yearbook” (2020)

B2-2: Evaluation results of energy-saving potential by diffusing five technologies (CDQ, TRT, Sinter cooler WHR, Hot stove WHR, and PCI) Ref: PCI - Estimation based on Japan Iron and Steel Federation “Handbook for Iron and Steel Statistics 2021,” and  Stahlinstitut VDEh (2013). Other four technologies - Estimation based on the 2015 penetration rate <Arens et al. (2017), Schulz et al. (2015), China Steel Yearbook (2016), etc.> being and China in the China China China is a similar in 1989.
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Note
✓  It is noted that there are differences in the transition of the occupancy rate depending on the region, and the influence is also large
Ref: Japan – Oda and Akimoto (2022) China - China Steel Yearbook (2016- 2021) It is estimated that the energy intensity improved by a little less than 5 points due to the increase in the capacity factor in China 4. Summary
Summary
✓ Japanese iron and steel industry (BOF steel) maintains the best energy intensity among major countries in 2019 ✓  In order to promote early CO₂ emission reduction, it is important not only to take domestic measures but also to promote the spread of energy-saving equipment around the world Future work ✓  We plan to evaluate the potential for reducing CO, emissions