Introduction
The cultural heritage of Peru includes easily identifiable and unique objects of the great pre-Columbian civilizations, of the times of the Viceroyalty, and of the Republican era. Despite the protection afforded by national legislation and international instruments, the cultural wealth of Peru is affected by looting and illicit trade. Between 2004 and 2006, illicit exports of over 5,000 cultural and natural objects were intercepted. Nevertheless, the number of clandestine excavations at archaeological sites has increased, as have thefts from churches and museums. lllicit trade in Peruvian cultural property causes irreparable damage to the country’s heritage and identity, and constitutes a serious loss for the memory of mankind.
Objective
This Red List has been developed to assist museums, dealers in art and antiquities, and collectors, as well as customs and law enforcement officials in the identification of objects that may have been illicitly exported from Peru.  To facilitate identification, the List describes several categories of objects at risk of being illicitly traded on the anti- quities market. These objects are protected under Peruvian legislation banning their export and sale. Therefore, ICOM appeals to museums, auction houses, dealers in art and antiquities, and collectors not to purchase such objects without first having checked thoroughly their origin and provenance documentation. Because of the great diversity of Peruvian objects, styles, and periods, the Red List of Peruvian Antiquities at Risk is not exhaustive, and any antiquity that may have originated in Peru should be subjected to detailed scrutiny and precautionary measures.
The cultural heritage of Peru is protected by the following:

Political Constitution of Peru (1993): Article 21 Cultural Heritage of the Country General Act: Act No. 28296 (2004) and its Regulations (2006) Supreme Decree No. 007-2006-MTC, Act No. 28404 - Regulations, Security of Civil Aviation Act Decree Law No. 19414 (1972), Defence, Conservation and Development of the Country's Documentary Heritage Act and its Requlations Legislative Decree No. 635 (1991), Criminal Code: Title VIII INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Convention of The Haque of 1954 and its two Protocols (1954 and 1999) Andean Community Decision 588 of 2004 1995 UNIDROIT Convention onA Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects Legislative Decree No. 961 (2006), Code of Justice Military Police of Peru OAS Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological, Historical, and Artistic Heritage of the Nation (Convention of San Salvador of 1976)
BILATERAL AGREEMENTS WITH:
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Eqypt, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Hunqary, Mexico, Nicaraqua, Panama, Paraquay, South Africa (pending), Switzerland, Turkey, United States of America, and Uruquay. R E D    L I S T    O F    P E R U V I A N
THE RED LIST COVERS THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:
(As of the date of this printing, these images do not represent stolen objects. Rather, they serve to illustrate the categories of objects which are the target of illicit traffic.)
PRE-COLUMBIAN PERIOD
Textiles
Textiles with repeating designs and colours. They may be made of wool or cotton, with feathers or metal. A/Quipus: sets of knotted strings hanging from a main cord. [illus. 1] B/ Textiles: mantles of various shapes, decorated with brilliant colours, geometric designs and mythical characters. [illus. 2] C/ Feather weavings: tunics and textiles (or fragments) into which are woven coloured feathers. [illus. 3]
Metals
Ornaments, vessels and figurines made of gold, silver and copper. They may have inlaid semi-precious stones. A/Masks: stylized face of sheet metal. Typically they have almond-shaped eyes and attached or hanging elements. They may retain traces of red pigment. [illus. 4] B/ Ear ornaments: ornaments designed to be worn through the ear lobes. [illus. 5] C/ Nose  ornaments: objects with two hooks to hold them between the nostrils. [illus. 6] D/Headdress elements: gold or silver circular or semicircular decorated objects, worn on the head. [illus. 7] 1. Inca Armatambo Quipu, 1450-1532 AD, 134 x 80 cm. © MNAAHP 2. Paracas mantle, Early Nasca, 200 BC, 265 x 157 cm. © MNAAHP 3. Nasca feather weaving, 200 BC-600 AD, 85 x 64 cm. © MNAAHP 4. Sicán gold mask, 900-1100 AD, 29 x 54 cm. © Museo Nacional Sicán 5. Moche ear ornaments, 1<-7< cent. AD, 12.7 x 4.0 cm. © Museo Larco 6. Moche nose ornament, 1年-7 n cent. AD, 3.4 x 12.7 cm. © Museo Larco 7. Moche frontal ornament, 1 × -7 × cent. AD, 22.4 x 25.6 cm. © Museo Larco

Ceramics
Fired clay vessels of various shapes with incised, modeled, molded, and painted designs. A/Pictoral vessels: decorated with vivid colours, geometric designs, and mythological figures. [illus. 8] B/ Sculptural vessels: in the shape of fruit, animals, humans or gods, in various positions. [illus. 9] C/ Figures: standing male or female figurines; usually naked. The best known are the "cuchimilcos" of the Chancay culture. [illus. 10]
Semi-precious stones
Figurines and small objects usually made of turquoise. Necklaces and ornaments with lapis-lazuli, quartz, amethyst, and sodalite. [illus. 11]
Stone
Sculptures, tools, weapons and stelae of all sizes, with various designs. [illus. 12]
Wood
Sculptures, utensils and vessels, painted or decorated with inlaid shell or stone. A/Oars: the blade of the oar is usually smooth, and the upper shaft and top are usually carved. [illus. 13] B/ Masks: human faces often with red pigment, and with inlaid shell eyes. Some have human hair, textile, and feather elements. [illus. 14]
Fossils
Petrified remains of vertebrates (shark teeth, fish or bird bones), invertebrates (molluscs and trilobites), or plants. [illus. 15-16]
Human remains
Mummies or bones; they may be wrapped in textiles forming (complete or partial) funeral bundles. [illus. 17] 9. Moche warrior, 1 "-7" cent. AD, 37 x 20 cm. 10. Chancay Cuchimilco, 10 -15 n cent. AD, 59.8 x 31.6 cm. © MNAAHP 12. Pukara sculpture, 200 BC-200 AD, 200 x 75 cm. © MNAAHP 17 x 18 cm. © MNAAHP 1000-1400 AD, oar: 229 x 22.9 cm. © MNAAHP 16. Fossilised cranium of Peruvian Booby, Miiocene/Pliocene. © INGEMMET 17. Chachapoya-Inca funeral bundle, 1400-1600 AD. © Centro Mallqui ＬＩＳＴ　Ｏ Ｆ

COLONIAL & REPUBLICAN PERIOD
Ethnografic objects
Ritual vessels or objects such as keros (carved wood vessels decorated with scenes depicting people, animals, flowers and geometric designs). [illus. 18]
Paintings
Painting on canvas, wood or metal generally depicting religious themes: virgins, angels, saints and scenes of the life of Jesus, with or without gold decorations. [illus. 19-20] 18. Colonial Kero, 16 n -19 n cent. AD, 28 cm. © Museo Regional de Cusco 19. Archangel with harquebus, 18 cent. AD, 114 x 82 cm. © MNAAHP 20. The Virgin with the Holy Trinity, Saint Ursula and Saint Catherine, 18 th cent. AD, 120.3 x 94.2 cm. © INC
Sculpture
Sculptures, reliefs or elements from retables. They represent virgins, saints, crucified Christs, angels, and the Child Jesus. They are carved in wood; or made  of cloth, glue, and plaster. [illus. 21]
Silvercraft
Liturgical objects such as altar frontals, monstrances, chalices, flagons, incense burners, and crucifixes; and utensils or various kinds of ornaments. They are made of cast, chiselled, embossed, hammered, or filigree silver. Some are gold-plated and may have pearls or precious stones. [illus. 22-23] 23 21. Archangel Saint Michael, 18 cent. AD, 71.5 cm. © INC 22. Ornamental pins for clothing or "tupus", 18* cent. AD, 27.4 x 4.5 cm. © INC

Numismatics
Gold or silver coins and medals, circular and sometimes of irregular shape, with inscriptions referring to the Crown of Spain or to the Viceroyalty of Peru. [illus. 24-25-26-27] 24. Silver coin worth eight reales, "Columnaria", 1753. 25. Silver coin worth eight reales, "Macuquina", 1742. 26. Gold coin worth four escudos, "Pelucona", 1752. 27. Silver coin worth one real, 1568. © Museo del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
Furniture
Carved wood furniture, either painted and gilded, or with wood or mother-of-pearl inlays. Barqueños, or portable writing desks, are of particular note, as well as music stands, chests, and coffers. [illus. 28]
Drawings and engravings
Pencil and coal drawings, watercolours, and black and white or coloured engravings. With religious or historic scenes. [illus. 29]
Textiles
Liturgical vestments such as cassocks, dalmatics, and stoles, among others, with flowers and religious symbols embroidered in silver and gold thread. Also tapestries, bands, and cloth with religious designs. [illus. 30]
Documents
Papers, maps, manuscripts and old printed material. They may have letterheads, official seals, signatures, and the stamp of the depository archive. [illus. 31-32]
Ceramics
Tiles, vessels, objects, and ornaments made of vitreous ceramics with religious and floral motifs. [illus. 33] 29. Pancho Fierro watercolour, 19^ cent. AD, 28 x 21 cm. © INC 31 31. Manuscript signed by Ramón Castilla on 19 April 1860. © Archivo General de la Nación 32. Symbolo Catholico Indiano, printed in Lima by Antonio Ricardo, 1598. © Biblioteca Nacional del Perú 83 x 75.5 cm. © Cathedral of Lima 30. Cassock, 18° cent. AD. © INC
The International Council of Museums (ICOM), created in 1946 to represent museums and museum professionals worldwide, is committed to the promotion and protection of natural and cultural heritage, present and future, tangible and intangible. With a unique network of over 40,000 members in 138 countries and territories (2018), ICOM is active in a wide range of museum-and heritage-related disciplines. ICOM maintains formal relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and has a consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) as an expert in the fight against illicit traffic in cultural goods. ICOM also works in collaboration with organisations such as INTERPOL and the World Customs Organization (WCO) to carry out some of its international public service missions. The protection of heritage in the event of natural disaster or armed conflict is also at the core of ICOM's work, thanks to its Disaster Risk Management Committee (DRMC) and through its strong involvement in the international Blue Shield. ICOM has the ability to mobilise expert networks in the field of cultural heritage from all over the world thanks to its numerous programmes. In 2013, ICOM created the first International Observatory on Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods in order to reinforce its action in fighting illicit traffic. The Red Lists have been designed as practical tools to curb the illegal trade in cultural objects. ICOM is grateful for the unwavering commitment of the experts and institutions who generously contribute to the success of the Red Lists. The Red Lists are available at the following address: http://redlist.icom.museum This Red List was developed with the generous support of: U.S. Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Washington, D.C. international council of museums 22, rue de Palestro - 75002 Paris - France Tel.: +33 (0)1 47 34 05 00 - Fax: +33 (0)1 43 06 78 62 E-mail: illicit-traffic@icom.museum - Website: http://icom.museum