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1.  Introduction
This research has been conducted for 3 months to examine the impact of climate variability, particularly drought on the regional security in Kenya. The overall objective of the research is: to examine the impacts of climate change on regional security in Kenya (with special reference to the Kajiado County) and the effectiveness of governance mechanisms in place to address climate change impacts and regional security. Also there are 4 specific objectives: 1.To examine indicators of climate change in Kajiado County. 2.To assess the impact of climate change on the regional security in Kajiado County. 3.To assess the governance structure that prevents the risk of climate change on the regional security and conflict in Kajiado County. 4.To assess the effectiveness of local governance in Kajiado County mitigating climatic risks.
2.   Study Area
To conduct the research according to the above objectives, Kajiado County, Southwestern part of Kenya was selected as a research field. There are four reasons for the selection of Kajiado as a field. First, Kajiado is considered as the semi-arid area and is highly depend on the pastoralism (52% of population, geographically more than 90% of the land is utilized). Second, this area has been experiencing various risks intensified by climate variability as well as other arid area in Kenya, even though the security risk is much lower than other region in the country. Third, this county is neighboring to Tanzania and it is relevant to research on inter-boundary migration/immigration. Forth, the security concern and accessibility were considered. This county is neighboring to Nairobi and it is quite easy to access without hiring secure vehicle or driver. Also this county does not have the problems of firearms, terrorism, refugees and easier to conduct field research.
3.  Methodology
. Reconnaissance Study .
 Specification of Research Design . Sensitization of the study, mostly among key informants in the governmental organizations . Recruitment & training of the research assistant who can translate English and Maasai language, and has basic knowledge on climate change . Field Survey in Kajiado: 9-13, 16-17 February, 9-10, 16-17 March 2015 . Interview and participant observation: 21 key informants and 26 local people. 44 . 2 Focus Group Discussions: one with six male informants and two with six female informants. According to the supervisor, it is important to differentiate FGDs along gender line since
4.
Research Findings
Unstable rainfall in Kajiado - 2003-2011  —— 201  —— 2012  —— 2013  —— 2014  —— 2015 As mentioned above, 80% of the land in Kajiado is an arid & semi-arid savanna. The annual amount of rainfall in the county is averaging 685 mm (range 327-1576 mm) and there are two rain seasons. Short rain season is during November to December (30.97 ± 27.85% of the annual total), and long rain season is during March to May (47.5 ± 15.06% of the annual total). According to the meteorological data, it is obvious that rainfall pattern and amount has been highly unstable.
Prolonged drought and its risk
Unstable pattern and recent low amount of rainfall in Kajiado has been creating prolonged drought. According to the existing researches and interview, there has been some timing of severe droughts since 2005. For instance, households in Kajiado lost 60%-80% of their cattle and 25%-30% of their goats and donkeys from lack of water and pasture due to the drought during 2005-2006. 60% of livestock of the county died due to 2009 drought, the worst one in the decade. Also the droughts in 1999-2000, 2004 and 2014-15 have been heavy, according to the County Director of Ministry of Livestock. Prolonged drought has been reducing the income of households depending on pastoralism. According to the interview to the local pastoralists, price of young male cattle has been reducing to 14,000 to 15,000 Kenya Shillings in early 2015 from 30,00 to 33,00 KSh in 2014. All the informants using the private water-tank are paying 5,000 KSh per month and the fall of the price of livestock is threatening the basic needs of the pastoralists, such as access to education or medical care. According to the Ministry of Public Health, reduction of the income is now forcing young female to work in sex industry and it is causing the expansion of HIV and other diseases, and sexual violence. Therefore it can be said that prolonged drought has been destabilizing public health in Kajiado and other ASALs in Kenya.
Migration / Immigration due to prolonged drought
Prolonged drought has been intensifying pastoralists' inter-boundary movement in search of shrinking resource;  water  and  pasture  for  their  livestock. However the movement creates various problems such as livestock theft, disease expansion of livestock, conflict on limited natural resources with local residents or other pastoralists. Some pastures had to sneak into the fenced area to get water and pasture in the night and some informant told they have been arrested due to "invasion" to the national reserve are for pasture and water. Migration trends also 6 increase vulnerability to abuse and human trafficking especially among children and the youth. In other ASALs in Kenya, underlying inter-tribal or ethnic tension and influx of firearms have been making such problems more violent.
Negative Cycle
Some solutions mitigating the risks of drought to security and economy have been implemented by governments or local people voluntary, however there has been a negative cycle; the solutions themselves have been creating another problems or conflicts and make the region more vulnerable. For instance, charcoal burning for diversifying the livelihood of pastoralists has been accelerating deforestation and threatening the habitat of wildlife, and forces wild animals such as elephants to "invade" to the pastoral area and water resource. It escalates the human-wildlife or livestock-wildlife conflicts. Also Like in most other pastoral counties of Kenya, Kajiado is now gravely threatened by intensifying population pressures and land use/cover changes compounded by climate change and rapid urbanization. The major wetlands are threatened with siltation, excessive water abstraction for irrigation, urban and industrial uses and pollution from agrochemical residues.
Governance Vulnerability to Drought
It was found out lots of policies and legislations have been designed and implemented for addressing to climatic risks, especially drought. The following examples are some of the typical policies or strategies. . The Wildlife Policy (1975) . Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999) . The National Policy for Sustainable Development of ASALs (2004) . Vision 2030 Plan (2005) . Forest Act (2005) . Forest Policy (2005) . The National Livestock Policy (2008) . The National Trade Policy (2008) The National Land Policy (2009) . The Constitution of Kenya (2010) . Tourism Act (2011) . Vision2030 Development Strategy for Northern Kenya and Other Dry Areas (2011) National Climate Change Action Plan (2013-2017) However, even though there are currently numerous policies or projects, most of the informants working at governmental organizations pointed out the lack resources addressing those above mentioned problems or conflicts. The problems are: weak institutional and policy framework for collaborative governance of natural resources and delivery of multiple benefits amongst relevant stakeholders, very few staffs and facilities for the related section, limited and undocumented information, or limited investments. Additionally it was found that there is a big gap of recognition between the government and local people on each attitude. The governmental officials claimed that they have been facing problems such as less hostility and over expectation of community and unsustainability of projects due to very limited resources. On the other hand, local people criticized the government by some reasons such as less involvement/participation of local people to the projects, limited information and outreach for the local communities, less inclusive institutional approaches, and ineffective implementation of policies. Local people also claimed that government decisions often made through fiat rather than negotiation, consultation and consensus. Unfortunately these gaps have not been filled sufficiently.
5. Conclusion
Throughout the field research in Kajiado, it was found out that prolonged drought in this decade has been creating/intensifying various problems and conflicts in the local society depending on pastoralism. Interactive and complicating factors are destabilizing regional security in Kajiado and various risks are linked directly and indirectly. Inter-boundary migration/immigration of pastoralists to access to pasture and water have been increasing due to drought, however the migration have been accelerating conflicts and limited resources of governments and the lack of governance obstacle effective solution. There are some recommendations for stabilizing the regional security on drought. Diversification of livelihood options: more eco-friendly and fit with the local context, such as beekeeping, sericulture, aloe vela farming and eco-friendly charcoal burning have been implemented by the support from Kenya Wildlife Service and NGOs recently. Some staffs of government and international organization pointed out that capacity building of local actors including local government structures, gender equality, social inclusion, livestock insurance, and re-forestation are essential to improve resilience to climate change of Kajiado. Restoration and protection of traditional pastoral rights, including legal rights to water and pasture resources are needed to (re-)stabilize the local governance and fragmented traditional grazing route/area for more effective climate change adaptation strategies and conflict reduction mechanisms. The future of Kenyan and East African pastoral societies have been debated by various actors, including development and policy planners, social scientists, and local pastoralist groups themselves. More comprehensive analysis combining meteorological / geographical vulnerability and governance vulnerability to the climatic variability and long-term solution are needed to break the negative cycle of risks and to stabilize the regional security on climate variability.
6.    Reflection on the GLTP in Africa
Through participating to the GLTP in Africa, I could learn two things beside the main result of research: how to conduct field research with various stakeholders. Although this was not my first time to conduct field research, I could meet people with more various back ground, since I got the support from UNU and University of Nairobi. I also recruited and trained a research assistant for my field survey, and conducted group discussions. As well as the finding from the research, I could learn how to communicate and collaborate with the people with various back ground from the experience of preparing and conducting the research itself. I also could develop my ideas on global career-path in the future. I could find the role of international organizations to address climatic issues is more important that I expected before conducting my research. Therefore I visited the offices of various international organizations located in Nairobi and other cities in Kenya, and asked the staffs on their career-path and career development. They suggested me how to connect the research career and job career, apply the internship program, or needed skill and experience for working at international organization. After coming back to Japan, I have been looking for the internship at international organization to take the first step for my global career development. I wish to express my sincere thanks to University of Nairobi and Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies for providing me with all the necessary facilities for the research. I am extremely thankful and indebted to Prof. David Mungai, the deputy director of WMI and my supervisor, for the continuous support and encouragement. I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the departmental heads, NGOs and CBOs in Kajiado, local leaders, committees and my research assistant of Imbirikani Group Ranch, international organizations such as UNEP, IOM or Red Cross for their help and kind support for my field research. 9 I am also grateful to United Nations University - Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability for founding the research in Kenya and providing continuous support during and even after the visit to Kenya. . Commission of Revenue Allocation of Kenya ,Kenya Country Fact Sheets Second Edition, 2013. .
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