。capacity ccss
Volumetric  (Capacity) Equation
The basic equation for volumetric estimation is: MCO 2 = RV * Ø * δ(co2) ▪ MCO₂ = mass of CO₂ stored in kilograms ▪ RV = total reservoir rock volume in m³ ◾ Ø = total effective pore space (as a fraction) ▪ δ(co2) = the density of CO2 at the given reservoir depth (pressure and temperature) in kg/m³. ccss Whilst capacity (volume) is important, injectivity (rate) is far more critical for site selection
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Storage Capacity estimates
Matched capacity: Detailed matching of sources and sinks including supply and reservoir performance assessment Practical (Viable) capacity: Applies economic and regulatory barriers to realistic capacity, Effective (Realistic) capacity: Applies technical cut off limits, technically viable estimate,  more pragmatic, actual site / basin data Theoretical capacity: includes large volumes of “uneconomic” opportunities. Approaches physical limit of pore rock volume ; unrealistic and impractical  estimate
Volumetric  (Capacity) Equation
The basic equation for volumetric estimation is: MCO 2 = RV * Ø * ▪ MCO₂ = mass of CO₂ stored in kilograms ▪ RV = total reservoir rock volume in m³ (within fairway – not whole basin) ▪ Ø = total effective pore space (as a fraction) ▪ δ(co2) = the actual density of CO2 at the given reservoir depth (pressure and temperature) in kg/m³. ccss
CO  Density
▪ Under the normal range of pressure/ temperature conditions found in sedimentary basins, the density of CO₂ can vary significantly ▪ The precision of the CO 2 density estimate depends on the accuracy of pressure and temperature estimates. CO、density given two end-member ba conditions; a hot fresh-wat cess So what is occurring with CO₂ Density ◾ Repeatedly authors are using default values 。E.g. 600 to 700 kg/m³ ▪ Some, whilst also quoting geothermal gradients ▪ So let's look at some real data & identify the issue ccss
Density of CO2 & Factors that control Storage Capacity
Australian Government : National Carbon Mapping & Infrastructure Plan Monte Carlo Probabilistic Approach – Australian Basins CCS valu cold saline-water basin (blue curve);    rve of reality Eromanga Basin in  (green curve)
Volumetric (Capacity) Equation
The equation for volumetric estimation is: ess 18
Volumetric (Capacity) Equation
▪ So what does RV = RV * 0 * διρος) 1. Entire golf course ? o From car park to course to golf club (19th hole) 2. Full extent of the fairway ? o Including out of bounds? 3. Or just the areas and points the golf balls travels along and lands in? – i.e. CO, migration pathway And let’s not forget what happens with the 3rd dimension - thickness (depth) ccss
▪ So what about Storage Efficiency factors MCO 2 = RV * D ▪ Many authors now use SE to allow for a range of geological considerations – not examined at scale ▪ Often use between 1% and 6% to get quick regional estimates CGSS does not use them – why? cess and then there are the pressure impacts Wrong Question: Better to ask about cost ... & if Car park, Basin, Country or the World? 1. What is the price on CO, ? 2. How far are you prepared to transport it? 3. How many wells do I need / afford SO JOHN,  :::::: WHAT IS “THE BEST” CAPACITY ESTIMATE  ? ....  to reliably estimate the cost we need to understand the potential storage site (“Storage Ready”) SO TO GET TO CAPACITY WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE COST What is Storage Ready? (CGSS definition) The processes and outcomes from identifying, proving and securing a geological storage site that is capable of having industrial quantities of CO 2 injected and stored in the deep subsurface on a sustainable basis, whilst maintaining high geological integrity in the geological structures and formations both during and after the injection and storage period. BU ideally a risk assessment should establish benchmarks like these to measure against ... a a does not elaborate on levels of proof and certainty that may be required, does not express the conceptual nature of the understanding of the geological attributes of the deep subsurface, and does not document the actual impacts  that the geological characteristics of the deep subsurface may have on a site being proven to be storage ready. Zerogen objectives for Risk and Uncertainty ▪ Test 1. Containment & Capacity α P50 level of confidence in secure containment of 60 Mt. ▪ Test 2. Capacity & Injectivity α P50 level of confidence in injection of 2 Mt pa sustained over 30 years. ▪ Test 3. Injectivity (esp. well count) ▫ α P50 level of confidence in life-cycle CTS unit costs of less than A$50/t for carbon transported and stored. Zerogen GHGT10 - 2010
Poor project definition will lead to loss of value
cess Understand technical reality & impact of what is required Depositional environments and models ccss lot better, more manageable & predictable, than others DEPOSITIONAL MODELS will greatly influence the predicted reservoir and seal distribution: ... and thus the effectiveness of connectivity and containment ... and the amount of data and proof required
Stacking patterns
▪ Critical issues in exploration strategy and pressure management will include; 。 Sediment supply 。 Provenance 。Sediment type cess “Accommodation” is the relative amount of subsidence/uplift and sea level change in a sedimentary basin that results in the infilling of it by sediments or erosion by downcutting. The interplay of sediment source (sand/mud), sea level change (up/down), subsidence rate (high/low), will all influence the thickness, distribution and type of sediment in a basin. Cyclical deposition are commonly observed  in geology cess
Core versus formation permeabilities
▪ Corrected core permeabilities (air vs brine etc) often do not match formation permeabilities ▫ Due to heterogeneity and barriers and overburden pressures ▪ Zerogen core corrected permeabilities Kh ~100mDm — Catherine Sandstone ▪ Zerogen formation permeabilities (on well test) 1/10 th of corrected core permeabilities (Kh) ▪ Exacerbated by low permeabilities and rock type ccss
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Depositional Environments
▪ Understanding reservoir and seal heterogeneity will influence numerous outcomes 。Technical 。 Commercial ▪  …… this is just doing our homework properly — normal business practices "  – or is it • The scale/volume of CO, injection dwarfs oil and gas  production operations HOW BIG A FOOTPRINT IS REALLY REQUIRED FOR LARGE STORAGE VOLUMES ? “Pilot Scale” ? ▪ 100,000 t/yr ▪ Compared to 5 to 10 Mt CO 2 /year (power station) is small  ...... but ▪ 100,000 t CO₂/yr 。 = 5.2 mmscf/d (6.49mmscf/d @ 80% online) ▪ This rate equivalent to 。EOR “field” injection rates in Texas ・ i.e. multiple injection wells 。Water injection floods • It is industrial injection rates for oil and gas operations •  (Thus need to apply those standards for safe and secure storage) ccss Conclusions : Storage Ready in Japan ▪ What does Japan think Storage Ready means for current projects? ◾ Is Japan there now? ◾ What does Japan need to do to get there? ◾ By when does it need to be in place? ▪ What threatens or is holding Japan back?