I. ROLE AND MANDATE

II. TRAINING

A. The 108th International Seminar
1. Introduction
From 26 January to 27 February 1998, 28 participants from 22 countries attended the 108th International Seminar to examine the main theme of “Current Problems in the Combat of Organized Transnational Crime."
2. Methodology
Firstly, the Seminar participants respectively introduced their countries' experiences regarding organized transnational crime.  Secondly, General Discussion Sessions in the conference hall examined the subtopics of the main theme.  In sum, the causes and dynamics of organized crime were analyzed in order to seek concrete countermeasures. In order to conduct each session efficiently, the UNAFEI faculty provided the following four topics: Topic 1:  Current Situation of Illicit Drug Trafficking; Topic 2:  Current Situation of Organized Crime (Except Drug Trafficking); Topic 3:  Framework Against Organized Transnational Crime by Criminal Justice Systems in Different Countries; and Topic 4:  Current Situation of Detection and Investigation. A chairperson, co-chairperson, rapporteur and co-rapporteur who were elected organized the discussions in relation to the above topics.  Subsequently in the conference hall, all the participants and the UNAFEI faculty seriously studied the designated subtopics and exchanged views.  Final reports were compiled based on said discussion, which were ultimately adopted as the reports of the Seminar.  These reports will be printed in their entirety in UNAFEI Resource Material Series No. 54.
3.  Outcome Summary
Of grave concern worldwide is the prevalence and complexity of organized transnational crime, which seems to be growing exponentially yearly.  The manifestations and seriousness of organized transnational crime are overwhelming; for example, the smuggling of illegal migrants, money-laundering, large-scale corporate fraud, and illicit trafficking in drugs, firearms, stolen motor vehicles, and- most appalling- women and children.  These crimes, as well as their perpetrators, are increasing exponentially. Moreover, organized transnational crime remains largely undetected due to the fact that, traditionally, it is committed behind a veil of secrecy. The proliferation of such crime poses a great threat at various levels of society.  First, the life and welfare of individual citizens are imperiled.  Secondly, national security and the rule of law are threatened.  Moreover, in the extreme case, it may destabilize the fundamental framework of a nation.  In this regard, the importance of detecting and preventing such crime in every country and the international community cannot be emphasized enough. The seriousness and heinousness of these crimes speak for themselves.  Consequently, in light of the growing threat posed by organized transnational crime at both national and international levels, states and organizations have attempted to address this problem in the international arena, such as the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and the P-8 Group (comprised of the G-7 Summit member countries 44
and Russia).  Additionally, some crucial problems stemming from organized transnational crime are now being targeted as most urgent agenda issues in the coming United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, scheduled for the year 2000.
B. The 109th International Training Course
1. Introduction
UNAFEI conducted the 109th International Training Course (from 13 April to 2 July 1998) with the main theme, "Effective Treatment Measures for Prisoners to Facilitate Their Re-integration into Society".  This Course consisted of 29 participants from 17 countries. The Institute's selection of this theme reflects its concern regarding the effective and smooth re-integration of prisoners into society.  Facilitating this end requires the establishment, proper implementation, and strengthening of treatment programmes within and outside the prison walls.
2. Methodology
The participants identified obstacles to the re-integration of prisoners into society and searched for effective measures to facilitate integration.  In this regard, the underlying tension between the need to offer rehabilitative services to offenders and the need to execute punishment and/or maintain order in the prison was acknowledged and explored, with a view to reducing recidivism. The objectives were primarily realized through the Individual Presentations and the Group Workshop sessions.  In the former, each participant presented the actual situation, problems and future prospects of their respective country with respect to the main theme of the Course.  The Group Workshops further examined the subtopics of the main theme.  To facilitate discussions, the participants were divided into the following three groups under the guidance of faculty advisers: Group 1: Rehabilitation Programmes in the Prison to Prevent Prisoners' Recidivism: The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasures; Group 2: Early Release of Prisoners to Facilitate their Re-integration into Society: The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasures; and Group 3: Rehabilitation and Correctional Programmes in the Community to Prevent Recidivism by Discharged Prisoners: The Actual Situation, Problems and Countermeasures. Each group elected a chairperson(s) and rapporteur(s) to o organize the discussions. The group members seriously studied the designated subtopics and exchanged their views based on information obtained through personal experience, the Individual Presentations, lectures and so forth.  Nineteen sessions were allocated for Group discussion. In the sixth week, Plenary Meetings were held to discuss the interim outline of the Group Workshop reports and to o offer suggestions and comments.  During the final Plenary Meetings in the ninth week, drafts of the Group Workshop reports were examined and critiqued by all the participants and the UNAFEI faculty.  Based on these discussions, the Groups further refined their reports and presented them in the Report-Back Session,
where they were endorsed as the reports of the Course.  The full texts of the reports are published in UNAFEI Resource Material Series No. 54.
3. Outcome Summary
The imprisonment of offenders is executed as a punishment.  However, at the same time, imprisonment (through the correctional treatment given in prison) is expected to rehabilitate offenders so as to facilitate their smooth re-integration into society after release.  Even though countries are making every possible effort to realize this latter objective, various factors impair effectiveness.  Consequently, worldwide there is a high- reported rate of re-offense by discharged prisoners, and of their resultant recommitment. The guarantee of basic living conditions in prisons is a prerequisite to appropriately implementing the necessary treatment for the future re-integration of each prisoner into society.  However in some countries, these conditions are not satisfied due to staff and budgetary constraints, as well as various complications resulting from prison populations exceeding legal capacity. Under such circumstances, the need to offer rehabilitative services to offenders is overshadowed by the need to execute punishment and/or maintain order in the prison. Additionally, in other countries, despite the existence of prisoner rehabilitation treatment programs, an inadequate scope and improper methods of implementation make such programs relatively ineffective. Consequently, considering that correctional treatment in prison is the first major step towards re-integrating offenders within society, the establishment and strengthening of such treatment is an urgent issue requiring attention.  Moreover, to sustain or complement such efforts within the prison, importance should also be placed on early release systems and measures, which assist offenders upon release. For example, the systems of many countries permit the release of selected prisoners before the expiration of their sentence by such means as parole, good time system, and remission.  When such early release systems operate properly and efficiently, the re- integration of releasees into society can proceed smoothly.  However, a flawed system is likely to result in discharged prisoners committing further offenses, which subsequently exposes the community to further harm.  Thus, the effectiveness of early release systems as a criminal policy hinges on the careful screening of prisoners.  In this regard, consideration should be given to factors which reflect that a discharged prisoner will be able to adjust easily to society, such as whether an offender has made genuine efforts to reform themself within prison and has acquired vocational and living skills. Further, it is essential to provide adequate supervision, as well as guidance and care, to releasees (whether discharged early or upon serving a full sentence) in order to ensure their re-integration into society.  However, in many countries, such systems of supervision and aftercare within the community are either nonexistent or function poorly. Consequently, discharged prisoners who encounter difficulties or challenges in their daily lives may return to a life of crime. As evidenced above, the smooth re-integration of discharged offenders into society relies upon the establishment, proper implementation, and strengthening of treatment programs within and outside the prison walls.  Thus, correctional treatment in prisons, release systems, and treatment in the community must be designed to supplement and 6
complement each other in order to secure the re-integration of prisoners into the community, as well as to benefit the community which will receive them after release.
C. The 110th International Training Course
1. Introduction
From 31 August to 20 November 1998, UNAFEI conducted the 110th International Training Course with the main theme, "Effective Countermeasures against Economic Crime and Computer Crime."  This Course consisted of 28 participants from 17 countries.
2. Methodology
The 110th Course endeavored to explore the best means to more effectively combat economic and computer crime by discussing the strengthening of criminal justice systems. This was accomplished primarily through comparative analysis of the current situation and problems in the participating countries.  Our in-depth discussions enabled us to put forth effective and practical countermeasures to such problems, so as to improve the fight against economic and computer crime. This Training Course provided a forum for the exchange of information and views on how criminal justice agencies in the respective countries detect, investigate and prosecute economic and computer crime cases, as well as the problems and difficulties encountered in that regard.  Discussions also highlighted the importance of establishing a more efficient system and effective countermeasures, and the need to increase international cooperation in this field in order to eradicate such crimes. The objectives were primarily realized through the Individual Presentations and the Group Workshop sessions.  In the former, each participant presented the actual situation, problems and future prospects of their country, with respect to the main theme of the Course.  The Group Workshops further examined the subtopics of the main theme.  To facilitate discussions, the participants were divided into the following three groups under the guidance of faculty advisers: Group 1:  Economic Crime Damaging Government and the National Economy; Group 2:   Economic Crime Against the Private Sector, and Group 3:  Economic Crime Against Consumers and Investors. Each group elected a chairperson(s) and rapporteur(s) to o organize the discussions. The group members seriously studied the designated subtopics and exchanged their views based on information obtained through personal experience, the Individual Presentations, lectures and so forth.  Nineteen sessions were allocated for Group discussion. In the sixth week, Plenary Meetings were held to discuss the interim outline of the Group Workshop reports, and to offer suggestions and comments.  During the final Plenary Meetings in the ninth week, drafts of the Group Workshop reports were examined and critiqued by all the participants and the UNAFEI faculty.  Based on these discussions, the Groups further refined their reports and presented them in the Report-Back Session, where they were endorsed as the reports of the Course.  The reports will be published in full in UNAFEI Resource Material Series No. 55.

3.  Outcome Summary
In recent years, business activities, such as commercial and financial trading, have expanded dramatically both domestically and internationally, and new technologies reflected in transportation, telecommunications and computer networks have developed with equal rapidity.  Despite the unquestionable benefits of such advancements, these trends also have been manipulated for illegal purposes, thereby significantly increasing the scale, transnationalization and sophistication of crime.  The interrelated offences of economic crime and computer crime are particular forms of great concern in today's society. The nature and scope of economic crime is incredibly diverse.  The detection, investigation and prosecution of economic crimes are impaired significantly by various factors including the complexity of the transactions used to effectuate these offences, and the limited expertise of criminal justice officials in these fields.  Moreover, reluctance by the victims to report such crimes for fear of negative business repercussions, such as the loss of consumer confidence, further frustrates and delays detection. Computers are widely utilized in the activities of commerce and banking, as well as in the life of ordinary citizens.  Regrettably, the advancement of computer technology has also facilitated various crimes, whether as instrument of crime (e.g., economic crime, forgery, copyright infringement of intellectual property and pornography) or the target of crime (e.g., unauthorized access and damage to, or modification of, computer data/ programs). Considering the extensive damage that can be caused in an instant worldwide by crime facilitated by computer technology, proper and immediate response by criminal justice agencies to computer crime is indispensable.  However, since such crimes are relatively new to many countries, responsive legal frameworks, including what conduct should be criminalized, has not been specifically developed to date.  Even if such legal framework is effectuated, difficulties will undoubtedly ensue in the investigation and prosecution of these crimes due to the limited knowledge of criminal justice officials about computer-related crime and technological problems stemming from the vulnerability of computer systems to sabotage, particularly as to the identification of offenders and the collection of evidence. It is noted that threat posed by the proliferation of both economic and computer crimes to the sound development of a nation, as well as to the international community, has been severely underestimated.  Thus, appropriate, stringent control and preventative measures for these crimes should be introduced as s oon as possible.  To this end, it is imperative for criminal justice agencies to understand thoroughly the current situation of these crimes; to establish a proper legal framework to address such crimes; to develop more advanced techniques commensurate with the nature of these crimes; and to enhance international criminal justice cooperation in this regard.

III. EXPERTS MEETING ON CRIMES RELATED TO THE COMPUTER
NETWORK
From 5 to 9 October 1998, during the 110th International Training Course, the "Experts Meeting on Crimes Related to the Computer Network" was convened at UNAFEI in preparation for the Workshop on “Crime Related to the Computer Network” to be held at t the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.  UNAFEI willingly assumed this responsibility to organize and host the experts meeting, as well as act as a coordinator for the said Workshop, in response to a request made during the Twelfth Co-ordination Meeting of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network held in Courmayeur, Italy in 1997. Participants in the Experts Meeting included sixteen experts from eleven countries representing all regions of the world and 2 United Nations officers, as well as the UNAFEI Director and faculty.  The Experts and other participants discussed the scope of issues to be taken up at t the Workshop, its objective, programmes, methodology, etc.  It was agreed that the Workshop will focus primarily on issues relating to investigation, search and seizure of computer systems, tracing of communications to determine their source and destination, industry cooperation and mutual legal assistance, together with some preliminary attention devoted to issues of the nature of the problem, prevention, and to the substantive criminal law in proscribing conduct as criminal.
IV. TECHNICAL COOPERATION
A. Joint Seminars
Since 1981, UNAFEI has conducted 17 joint seminars under the auspices of JICA and in collaboration with host governments in Asia including China, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan and the Philippines.  With the participation of policy- makers and high-ranking administrators, including members of academia, the joint seminars attempt to provide a discussion forum in which participants can share their views and jointly seek solutions to various problems currently facing criminal justice administration in both the host country and Japan.
1.  Bangladesh-UNAFEI Joint Seminar
From 14 to 18 March 1998, UNAFEI held the Bangladesh-UNAFEI Joint Seminar in the Bangladesh capital city of Dhaka.  The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, through the Ministry of Home Affairs and UNAFEI, organized the Joint Seminar.  The Joint Seminar concluded with the adoption of draft recommendations for the betterment of the Bangladesh criminal justice system and society, based on discussions on effective crime control, fair and speedy trial, and rehabilitative and humane treatment of offenders.
2.  India-UNAFEI Joint Seminar
The India-UNAFEI Joint Seminar was held in Delhi under the theme of "Crime Prevention and Control Strategies in the Fight against Organized Crime” from 14 to 17 December 1998.  The Government of the Republic of India, through the National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science of the Ministry of Home Affairs, and UNAFEI
organized the Joint Seminar.  The Joint Seminar consisted of six sessions: an overview of organized crime; effective investigation and prosecution of organized crime; effective trial against organized crime; effective treatment of organized criminals; countermeasures against drug-related crime; and countermeasures against organized crime relating to firearms, explosives and economic offences.  The Joint Seminar concluded with the adoption of draft recommendations for the betterment of the Indian criminal justice system, as formulated in each of the above sessions.
B. Regional Training Programmes
1. Thailand
From 2 to 13 March 1998, UNAFEI dispatched an expert to Thailand to assist the Office of the Narcotic Control Board (ONCB) in organizing the Sixth Regional Training Course on “Effective Countermeasures against Drug Offences and the Advancement of Criminal Justice Administration."  This training course was held with the cooperation of JICA and the Royal Thai Government.  Participants from various Asian-Pacific countries attended this two-week seminar and discussed such issues as the implementation of the Vienna Convention in their respective countries and international cooperation based upon the Convention, as well as the improvement of investigative techniques.
2. Kenya
From 27 July to 3 October 1998, one UNAFEI professor was dispatched to Kenya to assist the Children's Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs and National Heritage in a project to develop nationwide standards for the treatment of juvenile offenders.
V. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT
Reflecting its emphasis on the systematic relevance of training activities and priority themes identified by the Commission, the research activities of the Institute are designed to meet practical needs, including those for training materials for criminal justice personnel.  For example, UNAFEI is updating its research by requesting several experts from countries in the Asia-Pacific region to report on their respective probation systems. UNAFEI will subsequently compile and publish these reports for international distribution in a book titled "Adult Probation Profiles of Asia."
VI. INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION SERVICES
The Institute continues to collect data and other resource materials on crime trends, crime prevention strategies, and the treatment of offenders from Asia, the Pacific, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and makes use of this information in its training courses and seminars.  The Information and Library Service of the Institute has been providing, upon request, materials and information to United Nations agencies, governmental organizations, research institutes and researchers, both domestic and foreign.

VII. PUBLICATIONS
Reports on training courses and seminars are published regularly by the Institute. Since 1971, the Institute has issued the Resource Material Series, which contains contributions by the faculty members, visiting experts and participants of UNAFEI.  In 1998, the 51st, 52nd and 53rd editions of the Resource Material Series were published. Additionally, issues 95 to 97 of the UNAFEI Newsletter include a brief report on each course and seminar (from the 108th to the 110th respectively) and provide other timely information.
VIII. THE INTERNATIONAL PENAL AND PENITENTIARY FOUNDATION
EIGHTH COLLOQUIUM
UNAFEI collaborated with the International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation (IPPF) to organize and host the Eighth Colloquium "Some Essential Issues in Contemporary Correctional Policy" from 17 to 20 January 1998.  IPPF is an international organization which promotes studies in the fields of crime prevention and the treatment of offenders, especially by scientific research, publications and teaching.  This event was of particular significance as it was the first IPPF colloquium conducted in Asia.  In attendance were about 50 high-ranking criminal justice officials from around the world.
IX. OTHER ACTIVITIES
A. Public Lecture Programmes
On 10 February 1998, the Public Lecture Programme was conducted in the Grand Conference Hall of the Ministry of Justice.  In attendance were many distinguished guests, UNAFEI alumni and the 108th International Seminar participants.  This Programme was jointly sponsored by the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation (ACPF), the Japan Criminal Policy Society (JCPS) and UNAFEI. Public Lecture Programmes purport to increase the public’s awareness of criminal justice issues through comparative international study by inviting distinguished speakers from abroad.  This year, the Programme sponsors invited Dr. Ernesto Ugo Savona (Professor, School of Law, Trento University, Italy) and Mr. Lau, Yuk-kuen (Director of Crime and Security, Hong Kong Police Force Headquarters, Hong Kong).  Their lectures were entitled "The Organizational Framework of European Crime in the Globalization Process” and “Policing for the Millennium-The Hong Kong Police Perspective on Law Enforcement in the Twenty-first Century," respectively.
B. Assisting UNAFEI Alumni Activities
Numerous UNAFEI alumni associations in various countries have commenced or are about to commence research activities in their respective criminal justice fields.  It is, therefore, one of the important tasks of UNAFEI to support these contributions to improve the overall crime situation.

C. Overseas Missions
Mr. Yuzuru Takahashi (Chief of Training and Professor) and Mr. Akihiko Abe (Administrative Staff) visited two Asian countries from 15 to 24 January 1998. Specifically, they traveled to the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China to study the unique criminal justice systems of these two nations.  In the Republic of Korea, Mr. Takahashi and Mr. Abe toured the Supreme Court and the District Court, where they observed a criminal trial.  In the People's Republic of China, they visited the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Supreme People's Court, the Ministry of Justice, the Institute of Public Security of the Ministry of Public Security, the Beijing High People’s Court and Beijing Prison.  While in Beijing, a UNAFEI Alumni Association reception was held. Mr. Masahiro Tauchi (Deputy Director) and Mr. Fusao Takayama (Chief of Secretariat) traveled to Nepal and India from 21 to 31 January 1998.  While in Nepal, they toured Nakkhu Prison and met with the Home Secretary and the Special Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs.  In India, Mr. Tauchi and Mr. Takayama first visited Calcutta, where they toured Police Headquarters.  Subsequently, they attended the Asian Regional Workshop on Firearm Regulation for the Purposes of Crime Prevention and Safety.  On the first day of the Workshop, Deputy Director Tauchi presented the UNAFEI position paper entitled “Overview and Discussion of the United Nations Regional Study on Firearms", which primarily highlighted the work product of the 102nd International Seminar "Crime Prevention through Effective Firearms Regulation". Mr. Masahiro Tauchi (Deputy Director) traveled to Melbourne, Australia from 14 to 18 February 1998 at t the invitation of the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC).  In preparation for the 110th International Training Course, Mr. Tauchi attended the Internet Crime Conference organized by AIC.  Additionally, he met with the director and other officers of AIC to discuss preparations for the workshop on “Crimes related to the Computer Network”, which will be held at t the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders. Ms. Tomoko Akane (Professor) served as a visiting expert for the Sixth Regional Training Course on “Effective Countermeasures against Drug Offenses and Advancement of Criminal Justice Administration” in Bangkok, Thailand from 2 to 13 March 1998. She delivered a lecture entitled “Effective Countermeasures against Drug-Related Crime in Japan." Additionally, Ms. Akane visited various Thai criminal justice agencies during her stay. Mr. Toichi Fujiwara (Director), Mr. Masahiro Tauchi (Deputy Director), Mr. Yuzuru Takahashi (Chief of Training and professor), Mr. Terutoshi Yamashita (Professor), Mr. Ryosuke Kurosawa (Professor), Mr. Shoji Imafuku (Professor), Ms. Makiko Miyamoto (Administrative Staff) and Mr. Shunichi Komatsu (Administrative Staff) represented the Institute at t the Bangladesh-UNAFEI Joint Seminar in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 14 to 18 March 1998. Mr. Terutoshi Yamashita (Professor) represented UNAFEI as an observer at the Asia Regional Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime held in Makati City, Manila, Philippines from 22 to 25 March 1998.  The Meeting was organized by the United Nations Office at Vienna and hosted by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines.
Mr. Toichi Fujiwara (Director) and Ms. Tomoko Akane (Professor) attended the Seventh Session of the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice held in Vienna, Austria from 21 to 30 April 1998.  During the plenary meeting, the Director delivered a statement regarding the recent activities of UNAFEI. Mr. Toichi Fujiwara (Director), Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka (Chief of Training and Professor), Mr. Shinya Watanabe (Professor) and Ms. Tazuko Saitoh (Librarian) conducted research on the criminal justice system of the People’s Republic of China from 6 to 15 July 1998. Additionally, they visited various Chinese criminal justice agencies during their stay. Mr. Masahiro Tauchi (Deputy Director) and Mr. Shoji Imafuku (Professor) attended Pacific Islands Conference for International Cooperation on Criminal Justice and Administration organized by ACPF, held in Fiji from 14 to 17 July 1998.  The theme of this conference was “International Cooperation in Criminal Justice and Administration in the New Millenium.”  They made presentations entitled “Crime and the Internet” and “Public Participation for Prisoners’ Rehabilitation in Japan: Volunteer Probation Officers and Women's Association for Rehabilitation Aid" respectively. Mr.Shoji Imafuku (Professor) served as an expert and provided technical assistance to the Juvenile Crime Prevention and Treatment of Offenders Project in Kenya from 27 July to 3 October 1998. Mr. Toichi Fujiwara (Director) and Ms. Tomoko Akane (Professor) attended the 12th International Congress on Criminology "Crime and Justice in a Changing World: Asian and Global Perspective", held in Seoul, Korea from 24 to 29 August 1998. Mr. Toichi Fujiwara (Director) represented UNAFEI at t the Thirteenth Meeting of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network in Courmayeur, Italy from 21 to 29 September 1998.  Additionally, Mr. Fujiwara attended the Asian and Pacific Regional Preparatory Meeting on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders held in Bangkok, Thailand from 2 to 4 November 1998. Mr. Masahiro Tauchi (Deputy Director) attended the International Crime and Technology Conference in Singapore from 13 to 17 October 1998. Additionally, Mr. Tauchi served as a visiting expert for the International Symposium on the Prevention and Control of Financial Fraud, held in China from 18 to 24 October 1998. Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka (Chief of Training and Professor) participated in the Working Group Meeting on Drugs organized by the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation and held in China from 27 October to 1 November 1998. Ms. Tomoko Akane (Professor) served as a visiting expert for the Regional Seminar for Police Officials of United Arab Emirates, hosted by the Naiif Arab Academy for Security Sciences in United Arab Emirates from 13 to 17 November 1998. Ms. Kayo Konagi (Professor) conducted research on the treatment and rehabilitation system for adult offenders in Malaysia from 22 to 24 November 1998.  A similar research study was undertaken by Ms. Konagai and two administrative staff from UNAFEI, Mr. Kenji Matsuda and Mr. Yoshinori Todaka, in Thailand from 24 to 27 November 1998. Mr. Chikara Satoh (Professor) participated in the ACPF Working Group Meeting on the role of criminal law in the protection of the environment, held in India from 7 to 11 December 1998.  In this meeting the participants finalized the commentaries of each
article of the Guidelines on the subject adopted at t the 6th ACPF World Conference, held in 1997. Mr. Shinya Watanabe (Professor) participated in an International Conference with the theme of “Present and Future Perspective of Police Sciences”, held in Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates from 13 to 16 December 1998. Mr. Toichi Fujiwara (Director), Mr. Masahiro Tauchi (Deputy Director), Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka (Chief of Training and Professor), Mr. Ryosuk Kurosawa (Programming Officer and Professor), Ms. Tomoko Akane (Professor), Mr. Chikara Satoh (Professor), Mr. Wataru Okeya (Administrative Staff) and Mr. Tomohiro Tatsumi (Administrative Staff) represented UNAFEI at t the India-UNAFEI Joint Seminar held in Delhi under the theme of “Crime Prevention and Control Strategies in the Fight against Organized Crime” from 14 to 17 December 1998.
D. Assisting ACPF Activities
UNAFEI cooperates and corroborates with ACPF to further improve crime prevention and criminal justice administration in the region.  Since UNAFEI and ACPF have many similar goals, and a large part of ACPF's membership consist of UNAFEI alumni, the relationship between the two is strong.  Some examples of cooperation and corroboration can be seen as follows: a.   UNAFEI faculty members attended ACPF working group meetings held in China in October 1998 and Delhi in December 1998 regarding drug-related crimes and environmental protection respectively. b.  UNAFEI dispatched faculty members to Fiji to attend the Pacific Islands Conference for International Cooperation on Criminal Justice and Administration organized by ACPF in July 1998.
X. HUMAN RESOURCES
A. Staff
In 1970, the Government of Japan assumed full financial and administrative responsibility for running the Institute.  The Director, Deputy Director and seven professors are selected from among public prosecutors, the judiciary, corrections and probation.  UNAFEI also has approximately 20 administrative members, who are appointed from among officials of the Government of Japan, and a linguistic adviser. Moreover, the Ministry of Justice invites visiting experts from abroad to each training course or seminar.  The Institute has also received valuable assistance from various experts, volunteers and related agencies in conducting its ts training programmes.
B. Faculty Changes
Mr. Yuzuru Takahashi, formerly Chief of Training Division and Professor of UNAFEI, was appointed Judge and transferred to the 14th Division of the Civil Department of the Tokyo High Court and on 1 April 1998. Mr. Hiroshi Iitsuka, formerly Appeals Judge of the Tokyo Regional Tax Tribunal, was appointed Chief of Training Division of UNAFEI on 1 April 1998.
Mr. Hiroyuki Yoshida, formerly Chief of Research and Professor of UNAFEI, was transferred to the Office of International Affairs of the Ministers' Secretariat of the Ministry of Justice and appointed as Assistant Director on 1 April 1998. Mr. Shinya Watanabe, formerly Professor of the Training Institute for Correctional Personnel of the Ministry of Justice, joined UNAFEI as a Professor on 1 April 1998. Mr. Terutoshi Yamashita, formerly Professor of UNAFEI, was transferred to the Trial Department of the Yokohama District Public Prosecutors on 1 April 1998. Mr. Chikara Satoh, formerly a Public Prosecutor of the Investigations Department of the Tokyo District Public Prosecutors Office, joined UNAFEI as a Professor on 1 April 1998.
XI. FINANCES
The Ministry of Justice primarily provides the Institute's budget.  The total amount of the UNAFEI budget is approximately ¥325 million per year.  Additionally, JICA provides assistance for the Institute's international training courses and seminars. Through its financial contributions, ACPF is another constant and reliable supporter of UNAFEI activities.