Introduction

1. Survey outline and objective

2. Survey period and activities

3. Survey results
(1) Outline of proposal made

(2) Energy saving and CO2 reduction

(3) Funding plans and approval for the Clean
Development Mechanism

5. Future prospects

Training for “Fostering personnel for establishing an
, environmental, management, system, in, Tianjin, city, China
1. Introduction
Tianjin city, the friendship city of Yokkaichi city, is enjoying rapid economic growth, but at the same time, adverse environmental impacts, such as air pollution, are worsening faster than countermeasures can be taken for protecting the environment, and implementation of effective measures has been delayed for economic, technical, and manpower reasons. Accordingly, ICETT, entrusted by Yokkaichi city, has been providing training programs on air pollution control technology, water pollution control technology, urban pollution control technology, measures against vehicle gas emissions and measuring technology, and waste treatment and recycling technology since 1993. This year, we provided training on an environmental management system to six officers from Tianjin from October 1 to 19, 2001.
2. What is an environmental
management system?
The ISO14001 environmental management system refers to an approach to working on environmental issues  that can be adopted by individual organizations or companies.  By implementing the system, the organization can continuously and successfully reduce its environmental impact. ISO14001 is characterized by l) a global standard that removes trade barriers; 2) incorporation of environmental considerations in the organization's management; 3) assurance of continual improvements for conserving the global environment; 4) a top-down system; 5) efforts spent on environmental conservation by the entire organization; 6) further improvement in information disclosure and transparency in organizational activities; 7) a system that always takes interested parties into account; 8) the basis for the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) concept; and 9) placing importance on waste control as well as reduction of contaminants, and the promotion of resource and energy saving. Typical environmental conservation activities by local authorities are: 1) eco office programs; 2) environmental considerations in individual activities; and 3) thorough consideration of the environment when implementing policies.
3. Training program
This particular training course consists of four sessions: 1) loverview, 2) practical exercises, 3) environmental management at corporations, and 4) summary.  Each session is detailed in the Table below.
instruments In the overview session, participants learned about the experience of Yokkaichi in obtaining ISO14001 certification and their future plans, ISOP plan to extend the concept of EMS (environmental management systems) to the home, the need to study environmental issues, a case study of environmental education in civic activities, and the need to introduce environmental accounting and its  methods.  In the practical exercise session, which lasted three days, participants gained practical expertise in how to obtain ISO14001 In the session on environmental certification. management at corporations, participants visited corporations and studied their experiences of obtaining the ISO14001 and ISO9002 certifications, advantages gained in terms of reduced costs, pollution control technology, and the pollution control agreements at each company.  In the final session, the participants made a presentation on an action plan for publicizing the advantages of ISO14001 in Tianjin city.  Their action plan stated that the local government of Tianjin should take the lead in obtaining ISO14001, and then they should in turn encourage corporations to obtain ISO14001 based on their experience. Photo 2: A visit to a coal-fired thermal power plant A very full schedule was set up for the training course. The first half centered on lectures and practical exercises at ICETT, and the last half comprised visits to corporations in Kyoto and the Chukyo area which surrounds Nagoya city. Despite their intensive schedule, participants took part in active discussions during the lecture sessions and site tours.  In particular, the participants showed great interest in the following subjects: YSO (the Yokkaichi version of EMS, for first obtaining ISO14001 at offices in Yokkaichi City Hall and extending this qualification to all public facilities in the city); the ISOP plan (the civic version of ISO, to encourage environmental management in households); environmental education; air and water quality monitoring devices; environmental accounting; dustproofing in coal storage areas in coal-fired power plants; and measures to control vehicle gas emissions. During their stay in Japan, the participants were able to experience some traditional Japanese culture through a trip to Ise Shima and Kyoto, and a Koto concert given by volunteers.
B /ackground and objectives of the project ICETT, since its foundation, has been hosting public officials and company employees from overseas countries and providing training to promote industrial technology transfer leading to global environmental conservation.  As of the end of March 2001, we had provided training to 1,180 people (excluding participants to overseas seminars) from 57 countries. Of this number, the largest cohort (210 participants) came from China. ICETT has thus recognized the need for a follow-up project in China to support ICETT alumni and collect ideas for further improving our future training This project, supported by the Japan programs. KEIRIN Association, was planned and implemented as one of our projects in 2001.
utline of the project
Our Chinese alumni are at work at many cities over China.  In this project, we surveyed officers and company employees in the four cities of Chongqing. Guiyang, Dalian, and Beijing. These four cities are also target areas for our "Training for Pollution entrusted by JICA. Accordingly, we made a survey forcusing on the programs implemented by our alumni and the progress they have made in applying what they learned during training, based on the action plan each participant made at the end of  their course. The survey took the form of interviews with the alumni and included information-gathering from companies and administrative organs where they work local environmental information, concerning application of training achievements and their inclusion in environmental policies.  We asked the outside specialists listed below to accompany us and provide new environmental information and discuss about environmental management for China.  The outside specialists provided information, in the form of seminars, on advanced environmental conservation programs at corporations, and on soil pollution, which is becoming a public issue in Japan.
urvey results
Beijing
A training alumna working at The Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection* in Beijing has sent out a questionnaire to corporations in China, implemented site observation, compared observation results with those for companies that visited in Japan for training, and made a report on a pollution control  manager scheme matched to conditions in China. *The Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection A facility built using grant aid from the Japanese government and funding from the Chinese government in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the Japan- China Friendship Treaty.  It is a general research and management center, directly managed by the State It was Environmental Protection Administration. inaugurated on May 5, 1996. The Center carries out research and designs strategies to prevent air and water pollution, provides environmental training, etc.
Chongqing
A training alumnus who works for the Chongqing Environmental Protection Bureau has taken the initiative in determining the implementation of the "Corporate Pollution Control Manager Scheme". Trial application at three model companies started from May 2001. He pointed out the following problems in implementing trial application: limits of ordinances by local government; lack of an established qualification-acquiring system; lack of an implementation system and capability of the company itself; cost increase caused by implementing the scheme; etc. He has primarily emphasized the difficulty in gaining the understanding of corporations because the scheme is not  yet legislated. Another training alumnus working in a company in Chongqing has promoted thorough 5S: Seiri (arrangement), Seiton (tidiness), Seisô (cleaning), Seiketsu (cleanliness), and Shitsuke (discipline) in his company; explained the need to reduce the quantity of waste generated. during production processes at workplaces; and introduced measures to control wastewater.
Guiyang
At Guiyang, an alumnus has reported on information he learned in Japan, including the pollution control manager system and environmental management at sthe Guiyang Environmental Protection Bureau and related corporations.  Another alumnus working at a company in Guiyang has made an effort to set the environmental policy for his company, and is making progress in increasing the environmental consciousness of the employees. plant in Guiyang
Dalian
Taking advantage of the fact that one of their officers participated in the course,  Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau is now studying the progress made in introducing the pollution control manager scheme by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China and Chongqing City. They will further work on introducing the scheme. (1) Several cities in China are now working on introducing a system equivalent to the pollution control manager system in Japan. Accordingly, training on the advantages of the pollution control manager system in Japan and precautions when introducing and applying the system were provided at the right time, and are being effectively utilized in their programs. (2) The training alumni are also actively taking action   to apply     the    environmental management technology introduced during the course. (3) In China, the pollution control manager system needs to be proposed and approved by the Chinese government as a national scheme after trial applications have been tested at the regional level. Accordingly, the need to provide training in Japan to other cities was pointed out. (4) Training alumni made requests to include case studies on the scheme when applied in small- and medium-sized companies as well as in large companies, and suggestions to introduce the scheme in China in the training.  ICETT will include these requests in future training programs. Research Development Project Technological Development for Efficient Energy Use during the Melting Process for More Effective Use of Ash from Waste Incinnerators
[Target of technical development]
Incineration ash produced by waste incineration process (ash: combustion residue, and dust: fly ash) had been subject to landfill disposal in a final disposal site, however, due to lacking capacity of the final disposal site, melting process for waste incineration ash that enables effective utilization of slag has been becoming prevalent. But with the current state of the art, molten slag is cooled by water-granulating or air- cooling technologies, thus the retained heat by molten slag is taken by cooling water and/or released to atmosphere and therefore the heat thereof is not effectively used. In addition, any technology needs energy for slag processing including crushing and rectification to use the slag effectively. If technologies for energy saving and heat recovery are applicable to melting process which requires much energy, it seems effective to global environmental conservation and useful to further widespread use of Group d, Suehirocho Laboratory, ICETT ■NKK Corp. the technologies. We focus attention on the fact that by applying an indirect cooling technology to coagulate slag on an indirect cooled metal surface, the retained heat by slag can be recovered through cooling medium and thin plate-like slag easy to crush can be produced. In this Research Development Project, we pursued raising the efficiency of energy use in melting process for waste incineration ash by introducing a twin-roll type indirect cooling technology to the cooling process for molten slag, setting our goal of technical development on : 1) reducing and recovering energy to be consumed; 2) reducing required energy for slag processing; and 3) making the use of slag diversified and value- added to effectively use the power to be consumed by melting process.
[Detail of technical development]
As specific subjects of research and development, we carried out 1) demonstration test for a twin-roll type indirect cooling;  2) thermal conductivity theoretical analysis for recovery of the retained heat by slag; 3) slag processing test for indirect cooled slag and reference slag (water-granulated and air-cooled slag) and 4) slag characteristic test for effective use.
1. Demonstration test for an indirect cooling
An indirect cooling technology is the technology to make molten slag touch the indirectly cooled metal surface and cool. To carry out this process continuously, the twin-roll type indirect cooling equipment is available. A couple of fine copper roll of which inside surface is cooled by cooling thermal medium is placed in contact and molten slag is poured into the contact section. When rotating the rolls in reverse, slag coagulated on drum surface is rolled up We manufactured a prototype of twin-roll type indirect cooling equipment of 1.5t/h and carried out demonstration test as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows test conditions. The test result indicated that cooling heat up to 900℃ could be recovered from cooling thermal medium in the process of slag Besides coagulation. that, it became evident that the heat could be recovered as hot air from high temperature coagulated slag chip of about 600℃ if theat exchange worked.
2. Heat recovery by indirect cooling technology
(1) Thermal conductivity theoretical analysis for
slag coagulating section
We carried out thermal conductivity theoretical analysis for slag coagulating section. The condition of equipment was same as that of the demonstration test. Fig. 3 shows a comparison of the calculation result with experimental values. We identified thermal conductivity parameters, which indicated good agreement to temperature transition obtained in the test.
(2) Heat recovery by slag indirect cooling
Regarding the case of using high boiling point heating medium, we calculated the recovered heat value of retained heat by slag based on the said thermal conductivity theoretical analysis. Fig. 4 shows the calculation result. It became evident from this result that in the case of slag about 3mm in thickness, about 30% of the retained heat by slag could be recovered.
(3) Heat recovery from high temperature slag
chip
We carried out thermal conductivity theoretical analysis on the assumption that heat is recovered as hot air from high temperature coagulated slag chip. As shown in Fig. 5, it became evident that more than 90% of the retained heat by slag could be recovered when coagulated slag of 600℃ was treated under the condition that throughput was 1 t/h and retention time was about 1 hour.
3. Slag processing test
(1) Slag processing test
We carried out a slag crashing and processing test for indirect cooled slag and reference slag (water-granulated and air-cooled slag), and compared their crushing energy. With crushed particle size of 5 ~ Omm in conformance with JIS standards concerning crushed sand for concrete within which any slag can be processed, we chose 1) a hammer crusher and 2) an impeller breaker both of which are an impulse crushing method and 3) a roll crusher and 4) a jaw crusher both of which are a compressed crushing method, and carried out the test using the commercial crusher. As a result, it proved that crushing power of indirect cooled slag was almost equal to that of water-granulated slag, and was about half of that of air-cooled slag. In terms of an entire energy required for processing slag including conveyor and water conveyance, air-cooled slag and granulated slag consumed same amount of energy, while indirect cooled slag consumed only about 50%.
(2) Manufacturing test for high value-added slag
In order to review the use of high value-added slag, we compared conditions for manufacturing single-sized slag (5 ~ 2.5mm). The result of comparison indicated that the yield of single-sized slag (5 ～ 2.5mm) was 2 ～ 5% in case of granulated slag and 7% in case of air-cooled slag, while indirect cooled slag provided as high yield as 30%. Besides that, it proved that products screened by indirect cooling (2.5 ～ 0mm) could be utilized for crushed sand for concrete under JIS A 5005 and accordingly crushed products could be 100% used effectively.
4. Slag use test
(1) Characteristic of material
We carried out the characteristic test for roadbed material and found that the characteristic of indirect cooled slag was close to that of air cooled slag, and indicated distinct difference from water- granulated slag particularly in terms of unit weight, solid volume percentage, abrasion loss and CBR test, from which we verified that indirect cooled slag was very advantageous for effective use.
(2) High value-added use characteristic (water
permeability of slag)
We tested water permeability of indirect cooled slag. As a result, we verified that one-sized aggregate (5.0 ～ 2.5mm) of indirect cooled slag had a coefficient of permeability of 4 ~ 8cm/s that is same level as natural stone, and thus it could be used as high value-added aggregate requiring permeability without problem.
(3) Slag characteristic test
In the above permeability characteristic test, a coefficient of permeability varied according to crushing method, but the particle distribution did not account for the range of variation. Slag shape may affect characteristic. Then we reviewed how to evaluate slag characteristic. Using a high-depth laser microscope, the shape of slag was converted to data, based on which particle area / particle height was calculated to provide frequency distribution of particle shape. As shown in Fig. 6, it was found that this method clarified particle shape of slag satisfactorily. We compared crushed slag in this method, and as a result, we found that uniformalizing order of particle shape was 1) an impeller breaker, 2) a roll crusher and 3) a hammer crusher. 3) A hammer crusher tended to produce somewhat thin and flat particle shape. This order in shape evaluation indicated good agreement to the order of particle porosity which was the characteristic related to permeability. Based on the above-mentioned consideration, it is verified that this slag characteristic test is applicable to the evaluation of physical characteristic caused by particular shape and therefore can be used as a measure of high value- added use.
5. Conclusion
This research became an important step to further develop the equipment for indirect cooling technology
To tackle recently apparent environmental problems and maintain a sustainable and recycling-based society, the central government, local governments, corporations, and citizens must all play a non-partisan role in implementing Green programs.  As  explained in the last newsletter, the "Basic Law for Establishing the Recycling-based Society" was approved in May 2000.  The foundations for building a recycling-based society have now been established.  Below is an outline of related laws which will be stipulated or revised in line with the Basic Law. The relationship between the Basic Law and related laws are as follows.
Law on Promoting Green Purchasing
Acceptance of recycled products on the market as well as conscientious classification of waste is essential for promoting recycling.  The law aims to establish demand for recycled products by specifying the initiative of public offices in promoting the purchase of environmentally friendly articles at public offices.  (New law)
Food Recycling Law
Leftover food generated by the food industry in Japan, including food processing companies, restaurants, and fast food shops, comes close to 10 million tons annually. The law aims to recycle these leftovers into fertilizer and animal fodder. Recycling into products other than fertilizer and fodder is an ongoing task now being examined. Food waste from households also totals about 10 million tons annually. At present, this type of food waste is not recycled at all and is mostly burned. (New law)
Construction Material Recycling Act
Construction waste is the biggest source of illegal dumping. The new law obliges building materials to be classified when taking down buildings, and wood, asphalt, and concrete are separated from other forms of construction waste for recycling. The law aims to reduce industrial waste.  (New law)
Electric Household Appliance Recycling Law
Plastics and metals are separated from waste television sets, washing machines, air conditioners, and refrigerators for resource recovery.  The law obliges home appliance manufacturers to collect and recycle waste home appliances. The recycling costs are borne by the consumer.  (Existing law)
Container and Packaging Recycling Law
Consumers classify five types of waste generated at home for disposal. These five types are glass containers, PET bottles, paper containers and packaging, plastic containers and packaging, and expanded polystyrene trays.  The local government collects classified waste, and a contractor is engaged to collect and  recycle it.  The local government bears rather large burden.  (Existing law)
Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of
Resources
The law reinforces and defines the basic concept behind the individual recycling law, which is waste reduction by recycling and lengthening product service life, measures for reusing components collected from products, and recycling of products by manufacturers.  (Revised)
Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law
The history of this law, originally stipulated in 1971, is long, and it has been revised several times. Due to increased illegal dumping, the public is showing rapidly diminishing belief in the effectiveness of this law.  Many local governments have problems with incinerators and landfill disposal sites.  In addition, the final disposal sites for industrial waste will soon be full.  In response to this state of affairs, the law has been revised again to secure a system that ensures appropriate treatment and to   strengthen regulations that will ensure appropriate treatment.  (Revised) The above laws are stipulated for developing a recycling-based society.  How these laws will be effectively applied is not yet known. New laws and revised laws define increased producer responsibility*!, but there is also a view that the economic responsibility of producers should be broadened. The recycling law which specifies that consumers must bear the cost of recycling is leading to increased illegal dumping.  A deposit system*2 for limiting throwaway products, increasing the collection rate, and promoting recycling should perhaps be imposed more vigorously. It is clearly desirable that a basic law and related laws However, to achieve the should be established. intended effects, revisions should be made if problems are found in any of the laws. * 1 The principle that the producer has the responsibility not just for product performance, but for any environmental impact from production to disposal of their products. *2 A system to add a certain amount of money (deposit) on sales price, and return it to a consumer when a product (container) is returned.  At present, a deposit system is established nationwide for glass bottles such as beer bottles and soft drink bottles. General's Prize of Ministry of Environment at the 2nd National Environmental Poster Contest, Japan
Seasons of Japan
Oshogatsu, the New Year holiday
The New Year holiday is the biggest winter event in Japan, and it marks the beginning of the year. Technically, the New Year holiday lasts from January 1st to 7th. However, since the holidays of most public offices and private companies start from the end of the previous year to the third day of January, the holiday atmosphere lasts until January 3rd. Japanese generally celebrate the beginning of New Year quietly with their family at home, merrily with their relatives back in their hometown, or cozily at a hot spring. The number of people celebrating New Year abroad increases every year. There are many events during the New Year holiday. The Japanese seldom worship at temples and shrines, but the New Year holiday is special. Most people go to a nearby temple or shrine to pray for health and good luck in the coming year, which is called hatsumode. Nengajo, the New Year greeting post card is also an important part of the New Year holiday.  People write greetings with a brush, or print graphics depicting the animal of the year, or print a family photo with a message.  Nowadays, professional-looking cards can easily be made with personal computers.  It is something like a once-a-year post card on recent conditions from those who do not usually write letters.  To receive a stack of New Year cards is one of the most enjoyable events of the New Year holiday. The biggest event for children would be otoshidama. Children are mostly interested in how much gift money they will receive from their parents and relatives. Cooking for the New Year holiday is always osechiryori and zoni. Osechiryori is a special type of food for celebrating New Year. Many different types of cold dishes are arranged in stacked lacquer boxes. The original idea was to provide food which can keep for several days, to give the women of the household a complete rest from domestic chores during the first three days of the New Year. These days, some people purchase deluxe osechiryôri at supermarkets and department stores. Zôni is soup containing rice cakes, vegetables, and meat in a fermented soybean paste¬ or soy sauce-based stock. You can find different types of traditional zôni in the different regions of Japan and different families.

Toward the ISO14001 certification
In Japan, over 7,000 organizations have already obtained ISO14001, the environmental management certification. ICETT is now also working on ISO 14001. To obtain the certification, ICETT has established the following environmental policy, and Executive Director Kura and all the ICETT staff are making great efforts to implement the environmental management system since its introduction on September 1st, 2001. We are also asking the overseas participants staying at the accommodation to cooperate in classifying waste, energy saving, etc. ICETT Environmental Policy 1) ICETT will positively carry out training, survey, research and information disseination activities for conserving environments in developing countries and the global environment as la whole, thereby contributing to the international community. 2) ICETT will work for "effective use of resources and energy" and "promotion of reduction, reuse and recycling," to help reduce environmental load and prevent environmental pollution. 3) ICETT will abide by laws, regulations and ordinances related to Photo : Waste classification the environment. 4) To achieve this Environmental Policy, ICETT will set environmental objectives and targets, which will be reviewed periodically to ensure continual improvement. 5) ICETT will make effective use of information technology (IT) to communicate Environmental Policy and environmental objectives and targets to the parties concerned. This information will also be made public through ICETT's homepage, to define its commitment to conserving the environment.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 3690-1, Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie, 512-1211, Japan Phone: +81(593)29-3500  Fax: +81(593)29-8115 Web site address: http://www.icett.or.jp/ E-mail address: info@icett.or.jp March 2002 This publication was subsidized by Japan Keirin Association through  lits   Promotional   funds from KEIRIN RACE.