Prof. Dr. Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI Director, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS) Senior Visiting Professor, United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) and the Japan Satoyama Satoumi Assessment (JSSA)
An assessment of ecosystem services provided by satoyama landscapes and satoumi seascapes, and !JSSA was ¦launched in :2007 as a :follow up on !the MA, and the JSSA findings were reported in !2010 during the CBD :COP10.
Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS): composed of dynamic mosaics of managed social-ecological systems producing a bundle of ecosystem services for human wellbeing. Satoyama Landscape Satoumi Seascape / THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO (JSSA, 2010, 2012)
•  Physical loss, such as conversion of woodlands to housing areas, and degradation caused by reduced capacity to manage satoyama landscapes with decreased rural populations, resulting from rapid urbanization and super-aging society. •  Monoculture plantations made up of shallow-rooted coniferous trees causing decline in disaster prevention functions, coupled with change in demand for timber. Abandoned Farmlands in Niigata Prefecture (Photo by Dr. Yonezawa)
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•  The diversity and population of marine organisms have declined since the 1960’s, and recovered since the mid 1990’s but are still far lower than their original levels. •  Fishing catches initially increased due to technological and economic development, but decreased over time due to over-fishing and declining domestic fisheries. •  Satoumi resources have depleted by pollution: some species' stocks decreased with climate change. Seto Inland Sea with Red Tide Source: Ministry of the Environment "Setouchi Net"
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) Legal )Economic   ) Technological (Modified after JSSA, 2010) זThe Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI)

Three objectives:
1. Conservation of biological diversity 2. Sustainable use of biodiversity 3. Access and benefit sharing (ABS) of genetic resources •   The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (20 targets to be achieved by 2020) were adapted. • A decision recognizing the Satoyama Initiative (X/32) (related to objective 2) •   Nagoya Protocol on ABS (related to objective 3) Decision X/32 “Recognises the Satoyama Initiative as otentially useful ool to better and human wellb
• A global effort to realize “societies in harmony with nature” Contributes to the CBD’s second objective: “Sustainable use . of biodiversity" 。 Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS) •   Dynamic mosaics of habitats and land uses ● Providing humans with the goods and services for their wellbeing while conserving biodiversity Vision: Societies 11 (Modified after IPSI Secretariat, UNU, 2016)
• Mono-cropping • Homogeneous landscape • Mass production • Lower price • Multi cropping • Mosaic landscape • Small volume production • Added value
(Photos: L. Liang)

On-the-ground activities Resource mobilization / Capacity building Policy research ment on indicators Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and Japaněse Šocio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes(SEPLS)
NIVERSITY

GIAHS are defined as “remarkable land use systems and landscapes which are rich in globally significant biological diversity evolving from the co-adaptation of a community with its environment and its needs and aspirations for sustainable development (FAO, 2002)” . GIAHS are selected on the 5 key criteria, which collectively promote a holistic, integrated system approach of adaptive management and dynamic conservation. •   They emphasize the importance of appropriate human activities and their role in dynamic conservation. •  If well conserved, GIAHS are resilient to ecological and socio-economic changes.
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Characteristics of Global Importance Historical and contemporary relevance; Sustainable development; Biocultural diversity
Action Plan Policies, strategies & actions for dynamic conservation; Multi-stakeholder involvement; Monitoring and evaluation (Source: FAO, 2016)
● Apart from Japan and Korea, GIAHS are mostly located in developing countries. However the GIAHS concept is relevant and applicable to developed countries too. 17
Total of 8 GIAHS Sites (as of Nov 2016) Noto’s Satoyama & Satoumi Sado Satoyama with Crested Ibis Traditional Teà-Grass Integrated System Managing Aso Grasslands ◆ Designated in 2011 ◆ Designated in 2013 ◆ Designated in 2015 Ayu Fish of the Nagara River Ume System of Minabe & Tanabe Integrated Forestry & Agricultural System RSITY OF TOKYO Forestry System
Enhance Resilience Establish New Commons . Integrating traditional & modern scientific knowledge . Enhancing resilience to ecological and socio-economic changes Irrigation ponds system Revitalizing traditional culture Bringing together multi-stakeholders from local as well as from urban areas Rice terrace conservation Create New Business Models Adding value to agricultural products and branding Promoting agritourism and alternative livelihoods Branding of rice Enhancing Resilience in Socio- Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS) in South- East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Traditional bio-production systems Small input from outside of the system Small external output Modern bio-production systems Large input from outside of the system Paddy field Low biodiversity Large external output Improvement of economic efficiency Improvement of ecological sustainability Mosaic bio-production systems for enhancing resilience
● The VAC system, which is a traditional home garden system, is more resilient but not economically efficient. • Integrating high yielding and traditional variety, which can respond to salinization around the Hong River in Viet Nam.
● Integration of traditional and modern systems can meet demand in a normal year, but it is not sufficient in drought years (approx. 1 every 5 years). • It is possible to meet total water demand by preferentially using water stored in traditional tanks, and then operating these in combination with a new reservoir. Integration of traditional and modern irrigation systems Joint management to meet demand in September of a drought year (Modifying Takeuchi et al., 2016)  23
• Long term climate and ecosystem changes are expected to increasing frequency of droughts and floods. ● Increasing scarcity of water for agriculture and domestic uses linked to climate/ecosystem changes. ● Negative effects on agricultural practices are being experienced (reduction in yields of maize and millet ) ● Need for developing strategies for enhancing resilience of local communities. Severe droughts Risk of floods
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• Household members – both men and women — look for diverse livelihood opportunities inside and outside of their communities. Promoting pepper and okra (crop diversification) • Livelihood diversity (on- farm, off-farm, non-farm opportunities) can enhance the resilience of the community. • Expanding the value chain to sell products in the community. Selling honey (livelihood diversification)
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•   Access to ecosystem services in local community are continuously suffering from land degradation, and unpredictable rainfall. • Women are disadvantaged in accessing fertile land and other income sources. . Shea butter: – strong in droughts & floods – generating additional value – women’s empowerment Shea tree and fruit Women’s empowerment and shea
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• There are major challenges in effectively engaging communities and disseminating scientific findings where illiteracy rates are high. . Locals draw on traditional culture and practices to tell stories of changes in their community. • An opportunity to empower local communities to understand research findings and promote self-action beyond immediate project interventions. Present • Unpredictability in • Shortage of fertile • Integrating knowledge
Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 OF IOKYO
•  The Pacific Ring of Fire provides us with scenic natural beauty and rich nature. •  But it also causes sudden natural disasters which pose a great threat to people. . It is important to recognize the coexistence of both the blessings and threats of nature. •  We must recognize the limits of relying just on artificial physical structures to prevent and mitigate the effects of natural disasters. •  We should aim to create a resilient society in harmony with nature, which is able to mitigate natural disasters. The Northern Hakkoda mountain The limits of structural measures
• Disasters can be unexpected (short- term), such as earthquakes and volcanic activity, or regular (long- term), such as climate/ecosystem changes. It is vital for communities to develop adaptation measures to deal with both sudden and gradual disasters. Fragile environments can be naturally restored, which creates new value. In Japan in particular, we need to combine establishing a resilient society with addressing other challenges such as depopulation and a super-aging society. Rikuzentakada City, Iwate Pref. Under the restoration plan, the state of tidal flats after the 2011 tsunami will be maintained • • .
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● The “Sanriku Fukko (Reconstruction) National Park" was established in May 2013. The national park emphasizes the close relationship between people and nature. The Green Reconstruction Project includes the establishment of a Satoyama /Satoumi Field Museum. We need to pass on experience of the disasters to the next generations. ● ● ●
. Many nature experience opportunities were provided on the island before the GEJE. • After the GEJE, it was decided at Tanakahama beach not to construct a high seawall. • They decided to establish disaster prevention forests behind the coast. . MOEJ redeveloped a centre for nature experience programs near the beach and developed an emergency evacuation route to reduce tsunami risks. Tanakahama Beach in Kesennuma Oshima Island Emergency evacuation route at Tanakahama Beach
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Establishing a Sustainable and Resilient Society in Harmony with Nature for Enhancing Inclusive Human Wellbeing
RSITY OF TOKYO
UNITED NATIONS
NIVERSITY

. Adoption of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets under CBD/COP10 prompted a review of Japan's National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (NBSAP). ● The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 was also a major factor in the review of the NBSAP. . Recognition that nature in Japan is both a blessing and a threat, to be approached with gratitude and respect. ● Japan’s NBSAP was submitted to CBD/COP11 held in Hyderabad in 2012 as a "Roadmap for Creating a Prosperous Society in Harmony with Nature“. 35
Past Closed and coupled social- ecological systems Open and Present  decoupled systems Toward multi-level Future governance: Cross-scale, connected and coupled social- ecological systems (Takeuchi et al., 2016) 36
•  Collaborative management in order to avoid degradation of ecosystems and to promote sustainable provision of ecosystem services. • Exploring new governance structures or “new commons” through the participation of various stakeholders. •  Building multi-level and nested governance structures that value bottom-up activities while connecting with global networks. Global / Regional / National Local / Community-based
Disaster risk 2012)
Agriculture and fisheries Sustainable production and consumption Sustainable use and conservation of resources Revitalization of industry Sustainable energy
1. Strengthening the connection between people and nature leads to the recovery of degraded ecosystems and at the same time improvement of human wellbeing to enrich life for all. 2. In order to reestablish the linkage between people and nature that has been weakened by the processes of modernization and globalization, it is necessary to create a new society that makes full use of ecosystems. 3. At the same time, to build a society open to the world we need to create a society in harmony with nature through local production and consumption, and also actively interact with the people of the world through networking.
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4.  The Satoyama Initiative led by MOEJ, Japan and United Nations University (UNU), and the GIAHS programme led by FAO will greatly contribute to the creation of such a sustainable society in harmony with nature. 5. Re-naturalization of environments that are vulnerable to natural disasters contributes to ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) and also leads to an increase in the value of the community through regeneration of nature. 6. Realizing a sustainable society in harmony with nature requires the creation of “new commons” through the participation of multiple, diverse stakeholders to coordinate international and local activities.
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