No.43  2001. 2
1 2 3 4 5
1993 10 7 I IA SA IIASA 2 1990 21
1970 1980 1987 No. 31 1994 11 21
1975 1 -1 -1 19 HCl 1863 (1) acid  rain 1-1-1 HCl  SO 2 1 -1 -2 NH 4 NO3 1956 (z) SO² NO x 1872 HCl 1840 1860 (3) NH 4 NO3 SO 2 1883 1885 (a) 1972 NH 4 NO3 100 (6) OECD 1972 11 LRTAP 1956 EACN (1) ECE EMEP (2) 80 30 19 OECD 20 1979
21
1980 1 ha
20 kg 30 1983 50 SO2 70 EPRI (9) 1987
1980 1989 SO₂ 10 1 -1 -3 1970 EPRI 1990 1 -2-1 1892 1913 on,
1933 ue 1935 es 1961 25
1976 06 BA PMoN
1994
70
1932
on 1973 1975 1960 1970 pH (12) 1930 12 1-2-1 100 5 1975 E 1960 1970 1968 SO² 1-2-1 1993 1994 3 1997 SO,² a 30 a 1986 1988 tas on 1983 1 20 1 1988 1987 st 100 es a 1990 18 1984 1996 10
1980 1970
pH 1984 ea os 1982 1983 1985 28
1995 B 19 B
an 1990
39 92 a pH 1990 10 1970 BA PMoN SO₂ 1970 1980 A RNSESEA 8 1997 EMEP NAPAP 1999 2001 EA NET 10 A DORC 1992 EA NET B 1 -3-2 1 -3-1 SO 2 40 20 40 1980 EPRI ILWA S 1980 1987 I 1987 1992 II 1993 1997 8 1993 SO2 a SO² EANET 2001 2000　12 NO x SO 2 RAINS-AsiaヴRAINS-Asia 1 1-3-1 1980 21 1997 1996 11 ¤ 1997 12 III 1997 2000 1-3-2 αθ 1-3-1 1 -3-3 1980 E conomics Energy Environment E 8
. . . 1977 1990 2-1 -1 1980 SO² NO x SO2 (1) EANET 2001 1990 18 A P nss-SO 4 ² NO3 nss-Ca² NH 4 s NP 2-1 -2 (3) log   AP pAi 2-1-1 A P NP log AP NP Na Mg² Cl NH 4 Ca² NO3 SO,² 85 85 NP AP 18 pH 61 49 pH 4.5 A P NP pH pH 60    65 pH 45 5.5 SO² NP AP AP NP km NP A P 3000 mm yr  ¹ 200 mm yr  ¹ AP NP NP/AP 2-1-2 pH 2-1-3 1987 1996 nss-Ca² NH 4      nss- 10　3 2-1 -3 NO3 (ミAP NP 1980 SO 2 NO x 2-1-4 2-1-3 NO 3 NH 4 2-1-4 AP NP NP A P 2-1 -4 AP NP SO,² NP/AP NP/AP NO3 nss- SO,² NO3 /nss- SO,² 10 27 51 nss-SO 4 ² SO 2 20　30 380 GgS  yr   ¹ SO² NO 3  /nss- 50 70 20 720,000 km² 50 SO,² NO x (6) NO3 /NH4 2-1-5 1980 15 NO3 NH 4 114 (7) SO 2 435 GgS yr  ¹ 2-1-5 80 & 1980 12 500 GgS  yr   ¹ 11.5 TgS yr  ¹ SO² SO 2 620 GgS 1980 SO₂ 2/3 70 GgS  yr   ¹ 2/3 SO 2 so,² 430 GgS yr  ¹ 90 10 (*) 4 yr  ¹ 24 2-2-2 (9) 2-2-1 ៕ 1993 1993 2-3 81 222 1 2-2-1 2-2-2 2-2-1 2-2-3 60 km 2-2-1 10
2-2-1 1993 TRJ T A Q M 2-2-2 1993 2-2 2 2-2-3 nmol m  ³ RH DRH 2-2-2 010 2-2-3 1998 150 2-2-3 EQUISOLV  II ☞ 2-2-4 RH nmol m  ³
DRH as 2-2-4 2-3-1 1992 14 as Asia RAINS- 2-3-2 (17)    (18) (5)   (19) 21 on 1/2    2 2-3-1 40 20 40 80 on a a 2-3-3 2-3-1 TRAJEC Trans-sea of Japan and East China sea system 1990 2030 1995 Windows 95/98 2-3-2 51 88 2-3-2 2-3-3 2-3-4
1995 20
1995 27 35 as 1990 IIASA (9) 20 7 1998 99 2000 IIASA 1 R 1995 1998 IIASA: International Institute for Applied Systems  Analysis MICS-ASIA   Model InterComparison Study of Long Range Transport and Sulfur Deposition in East Asia [ ]
... 1982 1988 1996 3-1 -1 H÷ H÷ H÷ H÷ 3-1 -2 1996 3-1-1 SO² NO² HNO² HCl 11.4 ha 3-1-1 520 720 m   27 10 100 m 20 m× 60 m 127 39 20 m 3-2 1997 237 cm 30 m 10 1998
3-1-3 SO 2
(1) SO 2 SO 2 (z) 3-1-2 V d V d
32 17 60 SO 2 (4) 3-1-2 10 R a R b Rc R R cart 032 cm s  ¹ 1 062 cm s  ¹ 1.03 cm s   ¹ 3-1-3 SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 0.15 keq ha  ¹ 022 keq ha  ¹ 1.5 SO 42 NTF NTF TF SF PD SO² H 2 SO 4 SO,² NTF (4) {6} 3-1-3 NTF 0.25 keq ha   ¹ 36 Va F
31 F C (3) 3-1-3 SO2 SO 2 SO 2 R cut 3-1 -4 SO 2 NO² HNO³ HCl H÷ (1) H + SO 2 NO 2 3-2-1 H÷ H÷ H÷ NH 4÷ CO 2 3-1-1 H keq ha   ¹ yr   ¹ 1.24
H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 H÷ H÷ 1.24 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 3-1-1 (8)   (10) 58 HCl 19 HCl HCl HCl SO 2 HNO 3 HCl HCl 30 40 kt SO 2 yr  ¹ (7)]]] NO x HCl SO₂　NO₂ ar HCl
(1) H÷ H+ ou 3-2-2 1980 H÷ on 0100 ① ② cm
③ 10　100 100 cm Ca² Mg² + K÷ Na÷ NH 4 SO 42 HCO 3 org" NO 3 Cl H÷ (1) H÷ H÷ (2) H÷ H÷ (3) NO 3 97 NO 3 H + 3-1 H÷ 3-2-3 3-2-1 (1) 21 kmol ha  ¹ yr  ¹ (2) 49 kmol ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 90 (3) NO 3 38 kmol ha ¹ yr ¹ NH 4 NO 3 3-2-1 kmol ha  ¹ yr  ¹ NO 3 39 kmol ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 2
3-2-4
3-2-2 Mg²  K÷  Na÷ Ca²÷ (1) 0.7 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 24 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ (2) 108 keq ha   ¹ yr   ¹ 93 (3) 4.8 keq ha ¹ yr ¹ (4) (4) 3-1 10 H÷ H÷ 3-2-2 133 keq ha   ¹ yr   ¹ 40 60 (5) 4.6 keq ha  ¹ ② NH 4 31 keq ha  ¹ yr   ¹ 159 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ H÷ 3-2-5 H* 16 3-2-3 1.2 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 58 3-1 H÷ (2) 10 cm ha ¹ yr ¹ H÷ 67 keq 76 NH 4 H÷ (3) 105 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ H÷ NO 3 H + ① yr  ¹ ③ NH + 52 H÷ H÷ (1) 42 H÷ H + H÷ 76 E 1 1996 the on RAINS-Asia
3-3-1
critical load 1980 1990 no 1998 on 10 018 3-3-1 Al BC/Al est 3-3-3 Al BC/Al 3-3-2はなK÷ Al BC  Ca 2 Mg² 3-3-1 25 BC/Al Al α   BC/Al 1 Al 3-3-1 pH  Al 50 cm Al es Alm No.23
(a) Al Al A l 3+ A l 34 s sa Al Alm A l m pH A l m A l m Alm Al H÷ 3-3-1 Alm 50cm 3-3-2 50cm A l t A l m A l A l f α   Al 10 BC/Al A l t BC/Alf Al f   Al A l f 15 BC/Al f    BC/Al f BC/ Alm 5-2 440 1.3 68 BC/Al f BC/Al t BC/Al 35 1.5 (c) BC/A l t 25 H+ 3-3-3 H 0710 keq ha ¹ yr ¹ 077 158 290 keq ha ¹ yr ¹ a H+ 0355 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 3-3-3 H 3-2-1    3-2-3 HCO 3 st NO3 NO 3 HCO 3 NO 3 0927 NO 3 H÷ Al NO 3 SO,² Cl 4NO3 5CH2O 4HCO3  2N2 CO2 3H2O NO 3 15N 15N HCO 3 Ca² NO 3 H÷  Al
. . . 1976 1985 4-1 -1 H H (d) OH OH SO,² OH H (1) (e) H H 4-1 -2 2NaCaAl,Si,O16 2Na 2Ca² 4H SiO 4     3Al Si 2 O 5    42 H H (a) K (Σ) H H 325 4-1 -3 (b) CaCO3 H CaCO 3 H Ca² HCO3 41 (3) HCO3 (c) Ca² (4) Bio Out  In  W± Ex± 43 44 x 43 x Out In W Ex Bio W i x F xi Out  x In x axi dM i /dt Ex H SiO 4 Out  x Ex 45 In x a a dMi/dt ± F xi ax dM1/dt 44 i axi x M i i t i dM i /dt 4-2-1 4-2-2 4- 2-1
μ  eq L  ¹ H SiO 4 (s) x Woods
pH
47 pH 7
H
(6) H 10 1 m (7)
K H SiO 4
H SiO 4
(a) 4. 2-1
(9) x Out
(b) 4-2-2 H 4-2-2 NaogCaog2Al1.o2Si2g8Og 1.02H 4.43H 20 0.98Na 0.02Ca² 1.96H 4 SiO 4   0.51 Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 Mg3740sFe ll 524Als 205 2.1265H2O 1.3102 Q401 H 4 SiO 4 5.24Fe(OH) 3 2.6025 AI 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 3.7405Mg² Ko.60Mg1.31Fe『3.33Al297Si5.41O20(OH)4 3.31H 9.265H2O 2.44H4SiO4 3.38Fe(OH)3 1.485 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 0.6% 1.31Mg² _(JH)2   16.72H
 4.22Fe3 Nao.12Mg1.1oCao.87Alo.52Fe = 422Si6.93O22(OH).2 72H        3.98H2O
  6.41H4SiO4    0.26 AI2Si2O5(OH)4 4-2-1
4-2-2 (c) 2-3 H 4-2-3 H SiO 4 10 m (3) 4-2-3 H Ca² Ca² Ca² pH 5 m CEC Ca² 4 4- H SiO 4 2-1 4-2-4 H Ca² (4) 010 020 H 4-2-4 H A .N. 7 m pH H SiO 4 H A.D. A.N./A.D. (3) 423 15 10 (a 200μ eq L   ¹ Fe3 Fe³ H HCO3 H H SiO 4 Out H (6) a H H 42-2 4-2-5 4-3-1 ILWA S 4-2 1960 14 (10   (17)
16 m 05 05 7 8 m H 4-1 20 (3) 4-3-1
4-3-1 H 10 yr  ¹ 3-2 87 4. 0.5 81 keq ha  ¹ m 1980 I L W A S Integrated Lake and Watershed A cidification Study  18 MAGIC  Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchment H
CO 2 4-3-3 4-3-1 mol ha  ¹ yr  ¹
4-3-2 1993 94 52
100
4-3-1
1970 on MAGIC 4-1-2 ILWAS pH MAGIC MA GIC ILWAS ILWA S EPRI ILWA S
. . . 1974 1930 5-1-1   UNÆCE-EU
は
5-1 -1 1970
(1) (1) Pinus sylvestris Fagus sylvatica
13 （6） 1998 5,695 127,455 5-1-1
27.1 196 1970
(3)   (4) 1985 1986 (5) 1986 （6 16 km×  16 km 1 km× 1 km 60 cm 20 5-1-1 5-1 -2 1998 17,861 (7) (3) (s) 5-1-1 (9) NAPAP (4) (a) Picea rubens
80　25 Abies fraseri 5-1-2 Adelges picea on (4) (c) 1950 5-1-2 (4) (b) Pinus NA PA P (4) (11)　(12) (d) 1970 1980 1900 (4) (2) s 1960 1970 (15) w西 東(2) 脚注関K Mg pH Al pHは、 (4) (b) 5-1 -4 700 1100 m 1245 m 8  1954 1954 1960 1970 010 ol 700 m pH 261 SR (a) (1)は、 (15)    (20) 1960 B B   60 700 m 1955 1984 2 (c) a 1969 1954 1973 1990 (d) 2/3 5-1-3 』 1984 (10) 1982 aは5-2-1 1970 1975 44 5-2-2 pH (E 2 pH  20  25 46 pH 5.6 5 2 3 25 5 pH pH 30 mm 20 mm/ / 30　25
20mm    2.5mm hr (1) 1991 10 (3) 1993 5-2-1 40 30 5-2-1 pH 5.6 pH 25 90 pH pH 65 50は、 pH es 40 30 pH 5-2-3 (19)   GO pH 30 2000 pH  20 mm 56 kg ha  ¹ 80 kg 888 ha  ¹ म 30 pH 56 ira 27 100 kg ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 25 pH 56 pH 27 pH56 pH25 4100mm (9) 27 4,100 mm pH pH 30
44 47
BC/Al 08 1.0 5-2-2 5-2-4 Al pH BC/Al 33 BC Al Al BC/Al BC/Al BC/Al  1はSA critical point        1 S BC/Al pH 20   52-1 5-2-5 BC/Al 04 60 ppb Glは5-2-2 K Ca Mg /Al mM/mM BC/Al BC/AI CO 4100mm 5-2-3 23 (51) Top Root 4,300mm Ω  Ω   15   Ω 5.3 pH 30気5-2-3 pH 30 si 5-2-4 SO 2 O3 O3 SO2 SO² cal   191 O3 SO2 1.0 1.5 20 O 3 5-3-1 w  O 3 SO 2 SO 2 5-3-1 1.0 10 20 40 ppb 4 O3 10 ppb SO² 5-3-1 (a) O 3 SO 2
O 3 5-3-2 SO2 O 3 17 540 m 16 OTC OTC OTC 30 cm (b) 1.5 20 O 3 1.0 O3 OTC
20　40 ppb SO 2 5-3-1   O3 SO2 , 22 12 ' 94 12 ' 95 O3 120 cm O3 1.0
O3 SO2 10 ppb  SO 2 O 3 ppb 20 ppb O 3 SO₂ O3 SO2 5-3-3   O 3 SO 2 O3 SO 2 SO 2 20 ppb O 3 SO2 SO 2 40 ppb SO 2    O 3 17 O 3 SO 2 SO₂ 10 10 ppb A OT 40 03   CL    10,000 ppb hr CL A OT 40 critical level  CL CL O 3 OTC A OT 40 10,000 ppb hr CL 10 I CL A OT 40 O 3 CL 1988 CL 25 ppb × 1993 40 ppb O3 I CL CL O 3 Threshold of 40 ppb A OT 40  A ccumulated exposure Over a O3 40 ppb 40 ppb I O 3 II CL CL CL CL 3,000 ppb hr  A OT 40 O 3 OTC CL CL 50 W m  ² AOT40 40 ppb AOT40 O3
. . . 1978 1933 JIS 6-1 -1 pH (1) H pH 46 52 48 100 H (2) 6-1 -3 C-S-H   Ca OH  ² CaCO3 6-1 -2 Ca-Si-H 2 O
Ca OH  ² H HCO3 CaCO 3 (3)
OH Ca²
pH 40  pH 3.5 (4) pH CaO SiO₂ Al₂O₃ Fe₂O₃ pH W/C 50 (4) MgO 6-1-1 pH 40 pH 30 25 50 Fe2O3  Al2O3 6-1 -5 C-S-H Ca OH  ² (5) 6-1-2 Ca OH  ² C-S-H (G (6) ① ②C-S-H ③ C-S-H Ca OH  2 ④ C-S-H C-S-H 6-1 -6
5    2    3 pH 25 30 40 56 (b) (1) 6-2-1 1.5 cm
9000 mm
④ (2) 6-2-2 (a) W/C W/C 100 60 80 W/C 65 W/C 80 100 pH 56 6-2-1 (c) 1 16 mm 50 mm
pH 56 W/C
1.6 W/C  80   100 1700 mm 2 pH  25
6-2-3
pH pH QO1 mm 6-2-4 6-2-2 CSH   Ca-Si-H 2 O W/C pH pH 40 W/C 6-2-3 pH W/C 80 100 pH 56 NO3 5 mm
CSH pH 40  pH 56 W/C W/C  100 CSH pH 40 pH 30 pH 6-2-2 pH mm pH pH 60 pH 30 pH 5.6  W/C 9000 mm pH 4.0 W/C 624 CSH pH CSH 80 6-2-5 6-2-6 56 6-2-5 pH pH W/C 60 pH 9000 mm W/C 80 6-2-6 9000 mm 1430 pH 5.6 Fe (7)   (8) Fe pH 5.6 40 pH 30 25 2100 mm W/C  60 pH pH 40 Ca² 2HCO3 CaCO3 H2O CO2      (2) (3) pH Ca-Si-H 2 O Ca    (3) H SiO 4 OH  2 CaCO3 (1) CaCO3 H Ca²  HCO3 (1) Ca x Si y H 2 O z  nH xCa²  yHSiO4 mH2O  (3) HCO 3 Ca² (9) CaCO 3 (2) pH 00
1971 (1) nss-SO 2      NO 3
nss-Ca² NH 4 NP AP A P (3) A P NP SO² 20 40 80 40 80 A P NP NP AP nss-Ca²  NH 4 nss- SO,² NO3
MICS-A SIA nss-Ca² NOx (2) 1980 SO2 TRAJEC
1995 GgS yr  ¹ 24 (1) H 052 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ SO 2 NO 2 HNO。 HCl 072 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ 1.24 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ H H HCl 19 10 m 1 kmol ha ¹ yr ¹ H H 10 (2) H
ILWAS NH 4 3.1 keq ha ¹ yr ¹  H H 5.2 159 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ H 100 H (4) 25 50 cm BC/Al pH 30 BC/Al 1.5 440 25 40 30 BC/Al 0.77 15.8 keq ha  ¹ H H yr  ¹ 07 keq ha  ¹ yr  ¹ BC/Al (3) 21 CO² CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO2 21 (5) W/C 100 60 80 SO² SO² 20 ppb
56 40 pH 50 40 SO 2 pH 30 pH  25 pH 40 SO² 40 56 25 30 pH SO 2 65
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1971 1933 pH 64 45 1971
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