高エネルギー陽子反陽子衝突による泰粒子物理研究金信弘筑波大学物理学系プレカレッジ講義（下館第一高等学校） 2003年10月11, 18日●はじめに●高エネルギー陽子反陽子衝突実験（CDF実験）トップクオ一クの発見B .中間子の発見素粒子物理学の将来
フェルミ国立加速器研究所(米国) FERMILAB欧州共同原子核研究所(欧) CERN高エネルギー加速器研究機構(日本) KEKブルックヘブン国立加速器研究所(米国) BNLスタンフォード線形加速器研究所(米国) SLAC 2TeV陽子反陽子衝突実験（CDF実験）米国フェルミ国立加速器研究所テバトロン加速器1992年～1996年Run1 (  110pb-1 ) 2001年4月～2008年Run2 (  9fb-¹の予定)
North America 3 Natl. Labs 28 Universities 1 Universities Totals 12 countries 58 institutions Europe 1 Research Lab 6 Universities 1 University 4 Universities 2 Research Labs 1 University 1 University Asia 5 Universities 1 Research Lab 1 University 3 Universities 581 physicists OF Desi gn Report 1981 1988 Engi neeri ng   Run
I TEP Glasgow(   )     Oxford(    ) Coll ege of London(  )  KHEL(
Discovery of top, Bc, ... Mw, Mtop, sin2β, ... measurements Run : 0 V S l a l b 1.8 TeV 5 x 1032 cm² s-1 2 fb-1 15 fb-1 2002 2004 2006 2008 lla l l b 1.96 TeV
Tevatron operations started in March 2001 Luminosity goals for run 2a: • 5-8x10 31 cm 2 sec-1 w/o Recycler 2x10 32  cm -²sec-¹ with Recycler, spee .
Achieved:
• 3.8x10³¹ cm-²sec-¹ in October ’02 •  Now recovered from June shutdown to improve p-bar cooling •   170 pb-¹ delivered until January ’03 –  120 pb-¹ are on tape –  10 – 20 pb-¹ used for analyses shown here (details) New Old Partially New Front End Electronics Triggers / DAQ (pipeline) Online & Offline Software Tracker素粒子と素粒子間の力(素粒子物理標準理論)物質を構成する粒子（フェルミオン）
(  )内の数字はGeVの単位で書かれた質量
標準理論の考え方ヒッグスポテンシャルビックバン直後V (φ) = μ²φ² /2 + λφ4 /4  ( λ>0 )真空から抵抗を受けないので粒子の質量は0. μ²> 0 (ビッグバン直後)真空の相転移（対称性の破れ） μ²<0(現在)真年の村百元宇宙が膨張するとともに冷え、水蒸気が水になるように真空にヒッグス粒子の場が凝結する。現在真空にはヒッグスが充満している！粒子を加速しようとすると、ヒッグスにふうかる。 = 9 (衝突確率) x v(ヒッグスの密度ぶつかりやすいほど幸い！ヒッグスポテンシャルV(f)：ヒッグス場が点扱上任意の所で最小値0を持てるため（ヒッグスポソンの基礎）。想空の対除性が破れてしまいます。 ──カップスー→抵抗
大統一理論
三つの力(電磁力、弱い力、強い力）は、宇宙創生直後の高温時には対称性が成り立ち、同一の力であった。それが冷えてきたときに対称性が破れて異なる力に見えるようになった。
超対称性理論
すべてのフェルミオン（ボソン）には超対称粒子のボソン（フェルミオン）のパートナーが存在する。この超対称性を仮定すると、三つの力の大統一がある高温状態で成り立つ。この理論は有望であると考えられている。この理論が正しければ、質量150GeV/c²以下のヒッゲス粒子が存在するし、また標準理論で期待される以上のK中間子、τ粒子、B中間子の稀崩壊が起こる。
CDF実験の経過と主要な成果陽子反陽子衝突実験（米国フェルミ国立加速器研究所） 1981年8月CDF設計報告書陽子反陽子初衝突1985年10月テスト実験1987年1988年6月物理実験(Run0) 〜1989年5月1992年4月物理実験(Run1) 〜1996年2月1994年1998年Bc中間子発見2001年4月〜物理実験(Run2)再開ヒッグス粒子探索、B中間子のCP非保存、トップクォークの物理、電弱相互作用と強い相互作用、新粒子･新現象の探索。   1977年のボトムクォーク発見以来、多くのコライダー実験でトップクォーク探索が行われた。 1978年～1986年PETRA（46.8GeV電子陽電子衝突実験）at DESY(独) 1980年～1990年PEP (30GeV電子陽電子衝突実験) at SLAC (米) 1981年～1990年SppS ( 630GeV陽子反陽子衝突実験) at CERN (欧) 1987年～1995年TRISTAN（64GeV電子陽電子衝突実験）at KEK（日） 1987年～ TEVATRON( 1.8TeV陽子反陽子衝突実験) at Fermilab (米) CDF実験設計報告書（Design Report） DESIGN REPORT FOR THE FERMILAB COLLIDER DETECTOR FACILITY (CDF) AUGUST, 1981共同実験者90名
FLG 1 8
10.3
PRODUCTION AND DETECTION OF TOP QUARKS
We have considered various techniques  for  detecting  top quarks.   In standard QCD models the top quark production cross section depends strongly on the  quark  mass  and  the  optimum detection  technique  is consequently mass-dependent.  From the results at PETRA, it is unlikely that the  top  quark  mass  is less  than  18  GeV/c².  To  be  definite, we have considered a reference top quark with a mass of 25 GeV/c². Hadro

Very Heavy Top Quarks
What if the mass of the top for the i o n m_ = 150 GeV/c²   say? associated production of a pair of 150 GeV/c² top quarks in the model  used  above  is  abovt 20 x 10-36cm². The signatures for such events are likely to be distinctive.  We conclude that  an integrated  luminosity  greater  than  1036cm-2  1 is required for their detection, unless the cross section is larger  than  that given by the particular model used. σ (tt) = 20pb設計値1pb-1
IR eviews  and  Simulations ifのif (CIDIF ° 37 "SGG
Contents
- Minimum Bias Events and Background - QCD Jets • Electron and Missing Transverse Energy in QCD Jets - W, Z Bosons • Top Quark - Centauro Search at CDF - Gluino and Squark Events with Missing ET Trigger - Triggers for CDF '86-'87 Run This report is intended to provide materials for the CDF physics run scheduled for winter 1986 to spring 1987. During this period Tevatron is expected to deliver the total  integrated luminosity of 100nb-1 with c.m. energy of 1800 GeV. The report includes reviews of CERN results on various physics subjects, their trigger conditions, experience from the 1985 CDF  engineering run, suggestions of cosmic ray experiments and simulation  studies on processes to be, or predicted to be , observed at CDF in the 1986-1987 run. The booklet is planned to be handy and practical. At present this is very preliminary, and this will be kept updated and upgraded  during the course of CDF experiment.
F.Abe*, Y.Funayama**, Y.Hayashide, T.Kamon, S.Kim, K.Kondo, T.Mimashi S.Ogawa,  T.Ozaki, T.Suzaki, S.Takahashi, K.Takikawa, M.Takano, H.Tsuda and F.Ukegawa University of Tsukuba
** Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo

1 ENTRODUCTION
A total of 12 candidates of top-quarks were reported by the UA1 at the SPS Collider during These runs in 1982-1983 and 1984 [1]. candidates, however, could be suspected as bb jets of QCD backgrounds [2].  Therefore, the top-quark search is still one of the interesting and important topics in the CDF experiment. This report is intended to review the top- quark search by the UA1 and to estimate the number of triggers for the top-quark signature by the CDF at an integrated luminosity of 100 nb-'. Aiso is studied the fakeness of bbX events for the top-quark search with Mon Carlo simulation.
TOP-QUARK  SEARCH BY TH
N
UAL
The top-quark search was made by t UA1 Coilaboration via W →t+b→1+v+b decay channel. Table 1 presents a summary the trigger conditions and the number candidates for the top-quark signatue at t UA1 during 1982-1983 and 1984 runs.  A to of 9 candidates of W—>t+b—>c+v+b+b dec and 3 candidates of W—>t+b—>µ+v+b+b dec were found as tabulated in Table 1 [3, 4]. The ratio of production cross-sections  t W boson σw(√s= 1.8 TeV)/σw(√s= 0.63 Te
TOPOOT

Run Summary of the UA1 Experiment The study of W → t+b → l+v+b+b decay by the UA1 was reviwed at the CERN SPS Collider energies. A total of 9 candidates of the decay remained after the UA1 analysis filter. Such events, however, were suspected as bbX background. The similar study was made for the CDF with the following four kinds of Monte Carlo samples; (1) W→t+b with ISAJET at Vs = 2 TeV, (2) W→t+b with ODORICO at √s = 2 TeV, (3) bbX background with ODORICO at Vs = 2 Te^, (4) W—>t+b with ISAJET at Vs = 540 GcV. The results of the study are summarized as foilows. (1) The efficiency for signal events was higher with ISAJET than with ODORICO. This is due to the fact that the jet multiplicity associated with W—>t+b decay is higher with ODORICO than with ISAJET. (2) The bbX events passing selection cuts apparently faked the mass peak around 40 GeNich bbバックグラウンドが40GeV/c²付近のピークを作る。 (3) The faction of the correct combination for b, - and b,- quark jets was 54 % at Vs = 2 TeV and 76 % at Vs = 540 GeV. This is due to an existence of more hard recoil jets at the Tevatron energy than the SPS energy.