１．Transition and characteristics ofprivate universities and colleges in Japan2

1. Transition and characteristics of private universities and colleges in Japan (1)Origin of universities in Japan

About 1,400 years ago

A university dormitory established following the Tang dynasty of Emperor Tenji

Dawn of private universities

About 160 years ago（Edo Period～Meiji Period）

Clan school and Shoheizaka

Private School

Only those who have over samurai status wereadmitted the schools aiming to develop humanresources for clans and Tokugawa shogunate.

Responding to citizens’ desire for education of specialskills, knowledge and manners in daily life.

Foundation of private universities

About 140 years ago（Meiji Period）
Special schools based on a private school were successively founded. Volunteers taught languages,common studies and specialized studies to those who have learning mind. These study fields were notefficient in governmental studies.
→Building a foundation for a modern nation-state by raising the intellectual level of a wide rangeof citizens, rather than government

Rise of private universities

About 60 years ago（Showa Period）

Responding to needs for academic studies, educational opportunities were provided in the period ofpopulation explosion.
→

Providing higher education to more students→

Building a foundation for achieving high economic growth3

1. Transition and characteristics of private universities and colleges in Japan (2)Changes in 18-year-old population, the number ofenrolled students and the rate of enrollment
2,500,000

Changes in the number of enrolled students
and the rate of enrollment
45.0%

45%
40%
Private female

35%
30%

1,500,000

25%

enrollment rate

40.0%
600,000

Public female
Public male
National female
National male

500,000
400,000

35.0%30.0%
25.0%

Private female

20%
1,000,000

Private female

20.0%

300,000
15%

National male
National female

Public female
Public male0

Private male

Private male
National male
Public male
18 year old population―enrolled students
Private female
National female
Public female

Private female
National female
Public female
Private male
National male
Public male

10%
5%Private male

200,000
National male
National female

100,000

Public female

0%

15.0%

0

Public male

10.0%
5.0%
0.0%

1960年
1963年
1966年
1969年
1972年
1975年
1978年
1981年
1984年
1987年
1990年
1993年
1996年
1999年
2002年
2005年
2008年
2011年
2014年
2017年

National female

500,000

Public female
Public male
National male
Private female

1960年
1963年
1966年
1969年
1972年
1975年
1978年
1981年
1984年
1987年
1990年
1993年
1996年
1999年
2002年
2005年
2008年
2011年
2014年
2017年

enrolled students

700,000

Private male

2,000,000

Private male

Private male
National female
Private male
National female

Private female
Public male
Private female
Public male

National male
Public female
National male
Public female● Private universities have supported provision of opportunity for higher educationcommensurate with the growing 18-year-old population● In particular, they have played an extremely important role in providing
opportunities for female4

1. Transition and characteristics of private universities and colleges in Japan(3)Numberofschools

Numberofstudents

UniversityNational

86

606,449

Public(Local)

93

158,176

Private607

2,154,043

National00Public(Local)

17

5,741

Private309

107,272

National

51

51,298Public(Local)

3

3,781

Private3

2,045

Junior College

Undergraduate＋Master’s course＋
Doctoral course＋Professional Degree(Number of students)
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0

Undergraduate (Number of students)
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0

College of technology

NationalMaster’s course (Number of students)

PublicNational

PrivateDoctoral course (Number of students)

PublicPrivateProfessional Degree (Number of students)
12,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,0000

20,00010,00015,000

8,000
6,000

10,000National

PublicPrivate

4,000

5,000

2,000

00National

PublicPrivateNational

PublicPrivate5