Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial
Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

TAMOTO Makiko

ᛵǽ஖
本論文では，リンディスファーン福音書，ラッシュワース福音書，ウェ
ストサクソン福音書を結婚に関する用語に焦点を当てラテン語比較検討をした一覧表と，娶るという表現に使われる古英語 niman とその通時的相当
語を，ラテン語，ME，ME 初期，ME 後期を比較できる一覧表をアペン
ディックスに付け，そのアペンディックスの一覧表を基に，㧝）マルコ
12:25における結婚に関する用語が二重に結婚を意味して使われ，しかし異なった態で生じることを取り上げ，㧞）マタイ22:10において「wedding」の語義定義が転換をする事を実証し，㧟）最も優位な結婚を表す表現，
niman における新旧約聖書の比較を検討する。
特に上記㧞では，古英語で結婚式を表す同義語が訳に選出されている過程と，中英語ウィークリッフ版において weddyngis と bridale と異なる語が発生し，その後ティンダル版で現在に至る wedding が定着し，レイムズ
版では結婚式の語義が結婚という概念へ意味の境界線を拡張させ，NRSV
では再び結婚式，つまり wedding と成り立っている通時的な実証は本筆者
独特の見解で，矢印で示された語義の通時的変化は理解し易く解明をしている。
今後の展望として，本論文内容の様に，一つ一つの結婚に関する用語の意味定義における境界線の解釈を，通時的に且つ全例ラテン語出典に顧み，その一つ一つの点を合わせた視点から論じることを目標としたい。

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No. 48キーワード：英語学，語彙変遷，古英語

0. Introduction
This article discusses two noteworthy points regarding some comparisons ofmatrimonial expressions in the Old and New Testaments: The comparisons of thediachronic lexical changes in respect to the matrimonial expressions in the New Testament,
as are shown in the following APPENDIX 1, were composed by the following texts:
1) The Vulgate,2) The Authorized Version,3) The Lindisfarne Gospels,
4) The Rushworth Gospels,
5) The West Saxon Gospels,
6) The Wycliffe Versions,7) The Tyndale’s Version,8) The Rhemes Version,9) The New Revised Standard Version.
In addition, the comparisons of diachronic lexical changes in respect to thematrimonial expressions meaning “to take a wife” in the Old Testament, as are shown in
the following table in APPENDIX 2, were composed by the following texts:
1) The Vulgate,2) The Old English Genesis and Exodus in the Heptateuch,3) The Wycliffe Versions,4) The Authorized Version,5) The New Revised Standard Version.
I would like to encourage you to have a look at the APPENDICES and read thispaper by referencing the correspondent contents in respective sections. My purpose ofwriting the present paper is to draw an attention to some lexical changes, and then to
draw my own conclusions in comparisons of the APPENDICES. It will be discussed in

12Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

the following ways of approaches:
1) The instance in Mark 12:25, in due consideration of the double matrimonial
expressions with different voices,
2) The shift of lexicon in Matthew 22:10, in the sense of “wedding”,
3) The comparisons between the Old and New Testaments with a particular reference
to the most predominant matrimonial expressions.

1. The instance in Mark 12:25, in due consideration of the double
matrimonial expressions with different voices.
By comparing the Biblical matrimonial usages diachronically, I have found theinstance in Mark 12:25 to be noteworthy. It reads both the active and passive voices in
expressing matrimonial concept. The instance takes a personal pronoun, “they” for the
subject to express “neither they marry, nor are given in marriage”. It can be premised,from my opinion that by expressing the double expressions in the same instance, thefollowing contextual backgrounds 1 and 2 could be explained as follows:
1) It expresses ‘a tautological way’ of information for the readers to be more convinced,
2) It may emphasize that “they would not get married”.
The story of the Bible is generally far from eloquence to avoid misleading content
of the story as ‘a heresy’. It is often expressed by the simple expressions. Ælfric’s Livesof Saints, for example, is based on the Bible. It has so many similar expressions with thesame nouns and verbs as are found in the Old and New Testaments. However, it reads themore precise expressions that are not found in the Bible itself. The readers may confer thefollowing table of the expressions of marriage to Ælfric’s Lives of Saints, in the following
section two in the present paper.
The writer has premised the above mentioned two possible premises concerning
the double matrimonial expressions in Mark 12:25. The ideas mentioned above may be
combined, however, as both of them are valid contextually.
It can be speculated thus that the Bible related texts including Ælfric’s Lives ofSaints contain expressions that are not written in the Bibles themselves.

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No. 48

2. The shift of lexicon in Matthew 22:10, in the sense “wedding”.
The table in APPENDIX 1 shows that the instance in Matthew 22:10 has the same
expressions for “wedding” except the following instances in 1) Matthew 22:10, the latterversion of the Wycliffe Bible, i.e. the Old English the bridale, and 2) Matthew 22:10 in the
Rushworth Gospels, i.e. the Old English gemung.
It should be beforehand noted that the latter instance, Matthew 22:10 in the Rushworth
Gospels is a rendition work from the Vulgate original. In addition, the Wycliffe version,or more precisely speaking, the latter version’s is also regarded as the Vulgate original.
The Vulgate reads, ‘ad nuptias’, in the plural accusative form with a sense of “wedding”
in Latin.
First of all, considering the first instance mentioned above, the Middle English bridale
is composed by brid “a bride” and ale “jars of bear” to signify “the wedding banquet”. In
the Lindisfarne Gospels, matrimonial expressions of færmo occurs. Furthermore, in the
Rushworth Gospels, the instance Matthew 22:10 reads the Old English gemung. Besides,
the West Saxon Gospels has the Old English gyft-hus and gyfton-hus for the meaning of“wedding”.
The instances in Matthew 22:10 in the Wycliffe versions have the weddyngis in theearlier version and the bridale in the latter version. Moreover, the instance in Matthew
22:10 in the Tyndale’s version has an expression, “the wedding”. The Rhemes version, inMatthew 22:10 has an expression of “the marriage”. Finally, the New Revised Standard
Version in Matthew 22:10 has an expression of “the wedding”. Therefore, the instances
Matthew 22:10 have the following diachronic lexical changes:
The Ru.
gemung

The Lind.
færmoWest Saxon G.
gyft-hus & gyfton-hus

Wycliffe
weddyngis & bridale

The Vulgat
ad nuptias
NRSV
weddingAV
wedding

Rhemesmarriage

Tyndalewedding

The shift of lexicon in Matthew 22:10: “wedding”

It seems only from the above instance that in the Modern English, as in the Hamlet,

14Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

there was not a semantic borderline between “wedding” and “the marriage” yet1. Hence,the present usage of bridale for “wedding” can be traced back to the early usage even in
the Middle English, or strictly speaking, in the Late Middle English period.
The instance in Matthew 22:10, thereupon, vindicates the above mentioned
diachronic lexical changes. That is that even intercepted by the word ‘marriage’ in the
Rhemes version, the meaning of the words in the instance Matthew 22:10 are ascribed tothe older sources of Latin, ‘nuptias’—meaning “wedding”.

3. The comparisons between the Old and New Testaments with aparticular references to the most predominant matrimonial expressions.
In the present section, I would like to compare the table in APPENDIX 1, i.e. thematrimonial expressions in the New Testament, with the table in APPENDIX 2, i.e. thematrimonial expressions in the Old Testament, in respect to the most predominant verb
phrases, “to take a wife”.
The table in APPENDIX 2 verifies that the Wycliffe, in the later version, the late
Middle English has already shown the usage of weddide. In the Old English Genesis
20:12, 25:20, 26:34, and in the Old English Genesis 29:28. The Heptateuch was transcribedaround 1100 A. D. It, however, was scribed the more traditional expressions, “to take awife”, as the Old English wif niman. The Authorized Version, in the early Modern
English, has the combined usages of “to take a wife” and “to give a wife”. The New
Revised Standard Version, in late Modern English, exemplifies the occurrences of “tomarry” which is loaned from the Old French language.
Therefore, even if the Latin original equivalents have the following expressions
to signify “to take a wife”, e. g. uxorem duco, uxorem acccipio, uxorem cognisco, oruxorem tollo, the Old English glosses are predominantly wif niman as the equivalents.
The late Middle English shows in the table APPENDIX 2, the occurrences of the Middle
English weddian. The early Modern English, as is proved in the Authorized Version
shows the expressions, “to take a wife”, and the late Modern English, in the New RevisedStandard Version, attests the usage of the expressions, “to marry”.
The Old English versions in the Heptateuch have the occurences of the traditional
matrimonial expressions, “to take a wife”, however, the Wycliffe later version reads

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No. 48the new expression of “wedd” or “weddian”, which is only found to be the present-day
English ‘wed’.

4. Conclusion
The late Middle English languages in the Wycliffe versions have some mixture of
traditional expressions, “to take a wife”, and the existent expressions of weddian or wedd
as is found in the present-day English. The Old English wif niman has extinguished at
the end of the Old English period, even though it was the most predominant usage in the
Bible.
In the Middle English language, furthermore, in both the Gospels and the
Heptateuch, there found some mixtures of the old and new usages. Strictly speaking, theco-existences and the mixture of the old and new matrimonial expressions can be foundin the late Middle English period. It should not be, however, forgotten that the meanings
are all derived from the older equivalent sources.
The instance in Matthew 22:10, for example, diachronically intercepts thematrimonial lexicon by a replacement of ‘marriage’ in the Rhemes version, however, thesense of the matrimonial word in the instance stems from the older corresponding Latin
source of the Vulgate, ‘nuptias’—meaning “wedding”.
Note
1

It has been investigated in the class report, at the late Prof. Dr. Sano’s class, in my MA course, thegraduate of International Communication, Aichi University in the autumn term in 2002.

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Arthur R. Borden, Jr Lanham, A Comprehensive Old English Dictionary (Washington DC: University
Press of America 1982).
Backhouse, Janet, The Lindisfarne Gospels (Oxford and New York: Phaidon Press 1981, repr. 1991).
Bosworth, Joseph and T. Northcote Toller, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1st ed. 1898, repr. 1929, 1955) ; Supplement by T. N. Toller, (Oxford: Oxford University
Press 1921, repr. 1955), with Enlarged Addenda and Corrigenda by Alistair Campell (Oxford:
Clarendon Press 1921, repr. 1955).
Barnhouse, Rebecca, and Benjamin C. Withers eds., The Old English Hexateuch Aspects and16

Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments
Approaches (Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications 2000).
Brown, Edward. Miles, The Language of the Rushworth Gloss to the Gospel of Matthew and
the Mercian Dialect, Part II., the vowels of other syllables than stem-sylables; Consonants;
Inflection (Göttingen: Druck der Dieterich’schen Universitäts-Buchdruckerei 1892).
Campbell, A., Old English Grammar (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1959).
Cook, Albert S., ed., A Glossary of the West Saxon Gospels (London: Lamson, Wolffe and Company
1899).
Crawford, Samuel, J., The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Ælfric’s Treatis on the Old and New
Testament and his Preface to Genesis, EETS, OS 160 (London, 1922; repr. 1969) with the text of
two additional manuscripts transcribed by N. R. Ker.
Daniell, David, Tyndale’s New Testament, (London: Yale University 1534).
Dodwell, C. R. and Peter Clemoes, The Old English Illustrated Hexateuch: British Museum Cotton
Claudius B. IV ed., By C. R. Dodwell and Peter Clemoes, EEMF v. 18 (Rosenkilde and Bagger:1974).
Fischer, Andreas, Engagement, Wedding, and Marriage in the Old English (Heidelberg: Carl Winter
Universitätsverlag 1986).
Glare P. G. W. ed., Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1968–82, repr. 1988).
Grünberg, M., The West-Saxon Gospels, A study of the Gospel of St. Matthew with text of the four
Gospels (Amsterdam: Scheltema & Holkema VN 1967).
Gnewss, Helmut (1986), “The Old English language” in Old English Literature, Malcolm Godden andMichael Lapidge ed. (Cambridge University Press 1986).
Hall, J. R. Clark, A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, fourth edition (London: University of Tronto
Press 2000).
Kendrick, T. D., T. J. Brown, R. L. S. Bruce- Mitford, H. Roosen- Runge, A. S. C. Ross, Krapp,
George, Hillip ed. 1931, The Junius Manuscript, (London: George Routledge and sons, Limited
1931).
E. G. Stanley and A. E. A. Werer, Evangelium Quattuor Codex Lidisfarnesis: Musei Britannici Codex
Cottonianus Nero. D. iv, 2 vol. (Oltun et Lausanna Helvetiae: Urs Graf, 1956, 1960).
Ker, Neil. R., Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, II, Abbotsford-Keele (Oxford: Clarendon
Press 1997).
Ker. N. R., Catalogue of Manuscript Containing Anglo-Saxon (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1957).
Kuhn, Sherman, M. ed., the Middle English Dictionary (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press
1980).
Lewis and Charles, A Latin Dictionary, founded on Andrew’s Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary,revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis Ph. D. and Charles Short, LL.
D. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1st, 1879, repr. 1958).
The Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels, now first printed from the original Manuscripts in theMuseum and the Bodleian Library, published for the Society by George Andrews Durham(London: Gilbert and Revington Printers 1854).
The Middle English Dictionary, Sherman M. Kuhn ed. (Michigan: The University of Michigan Press

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No. 481980).
Muir, Bernard J. ed., Software Nick Kennedy, the CD-Rom, MS. Junius 11, A Digital Facimille ofOxford (Oxford: Bodleian Library 2004).
Norman, Davis, Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon Primer, ninth edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1953).
The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. Prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner.
Partridge, A. C., English Biblical Translation (London: William Clowes and Sons Linited 1973).
Seisho, (Tokyo: Japan Bible Society 1993).
Shozo, Shibata, Outline of English Linguistics, vol. 7, Lexicology, or『英語学体系語彙論』(Tokyo:
Taishukan Publishing Company 1975).
Simpson, J. A. and E. S. C. Weiner ed., The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford
University Press 1989).
Skeat, W. W., The Four Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions, 4 vols.
(Cambridge: 1871–87).
Stevenson, The Publication of the Surtees Society, established in the year M. DCCC. XXXIV, vol.
XXVIII. For the year M. DCCC.LIV.The Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels, now first printed
from the original manuscripts in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library, published for thesociety, by George Andrews, Durham (London: Whittaker & Co. MDCCC. XXXIV).
Stevenson, Joseph, George, Waring, The Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels, part II. Volume 39(London: Frances Andrews 1861).
Stevenson, Joseph, George, Waring, The Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels, part III. First printed
from the original Manuscripts in the British Miuseum and the Bodleian Linrary (London:
Andrews and Co., Durham 1863).
Thwaites, Edward, Heptateuch, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nicodemi; Anglo-Saxonice Historiae Judith
Fragmentum; Pano-Saxonice (Oxford: e the atro sheldoniano 1698).
Tamoto, M., “A Semasiological Study of Old English Genesis and Exodus: OE Words Employedto Express Concepts Related to Marriage”, a dissertation presented to the Graduate School ofInternational Communication, Aichi University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Arts in International Communication (Aichi: Aichi University 2004).
—— “Old English Beweddian with the Background for Engagement in Anglo-Saxon England”
in Language and Culture ‘Gengo-to Bunka’ 15 (Aichi: Aichi University Gogaku-KyouikuKenkyushitsu 2006).
Vigfusson, Gudbrand, initiated by Richard Cleasby, An Icelandic Dictionary, second edition with asupplement by sir William A. Craigie containing many additional words and references (Oxford:
Clarendon Press 1874 first ed. Repr. 1909, 1975, 1982).
Waring, The Lindisfarne and Rushworth Gospels part II. Now first printed from the original
manuscripts in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library. published for the Society by
Frances Andrews (London: Whittaker & Co. MDCCC.XXXIV).
Wilson, Alistair, Latin Dictionary, Teach Yourself Books (Reading: Hodder and Stoughton
Educational 2000).

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Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments
APPENDIX 1
The comparison of matrimonial expressions between the Lindisfarne Gospels,
the Rushworth Gospels, the West Saxon Gospels with the Latin Source
VersesKing James
Version

Lindisfarne

Rushworth

Old English
versions

Mat. 1. 18

his mother
Mary wasespoused toJosephwæs biwoedded,
beboden,befeastnad,
behaht, esset
desponsata

Skeat: wæs
bewedded. befest,in sceat alegd,
K Tamoto: wæs
bewedded, beerat,in sceataled, erat cum
ess &disponsataOld:wæs beweddod,New:wæs beweddeð

and took unto him
his wife

onfeng gebed his,
accepit coniugem
suam

Skeat:
on-feng his
ge-mæccean,
K Tamoto:
feng wiue his,
accipit coniugem
suam

Old:
on-feng his gemæccean,New:on-feng hysmæcchenand whosoever
shall marry
her that is
divorcedcommitteth
adulteryforleteno lædæs
hesynngieð,dimissam duxerit
adulterat

Skeat: forletne
him
lædeþ
hefæþ unrehthæme,K Tamoto:
forletene himlædeþ nefæþ
unreht-hæmeþ,dimissam duxerit
adulteriumcommittitOld:
se unriht-hæmðþeforlætene æfter
him genimð,New:
se unrihthameð
þeforlætene efterhym
genimeð

for thee tohave herto habbanne
ða, hia,
habere eam

Skeat:
to habbannehire,
K Tamoto:
to habbannehire, habere
eam

Old:
to wife tohæbbenne,New:
to wife tohæbbenne1Mat. 1. 24

2Mat. 5. 32

3

Mat.
14
1)
4

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Mat. 19. 9

forletas wif
his buta fordernelegere
7 oðerlædes,
brenges,
dimiserit uxorem
suam
misi obfornicationem etaliam
duxerit moechatur

Skeat: forleteþ
his wif nymðe
fore forlegernisse
7 him oþerlædeþ heforlegenisse
fremmaþ,K Tamoto:
forleteþ his wifnymðe fore
forlegenisse himoþer lædeþ heforlegenisse
fremmaþ 7 seþeforletnisse lædaþ
forlægnisse
forlegenisse
fremmaþ,fornicationis &aliam duxerit
iam mechatur &qui demisam
duxerit iam
mechatur

Old: forlætt hys
wif buton forforligere 7 oþerfetað. se
unrihthæmð 7seðeforlætene æfterhimnymð se unriht
hæmð,
New: forlæt hys
wifbutton forleigre 7oðer fettað se
unriht-hæmeð.
7 se
þe for-læte æfter
hym nymð

it is no good tomarrymið wife ne
forstondes æniht
wifegæ,cum muliere non
expedit nubere

Skeat: wiðwife nebeþærfeþ per
mon hæme,K Tamoto:wið wife nebeþærfeþ permonn hæme,cum uxore
non expedit
nubereOld:
mid hys wife nefremað nanum
meomo wifienne,New:
mid hys wife. nefremeð men towifienne

He that isable to receive
it, let him
receive it.

seðe mæge
geniomageniomas, quipotest capere
capiatSkeat: notspecified,
K Tamoto:seþe mæg
niomannime, quipotest capere
capiatOld:seþeunder-nyman
mæge,
New:
þe undernymen mæg

6Mat. 19. 12

7

No. 48and shallmarry another,…
and who somarrieth her
which is put
away dothcommit adultery.

5

Mat. 19. 10

言語と文化

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Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

Mat. 22.2
8

Mat. 22. 3, which made amarriage for hisson,dyde ða
færmo, brydlopa,
fecit
nubtiasSkeat: worhte
gemunge,
K Tamoto:
worhte gemunge,
fecit
nuptiasOld:
macude hys
suna gyfta,New:
makede hys
suomeridgyfte

to theweddingto ðæmfæemum,ad nubtias

Skeat: to þæm
gemunge,
K Tamoto: togemunge, ad
nuptiasOld:
to þam gyftum,New:to þam gyftan

come unto themarriageto ðæmfærmum,ad nobtias

Skeat: to þæm
gemungæ,K Tamoto: togemunge, ad
nuptiasOld:
to þam gyftum,New:to þam gyftan

the wedding
is ready

his færmo,suis nubtiae

Skeat: hisgemunge,
K Tamoto: hisgemunge, suis
nuptiaeOld:þas gyfta,New:þas gyften

bid to themarriageto ðæmfærmon, ad
nubtiasSkeat: to þæm
gemunge,
K Tamoto: toþæm gemunge, ad
nuptiasOld:
to þisum gyftum,New:to þisse gyftan

the weddingða færmo,
nubtiæ

Skeat: pergemung,K Tamoto: pergemung, nuptiaeOld:þa gyft-hus,New:þa gyfton-hus

not on awedding garment

mið wedebrydes, miðbryd-reaf,
uestitum ueste
nubtiali

Skeat: hrægle
gemunglice,
K Tamoto:hræglegemunglice, ueste
nuptialiOld:
mid gyftlicum
reafe gescryd,New:
mid gyftlicen
reafe gescred

9Mat. 22. 4
10Mat. 22. 8
11Mat. 22. 9
12Mat. 22. 10
13
Mat. 22. 11
14

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Mat. 22. 12hæfdes ðu
wede, reaf,
habensuestem nubtialem

Skeat: hæfest
wede, hrægel
gemunglic,
K Tamoto:hæfest wede,hrægl gemunglic,
habens nestemnuptialemOld:hæfdest gyftlic
reaf,
New:
hæfdest gyftlicreaf

his brothershall marryhis wife,

he lædabroðer his laf, wifðæs,ducat frater
eius uxorem
illiusSkeat: hehæfde sunu
þæt is broþer foe
to his wife,
K Tamoto: nehæfde sunu
þæt is broþer foe
to his wife, non
habensfilium ut
ducat fateruxorem illiusOld:hæbbe per hisbroðor nyme his
wif,
New: hæbbe perhis broðer nymedhys wif, when he had
married awife,

wif læde,uxore ducta

Skeat: wifhæfde,K Tamoto:
oper wifhæfde,
uxorem duxitOld:
fette wif,New:
fette wifwhose wife
shall she be of theseven?
For they all
had her.

per wif alleforðon hæfdon ða
ilca,uxor omnes
enim habuerunt
eam

Skeat: per wifforþon þe allehæfdun hire,
K Tamoto:
oper wifforþon þe allehæfdun hire,uii. uxor
omnes enim
habuerunt eam

Old:
per wif on þamæriste. ealle highæfdon hig,New:
per wif on þam
ariste. ealle hyomædden hy

they neither
marry, nor are
given inmarriage,ne ne, nequenuomese que
nubentur

Skeat: nehæmeþ nehæmde,K Tamoto: nehæmeþ nehæmde bioþ,neque unbent
neque nubenturOld:
ne wifiað hig. ne
hig ne ceorliað onþam æryste.
New:ne hyo necheorliað. on þam
ariste.

16

Mat. 22. 25
17

Mat. 22. 28

18

Mat. 22. 30

19

No. 48

not having
a weddinggarment?

15

Mat. 22. 24

言語と文化

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Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

Mark 6.17

for he had
married herhlomehilipesbroðer hisforðon lædde
hine,
uxorem philippi
fratris sui
quia duxerat
eum

Skeat:lafephilippes broðer
his forðon
lædde hine,
K Tamoto: lafe
philippes broðer
his forðon
lædde hine,uxorem hilippi
fratris sui quia
duxerat eam

Old:lafe philippus forþam ðe he nam hi,
New:lafe philippus forþan þe he nam
hyo

to have thy
brother’s wife

to habbannehalf broðres
ðines,
nubere uxorem
fratris tui

Skeat: tohabbanne lafebroðer wif,
K Tamoto: tohabbanne lafebroðer ðines,
habere uxorem
fratris tui

Old:to hæbbenneþines broðer wif,New:
to hæbbe inesbroðer wif, and marryanother,oðer læde,aliam duxerit

Skeat: oðerlæde,K Tamoto: oðerlæde, aliam
duxeritOld:oþer nimð,New:
oder nymð

, and bemarried toanotherto oðrumfoes,
alli nubserit

Skeat: to oðrum
foes,
K Tamoto: tooðrum foes,
alli nupseritOld:oþerne nimð,New:oðerne nymð, that his
brother shouldtake
his wife,

onfoe broðer
his hlomeaccipiat
fratereius uxorem

Skeat: onfoebroðer his lafe,
K Tamoto:
forletes ðæt wif,
diserit uxoremOld:læfð his wif,New:læfð his wif

And thesecond tookher,ðe æfterra
onfeng ða
ilca,secundus accipit
eam

Skeat: ðeæfterra on-feng
ða ilca,
K Tamoto: ðeæfterra on-feng
ða ilca,secundus accipit
eam

Old:
þa nam se oðer,New:
þa nam se oðer20

Mark 6.18

21

Mark 10.11
22

Mark 10.12
23

Mark 12.19
24

Mark 12.21

25

23

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Mark 12.23

27

Luke 2.5

hæfdon perilca wif,
habuerunt eam
uxoremSkeat: hæfdun
ðæt ilce wif,
K Tamoto:forðon hæfdum
ðæt ilce wif,
enim habuerunt
eam uxorem

Old:
hi ealle hyohæfdon,New:hyo ealle hyohæfdenThey neither
marry, nor are
given inmarriage;ne hiamænsumiað ne
hia biðon
ge-mænsumad,
nequeunbent nequenubentur

Skeat: ne hiæmæn-sumigað
ne hie bioðun
gimænsumad,
neque nubunt
neque nubenturOld:
ne ne gyftigeað,New:
ne wifieð hyo ne
ne yftigeð,to be taxedwith Mary his
espoused wife,mið mariabefæstad him
wif berende,cum maria
desponsata sibi
uxore
praegnate

Skeat: bifæsted
him wif berende(various reading:be-wedded),
K Tamoto: miðmaria bifæsted
him wifberende,cum maria
dissponsata sibi
uxore priganteOld:
marian þe him
beweddod wæs,New:
marian þe hym
gewedded wæs(C: beweddon), and had
lived with ahusband sevenyears
from hervirginity

7 lifde mið
wer hire
wintrum
seofo fromhehstold-had
hire, etuixerat sum
uiro suo annis
septem auirginitate sua

Skeat: 7 lifdemið wer hire
winter siofune
from hehstadhadehire,
K Tamoto: 7
lifde mið wer
hire wintersiofune fromhehstaldhade hire,& uixerat
cum uiro suo
annis uii aurginitate sua

Old:
7 heo leofode mid
hyre were seofan
ger of hyrefæmn-hade,New:
7 hye lefede
mid hire were safe
gear on hire
femnehadefrom theweddingfrom symblum,
a nuptis

Skeat: framsymblum,
K Tamoto: framsymblum,a nuptisOld:fram gyftum,New:
fram gyftan

28

Luke 2.36

29

Luke 12.36

No. 48, whose wife
shall she be of
them?

26

Mark 12.25

言語と文化

30

24

Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments

Luke 14.8

to a wedding

to færmum,
ad nuptias

Skeat: tofeormum,
K Tamoto: tofeormum, ad
nuptiasOld:
to gyftum,New:
to gyften, I havemarried awife,

wif ic læde,uxorem duxi

Skeat: wif ic
lædo,
K Tamoto: wif
ic lædo, uxorem
duxi

Old:
ic lædde wif ham,New:
ich lædde wif ham

1) and marriethanother,2) and whosoever
marrieth herthat is put
away from her
husband1) cit2) alteram
moechatur, lædes
oðero
he syngiges,
2) seðe ða,ðio ferleteno
bið from werelædeð hesynngeð,qui dimissam
a uiro ducit
moechatur,

Skeat: notspecified,
K Tamoto: notspecifiedOld:1) oþer nimð,2) forlætene wifnimæ1) , theymarried wives,2) they were
given inmarriage,

1) fo lædon,3) uxores
ducebant,
2) weron sald
to brydloþpum,dabantur ad
nuptias1) eat: wif4) læddon,
K Tamoto :wiflæddon, uxores
ducebant
2) Skeat: werun
Sald tobrydhlopum,
K Tamoto:
werun sald to
bryd-hlopum,
dabantur ad
nuptias1) Old:wifodon,New:
wifeden2) Old:wæron to gyftum,New:wæren to gyfte, that his
brother shouldtake
his wife,

þer te hæbbe
wif,habbens uxorem

Skeat: hæfde
wif,
K Tamoto:hæfde wif,habensuxoremOld:
nime his wif,New:
wif hæbbe

31

Luke 14.20
32

Like 16.18

33

Luke 17.27

34

Luke 20.28
35

25

愛知大学

Luke 20.29

37

Luke 20.33

onfeng, genomþerwif, accepit
uxoremSkeat: onfeng
wif,
K Tamoto:
onfeng wif,
accipituxoremOld:
nam wif,New:
nam wif

And thesecond took
her to wife,

onfeng ða
ilca,
accepit illam

Skeat: onfeng
ða ilco,K Tamoto:
onfeng ða ilco,
accipit illamOld:
nam oðer nig,New:
nam se oðerhyewhose wife ofthem is she?

bið per wif,
erit uxor

Skeat: bið perwif,
K Tamoto: bið
per wif, erit
uxor

Old:
wif biþ,New:
wif byð

The childrenof this world
marry, andare given in
marriageðisses gesinigað 7
sald biðon to
bryd-lopum,
traduntur ad
nuptiasSkeat: ðisse
gisinnigo 7 saldbioðon to
bryd-hlopum,
huius nubunt &traduntur ad
nuptiasOld:þysse worulde
bearn wifiað7beoð to giftum
gesealde,New:þisse worulde
bearnwifieð 7 byð togyfton gesealde, neithermarry nor are
given inmarriagene sinigað nelædeð, fatas
wifo, nequenubunt nequeducunt uxores

Skeat: ne lædas,ne foas wif ða,
neque ducunt
uxoresOld:
new if ne lædað,New:
new if ne lædeð

there was amarriagehæmdo, færmo
geuordeno,
nuptiae factae

Skeat: hæmdo,feorme awordne,
K Tamoto:hæmdo, feorme
awordne, nuptiae
factaeOld:
gyfta gewordene,New:gyfte (nuptie faetesunt in chanagalilee)to themarriageto ðæmfarmum,hæmdum,ad nubtias

Skeat: to ðæm
feormum,
K Tamoto: toðæm feormum,
ad nuptiasOld:
to þam gyfton,New:
to þam gyftan

38

Luke 20.34

39

Luke 20.35
40

John 2.1
41

John 2.2
42

No. 48: and the first
took a wife,36

Luke 20.30

言語と文化

26

Diachronic Lexical Changes of Matrimonial Expressions in the Old and New Testaments
APPENDIX 2
Old English niman and the equivalents in
Old English Genesis and Exodus
Chap.
VersesMEFirst, later

Early
Mod. E

Late
Mod. E

B: namknewe,
knewe

knew

knew

accepitgenam

toke, took

took
(unto)

took

6.2

accepe
-runt

namon

token (to),token (to)took (of)took (for)12.19

tolleremnimtake (to),take (in, to)might havetaken (to)took (for)

20.12

duxi

B: genam
L: genamtok (into),
weddidebecame wife

became wife

21.21

accepitgenam

toke (to),took (to)took (out of)got (for, from)24.3

non accipias

B: ne
nyme

take (notto), take(not to)shalt not take(unto)

not get(for, from)

24.4

accipias

B: nym
L: nimtake (to),take (to)take (unto)

get (for)24.7

accipies

C: genimst

shalt taak (to),schalt take (to)shalt take(unto)

shall take(for,From)

25.20

duxit

nam

took, weddide

took (to)married

26.34

duxit

nam

took, weddide

took (to)married27.46

acceperitnymð (of)taak (of),takith (of)take (of)marries

28.1

noli accipere

ne nymnot taak (of),nyle take (of)shalt not take(of)shall not
marry

28.2

accipe

B: nym
L: nimtaak (to, from, of),take (to, of)take (from, of)take (as, from)

29.28

duxit

nam

took (to), weddide

gave (to)

gave

30.4

dedit

nam

зaue (to),зaf (to)gave (to)

gave

38.2

acceptanamtaken (into),
hadde takun (to)tookmarried

Lain

OE

Gen.
4.17

cognouit

4.19

27

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言語と文化

No. 4838.14

nonaccepisset

ne namhadde not taken(to),hadde not take(to)

was not
given(unto)

had not
been
given (to)Exd. 2.1

accepitnam

tok (of),took (of)took (of)married2.21

accepitquenam

tok, took

gave

gave

6.20

accepit

nam

tok,
took

took (to)married21.10

acceperitnimðtak (to),takith (to)

take

takes

22.16

habebit

B: nime
L: nymeshal haue (to),shal haue

endow (to)

make

34.16

nec accipies

ne nimne shalttak (to),nether schalt
take (to)take (unto)

will take(from among)28