２．Financial costs ofprivate universities and colleges62. Financial costs of private universities and colleges (1)Transition of ordinary expenses subsidies for private university

Private Schools Act

Established in 1949 (Showa 24)【Purpose】 To promote the sound development of Private schools by taking account of their characteristic features, putting a high value on
their autonomy, and enhancing their public nature.

Act on Subsidies for Private Schools

Established in 1975 (Showa 50)【Purpose】 To maintain and improve the educational conditions of private schools, reduce the financial burden on students in private
schools, and enhance sound governance of private schools by prescribing subsidies for private schools from national and local
governments in view of the important role played by private schools in school education. Consequently, to promote the sounddevelopment of private schools.
Article 4
The State may subsidize a school corporation that establishes a university or a college of technology within half of the ordinary
expenses related to education or research at the school.

Basic Act on Education
Article 8

Established in 1947(Showa 22) All revisions in 2006 (Heisei 18)
Taking into account the public nature of privately established schools and their important role in school education, the national andlocal governments shall endeavor to encourage private school education through subsidies and other appropriate means, while
respecting school autonomy.

30,000(UNIT:JYE 100million)

Transition of Ordinary expenses , Ordinary expenses subsidy and subsidy rate

29,469

30.0%

29.5%
25,00025.0%

20,00020.0%

15,00010,000

15.0%

Enactment of Act
on Subsidies forPrivate Schools

9.7%
10.0%

Establishmentof subsidies

5,000

3,312.53,153.0 5.0%
0.0%

1970年
1971年
1972年
1973年
1974年
1975年
1976年
1977年
1978年
1979年
1980年
1981年
1982年
1983年
1984年
1985年
1986年
1987年
1988年
1989年
1990年
1991年
1992年
1993年
1994年
1995年
1996年
1997年
1998年
1999年
2000年
2001年
2002年
2003年
2004年
2005年
2006年
2007年
2008年
2009年
2010年
2011年
2012年
2013年
2014年
2015年
2016年
2017年

0

Ordinary expenses subsidy

Ordinary expenses

Subsidy rate7

2. Financial costs of private universities and colleges (2) Purpose of certification evaluation system
Japan University Accreditation Association (JUAA)○ University Standards
The University Standards serve as criteria for university accreditation conducted by the Japan University Accreditation Association. They also serve as aguideline for the university to maintain appropriate standards and enhance its potential○ University Standards RationaleUniversities use the Standards as criteria
・ For conducting thorough self-study
・ For universities aspiring to full JUAA membership, the standards direct their endeavors to improving their organization
・ Full members verify their day-to-day operations against the standards to enhance their development
Each item in the University Standards has been designed to respect the autonomy of the institution in accordance with its mission and standing, while
pointing out matters requiring attention for universities to fulfill their role

National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education (NIAD-QE)○ In order to maintain and enhance the quality of higher education and research at universities in Japan and contribute to the development of theirindividuality and diversity, NIAD-QE conducts the institutional certified evaluation and accreditation of universities for the following purposes and policies
・ To assure the quality of education and research of universities
・ To enhance the quality of education and research of universities in keeping with their respective missions, promote improvement, and develop
their strengths
・ To assist universities in gaining public understanding of and support for their education and research activities

Japan Institution for Higher Education Evaluation (JIHEE)○ Evaluation Objectives
The evaluations conducted by JIHEE at the behest of the institutions of higher education are implemented in accordance with the following objectives forthe purpose of contributing to the further development of the universities of Japan.
・ To evaluate the overall situation of educational and research activities of institutions of higher education, on the basis of the Evaluation Standards
developed by JIHEE taking into consideration the analysis of the results of Self-Inspection and Evaluation; and to verify the Self-Inspection andEvaluation and to support the institutions’ efforts to strengthen internal quality assurance on their own initiative.
・ To assist and promote the autonomous development of educational and research activities on each institution’s individuality and distinctive
qualities through evaluation that considers the institution’s individuality and distinctive qualities.
・ To provide support that enables institutions of higher education to attain the backing of the general public through appropriate disclosure of theoverall state of their educational and research activities.

Respect for independence and autonomy
Respect, support and promotion of individuality
Acquisition of understanding and support from society

82. Financial costs of private universities and colleges (3)Disparity between national universities and private universities
Difference in annual tuition fees
between private universities andnational universities

Government burden and Householdburden on annual educational expenses(per student)（UNIT:JYE10thousand)

250（UNIT:JYE10thousand)
140
120

150

25%

100194120

5010020%
80

150

Government(UNIT:JYE1thousand
8,700 )

Household

Average of annual household income

8,610

10%

205%
PrivateUniversity

8,390

8,400

8,340

8,300

8,230
8,260

8,200

1.8％

0%NationalUniversity

Private
私立大学
UniversityNational
国立大学
University

Average tuition fees
UNIT:JYE10thousand

8,100
8,000
7,900
7,800

15%

400

8,650

8,500

5460

Private University National University

8,600

29.6％

30%

122万54200

Percentage of students receiving
tuition reduction / exemption
measures（2014）

7,920

7,920

8,010
7,990

7,810

7,800

7,700
2004

20062008

2010

20122014

National University Student (NUS)Private University Student (PUS)※Made by JAPUC based on the "Student Life Survey Results (Japan StudentServices Organization)"

Humanities and Social Science99

Science and engineering

137

Medicine and Dentistry

520

Pharmacy

185

Others118

92. Financial costs of private universities and colleges (5)Financial status（Excluding corporate departments, affiliated hospitals and research institutes）

１．Most of the income is payment from students(payment x number of students)

Approx. 78%

２．The majority of expenditure is personnel expenses(salary x number of faculty and staff)
Approx. 53%
３．Education and research expenses have increased
because of sophistication and fragmentation of them
※ Trends of the expenses for a student in last 30 years

Education and research expenses
Payment from student
Personnel expenses
Subsidies

2.6 times
1.5 times
1.5 times
1.0 times"Who and how will the funds needed for future university
management be borne?"11