The Japan Society of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan

Integrated Research & Survey Team on Disaster Mitigation using Information
and Communication Technology(Third Survey Team)

Summary of Urgent Recommendations- Disaster Mitigation (Disaster Prevention and Disaster Reduction) Using ICT -July 13, 2011

The Japan Society of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan
Integrated Research & Survey Team on Disaster Mitigation using ICT(Third Survey Group)Introduction
To date, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers has dispatched two survey teams in association
with the City Planning Institute of Japan and the Japanese Geotechnical Society. The firstsurvey team was dispatched to determine an overall perspective of the content andcharacteristics of the damage in the present earthquake covering an extremely wide area and awide variety of topics, which would be reflected in future survey activities. The second survey
team was dispatched with the objective of supporting the establishment of recovery plans.
They carried out an on-site survey and provided recommendations on the basic concepts forestablishing recovery plans, recovering safety, recovering lifestyles, and recovering industry(industry = employment = income).
In this third survey, the objective was to have specialists carry out a survey and make specificrecommendations regarding "constructing a two-stage 'comprehensive disaster mitigation
method (disaster prevention + disaster reduction) that includes 'disaster reduction measures'that are a combination of various hard and soft aspects (reduction of damage without harming
human life and to ease recovery), in addition to the 'disaster prevention measures' used todate,” as proposed in the second survey. In particular, it was considered important to propose
the form of a comprehensive disaster mitigation method based on the local needs from the
aspect of undertaking recovery plans, indicating specific policies sufficiently based on thecurrent scientific and technical environment. This will include information communicationand information processing technology for measurement, warning, etc., analysis andsimulation technology for tsunamis and structures, technology for collecting, processing, andproviding spatial information, vehicle usage environment, Information and Communication
Technology (ITS), personal information devices, etc., based on the current scientific andtechnical environment. For this purpose the Japan Society of Civil Engineers linked up with
the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan to provide specialists, and carried out a site
survey that would embrace the fields of many learned societies, such as civil engineering,
civil engineering planning, traffic engineering, urban engineering, electrical engineering,
information communication engineering, etc.
The survey was not just a survey of the state of the damaged areas, but also included
interviews with those in central, prefectural, city, town, and village government engaged in
responding to the disaster locally, those responsible in communication companies, and thosein central government departments and organizations responding to the disaster. On site we
received a strong impression of the battle against the disaster waged by the variousorganizations with all their might in order to protect human life. We salute the painstaking
efforts of the many people who worked at the sites of the disaster. Also, each organization
objectively looked back on the disaster response over three months from the occurrence of thedisaster, and rationally started to analyze what went well and what did not go well, and whatshould be learned for the future. From this we received many specific recommendations on
measures that should be immediately reflected in the restoration of the disaster areas, andpoints to prepare for earthquakes that are envisaged to occur in the future.
From the voices at the disaster sites, we heard many opinions on the necessity of reviewing
once again "infrastructure" and examining "disaster mitigation (disaster prevention + disaster
reduction).” It is necessary to carry out the reconstruction with a balance between efficiency
in normal times and redundancy in times of a disaster, and between centralized processing anddispersed processing, for the various infrastructure to protect human life, such as detection oftsunamis, communicating evacuation information, evacuation centers, securing evacuation-1-

routes, etc. It is necessary to re-consider the introduction of the ideas of risk management in
preparation for disasters that may occur in the future, and whether it is possible to re-constructinfrastructure in stages, for the whole land of Japan, based on scientific opinions.
Also, when an actual disaster occurs, "escape" is very important for protection of human life,
so it is necessary to swiftly detect the magnitude of the disaster, swiftly communicate
evacuation information to as many people as possible, and to facilitate information sharing
among those involved in rescue and recovery activities, using ITC. However, the important
information is mainly managed by public organizations, and the methods of handling andprocessing the information at these organizations determines the quality of the information. In
the future, in terms of developing disaster mitigation information communication
infrastructure, it is necessary to remember that the public circuits that are the maincommunication network for communicating information to the public have actually beendeveloped and operated as systems for commercial use.
What has been learned from the experience in this disaster is that it is indispensible for not
only public organizations but also private organizations, including communications
companies, to work together in cooperation in times of a disaster. For example, it has become
clear that multi-faceted and multi-layered mutual relationships are necessary among central
government and local governments, private organizations and local governments, etc. In
addition, the information sharing that is a precondition for these mutual relationships has been
simplified by the development of the internet, so truly it can be said that the time has arrived
to develop a new "disaster mitigation" methodology.
Based on the above, we have decided to publish for comment emergency recommendations
regarding the methods of use of ITC, system design, development of new technologies, etc.,
after organizing the change in status of recovery from the disaster with time, and focusing on
the variation in the content of the information demanded as these changes in status. It is myhope that these recommendations will be studied for incorporation into future recovery
activities, as well as used at least as a springboard for discussion regarding introduction inareas where earthquakes are anticipated in the future, and also for introduction into areas
throughout the world that are exposed to seismic hazards.

Hironao Kawashima
Leader of the Third Survey TeamJapan Society of Civil Engineers-2-

CONTENTS

Introduction ................................................................................................................................1
1.

Matters Concerning New Thinking ................................................................................4(1) Re-construction of infrastructure with awareness of national security...........................4(2) Introduction of "disaster mitigation measures" to further improve safety and security .4(3) Use of ITC to re-define the roles of private citizens and organizations, local
government and central government...............................................................................4(4) Organization of vehicle use and probe information use .................................................5(5) Verification test on model cases and early introduction .................................................52.

Matters that Should be Undertaken Soon .......................................................................5(1) Preparation for rapid support activities by concluding disaster mutual support
agreements ......................................................................................................................5(2) Creation of a network to ensure emergency communication under limited
communication................................................................................................................6(3) Use of roadside stations, SA/PA, etc., as bases for evacuation and supply transport.....6(4) Provision of road traffic information at crossroads, etc., to eliminate traffic bottlenecks
6(5) Ensuring various power supplies for the main disaster mitigation bases and the use ofelectric vehicles...............................................................................................................7

3.

Matters Requiring Urgent Technical Development ........................................................7(1) Improvement of tsunami detection systems....................................................................7(2) Advancement of a network for collection, processing, and sharing structural damage
information......................................................................................................................8(3) Investigation of logistics strategies for support supplies ................................................8(4) Investigation of measures to the major congestion envisaged due to damage in majorurban centers and ensuring emergency traffic routes .....................................................8

Disaster Mitigation Measure Package Using ICT (Examples)...................................................9
List of Team Members..............................................................................................................13
Reference Document

Damage, Recovery Status .................................................................14

-3-

1.

Matters Concerning New Thinking(1)

Re-construction of infrastructure with awareness of national security- It is necessary to re-construct the infrastructure with awareness of national
security in order to guarantee the safety of all the residents of Japan and ensure
the lifeblood of the global economy, recognizing that Japan is located on fragile
national land.
- It is necessary to introduce methods of risk management for the re-construction,
including airports and ports that become bases for rescue operations, the mainroad network that form the routes for emergency transport and traffic, informationand communication networks, the electrical power system, urban planning, etc.,
based on a balance between concentrated and independent dispersed systems toensure both efficiency in normal times and redundancy in times of disaster.
- Also, it is important to ensure compatibility and interoperability of equipment andmachinery to enable use and operation throughout the country.

(2)

Introduction of "disaster mitigation measures" to further improve safety andsecurity- "Disaster resistance" includes the two stages of disaster prevention and disaster
reduction. It combines the concept of disaster reduction which includes reductionof damage without harming human life to ease recovery with the conventional
concept of preventing disasters in advance. It is necessary to carry out "crisis
management" from the point of view of disaster resistance.
- In order to protect human life, "escape" is important. The know-how accumulated
to date on disaster response should be combined with the latest information andcommunication technology to expedite detection of the scale of a disaster,
determine the damage to evacuation routes, and guide evacuation, to lead theworld in disaster mitigation measures.
- In particular, it is necessary to summarize the content and flow of information thatchanges at each turning point of time after occurrence of a disaster, and discuss
what information should be shared when, to what extent, and until when, and toclearly define the procedures and processes for organically linking with therelevant organizations.

(3)

Use of ITC to re-define the roles of private citizens and organizations, local
government and central government- It is necessary to create a network to enable private companies, NPOs, andgovernment organizations to organically work together and carry out activities,
and to have systems for distributing information. In particular, the official
function of private organizations and NPOs in disasters should be skillfully
utilized.

-4-

- It is important to utilize ITC to enable diverse organizations to link together andcarry out activities easily, based on the concept of "self-help, mutual help, andpublic help" for safe evacuation of city residents and lifestyle support.
- Development, management, opening, and restoration of infrastructure is an
important role, so organizations that can act independently should be enabled tolink with each other more closely, and further speed up disaster measures.
(4)

Organization of vehicle use and probe information use- The use of vehicles during evacuation is determined according to the area. The
use of vehicles during evacuation depends on the topography and the situation
regarding the roads, so careful examination is necessary. However, the use of flat
lands along the coasts, vehicles for evacuating the elderly and the handicapped,
and new personal mobility devices should be investigated.
- The probe information of vehicles is important for confirming evacuation routes
and supporting road-opening activities. Therefore a network should be develope
so that government and private organizations can cooperate in collecting andproviding this information not only during normal times, but also in emergencies.
- After studying the operation of complex combinations of road traffic information
provision, such as broadcast type, communication between vehicles on a road,communication between vehicles, etc., measures such as modification of systems
to achieve this communication should be examined.

(5)

Verification test on model cases and early introduction- For introduction of disaster mitigation measures, model cases should be set within
the Tohoku region, the views of industry, government, and academia should becollected, and the measures introduced while verifying the advantages anddisadvantages for disasters and normal times. In this case, it is necessary that theuse of ICT should be the day-to-day work of the regions, and measures should betaken so that it will result in revitalization of people's lives.

2.

Matters that Should be Undertaken Soon
(1)

Preparation for rapid support activities by concluding disaster mutual support
agreements- Mutual functional support agreements between central, prefectural, city, town, andvillage governments, communication companies, construction companies,
transport companies, and NPOs are provided. A framework should be constructed
so that the necessary mutual relationships between relevant organizations can bereviewed in advance and the criteria to be implemented are clarified, to enable awide-ranging cooperative system to be put into operation.
- In particular, the loss of the administrative function of a fundamental local
government body would inflict a major blow to the residents' lifestyle support.
-5-Therefore, mutual support agreements should be concluded in advance among
fundamental local government bodies (preferably remote and alternatively central
government organizations, etc.) could also be considered concerning the supply of
support goods during disasters, work support, mutual supplementing various
administrative data, etc.
(2)Creation of a network to ensure emergency communication under limited
communication- It is imperative to create a network for cooperation in information, such as
information exchange, mutual use of CCTV images, etc., among disaster relatedorganizations that have their own circuits, so as to improve the efficiency ofdisaster activities.
- In order to avoid congestion of public circuits, there should be links between
safety confirmation systems, restrictions on conversation times, and packet
communication of voice, etc.
- Ensuring priority for communication on public circuits for governmentorganizations associated with evacuation, restoration, and rescue, in particular,
those associated with local prefectural governors and government staff should bestudied, and the architecture of the communication network should be
investigated, including the terminals to enable it, base stations, relay stations, etc.
- Sharing information systems in normal times and in disasters, increasing theefficiency of work processes such as standardization of software used, etc.,
creation of specialist organizations to support these, and training systems should
be investigated.

(3)

Use of roadside stations, SA/PA, etc., as bases for evacuation and supply
transport- Roadside stations, the areas near ICs, etc., have functioned effectively as
evacuation locations and bases for transport of emergency goods. However, chaos
has occurred in information communication due to loss of information
communication functions and power supply, etc. Therefore, there should be
agreements made soon with communication companies regarding improvement of
reliability such as duplication of information communication functions, and rapid
recovery of mobile phones, etc. It is also important to utilize ports, airports, riverdisaster prevention bases, etc.
- Investigations should be carried out to ensure independent power supplies, such as
natural energy, etc., as well as improvement in the disaster prevention function bysmall scale broadcast functions like mini-FM, etc., and they should be deployed ina planned manner during normal times with a view towards disasters so that theiruse in both normal times and disasters is achieved.

(4)

Provision of road traffic information at crossroads, etc., to eliminate traffic
bottlenecks-6-

- Re-construct traffic signal systems to function even when there is loss of power
supply and loss of wireless communication, in order to eliminate congestion andchaos at crossroads due to breakdown of traffic signals, and introduce evacuation
guidance systems at crossroads using wireless or information boards, etc., using
new traffic management systems that have already been developed.
- The relevant organizations should cooperate and proceed to deploy the necessary
equipment so that telematics, probe information by ITS spots, and CCTV images
can be used from the beginning, not only in normal times, but also based on thenecessity during disasters.
- The roundabout, which is popular throughout the world, is a method of processing
traffic that is not affected by loss of electrical power during a disaster, as it does
not require traffic signals, so they should be introduced soon at crossroads withlittle traffic.
(5)

Ensuring various power supplies for the main disaster mitigation bases and theuse of electric vehicles- Development of emergency power supply systems and diverse power supplies andstorage systems in accordance with the locality, using micro-grid technology andelectric vehicle (EV) mobile power supply function to ensure diverse power
supply sources, in addition to battery facilities, at bases such as evacuation
centers, public facilities, roadside stations, etc.

3.

Matters Requiring Urgent Technical Development(1)

Improvement of tsunami detection systems- If tsunami detection can be carried out on the ocean as far from the coast as
possible, it will be possible to ensure that much extra time for evacuation.
Therefore accurate wave meters with a communication function should be
developed.
- The method of providing data to local governments for making decisions on
evacuation warnings, etc., should be investigated and urgently implemented, suchas duplication of marine communication networks and terrestrial communication
networks to improve the dispatch of information to the Japan Meteorological
Agency.
- It is necessary that the developed wave meter be deployed in a planned manner, incoordination with the relevant organizations responsible for coastal management.

-7-

(2)

Advancement of a network for collection, processing, and sharing structural
damage information- In order to rapidly ensure emergency transport routes and enable emergency
recovery activities, it is necessary to rapidly determine the damage to structures.
After setting a priority on structures, sensors should be placed at critical locations
where it is expected that damage would be large in a disaster, so that the damage
can be detected, and it is possible to rapidly determine the damage.
- For introducing these systems, research and development is indispensible fortechnical development of sensors, etc., and to enable the maintenance cost to begreatly reduced by using them in normal times.
- For effective utilization in disaster response, the system should be combined withadvanced technologies such as real time simulation, etc., and it is necessary tohave technical development for information sharing, development of databases forsharing information among government organizations, and training of in-houseengineers, etc.

(3)

Investigation of logistics strategies for support supplies- Chaos has occurred between information communication for essential supplies
and coordination of support supplies. Private organizations (home delivery
companies, etc.) and NPOs have high capabilities in these logistics operations, so
a network for participation of private companies and NPOs using the mostadvanced information communication technologies should be investigated, andimplemented as soon as possible.
- On the other hand, it is necessary to study the distribution of goods in the present
disaster, determine the changes in needs for support goods with time from theoccurrence of the disaster, and create a network for strategically delivering thenecessary goods to the disaster areas.
- It was very difficult to determine routes on which large trucks carrying emergency
supplies could travel. It is necessary to create a network using probe information,road foundation map information, VICS information, etc.

(4)

Investigation of measures to the major congestion envisaged due to damage inmajor urban centers and ensuring emergency traffic routes- Simulation technology to ensure emergency traffic in major cities should be
developed as soon as possible. This includes determining the a network of start ofcongestion caused by the inflow of vehicles onto normal roads due to the closureof expressways, problems of closure of level crossings due to electrical power
stoppages, and the occurrence of congestion in urban areas due to inability ofmaking a left or right turn because of a large number of pedestrians at theintersections. In addition, measures for ensuring emergency traffic routes bysimulation based on various scenarios should be investigated.

-8-

Disaster Mitigation Measure Package Using ICT (Examples)-9-Measures to the problem of"overconfidence in information"

Car navigation, Probes!?

Radio, One-Seg, etc.

Evacuation warningand order- 10 -

Disaster prevention wirelessEvacuation warning and order

Decision to issue
evacuation warning ororder by city, town, or
village mayor

Cooperation among relevantorganizations by collecting
and sharing information

Information distribution byvarious broadcasting andcommunication media

Evacuation Decision Support System- Collection of information(weather information, scale ofdisaster, unsafe locations, etc.)()- Decision support by comprehensive
analysis of information[Relevant national organizations]- Central, prefectural government- Police, fire department

Collection and supply of information for evacuation

Twitter, etc.
twitter

Area mail,Day-to-day education and training- Awareness activities- Distribution of hazard maps
- Improvement of information literacy

Feedback

City, town, and village disaster prevention plan
- Outline of administration and implementationof disaster prevention- Disaster emergency measures and disasterrecovery plan

Disaster detection system

Creation of a network for information collection and sharing by linking with the relevant organizations, so that
local governments can issue proper evacuation warnings and instructions to the residents
Creation of a network to enable information communication to the residents under various circumstances, basedon the characteristics of diverse broadcasting and communication media
In the present disaster there were many cases where "placing too much confidence in information" meant thedifference between life and death, so education and training is necessary in normal times

Proper Decisions and Rapid Evacuation

About 20km

Positional accuracy inorder of several cm

ntme
ure ionsa
Me ormat
inf

tion
rec
n
Cor rmatioofinMonitoring
Terrestrial station(GPS base station) bureau

GPS
GPSWave Meter(Document from Port and Airport Research Institute)

Water depth about
100-400m

Wave

GPS wave meter

GPS satellite

Outline of GPS wave meter system- 11 -

Displacement

Movable point

Example of monitoring system using fiber optic sensors(document from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)

Diagram, photo: Technology for
detection or prediction of slope
collapse using fiber optic sensors(Susami Town, Wakayama Prefecture)

Soil moisture meter

Information Box

Slope monitoring system using fiber optic sensors

Fiber optic

Fixed point

Rain gage①Advanced tsunami detection systems
Development of a detection system using GPS wave meters, etc., as a network based on links among relevantorganizations
Ensuring the necessary communication networks and sharing the data collected②Advanced a network for collection, processing, and sharing structural damage information
After setting priorities, detect damage to critical structures, in order to determine the damage to evacuation routes,
etc
Promotion of technical development and installation of sensors that can also be used for maintenance management

Advanced Detection Systems

Message Sign

Other carInformation
provision

Own CarRoad

Communication
between vehicles
and Infrastructure

Driver- 12 -

Image of real time traffic information collection and provision

Communication
between cars

Information collection(probe)Roadside sensors

In-vehicle information

Car navigation

Manager

In-vehicle equipment

Mobile phone(smart phone)

Private service

Private organization

Image of roundabout①Construction of signaling system with disaster mitigation design
Ensuring power supplies to signaling systems using solar light or batteries at the main crossroads, anddevelopment of independent and dispersed signal network
Introduction of roundabouts for crossroads with little traffic and investigation of a network for information provision②Use of probe information
Collection of probe information and provision of evacuation information during a disaster by new traffic
management systems, telematics, and ITS spots
Use of probe information to determine the routes that can be used by emergency vehicles

Road Transport Management for Recovery and Restoration

List of Team Members
LeaderHironao Kawashima, Emeritus Professor, Keio University

Sub Leader

Harutoshi Yamada, Project Professor, The University of Tokyo
Heitoh Zen, Professor, Chiba University

Chief Secretary

Hiroshi Makino, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
Ryosuke Shibasaki, Professor, The University of Tokyo
Hidekatsu Hamaoka, Associate Professor, Akita University
Shinji Tanaka, Assistant Professor, The University of Tokyo
Kiichiro Hatoyama, Assistant Professor, The University of Tokyo
Shuichi Matsumoto, Assistant Professor, Keio University
Tadashi Yoshida, Smart Infrastructure Research & Development
Institute Co.,Ltd.
Tomohiro Ikeda, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.
Norio Shiratori, Professor, Tohoku University
Jun Oota, Professor, Keio University
Shunsuke Kamijo, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
Keisuke Uehara, Associate Professor, Keio University
Takahiro Suzuki, Director General, Nagasaki Prefectural
Government
Yoshimitsu Tajima, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
Akio Okayasu, Professor, Tokyo University of Marine Science andTechnology
Kyuichi Maruyama, Professor, Nagaoka University of Technology
Riki Honda, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
Junichi Koseki, Professor, The University of Tokyo

Cooperation member
Oriental Consultants CO.,Ltd (Atsushi Tanaka, Seiji Takehira, Takeshi Matsunuma)
CHODAI CO., LTD. (Koji Kishi, Takaaki Miyoshi, Saori Yorozu)
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. (Takuro Hamanaka, Atsushi Mochizuki, Koki Kikuyama)
Pacific Consultants Co., LTD. (Hirokazu Ichikawa, Kousuke Yamada, Sadayoshi Nishii)- 13 -

Reference Document

Damage, Recovery Status

The Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 inflicted great damage on
the infrastructure of Japan, such as the information communication infrastructure, roads, etc.
As a result of the great efforts of those involved, emergency restoration was carried out as
rapidly as possible, but base stations became inoperative after the disaster due to the effect ofpower stoppages, so phones could not be used over a wide area including Kanto, etc., and not
only the area affected by the damage. Thanks to the accelerated opening activities,
emergency vehicles were able to reach their destinations.
The following is an outline of the damage status in the infrastructure fields, such as
information communication field, roads, etc., for reference with these recommendations.
(1)

Information Communication Field
1) Damage status and congestion status on fixed and mobile communications- A total of about 1.9 million fixed communication circuits were damaged. Restrictions
were implemented on a maximum of 80-90%.
- In mobile communications operation of a total of about 15,000 base stations were
stopped. Although for voice restrictions were implemented on a maximum of
70-95%, the restriction status for packet communication was 0-30%.

- 14 -

Fixed Communications

Damage Status■At the peak, a total of about 1.9 million communication circuits were damaged.
■NTT had recovered by the end of April, apart from a part of the area

<Maximum number of damaged circuits (from survey by Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)>

Y-axis: Circuits(10,000s)

NTT East(fixed telephones)

NTT
East
(FTTH)

KDDI(fixed telephones)

KDDI(FTTH, ADSL)

Softbank
Telecom(fixedtelephones)

Congestion caused by communication concentration■Each company implemented a maximum of 80-90% restriction on communication requests arisingon fixed telephone,<Maximum value of communication restriction> %NTT EastKDDI- 15 -

Softbank
TelecomMobile Communications

Damage Status■At the peak, a total of about 15,000 base stations stopped operation.
■EMobile is restored, Softbank Mobile is restored apart from a part of the area.
NTT and KDDI had recovered by the end of April, apart from a part of the area
<Maximum number of base stations not operating (from survey by Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)>

Y-axis: (Stations)

DocomoSoftbank
Mobileau

E Mobile

Congestion caused by communication concentration■For voice, each company implemented a maximum of 70-95% restriction (*).
■For others, and for packet communication, there were either no restrictions or low
restrictions compared with voice.
* EMobile did not implement restrictions on either voice or packet<Maximum value of communication restriction>

Docomo(voice)FigureSource)Docomo(packet)au(voice)au(packet)Softbank(voice)Softbank(packet)Damage status and congestion status on fixed and mobile communications

From "Damage Status and Restoration Status to Date in Information
Communication Field Due to Great East Japan Earthquake" Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications, June 6, 2011- 16 -

Number homes without
electricity [10,000]

Number ofaffected circuits"Aftershock with epicenter in Miyagi Prefecture Oki" (maximum intensity: 6 strong)"- Date and time of occurrence: April 7 (Thurs.) 23:32 hrs- Maximum value of damage due to this earthquake (Number of affected circuits)
NTT East (subscriber line + ISDN): About 50,000 circuits
KDDI: About 17,000 circuits
Softbank: About 1,000 circuits"Great East Japan Main
Earthquake"- Date and time of occurrence:
March 11, 2011 14:46 hrs- Maximum intensity: 7- Location of epicenter: Sanriku
Oki

NTT East (subscriberline + ISDN)KDDI

Softbank

No. of households without electricity
within Tohoku Electric's area

Number homes without
electricity [10,000][No. base stations not operating]"Aftershock with epicenter in Miyagi Prefecture Oki (maximum intensity: 6
strong)"- Date and time of occurrence: 7th April (Thurs.) 23:32 hrs- Maximum value of damage due to this earthquake (no. of base stations notoperating)
NTT Docomo : About 1,200 stations
DDI (au) : About 500 stations
Softbank: About 2,200 stations
EMobile: About 200 stations"Great East Japan Main
Earthquake"- Date and time of occurrence:
March 11, 2011 14:46 hrs- Maximum intensity: 7- Location of epicenter: Sanriku
Oki

NTT
DocomoSource)KDDI(au)

Softbank

EMobileNo. of households
electricity
withinElectric's area

without
TohokuFrom "Damage Status and Restoration Status to Date in Information
Communication Field Due to Great East Japan Earthquake" Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications, June 6, 2011- 17 -

(2)Status of Installation of Free Public Telephone, etc.
- In the east Japan area (17 prefectures east of Niigata Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture,
Yamanashi Prefecture, and Kanagawa Prefecture), a total of about 120,000 public
telephones were made free of charge.
- In the Kanto and Tohoku areas a maximum of 777 bases (2337 circuits) for speciallyinstalled public phones (satellite mobile phones) were installed.

Number of locations

Figure Variation with time of number of locations where free of charge public telephones,
etc., were installed (NTT East Japan)
Source)From "Status of Restoration of Lifelines from Great East Japan Earthquake (TimeSeries Edition)" Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Seismic Engineering Committee,
June 3, 2011

No. of installed

Figure Variation with time of number of free of charge public telephones, etc., installed(NTT East Japan)
Source) From "Status of Restoration of Lifelines from Great East Japan Earthquake (TimeSeries Edition)" Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Seismic Engineering Committee,
June 3, 2011- 18 -

(3)Status of Stoppage of Broadcast Stations (Television, Radio)- There were stoppages of television at 120 locations and radio at 2 locations after theearthquake, including the area around Tokyo and Nagano Prefecture. Subsequently
broadcasting resumed after the restoration of electrical power by the commercial
electrical power companies.

March 11th Earthquake in the Pacific Ocean off the Tohoku Region (14:46, M9.0)

March 12th [Stoppage status]: Television 120 locations, radio 2 locations(Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Chiba, Kanagawa, Nagano)(Subsequently broadcasting resumed after the restoration ofelectrical power by the commercial electrical power companies (*))
April 7th Earthquake in Miyagi Prefecture-oki (largest aftershock) (23:32, M7.1)[Stoppage status]: Television 11 locations, radio 0 locations

May 2nd [Stoppage status]: Television 3 locations, radio 0 locations <All television relay stations in Iwate
Prefecture restored>

June 1st All television relay stations have resumed broadcasting except 1 relay station in Miyagi Prefecture.
<Location of stopped relay station: Shizugawa Niida relay station, Minami Sanrikucho(damaged)>(*) In counting the number of stoppage locations, if broadcasting of information had stopped it was counted as
1 location, without distinction between NHK, private broadcasters, digital or analog.

Figure Status of stoppage of broadcasting stations (television, radio)
Source)From "Damage Status and Restoration Status to Date in Information
Communication Field Due to Great East Japan Earthquake" Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications, June 6, 2011- 19 -

(2) Infrastructure Field
1) Roads- Emergency transport routes for restoration and recovery of the damaged areas
were arranged like the "teeth of a comb,” and access to the Sanriku area wasachieved in the lateral direction from northeast roads from the National Route No.
4. By March 18th all roads were re-opened.
Status of traffic-related restoration As of 13:00 hours March 18, March 2011 (Friday)

Headquarters
Administration Bureau
As of 13:00 hours 18th
March 2011

Possible to arrive by road, etc.
Not possible to arrive by road
Usable airport
Closed airport
Self Defense Forces base, etc.
Harbor that can be used fordisaster measures
Harbor whose usability is being
checkedOperating passenger railway
Operating freight railway
Main expressways that can beused by vehicles
Main expressways that can beused by emergency vehicles

Sendai Airport
A Runway 1,200m
B Runway 3,000m
Normal operating times
07:30 to 21:30
1500m runway can beprovisionally used (foremergency aircraft only.
Operating 24 hours)- 20 -

Ministryof
Land,
Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism
As of 10:00 hours, July

Change in Transport-related Restoration Status with Time

Percentage restored (%)

Expressways (979km) required fordisaster measures
Expressways (979km) for generaluse
National roads (1119km)
Airports (13 No.) required for disastermeasures
Airports (13 No.) for general use
Shinkansen (990km)
Rail lines (1012km) for general use
Ports (15 No.) required for disastermeasures
Ports (15 No.)

3/12 North Nagano Prefecture 6 strong M6.7

4/11 Hamadori-area of Fukushima Prefecture 6

3/15 East of Shizuoka Prefecture 6 strong M6.4

4/12 Hamadori-area of Fukushima Prefecture 6

4/7 Miyagi Prefecture-oki 6 strong M7.1
* Total length of rail lines updated on 4/23 (1012km). This was due to changing the rail lines not considered from the nuclear
power plant exclusion zone to the warning zone and the emergency evacuation preparation zone.
* Total length of expressway updated on 4/23 (979km). This was due to changing the expressway not considered from thenuclear power plant exclusion zone to the warning zone.
* Total length of national roads updated on 4/23 (1119km). This was due to changing the expressway not considered from thenuclear power plant exclusion zone to the warning zone.
(Prepared by Disaster Prevention and Relief Division, Rivers Bureau & Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)

Figure Change in Transport-related Restoration Status with Time
Source)From Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport(http://www.mlit.go.jp/saigai/saigai_110311.html)- 21 -

andTourismHP(2) Railways- Immediately after the occurrence of the earthquake, operation of railways was
suspended. Therefore in cities it was difficult for about 24,000 people to return home.
In the Tokyo area, people could not return home, trains were stopped, and empty taxis were
not available
19:07 hours, March 11th
At Tokyo's stations, trains were stopped, and people who could not go home or to
anywhere were swarming about.
On the evening of the 11th near JR Yurakucho Station, the streets were congested withpeople inquiring directions at the koban, taking photos of the maps in front of thestation, and looking for directions.
A 59-year old male company employee from Totsuka-ku, Yokohama City, who works
nearby was instructed by his company to "go home early if it is possible.” "It is morethan 40 kilometers to my home, so it is impossible to walk. In the worst case I willprobably return to the company.” He said that he has contacted his family by e-mail, andconfirmed that he is safe.
In Ginza, a 31-year old woman from Ageo City, Saitama Prefecture said "I think I will
walk to Ueno for now, but it is too far for me to go home by walking,” looking in aquandary. A 35-year old male company employee in Nakano-ku stated "It does not look
like the trains are going to move, also there is no information, so the only thing is toreturn home by walking" as he started walking.
A 26-year old male company employee watching the news on a television on the 1st
floor of a high-rise building in Akihabara, Tokyo said, "My home is in Kawasaki City.
The trains are stopped, I tried to go home by another means, but I can't get a taxi, and I
don't know the bus routes. If there is no public transport then no one can move, so there
is nothing I can do,” with a resigned look on his face.
His workplace was the 26th floor of a building. "The shaking went on for a long time. I
felt nausea like seasickness. I also experienced the Hanshin Great Earthquake, but thiswas a completely different type of shaking,” he recalled.
A 21-year old female student on job hunting activities who was waiting to enter a family
restaurant said that she was attending a company explanation meeting near Nihonbashi
when the earthquake occurred. "The meeting was suspended. I walked to Akihabara
thinking that trains might be running from here, but . . . ,” as she showed herdisappointment. Her home is in Nishitokyo City. "The worse is I can't go home becauseof the earthquake, and I was not able to get the job,” she said with a tired look. She said
that if the trains do not run, she intends to spend the night in the family restaurant.
The number that could not return home: More than 24,000 as of 20:00 hours March
11th.
Source) http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103110519.html- 22 -

帰宅困難者：3 月 11 日 20 時時点で 24,000 人以上- 23 -

Status of Restoration of Railways○ Lines scheduled to re-start operation(1) Kashima Rinkai Railway between Shin Hokota and Taiyo
July 12th(2) Senseki Line between Yamoto and Ishinomaki July 16th(3) Hitachinaka Seaside Railway between Hiraiso andAjigaura July end(4) Hachinohe Line between Kashikami and Taneichi about
mid-AugustRailways Bureau
As of 10:00 hours, July4, 20114, 2011

OperatingLines scheduled to re-start operation
Not operating

Sendai urban area(5) Sendai Airport Line between Natori and Mitazono July
23rd(6) Sendai Airport Line between Mitazono and Sendai
Airport target end September

Figure Change in railway-related restoration status with Time
Source)From Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport(http://www.mlit.go.jp/saigai/saigai_110311.html)- 24 -

andTourismHP(3) Status of Damage and Restoration of Electronic Communication Facilities- Of the 163 power supply sources within the area of responsibility of the Tohoku
Regional Bureau, there was damage due to power cuts at 152, and fiber optic cables
were severed.
[Within Takasegawa area]
CCTV equipment: 1 / 1 (Number damaged / total number)[Within Sanriku National Road Area]
Optical fiber cable: 20.2km / 277.9km (Number damaged /total number)
Number of severed areas 22(of which 12 areas restored)
CCTV equipment: 15 / 214. (Number damaged / total
number)Information display equipment: 5 / 92 (Number damaged / total numberof screens)
Weather observation equipment: 1 station / 25 stations (Number damaged/ total number installed)
Traffic measurement equipment: 2 / 13 (Number damaged / total
number)[Within Sendai River National Road Area]
Optical cable(river): 0.4km / 115.1km (Number
damaged / total length)
Severed at 1 location(road): 80.2km / 431.6km (Number
damaged / total length)
Severed at 5 locations
CCTV equipment(river, coast): 16 / 74. (Number damaged /total number)(road): 20 / 171 (No. damaged / total No.)
Information display equipment: 5 screens / 108 screens (Number
damaged / total number of screens)
Weather observation equipment(river): 2 stations / 36 stations (Number
damaged / total number installed)(road) Not applicable
Traffic measurement equipment: 7 / 22 (Number damaged / total number)Electrical works for houses: 3 locations / 41 locations(Number
damaged / total number installed)[Within the area of Kita Kamigawa Dam]
C band radar: 1 / 2 (Number damaged / total number)(* Mount Monomi radar is restored)[Within the downstream area of Kita Kamigawa]
Optical cable: 10.4km / 250.0km (damaged length / total length)
Number of severed places
5.
CCTV equipment: 14 / 45 (Number damaged / total number)
Weather observation equipment: 4 stations / 52 stations (Number damaged / total
number)Electrical works for houses: 3 locations / 35 locations (Number damaged / total
number)[Within Kamafusa Dam]
Discharge warning equipment: 1 station / 18 stations (Number damaged/ total number installed)[Within Fukushima River National Road]CCTV equipment (river): 6 / 91 (Number damaged / total number)Information display equipment: 1 screen / 19 screens (Number damaged/ total number of screens)
Weather observation equipment: 1 station / 12 stations (Number damaged/ total number of screens)(details not surveyed for nuclear power
plant evacuation control area)

×ptical cable severed location
× ptical cable severed location(emergency restoration complete)○：hin 20km of nuclear power plan

FigureStatus of damage and restoration of electrical communication facilities (within the area of
responsibility of the Tohoku Regional Bureau) From Tohoku Regional Bureau documents- 25 -

(4) Electrical Power- The total number of households with power cuts within the area of responsibility of
Tohoku Electric Power Company was about 5 million, and the total number ofhouseholds with power cuts within the area of responsibility of Tokyo Electric Power
Company was about 4.05 million.
Number of households with power failures■Fukushima Prefecture■Yamagata Prefecture■Miyagi Prefecture■Akita Prefecture■Iwate Prefecture■Aomori Prefecture

Figure Variation of status of power failures within Tohoku Electric area with time
Source)From "Status of Restoration of Lifelines from Great East Japan Earthquake (TimeSeries Edition)" Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Seismic Engineering Committee,
June 3, 2011
Number of households with power failures

Shizuoka Prefecture
Yamanashi Prefecture
Ibaraki PrefectureGumma Prefecture
Saitama Prefecture
Chiba Prefecture
Tochigi Prefecture
Kanagawa Prefecture
Tokyo

Figure Variation of status of power failures within Tokyo Electric area with time
Source)From "Status of Restoration of Lifelines from Great East Japan Earthquake (TimeSeries Edition)" Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Seismic Engineering Committee,
June 3, 2011- 26 -

(5) Water Supply and Sewage Works- The total number of households without water was about 2.24 million, and at about 10
days after occurrence of the disaster about 50% of these were restored.
Number of households
About 2.24 million■ Number of cities, towns, and villages with
disrupted water supply (scale on right)■ Number of prefectures with disrupted watersupply (scale on right)－ Number of households with disrupted watersupply (scale on left)－ Number of households with water supply
restored (scale on left)

About 60,000

Figure Variation of status of restoration of water supply with time (as of June 17, 2011)
Source)From "Status of Damage to Water Supply in Great East Japan Earthquake" byFederation of Japan Water Industries, Inc.
(http://www.suidanren.or.jp/action/dmg_rep.html)(6) Utility Gas- A total of 410,976 households for 16 gas companies in Japan Gas Association required
restoration work, and this restoration work was completed on May 3rd.
Number of households with disrupted gas supply■Kanagawa Prefecture■Chiba Prefecture■Saitama Prefecture■Ibaraki Prefecture■Fukushima Prefecture■Miyagi Prefecture■Iwate Prefecture■Aomori Prefecture

Figure Variation of status of restoration of utility gas with time
Source)From "Status of Restoration of Lifelines from Great East Japan Earthquake (TimeSeries Edition)" Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Seismic Engineering Committee,
June 3, 2011- 27 -

(3) Others (Deployment in Disaster)- Number of persons deployed : Total 8.68 million- Deployment of the Self Defense Forces (SDF) in the disaster due to the Great East
Japan Earthquake in the 3 months from March 11th to June 11th was a total of
8.687 million persons, 41,000 flights, and 4,100 ship movements- The maximum forces deployed in one day was about 107,000 persons (land SDF
about 70,000, sea SDF about 15,000, air SDF about 21,600, and nuclear power
plant related about 500 persons), aircraft about 540, and ships about 59.
- Number of persons rescued 19,286, number of bodies recovered 9,487. Transport of
supplies about 11,500 tons, transport of medical teams, etc., about 18,310 persons,transport of patients 175 persons. For life style support to victims: about 32,820
tons of water supply; food, about 4,477,440 million meals; fuel about 1,400
kiloliters. Others included bathing for about 854,980 persons, sanitation, etc., forabout 23,370 persons.
Source) From Self Defence Forces HP(http://www.asagumo-news.com/news/201106/110616/11061602.html)- 28 -

This document is the official publication of the emergency recommendations madepublic on July 13, 2011, under contract from the National Institute for Land andInfrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism"Research into Next Generation Advanced Road Transport System" (commissioned
from the Japan Society of Civil Engineers), September 2011.