3. Issues surrounding
private universities and colleges123. Issues surrounding private universities and colleges (1)Socio-economic issues

Growth （production） ＝ Productivity per person × Labor population（Working-age population forecast）（GDP per capita in Japan）（Labor productivity in Japan）

No. 2 in the world→NO.22

The lowest in the G7（1993）（2016）（2015）

80 million → 40 million（2016）（2060）（The rate of labor population in Japan）

59.3% （USA 62.5%）（2013）＜Current＞＜Predicted appearance in 2060＞
Population structure (2060)

Population structure (2013)
AgeTotal

０～14

15～64

65 andover

Age

Total

０～1415～6465 andover

Population(million)

127.3

16.39

79.01

31.90

Population(million)

86.74

7.91

44.18

34.64

Percentage

－

12.9%

62.1%

25.1%

Percentage

－

9.1%

50.9%

39.9%

GDP of each country in the world GDP (2060)

GDP of each country in the world GDP (2011）

Japan

USA

Euroz
one

6.7%

22.7%

17.1%

Other
OECD
countr
ies

China

India

Other

Japan

18.2%

17.0%

6.6%

11.7%

3.2%

USA

Euroz
one

Other
OECD
countr
ies

China

India

Other

16.3%

8.8%

14.0%

27.8%

18.2%

11.7%

133. Issues surrounding private universities and colleges (2)Public financial expenditure in higher education: Public burden of educational expenses and labor productivity

140,000

175155

United States

100,000

Italy

80,000Japan

135

OECD average France
Germany

115

CanadaUnitedKingdom95

United States
France60,000Japan
20,000

UnitedKingdom
Canada35

OECD average

015
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Ratio of public expenditure for education to GDP

Created based upon data from・Total expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP：OECD
Labor productivity per capita :ILO
Labor productivity per hour：UNESCO※Excluding Luxembourg among OECD member countries. All figures for 2016.

●75 ＵＳ＄55

Germany

40,000

6.5

Labor productivity per hour

Labor productivity per capita
ＵＳ＄120,000

Ratio of tax and social insurance premium to national income
And Ratio of public expenditure for education to GDP【OECD countries】

6.5％

Ratio of public expenditure for education to GDP●

Ratio of public expenditure for education to GDP
and Labor productivity【OECD countries】

％

65.5

5

FranceCanadaOECD averageUnitedUnited StatesKingdom

4.5

4Germany
3.53JapanItaly

2.52030405060

Ratio of tax and social insurance premium to national income

70％

Created based upon data from
Ratio of tax and social insurance premium to national income ：Ministry of Finance of Japan
Ratio of public expenditure for education to GDP：OECD※Excluding Luxembourg among OECD member countries. All figures for 2016.

There is a positive correlation between the ratio of publicly
expenditure for education to GDP and labor productivity of eachcountry.

14

3. Issues surrounding private universities and colleges (3)＜Issues related to higher education＞
Declining birthrate and aging population, Widening educational inequality due to economic inequality, Securing human resources to support
Society 5.0, Decline in international competitiveness due to delays in globalization and IT, Unsatisfied capacity of local private universities,
Ensuring the quality of education, University governance, etc.

＜National policy for higher education＞
Education for well-connection between high school and university（Entrance examination reform）, Tighter student quota management,
Capacity restrictions for universities in the 23 wards of Tokyo, Annual training plan for 250,000 AI human resources, Graduate school education
reform（Development of highly specialized human resources）, Enhanced internal quality assurance system and certification evaluation, Free
higher education, etc.

☛Issues in higher education got obvious by COVID-19＜Main issues with COVID-19＞○ Need to review national financial supports for online education and regulations that prevent it※National expenses for online education Approximately 7.6 billion yen for private universities, etc.
※Limitations on the number of credits earned through online education（Upper limit 60 credits）※"Standards per student" regarding the area of school sites and buildings○ Relaxation of immigration restrictions for international students

New educational prospects○○

The combination of face-to-face and online education could give more learning options to students
New education methods by going online could create international cooperation as well as university cooperation between rural and urban areas＜Issues in higher education policy－From the perspective of stricter student quotas－＞
The stricter enrollment capacity that began in 2018 has given a major impact to large universities located in metropolitan areas○ Tighter enrollment capacity has maintained and expanded the shortcoming of universities in Japan, which are "difficult to enter but easy tograduate"○ There is a contradiction with the entrance examination policy that emphasizes the ability to judge with one’s own mind and recruitment not
only examination score○ It is required to establish an Annual training plan for 250,000 AI human resources and an education system suitable for the new age, but it isprohibited to establish new faculties or departments of universities in the 23 wards of Tokyo over the next 10 years in principle. It is difficult
15for them to promote bold reforms and reorganizations