論 文

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly:
A Quick Shot at the Spaghetti Western

John Wolfgang Roberts

要旨

この論文は，西部劇映画と，マカロニウエスタン映画で描かれている，それぞれのアメリカの歴史と神話を比較したものである。比較すること
で，文明が行き届いていない，つまり『ワイルド・ウェスト』の情景が，どのようにマカロニウエスタンの倫理観に影響を与えているか知ることができる。ここで，The Good, The Bad and The Ugly（エクステンド版，2004年）を例として取り上げる。西部劇映画とマカロニウェスタン映画で描かれる西洋文化の対照的な面を考察することで，不道徳さ，パロ
ディ，観客の欲求を満たすものを見出すことができる。The Good, The
Bad and The Uglyは，文明世界と未開の大自然世界の同じような苦闘を示している。マカロニウェスタン映画で描かれる苦闘は，西部劇映画で描かれる苦闘と同様であるが，前者はアウトロー，つまり無法者の視点で描かれており，後者はその反対の立場の人々の視点で描かれている。
マカロニウェスタンは，
19世紀開拓時代のアメリカ『ワイルド・ウェスト』に広がった文明文化的価値の拒否という結果の表れなのである。
Keywords: Film（映画），Genre（ジャンル），Western（西部劇映画），
Spaghetti Western（マカロニウェスタン映画），Play-Theory（演劇理論），
Cultural Values（文化的価値），Wilderness,（未開の大自然），
Civilization（文明），Myth（神話），Cultural Binaries（文化の二面性），
Manifest Destiny（米史自明の宿命），Anti-hero（反ヒーロー）― 45 ―

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No. 28   A distinction must be made right away regarding genre. Between a “genre film”
and “film genre.” Though easy enough to differentiate, some perspective needs to beestablished. A “genre film” is the physicality of the movie; the creation that isexhibited to the audience, which falls within an agreed upon set of rules andstandards regarding that genre. Therefore, “film genre,” is as Andrew Tudor is quoted
in the online Film Reference as stating, a “common cultural consensus” (Elements ofGenre, 2012). Genre films then can only be produced in accordance with the rules set
fourth by the genre, as agreed upon by the audiences, and deeper still, reflective ofheld and or changing cultural and societal beliefs and sentiments. Any element inany “film genre” requires a level of familiarity and expectation from the audience,but depends “less on recognizing a specific setting than on recognizing certain
dramatic conflicts that we associate with specific patterns of action and character
relationships” (Schatz, 2004, p. 695). The importance of these patterns are crucial todefining what genre a film belongs to. It is the reason why characters singing songs
don’t necessarily make it a musical, nor does a passionate kiss make make the film aromance. It is the way characters interact with each other on superficial levels within
deeper cultural contexts that it’s (the film) a “community of interrelated charactertypes whose attitudes, values, and actions flesh out dramatic conflicts inherent withinthat community” (Shatz, 2004, p. 695). This “community” does not always include thesetting of the film, but in the Spaghetti Western (or the Western in general) setting is
crucial to understanding the dramatic conflicts that arise between the characters,
their environment, and the culture they emerged from and are now rejecting. The
setting in the Spaghetti Western is the foundation of the sub-genre. As is with theWestern, the untamed West is a place where decency and social order is threatened
and continuously challenged. Unlike the Western, however, these barren landscapes
are where all decency is subverted. Instead of fighting to preserve Judeo-Christianideals, the Spaghetti Western disregards them.
   “Disregarding” is important to consider. To draw from theories of play, Johan
Huizinga (1955) asserts that the rules of play are very important. “All play has its
rules. They determine what “holds” in the temporary world circumscribed by play.
The rules of a game are absolutely binding and allow no doubt” (p. 11). We can takethis theory of play as a metaphor for the cultural context in the (Spaghetti) Western.
The goal of the “game” is the successful settlement of the wild heathenish West into
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The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: A Quick Shot at the Spaghetti Western

an orderly law-abiding, god-fearing society. The “rules” are exactly the ideas andbelief structures that must be adhered to. Any deviation from these rules serve not
only as an infraction against the world of ideas that underlie the society, but also an
offense to the good people that hold those ideas dear in belief and practice. These“cheaters” or “false players” as Huizinga (p. 11) calls them are the ones who play thegame, recognize the importance of the rules, yet deviate from them from time totime. These cheaters are correctable and in the Western, would be a character thatcan be reintegrated. However, there is another type of player that exists in thesegames, what Huizinga calls the “spoil-sport.” This spoil-sport is the one who cannot
even acknowledge the rules of the game. Within this world of play, the spoil-sport isoutside the rules. He completely disregards them. Thus, he is dealt with more
severely than the cheat. For the spoil-sport the game is irrelevant. “He (the spoilsport) robs play of its illusion. . . Therefore he must be cast out, for he threatens theexistence of the play-community” (Huizinga, 1955, p. 11). We shall call them outlaws.
Eventually then these outlaws must find some place to inhabit, away from where
they have been outcasted from. “It sometimes happens, however, that the spoil-sports
in their turn make a new community with rules of their own” (Huizinga, 1955, p. 12).
In regards to the Spaghetti Western, the setting, that is, the lifeless arid landscapes,
are where these outlaws come to. Even in the Western, we see the outlaw emerge but
as forces that threaten the game. In the Spaghetti Western, they have created a newgame, which is constantly under attack by the players of old. Though point-of-views
may be opposite in the two genres, it is the setting that nonetheless makes thecultural clash possible. The setting is what allows the questioning of certain morals
that were once held highly in the Western genre, and provides a new set of ethics orrules which are staples of great Spaghetti Westerns such as The Good, The Bad and
The Ugly (Extended English Version, 2004).
   Films in the Spaghetti Western genre take place in small desert towns; pockets
of civilization surrounded by a larger untamed wildernesses. They are set in historicalperiods when the United States was pushing westward under the banner of Manifest
Destiny, and we can see the relationship between the two as they set the groundwork
for characters’ conflicts. While the setting of the West doesn’t define the film as aWestern movie per se, it is the conflicts, paradoxes and protagonists’ struggles within
this setting that define the genre’s most complex attributes, as well as the grotesquerie― 47 ―

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between the civilized and uncivilized world’s ambiguously defined boundaries.
   These dynamics clearly shift, and Schatz (2004) reminds us in his essay, “FilmGenre and the Genre Film,” it’s “the evolution of western heroes from agents of law
and order to renegade outlaws or professional killers [that] reflect a genuine change
in the genre” (p. 691). In fact this evolutionary quality is possible in any genre since
the “familiarity of conventions allows both for parody and subversive potential”(Elements of Genre, 2012). So the progression in style from the Western to the
Spaghetti Western is not uncommon.
   In the Spaghetti Western, parody and subversion are two main elements thatdefine the anti-hero’s nature and the extreme unrealistic actions of the characters.
The characters act not so much in accordance with good and evil, but with greed. As
we shall see, greed is not necessarily a vice in this grotesque world. We, the audience,root for the unnecessary violence and the acquisition of dirty money. We sympathizewith the protagonists, because despite all the killing and double-crossing, they show
a level of humanity that makes them more round and complex. They are cartoon-likein absurdity, but are emblematic of the darker side of humanity and civilization, anddemonstrate through their actions, that society may have as little to offer as thebarren landscape of the nineteenth century’s Southwestern American wilderness.
   Looking at arguably one of the greatest Spaghetti Westerns ever made, The
Good, The Bad and The Ugly, we can discern the seeming contradiction in action andemotion; the immoral act and the grace of human compassion. We see that Blondie(Clint Eastwood, The Good) leaves Tuco (Eli Wallach, The Ugly) rich, but stranded,in the closing scene, after Blondie shoots him down from the tree in the graveyard.
We feel for Tuco and any hardships he may have had growing up, when he punches
his brother, the monk, after being accused of abandoning the family. Tuco cries dueto their estranged relationship, and helps his brother back onto his feet, but leaves
him there, abandoning him once again as he leaves on his greedy quest for gold. We
see a streak of compassion in Angel Eyes (Lee Van Cleef, The Bad) when he lets thesoldier keep the rest of the alcohol he bribed him with, for information on
Confederate troop movements so to bring him closer to the same gold that Tuco andBlondie are after. These sympathetic moments, juxtaposed with the lawlessness of
their actions are paradoxical as they demonstrate a human side to the outlaw. We seethat maybe these spoil-sports are not much different than we. We see that there is an― 48 ―

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: A Quick Shot at the Spaghetti Westernelement of affection towards fellow men, and though they have no need for the oldrules, in our hearts they are redeemable as people that are not entirely villainous.
   At a more general plot level, what these characters show is a shared existence
between the untamed wilderness and civilization’s colonization of the western setting.
They show that there is a false dichotomy between the “man versus nature” questionin the Western film. In the Western, it’s a constant struggle to fight the animalistic
tendencies, or rather the non-Christian forces that intrude upon the settlements. In
the Spaghetti Western, man and nature coexist in a world where the good, the badand the ugly all share similar traits and are primordial enough in personality andbeing to be able to live outside the settlements if needed. The characters, specificallyin The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, only come into the settlements to obtain some
sort of monetary gain. And it is precisely in this aspect of their character that an
important hamartia emerges. For better or worse, the outlaws are still reliant on
human existence. They need the settlements at least to supplement their own greedy
palates. As long as the settlements don’t interfere too much with their own outcasted
codes of conduct, then they can ensure at least some biological survival. Herein thehamartia looms over our protagonist rebels. Though they have rejected the game,they will flirt with it to fulfill their deepest passions. Passions only made possible by
the players they have rejected. The spoil-sport then must be careful and walk a linethat is neither too far out into the animal kingdom and not too far into thesettlements. These anti-heroes actually demonstrate some heroic superhumanqualities as they are able to move freely between these two polarized spheres.
   Regarding the economic nature of the “film genre” and the myth and history
surrounding the development of the genre. Schatz (2004) explains:  Each genre incorporates a sort of narrative shorthand whereby significant dramaticconflicts can intensify and then be resolved through established patterns of action
and by familiar character types. These dramatic conflicts are themselves theidentifying feature of any genre; they represent the transformation of some social,historical, or even geographical (as in the western) aspect of American culture into
one locus of events and characters. (p. 696/697)
In The Good, The Bad and The Ugly we can consider the protagonists into larger“Western” categories, such as individualism and machismo. We can consider theisolated western setting and its time period, and conclude that this is a point in― 49 ―

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No. 28history when the law of good is desperately trying to overcome the evil of lawlessness.
As a Western we can see this. As a Spaghetti Western, these elements exist, evolved inrelation to the protagonists. That is, elements of setting remain constant from theWestern, but elements of character change. The Spaghetti Western approaches theworld of the untamed West from the shifty eyes of the outlaw.
   “The Classic Studio System” entry of the online Film Reference, says theseformulae mean that “studios could turn them out quickly, and audiences could
understand them just as quickly. Genre movies allow for an economy of expression
through conventions and iconography” (2012). What then is it that the audience isseeking to associate with in the Spaghetti Western. After all, under the cartoonish
exchanges between characters (verbal and physical), the shoddy camerawork and sets,
and the silly overdubbing, lies despicable characters that most would be apt to avoid
in real life. I contend that what the audience desires is the grotesque flight into an
id-like inner space of the mind. Perhaps at a deeper animalistic level, the Spaghetti
Western allows a certain type of thought-experiment and immoral romp against themyths and histories of the West. In its parodical and even farcical nature, it stabs therighteous, justice-upholding John Waynes of the Western in the back. To enjoy the
Spaghetti Western is to imagine a cultural history without restraints, in a time when,on the one hand, the American myth was forming, and on the other, to momentarily
free oneself of the cultural values that currently prevail, which were at the time of
Manifest Destiny, being threatened continuously.
   The “story of Manifest Destiny and the “winning” of the West” (Myth andHistory, 2012), along with the civilizing of the animalistic wilderness, and theindividual’s “ongoing negotiation . . . between desire and restraint (what Freud called“civilization and its discontents”)” (Myth and History, 2012), creates the matrix forwhich the Western and Spaghetti Western fall in relation to each other and within
the mythological landscape. Whereas the Western would fall further on a scale highin colonization and restraint, the Spaghetti Western would be opposite the Western,higher on fulfilled desire and un-colonized territory.
   It is the notion of conquering that has led to the success of the Western, and thepromulgation that law and order was brought to the West, though it was a long hardbattle. The Western was made to signify, and to create a sort of fictionalized historyof how the west was won and civilized by its settlers. The Spaghetti Western departs― 50 ―

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: A Quick Shot at the Spaghetti Westernfrom this Western mold. The conquering is inconsequential. All acts subvert theattempts at order . . . through parody and farce.
   In the beginning of The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, Blondie captures Tuco andturns him in to the sheriff for the reward money. Tuco receives a “suspended
sentence,” whereby he is sentenced to hang, and as the sheriff begins the motions ofcarrying out the punishment, Blondie shoots the whip from the sheriff’s hands,
shoots the rope that’s tied around Tuco’s head, and then proceeds to shoot the hats
off four of the spectators, all from the second story of a stable. He doesn’t miss ashot, and all this in a matter of seconds, including riding off to a hidden place in thedesert to meet Tuco and split the reward money; $2,000. This type of absurdity,
parodies the “quick shot” gunman of the western, but here is an essential element tothe sub-genre. Eastwood notes, when speaking of the character Blondie, “in somefilms he would be ludicrous. You can’t have a cartoon in the middle of a Renoir”(Hughes, 2006, p. 114). The Spaghetti Western wasn’t made to be a masterpiece workof art, but more so, to propagate the complexities of man through violence andhumor, somewhat akin to the pulp magazines of the early twentieth century.
   These types of absurdities are commonplace in the sub-genre, and can becharacterized as a sort of superhuman type of action. Another example of this is
Tuco’s ability to cross seventy miles of desert and emerge with little more that
extreme thirst. But this scene, juxtaposed with Blondie’s trek through the desert raises
an interesting character trait in the protagonists of the film. Blondie, as we see once
captured by Tuco, is too fair-skinned and doesn’t handle the desert very well. He ison the verge of death till he is inadvertently saved by the runaway stage coach with
the near-dead body of Bill Carson in it. What this demonstrates is that the characters,
while they seem to have these superhuman abilities and intuitions, are also capable ofdeath and seem to constantly be threatened by it. They are by no means
indestructible, and in addition to their greed, it is this fight for survival that defines
their actions and subsequently through their actions, their anti-hero status.
   The notion of the anti-hero, in the genre, comes with the subversion of moral
binaries. The first Westerns contained heroes, who weren’t always on the right side ofthe law, but always on the side of good. They were champions of the AngloAmerican, Judeo-Christian expansion to set the uncivilized world right. However,certain sins and vices that we learn are bad are in fact inherent character traits in― 51 ―

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No. 28many of the Spaghetti Western’s characters. They steal, they kill, they are greedy, andhave little camaraderie or respect for each other. Sergio Leone himself said, “TheGood, The Bad and The Ugly, I demystified the adjectives” (Kaminsky, 2012). But
there is no longer any such thing as true good, bad or ugly. All three of the protagonist
share the same qualities of what is culturally perceived as evil, but the true success ofthe sub-genre is that they also possess redeeming qualities that give an air of humanity.
For example, the compassion they tend to show to others at times, or even the factthat they all save each other in one way or another, even if their actions are sulliedwith greedy intentions. Blondie saves Tuco from being hung by different sheriffs, andTuco saves Blondie from the desert. Angel Eyes even saves Blondie from a beating in
the prison camp, because he understands that brutally beating Blondie would achieveabsolutely nothing for him. All these actions are fueled by greed, but it doesn’tchange the fact that the characters save each other. What results is a grotesque subgenre, and film, that is almost surreal, like a “comic nightmare more in the traditionof Kafka than that of John Ford or Howard Hawks” (Kaminsky, 2012).
   Originally, Western heroes represented a paradox as both “rugged individualists
and . . . agent[s] of a civilization that continually resists his individualism” (Schatz,
2004, p. 700). But what changes in the Spaghetti Western is not the individualism, or
the opposition of society, but the fact that the hero no longer works within his
society. What is meant by this is that since the protagonists no longer works for thegreater good (as represented by society); they are no longer socially redeemable. The
Spaghetti Western hero doesn’t care about any societal rules, and civilization doesn’t
affect his actions morally. Civilization only affects his actions because it threatens hisvery survival. What anti-heroes like Blondie prove is that they can get along fine on
their own, and they offer an outlook that resembles that of an “almost mystic
survivor, a new ironic Christ offering a way to face life” (Kaminsky, 2012). This is trueof most of the protagonists. In a genre that has been largely defined by the fact thatthe wilderness is being subdued by civilization, the Spaghetti Western demonstrates
that there is a place in the desert for man and that civilization can be just as good,bad or ugly as any deep wilderness. These adjectives are indeed blurry in relation toeach other. Then can this movie a fight between Good and Bad? Keep this question inmind. If the adjectives are indeed demystified, then how can the protagonists present
this fundamental struggle of good and bad? The common struggle in the Western?
― 52 ―

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: A Quick Shot at the Spaghetti Western   The civilized settlements and the wilderness provide a fundamental binary in
the Western Genre. It is the lowest common denominator of the myth of the west.
As Jim Kitses states, they are “clear binary oppositions . . . variations of the conflict
between wilderness and civilization” (Myth and History, 2012). What is inherent inthis opposition of civilization and wilderness is that we have a duality in setting that
presents itself simultaneously as before and after man. Both sides of the dualism
threatening each other. For the Western, there needs to be a conversion of thelawlessness to Godliness. The “Myth and History” entry in the online Film Reference
states:  The genre thus offers a series of mythic endorsements of American individualism,
colonialism, and racism, as well as a justification of westward expansion. The
civilization that is advancing into the “wilderness” (itself a mythic term suggestingthat no culture existed there until Anglo-American society) is always bourgeois
white American society. (2012)
In the early scenes of the film, we have evidence of the white American repulsion of
the “wilderness” when they react to Tuco’s charges, as he awaits the death penalty,
twice. Among his various charges are murder, bigamy, using marked cards, assaulting
a justice of the peace, raping a virgin of the white race, and statutory rape of a minorof the black race; to give a short list. In an early Western, the character, Tuco would
no doubt be the villain, so how is it that in a Spaghetti Western he is a(n) (anti)-hero,and likeable? Simply put, the subversion of binaries between civilization andwilderness allows it.
   Let us take a look at the binaries of the film title, and apply them to the
sub-genre itself. We have good/bad and beautiful/ugly. Beautiful is implied
automatically as an opposite of ugly, and is an important element to the film. In asense, the characters are driven by a measure of beauty, and what more, they all agree
on this aspect of beautiful grandiosity. Let’s get back to those questions regarding
good and bad so that we may understand what is beautiful here.
   First, we may agree that Blondie, Tuco and Angel Eyes are all ‘bad’ because they
are undoubtedly criminals, who continually break the law for their own gain. Yet
they never kill needlessly, and even Angel Eyes who is a paid assassin, honors the man
he has just killed (the man has also paid a thousand dollars to Angel Eyes), by killingthe man who hired Angel Eyes to kill the first man. “But you know the pity is, when
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No. 28

I’m paid, I always follow my job through” (Lee Van Cleef ); he confesses to his second
victim, establishing a strong sense of duty and honor in his character. In this sense,
they are all (the protagonists) good as well, seeing as how they adhere to a strict code
within their lawlessness. However, honor, here, is a tricky word. They all honor theircodes in some way or another. But whereas Blondie and Tuco honor agreements
through bartering (mostly with false unspoken promises), Angel Eyes is the only to
exchange his services utilizing a monetary system. More on this to come. Second wemay say that they are ugly people, not so much in a superficial way (though they are
undeniably dirtier than the clean-cut John Wayne of the earlier Westerns), but
through their actions, as Tuco steals a gun from an elderly gun salesman, and Angel
Eyes robs and beats Confederate prisoners in a POW camp, and of course, Blondie,
who kills Angel Eyes, who is one of his own, like a brother in a sense. So how canthey be beautiful? They are because despite everything else, they helped each other tothe gold. Granted each manipulated the other in a way that was much like carefully
placed chess pieces on a board (some more wittingly than others), but they
nonetheless arrive at the gold around the same time, which they would never havebeen able to do on their own. It is the greedy efforts of all three that allow for thegold to even be found. The gold is the object of beauty and passion and desire. It is
the driving force between all three of the protagonist. It is the reason that they areeven able to live together, ironically despite the violence. They stand there, at theend, in a three-man duel in the name of those beautiful gold coins, ready to die forthe most beautiful thing they will most likely ever come across. The duel is poetic
because despite their “evilness,” their greed is pure. They are in this opposite universe,
acting for the only thing they know how to regard with a true sense of beauty.
   The final irony is that in the last duel we have this trinity of good, bad and ugly
at a face off. Blondie has unbeknownst to Tuco, unloaded his gun, and thus shoots
Angel Eyes (The Bad) there in the cemetery. Angel Eyes is the only one that lives
according to any rule or code outside of spoken agreements. And it is a monetarycode. Of this trinity, the Bad is the only one reminiscent of a civilized society that
honors the exchange of money for goods and services. The only one that fulfills his
obligations when he is paid, and really the only one we can come close to believingthat he will not double-cross Blondie when he takes him on as his partner in finding
the gold. And for all this, in this faraway territory, he is the final remnant of a world― 54 ―

The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: A Quick Shot at the Spaghetti Westernthat existed, or rather still exists east of the Mississippi, but not in this place. He is
unlike Blondie and Tuco, representing what they have rejected. “The Bad” must be
killed off. Yes, like in the Western, Good triumphs over Bad in The Good, The Bad
and The Ugly. However, that is because there is no place for The Bad (Angel Eyes/
civilized values) in this new wilderness. In a John Wayne film, perhaps all three,
Blondie, Tuco and Angel Eyes might have been outlaw members of the same posse.
However, Angel Eyes would have been the only redemptive character in that scenario.
Despite Blondie’s warmhearted acts, he does not possess the societal abilities tofunction and contribute to the economy as does Angel Eyes, (his name evenreminiscent of the Christian past that these characters come from). He then is the
only one that must die and therefore in this Spaghetti Western world of opposites,
The Bad loses out to The Good (as we would always expect), except that The Good
represents everything that undermines our sense of humanity. And of course thegreat trick of the film and the genre in general, is that we who hold these values asdear and necessary, root for their usurpation. We are forced, in this “thoughtexperiment,” to examine, if even in jest, what we believe(d).
   The evolution of the Western film genre into the Spaghetti Western has had aseemingly drastic course. Stemming from the American myths and histories of thenineteenth century, the Western has perpetuated these elements of Wild West
Americana into a genre which “we collectively believe it to be” (Elements of Genre,2012); our identities. But the Spaghetti Western shows us that what we believed isn’t
exactly objective. The sub-genre emerges by parodying and subverting the mothergenre, the Western, and calling into question all the Judeo-Christian binaries of goodand bad, beautiful and ugly. We can no longer take these binaries on a true or false
basis, but we are forced to regard our protagonists as incorporating all the truths andfalsities that we, the audience, were led to believe in, in the original Westerns. When
we see Tuco slice the three Indian targets’ heads off with one bullet for each, we arereminded of the absurdities of The Good, The Bad and The Ugly. Throughout the film,
is the “feeling of unreality . . . of bizarre coincidence and horror” (Kaminsky, 2012).
It’s a mixture of comedy and immorality, and consequently, purposefulness indestroying the civilization/wilderness binary and all the loaded truths and falsities
that come with these “opposites”.
   Consider, Blondie hangs Tuco, but shoots him down, so that he has the― 55 ―

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No. 28opportunity to enjoy his gold at the end of the movie. However, Blondie has ridden
away on Tuco’s horse, and has left Tuco, rich but stranded, at the mercy of his own
wits. Blondie doesn’t care about Tuco, but has given him the benefit of the doubt sothat he may survive. This doubt is I argue, the inkling that maybe Tuco is a friend.
But in a world like this, who can you trust? No body would ever make the first stepin confirming such an emotionally bonding possibility. That could mean the
difference between life and death. Just an example of the Spaghetti Western’s
futileness of compassion and its proximity to death. We are reminded of when
Blondie left Tuco out into the desert, seventy miles from town. Blondie responded toTuco’s discontent and anger with, “such ingratitude, after all the times I’ve saved yourlife” (Clint Eastwood). In the final scene, Tuco runs out across the cemetery with thenoose dangling from his neck, after being shot down from the tree by Blondie. His(The Ugly’s) hands still tied behind his back, but now rich with gold, yells out toBlondie (The Good), “Hey Blondie . . . You know what you are . . . Just a dirty sonof a . . .” (Eli Wallach); the last word drowned out by the score. We are left with theunethical pointing fingers at the unethical.

Works Cited(2012) “The Classic Studio System.” Film Reference. Retrieved September 30, 2012, fromhttp://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Criticism-Ideology/Genre-THE-CLASSICSTUDIO-SYSTEM.html(2012) “Elements of Genre.” Film Reference. Retrieved September 30, 2012, fromhttp://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/CriticismIdeology/GenreELEMENTS-OFGENRE.html(2012) “Genre.” Film Reference. Retrieved September 30, 2012, fromhttp://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/CriticismIdeology/Genre.html
Leone, S. (Director). (2004) The good, the bad and the ugly (Extended English version). [Motion
Picture]. United States: MGM.
Hughes, H. (2006). Once upon a time in the Italian west. London: I.B. Tauris.
Huizinga, J. (1955) Homo ludens. Boston: Beacon Press Books.
Kaminsky, S. M. (2012) “Il Brutto Il Buono Il Cattivo.” Film Reference. Retrieved September 30,
2012, from http://www.filmreference.com/Films-Bo-Ca/Il-Buono-Il-Brutto-Il-Cattivo.html(2012) “Myth and History.” Film Reference. Retrieved September 20, 2012
http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/CriticismIdeology/GenreMYTH-AND-― 56 ―

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HISTORY.html
Schatz, T. (2004) Film Genre and the Genre Film. In L. Braudy & M. Cohen (Eds.), Film Theory
and Criticism, 6th ed. (pp. 691–702). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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