FRBR
object-oriented definition andmapping to FRBRER(version 1.0)

International Working Group on FRBR and CIDOC CRM Harmonisation
supported by Delos NoE

Editors:
Chryssoula Bekiari
Martin DoerrPatrick Le BœufContributors:
Trond Aalberg, Jérôme Barthélémy, Guillaume Boutard, Günther Görz,
Dolores Iorizzo, Max Jacob, Carlos Lamsfus, Mika Nyman, JoãoOliveira, Christian Emil Ore, Allen H. Renear, Pat Riva, Richard
Smiraglia, Stephen Stead, Maja Žumer

May 2009

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Index
INDEX ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
FOREWORD........................................................................................................................................... 8
1

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 9

1.1
Purposes ................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.1.1
A common view of cultural heritage information.............................................................................. 10
1.1.2
A verification of FRBR’s internal consistency.................................................................................. 10
1.1.3
An enablement of information interoperability and integration ........................................................ 10
1.1.4
An opportunity for mutual enrichment for FRBR and CIDOC CRM ............................................... 10
1.1.5
An extension of the scope of FRBR and the CIDOC CRM............................................................... 11
1.1.6
Sources .............................................................................................................................................. 11
1.1.7
Understanding the attributes and relationships .................................................................................. 11
1.1.8
Transforming attributes into properties ............................................................................................. 11
1.1.9
By-product 1: Re-contextualising bibliographic entities ................................................................... 12
1.1.10
By-product 2: Adding a bibliographic flavour to CIDOC CRM................................................... 12
1.2
Differences between FRBRER and FRBROO ....................................................................................... 12
1.2.1
Introduction of temporal entities, events and time processes ............................................................ 12
1.2.2
Refinement of group 1 entities .......................................................................................................... 13
1.2.3
Analysis of creation and production processes.................................................................................. 152

DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL.................................................................................................17

2.1

Graphic Overview of the Object-Oriented Definition of FRBR....................................................... 17

2.2

Naming conventions ............................................................................................................................. 23

2.3

Property Quantifiers ............................................................................................................................ 24

2.4

Presentation conventions ..................................................................................................................... 25

2.5Class & Property Hierarchies ............................................................................................................. 25
2.5.1
FRBROO Class Hierarchy................................................................................................................... 27
2.5.2
FRBROO Class Hierarchy aligned with (part of) CIDOC CRM Class Hierarchy .............................. 28
2.5.3
FRBROO Property Hierarchy.............................................................................................................. 31
2.5.4
FRBROO Property Hierarchy aligned with (part of) CIDOC CRM Property Hierarchy .................... 33
2.6

FRBROO Class Declaration .................................................................................................................. 35
F1 Work............................................................................................................................................. 36
F2 Expression .................................................................................................................................... 36
F3 Manifestation Product Type ......................................................................................................... 37
F4 Manifestation Singleton ............................................................................................................... 38
F5 Item .............................................................................................................................................. 39
F6 Concept ........................................................................................................................................ 39
F7 Object ........................................................................................................................................... 39
F8 Event ............................................................................................................................................ 40
F9 Place ............................................................................................................................................. 40
F10 Person......................................................................................................................................... 41
F11 Corporate Body .......................................................................................................................... 41
F12 Name .......................................................................................................................................... 42
F13 Identifier ..................................................................................................................................... 42
F14 Individual Work ......................................................................................................................... 43
F15 Complex Work ........................................................................................................................... 43

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F16 Container Work .......................................................................................................................... 44
F17 Aggregation Work...................................................................................................................... 44
F18 Serial Work ................................................................................................................................ 45
F19 Publication Work........................................................................................................................ 45
F20 Performance Work ..................................................................................................................... 46
F21 Recording Work ......................................................................................................................... 46
F22 Self-Contained Expression ......................................................................................................... 47
F23 Expression Fragment.................................................................................................................. 47
F24 Publication Expression ............................................................................................................... 48
F25 Performance Plan ....................................................................................................................... 49
F26 Recording ................................................................................................................................... 49
F27 Work Conception ....................................................................................................................... 50
F28 Expression Creation ................................................................................................................... 50
F29 Recording Event ......................................................................................................................... 50
F30 Publication Event ....................................................................................................................... 51
F31 Performance ............................................................................................................................... 51
F32 Carrier Production Event............................................................................................................ 52
F33 Reproduction Event.................................................................................................................... 52
2.7

FRBR Property Declaration................................................................................................................ 54
R1 is logical successor of (has successor) ......................................................................................... 55
R2 is derivative of (has derivative).................................................................................................... 55
R3 is realised in (realises).................................................................................................................. 55
R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of) ................................................................................ 56
R5 has component (is component of) ................................................................................................ 56
R6 carries (is carried by) ................................................................................................................... 57
R7 is example of (has example)......................................................................................................... 57
R8 consists of (forms part of) ............................................................................................................ 57
R9 is realised in (realises).................................................................................................................. 58
R10 has member (is member of) ....................................................................................................... 58
R11 has issuing rule (is issuing rule of)............................................................................................. 58
R12 is realised in (realises)................................................................................................................ 59
R13 is realised in (realises)................................................................................................................ 59
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in) ................................................................................................ 60
R15 has fragment (is fragment of)..................................................................................................... 60
R16 initiated (was initiated by).......................................................................................................... 61
R17 created (was created by)............................................................................................................. 61
R18 created (was created by)............................................................................................................. 61
R19 created a realisation of (was realised through)........................................................................... 62
R20 recorded (was recorded through) ............................................................................................... 62
R21 created (was created through) .................................................................................................... 63
R22 created a realisation of (was realised through)........................................................................... 63
R23 created a realisation of (was realised through)........................................................................... 63
R24 created (was created through) .................................................................................................... 63
R25 performed (was performed in) ................................................................................................... 64
R26 produced things of type (was produced by) ............................................................................... 64
R27 used as source material (was used by) ....................................................................................... 65
R28 produced (was produced by) ...................................................................................................... 65
R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)................................................................................................ 65
R30 produced (was produced by) ...................................................................................................... 66
R31 is reproduction of (has reproduction)......................................................................................... 66
CLP2 should have type (should be type of)....................................................................................... 66
CLP43 should have dimension (should be dimension of) ................................................................. 67
CLP45 should consist of (should be incorporated in)........................................................................ 67
CLP46 should be composed of (may form part of) ........................................................................... 67
CLP57 should have number of parts ................................................................................................. 68
CLP104 subject to (applies to) .......................................................................................................... 68
CLP105 right held by (right on) ........................................................................................................ 69
CLR6 should carry (should be carried by)......................................................................................... 69

3

FRBRER TO FRBROO MAPPINGS ...............................................................................................70

3.1

4
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 70

3.2

Explanation of types used in the mapping.......................................................................................... 70

3.3

List of Mappings................................................................................................................................... 71

4

REFERRED CIDOC CRM CLASSES AND PROPERTIES.........................................................85

4.1

List of Referred CIDOC CRM Classes: ............................................................................................. 85

4.2

List of Referred CIDOC CRM Properties:........................................................................................ 87

4.3

Referred CIDOC CRM Classes .......................................................................................................... 89
E1 CRM Entity .................................................................................................................................. 89
E3 Condition State............................................................................................................................. 89
E4 Period ........................................................................................................................................... 90
E5 Event ............................................................................................................................................ 90
E7 Activity ........................................................................................................................................ 91
E11 Modification............................................................................................................................... 92
E12 Production .................................................................................................................................. 92
E18 Physical Thing............................................................................................................................ 93
E21 Person......................................................................................................................................... 94
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing ......................................................................................................... 94
E27 Site ............................................................................................................................................. 94
E28 Conceptual Object...................................................................................................................... 95
E29 Design or Procedure................................................................................................................... 95
E30 Right........................................................................................................................................... 96
E33 Linguistic Object........................................................................................................................ 96
E35 Title ............................................................................................................................................ 96
E37 Mark........................................................................................................................................... 97
E39 Actor .......................................................................................................................................... 97
E41 Appellation................................................................................................................................. 98
E42 Identifier..................................................................................................................................... 98
E44 Place Appellation ....................................................................................................................... 99
E47 Spatial Coordinates .................................................................................................................... 99
E49 Time Appellation ....................................................................................................................... 99
E50 Date .......................................................................................................................................... 100
E52 Time-Span................................................................................................................................ 100
E53 Place......................................................................................................................................... 101
E54 Dimension ................................................................................................................................ 101
E55 Type ......................................................................................................................................... 102
E56 Language.................................................................................................................................. 102
E57 Material .................................................................................................................................... 103
E60 Number..................................................................................................................................... 103
E61 Time Primitive ......................................................................................................................... 104
E62 String........................................................................................................................................ 104
E65 Creation.................................................................................................................................... 104
E66 Formation ................................................................................................................................. 104
E67 Birth ......................................................................................................................................... 105
E69 Death ........................................................................................................................................ 105
E70 Thing ........................................................................................................................................ 105
E72 Legal Object............................................................................................................................. 106
E73 Information Object ................................................................................................................... 106
E74 Group ....................................................................................................................................... 107
E82 Actor Appellation..................................................................................................................... 107
E84 Information Carrier .................................................................................................................. 108
E89 Propositional Object................................................................................................................. 108
E90 Symbolic Object....................................................................................................................... 109

4.4

Referred CIDOC CRM Properties ................................................................................................... 110

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P1 is identified by (identifies).......................................................................................................... 110
P2 has type (is type of) .................................................................................................................... 110
P3 has note....................................................................................................................................... 111
P4 has time-span (is time-span of)................................................................................................... 111
P7 took place at (witnessed) ............................................................................................................ 111
P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at)............................................................................. 112
P14 carried out by (performed)........................................................................................................ 112
P15 was influenced by (influenced) ................................................................................................ 113
P16 used specific object (was used for)........................................................................................... 113
P31 has modified (was modified by) ............................................................................................... 113
P33 used specific technique (was used by)...................................................................................... 114
P43 has dimension (is dimension of)............................................................................................... 114
P44 has condition (condition of)...................................................................................................... 114
P45 consists of (is incorporated in) ................................................................................................. 115
P46 is composed of (forms part of) ................................................................................................. 115
P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) .................................................. 115
P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) .................................................................................. 116
P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) ................................................... 116
P57 has number of parts .................................................................................................................. 116
P59 has section (is located on or within) ......................................................................................... 117
P65 shows visual item (is shown by)............................................................................................... 117
P72 has language (is language of) ................................................................................................... 117
P74 has current or former residence (is current or former residence of) ......................................... 118
P75 possesses (is possessed by)....................................................................................................... 118
P78 is identified by (identifies)........................................................................................................ 118
P82 at some time within .................................................................................................................. 118
P87 is identified by (identifies)........................................................................................................ 119
P94 has created (was created by)..................................................................................................... 119
P95 has formed (was formed by)..................................................................................................... 119
P98 brought into life (was born)...................................................................................................... 120
P100 was death of (died in) ............................................................................................................. 120
P102 has title (is title of).................................................................................................................. 120
P103 was intended for (was intention of) ........................................................................................ 120
P104 is subject to (applies to).......................................................................................................... 121
P105 right held by (has right on) ..................................................................................................... 121
P106 is composed of (forms part of) ............................................................................................... 121
P108 produced (was produced by) .................................................................................................. 122
P125 used object of type (was type of object used in)..................................................................... 122
P128 carries (is carried by).............................................................................................................. 122
P129 is about (is subject of) ............................................................................................................ 122
P130 shows features of (features are also found on) ....................................................................... 123
P131 is identified by (identifies)...................................................................................................... 123
P138 represents (has representation) ............................................................................................... 123
P148 has component (is component of)........................................................................................... 124
5

APPENDIX: MODELLING OF IDENTIFIER CREATION ..........................................................125

5.1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 125

5.2

Description of the model .................................................................................................................... 125

5.3
Analysis of Procedures of the Cataloguing Process......................................................................... 125
5.3.1
Class Hierarchy of the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model aligned with CIDOC CRM................. 128
5.3.2
FRBRoo Identifier Creation Model Class declaration..................................................................... 130
F1 Work........................................................................................................................................... 130
F2 Expression .................................................................................................................................. 130
F4 Manifestation Singleton ............................................................................................................. 130
F40 Identifier Assignment ............................................................................................................... 130
F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment ............................................................................... 131
F42 Representative Expression Assignment.................................................................................... 131
F43 Identifier Rule .......................................................................................................................... 132

5.3.3
5.3.4

6
F44 Bibliographic Agency............................................................................................................... 132
Property Hierarchy of FRBROO Identifier Creation Model ............................................................. 133
FRBRoo Identifier Creation Model Property declaration................................................................ 135
R40 has representative expression (is representative expression for).............................................. 135
R41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation product type for)......................................................................................................................................................... 135
R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation singleton) ..... 136
R43 carried out by (performed) ....................................................................................................... 137
R44 carried out by (performed) ....................................................................................................... 137
R45 assigned to (was assigned by) .................................................................................................. 138
R46 assigned (was assigned by) ...................................................................................................... 138
R47 used constituent (was used in) ................................................................................................. 139
R48 assigned to (was assigned by) .................................................................................................. 139
R49 assigned (was assigned by) ...................................................................................................... 139
R50 assigned to (was assigned by) .................................................................................................. 140
R51 assigned (was assigned by) ...................................................................................................... 140
R52 used rule (was the rule used in)................................................................................................ 140
R53 assigned (was assigned by) ...................................................................................................... 141

5.4
Referred CIDOC CRM Classes and Properties: ............................................................................. 142
5.4.1
Referred CIDOC CRM Classes ....................................................................................................... 142
E13 Attribute Assignment ............................................................................................................... 142
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing ....................................................................................................... 142
E28 Conceptual Object.................................................................................................................... 142
E29 Design or Procedure................................................................................................................. 142
E73 Information Object ................................................................................................................... 143
5.4.2
Referred CIDOC CRM Properties................................................................................................... 144
P14 carried out by (performed)........................................................................................................ 144
P16 used specific object (was used for)........................................................................................... 144
P33 used specific technique (was used by)...................................................................................... 144
P37 assigned (was assigned by)....................................................................................................... 144
P128 carries (is carried by) (see section 4.4) ................................................................................... 144
P130 shows features of (features are also found on) ....................................................................... 144
P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by)................................................................................. 144
P141 assigned (was assigned by)..................................................................................................... 145
BIBLIOGRAPHY:.......................................................................................................................146

Index of Figures
FIGURE 1...............................................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 2...............................................................................................................................................14
FIGURE 3...............................................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 4...............................................................................................................................................16
FIGURE 5...............................................................................................................................................16
FIGURE 6...............................................................................................................................................17
FIGURE 7...............................................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 8...............................................................................................................................................20

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Foreword
This document contains a comprehensive description of the object-oriented definition of FRBR, a model in theform of a formal ontology interpreting FRBR for specific purposes, as analysed below. The document
comprises the following sections:•
Section 1, The Introduction, describes the rationale, history and methodology of the development of thismodel.
•
Section 2, The Description of the Model, explains the model in context from a functional perspectivewith the help of a comprehensive graphical representation of all constructs, describes the format conventions
for the formal specifications and lists the complete class and property definitions that make up the model.
Whereas the first serves an overall understanding, the second is the reference for the individual declarations.
Here a first reading may stop.
•
Section 3 describes the mapping of the entity-relationship model of FRBR to the object-oriented one.
This section defines the transition from one form to the other, and serves as information for further
understanding of the intended meaning of the object-oriented definition. It is also a proof that the objectoriented form is an alternative view of FRBR, and a proof of completeness of the object-oriented form withrespect to the original.
•
Since the object-oriented model reuses, wherever appropriate, large parts of ISO21127, the CIDOC
Conceptual Reference Model, section 4 provides a comprehensive list of all constructs used from ISO21127,
together with their definitions following the version 5.0.1 maintained by CIDOC. Some of these constructs
appear only in the mapping in section 3 and not in section 2, because they are generic in nature.
•
Section 5 contains an extension of the object-oriented model that gives an account of the identifier
creation processes in cataloguing practice. It goes beyond FRBR, but the authors found it particularly usefulto reflect cataloguing practice and the bibliographic notion of identity in context with the FRBR concepts. A
generic part of it is going to be proposed as amendment to ISO21127.

9

1 Introduction
This document is the draft definition of FRBR1 (object-oriented version, harmonised with CIDOC
CRM), hereafter referred to as FRBROO, a formal ontology intended to capture and represent the underlying
semantics of bibliographic information and to facilitate the integration, mediation, and interchange ofbibliographic and museum information. Such a common view is necessary to provide interoperable information
systems for those users interested in accessing common or related content. Beyond that, it results in aformalisation which is more suited for the implementation of FRBR concepts with object-oriented tools, andwhich facilitates the testing and adoption of FRBR concepts in implementations with different functional
specifications and different environments. It applies empirical analysis and ontological structure to the entities andprocesses associated with works, to their properties, and to the relationships among them. Thereby it reveals a webof interrelationships, which is also applicable to information objects in non-bibliographic arenas2, and is useful tojustify the need of information elements in different environments.
The FRBR model was originally designed as an entity-relationship model by a study group appointed by
the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) during the period 1991-1997, and was
published in 1998. The original entity-relationship definition of FRBR is referred to hereafter as FRBRER.
Quite independently, the CIDOC CRM3 model was being developed from 1996 under the auspices of theICOM-CIDOC (International Council for Museums – International Committee on Documentation) Documentation
Standards Working Group. The definition of the CIDOC CRM model has now become ISO standard 21127.
The idea that both the library and museum communities might benefit from harmonising the two models
was first expressed in 2000, on the occasion of ELAG’s (European Library Automation Group) 24th Library
Systems Seminar in Paris, with Nicholas Crofts and Dan Matei drafting on the spot a preliminary object-oriented
representation of the FRBR model entities roughly mapped to CIDOC CRM classes. This idea grew up in thefollowing years and eventually led to the formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC
CRM Harmonisation, that brings together representatives from both communities with the common goals of: a)Expressing the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, tools, mechanisms, and notation conventions provided by
the CIDOC CRM, and: b) Aligning (possibly even merging) the two object-oriented models thus obtained.
The International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation, chaired by Martin Doerr (ICSFORTH, Greece) and Patrick Le Bœuf (BnF, France), is affiliated at the same time to the IFLA FRBR Review
Group and the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (CRM-SIG). The present definition of FRBROO wasdeveloped through email exchange among members of the Working Group, and more importantly during thefollowing series of meetings:–
Meeting #1: 2003, Nov. 12-14, Paris;–
Meeting #2: 2004, March 22-25, Heraklion, Greece;–
Meeting #3: 2005, February 14-16, London;–
Meeting #4: 2005, July 4-6, Heraklion, Greece;–
Meeting #5: 2005, November 16-18, Nuremberg, Germany;–
Meeting #6: 2006, March 27-29, London;–
Meeting #7: 2006, June 26-29, Trondheim, Norway;–
Meeting #8: 2006, October 25-27, Heraklion, Greece;–
Meeting #9: 2007, March 14-16, Paris;–
Meeting #10: 2007, July 9-10, Edinburgh, Scotland;–
Meeting #11: 2007, December 4-7, Nuremberg, Germany;–
Meeting #12: 2008, May 12-15, Heraklion, Greece;–
Meeting #13: 2008, November 5-7, London;–
Meeting #14: 2009, May 20-22, London.
More
informationontheactivities
of
the
Group
can
be
found
on
http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/FRBR-CRMdialogue_wg.htm and on http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/frbr_inro.html.
1“FRBR” stands for: “Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records,” after the name of the IFLA Study
Group that developed the model. However, current use and understanding of the FRBR model go well beyond
that, and the term “FRBR” has now turned to a noun in its own right, used without particular intention to refer to“functionalities,” nor to “requirements,” but rather to the semantics of bibliographic records. The Final Report on
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records published in 1998 contained both a study on functional
requirements for bibliographic records, and a description of the model known today as “FRBR.”
2
Coleman, Anita S. 2002. Scientific models as works. Cataloging & classification quarterly 33n3/4: 129-59.
3“CIDOC CRM” stands for “Comité international de documentation [= International Committee on
Documentation] Conceptual Reference Model,” which, when isolated from any context, is not particularly
meaningful (CIDOC is affiliated to ICOM, the International Council of Museums). Just like FRBR, the acronym,
rather meaningless by itself, has now turned to a noun in its own right.

10
We express our gratitude to the European funded Project DELOS NoE for providing financial help forseveral of these meetings.

1.1 Purposes
This model attempts to represent FRBR by modelling in a sufficiently consistent way the conceptualisationof the reality behind library practice, as it is apparent from or implicit in FRBR. It is important to keep in mind
that the aim is not to transform the IFLA FRBR model into something totally different or better, nor of course to
reject it or replace it – but to express the conceptualisation of FRBR with the object-oriented methodology insteadof the entity-relationship methodology, as an alternative. Nor is it the intention to force museums’ concerns andviewpoints into the bibliographic universe, or libraries’ concerns and viewpoints into the museum universe.
Rather, the point is to identify the common ground in the universe both sides share and to ensure mutual benefit
by pursuing the following objectives.

1.1.1 A common view of cultural heritage information
The main goal is to reach a common view of cultural heritage information with respect to modelling,
standards, recommendations, and practices. Libraries and museums are memory institutions – both strive topreserve cultural heritage objects, and information about such objects, and they often share the same users.
Besides, the boundary between them is often blurred: libraries hold a number of museum objects and museums
hold a number of library objects; the cultural heritage objects preserved in both types of institutions were createdin the same cultural context or period, sometimes by the same agents, and they provide evidence of comparable
cultural features. It seems therefore appropriate to build a common conceptualisation of the information gatheredby the two types of organisations about cultural heritage.

1.1.2 A verification of FRBR’s internal consistency
Expressing the FRBR model in a different formalism than the one in which it was originally developed
provides a means to evaluate the model in terms of its internal consistency. It is also a good opportunity to correctsome semantic inconsistencies or inaccuracies in the formulation of FRBR that may be regarded as negligible
when FRBRER is only used in a library catalogue context, but that prove to be quite crucial from the moment one
strives to design an overall model for the integration of cultural heritage related information.

1.1.3 An enablement of information interoperability and integration
Mediation tools and Semantic Web activities require an integrated, shared ontology for the information
accumulated by both libraries and museums for all the collections that they hold, seen as a continuum from highly
standardised products such as books, CDs, DVDs, etc., to raw materials such as plants or stones4, through “inbetween” objects such as draft manuscripts or engraving plates. In addition, such typical “library objects” as books
can be about museum objects, and museum objects can represent events or characters found in books (e.g.,‘Ophelia’s death’) and descriptions of museum objects in museum databases may contain references tobibliographic resources that mention those museum objects: such interrelationships should be either integrated incommon information storage, or at least virtually integrated through mediation devices that allow a query to be
simultaneously launched on distinct information depositories, which requires common semantic tools such as
FRBROO plugged into CIDOC CRM. Besides, CIDOC CRM is explicitly compatible in formalism with the World
Wide Web Consortium’s Resource Description Framework (RDF), which can only be beneficial for FRBR.

1.1.4 An opportunity for mutual enrichment for FRBR and CIDOC CRM
The CIDOC CRM model is influenced by the process of FRBR’s re-formulation as well. Modelling
bibliographic information highlights some issues that may have been overlooked during the development of
CIDOC CRM, and the way such issues were addressed in FRBROO resulted in some cases in making changes in
4

Natural history museums also are witnesses of “cultural features.” A frog in a museum is not a testimony of“what a frog is,” but of what a human culture, at a given point in time and space, thinks a frog is.

11
the CIDOC CRM model. These changes are so significant that an anticipated revision of the ISO standard 21127
was required.

1.1.5 An extension of the scope of FRBR and the CIDOC CRM
The harmonisation between the two models is also an opportunity to extend the scope of the CIDOC CRM
to bibliographic information, which paves the way for extensions to other domains and formats, such as EAD,
TEI, MPEG7, just to name a few. Consequently, it also extends the scope of FRBR to cultural materials, since
FRBR inherits all concepts of the CIDOC CRM, and opens the way for FRBR to benefit from further extensionsof the scope of CIDOC CRM, such as the scientific heritage of observations and experiments.

1.1.6 Sources
The main source for the task of translating FRBR into the object-oriented formalism was, quite naturally,
the IFLA Final Report that contains the complete definition of FRBRER itself:
IFLA Study Group on the functional requirements for bibliographic records.
Functional requirements for bibliographic records: final report [printed text].
Munich, Germany: K. G. Saur, 1998. Also available online from World Wide Web:<http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records>.
Common awareness of the Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model provides the required
conceptual and technical background:
ICOM/CIDOC Documentation Standards Group; & CIDOC CRM Special Interest
Group. Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model: version 4.0, April
2004 [electronic resource]. [Heraklion, Greece]: [ICS-FORTH], 2004. Available
or:onlineat:<http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.0.doc>,<http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.0.pdf>.
All drafts of the FRAD model (“Functional Requirements for Authority Data”) that the IFLA FRANARGroup made publicly available on IFLANET were also used to establish the present document. However, a formal
mapping from FRAD to FRBROO will be undertaken only once the FRAD model has been officially approved andpublished by IFLA.
IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority
Records. [Web page] [electronic resource]. [The Hague, Netherlands]. Available
online from World Wide Web: <http://archive.ifla.org/VII/d4/wg-franar.htm>.
When the FRSAR model (“Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records”) has been developed,
it will also be incorporated in FRBROO.
IFLA Working Group on Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records.
[Web page] [electronic resource]. [The Hague, Netherlands]. Available online fromWorld Wide Web: <http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s29/wgfrsar.htm>.

1.1.7 Understanding the attributes and relationships
The methodology consisted in a thorough examination of all attributes and relationships declared in
FRBRER. During its meetings, the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation strove to
extract their semantics as accurately as possible, to express them as “properties” in the sense of CIDOC CRM, andto compare them with possibly existing CIDOC CRM properties. Entities, or classes in the terminology adopted
by the CIDOC CRM, play a nearly secondary role as the maximal sets of things for which a property is applicable.

1.1.8 Transforming attributes into properties
The CIDOC CRM model declares no “attributes” at all (except implicitly in its “scope notes” for classes),
but regards any information element as a “property” (or “relationship”) between two classes. The semantics
extracted from FRBRER attributes are therefore rendered in FRBROO as properties, according to the same
principles as the CIDOC CRM model.

12

1.1.9 By-product 1: Re-contextualising bibliographic entities
The process of interpreting the precise semantic value of each individual attribute declared in FRBRER and
expressing that semantic value in CRM-like structures resulted also in two by-products.
The first by-product was that it proved necessary to explain and model the general context within which thebibliographic entities isolated in FRBRER come into being. FRBRER envisions bibliographic entities as static, everexisting things that come from nowhere, and overlooks the complicated path from the initial idea for a new workin a creator’s mind to the physical item in a user’s hands through the dramatically important decision-making on
behalf of publishers, as this complicated path is not explicitly reflected in data actually stored in bibliographic
databases and library catalogues, which constituted the domain of reference of the FRBR Study Group. As amatter of fact, bibliographic records do contain some implicit information about that complicated path and therelationships it implies between and among bibliographic objects; FRBROO digs that implicit information out ofbibliographic structures, e.g. the precise meaning of “date of publication”.

1.1.10 By-product 2: Adding a bibliographic flavour to CIDOC CRM
The second by-product was that the analysis provided for bibliographic processes in FRBROO paved theway to the introduction of refinements into CIDOC CRM, so that the museum community’s model could give a
better account for mass production phenomena (such as the printing of engravings, for instance), or the relation
between creating immaterial content and physical carrier. Further, it introduces a basic model of intellectual
conception and derivation applicable to all art forms, which the museum community has been hesitating so far toformally analyse.

1.2 Differences between FRBRER and FRBROO
1.2.1 Introduction of temporal entities, events and time processes
Temporal entities (i.e., phenomena, “perdurants” in philosophy) play a central role in the CIDOC CRM
model, as they are the only means to relate objects (either conceptual or physical) to time-spans, locations, andagents. Since FRBROO borrows structures from the CIDOC CRM to express the concepts declared in FRBRER,‘temporal entities’ had inevitably to be introduced into FRBROO. Besides, some FRBR commentators had alreadymade the point that time issues are insufficiently addressed in FRBRER5; the task of harmonising FRBR with the
CIDOC CRM was an opportunity to fix that. Temporal entities were introduced into FRBROO by declaring someof the classes of FRBROO as subclasses of the following classes from CIDOC CRM: E65 Creation, E12
Production, and E13 Attribute Assignment.
Figure 1 show how the classes F27 Work Conception and F28 Expression Creation serve to link an E39
Actor, a E52 Time and a E53 Place to the F1 Work, F2 Expression and F4 Manifestation Singleton that are createdby those processes. In the lower part of the figure the work elaboration process is shown along a time axis. First,
the activity F27 Work Conception produces an idea, then the F28 Expression Creation activity produces
simultaneously an F2 Expression and its first manifestation (in the form of a F4 Manifestation Singleton), which
together realise a work (F1).

5HEANEY, Michael. Time is of the essence: some thoughts occasioned by the papers contributed to theInternational Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR [on line]. Oxford: Bodleian Library,
1997[cited19
January2008].
Available
from
World
Wide
Web:
<http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/users/mh/time978a.htm>.
LAGOZE, Carl. Business unusual: how “event-awareness” may breathe life into the catalog?. In: Conference on
bibliographic control in the new millennium [on line]. Washington: Library of Congress, October 19, 2000 [cited
19 January 2008]. Available from Internet: <http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/bibcontrol/lagoze_paper.html>.
FITCH, Kent. ALEG Data Model. Inventory [on line]. [Brisbane]: AustLit Gateway, revised 27 July 2000 [cited
26 March 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.austlit.edu.au:7777/DataModel/inventory.html>.
DOERR, Martin; HUNTER, Jane; LAGOZE, Carl. Towards a core ontology for information integration. In:
Journal of Digital Information [on line]. 2003-04-09, Vol. 4, No. 1 [cited 19 January 2008]. Available from World
Wide Web: <http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/view/92/91>.

13Work and Time
F1 Work

R16 initi
ated(was initi
ated by)byo ut

E39 Actor

iedcarr
P14 ormed)
f
r
e
(p
P14 c
a
(perf rried out
o rm ebyd)

F27 Work Conception

P4 has time-span(is time-span of)
P7…
P4

F28 Expression Creation

R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)E52 Time-Span…

P7 took place at(witnessed)

E53 Place

R17(was created
crea
ted b
y)

R18 created(was created by)

F4 Manifestation Singleton

F2 Expression

Work elaboration
Work conception

Expression creation
time
produces a work

produces an idea

Produces (simultaneously) an
Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton

Figure 1

1.2.2 Refinement of group 1 entities
The text of FRBRER in some cases admits of multiple interpretations which introduce some logicalinconsistencies, in particular with regard to its “Group 1 entities,” those entities that account for the content of acatalogue record.
The Work entity such as defined in FRBRER seemed to cover various realities with distinct properties.
While the main interpretation intended by the originators of FRBRER seems to have been that of a set of concepts
regarded as commonly shared by a number of individual sets of signs (or “Expressions”), other interpretations
were possible as well: that of the set of concepts expressed in one particular set of signs, independently of thematerialisation of that set of signs; and that of the overall abstract content of a given publication. FRBROO retains
the vague notion of “Work” as a superclass for the various possible ways of interpreting the FRBRER definitions:
F14 Individual Work corresponds to the concepts associated to one complete set of signs (i.e., one individual
instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression); F19 Publication Work comprises publishers’ intellectual contribution
to a given publication; and F15 Complex Work is closer to what seems to have been the main interpretation
intended in FRBRER. Additionally, a further subclass is declared for F1 Work: F16 Container Work, which
provides a framework for conceptualising works that consist in gathering sets of signs or fragments of sets ofsigns, of various origins (“aggregates”). Just like any product of the human mind, a Work necessarily begins toexist in the material world at a given point in time (even if it is a recollection of a Platonic form); this is the reason
why FRBROO introduces the notion of F27 Work Conception. It makes the meaning of the FRBRER attribute ‘4.2.3
date of Work’ explicit. This class is not intended to convey any other meaning than the following: any instance ofF1 Work begins to exist at a given point in time. That point in time is not necessarily documented in databases;
indeed, it is very rarely precisely known, and creators themselves are often unable to say exactly when they first
had the initial idea for a novel, a painting, a symphony, etc. However, one can always point to some temporalboundaries. F27 Work Conception is indispensable for the internal logical consistency of the model.
The Expression entity is relatively clear in FRBRER, at least from a purely conceptual point of view.
However, the need was felt for a distinction between expressions that convey the complete idea of the work theyrealise, and expressions that convey only a fragment of it: that is, between instances of F22 Self-Contained
Expression and instances of F23 Expression Fragment.
The Manifestation entity was defined in FRBRER in such a way that its definition could be interpreted ascovering something physical and conceptual at the same time: it was defined in turn as the “physical embodiment”
of an expression of a work and as an entity that represents all the physical objects that bear the same

14
characteristics. Discussion with members of the original FRBR Study Group showed that the Manifestation entity
was actually meant as an entity all instances of which are sets; and sets, in the mathematical sense of the term, canhave more than one member, or just one member (in which case they are called singletons). For the sake ofclarification, the Working Group felt the need to split the Manifestation entity into two distinct classes,
corresponding to the two possible ways of interpreting the ambiguous definition provided for Manifestation in
FRBRER, namely F3 Manifestation Product Type and F4 Manifestation Singleton. Whereas F3 Manifestation
Product Type is declared as a subclass of the CIDOC CRM class E55 Type, and therefore as a subclass, too, of the
CIDOC CRM class E28 Conceptual Object (a merely abstract notion), F4 Manifestation Singleton is declared as a
subclass of the CIDOC CRM class E24 Physical Man-Made Thing, and therefore as a subclass, too, of the CIDOC
CRM class E18 Physical Thing.
The Item entity did not pose any particular problem in FRBRER; but splitting Manifestation into F3
Manifestation Product Type and F4 Manifestation Singleton obliged the Working Group to rethink the articulation
between F4 Manifestation Singleton and F5 Item.
All in all, here is a picture of how original FRBRER entities relate to the classes declared in FRBROO:
6

Publisher’s Context

Author’s Context

Publication WorkWork

Self-Contained
Expression= FRBR Work= FRBR Expression

Publication
Expression

Manifestation
Product Type
Manifestation
Singleton= FRBR Manifestation= FRBR Manifestation
Item= FRBR Item

Figure 2
Figure 2 shows how the original FRBRER entities relate to the classes declared in FRBROO, particularly the“split” of the FRBRER Manifestation entity into F3 Manifestation Product Type and F4 Manifestation Singleton. In
addition, the figure also shows how FRBROO makes explicit the publisher’s intellectual contribution, which is notmodelled in FRBRER. Manifestation Product Type embodies a Publication Expression, which in turn comprises
both the author’s Expression and the realisation of a Publication Work.
In figure 3 the FRBROO model of the realisation of a work by an expression is illustrated with a specificexample. The overall work is Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass (an instance of F15 Complex Work), which has asa member the “deathbed edition,” itself an instance of F15 Complex Work. The F14 Individual Work whichcorresponds to the abstract content of the French translation by Leon Bazalgette of that edition is in turn a memberof the F15 Complex Work of the “deathbed edition.” The F28 Expression Creation event which produced thetranslation simultaneously created a realisation of that translation and created the instance of F22 Self-Contained
Expression which is the text of that translation.

6

Tom Delsey and Beth Dulabahn participated in the Working Group’s first meeting in Paris in 2003.

15

Work Realisation example
F15 Complex Work
Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass
R10 has member(is member of)

F15 Complex Work
Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass“deathbed edition”
R10 has member(is member of)

F14 Individual Work
Abstract content of translation Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass“deathbed edition” into French by Leon Bazalgette
R19B was realised through(created a realisation of)

R9 is realised in(realises)

F28 Expression Creation
Translation Walt Whitman’s Leaves of grass“deathbed edition” into French by Leon Bazalgette

F22 Self-Contained Expression
R3 is realized in(realises)

Text of the French translation of Walt Whitman’s
Leaves of grass “deathbed edition” by Leon
Bazalgette

R17 created(was created by)

Figure 3

1.2.3 Analysis of creation and production processes
It proved necessary to analyse creation and production processes, in order to enable a better understandingof interrelations and temporal order.
In particular, the notion of “first externalisation” of a set of signs or expression (and, through theexpression, the first externalisation of the individual work realised in the expression) is fully modelled in FRBROO.
It is regarded at the same time as a subclass of the creation of something conceptual, and the production ofsomething physical, because the creation of an expression inevitably also affects the physical world, as therecording of the expression causes a physical modification of the object on which it is being recorded. The spatiotemporal circumstances under which the expression is created are necessarily the same spatio-temporalcircumstances under which the carrier of the newly created expression is produced. This double phenomenon ofconceptual creation/physical production can be represented by the schema presented in figure 4. F28 Expression
Creation, which is a subclass of E65 Creation, produces, on the conceptual level, an F14 Individual Work throughthe property R19 created a realisation of, and through R17 created, the F22 Self-Contained Expression which
realises that work. Operating simultaneously on the physical level, F28 Expression Creation, a subclass of E12
Production, produces, through R18 created, the F4 Manifestation Singleton which P128 carries the F22 SelfContained Expression.

16
Conceptual level

Physical level
E12 Production
E65 Creation

F28 Expression Creation(or first externalisation)

R19 created arealization of

F14 Individual Work

R17 created(was created by)

R9 is realised in(realises)

F22 Self Contained
Expression

R18 created(was created by)

P128B is carried by

F4 Manifestation
Singleton

Figure 4
Another topic that is modelled in FRBROO is the distinction that has to be made between the process ofphysical publishing and the process of electronic publishing which is illustrated in figure 5. The F5 Items createdthrough physical publishing are the results of an industrial process. As such they are produced by an F32 Carrier
Production Event and carry an F24 Publication Expression, yet are also examples of an F3 Manifestation-Product
Type which CLR6 should carry the F24 Publication Expression. In electronic publishing, in contrast, the F5 Items,
which are copies on local carriers, still carry the F24 Publication Expression and are produced by an F32 Carrier
Production Event without there being any F3 Manifestation-Product Type involved in the process. The instancesof E29 Design or Procedure involved in the two processes differ: for physical publishing it can be characterised as“how to produce” while for electronic publishing as “how to download.”17
Physical Publishing

Physical - Electronic Publishing
F30 Publication Event

P94B was created by
R24 created(wascreated through)makes accessible:“how to produce”
E29 Design or Procedure

P16B was used for

F24 Publication Expression

R27B was usedby (used assource material)

CLR6 should carry(should be carried by)

R26 produced
things of type(was produced by)

F32 Carrier Production Event

F3 Manifestation-Product TypeR7 is example of(has example)
R6 carries (iscarried by)

R28 produced(was produced by)

F5 Item“Result of anindustrial process”

F5 Item“copy on local
carrier”

Electronic Publishing
F30 Publication Event
P94B was created bymakes accessible:“how to download”
E29 Design or Procedure

P16B was used forR24 created(wascreated through)F24 Publication Expression

R27B was usedby (used assource material)
R6 carries (iscarried by)

F32 Carrier Production Event

R28 produced(was produced by)

Figure 5

2 Description of the Model
This section explains the model in context from a functional perspective with the help of a comprehensivegraphical representation of all constructs, describes the format conventions for the formal specifications, and lists
the complete class and property definitions that make up the model. The graphical representation (section 2.1)
serves an overall understanding, while the list of definitions (sections 2.6 and 2.7) is the reference for theindividual declarations.

2.1 Graphic Overview of the Object-Oriented Definition of FRBRIn this section, FRBROO is presented in a sequence which follows the intellectual work from Work throughExpression to Manifestation. In contrast to FRBRER, a dynamic view of the respective processes of Expression
Creation and of the Publication Work is also presented. Finally, the dimension of intellectual contributions madeby incorporating parts of an Expression in another one is demonstrated using the example of the performing arts.
This dimension is only marginally analysed in FRBRER.

18

Work and Expression, static view
E73 Information Object

E28 Conceptual Object

E29 Design orProcedure

R1 is logical successor of(has successor)

R2 is derivative of(has derivative)

R14 incorporates (isincorporated in)

F1 Work

R3 is realised in(realises)

R10 has member(is member of)

R15 has component(is component of)

F22 Self
Contained
Expression

R9 is realised in(realises)

F15 Complex WorkF2 Expression

F14 Individual Work

F16 Container Work

R15 is fragment of(has fragment)

F23 Expression
Fragment

F25 PerformancePlan
F24 Publication
Expression

F17 Aggregation WorkF19 Publication Work
F20 Performance Work

R12 is realised in(realises)

F26 Recording

R13 is realised in(realises)

F21 Recording Work
F18 Serial Work

R11 has issuing rule
(is issuing rule of )Figure 6
Figure 6 shows the relations that exist between “works” and “expressions” and the subclasses of bothconcepts, independently from any dynamic aspects involving the activities of creation and modification. It showsan analysis of the original FRBRER concepts Work and Expression into the more detailed ones that appear only
indirectly in FRBRER via attributes that are specific to these detailed concepts rather than to Work and Expression
in general. The reader may find the actual relation of these concepts to the FRBRER attributes in section 5.3 below.
In detail:
–
–
–
–
–
–

–

The concepts that make up a work are realised as complete sets of signs. This fact is modelled as: F1
Work R3 is realised in (realises) F22 Self-Contained Expression.
A set of signs may not convey the complete concept of a work; it may just be a fragment of a larger setof signs. This fact is modelled as: F23 Expression Fragment R15 is fragment of (has fragment) F2
Expression.
A complete set of signs may be a structural part of a larger set of signs. This fact is modelled as: F2
Expression R15 has component (is component of) F22 Self-Contained Expression.
A work can present itself as a “continuation” of some other work. This fact is modelled as: F1 Work R1
is logical successor of (has successor) F1 Work.
A work can present itself as “derived” from another work, in many possible ways. This fact is modelled
as: F1 Work R2 is derivative of (has derivative) F1 Work R2.1 has type E55 Type [of derivation].
The notion of “work” is actually a vague one, which covers three more specific notions:o The sum of concepts conveyed by just one complete set of signs. This is modelled as: F14
Individual Work is a F1 Work, and F14 Individual Work R9 is realised in (realises) F22
Self-Contained Expression.
o The concept of re-using some already existing material or of using some event (either
natural or involving human activity) in order to produce some new creation. This ismodelled as: F16 Container Work is a F1 Work, F1 Work R3 is realised in (realises) F22
Self-Contained Expression, and (unless a natural event is being used) F22 Self-Contained
Expression R14 incorporates (is incorporated in) F2 Expression.
o The conceptual unity observed across a number of complete sets of signs, which makes it
possible to organise publications into “bibliographic families.” This is modelled as: F15
Complex Work is a F1 Work, and F15 Complex Work R10 has member (is member of) F1
Work.
Additionally, a work can be recognised as being composed of several structural parts. This is also–19modelled as: F15 Complex Work is a F1 Work, and F15 Complex Work R10 has member (is memberof) F1 Work.
Works that re-use some already existing material or use some event, either natural or involving humanactivity (i.e., instances of F16 Container Work), are further subdivided into:o Works that aggregate already existing expressions of other works. This is modelled as: F17
Aggregation Work is a F16 Container Work, F17 Aggregation Work is a F14 Individual
Work, F14 Individual Work R9 is realised in (realises) F22 Self-Contained Expression, andF22 Self-Contained Expression R14 incorporates (is incorporated in) F2 Expression.
o Works that consist in establishing all the features of recordings of sounds and/or images(either natural or involving human activity). This is modelled as: F21 Recording Work is a
F16 Container Work, F21 Recording Work R13 is realised in (realises) F26 Recording, and
F26 Recording is a F22 Self-Contained Expression.
o Works that consist in establishing all the features of a performance. This is modelled as:
F20 Performance Work is a F16 Container Work, F20 Performance Work R12 is realised in(realises) F25 Performance Plan, and F25 Performance Plan is a F22 Self-Contained
Expression.
o Works that consist in establishing all the features of a publication. This is modelled as: F19
Publication Work is a F16 Container Work, F19 Publication Work R3 is realised in(realises) F24 Publication Expression, and F24 Publications Expression is a F22 SelfContained Expression.
o Works that consist in establishing all the features of serials are a specific case of the latter;but serials have particular constraints as to their frequency of issuance, numbering pattern,
etc. This is modelled as: F18 Serial Work is a F19 Publication Work, and F18 Serial Work
R11 has issuing rule (is issuing rule of) E29 Design or Procedure [a CIDOC CRM class].

From Work to Expression, dynamic viewE5 Event

E65 Creation
R20 recorded(was recorded
though)E28 Conceptual Object

R18 created(was created by)

F27 Work Conception

F4 Manifestation
Singleton
F1 Work

R16 initiated(was initiated by)

F14 Individual Work
F28 Expression Creation

R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)F16 Container Work

R17 created(was created by)

F19 Publication Work
F21 Recording Work

F29 Recording Event

R22 realised(was realised through)

F20 Performance WorkF2 Expression

E7 Activity

R21 created(was created by)

F30 Publication Event
R23 created a realisationof (was realised through)F22 Self Contained Expression
F31 Performance

R24 created (was createdthrough)

F25 Performance Plan
F26 Recording
F24 Publication Expression

R25 performed (wasperformed in)

Figure 7
Figure 7 shows the dynamic process through which products of the mind come into being.
–
An instance of F1 Work begins to exist from the very moment an individual has the initial idea thattriggers a creative process in his or her mind. This is modelled as: F27 Work Conception R16 initiated(was initiated by) F1 Work. (Note however that the F27 Work Conception class is not necessarily meant

–

–

–

–

20
to be implemented in any system; it was declared only because it was needed in the model from a logicalpoint of view and because sometimes there exist historical sources documenting such facts. Librarycatalogues and bibliographies typically would not store any information about the circumstances underwhich, for instance, a writer had the initial sparkle for a new novel).
Unless a creator leaves at least one physical sketch for his or her work, the very existence of that
instance of F1 Work goes unnoticed, and there is nothing to be catalogued. At least one instance of F2
Expression that R3B realises the instance of F1 Work has to be created. This is modelled as: F28
Expression Creation R19 created a realisation of (was realised through) F1 Work, and F28 Expression
Creation R17 created (was created by) F2 Expression. Except for oral tradition and recording in humanmemory, this very first instance of the respective F2 Expression would be created simultaneously on aphysical carrier, typically as a unique item or as an electronic file on a specific computer. This ismodelled as: F28 Expression Creation R18 created (was created by) F4 Manifestation Singleton, as
detailed in Figures 8 and 9.
Sound recordings and moving images are particular cases of expressions, in that they involve both
external events (the “things” being recorded, either performances of works or just natural events) anddecisions made by one or more than one individual (sound engineer, movie director…). This is modelled
as: F29 Recording Event R20 recorded (was recorded through) E5 Event, F29 Recording Event R22
realised (was realised through) F21 Recording Work (i.e., the artistic and technical decisions madeabout the recording material to be used, the location of microphones and/or cameras, the use of filters,
lighting, framing, etc.), and F29 Recording Event R21 created (was created by) F26 Recording (i.e., theset of either analogue or digital signs that are inevitably infixed on a carrier at the time they are produced– just like any other kind of expression – but are likely to be conveyed on any other carrier without
losing their identity as a distinct expression).
Publishers make decisions about all the features of a new product, and determine the complete set ofsigns that will be found on it. This is modelled as: F30 Publication Event R23 created a realisation of(was realised through) F19 Publication Work (i.e., a publisher’s concept of a given publication), and
F30 Publication Event R24 created (was created through) F24 Publication Expression (i.e., the set of all
the signs present on a given publication, including book cover, title page, page numbers, copyrightstatement, CD liner notes, text found on a DVD container, etc.).
Performers make decisions about all the features their performance should display (whether it is an
improvisation or it involves some pre-existing work such as a play or a musical composition), and may
express these decisions as explicit instructions. This is modelled as: F31 Performance (i.e., theperforming activity itself) R25 performed (was performed in) F25 Performance Plan (i.e., the set of
instructions for a specific performance, which R14 incorporates the text of a play, the content of amusical score, etc.).

21

From Expression to Publication
E12 Production

R17 created(was created by)
R18 created(was created by)

F28 Expression Creation

F4 Manifestation
Singleton
F2 Expression

E70 ThingR14 incorporates(is incorporated in)R9 carriers provided by(comprises carriers of )F3 Manifestation
Product TypeR7 is example of(has example)

R26 produced
things of type (wasproduced by )R28 produced(was produced by)

F32 Carrier
Production Event

F5 Item

R6 carries (iscarried by)

R27 used as source
material (was used by )F24 Publication Expression
F33 Reproduction Event
R30 produced (was produced by)

E84 Information
Carrier

R29 reproduced (wasreproduced by)

Figure 8
Figure 8 shows how products of the mind are communicated among human beings through physical carriers
that eventually become part of the cultural heritage preserved in memory institutions such as libraries, archives,and museums.
Authorial output:–
A creator elaborates an expression (it can be a text, a musical score, a drawing, a map, etc.). This process
is modelled as: F28 Expression Creation R17 created (was created by) F2 Expression.
–
The creator externalises that expression by transforming bits of the physical world into physical carriersof his or her creation. This is modelled as: F28 Expression Creation R18 created (was created by) F4
Manifestation Singleton (e.g., a draft manuscript).
Editorial product:–
A publisher elaborates the overall content of a new publication: F30 Publication Event R24 created (wascreated through) F24 Publication Expression (see Figure 2).
–
That overall content incorporates the authorial expression such as that found, for instance, on amanuscript provided by the author: F24 Publication Expression R14 incorporates (is incorporated in) F2
Expression.
Printing/manufacturing:–
The publisher sends to a manufacturer the overall content of the publication (a mechanical or paste-up,
or, most often nowadays, desktop publishing files), along with instructions as to how exemplars of the
publication should be manufactured: F32 Carrier Production Event R27 used as source material (wasused by) F24 Publication Expression.
–
As a consequence, all exemplars of the publication are supposed to be similar, i.e., can be identified as
belonging to the same type: F32 Carrier Production Event R26 produced things of type (was producedby) F3 Manifestation Product Type.
–As a consequence, both the author’s expression and the publisher’s expression are to be found on all
exemplars belonging to that type: F2 Expression R9 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of) F3
Manifestation Product Type.
–The manufacturing process results in physical objects, the exemplars themselves: F32 Carrier Production
Event R28 produced (was produced by) F5 Item.
–
Any exemplar is representative for the publication of which it is an exemplar: F5 Item R7 is example of(has example) F3 Manifestation Product Type.

22–
Under normal conditions, any exemplar should display the same overall content defined by the
publisher: F5 Item R6 carries (is carried by) F24 Publication Expression.
Reproduction:–
Any information carrier can be reproduced by processes that render a similar item to the original used:
F33 Reproduction Event R29 reproduced (was reproduced by) E84 Information Carrier. This should not
be confused with resuming the actual production process itself.
–
This process results in a new instance of E84 Information Carrier: F33 Reproduction Event R30
produced (was produced by) E84 Information Carrier.

E39 Actor

CLP105 right held by(right on)

Expression and Manifestation

E54 Dimension
CLP43 should have dimension(should be dimension of)

E73 Information Object

E55 Type
CLP2 should have type(should be type of)
CLP46 should becomposed of(may form part of)

F2 Expression

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeR4B comprises carriers of(carriers provided by)

CLP45 should consist of(should be incorporated in)

E24 Physical
Man-Made Thing

R7 is example of(has example)

P128 carries (iscarried by)

F5 Item

R22 created(was created by)

E57 Material
CLP104 subject to(applies to)

E30 Right

F4 Manifestation
Singleton
R18 created(was created by)

CLP57 should havenumber of parts(should be numberof parts of)

F28 Expression
Creation

CLR6 should carry(should be carried by)

E60 Number

F24 Publication
Expression

Figure 9
Figure 9 shows how FRBROO renders the meaning of the FRBRER Manifestation entity and its attributes.
Manifestation is split into F4 Manifestation Singleton (a unique, physique object) and F3 Manifestation
Product Type (a publication, i.e., an abstract notion only recognisable through its physical exemplars).
Every time a writer drafts a new expression on paper (or on the hard disk of a computer, etc.), that process
results simultaneously in the creation of a new information object and the production of a new physical man-madething: F28 Expression Creation R22 created (was created by) F2 Expression, and F28 Expression Creation R18
created (was created by) F4 Manifestation Singleton. (Not all manuscripts, however, are necessarily produced byan instance of F28 Expression Creation: a perfect copy of a brief text, made by a highly trained scribe from an
original, and checked several times with the original to contain no alteration of the text, could be regarded as justthe result of an instance of E12 Production; but as a rule, no two mediaeval manuscripts carry exactly the sametext).
Once an authorial expression has been published, the publishing process has created a type of physical objects
that carry that authorial expression: F2 Expression R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of) F3
Manifestation Product Type.
As an abstraction, a publication cannot be said to have such physical characteristics as the material it “consistsof” or its “number of pages”; these physical characteristics are found by a cataloguer on one of its exemplars, andthe cataloguer extrapolates this to all other exemplars of that publication which will normally display the same
physical characteristics. This is modelled in FRBROO as a series of “CLP” properties, i.e., “class properties” orphysical properties that apply to an abstract type only through the physical things that exemplify that abstract type:23
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP45 should consist of (should be incorporated in) E57 Material, CLP57 shouldhave number of parts E60 Number, etc.

Performing Arts : Added Value Chain
F15 Complex Work
Henry IV
R10 has member(is member of)

F15 Complex Work
Henry IV part 1
R2 is derivative of(has derivative)

F15 Complex Work
Henry IV part 2

F14 Individual Work
Henry IV part 1
Adaptation

F20 Performance Work
Henry IV part 1 idea of
mise-en-scene

R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)F28 Expression Creation
Expression creation of
Adaptation of Henry IV
part 1

F16 Container Work

R10 has member(is member of)

R10 has member(is member of)

R9 is realised in(realises)

R22 realised ( wasrealised through)R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)F28 Expression Creation
Expression creation ofHenry IV part 1 mise-enscene

R17 created(was created by)

F22 Self-Contained
Expression
Henry IV part 1 Adaptation
Text

F21 Recording Work
Henry IV part 1
recording work

F29 Recording Event
Recording Performance
25/12/07

R12 is realisedin (realises)

R17 created(was created by)

R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)

F31 Performance
Performance 25/12/07

R25 performed(was performed in)

F25 Performance Plan
Henry IV part 1 “miseen-scene”

R20 recorded(was recorded
though)R13 is realised in(realises)

R21 created(was created by)

R63 incorporates (isincorporated in)

F26 Recording
DVD Henry IV part 1
Play 25/12/07

Figure 10
Figure 10 lingers on the way FRBROO models live performing arts. In contrast to the other figures, it makes
use of a concrete example. It demonstrate how successive intellectual processes incorporate Expressions fromprevious ones, add new elements of different natures, and thereby “add value” to the previous steps. In this sense,
the performance adds movement and sound to a text, the recording adds points of view or ways of seeing. In adetailed example:
Shakespeare’s Henry IV is a play in 2 parts: each part is itself an autonomous play, but form neverthelessparts of a larger overall F15 Complex Work.
The text of Henry IV Part 1 is adapted in order to be performed; this process results in a new text, an instanceof F22 Self-Contained Expression.
The text of this adaptation is incorporated in the stage director’s instructions for performance, which realise
his or her concept of a mise-en-scène of Henry IV.
The play is performed on December 25, 2007.
That performance is filmed.
The resulting recording, which in turn incorporates some aspects of the stage director’s performing
instructions, in addition to the adapted text of Henry IV Part 1, is infixed on a DVD.
Similar considerations hold for the contributions of an editor, illustrator and graphics designer to amanuscript, or the compiling of a collection of poems to the texts selected.
Figure 10 demonstrates three fundamental relationships between instances of F1 Work:• Continuation or completion of a topic (such as Henry IV part 1 and part 2)• Derivation of an existing Expression in an alternative form (such as original and adaptation)• Incorporation of an unaltered part of the contents of an Expression (such as play text andperformance recording).

2.2 Naming conventions
All the classes declared were given both a name and an identifier constructed according to the conventions
used in the CIDOC CRM model. For classes that identifier consists of the letter F followed by a number.

24
Resulting properties were also given a name and an identifier, constructed according to the same conventions.
That identifier consists of the letter R followed by a number, which in turn is followed by the letter “B” every time
the property is mentioned “backwards”, i.e., from target to domain. “F” and “R” are to be understood as the firsttwo letters of “FRBR” and do not have any other meaning. They correspond respectively to letters “E” and “P” in
the CIDOC CRM naming conventions, where “E” originally meant “entity” (although the CIDOC CRM “entities”
are now consistently called “classes”), and “P” means “property”. Whenever CIDOC CRM classes are used in
FRBROO, they are named by the name they have in the original CIDOC CRM. A number of properties are
identified by the letters “CLP” and a number; “CLP” stands for “CLass Property” and such properties are takenfrom Meta-CRM; all of them have F3 Manifestation Product Type as domain, and they indicate that all the
exemplars of a given publication “are supposed to” or “should” display the features of the publication they belong
to. The publication itself, being an abstract notion, cannot have physical qualities such as, for instance, a given
number of pages, but meta-properties are a mechanism borrowed from CIDOC CRM and Meta-CRM that makes
it possible to express that a publication is characterised by the number of pages that all of its exemplars, under“ideal” conditions, “should have.”
All classes and properties that were borrowed directly from the CIDOC CRM are named as in CIDOC
CRM, i.e., with an identifier beginning with either “E” if it is a class, or “P” if it is a property, and with theoriginal appellation for the class or property in CIDOC CRM.
The choice of the domain of properties, and hence the order of their names, are established in accordance with thefollowing priority list:
 Temporal Entity and its subclasses
 Thing and its subclasses
 Actor and its subclasses
 Other

2.3 Property Quantifiers
Quantifiers for properties are provided for the purpose of semantic clarification only, and should not be treated as
implementation recommendations. Therefore the term “cardinality constraints” is avoided here, as it typicallypertains to implementations.
The following table lists all possible property quantifiers occurring in this document by their notation, together
with an explanation in plain words. In order to provide optimal clarity, two widely accepted notations are used
redundantly in this document, a verbal and a numeric one. The verbal notation uses phrases such as “one tomany”, and the numeric one, expressions such as “(0:n,0:1)”. While the terms “one”, “many” and “necessary” arequite intuitive, the term “dependent” denotes a situation where a range instance cannot exist without an instance ofthe respective property. In other words, the property is “necessary” for its range.
many to many
(0:n,0:n)

Unconstrained: An individual domain instance and range instance of this property can havezero, one or more instances of this property. In other words, this property is optional andrepeatable for its domain and range.

one to many
(0:n,0:1)

An individual domain instance of this property can have zero, one or more instances of thisproperty, but an individual range instance cannot be referenced by more than one instance of
this property. In other words, this property is optional for its domain and range, but repeatablefor its domain only. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-out”.

many to one(0:1,0:n)

An individual domain instance of this property can have zero or one instance of this property,
but an individual range instance can be referenced by zero, one or more instances of thisproperty. In other words, this property is optional for its domain and range, but repeatable for
its range only. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-in”.

many to many,necessary(1:n,0:n)

An individual domain instance of this property can have one or more instances of thisproperty, but an individual range instance can have zero, one or more instances of thisproperty. In other words, this property is necessary and repeatable for its domain, andoptional and repeatable for its range.

one to many,necessary(1:n,0:1)

An individual domain instance of this property can have one or more instances of thisproperty, but an individual range instance cannot be referenced by more than one instance of
this property. In other words, this property is necessary and repeatable for its domain, andoptional but not repeatable for its range. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-out”.

25
many to one,necessary(1:1,0:n)

An individual domain instance of this property must have exactly one instance of thisproperty, but an individual range instance can be referenced by zero, one or more instances ofthis property. In other words, this property is necessary and not repeatable for its domain, andoptional and repeatable for its range. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-in”.

one to many,
dependent(0:n,1:1)

An individual domain instance of this property can have zero, one or more instances of thisproperty, but an individual range instance must be referenced by exactly one instance of thisproperty. In other words, this property is optional and repeatable for its domain, but necessaryand not repeatable for its range. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-out”.

one to many,necessary,dependent(1:n,1:1)

An individual domain instance of this property can have one or more instances of thisproperty, but an individual range instance must be referenced by exactly one instance of thisproperty. In other words, this property is necessary and repeatable for its domain, andnecessary but not repeatable for its range. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-out”.

many to one,necessary,dependent(1:1,1:n)

An individual domain instance of this property must have exactly one instance of thisproperty, but an individual range instance can be referenced by one or more instances of thisproperty. In other words, this property is necessary and not repeatable for its domain, andnecessary and repeatable for its range. In some contexts this situation is called a “fan-in”.

one to one(1:1,1:1)

An individual domain instance and range instance of this property must have exactly one
instance of this property. In other words, this property is necessary and not repeatable for its
domain and for its range.

Some properties are defined as being necessary for their domain or as being dependent from their range,
following the definitions in the table above. Note that if such a property is not specified for an instance of therespective domain or range, it means that the property exists, but the value on one side of the property is unknown.
In the case of optional properties, the methodology proposed by the FRBROO does not distinguish between a value
being unknown or the property not being applicable at all.

2.4 Presentation conventions
All instances of E41 Appellation are presented within single quotation marks, whether they are used forthemselves or just to refer to the things they name. Any punctuation mark that follows an instance of E41
Appellation is placed outside the single quotation marks, as it does not belong to the appellation itself.
British spelling is used throughout the original English version of this document, except for occasional
quotations and examples.
Double quotation marks are used to indicate an informal name or term. E.g.: The “lower member” consistsof sandstone with minor shale.

2.5 Class & Property Hierarchies
Although they do not provide comprehensive definitions, compact monohierarchical presentations of theclass and property IsA hierarchies have been found to significantly aid in the comprehension and navigation of the
FRBRoo, and are therefore provided below.
–
–
–
–
–

–
–

The class hierarchy presented below has the following format:
Each line begins with a unique class identifier, consisting of a number preceded by the letter “F”.
A series of hyphens (“-”) follows the unique class identifier, indicating the hierarchical position of theclass in the IsA hierarchy.
The English name of the class appears to the right of the hyphens.
The index is ordered by hierarchical level, in a “depth first” manner, from the smaller to the larger
subhierarchies.
Classes that appear in more than one position in the class hierarchy as a result of multiple inheritance areshown in an italic typeface.
The property hierarchy presented below has the following format:
Each line begins with a unique property identifier, consisting of a number preceded by the letter “R”.
A series of hyphens (“-”) follows the unique property identifier, indicating the hierarchical position of
the property in the IsA hierarchy.

–
–
–
–
–

26
The English name of the property appears to the right of the hyphens, followed by its inverse name inparentheses for reading in the range to domain direction.
The domain class for which the property is declared.
The range class that the property references.
The index is ordered by hierarchical level, in a “depth first” manner, from the smaller to the larger
subhierarchies, and by property number between equal siblings.
Properties that appear in more than one position in the property hierarchy as a result of multiple
inheritance are shown in an italic typeface.

27

2.5.1 FRBROO Class Hierarchy
F1
F14
F17
F15
F18
F16
F17
F21
F19
F18
F20
F2
F22
F24
F25
F26
F23
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
F27
F28
F29
F30
F31
F32
F33

Work
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
─
Expression
─
─
─
─
─
Manifestation Product Type
Manifestation Singleton
Item
Concept
Object
Event
Place
PersonCorporate Body
Name─Work Conception
Expression Creation──
Performance
Carrier Production Event
Reproduction Event

Individual Work─
Complex Work─
Container Work
─
─
─
─
─
Self-Contained Expression───Expression Fragment

Identifier

Recording Event
Publication Event

Aggregation Work
Serial Work
Aggregation Work
Recording Work
Publication Work─
Performance Work

Publication Expression
Performance Plan
Recording

Serial Work

28

2.5.2 FRBROO Class Hierarchy aligned with (part of) CIDOC CRM Class
Hierarchy
E1

CRM Entity

E2-

Temporal Entity

E3

-

-

Condition State

E4

-

-

Period =F8 Event

E5

-

-

-

Event

E7

-

-

-

-

Activity

F31

-

-

-

-

-

Performance

E11

-

-

-

-

-

Modification

E12

-

-

-

-

-

-

Production

F28

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression Creation

F29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording Event

F30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Event

F32

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Carrier Production Event

F33

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Reproduction Event

E65

-

-

-

-

-

Creation

E83

-

-

-

-

-

-

Type Creation

F27

-

-

-

-

-

-

Work Conception

F28

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression Creation

F29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording Event

F30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Event

E63

-

-

-

-

Beginning of Existence

E12

-

-

-

-

-

Production

F28

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression Creation

F29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording Event

F30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Event

F32

-

-

-

-

-

-

Carrier Production Event

F33

-

-

-

-

-

-

Reproduction Event

E65

-

-

-

-

-

Creation

E83

-

-

-

-

-

-

Type Creation

F27

-

-

-

-

-

-

Work Conception

F28

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression Creation

F29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording Event

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Event

F30

-

-

E77

-

Persistent Item

E70

-

-

Thing

E72

-

-

-

Legal Object

F3

-

-

-

-

Manifestation Product Type

E18

-

-

-

-

Physical Thing = F7 Object

E19

-

-

-

-

-

Physical Object

E20

-

-

-

-

-

-

Biological Object

E21

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

E22

-

-

-

-

-

-

Man-Made Object

E84

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Information Carrier

F5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Person =F10 Person

Item

29
E24

-

-

-

-

-

Physical Man-Made Thing

F4

-

-

-

-

-

-

Manifestation Singleton

E22

-

-

-

-

-

-

Man-Made Object

E84

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Information Carrier

F5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

E90

-

-

-

-

Symbolic Object

E73

-

-

-

-

-

Information Object

F2

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression

F22

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Self-Contained Expression

F24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Expression

F25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Performance Plan

F26

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

RecordingExpression Fragment

Item

F23

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

E29

-

-

-

-

-

-

Design or Procedure
-

F25

-

-

-

-

-

-

E41

-

-

-

-

-

Appellation = F12 Name-

Performance Plan

F13

-

-

-

-

-

E28

-

-

-

-

Conceptual Object = F6 Concept

E55

-

-

-

-

-

Type

F3

-

-

-

-

-

-

E89

-

-

-

-

-

Propositional Object

F1

-

-

-

-

-

-

Work

F14

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Individual Work

F17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

F15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Complex Work

Identifier = E42 Identifier

Manifestation Product Type

Aggregation Work

F18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

F16

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Container Work

F19

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Work

F18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

F20

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Performance Work

F21

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording Work

F17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Aggregation Work

E73

-

-

-

-

-

-

Information Object

F2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

F22

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Self-Contained Expression

F24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Expression

F25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Performance Plan

F26

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording

F23

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression Fragment

E29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Design or Procedure

F25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

F13

-

-

-

-

-

-

Identifier = E42 Identifier

E90

-

-

-

-

-

Symbolic Object

E73

-

-

-

-

-

-

Information Object

F2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression

F22

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Self-Contained Expression

F24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Publication Expression

F25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Performance Plan

F26

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Recording

Serial Work

Serial Work

Expression

Performance Plan

30
F23

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

E29

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Design or Procedure

F25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

E41

-

-

-

-

-

-

Appellation =F12 Name

F13

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Expression Fragment
Performance Plan

Identifier = E42 Identifier

E39

-

-

Actor

E74

-

-

-

F11

-

-

-

-

E21

-

-

-

Person = F10 Person

E53-

Place = F9 PlaceGroup
Corporate Body

31

2.5.3 FRBROO Property Hierarchy
Property id

Property Name

Entity – Domain

Entity – Range

R1

is logical successor of (has successor)

F1 Work

F1 WorkR2
R3

is derivative of (has derivative)
is realised in (realises)

F1 Work
F1 Work

F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained
Expression

R9

is realised in (realises)-

F14 IndividualWork

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

R12

is realised in (realises)

F20 PerformanceWork

F25 Performance
Plan

-

R13

is realised in (realises)

F21 RecordingWork

F26 Recording

R4

carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)

F2 Expression

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeR5

has component (is component of)

F2 Expression

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

R6

carries (is carried by)

F5 Item

F24 Publication
Expression

R7

is example of (has example)

F5 Item

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeR8
R10

consists of (forms part of)has member (is member of)

F13 Identifier
F15 Complex WorkF12 Name
F1 Work

R11

has issuing rule (is issuing rule of)

F18 Serial Work

E29 Design orProcedure

R14

incorporates (is incorporated in)

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

F2 Expression

R15

has fragment (is fragment of)

F23 Expression
Fragment

F2 Expression

R16

initiated (was initiated by)

F27 Work
Conception

F1 Work

R17

created (was created by)

F28 Expression
Creation

F2 Expression

R21

created (was created through)F29 Recording
Event

F26 Recording

R24

created (was created through)

R18

F30 Publication
Event

F24 Publication
Expression

created (was created by)

F28 Expression
Creation

F4 manifestation
Singleton

R19

created a realisation of (was realised through)F28 Expression
Creation

F1 Work

R22

created a realisation of (was realised through)F29 Recording
Event

F21 Recording
Work

R23

created a realisation of (was realised through)

F30 Publication
Event

F19 Publication
work

R20

recorded (was recorded through)F29 Recording
Event

E5 Event

R25

performed (was performed in)

F31 Performance

F25 Performance
Plan

-

-

32
R26

produced things of type (was produced by)

F32 Carrier
Production Event

F3 Manifestation
Product Type

R27

used as source material (was used by)

F32 Carrier
Production Event

F24 Publication
Expression

R28

produced (was produced by)

F32 Carrier
Production Event

F5 Item

R29

reproduced (was reproduced by)

F33 Reproduction
Event

E84 Information
Carrier

R30

produced (was produced by)

F33 Reproduction
Event

E84 Information
Carrier

R31

is reproduction of (has reproduction)

E84 Information
Carrier

E84 Information
Carrier

CLP2should have type (should be type of)

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeE55 Type

CLP43should have dimension (should be dimensionof)

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeE54 Dimension

CLP45

should consist of (should be incorporated in)

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeE57 Material

CLP46

should be composed of (may form part of)

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeF3 Manifestation
Product Type

CLP57

should have number of parts

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeE60 Number

CLP104

subject to (applies to)

F3 Manifestation
Product Type

E30 Right

CLP105right held by (right on)

F3 Manifestation
Product Type

E39 Actor

CLR6should carry (should be carried by)

F3 Manifestation
Product Type

F24 Publication
Expression

33

2.5.4 FRBROO Property Hierarchy aligned with (part of) CIDOC CRM Property
Hierarchy
Property id Property Name

Entity – Domain

Entity - Range

P2

E1 CRM Entity

E55 Type

is example of (has example)

F5 Item

F3 Manifestation Product
Type

P12

occurred in the presence of (was present at)

E5 Event

E77 Persistent Item

P16
R19

- used specific object (was used for)E7 Activity

E70 Thingcreated a realisation of (was realised through)- - - created a realisation of (was realised through)- - - created a realisation of (was realised through)- - used as source material (was used by)

F28 Expression Creation
F29 Recording Event
F30 Publication Event
F32 Carrier Production
Event
F33 Reproduction Event

F1 Work
F21 Recording WorkF19 Publication work
F24 Publication Expression

R7

R22
R23
R27

has type (is type of)
-

- -

R29

- -

P33
R25

- - used specific technique (was used by)

P142
P25
P31
P108
R18

- - used constituent (was used in)- moved (moved by)- has modified (was modified by)- - has produced (was produced by)

R28

- -

created (was created by)- produced (was produced by)

R30

- -

-

P110
P112
P92
P94
R16

-

reproduced (was reproduced by)

E84 Information Carrier

E7 Activity

E29 Design or Procedure

F31 Performance

F25 Performance Plan

E15 Identifier Assignement
E9 Move
E11 Modification
E12 Production

E41 Appellation
E19 Physical Object
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

F28 Expression Creation
F32 Carrier Production
Event
F33 Reproduction Event

F4 manifestation Singleton
F5 Item

E79 Part Addition
E80 Part Removal
E63 Beginning of Existence
E65 Creation

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E77 Persistent Item
E28 Conceptual Object- - -initiated (was initiated by)- - - created (was created by)

F27 Work Conception
F28 Expression Creation

F1 Work
F2 Expression

P135
P95
P98
P108
R18

- - - - -- created type (was created by)has formed (was formed by)brought into life (was born)
has produced (was produced by)

E83 Type Creation
E66 Formation
E67 Birth
E12 Production

E55 Type
E74 Group
E21 Person
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

- -

-

R28

- -

-

created (was created by)
produced (was produced by)

F4 manifestation Singleton
F5 Item- --produced (was produced by)

F28 Expression Creation
F32 Carrier Production
Event
F33 Reproduction Event
E81 Transformation
E7 Activity
E7 Activity

E77 Persistent Item
E1 CRM Entity
E70 Thing

F28 Expression Creation
F29 Recording Event
F30 Publication Event
F32 Carrier Production
Event
F33 Reproduction Event

F1 Work
F21 Recording WorkF19 Publication work
F24 Publication Expression

E11 Modification

E29 Design or Procedure

F31 Performance

F25 Performance Plan

R17

R30
P123
P15
P16
R19
R22
R23
R27

- - -

- -

performed (was performed in)-produced (was produced by)- augmented (was augmented by)- diminished (was diminished by)brought into existence (was brought into existence by)- has created (was created by)- - resulted in (resulted from)was influenced by (influenced)- used specific object (was used for)created a realisation of (was realised through)created a realisation of (was realised through)- - - created a realisation of (was realised through)- - used as source material (was used by)
- -

- - -

R29

- -

P33
R25

- - used specific technique (was used by)reproduced (was reproduced by)- - -performed (was performed in)

E84 Information Carrier

E84 Information Carrier

E84 Information Carrier

34
Property id Property Name

Entity – Domain

Entity - Range

P142
P17
P134
P136
P106
R15

- - used constituent (was used in)- was motivated by (motivated)- continued (was continued by)- was based on (supported type creation)is composed of (forms part of)

E15 Identifier Assignement
E7 Activity
E7 Activity
E83 Type Creation
E90 Symbolic Object

E41 Appellation
E1 CRM Entity
E7 Activity
E1 CRM Entity
E90 Symbolic Object

F23 Expression Fragment

F2 Expression

P128
R6

carries (is carried by)

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E73 Information Object

P65
P130
R1

- shows visual item (is shown by)shows features of (features are also found on)

R2
R31
P73
P148
R5

-

has fragment (is fragment of)carries (is carried by)

is logical successor of (has successor)- is derivative of (has derivative)- is reproduction of (has reproduction)-- has translation (is translation of)has component (is component of)

F5 Item

F24 Publication Expression

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E70 Thing

E36 Visual Item
E70 Thing

F1 Work
F1 Work
E84 Information Carrier

F1 Work
F1 Work
E84 Information Carrier

E33 Linguistic Object
E89 Propositional Object

E33 Linguistic Object
E89 Propositional Object

F22 Self-Contained
Expression
F2 Expression-

has component (is component of)

F2 Expression

R14-

incorporates (is incorporated in)

R15-

has fragment (is fragment of)

F22 Self-Contained
Expression
F23 Expression Fragment

F2 Expression

35

2.6 FRBROO Class Declaration
The classes of FRBROO are comprehensively declared in this section using the following format:
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•

Class names are presented as headings in bold face, preceded by the class’s unique identifier;
The line “Subclass of:” declares the superclass of the class from which it inherits properties;
The line “Superclass of:” is a cross-reference to the subclasses of this class;
The line “Scope note:” contains the textual definition of the concept the class represents;
The line “Examples:” contains a bulleted list of examples of instances of this class. If the example is also
instance of a subclass of this class, the unique identifier of the subclass is added in parenthesis. If theexample instantiates two classes, the unique identifiers of both classes is added in parenthesis. Nonfictitious examples may be followed by an explanation in brackets.
The line “Properties:” declares the list of the class’s properties;
Each property is represented by its unique identifier, its forward and reverse names, and the range classthat it links to, separated by colons;
Inherited properties are not represented;
Properties of properties are provided indented and in parentheses beneath their respective domain
property.

36

F1 Work
Subclass of:

E89 Propositional Object

Superclass of:

F14 Individual WorkF15 Complex Work
F16 Container Work

Scope note:This class comprises the sums of concepts which appear in the course of the coherent evolutionof an original idea into one or more expressions that are dominated by the original idea. The
substance of Work is concepts. A Work may be elaborated by one or more Actors
simultaneously or over time. A Work may have members that constitute components of theoverall concept or that are alternatives to other members of the work. Members of a work may
or may not represent the concept of the Work as a whole; for instance a translation reinterprets
the whole, a volume of a trilogy represents a part of the concept.
A Work can be either individual or complex. If it is individual its concept is completely realised
in a single F22 Self-Contained Expression. If it is complex its concept is embedded in an F15
Complex Work. An F15 Complex Work consists of members that are either F15 Complex
Works themselves or F14 Individual Works. The member relationship of Work is based on themembers respecting the same concept, and should not be confused with the structural parts of an
expression, that might be taken from other work(s).
A Work is the product of an intellectual process of one or more persons, yet only indirect
evidence about it is at our hands. This can be contextual information such as the existence of anorder for a work, reflections of the creators themselves that are documented somewhere, andfinally the expressions of the work created. As ideas normally take shape during discussion,
elaboration and implementation, it is not reasonable to assume that a work starts with a complete
concept. Moreover, it can be very difficult or impossible to define the whole of the concept of awork at some given time. The only objective evidence for such a notion can be based on a stageof expressions at a given time. In this sense, self-contained expressions serve as a kind of “snapshots” of a work.
A Work may aggregate expressions of other works into a new expression. For instance, ananthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of theindividual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This
does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of theresulting expression.

Examples:Abstract content of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains: 1st state’(F14)‘La Porte de l’Enfer’ by Auguste Rodin conceived between 1880 and 1917 (F15)‘Hamlet’ by William Shakespeare (F15)

Properties:

R1 is logical successor of (has successor): F1 Work
R2 is derivative of (has derivative): F1 Work
R3 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-Contained Expression

F2 Expression
Subclass of:

E73 Information Object

Superclass of:

F22 Self-Contained Expression`
F23 Expression Fragment

Scope note:This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of works in the form of identifiable
immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement
pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms that have
objectively recognisable structures. The substance of F2 Expression is signs.

37
Expressions cannot exist without a physical carrier, but do not depend on a specific physicalcarrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Carriers may include humanmemory.
Inasmuch as the form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression, anychange in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word, a poem created in capitals
and rendered in lower case) is a new F2 Expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual
conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one
language to another) result in the creation of a new F2 Expression. Thus, if a text is revised or
modified, the resulting F2 Expression is considered to be a new F2 Expression. Minor changes,
such as corrections of spelling and punctuation, etc., are normally considered variations within
the same F2 Expression. On a practical level, the degree to which distinctions are made between
variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the F1 Work itself,
and on the anticipated needs of users.
The genre of the work may provide an indication of which features are essential to theexpression. In some cases, aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, are notintegral to the intellectual or artistic realisation of the work as such, and therefore are notdistinctive criteria for the respective expressions. For another work features such as layout may
be essential. For instance, the author or a graphic designer may wrap a poem around an image.
An expression of a work may include expressions of other works within it. For instance, ananthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of theindividual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This
does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of theresulting expression.
If an instance of F2 Expression is of a specific form, such as text, image, etc., it may besimultaneously instantiated in the specific classes representing these forms in CIDOC CRM.
Thereby one can make use of the more specific properties of these classes, such as language(which is applicable to linguistic objects only).
Examples:The Italian text of Dante’s ‘Divina Commedia’ as found in the authoritative critical edition ‘La
Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi’, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67(= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII,1-4) (F22)The Italian text of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ as found in the same edition (F22)
Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura
ché la diritta via era smarrita [the Italian text of the first stanza of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ and ‘Divina
Commedia’] (F23)
Christian Morgenstern’s ‘Fisches Nachtgesang’ [a poem consisting simply of “-” and “˘” signs,
arranged in a determined combination] (F22)

Properties:

R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of): F3 Manifestation Product TypeR5 has component (is component of): F22 Self-Contained Expression

F3 Manifestation Product Type
Subclass of:

E55 Type
E72 Legal Object

Scope note:This class comprises the definitions of publication products.
An instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type is the “species”, and all copies of a given object
are “specimens” of it. An instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type defines all of the features
or traits that instances of F5 Item normally display in order that they may be recognised as
copies of a particular publication. However, due to production problems or subsequent events,
one or more instances of F5 Item may not exhibit all these features or traits; yet such instances
still retain their relationship to the same instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

38
The features that characterise a given instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type include: one
instance of F24 Publication Expression, containing one or more than one instance of F2
Expression, reflecting the authors’ content of the manifestation and all additional input by the
publisher; and the appropriate types of physical features for that form of the object. For
example, hardcover and paperback are two distinct publications (i.e. two distinct instances of F3
Manifestation Product Type) even though authorial and editorial content are otherwise identicalin both publications. The activity of cataloguing aims at the most accurate listing of features ortraits of an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that are sufficient to distinguish it fromanother instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type. In this sense, it may be said that a typicalbibliographic record for a publication (not a manuscript) reflects the notion of F3 Manifestation
Product Type.
Examples:The publication product containing the text entitled ‘Harmonie universelle’ (authored by the
person named ‘Marin Mersenne’), issued in 1636 in Paris by the publisher named ‘Sébastien
Cramoisy’
The publication product containing a modern reprint of Marin Mersenne’s ‘Harmonie
universelle’, issued in 1986 in Paris by the publisher named ‘Les éditions du CNRS’, andidentified by ISBN ‘2-222-00835-2’
The publication product containing the third edition of the combination of texts and graphics
titled ‘Codex Manesse: die Miniaturen der großen Heidelberger Liederhandschrift,
herausgegeben und erläutert von Ingo F. Walther unter Mitarbeit von Gisela Siebert’, issued by
the publisher named ‘Insel-Verlag’ in 1988
The publication product containing the cartographic resource titled ‘Ordnance Survey Explorer
Map 213, Aberystwyth & Cwm Rheidol’, issued in May 2005 by the publisher named‘Ordnance Survey’ and identified by ISBN ‘0-319-23640-4’ (folded), 1:25,000 scale
The publication product containing the recordings of musical works performed by the person
named ‘Florence Foster Jenkins’ gathered under the title ‘The Glory (????) of the human voice’,
identified by label and label number ‘RCA Victor Gold Seal GD61175’ (Note: the four question
marks within parentheses belong to the title itself)

Properties:

CLP2 should have type (should be type of): E55 TypeCLP43 should have dimension (should be dimension of): E54 Dimension
CLP45 should consist of (should be incorporated in): E57 Material
CLP46 should be composed of (may form part of): F3 Manifestation Product TypeCLP57 should have number of parts: E60 Number
CLP104 subject to (applies to): E30 Right
CLP105 right held by (right on): E39 Actor
CLR6 should carry (should be carried by): F24 Publication Expression

F4 Manifestation Singleton
Subclass of:

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Scope note:This class comprises physical objects that each carry an instance of F2 Expression, and that were
produced as unique objects, with no siblings intended in the course of their production. It should
be noted that if all but one copy of a given publication are destroyed, then that copy does not
become an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton, because it was produced together withsibling copies, even though it now happens to be unique. Examples of instances of F4
Manifestation Singleton include manuscripts, preparatory sketches and the final clean draft sentby an author or a composer to a publisher.

Examples:The manuscript known as ‘The Book of Kells’
The manuscript score of Charles Racquet’s ‘Organ fantasy’, included in Marin Mersenne’s
personal copy of his own ‘Harmonie universelle’ [Marin Mersenne planned a second edition ofhis ‘Harmonie universelle’ after it had been first published in 1636, and he asked the composerCharles Racquet to compose his organ fantasy especially for that planned second edition; but
Mersenne died before he could finish and publish the second edition and Racquet’s scoreremained until the 20th century as a manuscript addition to Mersenne’s copy, held in Paris by
the Library of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers]
Marin Mersenne’s personal copy, held in Paris by the Library of the Conservatoire national des39arts et métiers, of his own ‘Harmonie universelle’, containing all of his manuscript additions fora planned second edition that never took place before his death, but that served as a basis for themodern reprint published in 1986
Properties:

F5 Item
Subclass of:

E84 Information Carrier

Scope note:This class comprises physical objects (printed books, scores, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMS, etc.) thatcarry a F24 Publication Expression and were produced by an industrial process involving a F3
Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:Marin Mersenne’s personal copy of his own ‘Harmonie universelle’ without any manuscript
addition and without Charles Racquet’s manuscript score, as a mere witness of the 1st edition of‘Harmonie universelle’, Paris, 1636 [the same physical object can be regarded at the same timeas an instance of F5 Item inasmuch as it is a witness of a publication, and as an instance of F4
Manifestation Singleton inasmuch as it contains manuscript annotations and additions and as itserved as the basis for a subsequent production process]Any other copy of the original edition of Marin Mersenne’s ‘Harmonie universelle’, Paris, 1636
Any copy of the modern reprint publication of Marin Mersenne’s ‘Harmonie universelle’, Paris,
1986, ISBN ‘2-222-00835-2’

Properties:

R6 carries (is carried by): F24 Publication Expression
R7 is example of (has example): F3 Manifestation Product TypeF6 Concept
Equal to:E28 Conceptual Object

Scope note:

An abstract notion or idea. [FRBRER] Includes fields of knowledge, disciplines, schools ofthought, etc. Includes philosophies, religions, political ideologies, etc. Includes theories,
processes, techniques, practices, etc. [Definition from the FRAD draft model, unchanged]
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data thathave become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historicalimplication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use oftechnical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then
may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object
have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper,electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in atleast one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are
lost. [Scope note for E28 Conceptual Object in CIDOC CRM version 5.0.1]

ExamplesMankind [as a concept]
Natural history of whales
Cultural history of Wales
The appreciation of Victor Hugo’s works in Germany between 1870 and 1914

Properties:

F7 Object
Equal to: E18 Physical ThingScope Note:40
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or
natural.
[This is the beginning of scope note for E18 Physical Object in CIDOC CRM version 5.0.1]

Examples:Buckingham Palace
The Lusitania
Apollo 11
The Eiffel Tower

Properties:

F8 Event
Equal to:E4 Period

Scope note:This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time andspace.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not theassociated spatio-temporal bounds. These bounds are a mere approximation of the actual processof growth, spread and retreat. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in timeand space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area as a sedentary culture.
Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the ‘Neolithic
Period’, the ‘Ming Dynasty’ or the ‘McCarthy Era’. There are however no assumptions about
the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes
consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For
example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4
Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
There are two different conceptualisations of “artistic style”, defined either by physical features
or by historical context. For example, ‘Impressionism’ can be viewed as a period lasting fromapproximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were
produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley andDegas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing thecharacteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historicalcontext. The first interpretation is an E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object
types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with asettlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
[This is the Scope note for E4 Period in CIDOC CRM version 5.0.1][Note that in CIDOC CRM, E12 Production, E13 Attribute Assignment, and E65 Creation are
indirect subclasses of E4 Period = F8 Event; as a consequence, F8 Event is an indirect superclassof: F27 Work Conception, F28 Expression Creation, F40 Identifier Assignment, F41
Representative Manifestation Assignment, F42 Representative Expression Assignment, F32
Carrier Production Event, F33 Reproduction Event, and F30 Publication Event]

Examples:The battle of Trafalgar
Printing for the publisher named ‘Doubleday’ in 2003 all the copies of the first print run of thenovel entitled ‘Da Vinci Code’ (F32)
Having the initial idea that eventually resulted in the existence of the opera entitled ‘Der
fliegende Holländer’ (F27)
Creating for Mozart’s 41st symphony the uniform title that was thereafter consistently used torefer unambiguously to that symphony everywhere in the Library of Congress’s catalogue (F40)

Properties:

F9 Place41
Equal to:E53 Place

Scope note:This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure senseof physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. The instances of E53 Place areusually determined by reference to the position of immobile objects such as buildings, cities,
mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks. A Place can be determined by combining aframe of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It may be identified by one or moreinstances of E44 Place Appellation.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates orabsolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context
of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested inposition in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which
Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution ofthis Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of thevessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lackhistorical and cultural relevance.
Any object can serve as a frame of reference for E53 Place determination. The model foresees
the notion of a section of an E19 Physical Object as a valid E53 Place determination. [Scope
Note for E53 Place in CIDOC CRM version 5.0.1]
Note that Places may be determined by the location of historical or contemporary objects,
geographic features, events or geo-political units.

Examples:The area referred to as ‘Lutèce’The area referred to as ‘verso of the title page of the Library of Congress’s copy of the 1stedition of the novel entitled ‘Da Vinci Code’ that was used to create a bibliographic record forthat publication’

Properties:

F10 Person
Equal to:E21 Person

Scope note:This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. [Beginning of scopenote for E21 Person in CIDOC CRM version 5.0.1] F10 Person covers the notion of persona.

F11 Corporate Body
Subclass of:

E74 Group

Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises organisations and groups of two or more people and/or organisations acting
as a unit.
To be considered an F11 Corporate Body a gathering of people needs to bear a name and exhibitorganisational characteristics sufficient to allow the body as a whole to participate in thecreation, modification or production of an E73 Information Object. Groups such as conferences,
congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc. are modelled as F11 Corporate Bodies
when they are named and can take collective action, such as approving a report or publishing
their proceedings.

Examples:The International Machaut Society
The British Library
The Jackson FiveThe Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton

42
Symposium on Glaucoma

F12 Name
Equal to:E41 Appellation

Superclass of:

F13 Identifier

Scope note:This class comprises all sequences of signs of any nature, either meaningful or not, that are used
or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.
Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning even if they happen to haveone, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural
constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group pf
users. [Beginning of Scope Note for E41 Appellation in CIDOC CRM version 5.0.1]

Examples:ʻ杜甫ʼ (E82) [the name of a Chinese poet of the 8th century, in Chinese characters]‘Du Fu’ (E82) [Pinyin romanised form of the name of a Chinese poet of the 8th century]‘Tu Fu’ (E82) [another romanised form of the name of a Chinese poet of the 8th century]‘Thơ Ðô Phủ’ (E82) [Vietnamese form of the name of a Chinese poet of the 8th century]‘‫( ’ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﻗﺲ‬E82) [Arabic name of the Sfax University (Tunisia), in Arabic script]‘ āmi‘atṢafāqis’ (E82) [Arabic name of the Sfax University (Tunisia), transliterated]‘Université de Sfax’ (E82) [French name of the Sfax University (Tunisia)]‘Murders in the rue Morgue’ (E35) [English title of a textual work]‘Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. Murders in the rue Morgue’ (F13) [controlled author/title heading
for a textual work]‘modelling’ [not the activity, just the written signs that represent its English name in British
spelling]‘modeling’ [not the activity, just the written signs that represent its English name in American
spelling]
Properties:

F13 Identifier
Subclass of:Equal to :F12 Name
E42 Identifier

Scope note:This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify
them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes areoften known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed ofalphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated
identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents. [Adaptedfrom the Scope Note of CIDOC CRM E42 Identifier ver. 5.0.1]
F13 Identifier covers the notion of “controlled access points” in library practice – both preferred
forms and cross references. A cross reference may not identify uniquely an entity, but can beshared by two entities; however, as it displays the same structural characteristics as preferred
controlled access points, it is still regarded in the model as an instance of F13 Identifier.

Examples:ISSN ‘0041-5278’ (F13)
ISRC ‘FIFIN8900116’ (F13)
Shelf mark ‘Res 8 P 10’ (E42)‘Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)’ (F13) [a controlled personal name heading that follows

43
the French rules]‘Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377’ (F13) [a controlled personal name heading that follows
the AACR rules]‘Rite of spring (Choreographic work: Bausch)’ (F13)
Properties:

R8 consists of (forms part of): F12 Name

F14 Individual Work
Subclass of:F1 Work

Superclass of:

F17 Aggregation Work

Scope note:This class comprises works that are realised by one and only one self-contained expression, i.e.,
works representing the concept as expressed by precisely this expression, and that do not haveother works as parts.
Inherent to the notion of work is the completion of recognisable outcomes of the work. These
outcomes, i.e. the Self-Contained Expressions, are regarded as the symbolic equivalents ofIndividual Works, which form the atoms of a complex work. Normally creators would
characterise an outcome of a work as finished. In other cases, one could recognise an outcomeof a work as complete from the elaboration or logical coherence of its content, or if there is any
historical knowledge about the creator deliberately or accidentally never finishing (completing)that particular expression. In all those cases, one would regard the corresponding expression as
equivalent to one Individual Work.

Examples:Abstract content of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains: 1st state’
Abstract content of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains: 2nd state’[explanation: these are two states of the same etching, but with so many and so significant
differences between them that they can scarcely be recognised as conveying the same work;
more generally speaking, each individual state of an etching, as a Self-Contained Expression,
conveys its own F14 Individual Work (even if the differences are not so blatant as in the case of‘Carcere XVI’), and is regarded as part of the larger, abstract F15 Complex Work thatencompasses all distinct states of the same etching]
Abstract content of the recording made of performances of Johann Sebastian Bach’s ‘Toccata in
C minor BWV 911’ by Glenn Gould on May 15 & 16, 1979, in Toronto, Eaton’s Auditorium

Properties:

R9 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-Contained Expression

F15 Complex Work
Subclass of:F1 Work

Superclass of:

F18 Serial Work

Scope note:This class comprises works that have more than one work as members.
The members of a Complex Work may constitute components of the overall concept or be
alternatives to other members of the work. In practice, no clear line can be drawn between
parallel and subsequent processes in the evolution of a work. One part may not be finished whenanother is already revised. An initially monolithic work may be taken up and evolve in pieces.
The member relationship of Work is based on the conceptual relationship, and should not be
confused with the internal structural parts of an individual expression. The fact that an
expression may contain parts from other work(s) does not make the expressed work complex.
For instance, an anthology for which only one version exists is not a complex work.
The boundaries of a Complex Work have nothing to do with the value of the intellectual
achievement but only with the dominance of a concept. Thus, derivations such as translations
are regarded as belonging to the same Complex Work, even though in addition they constitutean Individual Work themselves. In contrast, a Work that significantly takes up and merges
concepts of other works so that it is no longer dominated by the initial concept is regarded as a

44
new work. In cataloguing practice, detailed rules are established prescribing which kinds ofderivation should be regarded as crossing the boundaries of a complex work. Adaptation andderivation graphs allow the recognition of distinct sub-units, i.e. a complex work contained in alarger complex work.
As a Complex Work can be taken up by any creator who acquires the spirit of its concept, it isnever finished in an absolute sense.
Examples:Work entitled ‘La Porte de l’Enfer’ by Auguste Rodin
Work entitled ‘Hamlet’ by William Shakespeare
Work entitled ‘Der Ring der Nibelungen’ by Richard Wagner
Work entitled ‘Carceri d’invenzione’ by Giovanni Battista Piranesi
Work entitled ‘Mass in B minor BWV 232’ by Johann Sebastian Bach

Properties:

R10 has member (is member of): F1 Work

F16 Container Work
Subclass of:F1 Work

Superclass of:

F17 Aggregation WorkF19 Publication Work
F20 Performance Work
F21 Recording Work

Scope note:This class comprises works whose essence is to enhance or add value to expressions from one ormore other works without altering them, by the selection, arrangement and/or addition offeatures of different form, such as layout to words, recitation and movement to texts,
instrumentation to musical scores etc. This does not make the contents of the incorporated
expressions part of the Container Work, but only part of the resulting expression. Container
Work may include the addition of new, original parts to the incorporated expressions, such as
introductions, graphics, etc.
A new version of a container work does not make the resulting complex work a Container Workas well. The inclusion of expressions from a complex work in a Container Work does not makethe Container Work itself complex.

Examples:The aggregation and arrangement concept of the anthology entitled ‘American Women Poets of
the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology’, edited by Cheryl Walker and published by Rutgers
University Press in July 1992 [an F17 Aggregation Work]
The concept for the layout created by printer Guido Morris for the text of Michael Hamburger’s
English translation of 12 poems by Georg Trakl for publication in 1952 [an F19 PublicationWork]
The concept by the publisher named ‘Dell’ of issuing together, in 2002, three novels entitled‘The Partner’, ‘The Street Lawyer’, and ‘A time to kill’, by the author named ‘John Grisham’,with just the statement ‘Three #1 bestsellers by John Grisham’ as a collective title [an F19
Publication Work]
The concept of Sergei Radlov’s mise-en-scène of a Yiddish translation of the textual work
entitled ‘King Lear’ in Moscow in 1935 [an F20 Performance Work]
The concept of putting together the English text of ‘King Lear’ and a Spanish translation thereof
in a bilingual edition of ‘King Lear’ [an F17 Aggregation Work]

F17 Aggregation Work
Subclass of:

F16 Container WorkF14 Individual Work

45
Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises works whose essence is the selection and/or arrangement of expressions of
one or more other works. This does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part ofthis work, but only part of the resulting expression. F17 Aggregation Work may include
additional original parts.
An expression of a work may include expressions of other works within it. For instance, ananthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of theindividual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process.
A new version of an aggregate work does not make the resulting complex work an aggregate
work as well. The inclusion of expressions from a complex work in an aggregation work does
not make the aggregation work itself complex.

Examples:The aggregation and arrangement concept of the anthology entitled ‘American Women Poets of
the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology’, edited by Cheryl Walker and published by Rutgers
University Press in July 1992
The aggregation and arrangement concept of the Web site named ‘IFLANET’
The aggregation and arrangement concept of the collection of articles entitled ‘Marij Kogoj(1892-1992): zbornik referatov s kolokvija ob stoletnici skladateljevega rojstva 7.10.1992 v
Ljubljani = Marij Kogoj (1892-1992): proceedings from the colloquium held in Ljubljana at thecentenary of the composer’s birth on October 7th, 1992’ and edited by a person named ‘Ivan
Klemenčič’

Properties:

F18 Serial Work
Subclass of:

F15 Complex WorkF19 Publication Work

Scope note:This class comprises works that are, or have been, planned to result in sequences ofmanifestations with common features. Whereas a work can acquire new members over the timeit evolves Expressions and Manifestations are identified with a certain state achieved at aparticular point in time. Therefore there is in general no single expression or manifestation
representing a complete serial work, unless the serial work is ended.
Serial Works may or may not have a plan for an overall expression.
The retrospective reprinting of all issues of a Serial Work at once, in the form of a monograph, isregarded to be another member of a Complex Work, which contains the Serial Work and theIndividual Work realised in the monograph. This does not make the monograph part of the Serial
Work.

Examples:The periodical entitled ‘The UNESCO Courier’, ISSN ‘0041-5278’
The periodical entitled ‘Courrier de l’UNESCO’, ISSN ‘0304-3118’ [French edition of theperiodical titled ‘The UNESCO Courier’, ISSN ‘0041-5278’]
The series entitled ‘L’évolution de l’humanité’, ISSN ‘0755-1843’ [a monograph series
comprising volumes that were published from 1920 on, and some of which were reprinted, withdifferent physical features and rearranged in a different order, from 1968 on, in a distinct seriesalso entitled ‘L’évolution de l’humanité’, ISSN ‘0755-1770’]

Properties:

R11 has issuing rule (is issuing rule of): E29 Design or Procedure

F19 Publication Work
Subclass of:

F16 Container Work

Superclass of:

F18 Serial Work

Scope note:This class comprises works that have been planned to result in a manifestation product type andthat pertain to the rendering of expressions from other works.

Examples:

46
The concept of publishing Stephen Crane’s complete poems (as edited by Joseph Katz), which
includes the idea that every time a stanza jumps over a page change, the statement ‘[NOSTANZA BREAK]’ should be printed as a warning for readers that the new page continues thesame stanza
The concept, on behalf of publisher named ‘Verlag Neue Kunsthandlung’, of issuing together,around 1925, three formerly independent publications (‘Emil Orlik’ by Max Osborn – vol. 2
within the series named ‘Graphiker der Gegenwart’, published in 1920; ‘Anders Zorn’ by PaulFriedrich – vol. 10 within the series named ‘Graphiker der Gegenwart’, published in 1924; and‘Max Slevogt’ by Julius Elias – vol. 11 within the series named ‘Graphiker der Gegenwart’,published in 1923) as one, new publication, entitled ‘102 Bilder aus der Sammlung Graphiker
der Gegenwart’
The concept, on behalf of publisher named ‘Dell’, of issuing together in 2002 three novels, titled‘The partner’, ‘The street lawyer’, and ‘A time to kill’, by author named ‘John Grisham’, withjust the statement ‘Three #1 bestsellers by John Grisham’ as a collective title

Properties:

F20 Performance Work
Subclass of:

F16 Container Work

Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises the sets of concepts for rendering a particular or a series of like
performances.
F20 Performance Work is declared as a subclass of F16 Container Work. This implies that theincorporated expressions (such as the text of the staged play, the text of the argument for theballet, the recorded music to be used for the ballet, or the content of the musical score to be used
for a concert, etc.) are not by themselves a part of the expression of this F1 Work. Rather, an
expression (F25 Performance Plan) of the instructions the stage production, choreography ormusical performance consists of incorporates (R14) that textual or musical content. In otherwords, the text of ‘Hamlet’ is not a component of the concepts that underlie a given mise-enscène of ‘Hamlet’, but any staging directions (F25 Performance Plan) that convey a given
director’s vision of ‘Hamlet’ must necessarily incorporate the text of ‘Hamlet’.

Examples:The conceptual content of Sergei Radlov’s mise-en-scène of a Yiddish translation of the textual
work entitled ‘King Lear’ in Moscow in 1935
The conceptual content of Pina Bausch’s choreography of the ballet entitled ‘Rite of spring’ in
Wuppertal in 1975
The conceptual content of Bruno Walter’s performance of Gustav Mahler’s 9th symphony in
1961
The conceptual content of the “performance handbook” for Luigi Nono’s musical work entitled‘À Pierre’Properties:

R12 is realised in (realises): F25 Performance Plan

F21 Recording Work
Subclass of:

F16 Container Work

Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises works that conceptualise the capturing of features of perdurants. The
characteristics of the manifestation of a recording work are those of the product of the capture
process. The characteristics of any other works recorded are distinct from those of the recording
work itself.

Examples:The concept of recording the Swedish 17th century warship Vasa in August 1959 to April 1961
The concept of documenting the Live Aid concerts July 13, 1985, London, Philadelphia, Sydney

47
and Moscow
Properties:

R13 is realised in (realises): F26 Recording

F22 Self-Contained Expression
Subclass of:

F2 Expression

Superclass of:

F24 Publication Expression
F25 Performance Plan
F26 Recording

Scope note:This class comprises the immaterial realisations of individual works at a particular time that are
regarded as a complete whole. The quality of wholeness reflects the intention of its creator that
this expression should convey the concept of the work. Such a whole can in turn be part of alarger whole.
Inherent to the notion of work is the completion of recognisable outcomes of the work. These
outcomes, i.e. the Self-Contained Expressions, are regarded as the symbolic equivalents ofIndividual Works, which form the atoms of a complex work. A Self-Contained Expression may
contain expressions or parts of expressions from other work, such as citations or items collectedin anthologies. Even though they are incorporated in the Self-Contained Expression, they are notregarded as becoming members of the expressed container work by their inclusion in theexpression, but are rather regarded as foreign or referred elements.
F22 Self-Contained Expression can be distinguished from F23 Expression Fragment in that an
F23 Expression Fragment was not intended by its creator to make sense by itself. Normallycreators would characterise an outcome of a work as finished. In other cases, one could
recognise an outcome of a work as complete from the elaboration or logical coherence of its
content, or if there is any historical knowledge about the creator deliberately or accidentallynever finishing (completing) that particular expression. In all those cases, one would regard an
expression as self-contained.

Examples:The Italian text of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ as found in the authoritative critical edition La Commedia
secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= Le Operedi Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4)
The musical notation of Franz Schubert’s lied known as ‘Ave Maria’
The musical notation of Franz Schubert’s lieder cycle entitled ‘Seven Songs after Walter Scott’s
The Lady of the Lake’, of which ‘Ave Maria’ is a distinct part
The musical notation of Franz Liszt’s piano transcription of Franz Schubert’s lied known as‘Ave Maria’

Properties:

R14 incorporates (is incorporated in): F2 Expression

F23 Expression Fragment
Subclass of:

F2 Expression

Scope note:This class comprises parts of Expressions and these parts are not Self-contained Expressions
themselves.
The existence of an instance of F23 Expression Fragment can be due to accident, such as loss ofmaterial over time, e.g. the only remaining manuscript of an antique text being partially eaten byworms, or due to deliberate isolation, such as excerpts taken from a text by the compiler of acollection of excerpts.
An F23 Expression Fragment is only identified with respect to its occurrence in a known orassumed whole. The size of an instance of F23 Expression Fragment ranges from more than
99% of an instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression to tiny bits (a few words from a text, one
bar from a musical composition, one detail from a still image, a two-second clip from a movie,

48etc.).
Examples:The only remnants of Sappho’s poems
The words ‘Beati pauperes spiritu’ (excerpted from Matthew’s Gospel 5,3 in Latin translation)
The notes G-G-G-Eflat (opening of the 1st movement of Ludwig van Beethoven’s 5th
symphony) performed by an orchestra, recorded, and broadcast by the BBC during World War II(the rhythm of this musical fragment corresponds to the Morse code for the initial V for Victory)
The graphic content of a digitised enlarged detail of Mona Lisa’s left eye

Properties:

R15 has fragment (is fragment of): F2 Expression

F24 Publication Expression
Subclass of:

F22 Self-Contained Expression

Scope note:This class comprises the complete layout and content provided by a publisher (in the broadest
sense of the term) in a given publication and not just what was added by the publisher to theauthors’ expressions. It comprises the expressions of the authors’ Works that constitute theraison d’être for the publication. Frequently, it also comprises illustrations selected by the
publisher from different artists.

Examples:The text, its layout and the textual and graphic (Saur’s logo on p. [i]) content of front and backcover, spine (spine title), and p. [i-iv] of the publication entitled ‘Functional Requirements for
Bibliographic Records: final report’, published by K. G. Saur in 1998, identified by ISBN ‘3598-11382-X’
The overall content of the book identified by ISBN ‘0-8014-9130-4’: the text of Stephen Crane’scomplete poems as edited by Joseph Katz, the numbering system introduced by Joseph Katz inorder to identify each individual poem by Stephen Crane, page numbers, the text of Joseph
Katz’s dedication, preface, acknowledgements, and introduction, the table of contents, the index
of first lines, the statements found on title page, back of title page (including CIP bibliographic
record), cover front, back front, and spine, and the layout of the publication; for one of Stephen
Crane’s longer poems, printed on p. 142-143, a statement reads at bottom of p. 142: ‘[NOSTANZA BREAK]’: obviously, this statement does not belong to the Self-Contained Expression
intended by Stephen Crane, and presumably not to the one intended by editor Joseph Katz either,
but was more probably added by the publishing team, due to characteristics of the layout of the
publication: a cautious reader can easily interpret ‘[NO STANZA BREAK]’ as non-belonging to
the poem itself, but an OCR process would not make the distinction between the text of thepoem and the statement made by the publisher; ‘[NO STANZA BREAK]’ belongs to the
Publication Expression, although it does not belong to the Self-Contained Expression intendedby Stephen Crane and Joseph Katz
The overall content of the LP sound recording identified by label and label number ‘CBS 3461237’: a recorded performance of Terry Riley’s musical work ‘In C’, the text of liner notes byPaul Williams translated into French by Bernard Weinberg, technical statements such as‘Stereo,’ publisher’s logo, series logo, title and statement of responsibility on front, back, andspine of the cover and on the recording itself, duration statement, cover art by G. Joly, overalllayout, etc.; a special, shunting sound was added at the end of side one and beginning of side
two, as Terry Riley’s work is in the form of a continuous musical flow without any interruption
and the technical possibilities of vinyl LPs did not allow the complete performance to becontained on just one side: that special, shunting sound was not intended in Riley’s score nor in
the performance but was added by the publisher (with or without Riley’s consent, this detail is
not documented), and as such it is part of the Publication Expression although it is not part of thecomposer’s and the performers’ Self-Contained Expression (this shunting sound was no longer
needed in subsequent releases on CD)
The overall content of the DVD entitled ‘The Aviator (2-Disc Full Screen Edition)’, released in
2004: Martin Scorsese’s movie itself; layout of the box and the two DVDs contained in the box;
pictures on the DVDs themselves; English, Spanish, and French subtitles; English and French
audio tracks; and bonuses: commentaries by director Martin Scorsese, editor Thelma
Schoonmaker, and producer Michael Mann; a deleted scene (‘Howard Tells Ava About His Car
Accident’); and featurettes ‘A Life Without Limits: The Making of The Aviator’; ‘The Role ofHoward Hughes in Aviation History’; ‘Modern Marvels: Howard Hughes, A Documentary by

49
the History Channel’; ‘The Visual Effects of The Aviator’; ‘The Affliction of Howard Hughes:Obsessive Compulsive Disorder’; ‘The Age of Glamour: The Hair And Makeup of The Aviator’;‘Costuming The Aviator: The Work of Sandy Powell’; ‘Constructing The Aviator: The Work of
Dante Ferretti’; ‘An evening with Leonardo DiCaprio and Alan Alda’; ‘OCD Panel Discussion
With Leonardo DiCaprio, Martin Scorsese, and Howard Hughes’ Widow Terry Moore’; ‘Still
Gallery’; ‘Scoring The Aviator: The Work Of Howard Shore’; and ‘The Wainwright Family –Loudon, Rufus and Martha’
Properties:

F25 Performance Plan
Subclass of:

F22 Self-Contained Expression
E29 Design or Procedure

Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises sets of directions to which individual performances of theatrical,
choreographic, or musical works and their combinations should conform.
In the case of theatrical performances, such directions incorporate, but are not limited nor
reducible to, the text of a given version of the play performed (e.g., a translated text, somepassages of which are deliberately omitted, with some rephrased lines, etc.).
In the case of choreographic performances, such directions may incorporate, but are neither
limited nor reducible to, the notation of choreographic movements in systems such aslabanotation.
In the case of musical performances, such directions may incorporate, but are neither limited nor
reducible to, the musical score. In case of electronic music, they may incorporate software
instructions.
These directions may or may not completely determine the form of the intended performance.
Depending on the nature of the directions, the form of the intended performance, such as the setsof movements or the sound characteristics, may or may not be predictable from the directions.
Note that a performance plan may be more or less elaborate, and may even foresee just
improvisation.

Examples:The set of instructions for the production of a Yiddish translation of the textual work entitled‘King Lear’, as directed by Sergei Radlov in Moscow in 1935
The set of instructions for the production of the ballet entitled ‘Rite of spring’, as choreographedby Pina Bausch in Wuppertal in 1975
The set of instructions by Bruno Walter for performing Gustav Mahler’s 9th symphony,delivered by him to the Columbia Symphony Orchestra during rehearsals in Hollywood in 1961
(as partially documented in the CD entitled ‘Bruno Walter conducts and talks about Mahler
symphony No. 9: rehearsal & performance’)
The set of instructions contained in the “performance handbook” for Luigi Nono’s musical work
entitled ‘À Pierre’Properties:

F26 Recording
Subclass of:

F22 Self-Contained Expression

Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises expressions which are created in instances of F29 Recording Event. A
recording is intended to convey (and preserve) the content of one or more events.

Examples:The set of signs that make up the third alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue Hawaii’as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961

Properties:

50

F27 Work Conception
Subclass of:

E65 Creation

Scope note:This class comprises the births of original ideas. It marks the initiation of the creation of a work.
This class should be used where there is historical evidence of the initiation before theappearance of physical evidence for the F1 Work. This does not always correlate with the dateassigned in common library practice to the work; which is usually a later event.

Examples:Richard Wagner’s having the initial idea of composing the opera entitled ‘Der fliegende
Holländer’ during a stormy sea crossing in July/August 1839
Oscar Wilde’s having by May 1897 the initial idea of writing his poem entitled ‘The ballad of
the Reading gaol’, inspired by his stay in the Reading prison from November 20, 1895 to May
18, 1897, and the execution of Charles Thomas Woolridge on July 7, 1896

Properties:

R16 initiated (was initiated by): F1 Work

F28 Expression Creation
Subclass of:

E12 Production
E65 Creation

Superclass of:

F29 Recording Event
F30 Publication Event

Scope note:This class comprises activities that result in instances of F2 Expression coming into existence.
This class characterises the externalisation of an Individual Work.
Although F2 Expression is an abstract entity, a conceptual object, the creation of an expression
inevitably also affects the physical world: when you scribble the first draft of a poem on a sheetof paper, you produce an F4 Manifestation Singleton; F28 Expression Creation is a subclass of
E12 Production because the recording of the expression causes a physical modification of thecarrying E18 Physical Thing. The work becomes manifest by being expressed on a physicalcarrier different from the creator’s mind. The spatio-temporal circumstances under which theexpression is created are necessarily the same spatio-temporal circumstances under which thefirst F4 Manifestation Singleton is produced. The mechanisms through which oral tradition (ofmyths, tales, music, etc.) operates are not further investigated in this model. As far as
bibliographic practice is concerned, only those instances of F2 Expression that are externalisedon physical carriers other than both the creator’s mind and the auditor’s mind are taken into
account (for a discussion of the modelling of oral traditions, see: Nicolas, Yann. ‘Folklore
Requirements for Bibliographic Records: oral traditions and FRBR.’ In: Cataloging &Classification Quarterly (2005). Vol. 39, No. 3-4. P. 179-195).

Examples:The creation of the original manuscript score of ‘Uwertura tragiczna’ by Andrzej Panufnik in
1942 in Warsaw
The reconstruction from memory of the manuscript score of ‘Uwertura tragiczna’ by Andrzej
Panufnik in 1945 after the original score was destroyed during the war
The recording of the third alternate take of ‘Blue Hawaii’ performed by Elvis Presley in
Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961 [each individual take is a distinct
instance of F2 Expression]

Properties:

R17 created (was created by): F2 Expression
R18 created (was created by): F4 Manifestation Singleton
R19 created a realisation of (was realised through): F1 Work

F29 Recording Event
Subclass of:

F28 Expression Creation

51
Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises activities that intend to convey (and preserve) the content of events in arecording, such as a live recording of a performance, a documentary, or other capture of aperdurant. Such activities may follow the directions of a recording plan.

Examples:The making of the recording of the third alternate take of the musical work titled ‘Blue Hawaii’as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961

Properties:

R20 recorded (was recorded through): E5 Event
R21 created (was created through): F26 Recording
R22 created a realisation of (was realised through): F21 Recording Work

F30 Publication Event
Subclass of:

F28 Expression Creation

Scope note:This class comprises the activities of publishing. Such an event includes the creation of an F24
Publication Expression and setting up the means of production. The end of this event is regarded
as the date of publication, regardless of whether the carrier production is started. Publishing canbe either physical or electronic. Electronic publishing is regarded as making an instance of F24
Publication Expression available in electronic form on a public network. Electronic Publishingdoes not mean producing a physical F5 Item by partially electronic means. Making an electronic
file available on a physical carrier can be regarded as equivalent to setting up the means of
production; downloading the file is regarded as the electronic equivalent of F32 Carrier
Production Event.

Examples:Publishing Amerigo Vespucci’s ‘Mundus novus’ in Paris ca. 1503-1504
Establishing in 1972 the layout, features, and prototype for the publication of ‘The complete
poems of Stephen Crane, edited with an introduction by Joseph Katz’ (ISBN ‘0-8014-9130-4’),
which served for a second print run in 1978
Making available online the article by Allen Renear, Christopher Phillippe, Pat Lawton, andDavid Dubin, entitled ‘An XML document corresponds to which FRBR Group 1 entity?’<http://conferences.idealliance.org/extreme/html/2003/Lawton01/EML2003Lawton01.html>

Properties:

R23 created a realisation of (was realised through): F19 Publication Work
R24 created (was created through): F24 Publication Expression

F31 Performance
Subclass of:E7 Activity

Superclass of:
Scope note:This class comprises activities that follow the directions of a performance plan, such as atheatrical play, an expression of a choreographic work or a musical work; i.e., they are intended
to communicate directly or indirectly to an audience.
Such activities can be identified at various levels of granularity, and can be contiguous or not.
Any individual performance (with or without intermissions) is a single instance of F31
Performance. In addition, a complete run of performances can also be seen as an instance of F31
Performance, with individual performances as parts. A complete run of performances may
comprise an original run plus any of its extensions and tours.
Note that a performance plan may be more or less elaborate, and may even foresee just
improvisation.

Examples:Performing the first performance of a Yiddish translation of the textual work entitled ‘King
Lear’, as directed by Sergei Radlov, in Moscow, at the Moscow State Jewish Theatre, on
February 10, 1935 [individual performance]
Performing the ballet entitled ‘Rite of spring’, as choreographed by Pina Bausch, in Avignon, at
the Popes’ Palace, on July 7, 1995 [individual performance]
Performing the operatic work entitled ‘Dido and Aeneas’, as directed by Edward Gordon Craig

52
and conducted by Martin Shaw, in London, Hampstead Conservatoire, on May 17, 18, and 19,
1900 [run of performances]
Properties:

R25 performed (was performed in): F25 Performance Plan

F32 Carrier Production Event
Subclass of:

E12 Production

Scope note:This class comprises activities that result in instances of F5 Item coming into existence. The
creation of a new copy of a file on an electronic carrier is also regarded as a Carrier Production
Event.
Typically, the production of copies of a publication (no matter whether it is a book, a soundrecording, a DVD, a cartographic resource, etc.) strives to produce items all as similar as
possible to a prototype that displays all the features that all the copies of the publication should
also display, which is reflected in property R27 used as source material F24 Publication
Expression.

Examples:The printing of copies of the 3rd edition of ‘Codex Manesse: die Miniaturen der großen
Heidelberger Liederhandschrift, herausgegeben und erläutert von Ingo F. Walther unter
Mitarbeit von Gisela Siebert’, Insel-Verlag, 1988 [a fac-simile edition of an illuminatedmediaeval manuscript]
The printing of copies of the ‘Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 213, Aberystwyth & Cwm
Rheidol’, ISBN 0-319-23640-4 (folded), 1:25,000 scale, released in May 2005 [a cartographic
resource]
The production of copies of the sound recording titled ‘The Glory (????) of the human voice’,
RCA Victor Gold Seal GD61175, containing recordings of musical works performed by
Florence Foster Jenkins [a sound recording; the question marks in parentheses belong to theoriginal title]
My clicking now on the link <http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.0.pdf>, andthus downloading on my PC a reproduction of the electronic file titled ‘Definition of the CIDOC
Conceptual Reference Model… version 4.0’ that is stored on the ICS FORTH’s servers in
Heraklion, Crete
The second print run, in 1978, of ‘The complete poems of Stephen Crane, edited with an
introduction by Joseph Katz’ (ISBN ‘0-8014-9130-4’), a publication dated 1972 [publication ofa printed text]

Properties:

R26 produced things of type (was produced by): F3 Manifestation Product TypeR27 used as source material (was used by): F24 Publication Expression
R28 produced (was produced by): F5 ItemF33 Reproduction Event
Subclass of:

E12 Production

Scope note:This class comprises activities that consist in making copies, more or less mechanically, of an
instance of E84 Information Carrier (such as an F5 Item or an F4 Manifestation Singleton whichis also instance of E84 Information Carrier), preserving the expression carried by it. A
Reproduction Event results in new instances of E84 Information Carrier coming into existence.
In general, the copy will have different attributes from the original and they are therefore notregarded as siblings.
This class makes it possible to account for the legal distinction between private copying for the
purpose of “fair use,” and mass production for the purpose of dissemination.
It can prove difficult to determine where to draw the line between F33 Reproduction Event andF32 Carrier Production Event in cases where multiple copies are produced. In this case, thecopies, but not the original, may be regarded as instances of F5 Item. It is the existence of an
explicit production plan that makes the difference. As a consequence, F33 Reproduction Event

53
and F32 Carrier Production Event are not declared as disjoint, which makes it possible toaccount for such situations that could be regarded as instances of both Production Event andReproduction Event.
Examples:

My photocopying now for my own private use an exemplar of the article entitled ‘Federal
Court’s Ruling Against Photocopying Chain Will Not Destroy “Fair Use”’ by Kenneth D.
Crews, issued in ‘Chronicle of higher education’, 17 April 1991, A48
The BnF’s producing in 1997 the microfilm identified by call number ‘Microfilm M-12169’ ofthe exemplar identified by shelf mark ‘Res 8 P 10’ of Amerigo Vespucci’s ‘Mundus novus’
published in Paris ca. 1503-1504
The BnF’s reproducing in 2001 the exemplar identified by call number ‘NC His Master’s VoiceHC 20’ of a 78 rpm phonogram released by Gramophone in 1932, as part of the CD identified bycall number ‘SDCR 2120’
The BnF’s making in 2003 a digitisation, identified by call number ‘IFN 7701015’, of thecollection of drawings (held by the BnF) that were made by Étienne-Louis Boullée in 1784 forhis project of a ‘Newton Cenotaph’

Properties:

R29 reproduced (was reproduced by): E84 Information Carrier
R30 produced (was produced by): E84 Information Carrier

54

2.7 FRBR Property Declaration
The properties of FRBROO are comprehensively declared in this section using the following format:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Property names are presented as headings in bold face, preceded by unique property identifiers;
The line “Domain:” declares the class for which the property is defined;
The line “Range:” declares the class to which the property points, or that provides the values for theproperty;
The line “Superproperty of:” is a cross-reference to any subproperties the property may have;
The line “Quantification:” declares the possible number of occurrences for domain and range classinstances for the property. Possible values are: 1:many, many:many, many:1;
The line “Scope note:” contains the textual definition of the concept the property represents;
The line “Examples:” contains a bulleted list of examples of instances of this property. If the example isalso instance of a subproperty of this property, the unique identifier of the subclass is added inparenthesis. If the example instantiates two properties, the unique identifiers of both properties is addedin parenthesis.

55

R1 is logical successor of (has successor)
Domain:F1 Work
Range:
F1 Work
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E70 Thing. P130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F1 Work which logically continues the content of anotherinstance of F1 Work with the latter.

Examples:The novel entitled ‘H.--: the story of Heathcliff’s journey back to Wuthering Heights’, authoredby the person named ‘Lin Haire-Sargeant’ (F1) R1 is logical successor of The novel entitled‘Wuthering Heights’, authored by the person named ‘Emily Brontë’ (F1)
The first ‘Star wars’ trilogy (1977-1983) R1 is logical successor of The second ‘Star wars’
trilogy (1999-2005) [Note that the logical order does not follow, in this case, the chronologicalorder]

R2 is derivative of (has derivative)
Domain:F1 Work
Range:
F1 Work
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E70 Thing. P130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F1 Work which modifies the content of another instanceof F1 Work with the latter. The property R2.1 has type of this property allows for specifying thekind of derivation, such as adaptation, summarisation etc.

Examples:William Schuman’s orchestration of Charles Ives’s ‘Variations on America’ (F15) R2 isderivative of Charles Ives’s ‘Variations on America’ (F15) R2.1 has type orchestration (E55)
Charles Ives’s musical work entitled ‘Variations on America’ (F15) R2 is derivative of The
musical work titled ‘America’ (F15) R2.1 has type variations (E55)
The musical work entitled ‘America’ (F15) R2 is derivative of The musical work entitled ‘God
save the King’ (F15) R2.1 has type same tune with different lyrics (E55)

Properties:

R2.1 has type: E55 TypeR3 is realised in (realises)
Domain:F1 Work
Range:
F22 Self-contained Expression
Superproperty of:F14 Individual Work. R9 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-Contained Expression
F20 Performance Work. R12 is realised in (realises): F25 Performance Plan
F21 Recording Work. R13 is realised in (realises): F26 Recording
F1 Work.R40 has representative expression (is representative expression for): F22 SelfContained Expression
Subproperty of: E70 Thing. P130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing
Quantification: (0:n,1:1)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression with an instance of F1
Work.
This property expresses the association that exists between an expression (F22) and the workthat this expression conveys. The semantics of the association will be different depending on
what specific subtype of F1 Work the work is an instance of. If the work is an instance of F14
Individual Work, the F22 Self-Contained Expression completely conveys the individual work. If
the work is an instance of F15 Complex work, the F22 Self-Contained Expression conveys analternative member of the complex work.

56
Our factual knowledge of how a given work is realised into an expression is often limited andthis property makes it possible to express the association between instances of F22 SelfContained Expression and the work it conveys without using the more developed paths.
Examples:Dante’s work entitled ‘Inferno’ (F15) R3 is realised in The Italian text of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ asfound in the authoritative critical edition La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di
Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione
Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4) (F22)

R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)Domain:F2 Expression
Range:F3 Manifestation Product TypeSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of: F2 Expression.R41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation
product type for): F3 Manifestation Product Type
Quantification: (1:n,0,n)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of F2 Expression, which all exemplars of that publication should carry, as long as
they are recognised as complete exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property isobserved on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same
publication. This property is a shortcut of: F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should carry
F24 Publication Expression R14 incorporates F2 Expression.

Examples:The text of Marin Mersenne’s ‘Harmonie universelle’ (F22) R4 carriers provided by Publication
identified by ISBN ‘2-222-00835-2’ (F3)
A recording of the Atrium Musicæ Ensemble’s performance of a fragment of Euripides’ textual
and musical work entitled ‘Orestes’ (F26) R4 carriers provided by The CD entitled ‘Musique dela Grèce antique = Ancient Greek music = Griechische Musik der Antike’, released in 2000 and
identified by UPC/EAN ‘794881601622’ (F3)R5 has component (is component of)Domain:F2 Expression
Range:
F22 Self-Contained Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E89 Propositional Object. P148 is composed of (forms part of): E89 Propositional Object
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys in itself
the complete concept of a work that is member of (R10) the overall work realized by X.
It does not cover the relationship that exists between pre-existing expressions that are re-used ina new, larger expression and that new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by R14
incorporates.

Examples:The Italian text of Dante’s textual work entitled ‘Divina Commedia’ (F22) R5 has component
The Italian text of Dante’s textual work entitled ‘Inferno’ (F22)The musical notation of Mozart’s Singspiel entitled ‘Die Zauberflöte’ (F22) R5 has component
The musical notation of Mozart’s aria entitled ‘Der Hölle Rache’, also known as ‘The Queen of
the Night’s Aria’ (F22)
The visual content of the map entitled ‘Wales – The Midlands – South West England’, scale
1:400,000, issued by Michelin in 2005 (F22) R5 has component The visual content of the inset
entitled ‘Liverpool’, scale 1:200,000, set within the compass of the map titled ‘Wales – The
Midlands – South West England’, scale 1:400,000, issued by Michelin in 2005 (F22)

57

R6 carries (is carried by)
Domain:F5 ItemRange:
F24 Publication Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing .P128 carries (is carried by):E73 Information Object
Quantification: (1:1,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F5 Item with the unique instance of F24 Publication
Expression it carries.

Examples:The British Library’s holding identified by shelfmark ‘DSC 9078.177 vol 19’ (F5) R6 carries
The entire content (text, layout, publisher logo, etc.) of the publication entitled ‘Functional
Requirements for Bibliographic Records: final report’, issued by publisher named ‘K. G. Saur’in 1998 (F24)

R7 is example of (has example)
Domain:F5 ItemRange:F3 Manifestation Product TypeSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of: E1 CRM Entity. P2 has type: E55 Type
Quantification: (1:1,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates a publication with one of its exemplars.
It is a shortcut of the more developed path: F5 Item R28B was produced by F32 Carrier
Production R26 produced things of type (was produced by): F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The item held by the National Library of France and identified by shelf mark ‘Res 8 P 10’ (F5)
R7 is example of (has example) The edition of Amerigo Vespucci’s textual and cartographic
work entitled ‘Mundus novus’ issued in Paris ca. 1503-1504 (F3)

R8 consists of (forms part of)Domain:F13 Identifier
Range:
F12 NameSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F13 Identifier with any one of the meaningful parts it iscomposed of, which are themselves instances of F12 Name. In particular, date expressions (i.e.
instances of E50 Date) are regarded as names.

Examples:Uniform title ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds (Coventry)’ (F13) R8 consists of ‘The Adorationof the Shepherds’ (E35 Title), and R8 consists of ‘Coventry’ (E48 Place Name – i.e., the name ofan F9 Place)
Uniform title ‘Rite of spring (Choreographic Work : Bausch)’ (F13) R8 consists of ‘Rite ofspring’ (E35 Title), R8 consists of ‘Choreographic Work’ (F12 Name for an E55 Type), and R8
consists of ‘Bausch’ (F12 Name for an F10 Person)
Uniform title ‘King Kong (1933)’ (F13) R8 consists of ‘King Kong’ (E35 Title), and R8 consistsof ‘1933’ (E50 Date, subclass of E41 Appellation)
Personal name heading ‘Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377’ (F13 Identifier for an F10
Person) R8 consists of ‘Guillaume, de Machaut’ (F12 Name for an F10 Person), and R8 consistsof ‘ca. 1300-1377’ (E49 Time Apellation for an E52 Time-Span [P79 beginning is qualified by
E62 String “ca.”])Corporate name heading ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ (F13 Identifier for a
F11 Corporate Body) R8 consists of ‘Univerza v Ljubljani’ (F13 Identifier for a F11 Corporate

58Body), and R8 consists of ‘Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ (F12 Name for a F11 Corporate Body)
ISBN ‘978-002-002-0’ (F47) R8 consists of Prefix ‘978’ for the Nigerian ISBN Agency (F12Name for a F11 Corporate Body), and R8 consists of code ‘002’ for the Nigerian Institute ofInternational Affairs (F12 Name for a F11 Corporate Body), and R8 consists of code ‘002’ forthe publication entitled ‘Nigeria’s international economic relations’ (F12 Name for a F3
Manifestation Product Type)R9 is realised in (realises)
Domain:Range:
Subproperty of:
Quantification:

F14 Individual Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression
F1 Work. R3 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-contained Expression(1:1,1:1)

Scope note:This property associates an F14 Individual Work with the unique F22 Self-Contained Expressionthat completely conveys it.
It is a short cut for the more developed path: F14 Individual Work R19B was realised throughF28 Expression Creation R17 created F22 Self-Contained Expression.

Examples:Abstract content of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s graphic work entitled ‘Carcere XVI: the pierwith chains: 2nd state’ (F14) R9 is realised in Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s graphic work entitled‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains: 2nd state’ (F22)
Abstract content of the English text of the 1855 edition of Walt Whitman’s textual work entitled‘Leaves of Grass’ (F14) R9 is realised in the English text of the 1855 edition of Walt Whitman’s
textual work entitled ‘Leaves of Grass’ (F22)

R10 has member (is member of)
Domain:F15 Complex Work
Range:
F1 Work
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (2:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F15 Complex Work with an instance of F1 Work that
forms part of it. The Work becomes complex by the fact that it has other instances of Work as
members.

Examples:Dante’s textual work entitled ‘Divina Commedia’ (F15) R10 has member Dante’s textual work
entitled ‘Inferno’ (F15)
Dante’s textual work entitled ‘Inferno’ (F15) R10 has member The abstract content of thepseudo-old French text of Émile Littré’s translation entitled ‘L’Enfer mis en vieux langage
françois et en vers’ [a 19th century translation of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ into old French] published in
Paris in 1879 (F14)
Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s graphic work entitled ‘Carceri’ (F15) R10 has member Giovanni
Battista Piranesi’s graphic work entitled ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains’ (F15)
Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s graphic work entitled ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains’ (F15) R10
has member The abstract content of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s graphic work entitled ‘Carcere
XVI: the pier with chains: 2nd state’ (F14)

R11 has issuing rule (is issuing rule of)Domain:Range:F18 Serial Work
E29 Design or Procedure59
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F18 Serial Work with the instance of E29 Design orProcedure that specifies the issuing policy planned by this Work, such as sequencing pattern,
expected frequency and expected regularity.

Examples:The serial entitled ‘Quarterly journal of pure and applied mathematics’, identified by ISSN
‘1549-6724’ (F18) R11 has issuing rule To be issued every three months, on a regular basis,
with each issue being numbered according to the pattern ‘Vol. 1, no. 1 (2005)’ that was observedby the Library of Congress’s cataloguers on an exemplar of the first issue (E29)

R12 is realised in (realises)
Domain:F20 Performance Work
Range:
F25 Performance Plan
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F1 Work. R3 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-contained Expression
Quantification: (0:n,1:1)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F20 Performance Work with an instance of F25
Performance Plan that consists of signs (words, figures, etc.) which express the directions theinstance of F20 Performance Work consists of.

Examples:The concept of Sergei Radlov’s mise-en-scène of a Yiddish translation of the textual work
entitled ‘King Lear’ in Moscow in 1935 (F20) R12 is realised in The set of instructions for the
production of a Yiddish translation of the textual work entitled ‘King Lear’, as directed bySergei Radlov in Moscow in 1935 (F25)
The concept of Pina Bausch’s choreography of the ballet entitled ‘Rite of spring’ in Wuppertal
in 1975 (F20) R12 is realised in The set of instructions for the production of the ballet entitled‘Rite of spring’, as choreographed by Pina Bausch in Wuppertal in 1975 (F25)
The concept of Bruno Walter’s performance of Gustav Mahler’s 9th symphony in 1961 (F20)
R12 is realised in The set of instructions by Bruno Walter for performing Gustav Mahler’s 9th
symphony, delivered by him to the Columbia Symphony Orchestra during rehearsals in
Hollywood in 1961 (as partially documented in the CD entitled ‘Bruno Walter conducts andtalks about Mahler symphony No. 9: rehearsal & performance’) (F25)
The concept of the “performance handbook” for Luigi Nono’s musical work entitled ‘À Pierre’(F20) R12 is realised in The set of instructions contained in the performance handbook for Luigi
Nono’s musical work entitled ‘À Pierre’ (F25)

R13 is realised in (realises)
Domain:F21 Recording Work
Range:
F26 Recording
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F1 Work. R3 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-contained Expression
Quantification: (0:n,0:1)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F21 Recording Work with an instance of F26 Recording
realising the instance of F21 Recording work. This is a shortcut of the more elaborated paththrough R22 was realised through, F29 Recording Event and R21 created, which should be used
when information about the recording event is available.

Examples:The concept of the third alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue Hawaii’ as performed
by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961 (F21) R13 isrealised in The set of signs that make up the third alternate take of the musical work entitled‘Blue Hawaii’ as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March
22nd, 1961 (F26)

60

R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
Domain:F22 Self-Contained Expression
Range:F2 Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E89 Propositional Object. P148 is composed of (forms part of): E89 Propositional Object
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression with an instance of F2
Expression that was included in it and that is a realisation of an independent work. The
incorporated expression may be self-contained or fragmentary.
This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated
expression, which was created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many distinct
self-contained expressions, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental
whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.
It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poemin an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of apainting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence oflyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie basedon that play, etc.

Examples:The text of the present version of the FRBROO definition (F22) R14 incorporates The beginningof the Scope Note for E4 Period in the CIDOC CRM definition, version 4.4 (F23)
The text of the anthology entitled ‘American Women Poets of the Nineteenth Century: An
Anthology’, edited by Cheryl Walker and published by Rutgers University Press in July 1992
(F22) R14 incorporates The text of the poem entitled ‘Acquainted with Grief’ and authored by
Helen Hunt Jackson
The sonic content of the CD entitled ‘Great moments of Lucia Popp’ issued by EMI MusicInternational in 1996 and identified by UPC/EAN ‘0724356577022’ (F24) R14 incorporates The
recorded performance of Mozart’s aria entitled ‘Der Hölle Rache’ (also known as ‘The Queen of
the Night’s Aria’) by Lucia Popp accompanied by the Philharmonia orchestra conducted by Otto
Klemperer in London, Kingsway Hall, between March 24, 1964 and April 10, 1964 (F26)
The set of instructions for the production of ‘King Lear’, directed by Sergei Radlov in Moscow
in 1935 (F25) R14 incorporates The Yiddish text of ‘King Lear’ as translated by Shmuel Galkin(F22)
The set of instructions for the production of ‘King Lear’, directed by Sergei Radlov in Moscow
in 1935 (F25) R14 incorporates the musical content of the score of the incidental music
composed by Lev Pulver (F22)
The set of instructions for the production of ‘King Lear’, directed by Sergei Radlov in Moscow
in 1935 (F25) R14 incorporates The visual items (E36) shown in Alexander Tyschler’s scene
settings and the models built by him for these settings (F22 and E36)
The set of instructions for the production of the ballet ‘Rite of spring’, as choreographed by Pina
Bausch in Wuppertal in 1975 (F25) R14 incorporates the musical score of Igor Stravinsky’s
musical work ‘Rite of spring’ (F22)

R15 has fragment (is fragment of)Domain:F23 Expression Fragment
Range:F2 Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E90 Symbolic Object. P106 is composed of (forms part of): E90 Symbolic Object.
E89 Propositional Object .P148 has component (is component of): E89 Propositional Object
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates the fragment of an expression and the expression of which it is a
fragment.

Examples:

61
The ancient Greek text of the four stanzas from an ode by Sappho that were quoted by PseudoLonginus in his textual work entitled ‘On the sublime’ (F23) R15 is fragment of The complete
ancient Greek text, now irremediably lost, of Sappho’s ode currently identified as Sappho’s
poem #2 (F22)
The statement ‘fasc. 111’ (abridgement for ‘fascicle no. 111’) indicating the sequential positionof the publication identified by ISBN ‘2-7018-0037-4’ within the series entitled ‘Bibliothèquedes Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome’ and identified by ISSN ‘0257-4101’ (F23) R15 isfragment of The overall content of the publication identified by ISBN ‘2-7018-0037-4’ (F24)

R16 initiated (was initiated by)
Domain:F27 Work Conception
Range:
F1 Work
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E65 Creation. P94 created (was created by): E28 Conceptual Object
Quantification: (0:1,1:n)
Scope note:This property associates the first conception of a work and the work itself that ensued from agiven initial idea.
It is usually not recorded in cataloguing practice as it is only exceptionally documented in reallife but is required in this semantic model as it marks the origin of the causality chain that results
in a work’s coming into existence.

Examples:The creative spark that motivated Richard Wagner, during a stormy sea crossing in July/August
1839, to compose an opera (F27) R16 initiated Richard Wagner’s opera entitled ‘Der fliegende
Holländer’ (F15)
The creative spark that motivated Oscar Wilde, by May 1897, to write a poem inspired by his
stay in the Reading prison in 1895-1897 (F27) R16 initiated Oscar Wilde’s poem entitled ‘The
ballad of the Reading gaol’ (F15)

R17 created (was created by)
Domain:F28 Expression Creation
Range:F2 Expression
Superproperty of:F29 Recording Event. R21 created (was created by): F26 Recording
F30 Publication Event. R24 created (was created through): F24 Publication Expression
Subproperty of: E65 Creation. P94 created (was created by): E28 Conceptual Object
Quantification: (1:1,1:n)
Scope note:This property associates the expression that was first externalised during a particular creation
event with that particular creation event.

Examples:Richard Wagner’s writing the original manuscript of his opera entitled ‘Der fliegende Holländer’(F28) R17 created the notational content of the original manuscript of Richard Wagner’s opera
entitled ‘Der fliegende Holländer’ (F22)
Oscar Wilde’s writing the original manuscript of his poem entitled ‘The ballad of the Reading
gaol’ (F28) R17 created the English text of Oscar Wilde’s poem entitled ‘The ballad of theReading gaol’ (F22)

R18 created (was created by)
Domain:F28 Expression Creation
Range:F4 Manifestation Singleton
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E12 Production. P108 produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing62
Quantification:(1:n,0:1)

Scope note:This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with the first physical objects inwhich the resulting instance of F2 Expression was embodied.

Examples:Emily Dickinson’s creating the text of one of the several extant versions of her poem known as‘Safe in their alabaster chambers’ (F28) R18 created The manuscript now identified as‘Massachusetts Cambridge Harvard University Houghton Library bMS Am 1118.3 (203c,203d)’ (F4)
Emily Dickinson’s creating the text of another one of the several extant versions of her poem
known as ‘Safe in their alabaster chambers’ (F28) R18 created The manuscript now identified as‘Massachusetts Cambridge Harvard University Houghton Library bMS Am 1118.5 (74c)’ (F4)
The recording of the third alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue Hawaii’ performed
by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961 (F28) R18
created The master tape of the 3rd alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue Hawaii’
performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961 (F4)(each individual take is a distinct expression)
The resource (a drawing) held by the New York Public Library and identified by call number‘*MGZGB Far P Cop 1’ (F4) R18B was created by The creation, by the artist named ‘Peter
Farmer’, of a costume design for the character named ‘War’ in the Act III Masque of theseasons, in the Festival Ballet of London production of the choreographic work entitled‘Coppélia’, with choreography by Jack Carter after Petipa (F28)

R19 created a realisation of (was realised through)Domain:F28 Expression Creation
Range:
F1 Work
Superproperty of: F29 Recording Event. R22 created a realisation of (was realised through):F21 Recording Work
F30 Publication Event.R23 created a realisation of (was realised through):F19 Publication Work
Subproperty of: E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
Quantification: (1:n,1:1)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with the corresponding instanceof F14 Individual Work or an instance of F15 Complex Work of which the corresponding
instance of F14 Individual Work is a member.

Examples:Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s creating the image identified as ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains:
2nd state’ (F28) R19 created a realisation of The concept of Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s graphic
work entitled ‘Carcere XVI: the pier with chains: 2nd state’ (F14)
Recording Glenn Gould’s performance of Johann Sebastian Bach’s musical work entitled‘Toccata in C minor BWV 911’ on May 15 & 16, 1979, in Toronto, Eaton’s Auditorium (F29)
R19 created a realisation of The concept of the recorded performance of Johann SebastianBach’s musical work entitled ‘Toccata in C minor BWV 911’ by Glenn Gould on May 15 & 16,
1979, in Toronto, Eaton’s Auditorium (F21)

R20 recorded (was recorded through)Domain:F29 Recording Event
Range:
E5 Event
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (1:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with the instance of E5 Event
which was captured.

Examples:The making of the recording of the third alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue
Hawaii’ as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd,
1961 (F29) R20 recorded Elvis Presley’s performance of the musical work entitled ‘Blue

63
Hawaii’ in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961 (F31)

R21 created (was created through)Domain:F29 Recording Event
Range:
F26 Recording
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F28 Expression Creation. R17 created (was created by): F2 Expression
Quantification: (1:n,1:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with the instance of F26 Recordingthat was created.

Examples:The making of the recording of the third alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue
Hawaii’ as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd,
1961 (F29) R21 created The set of signs that make up the third alternate take of the musicalwork entitled ‘Blue Hawaii’ as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio
Recorders, on March 22nd, 1961 (F26)

R22 created a realisation of (was realised through)Domain:F29 Recording Event
Range:
F21 Recording Work
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F28 Expression Creation. R19 created a realisation of (was realised through): F1 Work
Quantification: (0:1,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with the instance of F21 Recording
Work it realised.

Examples:The making of the recording of the third alternate take of the musical work entitled ‘Blue
Hawaii’ as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif., Radio Recorders, on March 22nd,
1961 (F29) R22 created a realisation of the concept of the third alternate take of the musicalwork entitled ‘Blue Hawaii’ as performed by Elvis Presley in Hollywood, Calif.

R23 created a realisation of (was realised through)Domain:F30 Publication Event
Range:
F19 Publication Work
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F28 Expression Creation. R19 created a realisation of (was realised through): F1 Work
Quantification: (0:1,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F30 Publication Event with the instance of F19
Publication Work it realised.

Examples:Establishing in 1972 the layout, features, and prototype for the publication of Stephen Crane’scomplete poems (F30) R23 created a realisation of Cornell University Press’s concepts for an
edition of Stephen Crane’s complete poems (F19)

R24 created (was created through)Domain:F30 Publication Event
Range:
F24 Publication Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F28 Expression Creation. R17 created (was created by): F2 Expression
Quantification: (1:n,1:n)
Scope note:This property associates the instance of F24 Publication Expression that was created during a64particular F30 Publication Event.
Examples:Establishing in 1972 the layout, features, and prototype for the publication of Stephen Crane’scomplete poems (F30) R24 created The set of signs and instructions as to manufacturing
established by Cornell University Press for a publication of Stephen Crane’s complete poems(F24)

R25 performed (was performed in)
Domain:F31 Performance
Range:
F25 Performance Plan
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity. P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F31 Performance with the instance of F25 Performance
Plan to which all those participating in the performance were supposed to conform.

Examples:Performing the first performance of a Yiddish translation of ‘King Lear’, as directed by Sergei
Radlov, in Moscow, at the Moscow State Jewish Theatre, on February 10, 1935 (F31) R25
performed the set of instructions for the production of a Yiddish translation of ‘King Lear’,directed by Sergei Radlov in Moscow in 1935 (F25)
Performing the ballet ‘Rite of spring’, as choreographed by Pina Bausch, in Avignon, at thePopes’ Palace, on July 7, 1995 (F31) R25 performed the set of instructions for the production of
the ballet ‘Rite of spring’, as choreographed by Pina Bausch (F25)R26 produced things of type (was produced by)
Domain:F32 Carrier Production Event
Range:F3 Manifestation Product TypeSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (1:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F32 Carrier Production Event with the instance of F3
Manifestation Product Type it produced items of.

Examples:The production of copies of the publication entitled ‘Codex Manesse: die Miniaturen der großen
Heidelberger Liederhandschrift, herausgegeben und erläutert von Ingo F. Walther unter
Mitarbeit von Gisela Siebert’, 3rd edition, Insel-Verlag, 1988 (F32) R26 produced things of type
The publication identified as ‘Codex Manesse: die Miniaturen der großen Heidelberger
Liederhandschrift, herausgegeben und erläutert von Ingo F. Walther unter Mitarbeit von Gisela
Siebert’, 3rd edition, Insel-Verlag, 1988 (F3)
The production of copies of the publication entitled ‘Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 213,
Aberystwyth & Cwm Rheidol’, ISBN ‘0-319-23640-4’ (folded), 1:25,000 scale, released in May
2005 (F32) R26 produced things of type The publication identified by ISBN ‘0-319-23640-4’(F3)The production of copies of the sound recording entitled ‘The Glory (????) of the human voice’,
RCA Victor Gold Seal GD61175, containing recordings of musical works performed by
Florence Foster Jenkins (F32) R26 produced things of type The publication entitled ‘The Glory(????) of the human voice’ and identified by the label and label number ‘RCA Victor Gold Seal
GD61175’ (F3)
The production of a second print run, in 1978, of the publication titled ‘The complete poems of
Stephen Crane, edited with an introduction by Joseph Katz’ (identified by ISBN ‘0-8014-91304’) (F32) R26 produced things of type The publication, dated 1972, titled ‘The complete poemsof Stephen Crane, edited with an introduction by Joseph Katz’ (identified by ISBN ‘0-80149130-4’) (F3)

65

R27 used as source material (was used by)
Domain:F32 Carrier Production Event
Range:
F24 Publication Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F32 Carrier Production Event with the set of signs
provided by the publisher to be carried by all of the produced items.

Examples:The production of copies of the publication identified by ISBN ‘1-86197-612-7’ (F32) R27 usedas source material The final set of signs sent by the publisher named ‘Profile Books’ to its
printer for the production of copies of the publication identified by ISBN ‘1-86197-612-7’ (F24)

R28 produced (was produced by)
Domain:F32 Carrier Production Event
Range:
F5 ItemSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of: E12 Production. P108 has produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
Quantification: (0:n,1:1)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F32 Carrier Production Event with any one of the
produced items (i.e., the instances of F5 Item).

Examples:The production of copies of the publication entitled ‘Codex Manesse: die Miniaturen der großen
Heidelberger Liederhandschrift, herausgegeben und erläutert von Ingo F. Walther unter
Mitarbeit von Gisela Siebert’, 3rd edition, Insel-Verlag, 1988 (F32) R28 produced The National
Library of France’s holding identified by shelf mark ‘C-1604(2)’ (F5)
The production of copies of the publication entitled ‘Ordnance Survey Explorer Map 213,
Aberystwyth & Cwm Rheidol’, ISBN 0-319-23640-4 (folded), 1:25,000 scale, released in May
2005 (F32) R28 produced The National Library of Wales’ holding identified by holding
information ‘MAP, STORFA/STACK ; FLAT MAP, C16 (20/1), Sheet 213, c.135/5/2’ (F5)
The production of copies of the sound recording entitled ‘The Glory (????) of the human voice’,
RCA Victor Gold Seal GD61175 (F32) R28 produced The London Public Library’s holding
identified by call number ‘R J416.Gl’ (F5)The second print run, occurring in 1978, of the publication dated of 1972 and entitled ‘The
complete poems of Stephen Crane, edited with an introduction by Joseph Katz’ (identified byISBN ‘0-8014-9130-4’) (F32) R28 produced Universitätsbibliothek Passau’s holding identified
by call number ‘00/HT 4801.978 K2’ (F5)R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)
Domain:F33 Reproduction Event
Range:
E84 Information Carrier
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
Quantification: (1:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of E84
Information Carrier it reproduces.

Examples:

Making a photocopy of an exemplar of Eran Guter’s dissertation entitled ‘Where languages end:
Ludwig Wittgenstein at the crossroads of music, language, and the world’ (F33) R29 reproduced
One of the original exemplars of Eran Guter’s dissertation (E84)

66

R30 produced (was produced by)
Domain:F33 Reproduction Event
Range:
E84 Information Carrier
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E12 Production. P108 produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
Quantification: (1:n,0:1)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of E84
Information Carrier it produces.

Examples:

Making a photocopy of an exemplar of Eran Guter’s dissertation entitled ‘Where languages end:
Ludwig Wittgenstein at the crossroads of music, language, and the world’ (F33) R30 produced
The New York Public Library holding identified by call number ‘JMD 04-1060’ (E84)

R31 is reproduction of (has reproduction)
Domain:E84 Information Carrier
Range:
E84 Information Carrier
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E70 Thing. P130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing
Quantification: (0:1,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of E84 Information Carrier which is a reproduction ofanother instance of E84 Information Carrier with the latter. It is considered that a reproductionof multiple originals resulting in a single product requires a merging of those objects prior to thereproduction. Therefore an Information Carrier is regarded to be a reproduction of one and only
one original. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E84 Information
Carrier through R30 produced (was produced by), F33 Reproduction Event R29 reproduced(was reproduced by) to E84 Information Carrier.

Examples:The New York Public Library holding identified by call number ‘JMD 04-1060’ (E84) R31 isreproduction of One of the original exemplars of Eran Guter’s dissertation (E84)

CLP2 should have type (should be type of)Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:
E55 Type
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of E55 Type, which all exemplars of that publication should belong to, as long as
they are recognised as exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one
exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This
logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation
Product Type R7B has example F5 Item P41B was classified by E17 Type Assignment P42
assigned E55 Type.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to
be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as aproperty of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The sound recording entitled ‘The Glory (????) of the human voice’, identified by label andlabel number ‘RCA Victor Gold Seal GD61175’, containing recordings of musical works
performed by Florence Foster Jenkins (F3) CLP2 should have type sound recording (E55)
The sound recording entitled ‘The Glory (????) of the human voice’, identified by label andlabel number ‘RCA Victor Gold Seal GD61175’, containing recordings of musical works
performed by Florence Foster Jenkins (F3) CLP2 should have type kind of sound: monaural

67
(E55)

CLP43 should have dimension (should be dimension of)Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:
E54 Dimension
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (1:n,1:1)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of E54 Dimension, which all exemplars of that publication should have, as long as
they are recognised as exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one
exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This
logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation
Product Type R7B has example F5 Item P39B was measured by E16 Measurement P40
observed dimension E54 Dimension.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to
be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as aproperty of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The publication entitled ‘Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: final report’,
published by K. G. Saur in 1998, identified by ISBN ‘3-598-11382-X’ (F3) CLP43 should havedimension height of the individual copy of ‘Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records:
final report’ that I have at hand and that I observed while describing it (E54) P3 has note “24cm” (E62) [or, alternatively: P90 has value “24” (E60) and P91 has unit “cm” (E58)]
The jigsaw puzzle entitled ‘Map of the New York city subway system’, designed by Stephen J.
Voorhies and released around 1954 by the Union Dimes Savings Bank (F3) CLP43 should havedimension length and height of the exemplar held and catalogued by the Library of Congress(E54) P3 has note “46 x 29 cm” (E62)

CLP45 should consist of (should be incorporated in)
Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:E57 Material
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of E57 Material, which all exemplars of that publication should consist of, as long as
they are recognised as exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one
exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This
logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation
Product Type R7B has example F5 Item P41B was classified by E17 Type Assignment P42
assigned E57 Material.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to
be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as aproperty of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The jigsaw puzzle entitled ‘Map of the New York city subway system’, designed by Stephen J.
Voorhies and released around 1954 by the Union Dimes Savings Bank (F3) CLP45 should
consist of Cardboard (E57)

CLP46 should be composed of (may form part of)

68
Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:F3 Manifestation Product TypeSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type which prescribes that all
its Items will contain as parts an Item of another instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type withthat instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The publication product identified by ISBN ‘0618260587’ and consisting of a 3-volume editionof J.R.R. Tolkien’s ‘The Lord of the rings’ (F3) CLP46 should be composed of The publication
product identified by ISBN ‘0618260595’ and consisting of an edition of J.R.R Tolkien’s ‘The
two towers’ (F3)
The publication product issued by Deutsche Grammophon in 1998 and consisting of a recordingof Richard Wagner’s ‘Der fliegende Holländer’ as performed in 1991 by Plácido Domingo,
Cheryl Studer et al., and conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli (F3) CLP46 should be composed of
The publication product consisting of printed programme notes and libretto with French andEnglish translations (F3)

CLP57 should have number of parts
Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:
E60 Number
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (1:1,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of E60 Number, which denotes the number of physical units all exemplars of thatpublication should consist of, as long as they are recognised as complete exemplars of thatpublication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, andextrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This logical inference is an induction
along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation Product Type R7B has example F5Item P57has number of parts E60 Number.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to
be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as aproperty of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The jigsaw puzzle entitled ‘Map of the New York city subway system’, designed by Stephen J.
Voorhies and released around 1954 by the Union Dimes Savings Bank (F3) CLP57 should havenumber of parts 76 (E60) [Number of physical units of the exemplar held by the Library ofCongress, as observed by a cataloguer from the Library of Congress when he/she catalogued thatparticular exemplar and recorded the statement: ‘1 jigsaw puzzle (ca. 76 pieces)’]
The publication entitled ‘History of costume: in slides, notes, and commentaries’ by Jeanne
Button, Patricia Quinn Stuart, and Stephen Sbarge, released by Slide Presentations (New York)ca. 1975 (F3) CLP57 should have number of parts 1,491 (E60) [Number of physical units of the
exemplar held by the Gelman Library of the George Washington University, as observed by acataloguer from the Gelman Library of the George Washington University when he/she
catalogued that particular exemplar and recorded the statement: ‘1,491 slides in 14 slide trays +6 ring binders in cases (30 x 29 cm.)’]

CLP104 subject to (applies to)
Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:
E30 Right
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:

69
Quantification:(0:n,1:1)

Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of E30 Right, which applies to all exemplars of that publication, as long as they arerecognised as exemplars of that publication.
The rights covered by this property may include: acquisition or access authorisation; terms ofavailability; access restrictions on the Manifestation Product Type; etc.

Examples:The publication entitled ‘Recent poems’ by the author named ‘Stephen Spender’, released by the
publisher named ‘Anvil Press Poetry’ in 1978 and identified by ISBN ‘0856460516’ (F3)
CLP104 subject to Availability restricted to Anvil Press Poetry subscribers (E30) [P3 has note“This edition […] is available only to Anvil Press Poetry subscribers” (E62)]

CLP105 right held by (right on)
Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:
E39 Actor
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (0:n,0:n)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of E39 Actor, who holds an instance of E30 Right on all exemplars of thatpublication, as long as they are recognised as exemplars of that publication.

Examples:The publication entitled ‘Recent poems’ by the author named ‘Stephen Spender’, released by the
publisher named ‘Anvil Press Poetry’ in 1978 and identified by ISBN ‘0856460516’ (F3)
CLP105 right held by Anvil Press Poetry (F11)

CLR6 should carry (should be carried by)
Domain:F3 Manifestation Product Type
Range:
F24 Publication Expression
Superproperty of:
Subproperty of:
Quantification: (1:1,0:1)
Scope note:This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, withan instance of F24 Publication Expression, which all exemplars of that publication should carry,as long as they are recognised as complete exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property
is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of thesame publication. This logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as:
F3 Manifestation Product Type R7B has example F5 Item R6 carries F24 Publication
Expression.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or a subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended
to be produced with that characteristic, accidentally lacks part of the publication expression. This
fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The publication, dated 1972, entitled ‘The complete poems of Stephen Crane, edited with an
introduction by Joseph Katz’ (ISBN ‘0-8014-9130-4’) (F3) CLP128 should carry The overall
content of the book identified by ISBN ‘0-8014-9130-4’, i.e.: the text of Stephen Crane’scomplete poems as edited by Joseph Katz, the numbering system introduced by Joseph Katz inorder to identify each individual poem by Stephen Crane, page numbers, the text of Joseph
Katz’s dedication, preface, acknowledgements, and introduction, the table of contents, the index
of first lines, the statements found on title page, back of title page (including CIP bibliographic
record), cover front, back front, and spine, and the layout of the publication, and the occasional
statement ‘[NO STANZA BREAK]’ (F24)

70

3 FRBRER to FRBROO mappings
3.1 Introduction
This chapter defines the mapping between the FRBRER model (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records http://www.ifla.org/files/cataloguing/frbr/frbr_2008.pdf) and FRBROO (FRBR object-oriented
definition and mapping of the FRBRER). The mapping includes a listing of the entities, relationships and attributes
defined in FRBRER and shows how the same information can be expressed using FRBROO. These mappings can beseen on one hand as an intellectual definition of the relationship between both models. On the other hand, they arein a format that could be turned more or less mechanically into an algorithm to automatically transform data
structured following the one form into data in the other form, i.e. they can be used to implement an automatic datatranslation.
The FRBROO model includes a more elaborated set of classes and for this reason there are several FRBROO classes
listed for some of the FRBRER entities.
FRBROO is defined as an extension to the CIDOC CRM model which regards any information element as aproperty (or relationship) between two classes. For this reason each FRBR attribute or relationship is definedusing a path of subsequent properties of FRBROO that includes the domain, the property name and the range ofeach property in the path.
The attributes in FRBRER have been defined at a logical level and express the characteristics of an entity as theymight be viewed and composed by a user when creating an information system. In contrast to that, FRBROO tries
to model the things and processes of the reality that librarians deal with and that FRBRER entities refer to explicitly
or implicitly. Therefore corresponding paths expressed using FRBROO are in many cases complex paths that
include the intermediate classes and properties that are needed to make explicit the implicit meaning and structureof the FRBR attributes. Using the same method of mapping, FRBROO can also be used to describe the meaning ofdata structures and models other than FRBR and so give an account of the degree to which such data structures ormodels represent library concepts.
Some FRBRER attributes and relationships will correspond to more than one path in FRBROO depending on theinterpretation and use of an attribute or a relationship. This is particularly evident when inspecting manifestation
attributes where attributes can be mapped to one path if they are used for uncontrolled text entries and a different
path if they are used for codes or terms from a controlled set of values.

3.2 Explanation of types used in the mapping
FRBROO is a core ontology in the sense of the CIDOC CRM, i.e., it specifies only the concepts necessary todescribe the basic relationships between things in the selected domain of discourse. The same holds for the
FRBRER model. Therefore, FRBROO adopts the CRM model’s use of external types, i.e. terms that appear as data,declared as instances of the class E55 Type, to declare specialisations of concepts or relationships that areconsidered not to contribute to basic structure of the core ontology.
Some of the FRBRER attributes and relationships are considered to be too specific in this sense and for this reason
are expressed in the mapping using paths that include instantiation of E55 Type in different ways. The following
summary lists the different ways external types are used in the mapping. The listing of types is not exhaustive but
is included as examples for the types (terms) that are needed here and there to express all the semantics ofbibliographic data elements in FRBROO. Quotations indicate type values (instances of E55 Type) whereas type
names without quotations identify whole type vocabularies.
FRBRER attributes mapped to FRBROO using P3 has note in combination with P3.1 has type.
This solution is used to map data elements that are uncontrolled text entries. They are all mapped to the property
P3 has note for the respective class. In the sequence, P3.1 has type is used to differentiate between different
special meanings of the P3 has note property and to express the particular meaning of the note, such as:• P3.1 has type: E55 Type = {"Capture mode", "Collation", "Colour", "Extent of the carrier", "Filecharacteristics", "Foliation", "Generation", "Groove width", "Kind of cutting", "Kind of sound", "Physicalmedium", "Playing speed", "Presentation format", "Reduction ratio", "Reproduction characteristics",

71"Scheduled treatment", "Series statement", "System requirements", "Tape configuration", "Technique", "Typesize", "Typeface",…}
FRBRER attributes mapped to FRBROO using P2 has type.
This solution is used for data elements that are coded values or terms from a controlled vocabulary and express
categorical characteristics of an entity. In the sequence, the use of the respective terminology to instantiate E55
Type should be restricted to specific vocabularies as indicated in the following list:• E55 Type = superclass of (Capture mode, Colour, File characteristics, Foliation, Form of carrier, Generation,
Groove width, Kind of cutting, Kind of sound, Playing speed, Presentation format, Reduction Ratio,
Reproduction characteristics, System requirements, Tape configuration, Type size, Typeface,…)
FRBRER attributes mapped to FRBROO using P148 has component (is component of)of E33 Linguistic Object
P2 has type.
This solution is used for data elements that are transcribing information appearing in the content of a bibliographic
object, typically the title page. The property P2 has type E55 Type is used to define the category for thisinformation, such as:• E55 Type = {"Edition/Issue designation", "Series statement", "Statement of responsibility"}
FRBRER relationships mapped to FRBROO using R2 is derivative of in combination with R2.1 has type.
This solution is used to parametrise the specialisations of the more generic FRBROO property R2 is derivative ofby the corresponding FRBRER subproperties:• R2.1 has type E55 Type = {"Abridgement", "Adaptation", "Arrangement", "Imitation", "Revision","Summary", "Transformation", "Translation"}

3.3 List of Mappings
FRBRER
Sectionnumbers
3.2.1

Work

F1 Work

3.2.1

Work

F15 Complex Work

3.2.1

Work

F14 Individual Work

3.2.1

Work

F17 Aggregation Work

3.2.1

Work

F19 Publication Work

3.2.1

Work

F18 Serial Work

3.2.1

Work

F16 Container Work

3.2.1

Work

F20 Performance Work

3.2.1

Work

F21 Recording work

4.2.1

Work: Title of the work

F1 Work P102 has title E35 Title

4.2.2

Work: Form of work

4.2.3

Work: Date of the work

4.2.4

Work: Other
distinguishing
characteristics
Work: Intended
termination

F1 Work P2 has type
E55 Type E55 Type {Form}
F1 Work R16B was initiated by F27 Work
Conception P4 has timespan E52 Timespan P78
is identified by E50 Date
F1 Work P1 is identified by F13 Identifier R8
consists of F12 Name

4.2.5

Unit of Information

Condition

if no intended
termination it is an
instance of
F18 Serial Work

F18 Serial Work72
FRBRER
Sectionnumbers
4.2.5

Unit of Information

Condition

Work: Intended
termination

if it has an intended
termination it is an
instance of
F14 IndividualWork

F14 Individual Work

4.2.6

Work: Intended audience

F1 Work P103 was intended for E55 Type

4.2.7

Work: Context for the
work

4.2.8

Work: Medium of
performance (Musicalwork)
Work: Numericdesignation (Musicalwork)
Work: Key (Musicalwork)
Work: Key (Musicalwork)
Work: Coordinates(Cartographic work)

F1 Work R16B was initiated by F27 Work
Conception P15 was influenced by E1 CRM
EntityF1 Work P2 has type E55 Type {Medium}

4.2.9
4.2.104.2.104.2.114.2.12

Work: Equinox(Cartographic work)

5.2.1

Work: is realized through(Expression)
Work: is created by(Person, Corporate body)

5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1.1

Work: has as subject (allother entities)
Work: is subject of(Work)
Work: has a successor(Work)
Work: is a successor to(Work)
Work: has a supplement(Work)
Work: supplements(Work, Expression)
Work: has a complement(Work)
Work: complements(Work)
Work: is a summary of(Work)
Work: has a summary(Work)
Work: is an adaptation of(Work, Expression)
Work: has adaptation(Work)
Work: is a transformationof (Work, Expression)
Work: has atransformation (Work)
Work: is an imitation of(Work, Expression)
Work: has an imitation(Work)
Work: has part (Work)F1 Work P1 is identified by F13 Identifier R8
consists of F12 Nameused as part of an
identifier

F1 Work P1 is identified by F13 Identifier R8
consists of F12 Name
F1 Work P2 has type E55 Type {Key}F1 Work P129 is about E27 Site P59B is
located in or within E53 Place P87 is identified
by E47 Spatial Coordinates
F1 Work P129 is about E27 Site P59B is
located in or within E53 Place P87 is identified
by E47 Spatial Coordinates
F1Work R3 is realised in F22 Self-contained
Expression
F1 Work R16B was initiated by F27 Work
Conception P14 carried out by {P14.1 in therole of: E55 Type = "Creator"} E39 Actor
F1 Work P129 is about E1 CRM Entity
F1 Work P129B is subject of F1 WorkF1 Work R1B has successor F1 WorkF1 Work R1 is logical successor of F1 WorkF2 Expression R5 has component F2
Expression
F2 Expression R5B is component of F2
Expression
F2 Expression R5 has component of F2
Expression
F2 Expression R5B is component of F2
Expression
F1 Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1 has type E55
Type = "Summary"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2B has derivative {R2.1 has type
E55 Type = "Summary"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1 has type E55
Type = "Adaptation"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2B has derivative {R2.1 has type
E55 Type = "Adaptation"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1 has type E55
Type = "Transformation"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2B has derivative {R2.1 has type
E55 Type = "Transformation"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1 has type E55
Type = "Imitation"} F1 WorkF1 Work R2B has derivative {R2.1 has type
E55 Type = "Imitation"} F1 WorkF15 Complex Work R10 has member F1 Work73
FRBRER
Sectionnumbers
5.3.1.1

Work: is part of (Work)F1 Work R10B is member of F15 Complex
Work

3.2.2

Expression

F2 Expression

3.2.2

Expression

F22 Self-Contained Expression

3.2.2

Expression

F24 Publication Expression

3.2.2

Expression

F23 Expression Fragment

3.2.2

Expression

F26 Recording

3.2.2

Expression

F25 Performance Plan

4.3.1

Expression: Title of theexpression
Expression: Form of theexpression
Expression: Date of theexpression

F2 Expression P102 has title E35 Title

4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6

Unit of Information

Expression: Language ofthe expression
Expression: Other
distinguishing
characteristics
Expression: Extensibilityof expression

4.3.7

Expression: Revisabilityof expression

4.3.8

Expression: Extent of theexpression
Expression:
Summarization of content

4.3.9
4.3.104.3.11
4.3.124.3.13

Expression: Context for
the expression
Expression: Criticalresponse to the expression
Expression: Use
restrictions on theexpression
Expression: Sequencing
pattern (Serial)

4.3.13

Expression: Sequencing
pattern (Serial)

4.3.14

Expression: Expected
regularity of issue (Serial)

4.3.14

Expression: Expected
regularity of issue (Serial)

4.3.15

Expression: Expected
frequency of issue (Serial)

4.3.15

Expression: Expected
frequency of issue (Serial)

Condition

F2 Expression P2 has type E55 Type {Form}
F2 Expression R17B was created by F28
Expression Creation P4 has timespan E52
Timespan P78 is identified by E50 Date
F2 Expression (instantiated as E33 Linguistic
Object) P72 has language E56 Language
F2 Expression P1 is identified by F13 Identifier
R8 consists of F12 Name
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises F1Work R10B is member of F18 Serial Work P3
has note {P3.1 has type E55 Type ="Extensibility"} E62 String
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises F1Work R10B is member of F18 Serial Work P3
has note {P3.1 has type E55 Type ="Revisability"} E62 String
F2 Expression P43 has dimension E54
Dimension
F24 Expression P148 has component F2
Expression {P2 has type E55 Type ="Summary"}
F2 Expression R17B was created by F28
Expression Creation
F2 Expression P129B is subject of F1 Work R3
is realised in F22 Self-contained Expression
F2 Expression P104 is subject to E30 Right
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises
F18 Serial work P3 has note {P3.1 has type E55
Type = "Sequencing pattern"} E62 String
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises
F18 Serial work R11 has issuing rules E29
Design or Procedure
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises
F18 Serial work P3 has note {P3.1 has type E55
Type = "Expected regularity"} E62 String
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises
F18 Serial Work R11 has issuing rules E29
Design or Procedure
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises
F18 Serial work P3 has note {P3.1 has type E55
Type = "Expected frequency"} E62 String
F22 Self-Contained Expression R3B realises
F18 Serial Work R11 has issuing rules E29
Design or Procedure

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Sectionnumbers
4.3.164.3.174.3.184.3.194.3.204.3.21

4.3.224.3.234.3.244.3.25
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.1

Unit of Information
Expression: Type of score(Musical notation)
Expression: Medium of
performance (Musicalnotation or recorded
sound)
Expression: Scale(Cartographic
image/object)
Expression: Projection(Cartographic
image/object)
Expression: Presentation
technique (Cartographic
image/Object)
Expression:
Representation of relief(Cartographic
image/object)
Expression: Geodetic,
grid, and verticalmeasurement(Cartographic
image/object)
Expression: Recording
technique (Remotesensing image)
Expression: Special
characteristics (Remotesensing image)
Expression: Technique(Graphic of projected
image)
Expression: is arealization ofExpression: is embodiedin
Expression: is embodiedin
Expression: is embodiedin
Expression: is embodied
in

5.2.1

Expression: is realized by

5.2.3

Expression: is subject of

5.3.2

Expression: has anabridgement

5.3.2

Expression: is anabridgement of

5.3.2

Expression: has a revision

5.3.2

Expression: is a revision
of

5.3.2

Expression: has atranslation

Condition
F2 Expression P2 has type E55 Type {Type ofscore}F2 Expression P2 has type E55 Type {Mediumof performance}
F2 Expression P138 represents {P138.1 has
type E55 Type = "Scale"} E1 CRM Entity
F2 Expression P138 represents {P138.1 has
type E55 Type = "Projection"} E1 CRM Entity
F2 Expression P2 has type
E55 Type {Technique}
F2 Expression P2 has type
E55Type {Technique}
F2 Expression P2 has type E55 Type {Different
types of Geodetic, grid, and verticalmeasurement}
F2 Expression P2 has type E55 Type
{Recording technique}
F2 Expression P3 has note {P3.1 has type E55
Type = "Special characteristics"} E62 String
F2 Expression P2 has type E55 Type{Technique}
F22 Self-contained Expression R3B realises F1Work
F2 Expression R4 carriers provided by F3
Manifestation Product Type
F24 Publication Expression CLR6B should be
carried by F3 Manifestation Product TypeF2 Expression P128R is carried by
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F2 Expression R17B was created by F28
Expression Creation R18 created F4
Manifestation Singleton
F2 Expression R17B was created by F28
Expression Creation P14 carried out by {P14.1
in the role of E55 Type = e.g. "Translator"}
E39 Actor
F2 Expression P129B is subject of F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Abridgement"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Abridgement"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Revision"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Revision"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Translation"} F1 Work75
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Sectionnumbers
5.3.2

Unit of Information
Expression: is atranslation of

5.3.2

Expression: has anarrangement

5.3.2

Expression: is anarrangement of

5.3.2

Expression: has a
successor

5.3.2

Expression: is a successor
to

5.3.2

Expression: has asupplement

5.3.2

Expression: supplements

5.3.2

Expression: has acomplement

5.3.2

Expression: complements

5.3.2

Expression: has asummary

5.3.2

Expression: is a summary
of

5.3.2

Expression: has an
adaptation

5.3.2

Expression: is anadaptation of

5.3.2

Expression: has atransformation

5.3.2

Expression: is atransformation of

5.3.2

Expression: has an
imitation

5.3.2

Expression: is an
imitation of

5.3.2.1

Expression: has part5.3.2.1

Expression: has part5.3.2.1

Expression: is part of

5.3.2.1

Expression: is part ofCondition
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Translation"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Arrangement"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Arrangement"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R1B has successor F1Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R1 is logical successor of
F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R10B is member of F15
Complex Work R10 has member F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9 B realises
F14 Individual Work R10B is member of F15
Complex Work R10 has member F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R10B is member of F15
Complex Work R10 has member F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R10B is member of F15
Complex Work R10 has member F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Summary"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Summary"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Adaptation"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Adaptation"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Transformation"} F1Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Transformation"} F1Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2B has derivative {R2.1
has type E55 Type = "Imitation"} F1 Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression R9B realises
F14 Individual Work R2 is derivative of {R2.1
has type: E55 Type = "Imitation"} F1 WorkF2 Expression R15 has fragment F23
Expression Fragment
F2 Expression R5 has component F22 SelfContained Expression
F23 Expression Fragment R15B is fragment of
F2 Expression
F22 Self-Contained Expression R5B is
component of F2 Expression

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Sectionnumbers
3.2.3

Unit of Information

Condition

Manifestation

3.2.3

Manifestation

If it is a publisheditem, or somethingthat is produced as
multiple copies
If it is a manuscriptor other uniquemanifestations

4.4.1

Manifestation: Title of the
manifestation
Manifestation: Title of the
manifestation
Manifestation: Statementof responsibility

4.4.1
4.4.2

4.4.2

Manifestation: Statementof responsibility

4.4.3

Manifestation:
Edition/Issue designation

4.4.3

Manifestation:
Edition/Issue designation

4.4.4

Manifestation: Place of
publication/distribution

Publishing:

4.4.4

Manifestation: Place of
publication/distribution

Publishing:

4.4.4

Manifestation: Place of
publication/distribution

Publishing:

4.4.4

Manifestation: Place of
publication/distribution

Distribution:

4.4.5

Manifestation:
Publisher/distributor

Publishing:

4.4.5

Manifestation:
Publisher/distributor

Publishing:

4.4.6

Manifestation: Date of
publication/distribution

F3 Manifestation Product TypeF4 Manifestation Singleton

F3 Manifestation Product Type P102 has title
E35 Title
F4 Manifestation Singleton P102 has title E35
Title
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {"Statement of responsibility"}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P128 carries F2
Expression P148 has component E33 Linguistic
Object P2 has type E55 Type {"Statement ofresponsibility"}
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {"Edition/Issue designation"}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P128 carries F2
Expression P148 has component E33 Linguistic
Object P2 has type E55 Type {"Edition/Issue
designation"}
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P94 wascreated by F30 Publication Event P14 carriedout by E39 Actor P74 has current or former
residence E53 Place P87 is identified by E44
Place Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {Place of publication/distribution}
F4 Manifestation Singleton R18B was createdby F28 Expression Creation P14 carried out by
E39 Actor P74 has current or former residence
E53 Place P87 is identified by E44 PlaceAppellation
P104 is subject to E30 right {P2 has type E55
Type = "Distribution right"} P75 is possessedby E39 Actor P74 has current or former
residence E53 Place P87 is identified by E44
Place Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P94 wascreated by F30 Publication Event P14 carriedout by E39 Actor P131 is identified by E82
Actor Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {Place of publication/distribution}
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {Date of publication/distribution}

77
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Sectionnumbers
4.4.6

Unit of Information
Manifestation: Date of
publication/distribution

4.4.6

Manifestation: Date of
publication/distribution

4.4.6

Manifestation: Date of
publication/distribution

4.4.7

Manifestation:
Fabricator/manufacturer

4.4.7

Manifestation:
Fabricator/manufacturer

4.4.8

Manifestation: Series
statement

4.4.8

Manifestation: Series
statement

4.4.9

Manifestation: Form ofcarrier
Manifestation: Form ofcarrier
Manifestation: Extent of
the carrier

4.4.9
4.4.104.4.10Manifestation: Extent of
the carrier

4.4.10Manifestation: Extent of
the carrier
Manifestation: Extent of
the carrier
Manifestation: Physicalmedium

4.4.104.4.11
4.4.11

Manifestation: Physicalmedium

4.4.11

Manifestation: PhysicalmediumManifestation: PhysicalmediumManifestation: Capturemode

4.4.11
4.4.124.4.12

Manifestation: Capturemode

4.4.12

Manifestation: Capture
mode
Manifestation: Capture
mode
Manifestation:
Dimensions of the carrier

4.4.124.4.13

Condition
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P94 wascreated by F30 Publication Event P4 has timespan E52 Time-Span P78 is identified by E49
Time Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P94 wascreated by E65 Creation Event P4 has timespan E52 Time-Span P82 at some time within
E61 Time Primitive
F4 Manifestation-Singleton R18 was created by
F28 Expression Creation P4 has time-span E52
Time-Span P82 at some time within E61 Time
Primitive
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP108 shouldhave been produced by F32 Carrier Production
Event P14 carried out by E39 Actor P131 is
identified by E82 Actor Appellation
F4 Manifestation-Singleton R18 was created
F28 Expression Creation P14 carried out by
E39 Actor P131 is identified by E82 Actor
Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {"Series statement"}
F4 Manifestation-Singleton P148 hascomponent E33 Linguistic Object P2 has type
E55 Type {"Series statement"}
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Form of carrier}F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Form of carrier}F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Extent of thecarrier"} E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Extent of the carrier"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP57 shouldhave number of parts E60 Number
F4 Manifestation Singleton P57 has number ofparts E60 Number
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Physical medium"}
E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Physical medium"} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP45 should
consist of E57 Material
F4 Manifestation Singleton P45 consists of E57
Material
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Capture mode"}
E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Capture mode"} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Capture mode}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Capture mode}
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP43 shouldhave dimension E54 Dimension

78
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Sectionnumbers
4.4.134.4.144.4.144.4.154.4.154.4.154.4.154.4.154.4.154.4.164.4.174.4.174.4.184.4.184.4.184.4.184.4.184.4.184.4.184.4.184.4.204.4.204.4.204.4.204.4.21
4.4.21

Unit of Information
Manifestation:
Dimensions of the carrier
Manifestation:
Manifestation identifier
Manifestation:
Manifestation identifier
Manifestation: Source foracquisition/accessauthorization
Manifestation: Source foracquisition/accessauthorization
Manifestation: Source foracquisition/accessauthorization
Manifestation: Source foracquisition/accessauthorization
Manifestation: Source foracquisition/accessauthorization
Manifestation: Source foracquisition/accessauthorization
Manifestation: Terms ofavailability
Manifestation: Terms ofavailability
Manifestation: Access
restrictions on the
manifestation
Manifestation: Access
restrictions on the
manifestation
Manifestation: Typeface(Printed book)

Condition
F4 Manifestation Singleton P43 has dimension
E54 Dimension
F3 Manifestation Product Type P1 is identified
by F13 Identifier
F4 Manifestation Singleton P1 is identified by
E42 Identifier
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP104 is
subject to E30 Right
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP105 rightheld by E39 Actor P131 is identified by E82
Actor Appellation
F4 Manifestation Singleton P104 is subject to
E30 Right
F4 Manifestation Singleton P105 right held by
E39 Actor P131 is identified by E82 Actor
Appellation
F4 Manifestation Singleton P49 has former orcurrent keeper E39 Actor P131 is identified by
E82 Actor Appellation
F4 Manifestation Singleton P51 has former orcurrent owner E39 Actor P131 is identified by
E82 Actor Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP104 is
subject to E30 Right
F4 Manifestation Singleton P104 is subject to
E30 Right
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP104 is
subject to E30 Right
F4 Manifestation Singleton P104 is subject to
E30 Right
descriptive form

Manifestation: Typeface(Printed book)
Manifestation: Typeface(Printed book)
Manifestation: Typeface(Printed book)
Manifestation: Type size
(Printed book)coded form

Manifestation: Type size
(Printed book)
Manifestation: Type size
(Printed book)
Manifestation: Type size
(Printed book)
Manifestation: Foliation(Hand-printed book)coded form

Manifestation: Foliation(Hand-printed book)
Manifestation: Foliation(Hand-printed book)
Manifestation: Foliation(Hand-printed book)
Manifestation: Collation(Hand-printed book)coded form

Manifestation: Collation(Hand-printed book)descriptive form

descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form

descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form

descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form

F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Typeface"} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Typeface}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Typeface"} E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Typeface}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Type size"} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Type size}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Type size"} E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Type size}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Foliation"} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Foliation}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Foliation"} E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Foliation}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Collation"} E62
StringF4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Collation"} E62 String

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Sectionnumbers
4.4.224.4.224.4.234.4.244.4.244.4.244.4.244.4.254.4.254.4.254.4.254.4.264.4.264.4.264.4.264.4.274.4.274.4.274.4.274.4.284.4.284.4.284.4.284.4.294.4.29Unit of Information

Condition

Manifestation:
Publication status (Serial)
Manifestation:
Publication status (Serial)
Manifestation:
Numbering (Serial)
Manifestation: Playing
speed (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Playing
speed (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Playing
speed (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Playing
speed (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Groove
width (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Groove
width (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Groove
width (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Groove
width (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Kind of
cutting (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Kind of
cutting (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Kind of
cutting (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Kind of
cutting (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Tapeconfiguration (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Tapeconfiguration (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Tapeconfiguration (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Tapeconfiguration (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Kind ofsound (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Kind ofsound (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Kind ofsound (Sound recording)coded form

Manifestation: Kind ofsound (Sound recording)
Manifestation: Special
reproduction
characteristics (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Special
reproduction
characteristics (Sound
recording)coded form

descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form

descriptive form

descriptive form

coded form

F18 Serial Work P2 has type E55 Type
{Publication status}
F18 Serial Work P2 has note {P3.1 has type
E55 Type = "Publication status"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type P1 is identified
by F13 Identifier R8 consists of F12 Name
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Playing speed"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Playing speed}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Playing speed"} E62
StringF4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Playing speed}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Groove width"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Groove width}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Groove width"} E62
StringF4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Groove width}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Kind of cutting"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Kind of cutting}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Kind of cutting"} E62
StringF4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Kind of cutting}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Tapeconfiguration"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Tape configuration}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Tape configuration"} E62
StringF4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Tape configuration}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Kind of sound"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Kind of sound}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Kind of sound"} E62
StringF4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Kind of sound}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Reproduction
characteristics"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Reproduction
characteristics}

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Sectionnumbers
4.4.294.4.294.4.304.4.304.4.304.4.304.4.31
4.4.31
4.4.324.4.324.4.334.4.334.4.344.4.344.4.354.4.354.4.364.4.364.4.374.4.38

5.2.1
5.2.1

Unit of Information

Condition

Manifestation: Special
reproduction
characteristics (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Special
reproduction
characteristics (Sound
recording)
Manifestation: Colour(Image)descriptive form

F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Reproduction
characteristics"} E62 Stringcoded form

F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Reproduction characteristics}

descriptive form

Manifestation: Colour(Image)Manifestation: Colour(Image)Manifestation: Colour(Image)Manifestation: Reduction
ratio (Microform)

coded form

Manifestation: Reduction
ratio (Microform)
Manifestation: Polarity(Microform or visualprojection)
Manifestation: Polarity(Microform or visualprojection)
Manifestation: Generation(Microform or visualprojection)
Manifestation: Generation(Microform or visualprojection)
Manifestation:
Presentation format(Visual projection)
Manifestation:
Presentation format(Visual projection)
Manifestation: System
requirements (Electronic
resource)
Manifestation: System
requirements (Electronic
resource)
Manifestation: Filecharacteristics (Electronic
resource)
Manifestation: Filecharacteristics (Electronic
resource)
Manifestation: Mode ofaccess (Remote accesselectronic resource)
Manifestation: Accessaddress (Remote accesselectronic resource)coded form

F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Colour"} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Colour}
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Colour"} E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P2 has type E55
Type {Colour}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Reduction ratio"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Reduction Ratio}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Tapeconfiguration"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Tape configuration}

Manifestation: is theembodiment of
Manifestation: is theembodiment ofdescriptive form
coded form
descriptive form

descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form
coded form
descriptive form

F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = Generation} E62
StringF3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Generation}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Presentation
format"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {Presentation format}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "System
requirements"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {System requirements}
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "Filecharacteristics"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP2 shouldhave type E55 Type {File characteristics}
F3 Manifestation Product P3 has note {P3.1 has
type E55 Type = "Mode of access"} E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product P3 has note {P3.1 has
type E55 Type = "Access address"} E62 String

F3 Manifestation Product Type R4 comprises
carriers of F2 Expression
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLR6 should
carry F24 Publication Expression

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Sectionnumbers
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.3.5

Unit of Information
Manifestation: is theembodiment of
Manifestation: is theembodiment of
Manifestation: is
exemplified by
Manifestation: is
produced by

Condition
F4 Manifestation Singleton R18B was createdby F28 Expression Creation R17 created F2
Expression
F2 Expression P128R is carried by
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F3 Manifestation Product Type R7B has
example F5 Item
F3 Manifestation Product Type R26B was
produced by F32 Carrier Production Event P14
carried out by E39 Actor P131 is identified by
E82 Actor Appellation
F4 Manifestation Singleton R18 was created by
F28 Expression Creation P14 carried out by
E39 Actor P131 is identified by E82 Actor
Appellation
F3 Manifestation Product Type P129B issubject of F1 WorkF4 Manifestation Singleton P129B is subject of
F1 Work
F4 Manifestation Singleton P46 is composed of
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP46B may
form part of F3 Manifestation Product TypeF4 Manifestation Singleton P46B forms part of
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F3 Manifestation Product Type CLP46B may
form part of F3 Manifestation Product TypeF3 Manifestation Product Type P125 was typeof object used in F33 Reproduction Event R29
reproduced E84 Information Carrier
F3 Manifestation Product Type R7B has
example F5 Item R29B was reproduced by F33
Reproduction Event P125 used object of typeF3 Manifestation Product TypeF3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "has an alternate"}
E62 String
F3 Manifestation Product Type P3 has note
{P3.1 has type E55 Type = "is an alternate to"}E62 String

5.2.2

Manifestation: is
produced by

5.2.3

5.3.4.1

Manifestation: is subjectofManifestation: is subjectofManifestation: has part

5.3.4.1

Manifestation: has part

5.3.4.1

Manifestation: is part of

5.3.4.1

Manifestation: is part of

5.3.4

Manifestation: has a
reproduction

5.3.4

Manifestation: is a
reproduction of

5.3.4

Manifestation: has analternate

5.3.4

Manifestation: is analternate to

3.2.4

Item

F4 Manifestation Singleton

3.2.4

Item

F5 Item

4.5.1

Item: Item identifier

4.5.1

Item: Item identifier

F4 Manifestation Singleton P1 is identified by
E42 Identifier
F5 Item P1 is identified by E42 Identifier

4.5.2

Item: Fingerprint

4.5.2

Item: Fingerprint

4.5.3

Item: Provenance of theitem
Item: Provenance of theitem
Item: Provenance of theitem
Item: Provenance of theitem
Item: Marks/inscriptions

5.2.3

4.5.3
4.5.3
4.5.3
4.5.4

F4 Manifestation Singleton P1 is identified by
E41 Appellation
F5 Item P1 is identified by E41 Appellation
F4 Manifestation Singleton P49 has former orcurrent keeper E39 Actor
F4 Manifestation Singleton P51 has former orcurrent owner E39 Actor
F5 Item P49 has former or current keeper E39
Actor
F5 Item P51 has former or current owner E39
Actor
F4 Manifestation Singleton P65 shows visual
item E37 Mark82
FRBRER
Sectionnumbers4.5.4

Item: Marks/inscriptions

F5 Item P65 shows visual item E37 Mark

4.5.5

Item: Exhibition history

4.5.5

Item: Exhibition history

F4 Manifestation Singleton P12B was present
at E7 Activity
F5 Item P12B was present at E7 Activity

4.5.6

4.5.7

Item: Condition of theitem
Item: Condition of theitem
Item: Treatment history

4.5.7

Item: Treatment history

4.5.8

Item: Scheduled treatment

4.5.8

Item: Scheduled treatment

4.5.9

5.2.1

Item: Access restrictions
on the item
Item: Access restrictions
on the item
Item: exemplifies

5.2.3

Item: is subject of

5.2.2

Item: is owned by

5.2.2

Item: is owned by

P5 Item P51 has former or current owner E39
Actor
P5 Item P50 has current keeper E39 Actor

5.3.6.1

Item: has part

F5 Item P46 is composed of F5 Item

5.3.6.1

Item: has part5.3.6.1

Item: is part of

F4 Manifestation Singleton P46B is composedof F4 Manifestation Singleton
F5 Item P46B forms part of F5 Item

5.3.6.1

Item: is part of

5.3.6

has reconfiguration

5.3.6

is a reconfiguration of

5.3.6

has reproduction

5.3.6

is a reproduction of(Manifestation, Item)

3.2.5

PersonE21 Person

4.6.1

Person: Name of person

4.6.2

Person: Dates of person

Date of birth

4.6.2

Person: Dates of person

Date of death

4.6.2

Person: Dates of person

was active in period

E21 Person P131 is identified by E82 Actor
Appellation
E21 Person P98 was born E67 birth P4 hastimespan E52 Timespan P78 is identified by
E50 Date
E21 Person P100 died in E69 Death P4 hastimespan E52 Timespan P78 is identified by
E50 Date
E21 Person P14B performed E7 Activity P4 hastimespan E52 Timespan P78 is identified by
E50 Date

4.5.6

4.5.9

Unit of Information

Condition

F4 Manifestation Singleton P44 has condition
state E3 Condition StateF5 Item P44 has condition state E3 Condition
State
F4 Manifestation Singleton P31B was modified
by E11 Modification Event
F5 Item P31B was modified by E11
Modification Event
F4 Manifestation Singleton P3 has note {P3.1
has type E55 Type = "Scheduled treatment"}
E62 String
F5 Item P3 has note {P3.1 has type E55 Type ="Scheduled treatment"} E62 String
F4 Manifestation Singleton P104 is subject to
E30 Right
F5 Item P104 is subject to E30 Right
F5 Item R7 is example of F3 Manifestation
Product TypeF5 Item P129B is subject of F1 WorkF4 Manifestation Singleton P46B forms part of
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F5 Item P46 is composed of F5 Item R7 has
type F4 Manifestation Product TypeF5 Item P46B forms part of F5 Item R7 has
type F4 Manifestation Product TypeF5 Item R7 has type F3 Manifestation Product
Type P125B was type of object used in F33
Reproduction Event R29 has produced E84
Information Carrier
F5 Item R29B was reproduced by F33
Reproduction Event P125 used object of typeF3 Manifestation Product Type R7 is type of F5
Item

83
FRBRER
Sectionnumbers
4.6.2

Unit of Information

Condition

Person: Dates of personpart of identifier

4.6.3

Person: Title of person

E21 Person P2 has type E55 Type {Title}

4.6.3

Person: Title of person

4.6.4
5.2.2

Person: Other designation
associated with the person
Person: has created

5.2.2

Person: has realized

5.2.2

Person: has produced

5.2.2

Person: has produced

5.2.2

Person: is owner of

5.2.2

Person: is owner of

4.6.1

Person: is subject of

E21 Person P1 is identified by F12 Name R8
consists of F12 Name
E21 Person P1 is identified by F12 Name R8
consists of F12 Name
E21 Person P14 performed F27 Work
Conception R16 initiated F1 Work
E21 Person P14B performed F28 Expression
Creation R17 created F2 Expression
E21 Person P14B performed F32 Carrier
Production Event R26 produced things of typeF3 Manifestation Product Type
E21 Person P14B performed F28 Expression
Creation R18 created F4 Manifestation
Singleton
E21 Person P51B is former or current owner of
F5 Item
E21 Person P51B is former or current owner of
F4 Manifestation Singleton
E21 Person P129B is subject of F1 Work

3.2.6

Corporate Body

E74 Group

4.7.1

Corporate Body: Name of
the corporate body
Corporate Body: Number
associated with thecorporate body
Corporate Body: Placeassociated with thecorporate body
Corporate Body: Placeassociated with thecorporate body

E74 Group P131 is identified by E82 Actor
Appellation
P3 has note {P3.1 has type E55 Type ="Associated number"} E62 String

4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.3

4.7.4
4.7.4
4.7.5
5.2.2
5.2.2
5.2.2

Corporate Body: Dateassociated with thecorporate body
Corporate Body: Dateassociated with thecorporate body
Corporate Body: Other
designation associatedwith the corporate body
Corporate Body: hascreatedCorporate Body: hasrealized
Corporate Body: hasproduced

5.2.2

Corporate Body: hasproduced

5.2.2

Corporate Body: is ownerofCorporate Body: is ownerofCorporate Body: is
subject of

5.2.2
5.2.3

Place associatedwith an activity /event
Location withwhich the corporatebody is otherwise
associatedFormation of agroup,
Timespan of theevent (conference)

E74 Group P14B performed E7 Activity P7
took place at E53 Place P87 is identified by E44
Place Appellation
E74 Group P74 has current or former residence
E53 Place P87 is identified by E44 PlaceAppellation
E74 Group P95B was formed by E66
Formation P4 has timespan E52 Timespan P78
is identified by E50 Date
E74 Group P14B performed E7 Activity P4 hastimespan E52 Timespan P78 is identified by
E50 Datename parts
E74 Group P14B performed F27 Work
Conception R16 initiated F1 WorkE74 Group P14B performed F28 Expression
Creation R17 created F2 Expression
E74 Group P14B performed F32 Carrier
Production Event R26 produced things of typeF3 Manifestation Product TypeE74 Group P14B performed F28 Expression
Creation R18 created F4 Manifestation
Singleton
E74 Group P51B is former or current owner of
F5 Item
E74 Group P51B is former or current owner ofF4 manifestation Singleton
E74 Group P129B is subject of F1 Work

84
FRBRER
Sectionnumbers

Unit of Information

3.2.7

Concept

F6 Concept

4.8.1

F6 Concept P1 is identified by E41 Appellation

5.2.3

Concept: Term for theconcept
Concept: is subject of

F6 Concept P129B is subject of F1 Work

3.2.8

Object

E18 Physical Thing

4.9.1
5.2.3

Object: Term for theobjectObject: is subject of

E18 Physical Thing P1 is identified by E41
Appellation
E18 Physical Thing P129B is subject of
F1 Work

3.2.9

Event

E4 Period

4.10.1

Event: Term for the event

E4 Period P1 is identified by E41 Appellation

5.2.3

Event: is subject of

E4 Period P129B is subject of F1 Work3.2.10Place

E53 Place

4.11.1

Place: Term for the place

5.2.3

Place: is subject of

E53 Place P87 is identified by E44 PlaceAppellation
E53 Place P129B is subject of F1 Work

Condition

85

4 Referred CIDOC CRM Classes and Properties
Since FRBROO refers to and reuses, wherever appropriate, large parts of ISO21127, the CIDOC Conceptual
Reference Model, this section provides a comprehensive list of all constructs used from ISO21127, together with
their definitions following version 5.0.1 maintained by CIDOC. Use in this context includes: reference as
immediate superclass, superproperty or element of a path expression in a mapping statement.
Some of these constructs appear only in the mapping in section 5 (above) and not in section 4, because they are
generic in nature. For instance, we regarded it as better not to overload the description of FRBROO with genericnotions such as carrying out activities or using things.

4.1 List of Referred CIDOC CRM Classes:
In this section we present the classes of the CIDOC CRM Conceptual Reference Model version 5.0.1 referred toby FRBROO as a list. The classes that appear indirectly in the FRBROO Model, i.e. either as superclasses of classes
defined in the model, or as the domain or range of referred CRM properties are marked in bold.

E1
E3
E4
E7
E11
E12
E18
E21
E24
E27
E28
E29
E30
E33
E35
E37
E39
E41
E42
E44
E47
E49
E50
E52
E53
E54
E55
E56
E57
E60
E61
E62
E65
E66
E67

CRM Entity
Condition State
PeriodActivity
Modification
Production
Physical Thing
PersonPhysical Man-Made Thing
Site
Conceptual Object
Design or Procedure
Right
Linguistic Object
Title
Mark
Actor
Appellation
IdentifierPlace Appellation
Spatial Coordinates
Time Appellation
Date
Time-Span
Place
Dimension
Type
Language
Material
NumberTime Primitive
StringCreation
Formation
Birth

86
E69
E70
E72
E73
E74
E82
E84
E89
E90

Death
Thing
Legal Object
Information Object
Group
Actor Appellation
Information Carrier
Propositional Object
Symbolic Object

87

4.2 List of Referred CIDOC CRM Properties:
In this section we present the properties of the CIDOC CRM 5.0.1 referred to by FRBROO as a list. The properties
that appear indirectly in the FRBROO Model, i.e. as superproperties of properties defined in the model, are marked
in bold.
Property id

Property Name

Entity – Domain

Entity - Range

P1

is identified by (identifies)

E1 CRM Entity

E41 Appellation

P2

has type (is type of)

E1 CRM Entity

E55 TypeP3

has note

E1 CRM Entity

E62 StringP4

has time-span (is time-span of)

E2 Temporal Entity

E52 Time-Span

P7

took place at (witnessed)

E4 Period

E53 PlaceP12

occurred in the presence of (was present at)

E5 Event

E77 Persistent Item

P14

carried out by (performed)

E7 Activity

E39 Actor

P15

was influenced by (influenced)

E7 Activity

E1 CRM Entity

P16

used specific object (was used for)E7 Activity

E70 ThingP31

has modified (was modified by)

E11 Modification

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

P33

used specific technique (was used by)

E7 Activity

E29 Design or ProcedureP43

has dimension (is dimension of)

E70 Thing

E54 Dimension
E3 Condition StateP44

has condition (condition of)

E18 Physical Thing

P45

consists of (is incorporated in)

E18 Physical Thing

E57 Material

P46

is composed of (forms part of)

E18 Physical Thing

E18 Physical Thing

P49

has former or current keeper (is former orcurrent keeper of)

E18 Physical Thing

E39 Actor

P50

has current keeper (is current keeper of)

E18 Physical Thing

E39 Actor

P51

has former or current owner (is former orcurrent owner of)

E18 Physical Thing

E39 Actor

P57

has number of parts

E19 Physical Object

E60 Number

P59

has section (is located on or within)

E18 Physical Thing

E53 Place

P65

shows visual item (is shown by)

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E36 Visual Item

P72

has language (is language of)

E33 Linguistic Object

E56 Language

P74

has current or former residence (is current orformer residence of)

E39 Actor

E53 PlaceP75

possesses (is possessed by)

E39 Actor

E30 Right

P78

is identified by (identifies)

E52 Time-Span

E49 Time Appellation

P82

at some time within

E52 Time-Span

E61 Time Primitive

P87

is identified by (identifies)

E53 Place

E44 Place Appellation

P94

has created (was created by)

E65 Creation

E28 Conceptual Object

P95

has formed (was formed by)

E66 Formation

E74 Group

P98

brought into life (was born)

E67 Birth

E21 Person

P100

was death of (died in)

E69 Death

E21 Person

P102

has title (is title of)

E71 Man-Made Thing

E35 Title

P103

was intended for (was intention of)

E71 Man-Made Thing

E55 Type

P104

is subject to (applies to)

E72 Legal Object

E30 Right

P105

right held by (has right on)

E72 Legal Object

E39 Actor

P106

is composed of (forms part of)

E90 Symbolic Object

E90 Symbolic Object

88
P108

has produced (was produced by):

E12 Production

E24 Physical Man-Made
Thing

P125

used object of type (was type of object usedin)

E7 Activity

E55 Type

P128

carries (is carried by)

E24 Physical Man-MadeThing

E73 Information Object

P129

is about (is subject of)

E73 Information Object

E1 CRM Entity

P130

shows features of (features are also
found on)

E70 Thing

E70 ThingP131

is identified by (identifies)

E39 Actor

E82 Actor Appellation

P138

represents (has representation)

E36 Visual Item

E1 CRM Entity

P148

has component (is component of)

E89 Propositional Object

E89 Propositional Object

89

4.3 Referred CIDOC CRM Classes
This section contains the complete definitions of the classes of the CIDOC CRM Conceptual Reference Modelversion 5.0.1 referred to by FRBROO. The properties within these class definitions which are referred to FRBROO
are presented in bold face. Otherwise, we apply the same format conventions as in section 2.6.

E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:

E2 Temporal Entity
E52 Time-Span
E53 Place
E54 Dimension
E77 Persistent Item

Scope note:This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference
Model.
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
1. Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
2. Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instancebelongs to
3. Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or
indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.

Examples:the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
Properties:
P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation
P2 has type (is type of): E55 TypeP3 has note: E62 String
P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier
P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by): E55 Type

E3 Condition State
Subclass of:

E2 Temporal Entity

Scope note:This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span.
An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object orfeature during a specific E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition
can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held.
The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the E3 Condition
State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August 1847” canbe characterized as E55 Type “wrecked”.

Examples:the “Amber Room” in Tsarskoje Selo being completely reconstructed from summer 2003
until nowthe Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946
the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25 December, 2002 (P2 has type: E55 Type“still not cooked”)
Properties:
P5 consists of (forms part of): E3 Condition State

90

E4 Period
Subclass of:

E2 Temporal Entity

Superclass of:

E5 Event

Scope note:This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time andspace.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not theassociated spatio-temporal bounds. These bounds are a mere approximation of the actual processof growth, spread and retreat. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in timeand space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area as a sedentary culture.
Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic
Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”. There are however no assumptions about
the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes
consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For
example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4
Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features
or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting fromapproximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were
produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley andDegas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing thecharacteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historicalcontext. The first interpretation is an E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object
types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with asettlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

Examples:Jurassic
European Bronze Age
Italian RenaissanceThirty Years War
Sturm und Drang
CubismProperties:
P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 PlaceP8 took place on or within (witnessed): E19 Physical Object
P9 consists of (forms part of): E4 Period
P10 falls within (contains): E4 Period
P132 overlaps with: E4 Period
P133 is separated from: E4 Period

E5 Event
Subclass of:

E4 Period

Superclass of:E7 Activity
E63 Beginning of Existence
E64 End of ExistenceScope note:91This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale,brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal
phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses.
The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale ofobservation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an ‘instantaneous’ change of state.
At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space andtime frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not
all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.

Examples:the birth of Cleopatra (E67)the destruction of Lisbon by earthquake in 1755 (E6)World War II (E7)the Battle of Stalingrad (E7)the Yalta Conference (E7)my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7)the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday
the CIDOC Conference 2003 (E7)
Properties:
P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor
P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item

E7 Activity
Subclass of:

E5 Event

Superclass of:

E8 Acquisition
E9 Move
E10 Transfer of Custody
E11 Modification
E13 Attribute Assignment
E65 Creation
E66 Formation
E85 Joining
E86 Leaving
E87 Curation Activity

Scope note:This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result inchanges of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of asettlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.

Examples:the Battle of Stalingrad
the Yalta Conference
my birthday celebration 28-6-1995
the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65)
the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66)
calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ ‘Quyunjig’ by the people of Iraq

92
Properties:
P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor(P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type)
P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity
P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing(P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type)P17 was motivated by (motivated): E1 CRM Entity
P19 was intended use of (was made for): E71 Man-Made Thing(P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type)P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event
P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 TypeP32 used general technique (was technique of): E55 TypeP33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure
P125 used object of type (was type of object used in): E55 Type
P134 continued (was continued by): E7 Activity

E11 Modification
Subclass of:E7 Activity

Superclass of:

E12 Production
E79 Part Addition
E80 Part Removal

Scope note:This class comprises all instances of E7 Activity that create, alter or change E24 Physical ManMade Thing.
This class includes the production of an item from raw materials, and other so far undocumented
objects, and the preventive treatment or restoration of an object for conservation.
Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification isregarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may beconsumed or destroyed in a Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An
event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one
or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from theoriginals. In this case, the new items have separate identities.
If the instance of the E29 Design or Procedure utilised for the modification prescribes the use of
specific materials, they should be documented using properties of the design or procedure, rather
than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.

Examples:the construction of the SS Great Britain (E12)the impregnation of the Vasa warship in Stockholm for preservation after 1956
the transformation of the Enola Gay into a museum exhibit by the National Air and Space
Museum in Washington DC between 1993 and 1995 (E12, E81)
the last renewal of the gold coating of the Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan
Properties:
P31 has modified (was modified by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material

E12 Production
Subclass of:

E11 Modification

93
E63 Beginning of Existence
Scope note:This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more newitems.
It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an
object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there isno obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in theirproduction. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant todocumentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may
make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to theinscribed one.
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally beconsidered a single event.
An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of
one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from theoriginals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but
identity is not.

Examples:the construction of the SS Great Britain
the recasting of the Little Mermaid at the harbour of Copenhagenthe seventh edition of Rembrandt’s etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”,
1658, Bartsch Number 197
Properties:
P108 has produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

E18 Physical Thing
Subclass of:

E72 Legal Object

Superclass of:

E19 Physical Object
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E26 Physical Feature

Scope Note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or
natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes theinstances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers,
pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy),
whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.
The CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.

Examples:the Cullinan Diamond (E19)the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)the Mona Lisa (E22)
Properties:
P44 has condition (condition of): E3 Condition StateP45 consists of (is incorporated in): E57 Material
P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing
P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of): E39 Actor
P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of): E39 Actor

94
P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of): E39 Actor
P52 has current owner (is current owner of): E39 Actor
P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of): E53 Place
P58 has section definition (defines section): E46 Section Definition
P59 has section (is located on or within): E53 Place

E21 Person
Subclass of:

E20 Biological Object
E39 Actor

Scope note:This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if
the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether
several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate
their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about
possible identity.

Examples:Tut-Ankh-Amun
Nelson Mandela

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
Subclass of:

E18 Physical Thing
E71 Man-Made Thing

Superclass of:

E22 Man-Made Object
E25 Man-Made Feature
E78 Collection

Scope Note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.
This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rockart. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an
object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instanceof E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

Examples:the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)
the Channel Tunnel (E25)the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)
Properties:
P62 depicts (is depicted by): E1 CRM Entity(P62.1 mode of depiction: E55 Type)P65 shows visual item (is shown by): E36 Visual ItemP128 carries (is carried by): E73 Information Object

E27 Site
Subclass of:

E26 Physical Feature

Scope Note:

This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor.

95
In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations ofmatter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented byphotographs, paintings and maps.
Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in aparticular configuration at a particular location.
Examples:the Amazon river basin
Knossos
the Apollo 11 landing site
Heathrow Airport
the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete

E28 Conceptual Object
Subclass of:

E71 Man-Made Thing

Superclass of:

E55 Type
E89 Propositional Object
E90 Symbolic Object

Scope note:This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data thathave become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historicalimplication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use oftechnical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then
may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object
have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper,electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in atleast one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are
lost.

Examples:Beethoven’s ‘Ode an die Freude’ (Ode to Joy), (E73)the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary
the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner
Properties:

E29 Design or Procedure
Subclass of:

E73 Information Object

Scope note:This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a resultof a specific quality, form or contents. In particular it comprises plans for deliberate humanactivities that may result in the modification or production of instances of E24 Physical Thing.
Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend onothers. This is modelled using P69 is associated with.
Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following:
1. A schema for the activities it describes
2. A schema of the products that result from their application.
3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo daVinci’s famous plans for flying machines.
Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CRM
models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.

96
Examples:the ISO standardisation procedurethe musical notation for Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy”
the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom in Cologne, Germany
folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486-1490, kept in the
Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan
Properties:
P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material
P69 is associated with: E29 Design or Procedure

E30 Right
Subclass of:

E89 Propositional Object

Scope Note:

This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or theirderivatives.
These include reproduction and property rights.

Examples:copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127
ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the Louvre

E33 Linguistic Object
Subclass of:

E73 Information Object

Superclass of:

E34 Inscription
E35 Title

Scope note:This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.
Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts,
recorded speech or sign language. However, the CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object
independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal
languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33
Linguistic Object by the CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information
Object.
The text of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can be documented in a note by P3 has note:
E62 String

Examples:the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes"
the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr
Hyde)Properties:
P72 has language (is language of): E56 Language
P73 has translation (is translation of): E33 Linguistic Object

E35 Title
Subclass of:

E33 Linguistic Object

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E41 Appellation
Scope note:This class comprises the names assigned to works, such as texts, artworks or pieces of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object
names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns and are modelled in
the CRM as instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, orby a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original
titles in different social contexts.

Examples:The Merchant of VeniceMona Lisa
La Pie or The Magpie
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

E37 Mark
Subclass of:

E36 Visual Item

Superclass of:

E34 Inscription

Scope note:This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24
Physical Man-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner,
dedications, purpose, etc.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches ortool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature.

Examples:Minoan double axe mark©
☺

E39 Actor
Subclass of:

E77 Persistent Item

Superclass of:

E21 Person
E74 Group

Scope note:This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform
intentional actions for which they can be held responsible.
The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people
should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as
instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.

Examples:London and Continental Railways (E40)
the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
Sir Ian McKellan (E21)
Properties:
P74 has current or former residence (is current or former residence of): E53 Place
P75 possesses (is possessed by): E30 RightP76 has contact point (provides access to): E51 Contact Point
P131 is identified by (identifies): E82 Actor Appellation

98

E41 Appellation
Subclass of:

E90 Symbolic Object

Superclass of:

E35 Title
E42 Identifier
E44 Place Appellation
E49 Time Appellation
E51 Contact Point
E75 Conceptual Object Appellation
E82 Actor Appellation

Scope note:This class comprises all sequences of signs of any nature, either meaningful or not, that are used
or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.
Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen tohave one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural
constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group ofusers. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of
E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes.
Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of acharacteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, forexample, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised.
E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier
Assignment

Examples:"Martin""the Forth Bridge""the Merchant of Venice" (E35)"Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name]"information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an
English-speaking context]
Properties:
P139 has alternative form: E41 Appellation

E42 Identifier
Subclass of:

E41 Appellation

Scope note:This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to
identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Suchcodes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composedof alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated
identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.

Examples:“MM.GE.195”“13.45.1976”“OXCMS: 1997.4.1”
ISSN “0041-5278”
ISRC “FIFIN8900116”
Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10”

99“Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows
the French rules]

E44 Place Appellation
Subclass of:

E41 Appellation

Superclass of

E45 Address
E46 Section Definition
E47 Spatial Coordinates
E48 Place Name

Scope Note:

This class comprises any sort of identifier characteristically used to refer to an E53 Place.
Instances of E44 Place Appellation may vary in their degree of precision and their meaning mayvary over time - the same instance of E44 Place Appellation may be used to refer to several
places, either because of cultural shifts, or because objects used as reference points have moved
around. Instances of E44 Place Appellation can be extremely varied in form: postal addresses,
instances of E47 Spatial Coordinate, and parts of buildings can all be considered as instances of
E44 Place Appellation.

Examples:ViennaCH-1211, Genève
Aquae Sulis Minerva
BathCambridge
the Other Placethe City

E47 Spatial Coordinates
Subclass of:

E44 Place Appellation

Scope Note:

This class comprises the textual or numeric information required to locate specific instances of
E53 Place within schemes of spatial identification.
Coordinates are a specific form of E44 Place Appellation, that is, a means of referring to aparticular E53 Place. Coordinates are not restricted to longitude, latitude and altitude. Any
regular system of reference that maps onto an E19 Physical Object can be used to generate
coordinates.

Examples:6°5’29”N 45°12’13”WBlack queen’s bishop 4 [chess coordinate]

E49 Time Appellation
Subclass of:

E41 Appellation

Superclass of

E50 Date

Scope Note:

This class comprises all forms of names or codes, such as historical periods, and dates, which
are characteristically used to refer to a specific E52 Time-Span.
The instances of E49 Time Appellation may vary in their degree of precision, and they may berelative to other time frames, “Before Christ” for example. Instances of E52 Time-Span areoften defined by reference to a cultural period or an event e.g. ‘the duration of the Ming
Dynasty’.

100
Examples:Meiji [Japanese term for a specific time-span]
1st half of the XX century
Quaternary
1215 Hegira [a date in the Islamic calendar]
Last century

E50 Date
Subclass of:

E49 Time Appellation

Scope Note:

This class comprises specific forms of E49 Time Appellation.
Dates may vary in their degree of precision.

Examples:1900
4-4-1959
19-MAR-1922
19640604

E52 Time-Span
Subclass of:

E1 CRM Entity

Scope note:This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a
beginning, an end and a duration.
Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the temporalextent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid for a certain time. An
E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of E49 Time Appellation.
Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be considered
as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The properties of E52 TimeSpan are intended to allow these approximations to be expressed precisely. An extreme case of
approximation, might, for example, define an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end
and duration. Used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless definethem as being simultaneous, even if nothing else was known.
Automatic processing and querying of instances of E52 Time-Span is facilitated if data can beparsed into an E61 Time Primitive.

Examples:1961
From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996
14h30 – 16h22 4th July 1945
9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999
duration of the Ming Dynasty
Properties:
P78 is identified by (identifies): E49 Time Appellation
P79 beginning is qualified by: E62 StringP80 end is qualified by: E62 String
P81 ongoing throughout: E61 Time Primitive
P82 at some time within: E61 Time Primitive

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P83 had at least duration (was minimum duration of): E54 Dimension
P84 had at most duration (was maximum duration of): E54 Dimension
P86 falls within (contains): E52 Time-Span

E53 Place
Subclass of:

E1 CRM Entity

Scope note:This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure senseof physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter.
The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile”
objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks. A Place can be
determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It may
be identified by one or more instances of E44 Place Appellation.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates orabsolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context
of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested inposition in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which
Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution ofthis Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of thevessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lackhistorical and cultural relevance.
Any object can serve as a frame of reference for E53 Place determination. The model foresees
the notion of a "section" of an E19 Physical Object as a valid E53 Place determination.

Examples:the extent of the UK in the year 2003
the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring
the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of
the Arve and the Rhone”
here -> <Properties:
P87 is identified by (identifies): E44 Place Appellation
P88 consists of (forms part of): E53 Place
P89 falls within (contains): E53 Place
P121 overlaps with: E53 PlaceP122 borders with: E53 Place

E54 Dimension
Subclass of:

E1 CRM Entity

Scope note:This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means andcan be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space,such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numericalapproximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for
expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If thetrue values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record
them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true
values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precisionof the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units
depends critically on the representation as value regions.

102
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical
records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should berecorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.
Examples:currency: £26.00
length: 3.9-4.1 cm
diameter 26 mm
weight 150 lbs
density: 0.85 gm/cc
luminescence: 56 ISO lumens
tin content: 0.46 %taille au garot: 5 hands
calibrated C14 date: 2460-2720 years, etc
Properties:
P90 has value: E60 Number
P91 has unit (is unit of): E58 Measurement Unit

E55 Type
Subclass of:

E28 Conceptual Object

Superclass of:

E56 Language
E57 Material
E58 Measurement Unit

Scope note:This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used
to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts
in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes.
E55 Type is the CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be
represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instancesof E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be
extended with additional properties.

Examples:weight, length, depth [types of E54 Dimension]
portrait, sketch, animation [types of E38 image]
French, English, German [E56]excellent, good, poor [types of E3 Condition State]
Ford Model T, chop stick [types of E22 Man-Made Object]cave, doline, scratch [types of E26 Physical Feature]
poem, short story [types of E33 Linguistic Object]wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types of E5 Event]
Properties:
P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type

E56 Language
Subclass of:

E55 Type

Scope note:

103
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense ofconcepts.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model
does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of
Mandarin Chinese”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used todenote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639:1988.

Examples:el[Greek]en [English]
eo [Esperanto]
es [Spanish]fr[French]E57 Material
Subclass of:

E55 Type

Scope note:This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and asincorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete.
Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces ofmetal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used orprocessed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf.
P46 is composed of).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model
does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: “instances ofgold”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used.

Examples:
brick
gold
aluminiumpolycarbonate
resin

E60 Number
Subclass of:

E59 Primitive Value

Scope Note:

This class comprises any encoding of computable (algebraic) values such as integers, real
numbers, complex numbers, vectors, tensors etc., including intervals of these values to express
limited precision.
Numbers are fundamentally distinct from identifiers in continua, such as instances of E50 Dateand E47 Spatial Coordinate, even though their encoding may be similar. Instances of E60
Number can be combined with each other in algebraic operations to yield other instances of E60
Number, e.g., 1+1=2. Identifiers in continua may be combined with numbers expressing
distances to yield new identifiers, e.g., 1924-01-31 + 2 days = 1924-02-02. Cf. E54 Dimension.

Examples:
5
3+2i

104
1.5e-04(0.5, - 0.7,88)

E61 Time Primitive
Subclass of:

E59 Primitive Value

Scope Note:

This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for time that should be implemented withappropriate validation, precision and interval logic to express date ranges relevant to cultural
documentation.
E61 Time Primitive is not further elaborated upon within the model.

Examples:1994 – 1997
13 May 1768
2000/01/01 00:00:59.7
85th century BC

E62 String
Subclass of:

E59 Primitive Value

Scope Note:

This class comprises the instances of E59 Primitive Values used for documentation such as freetext strings, bitmaps, vector graphics, etc.
E62 String is not further elaborated upon within the model

Examples:the Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog
6F 6E 54 79 70 31 0D 9E

E65 Creation
Subclass of:E7 Activity
E63 Beginning of ExistenceSuperclass of:

E83 Type Creation

Scope note:This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial
products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.

Examples:the framing of the U.S. Constitution
the drafting of U.N. resolution 1441
Properties:
P94 has created (was created by): E28 Conceptual Object

E66 Formation
Subclass of:E7 Activity
E63 Beginning of Existence

Scope note:This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group ofpeople, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as acollective.

105
The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not mean that the group is populated withmembers at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time offormation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formationand E85 Joining.
Examples:the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Groupthe formation of the Soviet Union
the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar
Properties:
P95 has formed (was formed by): E74 GroupE67 Birth
Subclass of:

E63 Beginning of Existence

Scope note:This class comprises the birth of a human beings.
E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life.
(E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living beings).
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same E67 Birth event. The introduction of theE67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family
relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and thecomplexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, thebiological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth event.

Examples:the birth of Alexander the Great
Properties:
P96 by mother (gave birth): E21 Person
P97 from father (was father for): E21 Person
P98 brought into life (was born): E21 Person

E69 Death
Subclass of:

E64 End of Existence

Scope note:This class comprises the deaths of human beings.
If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The
death or perishing of other living beings should be documented using E64 End of Existence.

Examples:the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7)
the death of Senator Paul Wellstone
Properties:
P100 was death of (died in): E21 Person

E70 ThingSubclass of:

E77 Persistent Item

Superclass of:

E71 Man-Made Thing
E72 Legal Object

Scope note:This general class comprises usable discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that106
are documented as single units.
They can be either intellectual products or physical things, and are characterized by relative
stability. They may for instance either have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, orthey may be logical concept or structure.
Examples:my photograph collection (E78)the pint of milk in my refrigerator
the plan of the Stassburger Muenster
the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk
the design of the no-smoking sign (E29)the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E27)
Properties:
P43 has dimension (is dimension of): E54 Dimension
P101 had as general use (was use of): E55 TypeP130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing(P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type)

E72 Legal Object
Subclass of:

E70 Thing

Superclass of:

E18 Physical Thing
E90 Symbolic Object

Scope note:This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as
the right of ownership or use, can be applied.
This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object,however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too
ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations.
Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.

Examples:the Cullinan diamond (E19)
definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 2.1 (E73)
Properties:
P104 is subject to (applies to): E30 Right
P105 right held by (has right on): E39 Actor

E73 Information Object
Subclass of:

E89 Propositional Object
E90 Symbolic Object

Superclass of:

E29 Design or Procedure
E31 Document
E33 Linguistic Object
E36 Visual Item

Scope note:This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as a poems, jokes, data sets, images,
texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm ormathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as
single units.

107
An E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include
human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the
E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature
should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types
and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible
expression.
Examples:image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London
E. A. Poe's "The Raven"the movie "The Seven Samurai" by Akira Kurosawa
the Maxwell Equations
Properties:

E74 Group
Subclass of:

E39 Actor

Superclass of:

E40 Legal Body

Scope note:This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of two or more people that act
collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense thisclass also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one
actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country.
A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics
usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together.
These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as
study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modeled as membership in an E74
Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as
particular examples of E74 Group.

Examples:the impressionists
the Navajo
the Greeks
the peace protestors in New York City on February 15 2003
Exxon-Mobil
King Solomon and his wives
The President of the Swiss Confederation
Properties:
P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of): E39 Actor

E82 Actor Appellation
Subclass of:

E41 Appellation

Scope note:This class comprises any sort of name, number, code or symbol characteristically used to
identify an E39 Actor.
An E39 Actor will typically have more than one E82 Actor Appellation, and instances of E82
Actor Appellation in turn may have alternative representations. The distinction between
corporate and personal names, which is particularly important in library applications, should bemade by explicitly linking the E82 Actor Appellation to an instance of either E21 Person or E74
Group/E40 Legal Body. If this is not possible, the distinction can be made through the use of theP2 has type mechanism.

108
Examples:John Doe
Doe, J.
the U.S. Social Security Number 246-14-2304
the Artist Formerly Known as Prince
the Master of the Flemish Madonna
Raphael’s Workshop
the Brontë Sisters
ICOM
International Council of Museums

E84 Information Carrier
Subclass of:

E22 Man-Made Object

Scope note:This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act aspersistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object.
This allows a relationship to be asserted between an E19 Physical Object and its immaterial
information contents. An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., adiskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription.
However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier.
Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general.

Examples:the Rosetta Stone
my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment
the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM
Properties:

E89 Propositional Object
Subclass of:

E28 Conceptual Object

Superclass of:

E73 Information Object
E30 Right

Scope note:This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, proceduralprescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets ofpropositions about real or mental things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic
of discourse.
This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider
sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musicalthemes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89
Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed
an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:Maxwell’s Equations
The ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek
texts translated in … Oxford edition…
The underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36)
The common ideas of the plots of the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa andthe movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges

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The image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta 1945 (E38)
Properties:
P148 has component (is component of): E89 Propositional Object
P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity(P67.1 has type: E55 Type)P129 is about (is subject of): E1 CRM Entity

E90 Symbolic Object
Subclass of:

E28 Conceptual Object
E72 Legal Object

Superclass of:

E73 Information Object
E41 Appellation

Scope note:This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters,
identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects,
computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable
structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or tocommunicate some propositional content.
An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can
include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of
E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary
character string.

Examples:‘ecognizabl’
The “no-smoking” sign (E36)‘BM000038850.JPG’ (E75)
image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E38)
The distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named“Mona Lisa” (E38)
The Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition
La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori,
1966-67 (= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca
Italiana, VII, 1-4)
(E33)
Properties:
P106 is composed of (forms part of): E90 Symbolic Object

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4.4 Referred CIDOC CRM Properties
This section contains the complete definitions of the properties of the CIDOC CRM Conceptual Reference Modelversion 5.0.1 referred to by FRBROO. We apply the same format conventions as in section 2.7.

P1 is identified by (identifies)
Domain:E1 CRM Entity

Range:

E41 Appellation

Superproperty of:E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier
E52 Time-Span. P78 is identified by (identifies): E49 Time Appellation
E53 Place. P87 is identified by (identifies): E44 Place Appellation
E71 Man-Made Thing. P102 has title (is title of): E35 Title
E39 Actor. P131 is identified by (identifies): E82 Actor Appellation
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any
other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model
intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to atechnical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context.
This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as
coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does notreveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed
representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier
Assignment.

Examples:the capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E48)
text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35)

P2 has type (is type of)Domain:E1 CRM Entity

Range:

E55 Type

Superproperty of. E1 CRM Entity.P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by):E55 Type
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of aterminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe
data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this
immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into
any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point,
for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”,“URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously
requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of
the CRM entity in question.

Examples:www.cidoc.icom.org (E51) has type URL (E55)

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P3 has note
Domain:E1 CRM Entity

Range:

E62 String

Superproperty of: E52 Time-Span. P79 beginning is qualified by: E62 String
E52 Time-Span. P80 end is qualified by: E62 String
Quantification:

one to many (0,n:0,1)

Scope note:This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been
expressed in terms of CRM constructs.
In particular it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearanceetc.
Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of
the CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an
item; indeed, the CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can besaid. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation.
The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g.
“construction”, “decoration” etc.
An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.

Examples:coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note chipped at edge of handle (E62) has type
Condition (E55)
Properties:

P3.1 has type: E55 TypeP4 has time-span (is time-span of)Domain:E2 Temporal Entity

Range:

E52 Time-Span

Quantification:

many to one, necessary, dependent (1,1:1,n)

Scope note:This property describes the temporal confinement of an instance of an E2 Temporal Entity.
The related E52 Time-Span is understood as the real Time-Span during which the phenomena
were active, which make up the temporal entity instance. It does not convey any other meaning
than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The Time-Span in turn is approximated by aset of dates (E61 Time Primitive). A temporal entity can have in reality only one Time-Span, butthere may exist alternative opinions about it, which we would express by assigning multiple
Time-Spans. Related temporal entities may share a Time-Span. Time-Spans may havecompletely unknown dates but other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge.

Examples:the Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52), ongoing
throughout 11 February 1945 (E61)

P7 took place at (witnessed)
Domain:E4 Period

Range:E53 Place

Superproperty of:E9 Move. P26 moved to (was destination of): E53 Place
E9 Move. P27 moved from (was origin of): E53 Place
Quantification:

many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period.
The related E53 Place should be seen as an approximation of the geographical area within which
the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred. P7 took place at (witnessed)

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does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (generally on the surface of theearth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in“France”, the “Victorian” period, may be said to have taken place in “Britain” and its colonies,
as well as other parts of Europe and north America.
A period can take place at multiple locations.
Examples:the period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at France (E53)

P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at)
Domain:E5 Event

Range:E77 Persistent Item

Superproperty of:E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor
E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
E9 Move. P25 moved (moved by): E19 Physical Object
E11 Modification. P31 has modified (was modified by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77
Persistent Item
E64 End of Existence. P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by): E77 Persistent
Item
Quantification:

many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an E5 Event
without implying any specific role.
It connects the history of a thing with the E53 Place and E50 Date of an event. For example, anobject may be the desk, now in a museum on which a treaty was signed. The presence of animmaterial thing implies the presence of at least one of its carriers.

Examples:
Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at The sinking of the Titanic (E5)P14 carried out by (performed)
Domain:E7 Activity

Range:

E39 Actor

Subproperty of: E5 Event. P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor
Superproperty of:E8 Acquisition. P22 transferred title to (acquired title through): E39 Actor
E8 Acquisition. P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through): E39 Actor
E10 Transfer of Custody. P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through): E39 Actor
E10 Transfer of Custody. P29 custody received by (received custody through): E39 Actor
Quantification:

many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the active participation of an E39 Actor in an E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property allows
the nature of an Actor’s participation to be specified.

Examples:the painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) was carried out by Michaelangelo Buonaroti (E21)in the role of master craftsman (E55)
Properties:

P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type

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P15 was influenced by (influenced)
Domain:E7 Activity

Range:

E1 CRM Entity

Superproperty of:E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
E7 Activity. P17 was motivated by (motivated): E1 CRM Entity
E7 Activity. P134 continued (was continued by): E7 Activity
E83 Type Creation. P136 was based on (supported type creation): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This is a high level property, which captures the relationship between an E7 Activity andanything that may have had some bearing upon it.
The property has more specific sub properties.

Examples:the designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne bridge (E22)

P16 used specific object (was used for)
Domain:E7 Activity

Range:

E70 Thing

Subproperty of: E5 Event.P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item
E7 Activity.P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity
Superproperty of:E7 Activity.P33 used specific technique (was used by):E29 Design or Procedure
E15 Identifier Assignment.P142 used constituent (was used in):E41 Appellation
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to theperformance or the outcome of an E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded
in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for
the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An
immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the softwaretools on a computer.

Examples:the writing of this scope note (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22)mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55)
Properties:

P16.1 mode of use: E55 TypeP31 has modified (was modified by)
Domain:

E11 Modification

Range:

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Subproperty of: E5 Event. P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item
Superproperty of:E12 Production. P108 has produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E79 Part Addition. P110 augmented (was augmented by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E80 Part Removal. P112 diminished (was diminished by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
Quantification:

many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing modified in an E11 Modification.

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If a modification is applied to a non-man-made object, it is regarded as an E22 Man-Made
Object from that time onwards.
Examples:rebuilding of the Reichstag (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24)

P33 used specific technique (was used by)
Domain:E7 Activity

Range:

E29 Design or Procedure

Subproperty of: E7 Activity. P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies a specific E29 Design or Procedure used in an E11 Modification.
Modification may be carried out in order to ensure the preservation of an object and not just as
part of the creative process.
The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that the E29 Designor Procedure referred to is specific and documented rather than simply being a term in the E55
Type hierarchy. Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation.

Examples:Ornamentation of silver cup 232 (E11) used specific technique ‘Instructions for goldenchase work by A N Other’ (E29)
Rebuilding of Reichstag (E11) used specific technique Architectural plans by Foster andPartners (E29)P43 has dimension (is dimension of)Domain:E70 Thing

Range:

E54 Dimension

Quantification:

one to many, dependent (0,n:1.1)

Scope note:This property records a E54 Dimension of some E70 Thing.
It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E70 Thing through P39 measured (wasmeasured by), E16 Measurement P40 observed dimension (was observed in) to E54 Dimension.
It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.

Examples:silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58), hasvalue 224 (E60)

P44 has condition (condition of)Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:

E3 Condition State

Quantification:

one to many, dependent (0, n: 1,1)

Scope note:This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34
concerned (was assessed by), E14 Condition Assessment P35 has identified (identified by) to E3
Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State wasestablished, nor by whom.
An instance of Condition State is specific to an instance of Physical Thing.

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Examples:silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3) has typeoxidation traces (E55)

P45 consists of (is incorporated in)
Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:E57 Material

Quantification:

many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 PhysicalThing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows thedifferent Materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed
Material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A Material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.

Examples:silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57)

P46 is composed of (forms part of)Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:

E18 Physical Thing

Superproperty of:E19 Physical Object. P56 bears feature (is found on): E26 Physical Feature
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property allows instances of E18 Physical Thing to be analysed into component elements.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further
analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instanceof E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may
share a common wall.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented,
rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 PhysicalThing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Materials of which an item of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be
documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).

Examples:the Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22)the “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24

P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of)
Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:

E39 Actor

Superproperty of:E18 Physical Thing. P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of): E39 Actor
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who have or have had custody of an instance of
E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former orcurrent keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the
specified keepers are current.

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P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) is a shortcut for the moredetailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30 transferred custody of (custody transferredthrough), E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through)or P29 custody received by (received custody through) to E39 Actor.
Examples:paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E18) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries
Inc. (E40)

P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of)
Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:

E39 Actor

Subproperty of: E18 Physical Thing. P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of): E39
Actor
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who had custody of an instance of E18 PhysicalThing at the time this property was recorded.
P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18
Physical Thing through P30 transferred custody of (custody transferred through), E10 Transfer
of Custody, P29 custody received by (received custody through) to E39 Actor.

Examples:paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E18) has current keeper The National Gallery (E40)

P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of)
Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:

E39 Actor

Superproperty of:E18 Physical Thing. P52 has current owner (is current owner of): E39 Actor
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies the E39 Actor that is or has been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an
instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former orcurrent owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners
are current. P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) is a shortcut for the
more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24 transferred title of (changed
ownership through), E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through), or
P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) to E39 Actor.

Examples:paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E18) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21)

P57 has number of parts
Domain:E19 Physical Object

Range:

E60 Number

Quantification:

many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:This property documents the E60 Number of parts of which an instance of E19 Physical Object
is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate orcollective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context andrequirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be
considered as worthy of individual attention.

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For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components andconstituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
This allows each element to be described individually.
Examples:chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60)

P59 has section (is located on or within)
Domain:E18 Physical Thing

Range:E53 Place

Quantification:

one to many (0,n:0,1)

Scope note:This property links an area to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found.
It is typically used when a named E46 Section Definition is not appropriate.
E18 Physical Thing may be subdivided into arbitrary regions.
P59 has section (is located on or within) is a shortcut. If the E53 Place is identified by a Section
Definition, a more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect)
path from E18 Physical Thing through P58 has section definition (defines section), E46 Section
Definition, P87 is identified by (identifies) to E53 Place. A Place can only be located on orwithin one Physical Object.

Examples:HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53)P65 shows visual item (is shown by)
Domain:E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Range:E36 Visual Item

Subproperty of: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E73 Information Object
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property documents an E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Man-MadeThing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an item of E24
Physical Man-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (isshown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about
what the E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable
image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.
For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly
documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different
periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular
portrait.
P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks andsymbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular
representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing throughP65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to
E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

Examples:“Impression Sunrise” by Monet (E84) shows visual item Impression_Sunrise.jpg (E38)

P72 has language (is language of)Domain:E33 Linguistic Object

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Range:

E56 Language

Quantification:

many to many, necessary (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the E56 Language of an E33 Linguistic Object.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human Languages. This property allows theselanguages to be documented.

Examples:the American Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18th Century English (E56)P74 has current or former residence (is current or former residence of)Domain:

E39 Actor

Range:E53 Place

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the current or former E53 Place of residence of an E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the Place where the Actor resides, or a legally registered address ofany kind.

Examples:Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53)P75 possesses (is possessed by)
Domain:

E39 Actor

Range:

E30 Right

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies former or current instances of E30 Rights held by an E39 Actor.

Examples:Michael Jackson (E21) possesses Intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue(E30)

P78 is identified by (identifies)
Domain:E52 Time-Span

Range:

E49 Time Appellation

Subproperty of: E1 CRM Entity. P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies an E52 Time-Span using an E49Time Appellation.

Examples:the time span 1926 to 1988 (E52) is identified by Showa (Japanese time appellation) (E49)

P82 at some time within
Domain:E52 Time-Span

Range:

E61 Time Primitive

Quantification:

many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls.
Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CRM supports
statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property

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allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e. it’s outer boundary) to be assigned an E61
Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CRM as application or system specificdate intervals, and are not further analysed.
Examples:the time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) at some time within 1992infinity (E61)P87 is identified by (identifies)
Domain:E53 Place

Range:

E44 Place Appellation

Subproperty of: E1 CRM Entity. P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies an E53 Place using an E44 Place Appellation.
Examples of Place Appellations used to identify Places include instances of E48 Place Name,addresses, E47 Spatial Coordinates etc.

Examples:the location of the Duke of Wellington’s House (E53) is identified by No 1 London (E45)

P94 has created (was created by)
Domain:

E65 Creation

Range:

E28 Conceptual Object

Subproperty of: E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77
Persistent Item
Superproperty of: E83 Type Creation. P135 created type (was created by): E55 Type
Quantification:

one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:This property allows a conceptual E65 Creation to be linked to the E28 Conceptual Object
created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the E28 Conceptual Object. It does
not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the E28 Conceptual Object. As an
example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.

Examples:the composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four
Friends” by A. A. Milne (E28)

P95 has formed (was formed by)
Domain:E66 Formation

Range:

E74 Group

Subproperty of: E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77
Persistent Item
Quantification:

one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:This property links the founding or E66 Formation for an E74 Group with the Group itself.

Examples:the formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66)
has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74)

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P98 brought into life (was born)
Domain:E67 Birth

Range:

E21 Person

Subproperty of: E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77
Persistent Item
Quantification:

one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:This property links an E67Birth event to an E21 Person in the role of offspring.
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same Birth event. This is not intended for use withgeneral Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling
conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples:the Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21)

P100 was death of (died in)
Domain:E69 Death

Range:

E21 Person

Subproperty of: E64 End of Existence. P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by): E77 Persistent
Item
Quantification:

one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property links an E69 Death event to the E21 Person that died.
A Death event may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.
This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people.

Examples:Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21)

P102 has title (is title of)Domain:E71 Man-Made Thing

Range:

E35 Title

Subproperty of: E1 CRM Entity. P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property describes the E35 Title applied to an instance of E71 Man-Made Thing. The E55
Type of Title is assigned in a sub property.
The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationshipbetween the Title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the Title was a given Title,
a supplied Title etc.
It allows any man-made material or immaterial thing to be given a Title. It is possible to imagine
a Title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples:the first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35)
has type translated (E55)
Properties:

P102.1 has type: E55 TypeP103 was intended for (was intention of)Domain:E71 Man-Made Thing

121
Range:

E55 Type

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property links an instance of E71 Man-Made Thing to an E55 Type of usage.
It creates a property between specific man-made things, both physical and immaterial, to Typesof intended methods and techniques of use. Note: A link between specific man-made things anda specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples:this plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55)

P104 is subject to (applies to)
Domain:E72 Legal Object

Range:

E30 Right

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property links a particular E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it issubject.
The Right is held by an E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples:Beatles back catalogue (E72) is subject to reproduction right on Beatles back catalogue(E30)

P105 right held by (has right on)
Domain:E72 Legal Object

Range:

E39 Actor

Superproperty of: E18 Physical Thing .P52 has current owner (is current owner of)
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies the E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an E72 Legal
Object.
It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a rightthat is held on the owned object.
P105 right held by (has right on) is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal
Object through P104 is subject to (applies to), E30 Right, P75 possesses (is possessed by) to
E39 Actor.

Examples:Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21)

P106 is composed of (forms part of)Domain:E90 Symbolic Object

Range:

E90 Symbolic Object

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an
instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.

Examples:This Scope note P106 has part ‘fragments of texts’‘recognizable’ P106 has part ‘ecognizabl’122

P108 produced (was produced by)
Domain:

E12 Production

Range:

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Subproperty of: E11 Modification. P31 has modified (was modified by): E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
E63 Beginning of Existence. P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77
Persistent Item
Quantification:

one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that came into existence as a resultof an E12 Production.
The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by
its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation ofmultiple instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

Examples:The building of Rome (E12) has produced Τhe Colosseum (E22)

P125 used object of type (was type of object used in)
Domain:E7 Activity

Range:

E55 Type

Subproperty of:Superproperty of: E7 Activity.P32 used general technique (was technique of): E55 Type
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property defines the kind of objects used in an E7 Activity, when the specific instance iseither unknown or not of interest, such as use of "a hammer".

Examples:at the Battle of Agincourt (E7), the English archers used object of type long bow (E55)

P128 carries (is carried by)
Domain:E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Range:

E73 Information Object

Superproperty of:E24 Physical Man-Made Thing. P65 shows visual item (is shown by): E36 Visual Item
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies an E73 Information Object carried by an instance of E24 Physical ManMade Thing.
In general this would be an E84 Information Carrier P65 shows visual item (is shown by) is a
specialisation of P128 carries (is carried by) which should be used for carrying visual items.

Examples:Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E84) carries the text of Reach for the Sky(E73)

P129 is about (is subject of)Domain:E89 Propositional Object

Range:

E1 CRM Entity

Subproperty:

E89 Propositional Object. P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)Scope note:

123
This property documents that an E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM
Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an E1 CRM Entity, in that it
describes the primary subject or subjects of an E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21)

P130 shows features of (features are also found on)
Domain:E70 Thing

Range:

E70 Thing

Superproperty:

E33 Linguistic Object. P73 has translation (is translation of): E33 Linguistic Object

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a dynamic, asymmetric
relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative, if such a direction can be established.
Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. It is a short-cut of P15 was influenced by (influenced)
in a creation or production, if such a reason for the similarity can be verified. Moreover it
expresses similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historicalknowledge about its reasons.

Examples:the Parthenon Frieze on the Acropolis in Athens (E22) shows features of the Original
Parthenon Frieze in the British museum (E22). Kind of similarity: Copy (E55)
Properties:

P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type

P131 is identified by (identifies)
Domain:

E39 Actor

Range:E82 Actor Appellation

Subproperty:

E1 CRM Entity. P1 is identified by (identifies): E41 Appellation

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property identifies a name used specifically to identify an E39 Actor.
This property is a specialisation of P1 is identified by (identifies) is identified by.

Examples:Tyler Withersopp IV (E39) is identified by US social security number 619-17-4204 (E82)

P138 represents (has representation)
Domain:E36 Visual Item

Range:

E1 CRM Entity

Subproperty:

E89 Propositional Object. P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity

Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property establishes the relationship between an E36 Visual Item and the entity that it
visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path fromE24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item,
P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62depicts (isdepicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to berefined.

124
Examples:the design on the reverse of a Swiss coin (E36) represents Helvetia (E28) mode ofrepresentation Profile (E55)
Properties:

P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type

P148 has component (is component of)Domain:E89 Propositional Object

Range:E89 Propositional Object

Superproperty of:
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it thatis by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:The Italian text of Dante’s textual work entitled “Divina Commedia” (E33) P148 hascomponent The Italian text of Dante’s textual work entitled “Inferno” (E33)125

5 Appendix: Modelling of Identifier Creation
This section describes an extension of the object-oriented model that gives an account of identifier creation
processes in cataloguing practice. It goes beyond FRBR, but the authors found it particularly useful to reflect
cataloguing practice and the bibliographic notion of identity within the context of the FRBR concepts. A genericversion of it is going to be proposed as an amendment to ISO21127.

5.1 Introduction
During the cataloguing process, one important phase is the creation of what are termed controlled access points(also known as headings). Controlled access points enable a given instance of a given bibliographic entity to beconsistently referred to in a given bibliographic database. Controlled access points are, in general, composed ofparts, which are appellations in their own right. They are created to identify persons, corporate bodies, geographic
areas, works, etc.
Specific sections of cataloguing rules (usually in the section entitled “Form of headings”) specify the steps thathave to be followed when creating a controlled access point and how to ensure its uniqueness. The steps include
the choice of the preferred form of the name, the choice of qualifiers, their form, punctuation and order. During an
F40 Identifier Assignment the cataloguer composes the identifier and makes informed decisions during theprocess.
Examples:o Combining the (disambiguated) author name and work title to create a uniform heading:‘Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. Murders in the rue Morgue’o The identifier of a corporate body including names of higher bodies:‘University of Washington. Libraries. Manuscripts Section’o Author-title identifiers disambiguated by adding the musical form:‘Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685-1750. Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Cantata)’‘Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685-1750. Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Chorale prelude)’o A personal name including the title of nobility‘John, of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 1340-1399’

5.2 Description of the model
In the following sections, the Identifier Creation Model is formally defined as an extension of the main FRBROO
Model, following the same conventions as in section 4.

5.3 Analysis of Procedures of the Cataloguing Process
Cataloguing is a complex, tricky activity, that involves much knowledge and concatenations of mental processesof which cataloguers themselves are often unaware but which comprise their own expertise. The work that was
being done on FRBR was also a good opportunity to explicate some of these mental processes, and to show how
cataloguers do what they do.
For instance, one of the most complex processes involved in cataloguing, the creation of controlled access points,
consists in selecting and assembling existing appellations so as to make the resulting construct as specific,
accurate, and “unique” as possible, so as to disambiguate the way a given instance of a given bibliographic entity
is consistently referred to in a given bibliographic database. In order to model that complex process, the Working
Group declared two distinct classes (one of which was borrowed from the CIDOC CRM): F12 Name (= CIDOC
CRM E41 Appellation), and F13 Identifier. F13 Identifier corresponds to standardised strings such as uniform
titles, as well as the notion of numeric identifiers such as international standard numbers defined in ISO standards(such as ISBN, ISSN, ISRC, etc.), and is declared as a subclass of F12 Name, which makes it possible to assemble
two constructed identifiers in order to create a new, distinct identifier (as is the case, for instance, when one
creates an author-title heading in order to refer to a work through the controlled form of its creator’s name, thedates that identify the time-span during which the creator was alive or active, and a selected form of the work’s
title). Any qualifier used in cataloguing practice to disambiguate headings is regarded as the name (or appellation)of something, thanks to the mechanisms defined in CIDOC CRM: dates are the appellation of a given time-span(E52 in CIDOC CRM), the title of a person is the appellation of a type (E55 in CIDOC CRM), a qualifier such as‘(Coventry)’ as in the example is provided in the FRBR Final Report is the name of a place (E53 in CIDOC

126CRM), a qualifier such as ‘(Motion picture)’ as required in AACR in uniform titles for cinematic works is theappellation of a type (E55) of work, etc. This activity can be represented as:

Id e n tifie r C o n s tru c tio n

R 4 7 u s e d c o n s titu e n t(w a s u s e d in )F 1 2 N a m e = E 4 1 A p p e lla tio n

P 1 is id e n tifie d b y(id e n tifie d )E 1 C R M E n tity

R 8 c o n sists o f(fo rm s p a rt o f)

F 1 3 Id e n tifie r
R 4 6 a s sig n e d(w a s a ss ig n e d b y )F 4 0 Id e n tifie r A s s ig n m e n t

R 5 2 B u se d ru le(w a s th e ru le u s e d in )F 4 3 Id e n tifie r R u le
R 4 5 a s sig n e d to
(w a s a ss ig n e d b y )Figure 11
The model described in Figure 11 is relevant beyond library practice. It allows for the implementation of thereasoning processes involved in analysing the information encoded in the parts of an identifier. Therefore the
CIDOC CRM is going to incorporate this model in version 4.2.3.
The process of creating controlled access points that are as specific, accurate, and “unique” as possible isparticularly interesting when applied to instances of Work and Expression, concepts newly introduced to CRM by
FRBR, as they lack a material nature. Figure 12 shows how the instance of an F2 Expression common to someinstances of F3 Manifestation Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton would be identified with the one
manifestation of a particular expression that has been selected to be “representative” for this expression. Thismodel does not correspond to any explicit library information. Rather, it describes an implicit process behind theappellation creation process: The very fact of composing an identifier for an instance of F2 Expression using theidentifier of one particular manifestation makes the latter “representative” for the corresponding expression. Notethat the “representative” manifestation is not necessarily the historically first or earliest one. It might be the mostpopular one, or the first one detected. It might be a fragment of a whole detected later. As this introduces a kind ofarbitrariness, the authors found this model interesting when discussing the respective practices. Similarly, an
instance of F1 Work can only be identified if a corresponding instance of F2 Expression is selected as“representative”.

127

How to identify Work?
R53 assigned(was assigned by)

E39 Actor

E13 Attribute
Assignmentn e d by)dassig
R49 assignesaw(

F41 Representative
Manifestation AssignmentbyR4
8(w assias
ass gned
ign to
ed
b y)

R4
4
(pe carr
rfo iedrmed) out byy)ed
ign d bass signe
1s
R5 as a
(w

ou t
ried
car ed)
3
4
m
R
rfor
(pe

F44 Bibliographic Agency

F4 Manifestation-Singleton

R4 comprises carriers of(carriers provided by)
R41 has representative
manifestation product type(is representative
manifestation producttype for)R42 has representative manifestation-singleton( is representative manifestation singleton for)*F2 Expression

F42 Representative
Expression Assignment
R 50(wa assign ts assign oed*R42 has representative manifestation-singleton( is representative manifestation singleton for) is
a sub property of P128 carries (is carried by)

F3 Manifestation
Product TypeR15 is fragment of(has fragment)

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

F23 Expression
Fragment
R3 is realised in (realises)by)

F15 Complex Work

Figure 12

R40 has representative
expression (is representative
expression of)

F1 Work128

5.3.1 Class Hierarchy of the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model aligned with
CIDOC CRM
E1
E2

CRM
Entity-E3-

TemporalEntity
-

E4

-

-

E5
E7
E13

-

E15

-

Condition
State
Period=F8 Event
-

Event
-

-

-

-

-

E77

-

E70
E72
F3

-

Persistent
Item
-

Thing
-

Legal Object

E18
E24

-

Activity
Attribute
Assignment
-

F41
F41

-

-

-

Manifestation
Product Type
Physical Thing
Physical Man-Made
Thing

F4

Manifestation
Singleton

E73

-

-

-

-

E29

-

-

-

-

F43
E71

-

-

-

E24

-

-

-

Man-Made
Thing-

Information
ObjectDesign orProcedure
Identifier Rule
Physical ManMade Thing

F4
E28
F1
F14
F15
F16
E73
E29
F43
F2

Identifier
Assignment = F40
Identifier
Assignment
Representative
Manifestation
Assignment
Representative
Expression
Assignment

Manifestation
Singleton
-

-

-

-

Conceptual
ObjectWork
Individual Work
Complex Work
Container Work

-

-

-

-

Information Object-

Expression

Design orProcedure

129
F22

Self-Contained
Expression
Expression
Fragment

F23
E39
E74
F44

-

-

Actor
-

Group=F11
Corporate
Body
Bibliographic
Agency130

5.3.2 FRBRoo Identifier Creation Model Class declaration
The classes of the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model are comprehensively declared in this section using the sameformat as in section 2.5.
The declarations for the classes F1, F2 and F4 are repeated here briefly without their scope notes and examples, inorder to show the declaration of their additional properties R40, R41 and R42 in the complete class context. The
additional property declarations are highlighted in bold, whereas the properties from the main model are referred
to only in grey color.

F1 Work
Subclass of:

E89 Propositional Object

Superclass of:

F14 Individual WorkF15 Complex Work
F16 Container Work

Properties:
R1 is logical successor of (has successor): F1 Work
R2 is derivative of (has derivative): F1 Work
R3 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-Contained Expression
R40 has representative expression (is representative expression for): F22 Self-contained
Expression

F2 Expression
Subclass of:

E73 Information Object

Superclass of:

F22 Self-Contained Expression`
F23 Expression Fragment

Properties:
R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of): F3 Manifestation Product TypeR5 has component (is component of): F22 Self-Contained Expression
R41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation
product type for): F3 Manifestation Product TypeF4 Manifestation Singleton
Subclass of:

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing

Properties:

R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation
singleton): F2 Expression

F40 Identifier Assignment
Equal to:E15 Identifier Assignment

Scope note:This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to any Entity. An
Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents. The
syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule. It also includes theassignment of uniform titles.

Examples:Assigning the author-title heading ‘Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.’
as a uniform title for a work

131
Assigning the title heading ‘Bible. English. American Standard’ as a uniform title for an
expression
Properties:
R45 assigned to (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity
R46 assigned (was assigned by): F13 Identifier
R47 used constituent (was used in): F12 Name
R52 used rule (was the rule used in): F43 Identifier Rule

F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment
Subclass of:

E13 Attribute Assignment

Scope note:This class comprises activities through which an Agency declares (implicitly or explicitly) that agiven instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton is representative
for a given F2 Expression, i.e., that some features found on that instance of F3 Manifestation
Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton (most prominently, information about the title) canbe inferred to also apply to that instance of F2 Expression, no matter within which manifestation
it is embodied.
The reasoning behind is that the Work title is known through the title of an Expression that isdeemed representative of the Work, and the title of the representative Expression is known
through the title proper of a Manifestation that is deemed representative of the Expression
representative of the Work.

Examples:By using the title proper “Mrs Dalloway” found on the first edition of a novel by Virginia Woolfas the basis for a uniform title for that novel, rather than the title proper “The hours” found on
the manuscripts held by the British Library, an Agency implicitly states that the printed edition(instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type) is representative for the instance of F2 Expressionthat is representative for the F1 Work, whereas the hand-written instances of F4 Manifestation
Singleton are not
By not using the title proper “The tragicall historie of HAMLET Prince of Denmarke” found on
an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type as the basis for a uniform title heading for a workby Shakespeare, an Agency explicitly states that that instance of F3 Manifestation Product Typeis not representative (at least, as far as title information is concerned) for an F2 Expression of
Shakespeare’s F1 Work Hamlet
Selecting the manuscript identified by shelfmark “MS-8282” within the collections of the
National Library of France, Department for Music, as representative for the musical text ofStanislas Champein’s opera “Vichnou” [explanation: the BnF’s Department for Music holds 3
manuscript scores (identified by shelfmarks “MS-8282”, “MS-13778”, and “MS-17321”) for
this opera; the title inscribed on MS-8282 is “Vichnou”, while MS-13778 and MS-17321 are
titled “Vistnou”; the authorised form chosen by cataloguers and reference tools such as theGrove Dictionary for Opera is “Vichnou”, while “Vistnou” is recorded in the BnF’s authority
file only as a cross reference]

Properties:
R43 carried out by (performed): F44 Bibliographic Agency
R48 assigned to (was assigned by): F2 Expression
R49 assigned (was assigned by): F3 Manifestation Product TypeR53 assigned (was assigned by): F4 Manifestation Singleton

F42 Representative Expression Assignment
Subclass of:

E13 Attribute Assignment

Scope note:This class comprises activities through which an Agency declares (implicitly or explicitly) that agiven instance of F2 Expression is representative for a given F15 Complex Work, i.e., that some
attributes of that instance of F2 Expression (most prominently, information about the title) canbe inferred to also apply to that instance of F15 Complex Work, no matter in which particular

132
expression it is realised.
The reasoning behind this is that the Work title is known through the title of an Expression thatis deemed representative of the Work, and the title of the representative Expression is known
through the title of a Manifestation that is deemed representative of the Expression that isrepresentative of the Work.
For instance, by using the qualified uniform title “Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. Murders in therue Morgue (French)” for the French rendition of Poe’s Murders in the rue Morgue by
Baudelaire, an Agency implicitly states that the French text does not constitute a representative
F2 Expression for Poe’s F1 Work, however the original English text does constitute a
representative F2 Expression for Poe’s F1 Work.
Examples:Choosing the English text titled “Murders in the rue Morgue”, with that particular formulation of
its title, as representative for the complex work Edgar Allan Poe’s “Murders in the rue Morgue”

Properties:
R44 carried out by (performed): F44 Bibliographic Agency
R50 assigned to (was assigned by): F15 Complex Work
R51 assigned (was assigned by): F2 Expression

F43 Identifier Rule
Subclass of:

E29 Design or Procedure

Scope note:This class comprises sets of instructions relating to the formulation of a unique identifier

Examples:AACR2R 25.25-25.35F1
RAK-Musik (Revidierte Ausgabe 2003), Chapter 6
AFNOR Z 44-079

Properties:

F44 Bibliographic Agency
Subclass of:

F11 Corporate Body

Scope note:This class comprises agents who create the bibliographic description of publications and performthe authority control associated with such descriptions, for the description of copies of such
publications actually held by libraries, and for the description of unique documents(manuscripts, objects…) held by libraries.
The activity of creating such descriptions implies that one has to make decisions (as to theuniform title for a work, as to whether an arrangement still belongs to the same work or isdefinitely a new work, etc.). Since such decisions always are debatable and different agencies
can make different decisions about the same real-world entities, it is important to document
which agency made which decision.

Examples:Properties:

The National Library of France, identified in bibliographic and authority records by the code
“FRBNF” at the beginning of INTERMARC field 001

133

5.3.3 Property Hierarchy of FRBROO Identifier Creation Model
Property id

Property Name

Entity – Domain

Entity – Range

R3

is realised in (realises)

F1 Work

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

has representative expression (isrepresentative expression for)F1 Work

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

carriers provided by (comprises
carriers of)

F2 Expression

F3 Manifestation ProductType

has representative manifestation
product type (is representative
manifestation product type for)carried out by (performed)

F2 Expression

F3 Manifestation Product
Type

E7 Activity

E39 Actor

F41 Representative
Manifestation
Assignment
F42 Representative
Expression
Assignment
E7 Activity

F44 Bibliographic Agency

-

R40

R4
-

R41

P14
-

R43

carried out by (performed)-

R44

carried out by (performed)

P16-

used specific object (was used for)
R47

P33

F44 Bibliographic Agency
E70 Thingconstituent (was used in)

F40 Identifier
Assignment

F12 Nameused specific technique (was used by)

E7 Activity

E29 Design or Procedure-

R52

used rule (was the rule used in)

F40 Identifier
Assignment

F43 Identifier Rule

P37 =
R46

-

assigned (was assigned by)

E15 Identifier
Assignement =F40
Identifier
Assignement
E24 Physical ManMade Thing

E42 Identifier =F13 Identifier

is representative manifestation
singleton for (has representative
manifestation singleton)shows features of (features are also
found on)

F4 Manifestation
Singleton

F2 Expression

E70 Thing

E70 Thinghas representative expression (isrepresentative expression for)F1 Work

F22 Self-Contained
Expression

assigned attribute to (was attributedby)

E13 Attribute
Assignment

E1 CRM Entity

P128-

carries (is carried by)
R42

P130
-

R40

P140

E73 Information Object-

R45

assigned to (was assigned by)

F40 Identifier
Assignment

E1 CRM Entity-

R48

assigned to (was assigned by)

F2 Expression-

R50

assigned to (was assigned by)

F41 Representative
Manifestation
Assignment
F42 Representative
Expression
Assignment
E13 Attribute
Assignement

P141

assigned (was assigned by)

F15 Complex Work
E1 CRM Entity

134
-

R49

assigned (was assigned by)-

R51

assigned (was assigned by)-

R53

assigned (was assigned by)

F41 Representative
Manifestation
Assignment
F42 Representative
Expression
Assignment
F41 Representative
Manifestation
Assignment

F3 Manifestation ProductType
F2 Expression
F4 Manifestation Singleton

135

5.3.4 FRBRoo Identifier Creation Model Property declaration
The properties of the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model are comprehensively declared in this section using thesame format as in section 2.7.

R40 has representative expression (is representative expression for)
Domain:F1 Work

Range:

F22 Self-contained Expression

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: F1 Work.R3 is realised in (realises): F22 Self-contained Expression
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property identifies an instance of F2 Expression that has been chosen as the mostcharacteristic expression of the instance of F15 Complex Work of which it is an expression.
Typically, any expression that is not regarded as “representative” for the work it expresses,
would require a uniform title, with qualifiers specifying the differences between that expression
and a representative expression, although this may not always be done in practice. The title of aWork may not be one taken from a representative expression.
A given work can have more than one representative expression, provided the differences
between these expressions are not deemed “substantial.” If the anticipated needs of users are notconsidered to call for bibliographic distinctions between variant expressions of a work, theneven expressions that differ significantly from each other can be regarded as equally
representative for the work. (See FRBR: Final Report, p. 19-20).
A given expression can be deemed representative for a work with regard to some of its aspects(e.g., the text contained in an edition the title proper of which reads “The tragicall historie of
HAMLET Prince of Denmarke”, and the language of that text), and not representative for it withregard to some other aspects (e.g., the title proper “The tragicall historie of HAMLET Prince ofDenmarke” itself, which, being different from the title that is regarded as “representative” for
Shakespeare’s work, will require the use of a uniform title).
R40 has representative expression is a shortcut of the more developed path F1 Work R50B was
assigned by F42 Representative Expression Assignment R51 assigned F2 Expression.

Examples:Walt Whitman’s textual work titled ‘Leaves of Grass’ (F15) R40 has representative expression
the linguistic, English content of the 1892 edition, known as the deathbed edition, of Walt
Whitman’s textual work titled ‘Leaves of Grass’ (F2)Beethoven’s 5th symphony (F15) R40 has representative expression the notational content of
the 1809 edition of Beethoven’s 5th symphony (F2)Beethoven’s 5th symphony (F15) R40 has representative expression the sonic content of therecorded performance of Beethoven’s 5th symphony by the Berliner Philharmoniker conductedby Herbert von Karajan in Berlin in November 1982 (F2)
The series titled ‘Nancy Drew Mysteries’ (F18) R40 has representative expression The overall
content provided by publisher named ‘Armada’ in one volume belonging to that series,
including, among other elements, the series title page, which states that the title of the series
reads ‘Nancy Drew Mysteries’ (F24)
The periodical titled ‘The New Courier’, released by UNESCO, and described by the National
Library of France in a bibliographic record that contains the following statement: “Notice réd.
d’après le n° d’octobre 2002” (i.e., “description based on the issue dated October 2002”) (F18)
R40 has representative expression The overall content of the October 2002 issue of UNESCO’s
periodical titled ‘The New Courier’ (F24)

R41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative

136

manifestation product type for)
Domain:F2 Expression

Range:F3 Manifestation Product TypeSuperproperty of:F2 Expression.R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of):F3 Manifestation Product Type
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property identifies an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that has been chosen as
the most characteristic Manifestation Product Type of the instance of F2 Expression of which it
is a manifestation.
Identifying an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that is representative for an instance of
F2 Expression makes it possible in turn to identify an instance of F2 Expression that isrepresentative for an instance of F1 Work, and to decide what should be regarded as the title of
the work.
The title of an Expression may not be one taken from a representative Manifestation Product
Type or Manifestation Singleton.
A given expression can have more than one Representative Manifestation Product Type.
R41 has representative manifestation product type is a shortcut of the more developed path F2
Expression R48B was assigned by F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment R49 assigned
F3 Manifestation Product Type.

Examples:The original, English text of Virginia Woolf’s textual work titled ‘Mrs Dalloway’ (F22) R41 has
representative manifestation product type the first edition, dated 1925, of Virginia Woolf’s
textual work titled ‘Mrs Dalloway’ (F3)

R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative
manifestation singleton)
Domain:F4 Manifestation Singleton

Range:F2 Expression

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.P128 carries (is carried by):E73 Information Object
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property identifies an instance of Manifestation Singleton that has been declared as theunique representative for an instance of F2 Expression by some bibliographic agency.
This property identifies an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton that has been chosen as themost characteristic Manifestation Singleton of the instance of F2 Expression of which it is amanifestation.
Identifying an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton that is representative for an instance of F2
Expression makes it possible in turn to identify an instance of F2 Expression that isrepresentative for an instance of F1 Work, and to decide what should be regarded as the title of
the work.
The title of an Expression may not be one taken from a representative Manifestation Product
Type or Manifestation Singleton.
A given expression can have more than one representative Manifestation Singleton.
It is a shortcut for the more developed path: F2 Expression R48B was assigned by F41
Representative Manifestation Assignment R53 assigned F4 Manifestation Singleton.

Examples:The musical text of Stanislas Champein’s opera ‘Vichnou’ (F22) R42 has representative
manifestation singleton The manuscript identified by shelfmark ‘MS-8282’ within thecollections of the National Library of France, Department for Music (F4) [explanation: the137
BnF’s Department for Music holds 3 manuscript scores (identified by shelfmarks ‘MS-8282’,‘MS-13778’, and ‘MS-17321’) for this opera; the title inscribed on MS-8282 is ‘Vichnou’, while
MS-13778 and MS-17321 are titled ‘Vistnou’; the authorised form chosen by cataloguers andreference tools such as the Grove Dictionary for Opera is ‘Vichnou’, while ‘Vistnou’ is recordedin the BnF’s authority file only as a cross reference]

R43 carried out by (performed)
Domain:F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

Range:F44 Bibliographic Agency

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity.P14 carried out by (performed):E39 Actor
Quantification:(1:1,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates a bibliographic agency (represented by one or more of its cataloguers)
and the assigning of which Manifestation (i.e., which instance of F3 Manifestation Product Typeor F4 Manifestation Singleton) is representative for a given expression.
In cataloguing practice, such a relationship is usually just implicit. However, it can become
explicit, for example when a bibliographic agency creates an authority record for a given workand fills the “Source” field with information about the publication that contains the expressionthat was used by the bibliographic agency to establish the uniform title for the work realised inthat expression.

Examples:Assigning the manuscript identified by shelfmark ‘MS-8282’ within the collections of the
National Library of France, Department for Music, as representative for the musical text ofStanislas Champein’s opera ‘Vichnou’ (F41) R43 carried out by The National Library of France,
identified by code ‘FRBNF’ at the beginning of field 001 in the INTERMARC authority record
for the author/title heading for Stanislas Champein’s opera ‘Vichnou’ (F44)
The assignment of the book that was published at some time between 1991 and 2004 and thetitle proper of which reads “The astādhyāyī of Pānini with translation and explanatory notes” asbeing a representative instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type for texts that constitutebilingual editions in Sanskrit and English of Pānini’s ‘Astādhyāyī’ (F41) R43 carried out by The
bibliographic agency identified, in field 040 of a MARC21 authority record for the author/title
heading ‘Pānini. Astādhyāyī. English & Sanskrit’, by the code ‘DLC’ (i.e., the Library ofCongress) (F44)

R44 carried out by (performed)
Domain:F42 Representative Expression Assignment

Range:F44 Bibliographic Agency

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity.P14 carried out by (performed):E39 Actor
Quantification:(1:1,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates a bibliographic agency (represented by one or more of its cataloguers)
and the assigning of which expression is representative for a given Work.
In cataloguing practice, such a relationship is usually just implicit. However, it can become
explicit, for example when a bibliographic agency creates an authority record for a given workand fills the “Source” field with information about the publication that contains the expressionthat was used by the bibliographic agency to establish the uniform title for the work realised inthat expression.

Examples:Assigning the musical text contained in the manuscript identified by shelfmark ‘MS-8282’
within the collections of the National Library of France, Department for Music, as representative
for Stanislas Champein’s opera ‘Vichnou’ (F41) R44 carried out by The National Library ofFrance, identified by code ‘FRBNF’ at the beginning of field 001 in the INTERMARC authority
record for the author/title heading for Stanislas Champein’s opera ‘Vichnou’ (F44)

138
The assignment of the Sanskrit text contained in the book that was published in 1973 under thetitle ‘Pāṇinīyaṃ Sabdānuśāsanam’ as being a representative instance of F2 Expression for the
textual work of Pānini titled ‘Astādhyāyī’ (F42) R44 carried out by The bibliographic agency
identified, in field 040 of a MARC21 authority record for the author/title heading ‘Pānini.
Astādhyāyī’, by the code ‘DLC’ (i.e., the Library of Congress) (F44)

R45 assigned to (was assigned by)
Domain:F40 Identifier Assignment

Range:

E1 CRM Entity

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignment.P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:(1:1,0:n)

Scope note:This property identifies the entity to which an actor, such as a bibliographic agency, assigned an
instance of F13 Identifier.

Examples:Assigning the uniform title ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds (Coventry)’ (F40) R45 assigned to
The anonymous textual work otherwise simply known as ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds’(F15) [assignment of an Identifier to a Work]
Assigning the uniform title ‘Rite of spring (Choreographic Work: Bausch)’ (F40) R45 assigned
to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work initially simply titled ‘Rite of spring’ (F15) [assignment ofan Identifier to a Work]
Assigning the uniform title ‘King Kong (1933)’ (F40) R45 assigned to The motion picture
directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack and simply titled ‘King Kong’(F15) [assignment of an Identifier to a Work]
Assigning the personal name heading ‘Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377’ (F40) R45
assigned to Guillaume de Machaut (F10) [assignment of an Identifier to a Person]
Assigning the corporate name heading ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ (F40)
R45 assigned to The Department for library science of the University of Ljubljana (F11)[assignment of an Identifier to a Corporate Body]

R46 assigned (was assigned by)
Domain:F40 Identifier Assignement

Range:

F13 Identifier

Equal to:E15 Identifier Assignement :P37 assigned (was assigned by): E42 Identifier

Quantification:(1:1,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the instance of F13 Identifier assigned to an instance of E1 CRM Entity
and the event of assigning it.

Examples:Assigning a uniform title to the anonymous textual work known as ‘The Adoration of theShepherds’, a title shared by another, distinct anonymous textual work (F40) R46 assigned
Uniform title ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds (Coventry)’ (F13)
Assigning a uniform title to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work initially simply titled ‘Rite ofspring’ (F40) R46 assigned Uniform title ‘Rite of spring (Choreographic Work: Bausch)’ (F13)
Assigning a uniform title to the motion picture directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest
B. Schoedsack and titled ‘King Kong’ (F40) R46 assigned Uniform title ‘King Kong (1933)’(F13)
Assigning a personal name heading to Guillaume de Machaut (F40) R46 assigned ‘Guillaume,de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377’ (F13)
Assigning a corporate name heading to The Department for library science of the University of
Ljubljana (F40) R46 assigned ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ (F13)
Assigning a subject heading (in an authority record) to the concept of knowledge representation

139(F40) R46 assigned ‘Conceptual structures (Information theory)’ (F13)
Assigning a subject heading (in a bibliographic record) to the concept of the appreciation ofVictor Hugo’s works in Germany between 1870 and 1914 (F40) R46 assigned ‘Hugo, Victor,
1802-1885 – Appreciation – Germany – 1870-1914’ (F13)

R47 used constituent (was used in)
Domain:F40 Identifier Assignment

Range:

F12 NameSuperproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity.P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the event of assigning an instance of F13 Identifier to an entity with theelements that an actor used to compose that identifier.

Examples:Assigning a uniform title to the anonymous textual work known as ‘The Adoration of theShepherds’, a title shared by another, distinct anonymous textual work (F40) R47 used
constituent ‘Coventry’ (E48 Place Name – i.e., the name of an F9 Place)
Assigning a uniform title to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work initially simply titled ‘Rite ofspring’ (F40) R47 used constituent ‘(Choreographic Work: Bausch)’ (F12), which is itself
composed of ‘Choreographic Work’ (F12 Name for an E55 Type), and “Bausch” (F12 Name foran F10 Person)
Assigning a uniform title to the motion picture directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest
B. Schoedsack and titled ‘King Kong’ (F40) R47 used constituent ‘1933’ (E50 Date, subclass of
E41 Appellation)
Assigning the personal name heading ‘Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377’ to Guillaume de
Machaut (F40) R47 used constituent ‘Guillaume, de Machaut’ (F12 Name for an F10 Person),and ‘ca. 1300-1377’ (E49 Time Apellation for an E52 Time-Span [P79 beginning is qualified by
E62 String “ca.”])Assigning the corporate name heading ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ to The
Department for library science of the University of Ljubljana (F40) R47 used constituent‘Univerza v Ljubljani’ (F13 Identifier for an F11 Corporate Body), and ‘Oddelek zabibliotekarstvo’ (F13 Identifier for an F11 Corporate Body)

R48 assigned to (was assigned by)
Domain:F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

Range:F2 Expression

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignment.P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:(1:1,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F3 Manifestation
Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton with the expression to which it was assigned.

Examples:Assigning the manuscript held by the National Library of France and identified by shelf mark‘MS-8282’ as a representative Manifestation Singleton (F36) R48 assigned to The musical textof Stanislas Champein’s opera ‘Vichnou’ (F22)

R49 assigned (was assigned by)
Domain:F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

Range:F3 Manifestation Product TypeSuperproperty of:

140
Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignement.P141 assigned (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F3 Manifestation
Product Type with the F3 Manifestation Product Type which has been assigned.

Examples:Assigning a representative manifestation for the English text of Virginia Woolf’s novel entitled‘The hours’ on the original manuscript and ‘Mrs Dalloway’ on the first printed edition (F41) R49
assigned The first printed edition, entitled ‘Mrs Dalloway’ (F3)

R50 assigned to (was assigned by)
Domain:F42 Representative Expression Assignment

Range:F15 Complex Work

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignment.P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:(1:1,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F2 Expression with
the instance of F15 Complex Work to which it was assigned.

Examples:Assigning the English text entitled ‘Murders in the rue Morgue’, with that particular formulationof its title, as a representative expression (F42) R50 assigned to Edgar Allan Poe’s textual work
known, accordingly, as ‘Murders in the rue Morgue’ (F15)
Assigning the Sanskrit text entitled ‘Astādhyāyī’, with that particular formulation of its title, as arepresentative expression (F42) R50 assigned to Pānini’s textual work known, accordingly, as‘Astādhyāyī’ (F15)

R51 assigned (was assigned by)
Domain:F42 Representative Expression Assignment

Range:F2 Expression

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignement.P141 assigned (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:(1:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F2 Expression with
the F2 Expression which has been assigned.

Examples:Assigning a representative expression to Edgar Allan Poe’s textual work known as ‘Murders in
the rue Morgue’ in English or ‘Double meurtre dans la rue Morgue’ in French (F42) R51
assigned The English text entitled, in English, ‘Murders in the rue Morgue’, with that particular
formulation of its title (F22)
Assigning a representative, although fragmentary, expression to Sappho’s ode referred to as
Sappho’s Poem #2 (F42) R51 assigned The ancient Greek text of four stanzas quoted in thetreatise entitled ‘On the sublime’ attributed to an unknown author referred to as ‘PseudoLonginus’ (F23)

R52 used rule (was the rule used in)
Domain:F40 Identifier Assignment

Range:F43 Identifier Rule

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E7 Activity.P33 used specific technique:E29 Design or Procedure
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:
Examples:141
This property associates the event of assigning an instance of F13 Identifier with the instructions
followed by an actor, such as a Bibliographic Agency, in creating that identifier.
Assigning the uniform title ‘Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685-1750. Concertos, violins (2), stringorchestra, BWV 1043, D minor’ to Johann Sebastian Bach’s Double Concerto in D minor, BWV
1043 (F40) R52 used rule AACR2R 25.25-25.35F1 (F43)
Assigning the uniform title ‘Bach, Johann Sebastian [Konzerte, Vl 1 2 Orch BWV 1043]’ toJohann Sebastian Bach’s Double Concerto in D minor, BWV 1043 (F40) R52 used rule RAKMusik (Revidierte Ausgabe 2003), Chapter 6 (F43)
Assigning the uniform title ‘Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750). – [Concertos. Violons (2),orchestre à cordes. BWV 1043. Ré mineur]’ to Johann Sebastian Bach’s Double Concerto in D
minor, BWV 1043 (F40) R52 used rule AFNOR Z 44-079 (F43)
Assigning the personal name heading ‘Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)’ (F40) R52 used
rule AFNOR Z 44-061 (F43)
Assigning the personal name heading ‘Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377’ (F40) R52 used
rule AACR2R 22 (F43)

R53 assigned (was assigned by)
Domain:F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

Range:F4 Manifestation Singleton

Superproperty of:
Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignement.P141 assigned (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:(0:n,0:n)

Scope note:This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F4 Manifestation
Singleton with the F4 Manifestation Singleton which has been assigned.

Examples:Assigning a representative manifestation to the musical text of Stanislas Champein’s opera‘Vichnou’ (F41) R53 assigned The manuscript identified by shelfmark ‘MS-8282’ within thecollections of the National Library of France, Department for Music [explanation: the BnF’s
Department for Music holds 3 manuscript scores (identified by shelfmarks ‘MS-8282’, ‘MS13778’, and ‘MS-17321’) for this opera; the title inscribed on MS-8282 is ‘Vichnou’, while MS13778 and MS-17321 are entitled ‘Vistnou’; the authorised form chosen by cataloguers andreference tools such as the Grove Dictionary for Opera is ‘Vichnou’, while ‘Vistnou’ is recordedin the BnF’s authority file only as a cross reference]142

5.4 Referred CIDOC CRM Classes and Properties:
This section provides a comprehensive list of all constructs used by the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model fromversion 5.0.1 of the CIDOC CRM. This use implies reference as an immediate superclass or superproperty.

5.4.1 Referred CIDOC CRM Classes
This section contains the complete definitions of the classes of the CIDOC CRM Conceptual Reference Modelversion 5.0.1 referred to by the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model. The properties within these class definitions
which are referred to by the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model are presented in bold. Otherwise, we apply thesame format conventions as in section 2.6.

E13 Attribute Assignment
Subclass of:E7 Activity

Superclass of:

E14 Condition Assessment
E15 Identifier Assignment
E16 Measurement
E17 Type Assignment

Scope note:This class comprises the actions of making assertions about properties of an object or any
relation between two items or concepts.
This class allows the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose
opinion it was. All the attributes or properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as
directly attached to the respective item or concept, possibly as a collection of contradictory
values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through an action
are characterised as "short cuts" of this action. This redundant modelling of two alternative
views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either theaction or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple
rules.
In particular, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements
during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was
made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of suchassignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather
than free text, depends on if this information should be accessible by structured queries.

Examples:the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997
Properties:
P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): E1 CRM Entity
P141 assigned (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity

E24 Physical Man-Made Thing(see the description on section 4.3)

E28 Conceptual Object(see the description on section 4.3)

E29 Design or Procedure(see the description on section 4.3)

143

E73 Information Object(see the description on section 4.3)

144

5.4.2 Referred CIDOC CRM Properties
This section contains the complete definitions of the properties of the CIDOC CRM Conceptual Reference Modelversion 5.0.1 referred to by the FRBROO Identifier Creation Model. We apply the same format conventions as insection 2.7.

P14 carried out by (performed)(see the description on section 4.4)

P16 used specific object (was used for)(see the description on section 4.4)

P33 used specific technique (was used by)(see the description on section 4.4)

P37 assigned (was assigned by)
Domain:E15 Identifier Assignement

Range:

E42 Identifier

Subproperty of: E13 Attribute Assignment. P141 assigned (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an Identifier Assignment
activity.
The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.
An Identifier might be created prior to an assignment.

Examples:01 June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15)
assigned 232 (E42)

P128 carries (is carried by) (see section 4.4)
(see the description on section 4.4)

P130 shows features of (features are also found on)(see the description on section 4.4)

P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by)
Domain:

E13 Attribute Assignment

Range:

E1 CRM Entity

Superproperty of:E14 Condition Assessment. P34 concerned (was assessed by): E18 Physical Thing
E16 Measurement. P39 measured (was measured by): E70 Thing
E17 Type Assignment. P41 classified (was classified by): E1 CRM Entity
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property indicates the item to which an attribute or relation is assigned.

145
Examples:February 1997 Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E13) assigned
attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E19)
01 June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15)
assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E19)

P141 assigned (was assigned by)
Domain:

E13 Attribute Assignment

Range:

E1 CRM Entity

Superproperty of:E14 Condition Assessment. P35 has identified (identified by): E3 Condition State
E15 Identifier Assignment. P37 assigned (was assigned by): E42 Identifier
E15 Identifier Assignment. P38 deassigned (was deassigned by): E42 Identifier
E16 Measurement. P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension
E17 Type Assignment. P42 assigned (was assigned by): E55 Type
Quantification:

many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:This property indicates the attribute that was assigned or the item that was related to the item
denoted by a property P140 assigned attribute to in an Attribute assignment action.

Examples:February 1997 Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E13) assigned
Martin Doerr (E21)
01 June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15)
assigned object identifier 232

146

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