Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Mainstreaming DRR in National development
pplanning-housing
gg sector
Ali B
Bakhtiari
kh i iNational Disaster Management Organization (NDMO) of Iran
Visiting Researcher at ADRC

Kobe, JapanApril 2014Outlines Whyy Iran is a natural disaster pprone country?
y Mainstreaming DRR in Development Planning Mainstreaming
M i ti DRR ini DevelopmentDlt PlanningPli ini IranI Mainstream DRR in housing sector
 Mainstream DRR in housing sector in Japan Findingg & recommendations

Why Iran is a natural disaster prone country?
 Located in south-west Asia, one of the most arid regions of the world
 Located in the high seismic hazard zone of the Himalayan belt
 Due to its location, Iran is a disaster prone country.
 Iran is highly exposure to:•earthquakes•droughts•

floodsfforestt firesfisand and dust storms••

Seismic Hazard Map

Iran Seismic Hazard Map

Specific aims of this research To Identify and setting indicators and standards for Mainstreaming DRR inplanning with good practices and examples at international level.
p To learned lessons from Japan.
 To prepare recommendations for improvement of the National planning inIran

Research Activities
 Literature Review.
 Critical review of the current development planning on DRR in Iran
 Understanding the mainstreaming DRR in Housing sector in Japan.
 Study of the case studies of great earthquakes in Japan to understand how
well Mainstream DRR in housing sector .
 Visits to DRR agencies such as Cabinet Office, JMA, and Disaster
Management Authority etc.
etc in Japan to understand their legal system &frameworks, organizational network

Background The concept was initiate after (WCDR) in January 2005, in Hyogo, Japan.
 high economic growth in some countries with unplanned development hascreated new risks and precipitates existing vulnerabilities.
 unplanned urbanization and increasing marginality in large cities has makesa large number of people highly vulnerable to natural and human induced
disasters.

.

Relation between disasters and development
 Disasters and development are co-related in terms of negative and positive
impacts.
pso the achievements of long-termg disasters can set back developments.
development efforts may disappear in an instant.
g resources from developmentpto relief and rehabilitation because of Diverting
Scarce resources, which create further set back to developmentqopportunitypp
y to reduce At the same time Disasters can be makes a Uniquevulnerabilities.
 However, Natural disasters stand one of the main challenges to achieve
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Mainstreaming DRR in Development Planning to consider and address risks emanating from natural hazards in mediummedium
term strategic frameworks and institutional structures, in country andsectoral strategies and policies and in the design of individual projects inhazard prone countries .
hazard-prone

Advantages of mainstreaming DRR indevelopment planning
1.

2.
3.

It ppreparespland use pplan,, so can gguide pprivate sectors,, ggovernment to undertake largegscale projects, on the proper location of their projects and the implementation of thenecessary mitigation works.
p in decision making
g of allocation and pprioritization of available resources in
It helps
development planning at local level.
It attracts and keeps track of all the stakeholders in one basket thus reducing
duplication in projects.

Advantages
Ad
antages of mainstreaming DRR indevelopment planning (contd.)
1.

2.
3
3.

Advance planning and the implementation of appropriate development
strategies can significantly reduce the labour and cost of rescue, relief,
resettlement and reconstruction.
reconstruction
It helps to fulfil the national and international goals and objective like
MGDs to reduce poverty, promote environmental sustainability and etc.
It promotest
Ri k sensitiveRiskiti
l d use planning,landli
L d poolingLandli& landl ddevelopment; Implementation of building code; Capacity building ofmunicipal officers, engineers, contractors, masons; Strong and sound field
monitoring system; Awareness raising for individuals in DRR throughsocial mobilization.

What does it mean to mainstream DRR in housing sector?
 long term process all housing related interventions have considered the effect of natural
hazards and of the impact of those interventions in turn, on vulnerability tonatural hazards and accordingly have adopted risk reduction measures.

Mainstreaming DRR in Development Planning in Iran
 The 5th National Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (20112015) addresses the issue of disaster risk reduction and management inseverall areas, including
i l dienhancement
hoff disaster
dipreparedness
danddresponse, upgrading building and construction codes and standards andearthquake prevention measures, improving safety in rural settlements, andi
importantly,
t tl allocationllti
off 2% off annuall nationaltil budgetb d t tot disasterdit riski kreduction and management One challenge is to overcome the lack of recognition of DRR as addevelopment
lt concern.

Gaps Awareness-building is required to secure a solid appreciation andunderstandingd t dioff theth link
li k betweenb t
DRR andd sustainablet i bl development
dlt and
dof the fundamental importance of DRR to core development goals
 Enhanced capacities are required to mainstream DRR concerns intosectoralt l programmes as wellll as use mainstreaming
i ti toolst l ini theth daily
d il workk
of individual Ministries; Increased understanding and operational skills should be developed among
participants on establishing inter-ministerial partnerships for
fintegrating
DRR into development work, including private sector;
 Capacity is needed to undertake advocacy, promote awareness, andconduct training for mainstreaming DRR into development.

Question

Why housing sector?

Answer Housing is considered as one among the three basic human needs next tof d andfoodd clothing.
l thi Housing is often the sector severely impacted by both hydro-meteorologicaland geophysical disasters.
 There is an often-repeated saying, "earthquakes don’t kill people, andbuildings do".

Approaches for mainstreaming DRR in housingsector

1. Frameworks

2. Housing Components

 Institutional Framework Land Policy & Legal Framework

 Housing finance Regulatory Framework

 Labourabou
 Building Materials
 Infrastructure

Type of construction in Japanreinforced concrete structures

Wooden structure(low- raisesbuildings)

steel structures

Institutional Framework

InstitutionalFramework
National Level

Local Level

Reconstruction
AgencyMinistry of Land,Municipalities

MILT regional bureaus

infrastructure ,Transport andTourism (MILT)

Policy Framework
1.

Disaster Relief Act(1947)2.

Flood Control Act(1949)()

3.

Building Standard Law (1950)

4.

Act on Temporary Measures for Disaster Prevention and Development of Special Land Areas (1952)

5
5.

Meteorological Services Act (1952)

6.

Act on Temporary Treatment of Rental Land and Housing in Cities (1946)7.

Act on National Treasury Share of Expenses for Recovery of Public School Facilities Damaged Due to Disasters(1953)

8.

Airport Act (1956)

9.

Small-scale Business Equipment Installation Financial Support Act (1956)

10. Seashore Act (1956)
11. Landslide Prevention Act (1958)
12. Act on Special Measures for Disaster Prevention in Typhoon-prone Areas (1958)
13. Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act(1961)
14. Act on Special Financial Support to Deal with Extremely Severe Disasters (1962)
15. Act on Special Measures for Heavy Snowfall Areas (1962)
16. River Act (1964)
17. Act on Earthquake Insurance (1966)

Policy Framework (contd.)(contd )1.

Act on Prevention of Steep Slope Collapse Disaster (1969)2.

Act on Special
pFinancial Measures for Groupp Relocation Promotion Projectsjfor Disaster Mitigationg((1972))

3.

Act on Payment of Solatia for Disasters (1973)

4.

Act on Special Measures for Large-scale Earthquakes (1978)

55.

Act on Special Measures for Reconstruction of Disaster
Disaster-strickenstricken Urban Areas (1995)

6.

Act on Special Measures for Reconstruction of Jointly Owned Buildings in Disaster-stricken Areas (1995)

7.

Act on Special Measures for Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures (1995)

8.

Act on Promotion of the Earthquake-proof Retrofit of Buildings (1995)

9.

Act on Special Measures for Preservation of Rights and Profits of the Victims of Specified Disasters (1996)

10. Act on Promotion of Disaster Resilience Improvement in Densely Inhabited Areas (1997)
11. Act on Special Financial Measures for Urgent Earthquake Countermeasure Improvement Projects in
12. Areas for Intensified Measures (1980)
13. Amendment of Building Standard Law(1981)
14. Act on Support for Livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims (1998)
15. Act on Promotion of Sediment Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment Disaster Prone Areas (2000)
16 Specified Urban River Inundation Countermeasures Act (2003)
16.
17. The Japan Finance Corporation Act (2007)

Policy Framework
Great Hanshin Awaji earth quake(1995)

Great East Japan Earthquake (2011)

Housing recovery policy
Disaster Public Housing provided for lowincome people (priority for elderly
elderly, people
with disabilities and single parent householdetc.)

Disaster Public Housing provided for lowincome people: Tohoku area is different
from Kobe in terms of potential to restore
their population and low-percentage oftenants.

Little government support for homeowners
housing reconstruction.

Little government support for homeowners
housing reconstruction: same as Kobe

People can reconstruct their house on theirland without relocation. It was all aboutmoney ini K
Kobeb

the deference is the objective of housingreconstruction subsidiary such as “filling thegap between
b t
relocation
lti citizens”
iti” andd tto“minimizing population decline”

RRegulatoryl tFFrameworkk National Building codes and enforcement
 Building Standard Law , BSL(1950)
 Amendment of Building Standard Law(1981)
 guidelines

Legal Framework
Frame ork Framework of the Law for Special Zone for Reconstruction

Great Hanshin Awaji earth quake(1995)

Great East Japan Earthquake (2011)

Kobe City Restoration andRejuvenation Promotion Council

Reconstruction Promotion Plan

Housing Restoration Council

Land Restructuring PlanNew Cit
NeCity En
Environmental
ironmental Standards
PlanPlan for FFunding
nding Reconstr
Reconstruction
ction
Projects
Establishment of a New Service forCollaboration with Private Sector

Land Land use planningGreat Hanshin Awaji
j earth quake(1995)
q()

Great East Japanp Earthquake
q(2011)()•Land Readjustment project for major damage area:
design road and open space to reduce the risk for fire.

•mix of evacuation, land use planning andphysical structure

・Rebuilding at the previous sites
・Moving or rebuilding at the previous sites

Land use planning to reconstruct housing in highrisk zone.

LandL
d readjustment
dj tt:
5 municipalities , 20 districts

R lRelocation
ti tto mountainsidet i id tto avoid
id ttsunamii riski k Vulnerability Atlas

・Rebuilding on the higher ground・Rebuilding・g at the pprevious sites byy raisingg theground level
・Relocation or rebuilding at the previous sites
Land readjustment : 58 districts 20 municipalities
Land Use Restructuring :・Special arrangements for land use restructuring beyond
existing land
use frameworks (urban area,area farming area
area, forestsforests, etcetc.))
・Relaxed requirements for floor area ratio for buildings
construction aimed at evacuation from tsunami

Housing Finance The national budget for disaster management is approximately 1.2 trillion
yen（Initial budget 2010FY）.
2010FY）
 The percentage for each field is:i）Scientific Technology Research, 0.6%ii）Disaster Prevention and Preparedness,Preparedness 17.5%;
17 5%;iii）National Land Conservation, 62.4%; andiv）, Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation, 19.5%.

Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

Japan Great East Earthquake

Number of houses was destroyed: 82,000

Building Completely destroyed: 126,631

Th costs
Thet forf restorationt ti anddreconstruction :JPY16.3 trillion

ffrom 19 trillion
t illi yen up tot 25 trillion
t illi yen over thethfive years

Public Reconstruction Fund:
Basic Assets ((Donations):) 100

Grants for Reconstruction :2.89 trillion yyen on a projectp jbasis,, with 734
billion yen requested for FY 2013

Management Assets (Work Funds): 2.29 billion yen

Labour buildings build by qualified private companies
 companies benefits the skilled work force.
 regular inspections makes by authorities in terms of design, administrationand infrastructure.
 Construction Building must meet Building Standard Law
 Periodic inspection report conducted by experts and checked by the local
government, After occupancy

Building Materials
 JAS (1996)presents standard quality levels for buildings of normal size andfformconstructedt t d ini Japan,Jbasicallyb i ll d
describes
ib widely
id l usedd construction
t timethods and technologies, and further clarifies noteworthy items.
 Building materials/products/construction‐methods
Building materials/products/construction ‐ methods must meet technicalrequirements if the codes have specific mandatory standards that apply. It
can be basically confirmed through either method below that they meettechnical requirements.
(i) To satisfy one of the specifications provided by the prescriptive provisions,
including Ministerial Notifications, JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) orJAS (Japan Agricultural Standards)(ii) To be approved by the Minister (It is needed to be evaluated by one of the
Designated Evaluation Bodies prior to approval by the Minister.) Innovative products, which do not satisfy one of the specifications providedby the prescriptive provisions, can be used if they are approved by theg the process of ((ii)) above
Minister throughInfrastr ct reInfrastructure Basic infrastructure and services such as electricity, water and sanitation,
roads, waste disposal are key components of housing development andgreatly contributes to living standards.

Finding & Suggestions
 Creating awareness Gaining political commitments and support
 Promoting public awareness on DRR through media coveragep g necessary
y laws,, p
policies and strategies
gin different aspects
pof Developinghousing Developing policies, regulations, guidelines related to housing sector
concerning finance, land, labour, building materials and infrastructure Reassessing policies, regulations and role of agencies associated tohousing sector in terms of DRR

Finding
g & Suggestions
gg(contd.) Promoting the observance of the National Building Code.
 Carrying out estimation of annual disaster losses (direct and indirect)
related to investments and project activities.
 Systematic inspection from design to occupancy.
 Allocating additional financial mechanism to mainstream DRR in housing
sector.
 Designing the infrastructure facilities with resilience features.
 Regular review of building codes to incorporate DRR and other features.
features Developing regulations related to quality of building materials.
 Promoting the use of local, environmental friendly and durable building
materials.
 Allocating subsidies for earthquake resistant retrofitting.
g g courses and short term training
g pprograms
gfor Engineers,g, Designing
Architects, construction labours to upgrade their skill on DDR.
 Administering of public housing sector by qualified companies.
 Developing financial products for encouraging risk transfer throughinsurance

Findingg & Suggestions
gg((contd.))
 Facilitate training for skill up-gradation of construction workers
 Administration of special programme for Capacity Building of Engineers inEarthquake Risk Management
 Risk based land use planning for an effective tool for managing disaster risk
and protecting developmental gains.
gains
 Making Temporary housing just similar to permanent housing declines speed ofrecovery and reconstruction.
 Involving local people in the land use planning for reconstruction after disasters.
disasters
 Using the opportunity made by disasters to make a safer city: eg. modificationof streets, alleys, etc.
 Developing reconstruction plan based on geographic situation of affected sites.
 Regular review and examination of reconstruction after disasters.
g the lessons learned from the ppast reconstructions.
 Considering In reconstruction after disasters, haste is not always beneficial in drafting
reconstruction plans.

Special thanks toADRC staff members and my visiting
researcher
h colleagues
llffor extending
t di ththeiriprofessional support during the program