Showa Univ J Med Sci 26（3）, 245 〜253, September 2014

Transactions of The Showa University Society :The 317th Meetingare not yet resolved and they are becoming more

Special Lecutureserious.

The total population size of Japan has begun

Mathematical Models for Population and Infectious

to decrease, and the number of HIV infections has

Diseases

been increasing.

Although, in order to quantify those

Hisashi Inaba

population problems and to consider the control policy,

Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences,it was shown that mathematical population models
are the most powerful, essential tool ; we still have

University of Tokyo

no graduate program to educate demography, andIn 1990s, the Japanese society received two big challenges
in the fields of demography and epidemiology ; onemathematical epidemiology, is a very serious lack inJapanese universities.

is the second demographic transition （lasting below
replacement fertility and rapid aging） and the second
is the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

I would like to report

Key words : population, demography, epidemiology, HIV,mathematical model

my mathematical models developed to quantify those
population phenomena at that time and discuss therole of mathematical models to understand social, orResearch Introduction Lecture
To Create Oral Health Care through Oral Function

biological phenomena.
First, I have developed an age-structured population

Shouji Hironaka

model that recognizes the marital status of individuals,

Department of Special Needs Dentistry,

because the Japanese population has been reproduced

Division of Hygiene and Oral Health,mainly by legitimate first marriage.

Showa University School of Dentistry

By the firstmarriage model, I have shown that the decline of thetotal fertility rate of Japanese women since 1975 canOur division has been conducting education, research,

be explained by the delay of marriage and the increase

and clinics on the theme of “Eat Orally throughoutof lifelong unmarried, for which the model is still

Life.” This theme represents the general subject ofapplicable as a basic model for the future population

three research studies.

These studies include the 1）

epidemiology and development of eating and swallowing

projection.
Second, I have constructed an age-structured

function in children with disabilities, 2） the restoration

epidemic model to describe the invasion phase ofof function and oral environments in the perioperative

HIV, where “age” indicates the infection-age （the time

period, and 3） the identification of the mechanisms

elapsed from the infection）. In the initial invasion

underlying the decline of eating and swallowing

phase, the infected population can be described byfunctions in frail or elderly people with dementia.

the stable population model.

Then I established a

Our division also conducted research on the use
I wish torelation between the size of observed AIDS casesof ultrasound for functional assessments.

and the （unobservable） size of infected population in

conduct research on Non-Invasive Functional Diagnosis

the incubation period.

Systems, including 4-D ultrasonography. In the future, I

Using observed data of theMalthusian parameter and the survival rate, I gave anwould like to develop screening methods, using Handy

estimate for a possible size of HIV infections at that

Ultrasonography, for use in public health settings. Next

time.

future vision of public health is the cooperation of

After a quarter of century passed, these problems

the medical and industrial.

We have already been

246

Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meetingcollaborating with the Department of Electronics andunit （SS-OCT, Yoshida Dental Mfg.

Engineering at Keio University.

Japan） for the observation of tooth-coating materials.

We developed a fiber

grating swallowing sensor prototype.

I think medical

Co., Ltd., Tokyo,

Here, we observed dentin coated with a tooth-coating

and industrial science cooperations could lead to robots

material.

for use in medical operations.

in order to treat dentin hypersensitivity, mask the color

In the near future, our country is expected in shift

A tooth-coating material is commonly usedof a darkened or stained tooth, and protect enamel

medical emphases from medical care to nursing careand dentin.

Caring Care and from hospitals and medical facilities

could infiltrate dentin ［Nanoseal （Nishika）, MS Coat

Nine materials were investigated : 3

Medical professionals are responsible

One （Sun Medical）, Teethmate Desensitizer （Kurarayfor caring for people in all phases of development andNoritake Dental）］ and 6 were bonding/resin materials

across generations.

Therefore, we need to establish, G-coat （GC）,
［Shield Force Plus （Tokuyama Dental）

connections in the community and combine hospitals

PRG Barrier Coat （Shofu）, BisCover LV （Bisco）,

to home care.

and clinic services as soon as possible. I would like to

Beauti Coat （Shofu）, White Coat （Kuraray Noritake

contribute to oral health care education and research.

Dental）］. We prepared 10 specimens by trimming andpolishing freshly extracted human molars.

Key words : eating, swallowing, oral function, oral healthcare, epidemiology

No changes

were observed in SS-OCT images of specimens coatedwith the 3 dentin-infiltrating materials.

In contrast,

reflection intensity was diminished in SS-OCT imagesof the specimens coated with the 6 bonding/resin

Original Sessions

materials.

The materials that infiltrated dentin formed

1．Observation of Tooth-Coating Materials on Dentin

films approximately 1 µm thick, and the bonding/

by Experimental Swept-Source Optical Coherence

resin materials formed films greater than 10 µm thick.

Tomography

Therefore, these results indicate that the experimental
SS-OCT unit could detect films greater than 10 µm

Eiko Mizukami 1）, Yuka Gokan 1）,
1）

thick.

2）

Atsufumi Manabe , Mayumi Chida ,Hideo Kakuma 2）, Emi Hashimoto 3）,

Key words : SS-OCT, Tooth-coating Materials, Dentin

Kazuyuki Araki 3）, Tsukasa Sano 3）,
Takashi Miyazaki 4）

2．Examination of Optimal Sites and Loading Methods

1）

Department of Conservative Dentistry,
Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinicalin Measuring Maxillary Complete Denture Retention

Cariology,

Takuya Kakuda, Yuji Sato,

Showa University School of Dentistry

Noboru Kitagawa, Momoe Nakatsu,

2）

Kana Aoyagi, Takamasa Ogawa,3）

Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences,

Mari Takayama, Kensuke Tsubakida

Division of Radiology,

Department of Geriatric Dentistry,

Showa University School of Dentistry

Showa University School of Dentistry

The Yoshida Dental Mfg. Co., Ltd.

4）

Department of Conservative Dentistry,
PurposeDivision of Biomaterials and Engineering,

Retention and stability are essential for successful

Showa University School of Dentistrycomplete denture treatment.

To evaluate denture

Optical coherence tomography （OCT） is a non-retention, we developed a compact device to measureinvasive method that uses near-infrared light tothe retention factors of a denture and aimed to identify

produce tomographic images of tissue.

the optimal sites and loading methods for retention

OCT is widelyused in clinical settings in ophthalmology.

The aimof this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of anexperimental swept-source optical coherence tomographymeasurement.
Methods
This study included 30 subjects with edentulous

247Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meeting

maxillae.

Jigs coating dentures were made from athermoplastic resin to protect and pull the denture.

image by installing the SketchBookX on the iPad.
This SketchBookX is able to add the layer which was

The pulling test was performed at the central point ofused as tracing paper on the image.

the posterior border （P）, the intersection point of thethe anatomical structures on a layer sheet.

Students traced

line joining the right and left first molar central fovea

tracing was finished, the student saved the first layer（C）, and left first molar central fovea （MF）
. The

image without a radiographic image and added a

After thepushing test was performed at the central point of bothsecond layer sheet on the first layer sheet to add thethe central incisor edge （IE）
, and right first premolar

anatomical structure names.

buccal cusp （PC）
. Each site was measured five times.

saved without a radiographic image and printed out for

Measurement was discontinued at 30 N due to pain.

the students.

A site was considered immeasurable if it could not beInterpretation trial

measured twice in succession.
Results

These layer images were

Trial A : Observing digital images on iPad.

Students

could adjust contrast, brightness and magnification of the

The C and MF sites were unmeasured in about 50％

image by using the iPhoto application.

of the subjects. The P, IE and PC sites were measured

report includes a handmade sketch image.

in all subjects. P and IE showed no significant difference.
However, PC was significantly higher than P and IE. A
positive correlation was observed between P and IE, andInterpretation

Trial B : Observing and tracing digital images on iPad.
Interpretation report was made by hand.
Students remarked that Trial A was the easiest

P and PC.

and it provided a good chance to learn about image

Conclusion

adjustment. Some studentʼs traced products with disease

IE showed a strong positive correlation with P which
has been suitable for reproducible measurements ofcase were much better than expected in Trial B.
For students, this trial might offer a good chance todenture retention forces. Therefore, the optimal site andlearn about change contrast, brightness and magnification

loading method was considered to be the pushing test

for interpretation in digital radiographs.

of IE without the jig.
Key words : digital radiographic image, virtual tracing,
Key words : Complete denture, Retention forces, optimal site
3．Clinical Dental Education by using iPadstudent
4．Diagnosis of root fracture using CBCT : Case

―Virtual Tracing and Image Interpretation―

presentation

Yukiko Matsuda, Kenji Seki,

Hitoshi Sakaue 1）, Yoshio Yahata 1）,

Yukinori Kimura, Kazuyuki Araki,

Masayuki Takabayashi 1）, Yoshishige Yamada 1）,
Yoshiko Masuda 1）, Takashi Miyazaki 2）

Tsukasa Sano
Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences,
Division of Radiology,
Showa University School of Dentistry1）

Department of Conservative Dentistry,
Division of Endodontology,
Showa University School of Dentistry2）

Department of Conservative Dentistry,

From June 2013, PACS was introduced to our
hospital.

Diagnostic imaging has changed from a film

to digital system.

Division of Biomaterials and Engineering,Showa University School of Dentistry

On clinical training in undergraduate

education, in accordance with the changes to the digitalsystem, a new construction of the system was required.

IntroductionItʼs important to use intraoral radiography in

We covered some of the educational program byendodontics to make a diagnosis.

construction of the iPad.

extent of radiolucency in the intraoral radiograph

Virtual tracing on iPad
Students tried to trace the panoramic and intraoral

The location andindicate periapical periodontitis, perforation or root
fracture.

However, a diagnosis of root fracture is248Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meeting

difficult by intraoral radiograph.

Cone beam computed

teeth were fine.

He was referred to Showa University

tomography （CBCT） is very useful in the case of root

Dental Hospital for the diagnosis of TMD.

fracture.

Examination

In the present cases intraoral radiographs

could not confirm the root fracture, but CBCT could
confirm the root fracture.

Intraoral : There was no clinical or radiographic
evidence for the pain.

The maxillary left first molar

Case 1 : the mandibular second molar had a verticaland all left mandibular and maxillary teeth were not

CBCT detected the fracture line, while

restoratively and endodontically treated, and responded

root fracture.

the intraoral radiograph did not show the fracture line.
Case 2 : the maxillary central incisor had a horizontalroot fracture.

CBCT detected the fracture line, while

the intraoral radiograph did not show the fracture line.
Discussion

normally to the percussion test and thermal test.
Masticatory muscle : Severe palpable tenderness in theleft temporalis and masseter muscles.
From the left masseter trigger point, there wasreferred pain in the maxillary left molar teeth and

It is very important for the diagnosis of root fracture
to be made as soon as possible.

the temporal region ; and the pain felt similar to a

A tooth with a root

toothache and headache.

fracture could make a large bone defect, and prosthodontic

Treatment and Prognosis

procedures may be difficult in the case of a large bone

It was explained that the toothache and headache

defect after extraction of the tooth with the root fracture.

are referred from the myofascial pain of the masseter

The definitive diagnosis of root fracture is the viewing ofmuscle and the patient was instructsd self-care for thethe fracture line.

muscle disorders.

It is difficult to view the fracture linein the endodontic procedure in spite of using a dental
operative microscope.

In such cases, CBCT is helpful to

At X＋21-day re-examination, the jaw range of
motion without pain was 55 mm, and myalgia of thedetect the fracture line.

masseter muscle, the toothache and headache wereConclusion

improved.

CBCT is useful in the endodontic preoperative
examination and seems valuable to detect the fracture linethat cannot be detected by using intraoral radiography.

Conclusion
Various pain symptoms orally and on the face may
be derived from myofascial pain of the masticatory
muscle.

Key words : root fracture, CBCT, intraoral radiography
Key words : non-odontogenic toothache, TMD, myofascial
5．A case report : Non-odontogenic Toothache Associatedwith Myofascial Pain of the Masseter Muscle
Yuki Watanabe, Masahiko Funato
Department of Special Needs Dentistry,
Division of Temporomandibular Disorders
and Orofacial Pain,
Showa University School of DentistryA 16-years-old man presented with mild to severe,variable but continuous, dull, aching pain diffusely
located the left upper molar tooth, jaw, temple anddifficulty of jaw opening.
The symptoms began 5days earlier ; his headachedeveloped initially on the left temple and the left upper
first molar toothache, and painful jaw and the difficultyof the jaw opening occurred the following at the family
dentist. The patient underwent an examination and thepain, referred pain, headache

249Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meeting

6．Features of Dental Hospital for Psychiatric Patients

Also patients with dental phobia have increased―A case of Showa University Karasuyama

in recent years.

Hospital―

intravenous sedation for such dental phobia patients.

We are doing dental treatment with

Mitsuhiro Matsuura 1）, Mie Myers 1）,
Yasushi Nagao 1）, Yuriko Ando 1）,

Key wards : psychiatric patient, dementia, dental care

Marina Kobayashi 1）, Ayumi Oki 1）,
Shohei Matsui 1）, Hanon Katayama 1）,

7．Clinico-statistical survey of patients in three years

Yasubumi Maruoka 1）, Asako Yamaguchi 2）,2）

at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital

3）

Kunie Hiyama , Shinji Nozue ,dentistry and oral surgery after opening

Madoka Yamashita 3）, Koji Takahashi 3）

Sayaka Yoshiba 1，2）, Ayako Miyakubo 1）,

1）

Department of Special Needs Dentistry,

Ken Yuasa 1）, Naoko Kimura 1）,

Division of Community-Based Comprehensive

Mei Shoji 1）, Kazuha Watanabe 1）,

Dentistry,

Maiko Suzuki 2，3）, Hitoshi Watanabe 1，2，3）,

Showa University School of Dentistry

Tatsuo Shirota 2）
1）

2）

Dentistry and Dental Surgery,

Dentistry and Oral surgery,Showa University Karasuyama Hospital

Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital3）2）

Department of Special Needs Dentistry,

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

Division of Rehabilitation Medicine,Showa University School of Dentistry3）

Dentistry and Oral surgery,Showa University School of Dentistry

Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital
It is said that are about 3,200,000 psychiatric patients
However, there are reports of 8,000,000

Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital was

people more given the inclusion of the boundary region

established in 2001 as a regional core hospital locatedin dementia patients.

in the Northern Yokohama area. We aimed to consider

in Japan.

Psychiatric patients will increase

the future prospects of oral care and oral surgery inin the future.
Showa University Karasuyama Hospital opened
in 1951.

It is a psychiatrichospital.

Also theclinical research institute of clinical pharmacology

Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital andtherefore carried out a clinico-statistical survey of thepatients in the three years after opening.

and therapeutics clinical research center, the internal

The results of the survey showed that the total

medicine, and dentistry and dental surgery have been

number of new patients from 2011 to 2013 was 3164.

established. Numerous psychosis patients, with disorders

Regional and hospital referred new patients were 1881

such as, schizophrenia, dementia, bipolar affective

and 1283, respectively.

disorder, alcoholic psychosis, and Aspergerʼs syndrome

was dental- periodontal disease in both groups. Regional

are treated there.

referral patients included oral surgery treatment,

The most frequent classification

Dentistry and psychiatry are deeply related.

Manywhereas hospital referral patients included operative andpsychiatric patients have very poor oral hygiene.

Thus

prosthetics dentistry.

Hospitalized patients increased

dental treatment and follow-up of oral health care isduring this three-year period, and the total number ofvery important.

hospitalized patients was 150.

In addition, various accidents or incidents occur ina psychiatric hospital ; suffocation is one such incident.
It is a severe problem for hospitals.

days in hospital was 3.25.

The average number ofCompared to the number ofdays in hospital by disease classification, the number ofSerious accidents

days in hospital tended to increase in the order of oral

or incidents due to suffocation occurred there in fiscal

mucosal disease, malformation-deformation disease, and2012.

inflammation.

In cooperation with the medical staff of otherdepartments, we made efforts to prevent suffocation.

A strong collaboration system of vicinity medical

As a result, serious incidents or accidents due tofacilities has been developed, and the emphasis is placed

suffocation did not occur in fiscal 2013.

on the role as a secondary medical institution.

As

250

Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meeting

dental professionals we assist in contribution to theof dental treatment will be improved.

medical teams of other occupations.
Key words : complete denture, clinical pathways, denture
Key words : Clinico-statistical survey, Showa University

adjustment, efficiency, standardization

Northern Yokohama Hospital, three years
9．Efforts and establishment of maternity dental

after opening

program in Showa University Northern Yokohama
8．Development of Chair Side Clinical Pathways in

Hospital : The results of the questionnaire after

Complete Denture Adjustment

participation in the class for mothers and babies

Mariko Ishikawa, Yuji Sato,

Mei Shoji 1，2）, Naoko Kimura 1，2）,

Noboru Kitagawa, Toshiharu Shichita,

Ayako Miyakubo 1，3）, Kazuha Watanabe 1，2）,

Yukari Isshiki, Daisuke Kawata

Ken Yuasa 1，4）, Sayaka Yoshiba 1，5）,

Department of Geriatric Dentistry,

Hitoshi Watanabe 1，5，6）, Ayumi Oki 3）,

Showa University School of Dentistry

Tomomi Sugiyama 7）, Mari Fujioka 7）,
Mitsuko Inoue 7）
1）

Purpose

Dentistry and Oral Surgery,

Clinical pathways are structured, treatment plansdesigned to support the implementation of clinicalguidelines and protocols.

Clinical pathways for dentistry

has been used primarily at the time of surgery andShowa University Northern Yokohama Hospital
2）

Division of Dental Hygienist,
Showa University Dental Hospital3）

Department of Special Needs Dentistry,

hospitalization for oral surgery, although to date there are

Division of Community Based Comprehensive

few reports on the use of clinical pathways in general

Dentistry,

dentistry.

An introduction to clinical pathways would

improve the efficiency and standardization of dental

Showa University School of Dentistry4）

Department of Special Needs Dentistry,treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop chair

Division of Oral Rehabilitation Medicine,side clinical pathways in complete denture adjustment.

Showa University School of Dentistry5）

Methods

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

The subjects were 61 patients with complete dentures（31 patients before clinical path introduction, 30 patients. Before clinicaland after clinical pathways introduction）
pathways introduction, investigations were performed at
the time of complete denture adjustment by dentists andassistants.

The assistants were also dentists.

Showa University School of Dentistry6）

Dentistry and Oral surgery,Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital

7）

Department of Pediatric Dentistry,
Showa University School of Dentistry

A clinicalpathways was developed to make denture adjustment

The oral health program for maternity dental support

steps more efficient. In particular, dentists and assistants

opened in Showa University/Northern Yokohama Hospitalplanned to share the dental treatment steps, and patientsin September, 2012.

The program was designed for

were to respond to a questionnaire in blank time.

women in 16-24 weeks of pregnancy and receiving

Investigations were repeated with the clinical pathways.

prenatal care in our hospital.

Results

In August 2013, we started “the class for your baby”.

No significant difference in chair time was foundThis class targeted mothers and babies in the primary

between before and after the introduction of clinicalteeth eruption period, which is about 6 months after thepathways （Levene test）. Average blank time wasbabyʼs birth.

This class provided guidance about thesignificantly reduced 9.0 minutes in dentists, 10.2 minutes

function and development of the infant oral formula,in patients, and 12.1 minutes in assistants （Mann-when and how to provide weaning food, importance ofWhitney test）. By developing and introducing the chair

mouth play and the needs and procedure of oral care.

side clinical pathways, the efficiency and standardization

This study was carried out from the questionnaire251Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meetinganswered by 58 mothers attending the program “the（AETi） as a control.

class for your baby” during August 2013 and May 2014.

examined by the WST-1 test for cell attachment andMothers were mostly 35 to 39 years old and babies

by alkaline phosphatase staining for cell differentiation.

The culture on each disk was

Cell spread and cytoskeletal development were evaluatedwere mostly 6 months old.
For the question of “what is of concern or causes
worry”, most participants answered weaning foods andthe completion of weaning. For the question of “Whatyou are concerned about with your babyʼs mouth andby fluorescence imaging.
Results
SEM showed that the HF-etched Ce-TZP/A surface
had globular structures containing irregularities.

The

teeth”, most answers were dental caries, teeth alignment

incidence was greater with 55％Zr than with 4％Zr.

and tooth brushing.

Cell attachment and differentiation were consistently

And also, most of the mothers

answered that they were satisfied with the program.
From these results, it is reasonable to think thatenhanced on the 55％Zr compared with AETi.

By

fluorescence imaging with actin filament and vinculinconcerns and interests of the participants are consistent

staining, cell processes and cytoskeletons developed morewith what has been taught at “the class for your baby”.

extensively on the HF-etched Ce-TZP/A surface than

Therefore, the maternity dental program has been ableon the AETi, irrespective of HF concentration.

to meet the needs of pregnant women who participated

Conclusionin this program.

A newly created nanostructure surface on zirconia/
alumina composites enhances initial attachment,

Key words : maternity dental program, pregnant woman,cytoskeletal organization and eventually differentiation in
osteoblasts.

baby
10．The analyzed behavior of MC3T3-E1 cell cultured on the ceria stabilized zirconia / alumina

Key words : zirconia implant, cell attachment, celldifferentiation, osteoblast

nanocomposite
11．Oral cancer detection by Activated Fluorescent

Yoko Oshima, Fuminori Iwasa,
Shinpei Tanaka, Keita Tachi,

Probe-γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase

Ikuyo Oono, Kazuyoshi Baba

Masahiro Nagasaki, Daisuke Soga,

Departments of Prosthodontics,

Sayaka Yoshiba, Sunao Shiogama,Showa University School of Dentistry

Seiji Kondo, Tatsuo Shirota
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Objective

Showa University School of Dentistry

Ce-TZP/A which is composed of nano-sized grains
and particles dispersed in each crystal and has

Currently, there are methods available for thetherefore higher strength and fracture toughness thandetection of human cancer such as X-ray, computed

conventional Y-TZP, has been widely used for crowns

tomography （CT）
, ultrasonography （US）
, and magnetic

and bridges.

Since Ce-TZP/A has low susceptibility toresonance imaging （MRI）. However, these methodshydrothermal degradation, this material has the potential

are not capable of precisely describing the boundaries

to be applied to dental implant fixtures.

between cancer and normal tissues.

This study

In oral cancer

aimed to investigate the initial response of MC3T3-E1

treatment, it is important that we completely remove

for hydrofluoric treated Ce-TZP/A with nanostructure

the primary lesion and metastasis. Therefore, the visual-surface.

ization of the cancer cells is critical as the new cancer

Methods

cell detected method to determine the most appropriate

Ce-TZP/A disks with two different surface modifi-

excision range in operations.

cations （4％ hydrofluoric acid : 4％Zr, and 55％HF

γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green （gGlu-

etching : 55％Zr）were prepared. MC3T3E-1 cells were

HMRG）is acolorless and non-fluorescentee reagent, but

cultured on these disks and on acid-etched titanium

it can specifically make cancer cells, whose γ-glutamyl

252

Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meetingtranspeptidase（GGT）activity is high, become fluorescent.

differentiation factors such as RANKL and M-CSF to

In this study, we confirmed the activation of GGTdetermine their potential for osteoclast differentiation.

in 8 human oral squamous cell carcinoma（OSCC）cell

We found that the osteoclast precursors in bonelines （SAS, SAS L-1, HSC-2, -3, -4, NA, SCC-25, -111）

marrow were c-Fms（＋）, RANK（­）, CD14（＋） andin vitro and the mouse xenograft models（balb/c/nu/nu）

CD11b（­）. The precursors in the spleen were c-Fms

OSCC cell lines and mouse xenograft models（＋）, RANK（­）, CD14（­） and CD11b（­）. The

in vivo.

could specifically confirm fluorescence by gGlu-HMRG

precursors in blood were c-Fms（＋）, RANK（­）,

probe.

CD14（＋） and CD11b（＋）. These results show that

Furthermore, we confirmed whether it emitted lightc-Fms is commonly expressed on osteoclast precursors

for the fluorescence from 0 to 60 minutes using thein each tissue, whereas CD11b is only expressed on
the precursors in the blood.

OSCC tissues.
As a result, we could confirm that light gradually

Flow cytometric analysis

showed that CD11b（＋） cells in bone marrow andbecame strong until 60 minutes after the cancer tissues

spleen did not express c-Fms. However, when LPS was

were added to the gGlu-HMRG probe.

administrated to mice, CD11b（＋）osteoclast precursors

In conclusion, the gGlu-HMRG probe might be a

expressing c-Fms alternatively appeared in bone marrow

useful clinical diagnostic tool and it is expected to help

and spleen. These results suggest that characteristics ofosteoclast precursors in bone marrow, spleen, and blood

oral surgeons.

are not the same, and inflammatory stimulation by LPS
Key words : oral cancer, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase（GGT）,

induces an alternative type of osteoclast precursors in

γ-glutamyl hydroxymethyl rhodamine green

the bone marrow and spleen, which may contribute to（gGlu-HMRG）, fluorescence imaging

inflammatory bone destruction.

12．Analysis of osteoclast precursors in bone marrow,

Key words : osteoclast precursors, LPS, CD11b, c-Fms

spleen and blood
Takuya Enomoto 1）, Masamichi Takami 2）,

13．Induction of osteoblast differentiation from neural

Ryutaro Kamijo 3）, Matsuo Yamamoto 1）

crest-derived cells in the hair follicle

1）

Department of Periodontology,

Eri Morisawa-Urano 1）, Masamichi Takami 2）,

Showa University School of Dentistry

Tetsuo Suzawa 3）, Ryutaro Kamijo 3）,

2）

Kazuyoshi Baba 1）

Department of Pharmacology,

1）

Showa University School of Dentistry

Department of Prosthodontics,

3）

Department of Biochemistry,

Showa University School of Dentistry2）

Department of Dental Pharmachology,

Showa University School of Dentistry

Showa University School of Dentistry
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing giant cells which are
differentiated from a monocyte/macrophage lineage,3）

Department of Biochemistry,
Showa University School of Dentistry

and involved in inflammatory bone destruction
Recent studies have

Various kinds of scaffold, autologous bone, and tissue

shown that osteoclast precursors reside not only instem cells have been used to regenerate bone tissues.

accompanied by periodontitis.

bone marrow, but also peripheral blood and the spleen,

However, rejection and surgical stress for the patient

though their precise characteristics are unknown.

Tosometimes becomes a serious problem. To resolve this,analyze their characteristics, we isolated the cells using

we tried to induce osteoblasts from hair follicle cells

a cell separation system with magnetic bead-labeled

to use them as a cell source for bone regeneration.

antibodies against cell surface molecules such as c-Fms

Hair follicles originate from the neural crest （NC）

（M-CSF receptor）, RANK （RANKL receptor）, CD14that appears in early stage of embryogenesis.

Neuraland CD11b （monocyte/macrophage markers）. Then,crest cells （NCCs） migrate throughout the embryo,

we cultured the cells in the presence of osteoclast

and differentiate into various kinds of cell types such

253

Transactions of The Showa University Society: The 317th Meetingas neuron, bone, teeth, thymus, and hair.

In adult

tissues, some NC-derived cells exist as tissue stem
cells.

In the present study, we succeeded to induce

osteoblast-like cells from NC-derived whisker follicles

continuously produced M-CSF and OPG.

The addition­8of 1,25（OH）
2D3 （10 M） to the cultures suppressed

OPG expression and induced RANKL production in
the cells.

When bone marrow cells were co-cultured

We collected and cultured NC-derived hairwith EGFP-positive cells in the presence of 1,25

follicle cells labeled with EGFP in the P0-Cre/floxed-（OH）2D3, multinucleated osteoclasts appeared within 10

EGFP double transgenic mice. The EGFP-positive hairdays. These results indicate that NC-derived hair folliclefollicle cells （NC-derived cells） continuously expressed

cells possess a capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts,in mice.

Runx2 mRNA.

Stimulation of the cells with BMP-2

induced expressions of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin,

which will be beneficial for the development of amethod for bone regenerative medicine.

and osterix mRNAs and produced mineralized matrices
positively detected by alizarin red and von kossa
staining.

The EGFP-positive hair follicle cells also

Key words : Neural crest, hair follicle, osteoblasts