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Potential of taxonomy to preserve and disseminate Fukushima
accident information implemented by JAEA library
Katsuhiko Kunii, Keizo Itabashi, Shun Nagaya
International Journal of Nuclear Knowledge Management, 6(3),pp.217-231
Author Accepted Manuscript
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/search/servlet/search?5041992
http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJNKM.2014.058927© 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Int. J. , Vol. x, No. x, xxxx

1

Title: Potential of taxonomy to preserve and disseminate Fukushima
accident information implemented by JAEA Library
Authors: Katsuhiko Kunii*, Keizo Itabashi and Shun Nagaya
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
Email: kunii.katsuhiko@jaea.go.jp
Email: itabashi.keizo@jaea.go.jp
Email: nagaya.shun@jaea.go.jp*Corresponding author
Abstract: Regarding Fukushima Accident, it would be true that theconcerned information has not been provided good enough for the affected
people in and over Japan, for instance, as often being mixed, confused, too
many to access or disappearing through the internet or websites. In thisregard, necessary be to terminologically well line up ways to access such
affected information, like a taxonomy, composed of semanticallycontrolled terms on the related events forming lineage-like hierarchicalstructures. To come up with potential of the taxonomy to preserve anddisseminate the affected information, described are preliminary view on its
terminological aspects and availability of IAEA/INIS for the information
implemented by JAEA Library. Remarks are that necessary be to makeever-new inexperienced aspects and terms derived from the affected
information such as ‘beyond design basis’ further detailed, scrutinised andinvolved in the both schemes, terminological aspects and IAEA/INIS,
attributed to the taxonomical potential higher.
Keywords: information preservation; information dissemination;
Fukushima accident; terminology aspects; taxonomy; Japan Atomic
Energy Agency; JAEA; library; International Nuclear Information System;
INIS; multilingualism ; Japanese; internet; websites; nuclear knowledge
management
Biographical Notes: Katsuhiko Kunii was granted a doctor’s degree ofengineering at the Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan in 1992. He
has been working for provision of INIS input data since 2005 at the
Library of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (in its department ofIntellectual Resources), encouraged by his engineering background of
fluid mechanics for the sake of heat removal on nuclear reactor system.
Since the occurrence of Fukushima Accident he has been working as wellfor provision of the affected information with his hope that it will be
devoted to a part of knowledge base of nuclear accident in future. His
Copyright © 200x Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Authorinterest has been in knowledge management in nuclear field, in particularsince his participation in the School of Nuclear Knowledge Management,
Italy, 2010 held by IAEA.
Keizo Itabashi does kindly request not to mention about his biographicalnote.
Shun Nagaya is a metadata librarian at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency.
He edits JAEA Reports and JAEA R&D Review. He holds a Bachelor’s
degree in Engineering from the University of Electro-Communications
and a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science from Universityof Tsukuba.
1. Introduction
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plants Accident (Fukushima
Accident) has remained very severe [e.g., 1] since its occurrence in March
2011, as shown in Fig.1, and still ongoing with reactors’ cores melted
down, environmental contamination by radioactive substances, disruptionof living of communities around it. In the meanwhile, it would be true thatthe concerned information has not been provided good enough for theaffected people in and over Japan, as often being inaccessible to theconcerned information, which would be only a few involved in too manybut helpful to find out facts of the events, or disappearing, through theinternet or websites, for instance, the one of daily or monthly radiation
monitoring data in the air, water, soils, plants, fish, animals onsite andoffsite [e.g., 2], then the one of records or documents of countermeasuresagainst the nuclear accidental crisis in the early phase of Fukushima
Accident taken by and amongst Japanese regulatory body and Cabinet,and onsite office and headquarters of Tokyo Electric Power Company. In
addition, it should be aware that in the early accidental phase suchinformation had been provided and shared in Japanese only, which is oneof unique languages worldwide. Furthermore, it might be occasionally truethat the phenomena concerning the affected information would look mixed,
diverse or confused. Hence it seems that necessary be to take somemeasures to terminologically well arrange such affected information, auseful way of which is called ‘taxonomy’ composed of semanticallycontrolled terms on the related events forming lineage-like hierarchicalstructures [e.g., 3,4], in particular towards the coming future for decades,
post-Fukushima era.

TitleFigure 1 An aerial photocopy of crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plants as of 2011
No.4 Reactor

No.3 Reactor
No.2 Reactor

No.1 Reactor

Source: IAEA (2011) ‘Mission report: The great east Japan earthquake expert mission,
IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the Fukushima dai-ich npp accident
following the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami’,
http://wwwpub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/PDFplus/2011/cn200/documentation/cn200_FinalFukushima-Mission_Report.pdf, retrieved 30 May 2013

In order to come with up such taxonomy, this article mentions firstabout preliminary terminological aspects of Fukushima Accident and next
about availability of IAEA/INIS, which applies its own terminology,
called INIS Thesaurus, implemented by JAEA Library regarding such
affected information, then at the end summarises about its taxonomical
potential on preservation and dissemination of the information.
2. Preliminary terminological aspects of information related to
Fukushima Accident
Fukushima Accident remains still in out-of-control or partly ongoing andthen lets you know how much and/or many accident-related problems,
which have not experienced ever, must be solved, for instance, likely to befeatured by accidental events such as ‘beyond design basis’, ‘extreme
correlated natural hazards (external events)’, ‘expanded severe damages ata multi-units site at once’, ‘undertaken by social media fairly developed”.
This would be one of reasons why there has not been a good enoughterminology in regard to the affected information of Fukushima Accident,
yet. Hence it would be accounted for briefly viewing the affected
information one after another delivered through websites, literature,reports etc from a technical viewpoint, to take account of its

Authorterminological aspects as a first step. Some of the examples are described
below first, which have been bothering the affected people yet, seemed not
to be well informed:
For example:a) Regarding concerns in health effects of exposure to ionising radiation,
there have been remarkably many sorts and much of information or
knowledge, in particular, in the case of low dose ionising radiation
exposure, although one of the reasons might be the fact that the effects
themselves have not been solved articulately from viewpoints ofscience so far [e. g., 5,6,7,8,9,10].
b) In Japan respective four reports were issued summarising the results of
the investigation of Fukushima Accident, by i)parliament panel,ii)government panel, iii)private (non-governmental) panel andiv)Tokyo Electric Company’s panel [11,12,13,14,15], through which it
has found that some of the findings in between are different or
opposite while the others are the same.
c) Lately more and more information socio-economical or psycho-social
regarding the living of the residents or evacuees has emerged,
occasionally associated with actions taken for risk perception orcommunication [e.g., 16,17,18].
d) Likelihood of lesser accessibility to some of important information or
knowledge via websites has been increasing, with concerns of missing
potential of the web-based necessary for expectant ways in future to do
remediation or restoration such as defueling, decontamination,
decommissioning over decades, associated with a viewpoint ofchronology [e.g., 2].
Helped by the assistance of the examples mentioned above, as wellreferences [2,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26], which areavailable to date, the following views on terminological aspects and its
sub-aspects for the affected information from technical, administrative etc
viewpoints seem to be one of potential ways accountable to fairly share it:1) Scientific, technological aspects;- radiation monitoring, dosimetry; data measured and/or simulated;
offsite, onsite,- health effects of exposure to ionising radiation; offsite, onsite,- to map radiation contamination in air, soils, water; offsite, onsite,- biological radiation protection, radionuclide concentration andmigration on plants, animals, fish etc; offsite, onsite,- procedures engineered on decontamination, remediation,
rehabilitation ;Titleoffsite (buildings, houses, roofs, garden, gutters, fields, meadows,
orchards, paddies, public squares, roads, forests etc); sludge
treatment (finding nuclide composition and its characteristics, heat,chemical, dilution, absorption, adsorption,etc), ploughing,
stripping topsoil, weeds, gravel etc, interchanging topsoil with
subsoil, removing litter layer, tilling, pruning, water-jet washing,shot blasting, brushing, wiping, phytoremediation, dose reduction,
volume reduction, etc,
onsite (re-circulation system of cooling water for reactor cores andspent fuel pools, mitigation of release of radioactive materials,etc); multi-nuclides removal, desalination, sludge and liquidradioactive waste treatment, prevention of groundwater flowing in,cover over reactor building, agents to inhibit radioactive dust,- standards to deal with deposit of generated radioactive materials ofcontaminated water, soil, plants, debris etc; offsite, onsite,- crisis or severe accident management measures; defence-in-depth,
beyond design basis, extreme natural hazards’, expanded multisevere damages at a multi-units site, probabilistic risk assessment,- to figure out severe accident ; station blackout, loss of ultimate
heat sink, failure of reactor core cooling, emergency core coolingsystem (isolation condenser, high-pressure coolant injection
system, reactor core isolation cooling system, depressurisation
valve system etc), fuel cladding-water/vapour reaction, hydrogengeneration, meltdown, melt-through, corium, debris, hydrogen
explosion, source term, scenarios, human factors, release of fission
products,- potential of defueling or decommissioning the crippled reactors
onsite;remoteaccessible
apparatuses,
radiochemical
characterisation of debris etc, volume reduction, economical
options,- safety standards, seismic resistance, protection against tsumamis or
floods,- implications of comments, advice, recommendation by nuclear
scientists, medical doctors, regulators, reactors’ owners, vendors,
practitioners,- safety culture, knowledge incorporating, best practice,2) Administrative, legislative, legal aspects;--

evacuation criteria and exclusive zoning,
nuclear regulation; nuclear safety standard, emergency responses,
precautionary preparedness and its measures, public responses,
stakeholders’ involvement and obligation, compliance withregulation,national action and procedure on mental or monetary

Author-compensation for affected people and communities,
implications of reports’ comments on accident investigation panels,
nuclear policy; nuclear phase-out, nuclear fuel cycle, cases of restarting nuclear power plants’ operation, governance,
information transparency, risk-informed decision, victims’
standpoints,

3) Sociological, economical, psychological, psychiatric aspects;--

socio-economical disruption of local communities,
financial loss caused by harmful rumors or misinformation,nationwide socio-economical revival programs or action formunicipalities and its effectiveness; re-establishment of
employment, enterprises, entrepreneurs, attraction of young
generation,
psychiatric, mental health effects; anxiety, trauma, stigma of
evacuees deprived of usual life, radiophobia
informing
transparently,
risk
perception,
emergency
communication, availability of social media,

4) Monolingual aspects derived from Japanese;- preliminary communication, its documents in Japanese via twitter,
websites, prints etc on accident events, experiences, lessons etc;
offsite by evacuees, medical doctors, nuclear experts, practitioners,
residents in affected areas, onsite by electric utilities, regulators,
administrators, vendors,- potential of ambiguous interpretation on Japanese information as
in other languages,- international responses, aids.
Taking account of terminological aspects mentioned above, it seems
that in order to make the terminology comprehensive regarding the eventsof Fukushima Accident it would be necessary in addition to make evernew aspects and/or terms further detailed and scrutinised, which accountfor the accidental events not experienced ever such as ‘beyond designbasis’, ‘extreme correlated natural hazards (external events)’, ‘expanded
severe damages at a multi-units site at once’, ‘even in time of social media
fairly developed’, as well as an aspect derived from ‘a unique language ofJapanese’.
Then should you focus further on an informative terminological aspect[e.g., 2] the following would be necessary as well on a basis:
5) Informative aspects of access, retrieval, communication;- electronic networks’ sources or tools; websites, twitter, links,
emails, internet,- printed or hard-copied documents; reports, articles of newspapers
and journals, books, essays,

Title-private-, group-, local-communities’ communication, meetings,
conferences, conventions,- respective, perspectives or concerned fields; well-selected, collected, -categorised, -comprehended, -bilingual-, multilingualcorresponded with monolingual of Japanese,- website-, network-accessibility: well-preserved, no missing, withbeing well-arranged in timeline, retrospect, prospect, chronological,
as legacies,- quality; assured, liable, reliable, authenticated, transparent.
Concerning such terminological aspects above, in particular the
informative one, described in the next is implementation of JAEA Library
together with IAEA/INIS to contribute to preservation and disseminationof Fukushima Accident information.
3. Preservation and dissemination of Fukushima Accident information
through IAEA/INIS as an implementation of JAEA Library
The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA, established in 2005 as the
successors both of the former Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute(JNC) and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)) is thesole organization responsible for comprehensive research and technology
development in nuclear field in Japan. Engaged in JAEA, its Library has
been responsible for preparation of documents useful for such activities
over 50 years since the commencement of the former JAERI.
In regard to information related to Fukushima Accident, JAEA Libraryhas been in effort to preserve and disseminate such affected information sofar. Described is the implementation of JAEA Library as well as its
expansion towards IAEA/INIS (the International Nuclear Information
System [27], a database of nuclear field).
3.1 preliminary findings related to Fukushima Accident
JAEA Library has been disseminating information related to Fukushima
Accident via its website [28] since April 2011 after the occurrence ofFukushima Accident. Fig. 2 shows the one, in which Fukushima Accident
related information is referred to [29], consisting of the following,
although being partly in Japanese:-

Lists of JAEA research and development results,
Useful bibliographies (radiocesium dispersion simulation, healtheffects, contamination countermeasures etc),
Technical Reports,

Author-

References in "STI/PUB/1239：Environmental consequences of theChernobyl accident and their remediation : twenty years of experience/ report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group 'Environment' ",In particular the ‘Useful bibliographies’ provides thousands ofbibliographic data related to Fukushima Accident, composed of: Three
Mile Island accident, Chernobyl accident, radioactive liquid waste
processing, radionuclide migration, decontamination, defueling,
decommissioning, low-dose radiation exposure etc. For example, in thecase of radionuclide migration and decontamination listed up are
bibliographic data such as 35 from JAEA technical reports, 42 fromjournals, 139 from IAEA/INIS.
Figure 2 Website of JAEA Library related to Fukushima Accident
JAEA Library Website

Twitter

Fukushima Accident related
information

JAEA Originated Papers Searching
System for research results
Source: Japan Atomic Energy Agency’s Library,
http://jolisfukyu.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/ird/english/index.html, retrieved 30 June 2013

Also, ‘Twitter’ has been available at JAEA Library website although
being in Japanese. Via the Twitter the latest information related to
Fukushima Accident such as radiation monitoring data around theAccident site, interim report of the Accident investigation in earlier time
has been disseminated. Additionally, for example, a website, IEEE (theTitleInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) spectrum conducts thestreamline since the beginning of catastrophe: earthquakes, tsunamis,
explosions at nuclear power plants etc, has been accessible via the Twitter.
As of June 2013, there have been around over 20,000 accesses permonth to the JAEA Library website of Fukushima Accident related
information. The Library will continue to provide information and update
it regularly.
In addition, the effort to collect, index and preserve data-based
information with regard to Fukushima Accident has been planning as anarchival activity to date, hoping that such an archive would be used toanalyse the catastrophe further precisely applying the data or information,then consequently to share in effect lessons learnt from Fukushima
Accident.
3.2 Preservation and dissemination of bibliographic data related to
Fukushima Accident on regular work basis
1) Derived from JAEA’s research and development activities
JAEA Library has preserved and disseminated bibliographic data of JAEA
research and development activities in nuclear field over 50 years via its
website as of today, shown in Fig. 2. Containing titles, author names,
publishing information etc well arranged consistently, the bibliographic
data are of journals’ articles, technical reports etc in nuclear field, which
include the ones related to Fukushima Accident as the outcomes of JAEA
activities. In particular, JAEA technical reports have been madedownloadable in full text documents freely as of today via the website.
2) Via IAEA/INISAn IAEA’s database, the International Nuclear Information System (INIS)[27], provides over 3.5 million bibliographic data, including full text
documents, in full coverage of nuclear field for peaceful use of nuclear
science and technology. Then INIS is to date freely available via thewebsite, shown in Fig.3a.

AuthorFigure 3a IAEA/International Nuclear Information System (INIS)“Search the INIS
Collection Search”

EnglishArabicChineseFrenchRussian
SpanishGermanJapanese

Multilingual interfaces of the INIS Collection Search (advanced version)

Included among 128 member states (countries) and 24 internationalorganizations as of June 2013, JAEA Library has over 30 years
consistently provided bibliographic input data for INIS of major nuclear
research and technological activities in Japan since the commencement of
IAEA/INIS Programme. It should be emphasised that JAEA Library has
had an advantage to be able to provide information or knowledge derived
from Japan as being shared worldwide, taking the fact into account that
INIS has been acknowledged as one of the worldwide useful nuclear
information or knowledge bases, thus in particular afterwards, hoped to be
the ones regarding Fukushima Accident.
3.3 Progress towards multilingual perspectives assisted with IAEA/INIS‘Being worldwide multilaterally’ would be one of the key perspectives
whenever taking account of preservation and/or dissemination of
information or knowledge derived from a unique language, Japanese, inparticular of the ones with regarded to Fukushima Accident. This isbecause much and many kinds of information related to the Accident havebeen quite often provided in Japanese first of all, which could include theindispensable lessons learnt from the Accident. The monolingual would

Titlenot be good enough to be shared worldwide multilaterally.
INIS has been made itself available on multilingual interfaces for
information retrieval, i.e., in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Russian,
Spanish and Japanese, respectively, corresponded to English as a base, as
well as in the same way for its semantically controlled multilingual sets of
keywords (called “multilingual thesaurus”), as shown in Fig. 3a and 3b.
Such multilingualism of INIS would deserve to contribute to preservationand dissemination of information or knowledge of Fukushima Accident.
Figure 3b IAEA/INIS Multilingual Thesaurus(an example of ‘MELTDOWN’)MELTDOWN(English)(Arabic)‫انصهار قلب املفاعل‬(French)(Chinese) 熔毁

FUSION DU
COEUR DU
REACTEUR(Russian)РАСПЛАВ
ЛЕНИЕ(Spanish)
FUSION DEL
NUCLEO DELREACTOR(German)
MELTDOWN(Japanese)
炉心溶融

3.4 IAEA/INIS keywords’ dictionary, thesaurus, and the multilingual
including Japanese
The INIS’s ‘keywords’ dictionary’, called ‘thesaurus’, is the one
composed of a controlled vocabulary in generic and semantic ways, in theform of blocks of keywords related one another, thus making up in manyof hierarchical structures with the blocks throughout, as shown in Fig. 4.
The thesaurus is applied not only to index information in the bibliographic
forms but to retrieve bibliographic data from INIS with higher relevance
rates. Then the thesauri in multilingual ways provided between English as
its base and Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Russian, Spanish andAuthorJapanese, respectively, as shown in Fig. 3b, have been enhancing suchfunctions by bridging the gap between the languages, consequently
contributing to making the bibliographic data retrieved from INIS fairly‘Being worldwide multilaterally’.
Figure 4 IAEA/INIS’s keywords’ dictionary, INIS Thesaurus, withhierarchical structures composed of blocks of keywords
English version around ‘BIOLOGICALRADIATION EFFECTS’

Japanese version around ‘生物学的放射線効果’, corresponding with
‘BIOLOGICAL RADIATION EFFECTS’

Since August in 2012, the Japanese version of INIS thesaurus, shownin Fig. 4, which was developed by JAEA Library, has been available on
the IAEA/INIS website [30]. The translation of keywords from English to
Japanese, taking account of the features of technically grouped keywords’
blocks, had been completed often struggling on difficulty, which occurred
due to the difference of linguistic systems between the two languages, e.g.,ambiguous correspondence between English and Japanese, unfortunately
matching one English word to two or more Japanese words etc.
Table 1 is an example of the keywords from INIS multilingual thesaurus
related to Fukushima Accident.

TitleTable 1 keywords of INIS multilingual thesaurus related to Fukushima
Accident as an example

AuthorCf;#1 “OUTAGES”; for accidental or planned shutdowns or significant reductions of allor part of an electrical or thermal power system.
#2 “AFTER-HEAT”; for heat derived from residual radioactivity after a reactor has
been shut down.

It is hoped that provision of keywords like Table 1 could be one step tolead to progress of preserving, disseminating or sharing information or
knowledge related to Fukushima Accident from the viewpoint ofmultilingualism.
As mentioned in section 1, the information regarding Fukushima
Accident delivered so far would have not been provided good enough forthe affected people in and over Japan like disappeared, mixed, confused, inparticular via the internet. Hence some ways are necessary helpful tostruggle for it to make its accessibility and retrieval better.
In order to try to do it, e.g., with advanced relevance ratio, JAEA
Library has been applied the INIS thesaurus, controlled keywords, forTitleweb-based programming via a social tagging and a JavaScript library: bymeans of the controlled keywords, tagging bookmark in case of the former[31], meanwhile making up partly then facilitating a JavaScript library(naming “covo.js”) in case of the latter [32], where the JavaScript libraryis the one that supports provision of controlled metadata such as authority
files, subject headings, thesauruses of different sources like the Library ofCongress, Wikipedia, INIS.
Although being noticed that it would be very difficult to keep its highquality regarding the controlled keywords of INIS thesaurus [e.g., 32], it
has been made based on cumulative experiences or knowledge over 40
years through IAEA, thus to date together with the Japanese version. It istherefore hoped that against an adverse informative condition with too
many free keywords emerged via websites, then often derived fromJapanese only, such two kinds of application mentioned above could be on
the ways as well to help share or preserve or disseminate information
related to Fukushima Accident.
4. Concluding remarks
In regard to Fukushima Accident, it would be true that the concerned
information has not been provided good enough for the affected people inand over Japan, for instance, as often being mixed, confused, too many toaccess or disappearing through the internet or websites. In this regard, it
seems that necessary be to take some measures to terminologically wellarrange such affected information, likely to form a taxonomy on therelated events, in particular towards the coming future for decades, postFukushima era.
In order to come up with the taxonomy against the affected
information, this article mentioned about preliminary terminologicalaspects of Fukushima Accident and about availability of IAEA/INIS
implemented by JAEA Library.
Preliminary view on terminological aspects on the affected
information, which follows the technically related features of Fukushima
Accident being found out until now, indicates that in order to make theterminology comprehensive regarding the events of Fukushima Accident it
would be necessary in addition to make ever-new aspects and/or terms
further detailed and scrutinised, which account for the accidental events
inexperienced ever such as ‘beyond design basis’, ‘extreme correlated
natural hazards (external events)’, ‘expanded multi-severe damages at a
multi-units site at once’, ‘even in time of social media fairly developed’,
as well as an aspect derived from ‘a unique language of Japanese’.

AuthorIn regard to IAEA/INIS with its English-based multilingual interface
and keywords’ dictionaries corresponding with Japanese, it seems that it
would be fairly available and good to preserve and disseminate theaffected information. Thus, to enhance its ways advanced further
regarding IAEA/INIS it would be required as well to involve the affected
information and terminology that contain the ones derived from theaccidental events not experienced ever often originally logged in Japanese.
Hence, undertaken as well by informative importance such as wellcategorised, -lesser missing, -guaranteed for the long time, it seems thattaxonomical potential to preserve and disseminate the affected information
would be able to be higher following the aforementioned as well sharing it
between the affected parties.
Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to IAEA/INIS Secretariat for maintaining INIS and to
INIS members (states and organisations) to have been providing INIS
input data to be accessible over 40 years. Authors would also like toexpress their thanks to Mr. Minoru Yonezawa and Mr. Hidemitsu
Nakajima and their advice on this article.
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