Ilkka Savolainen • Mikael Ohlström • Sampo SoimakallioThe energy system of Finland can be characterised by diversified energy sources,
large utilisation of combined heat andpower production (CHP), and by large use of
biomass derived fuels. Some half of the energy
consumed in Finland is used by manufacturingindustries. This industrial field, however, also
produces a lot of energy mainly from by-products generated in forest industries.
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
has impact on both energy production and consumption technologies, and on other technologies linked to activities causing greenhouse gas
emissions. The reduction of emissions incurs

ClimateChallenge for Technology

costs but on the other hand it creates demand
for new efficient technologies which can be utilised in the global scale. Finnish industry is already leading the way in many technologies thatcan be used for reducing global greenhousegas emissions. The export possibilities are expected to grow significantly in the near future.

Views and resultsfrom the CLIMTECH Programme
Extended summary

ISBN 951-37-3968-6
50.12
www.tekes.fi,
www.climtech.vtt.fi& www.tekes.fi/
english/programm/
climtechIlkka Savolainen • Mikael Ohlström • Sampo Soimakallio

ClimateChallenge for Technology
Views and Results from the
CLIMTECH Programme
Extended Summary

ISBN 951-37-3968-6
Edita Prima Ltd
Helsinki, Finland 2003

ForewordC

limate change has been identified
as one of the largest environmental
challenges to mankind. Very significant
reductions of greenhouse gas emissions
are needed in order to slow down global
warming. Technological development is
one of the key issues both in solving the
problem and in reducing the costs to thenational economy of the mitigation of climate change. The demand for new technologies in global markets will grow strongly
owing to the restriction of greenhouse gas
emissions. Finland is already leading theway in many technologies that can be used
for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. The export possibilities are expected
to grow strongly in the near future.
After the negotiations in Kyoto in 1997
concerning the climate there was a large
demand for a technology programme
which would help Finnish companies inforthcoming strategic decisions in changing
the operational environment. Against thisbackground Tekes, the National Technology Agency of Finland, started the Technology and Climate Change programme,
CLIMTECH, in 1999. The main task of the

CLIMTECH programme has been to create
an overall picture of the mitigation of climate change and to identify the most significant technological development fields in
Finland that can be instrumental in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Mitigationof climate change is a long-term issue andtherefore the time-scale for the technologies studied extends to about 2030. The
programme was funded by Tekes and coordinated by the Technical Research Centreof Finland (VTT).
One of the main tasks of the programme was wide dissemination of theresults. In addition to project reports, articles, and brochures, we decided to publish a book in which the results and future
prospects are presented at a more popularlevel. The book “Climate – Challenge forTechnology. Views and Results from the
CLIMTECH Programme“ was published in
Finnish. This booklet is the extended summary of that book.
Helsinki, April 2003
Tekes, the National Technology
Agency of Finland3

Contents

Foreword

3

Contents

4

Summary

5

Introduction

7

Energy System and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Finland

9

Key Results of the Technology and Climate Change Programme

15

Overview of the Programme
The Impact of Climate Change on Energy Management
The Effect of Technology on Energy Use
Climate-Friendly Energy Production

15
16
17
19

Reduction of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases
Mitigation Scenarios for Finland
Commercialisation of New Climate-Friendly Technologies

21
22
28

Appendix 1. The projects of the Technology andClimate Change (CLIMTECH) Programme

31

Appendix 2. Some publications of the CLIMTECH Programme

324SummaryC

hange of climate owing to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is
a serious threat to nature and mankind, although the assessment of the consequences of the climate change is still, to someextent, uncertain. The emission reduction
commitments of the Kyoto Protocol are notenough to stop the climate change, but theemissions should be reduced much more.
The reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions is an important step towards sustainable development.
The emissions can be reduced by improving the effectiveness of the energy
production and by increasing the shareof renewable, low-emission or carbonneutral energy sources. Energy use canbe improved by technical measures andby changes in consumption behaviour.
Changing the structure of the economy ina less energy-intensive direction is also ofcentral importance.
Industry uses a considerable part of
the total energy; in Finland it even uses
half of it. Finnish industry produces many
products for the world markets, like paper
and metals, the manufacturing of which
requires a lot of energy. Improvement in
the efficiency of energy use is a naturalpart of industrial activities. The generation
and use of energy in the pulp and paperindustry are based to a very large extent
on the use of industrial wastes as fuels

and on combined heat and power (CHP)
production. The concept of CHP is also
in wide use in the energy procurement ofcommunities.
The markets of conventional energy
sources typically grow less than somepercentage points annually. However, themarkets of some new renewable energy
sources, like wind and solar energy, evenincrease tens of percentage points annually.
The development of bioenergy technology
and bioenergy use is also rapid. Finland hasa central position as developer and manufacturer of bioenergy technology. As a manufacturer of components for wind power
plants Finland has also a considerable shareof the global markets. The exports of components for wind energy plants can be assumed to continue to increase rapidly.
If more resources were directed to thedevelopment and commercialisation oftechnologies, the costs of the reductionof greenhouse gas emissions would belower. In the scenarios made for Finland,
the use of renewable energy, especially theuse of bioenergy and wind, would increase
considerably. At the same time, the costs
would be considerably lower and in thelong term the emissions could be reduced
much more than the commitments of thefirst Kyoto period require.
Greenhouse gases are also released byindustrial processes, waste management and5

•

SUMMARY

agriculture. Reduction of the emissions fromthese sources is often cost-effective. The
effectiveness of material production anduse is important for the reduction of material and energy flows. The reduction of theemissions of waste management is linked
to other developments in this field. The
emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases
are predicted to grow rapidly e.g. owing to
the increasing use of refrigeration. Technically it is, however, possible to use tighter
equipment or replace fluorinated gases withmore climate-friendly compounds.
Mitigation of climate change will create global technology markets where thedemand will concentrate on improvements
for energy systems and for other activities
which cause greenhouse gas emissions.
Annual investments of hundreds of billionsof euros will gradually move in future decades from the technologies utilising fossil
fuels towards technologies utilising renewable or carbon-neutral energy sources and6

towards improvements in energy efficiency.
New technologies will also reduce otherairborne emissions like sulphur, nitrogenoxides and particulates.
The expected change in the energy
technology market is an extraordinary
business opportunity. Even now the export of Finnish energy technology is relatively extensive on a global scale.
The market access of new Finnish energy technologies can be supported inmany ways. Companies should recognise
the long-term opportunities in order to see
the profitability of technological development. A clear and robust political commitment to emission reductions would be an
important message for companies. In addition, the demand for new technologies
should be promoted in order to limit emissions. The market can also be developedwith new business concepts. Co-operation
networks and action plans also have an
important task in commercialisation.

Introduction

C

limate change is one of the most serious environmental threats to natureand humanity. Energy systems including
energy production and use, and transport,
are responsible for a major share of greenhouse gas emissions leading to the changes
in the climate. Mitigation of climate change
by reducing greenhouse gas emissions is of
crucial importance. The emission reductions
form a long-term driver guiding the development of energy systems and technology.
In addition to the energy sector, someother anthropogenic activities contribute togreenhouse gas emissions. The most important of these activities are waste management and agriculture. Emissions of somefluorinated greenhouse gases from diverse
sources, refrigeration being especially important, are also increasing sharply.
Cost-effective reduction of greenhousegases consists of a wide set of measuresthat utilise the least expensive emission
reduction potential of various measurecategories. Further benefits are obtained
if the measures are linked to other development programmes aimed at guiding, forexample, energy conservation, structuralchanges in resource utilisation, control ofacidifying emissions or air quality etc.
With the exception of abundant forests,
Finland’s scarce natural resources haveguided the development of the national
industry and energy system, and further,have had impacts on technologies devel-

oped in Finland. The pulp and paper industry requires a lot of energy, and theindustry has learned to produce it from its
own wastes. This is done, to a large extent,
in a cost-effective way by producing heatand electricity together, leading to high total efficiencies. In the cold climate a lot ofenergy is needed for space heating, and ascommunities, naturally, also need electricity, the co-production of heat and power
has already been common in Finland for
decades. Energy technologies have beendeveloped in many fields in Finland: one
example is boiler techniques, which aresuitable for utilising inhomogenous biomass fuels effectively. Natural conditions
have led the Finnish industries to develop
technologies that use natural resources effectively and economically.
Technologies have a central role in the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The
real emission reductions take place throughthe choice of technologies and possible consumption changes. Emission reduction requirements change energy technology markets. The demand for technologies will movetowards those technologies that have highefficiencies or which can utilize renewable
or low-carbon energy sources and, on theother hand, towards energy-use technologies that have high efficiencies.
Tekes, the National Technology Agency
of Finland, funded a three-year technology
programme (1999-2002) on Technology and7•

INTRODUCTION

Climate Change (CLIMTECH) to investigate thedevelopment needs of technologies that canbe applied to control greenhouse gas emissions. The programme included both the control of emissions in Finland and the exportsof the Finnish technology to limit emissions
elsewhere. The time scale for the technologies
studied extended beyond the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol to about 2030.
The CLIMTECH Programme had a special role in disseminating information andcommunicating with technological researchand industrial communities. The results of
the Programme have been published in

8

numerous technical reports and brochuresboth in Finnish and in English, which
can be downloaded from the web site(www.tekes.fi/english/programm/climtech
or www.climtech.vtt.fi) or ordered fromTekes. Furthermore, the Programme published several overview publications in
Finnish. This booklet is mainly based on
one of these publications, on the Finnish book “Climate – Challenge for Technology“. The objective of this booklet isto describe the development of Finnish
energy technology and the results of the
CLIMTECH Programme in brief.

Energy System and Greenhouse
Gas Emissions in Finland

Structure of the energy system in FinlandCountries have different natural conditions and resources, and the history ofthe development of industry and economy
in general also differs between countries.
In a cold climate, energy is needed forthe heating of buildings and, in a warm
climate, energy might be used for cooling. In sparsely populated countries average transport distances are long. Natural
resources can provide energy, like hydropower, but the utilisation of natural resources can also increase the demand forenergy, as for the manufacturing of metals
or forest products.
In some countries, as in Finland, theshare of energy use in industry is large,
especially owing to energy-intensive industries like the manufacture of pulp andpaper and both ferrous and non-ferrous
metals. In some other countries the relative weight in energy consumption is moreconcentrated on the residential/commercial
and transport sectors. In the case of Finland, about 90% of the paper produced isexported, so that Finland provides paper
for a population ten times larger than its
own, on average. This is a result of economic development based on the utilisation of natural resources. Consequently,
in Finland about half of the total primaryenergy and also half of the electricity are
consumed in the industrial sectors.
The structure of primary energy supply varies considerably between the OECD
countries, mainly according to indigenous
energy resources, access to natural gas networks, and attitudes towards nuclear power. The primary energy structure is presented in Figure 1 for some OECD countries.
Finland’s share of CO2 free energy is relatively high, owing to the large utilisationof biomass fuels and nuclear energy. Certain countries, like Sweden in the Figure,have abundant indigenous hydropower,
while some others rely to a high degree
on domestic or imported fossil fuels. With
respect to nuclear power the national policies differ significantly, Sweden utilises it
to large extent and some others like Denmark do not utilise it at all in the supplyof domestic energy.

Biomass has a large role in Finland

The share of CO2 free energy also varies
considerably among the countries (Figure1). Owing to abundant hydro, nuclear andbiomass-based energy, Sweden has a very
high share of carbon-free energy supply,
but Denmark uses a lot of imported fossil

9•E N E R G Y S YS T E M A N D G R E E N H O U S E G A S E M I S S I O N S I N F I N L A N D

FIGURE 1. Primary energy sources in some countries in 2000. The Finnish energy supply structure is quite diversified.

energy. Finland also has a relatively highamount of nuclear energy production, andespecially biomass-based energy production, and also, as a special feature, peatfired energy production.
Finland is the leading industrialised
country concerning the utilisation of biomass for energy. Furthermore, while evenin many developed countries a major shareof biomass use has been so-called traditional firewood, in Finland most of theutilization has long taken place in stateof-the-art cogeneration plants. In the year
2000, the biomass share of the primaryenergy supply in Finland was about 20%,
which was about five times the average of
the EU, or the USA.
More detailed information on the Finnish use of bioenergy is given in Figure
2. The largest bioenergy source is spent
black liquor from the pulping process forpapermaking. Other by-products fromforest industries, like bark and sawdust,
are also of importance. Small-scale use ofwood for energy is less than 20% of thetotal bioenergy use.

Cogeneration improves efficiency
FIGURE 2. Industry is the largest user of bioenergy in Finland.
Utilisation of bioenergy in Finland in 2000.

10

Another feature that makes the Finnish energy production system very effective is thehigh share of the cogeneration of heat andpower. Combined heat and power production (CHP) is the simultaneous production of
usable heat and electricity in the same plant.
In condensing thermal power plants, significant amounts of energy are wasted throughthe cooling systems. The total energy efficiency of such power plants is at present in
the range of 40–50%. In CHP systems, thetotal usable energy efficiency is much higher,
as the by-product heat can be utilised. Consequently, the total energy efficiency of CHP
systems is typically 80–90%. Some additional
efficiency gain is achieved by the smaller
distribution losses in CHP generation compared with larger scale central power plants.
Atmospheric emissions per unit of produced
energy are reduced accordingly.
In Finland the share of electricity generated using CHP is about 35% of the total
electricity produced. The average share in
the EU is about ten per cent. About half ofthe cogeneration takes place in industry,where typically black liquor or other by-

FIGURE 3. CHP plant using biofuels in Finland.

products are used as fuels. These power
plants produce electricity and steam to be
used in industrial processing. Another half

FIGURE 4. Carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion per capita in 1990 and 2000.

11•E N E R G Y S YS T E M A N D G R E E N H O U S E G A S E M I S S I O N S I N F I N L A N D

of CHP serves communities by producing district heating and electricity. Fossil
fuels have been mainly used here but recently the use of biomass-based fuels has
increased sharply. New boiler techniques
have enabled the use of non-homogenous
fuels both in small and large plants.
The structure of Finnish electricity generation by energy source resembles the EU
average, apart from the much greateruse of biomass in Finland. As illustrated
in Figure 4, the average per capita CO2
emissions from energy production have alarge variation among countries. The average emissions are affected by the energy
sources used for the production, as well as
by the conversion efficiencies. Despite therelatively high-energy consumption of theFinnish economy, the Finnish average percapita CO2 emissions are moderate. There
are two important reasons for the difference: the important role of combined heatand power (CHP) production, and the exceptionally large use of biomass for thermal
power generation in Finland.

Greenhouse gas emissions in Finland

Carbon dioxide is also the most significant
greenhouse gas in Finland. Emissions result
from the use of fossil fuels, the production of lime and cement as well as fromorganic agricultural lands and the production of fuel peat.
In the 1960s, the use of oil increased
rapidly and resulted in a substantial growthof carbon dioxide emissions (Figure 5).
The oil crisis in 1973 was followed by the

FIGURE 5. Carbon dioxide emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and fuel peat in Finland in 1900–2001. The emissions
grew rapidly until the oil crisis in 1973.

12introduction of new energy sources, likenatural gas, peat and nuclear power.
Finnish carbon dioxide emissions vary
year after year and mainly depend not only
on the availability of low-priced hydropower,
but also naturally on economic conditions.
The emissions used to be lower in rainy
years, owing to the substitution of Finnish
coal-condensing power by imported electricity produced in other Nordic countries.
Nitrous oxide corresponds to roughly
ten per cent, and methane to some five percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions
in Finland, expressed in carbon dioxide
equivalents (Figure 6). Currently, the contribution of fluorinated greenhouse gases
is only half a per cent in Finland, but thisshare is projected to increase significantly
during the next few years, owing to theincreasing use of these gases mainly as
refrigerants.

Finnish National Climate Strategy

The Finnish government published the
National Climate Strategy in 2001. Under
the Kyoto Protocol, the EU should reduce
its greenhouse gas emissions by eight perA)cent from the level of 1990 within the first
Kyoto commitment period, 2008 – 2012.
According to the burden-sharing agreed
by the EU countries, Finland should notexceed the emission level of 1990 during
the first Kyoto commitment period.
The Finnish National Climate Strategy
assumes that the Finnish national economy
will have strong growth in the ICT sector
and the growth will be relatively moderate
in the energy-intensive industries as in thepulp and paper sector. Energy and electricity consumption will grow, and without additional greenhouse gas limiting measures
Finnish emissions will grow about 20%.
The national strategy emphasises the
improvement of the efficiency of energyuse, increasing the share of renewableenergy and the replacement of coal-fired
condensing power with natural gas or nuclear power. Emission reduction measures
are promoted in all sectors of the economy: energy production, industry, heating,households, services and transport. Waste
management is developing rapidly and its
methane emissions will be restricted. In
addition, the emissions from agriculture
will be controlled.

B)

FIGURE 6. Greenhouse gas emissions by principal sectors (a) and by gases (b) in Finland in 2000. The overall greenhousegas emissions were 75 million tonnes CO2-eq. in Finland in 2000, resulting mainly from the energy sector.

13

•E N E R G Y S YS T E M A N D G R E E N H O U S E G A S E M I S S I O N S I N F I N L A N D

Communication about climate change,
its impacts and mitigation measures are onepart of the strategy as well as promoting
the adaptation to climate change.

Energy technology export from
Finland is growing

The positive development of Finnish energy technology can be seen in the growing
export numbers (Figure 7). Energy exports
exceeded energy technology imports in theearly 1990s, and thereafter the export has
grown by a factor of four. During the last
two years the export of energy technology
has been about seven per cent of the totalexport. This is clearly more than that of any
other OECD country. In 2001 the value of theexport of energy technology was over threebillion euros. The export consists of manykinds of energy production and use technologies, including large diesel engines, power
plant boilers, power electronics, generators,
wind turbine gears and blade materials etc.

FIGURE 7. Finland’s energy technology export and import. The export of energy technology exceeded the import of energy
technology in the early 1990s, and thereafter the export has grown by a factor of four.

14Key Results of the Technology andClimate Change Programme3
Overview of the ProgrammeT

he overall objective of the CLIMTECH
programme was to support the mitigation of climate change by contributing totechnological choices, research, development, commercialisation and implementation. Furthermore, CLIMTECH had aninterest in supporting the attainment of
the national climate change mitigation
objectives.
The time scale for the technologies studied extends to 2030. This time scale is shortfrom the perspective of climate change, but
long for business activities. Thus, attention
was also paid to shorter periods, especiallyto the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. However, technological development and implementation take years or
decades. Within the chosen time scale until
2030, the emission limits regarding developed countries will most likely be tightened
and the emissions for the developing countries will also be limited. The time scalealso enabled us to study such technologies
whose potential is insignificant over the firstcommitment period of the Kyoto Protocol,
but might be very substantial in fulfilling theassumed following commitments.
CLIMTECH was run as a frameworkprogramme by VTT Processes to serve andguide other Finnish technological develop-

ment that was relevant to energy efficiency
improvements and greenhouse gas emission
reductions. The technologies were analysedagainst an overall picture of emission limitation, and the technical and economic potentials as well as the potential barriers of
implementation were assessed.
The programme consisted of 27 projects
altogether that were implemented by sevenresearch institutes or universities and eightcompanies. The projects were divided into
six main subject areas: 1) Renewable energy
sources and distributed energy production,2) Energy efficiency and industry, 3) NonCO2 greenhouse gases, 4) Capture and utilisation of CO2, 5) Development of models
and systems, and 6) Commercialisation. The
projects are listed in Appendix 1.
CLIMTECH had a very communicativerole. Interactive communication with otherresearch programmes and researchers at thenational and international levels, as well as
contacts to companies, were of central importance. In particular, CLIMTECH has contributed to the dissemination of informationon the mitigation opportunities of climatechange, and bringing the viewpoint ofgreenhouse gas emissions reduction to theagenda of technological development. The
programme broadly arranged ten seminars

15•

K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

CODE - Modelling Tools for Combustion Process Development

1999–2002

DENSY – Distributed Energy Systems

2003–2007

Environmental Cluster Research Programme

1997–2002

FFusion 2 - Fusion Energy Research Programme

1999–2002

FINE Particles - Technology, Environment and Health

2002–2005

FUSION – Technology Programme on Fusion Energy

2003–2006

Process Integration Technology Programme

2000–2004

ProMotor - Engine Technology Programme

1999–2003

STREAMS - Recycling Technologies and Waste Management

2001–2004

TESLA - Information Technology and Electric Power Systems

1998–2002

Wood Energy

1999–2003

TABLE 1. Other ongoing or recently completed technology programmes of Tekes related to energy and environmental technology.

including one in New Delhi, India, during
the climate negotiations (COP-8). Numerous reports, articles and brochures were
produced on project and programme results, and can be found as pdf documentson the Internet pages of the programme(www.tekes.fi/english/program/climtech or
www.climtech.vtt.fi).
The total budget of the CLIMTECH Programme over the three-year period was 5
Million euros. Tekes’ funding of energy andenvironment-related R&D is about 60 Million
euros annually. About half of this is channelled through technology programmes andthe rest directly to R&D projects. Technology programmes related to the CLIMTECH
research area are listed in Table 1.
In the following sections some resultsof the main subject areas of the CLIMTECH
programme are presented.

The impact of climate change
on energy management
A study of the impact of climate change on
the Finnish energy economy was carried
16

out under the CLIMTECH programme. The
study is based on the results of the HadCM3
general circulation model and IPCC emission
scenarios. The mean temperatures of Finland are estimated to rise from one to threedegrees by the 2030s because of climatechange. Winter temperatures will increase
more than summer temperatures. The annual
rainfall is also predicted to increase by about
ten per cent, although the estimate is quite
uncertain. These climatic changes will also
lead to changes in energy management.
According to climate change simulations, more biomass for both the forest
industry and energy production would beavailable owing to faster growing forests,
especially in Northern Finland (Figure 8).
The climatological potential of milled peat
production would increase by a fifth. There
would also be greater production potentialof wind and hydropower, when favourable
wind conditions in wintertime and annual
precipitation are increasing.
In addition, the demand of buildings
for heating energy will decrease becauseof shorter heating periods and the warmer
climate. However, the demand for heating energy will not decrease as much as

FIGURE 8. The influence of projected climate change on energy production potential and heating energy demand in Finland.
Arrows depict relative changes between 1961–1990 and 2021–2050 based on the emission scenarios A2 and B2 by IPCC.
The change in biomass is based on the Finnish SILMU scenarios. In addition, in the case of heating energy demand thecalculations are based on different model simulations and scenarios and thus the arrows depicting A2 and B2 scenarios
are not shown.

climate change would call for, owing to
the increasing building stock volume, forexample.

be overcome when the technology alreadyexists. Next, some examples of technologies
that reduce energy use in the forest industry
and households are presented.

The effect of technology
on energy use

The impact of ICT on greenhousegas emissions in the forest cluster

Introducing new energy-efficient and low
emission energy use technologies is often theeasiest way to reduce energy consumption
and greenhouse gas emissions. However, thecosts of new technology must be competitive in order to attain large-scale use. This isoften the most important barrier that must

The forest industry cluster (forestry, mechanical wood, pulp and paper, printing
and publishing, related and supporting industries) is a large and multi-dimensional
field. Most industries within the cluster arevery capital-intensive. Hence, the cluster
industries have traditionally been hesitant
to adopt new technology. The study within

17•K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

the CLIMTECH programme identified opportunities for the sector to move ahead
and take advantage of new tools. Information (and its proper management) seems
to be the one true pivot that exists withthe possibilities to reduce GHG emissions
in the forest cluster.
Three groups of technologies wereidentified: 1) paper, electronic media andintelligence, 2) efficient ICT systems, and3) new commercial practices. These technologies and their impacts on GHG emissions are presented in the technology matrix below (Figure 9).

Environmental and energy-related benefitsof biotechnology in mechanical pulping

The forest industry, and especially energyintensive mechanical pulping, is a notableuser of electric power in Finland. Throughthe implementation of biotechnologicalmethods like the fungal pre-treatmentof chips (biopulping) and enzyme-aided
refining, electricity can be saved (Figure10). The results showed that enzyme-aided
refining was very competitive comparedwith alternative methods, and it would already reach maximal penetration of use in
the realistic scenario. Bio-pulping, which

FIGURE 9. Technology matrix. The placement of new technologies in the technology matrix is based on the likelihood of theirgeneral breakthrough and their expected effect on GHG emissions. E-commerce B2B means transaction between firms andB2C between a firm and a consumer. The colours refer to the stages of development of the technologies: blue = commercial
applications, red = requires further development, green = functional applications at the stage of experiments.

Impact on GHGs in foresst cluster

Probability of general breakthrough18

FIGURE 10. Biotechnical methods in mechanical pulping will save electricity, even 3% of the total consumption in industries in Finland in 2030.

is technically more difficult to control andalso more expensive from the point ofview of investment and operation, would
be largely adopted in an optimistic scenario
in 2020. Additionally, it was shown by thelife-cycle study that implementation of thebiotechnical methods reduced total emissions of greenhouse gases.

Electricity-saving possibilities inhousehold and office appliances

The penetration of new technology andits effects on energy efficiency by theyear 2010 in the electricity consumptionof appliances and lighting in households
and in offices were studied within one
CLIMTECH project. The heating energy ofpremises and water was excluded. By using the best existing energy-efficient technologies, not always economically feasible, the expected consumption in 2010 inFinland will decrease, for example that ofconsumer electronics by 20%, of lighting
by 65%, and of refrigeration by 14% com-pared with the business-as-usual scenario.
The technically possible savings are 2050
GWh annually.
In offices, the electricity consumptionof the present equipment in Finland canquite possibly be decreased by 30% by only
utilising the power management of the appliances. Compared with the business-asusual scenario, it is possible to save 67% of
the consumption of the office equipment
annually by the year 2010. In addition, byusing the best technologies in all offices thesavings would be 75% of the consumptionof lighting energy by the year 2010.

Climate-friendly energy
production
Bioenergy is the number one
renewable in Finland

Opportunities for increasing the use of
bioenergy in Finland and in that way reducing greenhouse gas emissions were ana-

19•

K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

lysed in the CLIMTECH bioenergy project.
According to results, the use of bioenergy
excluding black liquor can be increased in
Finland by roughly 50% by 2010. The total
share of bioenergy including black liquor in
the total primary energy use is calculated to
be well over 20% in 2010. The corresponding increase in electricity generation would
be three terawatt-hours, over three per centof the total generation in Finland. The potential reduction in carbon dioxide emissions
would be roughly 3–4 million tons of CO2
compared with that of 1999 when replacing fossil fuels. This is a considerable fraction of the emission cuts needed, as without
additional emission reduction measures theFinnish emissions would exceed the nationaltarget by 14 million tons of CO2.
It is most profitable to increase the utilisation of logging residues from forest regeneration areas and the energy use of waste
at existing boiler plants. Increasing the utilisation of wood and wood-derived fuels in
the heating of buildings is also financiallycompetitive at the present subsidy level.
With small additional investments to existing plants and the use of biofuels withhigher costs, the use of bioenergy could
be increased up to a quarter of the Finnish
primary energy consumption. The increase
would be especially viable in the districtheating sector. Electricity generation would
increase by nearly six terawatt-hours compared with that of 1999, mainly by replacement of other fuels with biomass in existing
units. Carbon dioxide emissions would be
reduced by a maximum of roughly 7–11 million tons compared with the figures for 1999,
which would be about half of the reductionneeded to reach Finland’s Kyoto target.
Finnish industry is in a good position todevelop technologies related to biofuels, because the sector has traditions dating backmany decades as well as good facilities fordemonstrating new technologies. The annu20

FIGURE 11. Export of wind energy technology from Finland.
Wind energy technology exports amounted to over 170 million euros in 2001.

al export value of new products may rise tohalf a billion euros in the next few years.

Export of wind power technology is growing

Finnish industry manufactures 10–20 per
cent of the wind power plant components,
generators, gearing and blade materials thatare available on the global market. In addition, Finland exports tower materials
and large castings. Wind technology exports amounted to over 170 million euros
in 2001, which accounts for almost five
per cent of the total wind power market(Figure 11).
Wind energy technology markets are
growing fast, and by maintaining thepresent market share it will be possible toincrease the export volume of wind technology many times over in ten years. The
networked co-operation of enterprises provides opportunities for exports related toblade technology, tower structures, control
systems and the setting-up of offshore windfarms. The new products and the introduction of the new Finnish wind power plantson the expanding market may further double the export volume.

The Finnish electrical power system ispart of the Nordic power system. According to electrical power system simulation
results, an increase in wind power mainly
replaces coal-fired condensing power generation in the energy system of Finland
and the Nordic countries. In addition, oiland gas-fired power generation is also replaced to some extent. Replacements are
implemented principally in Finland, Denmark and Central Europe, corresponding
currently to CO2 emission abatements of
700 g CO2/kWh. In the future electricity
system, where gas-fired power generation
may have replaced coal condense, theemission saving as a result of wind power
will be approximately 300 g CO2/kWh.
CO2 capture, storage and utilisation

Carbon dioxide capture is based on commercial technologies which have been used inindustrial processes as well as in oil and gas
production. Difficulties in CO2 storage andthe high costs of the measures are the largest barriers to introducing CO2 capture on alarge scale. The capture and compression ofcarbon dioxide from flue gases is estimatedto cost 30 to 50 euros per ton of CO2.
CO2 capture is the most cost-efficientmethod for the plants that generate vast
amounts of carbon dioxide emissions,such as oil refineries, iron and steel works,
and for centralised power generation. The
number of major emission sources in Finland is less than ten. In addition, the carbon dioxide storage options are poor in
Finland. As a consequence, it is least risky
and most economic to generate power near
the place of CO2 disposal, as in Norway,
and to build new cross-border powertransmission capacity for Finland. For thisto be feasible, however, the market priceof electricity should be doubled or tripledcompared with the current level.

Storing carbon dioxide in geologicalformations, such as old oil, coal and natural gas fields or deep saline aquifers, is themost noteworthy option. An interesting possibility explored in the CLIMTECH project
was to bind carbon dioxide to silicate rockto produce solid mineral carbonate. There
are vast resources of suitable mineral in Finland, and it is also obtained as a by-productof the mining industry. However, although
the technology at issue is principally promising, the chemical reaction rates achieved
are slow and the mass flows of the process
are large, so that this technology will not be
economically feasible for a long time.

Reduction of non-CO2
greenhouse gases
Contribution of methane, nitrous oxideand fluorinated gases to total greenhousegas emissions is typically at a relatively
low level compared with CO2. The current
share of non-CO2 greenhouse gases is justunder fifth in Finland. However, options to
reduce emissions of these gases are often
quite cost-effective compared with thoserelated to CO2 emissions.
Emissions from waste
management are being reduced

Approximately 4% of the total Finnish
greenhouse gas emissions, corresponding
to a quarter of non-CO2 emissions, originate
in waste management. Methane is releasedin the slow degradation process of organic
waste at landfill sites. Disposal of wastes tolandfill sites can be reduced by preventing
waste generation and by material recycling,
composting and putrefaction, as well as byenergy use of waste. Methane emissions
generated at landfills could be mitigated21

•K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

by increasing the recovery of landfill gas
and by the oxidation of methane to carbon
dioxide. Reduction of these emissions isoften advantageous, because many of themeasures reduce both the methane emissions originating in landfills and the carbon
dioxide emissions generating in energy production and use. If all the above-mentioned
measures were combined, they would enable, in Finland, the emission reduction tocorrespond to a fourth of the total emission
reduction demand estimated in the national
climate strategy for the first commitment
period of the Kyoto Protocol.

Technologies to reduce
F-gas emissions exist

Currently, the share of fluorinated gases(F-gases) known as HFCs, PFCs and SF6 isroughly 0.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions in Finland. However, these emissions
are projected to grow rapidly, mainly owing
to increasing use of HFCs as substitutes forozone-depleting refrigerants. In addition,use of commercial refrigeration and air-conditioning systems is estimated to become
more general. In the short term, emissionsof F-gases could be reduced cost-effectively
by improving gas handling and maintenance measures to minimise gas leakage
into the atmosphere. In the longer run, economic and ecological alternative technologies and substances can be developed andadopted in many uses of F-gases.

Mitigation scenarios for Finland
In order to assess the impact of new technologies on the Finnish energy economy,
scenario studies with energy systems model
EFOM were conducted. The model covers
the whole of Finnish energy production
22

and the consumption system, including
industry, residential, service and transport
sectors. In addition to these, waste management and the agricultural sectors as wellas emissions of fluorinated gases are also
incorporated into the model with emission
reduction measures. The model includes
emissions of all Kyoto Protocol greenhousegases. In general, all direct costs incurringin the energy system are taken into accountby the model, including investment, operation, maintenance and fuel costs as well as
taxes and subsidies. The model is relatively
detailed at the technology level. The modelseeks the solution that offers the least costto fulfil demand requirements and otherconstraints such as given emission limits.
The main scenarios considered are “Conventional Technology Development“ and“Optimistic Technology Development“. The
time frame considered extends to 2030. The
technology data for these scenarios has beenobtained mainly from various CLIMTECH
projects. It describes the development of
the most important technology-specific parameters like efficiencies and investment
costs. In the “Conventional“ scenario theseparameters develop at a normal rate andin the “Optimistic“ scenarios the parameters
improve at a rate that could be reached withsystematic high investments in the development of technologies. In both scenarios it isassumed that the Finnish emissions will belimited by the year 2030 to the level whichis 20% lower than the Kyoto target for Finland, the emission level of 1990. A reference scenario, where the emissions stay atthe level of the Kyoto Protocol even after
2012, is also considered.

Strict emission reductions
increase the use of renewables

The most cost-effective technology choices
related to emission reductions are clearly re-

FIGURE 12. Primary energy supply by energy source in Finland in 1990–2030. In the Conventional and Optimistic scenarios
the total greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 20% from the level of 1990 to 2030. In the Kyoto scenario the emissions
are kept at the level of 1990 throughout the period until 2030. In the Optimistic scenario the share of renewable energy
increases most.

flected in the development of total primaryenergy consumption (Figure 12). The tighter
the emission goal in 2030 is, the more therenewable energy sources are exploited. In
the year 2030, the share of renewables inprimary energy consumption will be 28% in
the Kyoto scenario, 34% in the Conventional
scenario, and even 37% in the Optimistic
scenario, compared with 25% in 2000.
Use of bioenergy increases most in the
total energy supply. According to the scenarios, the use of wood fuels will grow by
20–70% between 2000 and 2030. In addition, waste-derived fuels as well as windand hydropower will be utilised significantly compared with current level.
The combined use of fossil fuels and peatremains approximately stable in the Kyoto

scenario, whereas the use decreases in scenarios requiring tightened emission reductions beyond 2010. Although consumptionof natural gas increases in all three scenarios,
the relatively rapid price increase in natural
gas reverses consumption after 2020.
Just over half of the current total bioenergy supply is covered by black liquor. Most of
the other use of bioenergy consists of different types of solid wood fuels (Figure 13). Integrating fuel production with final fellings or
thinnings can significantly increase the economic potential of wood fuel utilisation.
Bioenergy sources and forms of use
may diversify considerably in the future
along with production of recycled fuels,
agrobiomass and pyrolysis oil as well as
ethanol as a component of transport fuel.

23

•K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

FIGURE 13. Structure of bioenergy supply excluding black liquor. The supply will increase by a factor of two in Conventionaland Optimistic scenarios. New alternatives will be adopted.

Bioethanol was assumed to be imported,
whereas only domestic sources were considered for other bioenergy fuels, in the
scenario calculations.
According to the results, production
technologies of pyrolysis oil and recycled
fuels, particularly, are of central importancein emission reduction related to bioenergy
sources. Development of production anduse technologies of pyrolysis oil appears
to be a promising option in both finding
economic emission reduction potential
and generating new activities in the energy business.
Technology choices in the generationof electricity are substantial in abating carbon dioxide emissions. The most significant modifications in the basic structure of24electricity supply are associated with separate electricity production and electricity
import (Figure 14). The more tightened theemission demands, the less is the production of conventional condensing power.
The share of combined heat and power
production increases but may, according
to results, stabilise at a level of 40%.
In Finland, generation of wind power
will increase to 14-fold and 40–160-foldby 2010 and 2030, respectively, comparedwith the current level. Electricity generation of wind power plants will grow tosome extent owing to increased windinesscaused by climate change. Developmentof wind power systems is one of, or even,the most significant individual technological option that allows emission reductions

FIGURE 14. Structure of the electricity supply in Finland in 1990 –2030 in the scenarios considered. The supply of electricity is relatively diverse. In the Conventional and Optimistic scenarios the condensing power is replaced by co-production ofheat and power and by renewable energy.

with moderate costs in the long term in
addition to nuclear power.

New power plant technologies

According to the results, existing technologies related to steam and gas turbines incombined heat and power plants will continue to play a major role together withnew technologies until 2030. The natural
gas combined cycle power plant will be
the most significant individual technology
in district heating generation, especially inthe case of conventional development.
It will be economic to install gasifiers of
biofuels in large steam turbine plants using
coal from 2010, according to the scenario

results. In addition, natural gas combined
cycle power plants may later be the issue.
Development of gasification technologies
may have a significant role in the efficientuse of solid biofuels both in combined
heat and power production and in small
heating plants.
In the case of rapid technical development, the use of oil in district heating
plants can be reduced considerably, if old
oil boilers are replaced with new ones using pyrolysis oil. Commercial utilisation of
bio-oil requires, however, substantial development in boiler technology.
According to the scenarios, the sodarecovery boiler using a steam turbine will
still remain the most significant individual25

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K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

generation technology in industrial combined heat and power production in 2030.
The power-to-heat ratio can be improved
remarkably in new soda-recovery boilers
compared with current units. Gasification
combined cycle technology is anotherpromising alternative for a more efficientuse of black liquor.

Heat demand is decreasing

Specific heat demand of both new and old
buildings is projected to decrease by thewarming of the climate, tightening of building codes and support of renovation. As
a consequence, the total consumption ofbuildings’ heating energy will decrease, despite the fact that building stock is projected
to increase considerably. According to thescenarios, the market shares of district heating and direct electric heating as well asof wood fuels will grow, in concomitancewith the significant decline of oil heating.
Development work related to automatically fed stoker-boilers, pellet fireplaces,and particularly to pyrolysis oil boilers has
a considerable role in reducing the use ofmineral oil in order to abate emissions. In
the case of optimistic development, solar
heating will gain access to the market ona relatively broad scale in 2030.

Costs are reduced by early R&D

The potentials of technologies can only be
used in full if investments in the development of functionality and economy of technologies are made in time, owing to slow

FIGURE 15. Annual direct costs in scenarios. Direct costs include both investment and operating costs. The net cost ofemission trading is also shown for the Optimistic scenario with 20 % emission reduction in 2030. The great cost difference between the Conventional and the Optimistic scenarios indicates that investing in technological development would
considerably lower the total costs of emission reduction.

26

changes in the energy system. By staying at
the cutting edge of technology know-how
the export possibilities will be substantial.
According to the results of the scenario
studies, the development of technologies
has a significant impact on direct costs resulting from emission reductions (Figure15). The tighter the emission abatement
goals are, the wider the difference in costs
among the scenarios is. Furthermore, theearlier clean technology is developed andimplemented, the greater the cost savings
will gradually be achieved.

Emission trading lowers costs

The potential impacts of emission trading on the Finnish energy system werealso analysed in the calculations of both
Conventional and Optimistic technological development (Figure 16). The market
price of emission rights was assumed to be
10 € / tCO2 in 2010 and then increasing linearly to 30 € / tCO2 in 2030. The differences among the scenarios are emphasised in
2030: it appears to be profitable to purchaserelatively many emission rights in the caseof the conventional scenario, whereas selling them is profitable in the optimistic case.
The rapid development of technologies creates opportunities for selling emission rights
instead of purchasing. As a consequence,a substantial benefit can be achieved byinvestments in development work.
In addition, emissions of other air
pollutants have also been found to de-

FIGURE 16. Greenhouse gas emissions by gas in Finland in 1990–2030 in the scenarios considered. The development oftechnology and the market steer the allocation of emission reduction measures on sectors and gases cost-effectively. Emission rights sold and purchased are also shown. The market price of emission rights is assumed to be 10 € / tCO2 in 2010
and then increasing linearly to 30 € / tCO2 in 2030.

27

•K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

crease considerably by implementing actions for the limitation of greenhouse gas
emissions. The opportunity to solve theproblem related to air pollutant emissions
in concomitance with greenhouse gases
may significantly accelerate the demandand implementation of climate-friendly
technology.

Commercialisation of new
climate-friendly technologies
Mitigation of climate change generates
market-requiring improvements of energy
systems. Finnish enterprises can be helped
to enter the market through the promotionof the introduction and commercialisationof new technology.
Emission reductions generate demandfor efficient low-emission energy technologies. As a consequence, requirements ofemission abatements can be seen as abusiness opportunity. Several projects related to commercialisation as well as one
project concerning the market of new energy technologies were undertaken in the
CLIMTECH programme.

Markets of renewable energy
technologies are growing fast

The global market of technologies related toenergy production and use achieves 300–400
billion US dollars annually, corresponding to
two to three times Finland’s GDP. This market will gradually focus on technologies exploiting renewable energy sources or whichsave the use of energy. In addition, technologies that abate emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases will also be in demand.
Production of electricity by biofuels andwind power as well as the global marketof technologies related to these energy
28sources are estimated to multiply within
the next ten years. Furthermore, demand
for many other climate-friendly technologies is projected to increase significantly.
Investments in technological development
are of central importance to keep or evento increase the position of Finnish technology in these highly expanding market.
The development of new climatefriendly technologies will lower the costsof emission abatement requirements, which
will have a strong impact on business andthe national economy. In the case of Finland, this impact is estimated to be even
hundreds of millions of euros annually,
depending naturally on the emission reduction levels of the next few decades.
Energy demand is calculated to increase,particularly in developing countries. As aconsequence, the total market of energy
technologies in these countries will soon
exceed the level of the industrialised world.
New distributed technologies are often suitable for developing countries with a limited infrastructure. Technologies reducing theemissions of greenhouse gases typically also
have a favourable environmental influenceon other emissions like local air pollutants
and acidification. In developing countries,
particularly, this may be an issue prior to theabatement of greenhouse gas emissions.

Business from energy saving

The potential of new methods in emission reductions was also estimated in the
CLIMTECH programme. An energy-saving
company (ESCO) is an example of suchmethods. It includes the outsourcing ofenergy saving and possibly also of emission reduction (emission saving) to someother company. The investment in an ESCO project is amortised through the energy cost saving it generates. The potential
of industrial ESCO projects for reducing

greenhouse gas emissions is about 10% of
the total emission reduction potential relating to energy conservation. As regards anindustrial enterprise and an ESCO company, the direct repayment period of ESCO
projects is usually 2-6 years. This often
makes them feasible investments, regardless the prevailing climate policy.
A project within the CLIMTECH Programme explored the possibilities of constructing a market for climate-friendly energy technologies by applying an interactive
learning process, i.e. societal embedding ofinnovations. The project consisted of twocase studies that focused on the adoptionof the ESCO energy service in the municipal sector and on increasing the useof wood pellets in single-family houses.
The term “societal embedding“ refers to

FIGURE 17. Key actors in societal embedding.

an interactive learning process amongst
three groups of key actors: producers, users and societal actors. The innovation isshaped in co-operation to suit the needsof the market. Another aim is to create

FIGURE 18. Renewable Energy Certificate System (RECS) helps to verify the source of energy and can increase the demandfor clean energy production technologies.

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K E Y R E S U LT S O F T H E T E C H N O L O G Y A N D C L I M A T E C H A N G E P R O G R A M M E

conditions in which the new technology
can be adopted.

Renewable Energy Certificate System

The CLIMTECH programme participated ina project to develop and test procedures
and a system for the trading of green certificates in Europe. RECS (Renewable Energy
Certificate System) procedures for Finland
were developed for the purpose of auditing production devices and for issuingand trading the certificates. A web-based
certificate register was also developed andimplemented. At the European level, thenumber of certificates issued was equivalent to 14 TWh production at the end of
2002. Of the certificates issued about 40%
were Finnish production.

Risk financing is available

Ways to finance the commercialisation ofclimate-friendly energy technologies in Finland were sought in a CLIMTECH project.
Investors and the representatives of 15
companies and public sources of financing
were interviewed.
The study indicates that financing is
not a major problem in the developmentof climate-friendly energy technology.
Capital investments in the branch haveincreased, and both domestic and international investors are interested in Finnish

30

environmental technology. Companies inthe branch consider the public financial
services fairly good.
Investors, however, take a more critical
attitude towards the public sector financial
system available for the energy technology companies than the companies in the
branch, and they expect the public actors
to take higher risks. The low level of risktaking by the public financiers is partly
reflected by the fact that there are clearly
too few good investment objects available
for venture capitalists in the energy andenvironmental technology sector.

Summary of commercialisation

There are several measures to promoteenergy technology development, commercialisation, and export. First, a clear
long-term and broad political commitmentof emission reductions is needed to enable
companies to focus more on technologicaldevelopment. In addition to technologicaldevelopment, the demand for technology
must also be promoted. The market can also be promoted by new business concepts.
Co-operation networks and action plans(road maps) have an important missionin commercialisation. According to interviews carried out with investors the public
sector should take more risks in funding
technology development projects that taketechnology onwards.

APPENDIX 1. The projects of the Technology and Climate Change (CLIMTECH) Programme
Subject area 1: Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Energy Production- The possibilities of wind power for mitigating climate change

Contractors
VTT1- Road map for solar energy technology and markets in Finland

Solpros Ltd.

- The possibilities of bioenergy in reducing greenhouse gas emissions

VTT1- Distributed energy production: technology, fuels, markets, and CO2 emissions

Gaia Group Ltd.

- Hydrogen technology survey

HUT2

Subject area 2: Energy Efficiency and Industry- Electricity-saving possibilities in household and office appliances

TTS-Institute3& VTT1- The operation of Energy Service Companies (ESCO) in view of climate change mitigation Motiva Ltd.
- Development scenarios of high-efficiency power plant technologies in centralised
electricity and heat production and their impacts on greenhouse gas emissions

Fortum Ltd. & VTT1

- New technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the forest industry

JP Consulting Ltd.

- Environmental and energy-related benefits of biotechnology in mechanical pulping

VTT1- Industrial ecology and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

Fortum Ltd. & HUT1

Subject area 3: Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases- Emissions abatement of fluorinated greenhouse gases

FEI4 & VTT1

- Mitigation of greenhouse gases from waste management

VTT1 & FEI4

Subject area 4: Capture and Utilisation of CO2- CO2 capture technologies and their potential

Fortum Ltd. & TUT5

- CO2 storage and utilisation technologies

VTT1 & HUT2

Subject area 5: Models and Systems- Development of energy system models for Finland in co-operation
with the IEA ETSAP programme

VTT1 & HUT2

- Participating in the IEA project “Greenhouse gas balances of biomass
and bioenergy systems” (IEA Bioenergy Task 38)

VTT1- Carbon sink and other greenhouse gas impacts of wood products

EFI6 & VTT1

- Developing and testing of the Renewable Energy Certificate System (RECS)

Fingrid Ltd.

- The impact of information technology and Internet economy onenergy economy, energy technologies and greenhouse gas emissions

VTT1- Reducing carbon dioxide emissions of transport in Finland

TUT5 & VTT1

- The impact of climate change on energy management

FMI7FEI4& Fortum- Local means of livelihood in mitigating climate change – the case of Southeast Finland “AFLRA“8- The impact of climate change mitigation on air pollutant emissions

Progr. coord., VTT1

Subject area 6: Commercialisation- Societal embedding of innovations related to renewableenergies and energy saving

VTT1 Technology
Studies- Methods for promotion of commercialisation and implementationof new climate neutral technologies

LTT Research Ltd.

- Markets of new energy technologies

Progr. coord., VTT1

1

VTT = Technical Research Centre of Finland; 2 HUT = The Helsinki University of Technology; 3 TTS-Institute = Work
Efficiency Institute, Finland; 4 FEI = The Finnish Environment Institute; 5 TUT = Tampere University of Technology; 6
EFI = European Forest Institution; 7 FMI = Finnish Meteorological Institute, 8 “AFLRA“= The Association of Finnish Local
and Regional Authorities

31

•

APPENDIXAPPENDIX 2. Some publications of the CLIMTECH Programme

Numerous reports, articles and brochures have been produced on project and on programme results. More information and all the reports and brochures (as pdf documents)
can be found on the Internet pages (www.tekes.fi/english/
programm/climtech or www.climtech.vtt.fi) of the programme. The final report of the CLIMTECH programme:
Soimakallio, S., and Savolainen, I. (eds.) 2002. Technology and Climate Change CLIMTECH 1999-2002 – Final
Report. Finnish National Technology Agency (Tekes),
Helsinki, Finland. Technology programme report 14/
2002. 259 p.

In addition to the final report and project level reports
and brochures the programme also published three moregeneral studies or books in Finnish on the role technologies in the mitigation of climate change:
Savolainen, I., Tuhkanen, S., Ohlström, M., Pipatti, R.,
Pingoud, K., and Johansson, A. 2000. Teknologia ja
ilmastonmuutos – Lähtökohtia Climtech-ohjelmalle.
[Technology and Climate Change – Starting point for
the CLIMTECH technology programme. (In Finnish)].
Tekes, Helsinki. 65 p. Technology Review: 85/2000.
Savolainen, I., Tuhkanen, S., and Lehtilä, A. (eds.).
2001. Teknologia ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen rajoittaminen – Taustatyö kansallista ilmasto-ohjelmaa varten. [Technology and Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions – Background Study for the Finnish Climate
Change Action Plan. (In Finnish)]. Ministry of Trade andIndustry, Publications 1/2001. Edita ltd, 2001. 198 p.
Savolainen, I., Ohlström, M., and Kärkkäinen, A. (eds.)
2003. Ilmasto – Haaste teknologialle. Näkemyksiä jatuloksia Teknologia ja ilmastonmuutos (Climtech) ohjelmasta [Climate – Challenge for Technology.
Views and results from the Technology and Climate
Change (Climtech) Programme (In Finnish, with anextended English abstract (this publication)).] Edita,
Helsinki 2003. 208 p.

Some project level reports were written in English (morereports in Finnish with English abstract):
Hottinen, T. 2001. Technical Review and Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Storage Technologies. 2001. Helsinki

32

University of Technology, Department of Engineering
Physics and Mathematics (Master’s thesis). 81 p.
Kallioinen, A., Pere, J., Siika-Aho, M., Lehtilä, A., Mälkki,
H., Syri, S., and Thun, R. 2003. Biotechnical methods
for improvement of energy economy in mechanicalpulping. VTT Research Notes 2183, Espoo. 86 p. http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2003/T2183.pdf
Kohlmann, J., Zevenhoven, R., Mukherjee, A. B., andKoljonen, T. 2002. Mineral carbonation for long-term
storage of CO2 from flue gases. Report TKK-ENY-9,
Helsinki University of Technology. Espoo, June 2002.
60 p.
Koljonen, T., Siikavirta, H., and Zevenhoven, R. 2002.
CO2 capture, storage and utilisation in Finland. Project
report PRO4/T7504/02, VTT Processes, Espoo. 95 p.
Koljonen, T., Siikavirta, H., Zevenhoven, R., and Savolainen, I. 2002. CO2 Capture, Storage, and Reuse Potential in Finland. The Sixth International Conference on
Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 1–4 October
2002. Kyoto, Japan.
Oinonen, T., and Soimakallio, S. 2002. Abatement Options and Costs of Reducing HFC, PFC and SF6 Emissions in Finland. In: van Ham J., Baede A., Guicherit
R., Williams-Jacobse J. (eds). Non-CO2 Greenhouse
Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control Options andPolicy Aspects. Pp. 421–426. Millpress, Rotterdam Netherlands 2002. 714 p.
Pingoud, K., Perälä, A.-L., Pussinen, A., and Soimakallio, S. 2003. Greenhouse gas impacts of harvested wood
products. Evaluation and development of reporting
methods. VTT Research Notes 2189. Espoo
Siikavirta, H., Järvinen, P., and Linnanen, L. 2002. Industrial Ecology and greenhouse gas control. Helsinki
University of Technology, The Publication Series of theInstitute for Regional Economics and Business Strategy,
Lahti. 69 p. ISBN: 951-22-6298-3
Vasara, P., and Peuhkuri, L. 2002. ECLOGUE – theImpact of Information Technology on the Reductionof Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Forest Cluster.
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting. 50 p.

Ilkka Savolainen • Mikael Ohlström • Sampo SoimakallioThe energy system of Finland can be characterised by diversified energy sources,
large utilisation of combined heat andpower production (CHP), and by large use of
biomass derived fuels. Some half of the energy
consumed in Finland is used by manufacturingindustries. This industrial field, however, also
produces a lot of energy mainly from by-products generated in forest industries.
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
has impact on both energy production and consumption technologies, and on other technologies linked to activities causing greenhouse gas
emissions. The reduction of emissions incurs

ClimateChallenge for Technology

costs but on the other hand it creates demand
for new efficient technologies which can be utilised in the global scale. Finnish industry is already leading the way in many technologies thatcan be used for reducing global greenhousegas emissions. The export possibilities are expected to grow significantly in the near future.

Views and resultsfrom the CLIMTECH Programme
Extended summary

ISBN 951-37-3968-6
50.12
www.tekes.fi,
www.climtech.vtt.fi& www.tekes.fi/
english/programm/
climtech