Current CCS
R&D Activities in Korea
Korea Institute of Energy Research
Chang-Keun Yi
Nov. 19th, 2007
CCS Workshop Tokyo 2007
Hotel Grand Palace, Tokyo, Japan

Contents
 Introduction– Energy Statistics– CO2 Emission
 Korean Government Policies
 CCS R&D Activities & International

Cooperation
 SummaryEnergy Statistics of Korea
1th

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

Korea

EnergyConsumption(millionTOE)

U.S.
2,326.4

China
1697.8Russia
704.9

Japan
520.3

India
423.2

Germany
328.5

Korea(10)Oil
Consumption(1,000 b/d)

U.S.
20,589

China
7,445

Japan
5,164

Russia2,735

Germany
2,622

India
2,575

Korea(7)GDP(billion $)U.S.
13,202

Japan
4,340

Germany2,907

China
2,668

U.K.
2,345

France2,231

Korea(13)225.8

2,312888* BP Statistics 2007, World Bank 2007

Average Growth Rate ofEnergy Consumption(%)(’95-’05)

Korea

Germany

U.K.

JapanU.S.

4.22

∆0.28

0.57

0.66

0.97

Energy Supply in Korea
 Energy Imports : US$ 85.6 billion(Oil : US$ 55.9 billion) Dependency on Imports of Energy :97% (as of 2006)
 More than 82% of oil from Middle
East (as of 2006)

Carbon Dioxide Emission in Korea

1990

2004

[2004/1990]

Japan

1,015

1,262

24 %Korea

238497

109 %Ref.: EIA, “International Energy Outlook 2007”

Global CO2 Emissions

 Power sector is responsible for ~41% of global emissions
 Coal represents ~70% of emissions from power plant Many large stationary point sources (500 MW PC) emits 2.5~3.5 MtCO2/y Large opportunity for CO2 capture and storage
Ref.: Hill, BP, 2005, 4thCCS

C Emission Intensity from Korean Power Plant
550 ppm(Atmospheric. [CO2]at ‘50

0.0545 kgC/kWh(C Emission Rate from Power Plant

0.1151(’04) 0.1022(‘17)
Korea
PC: 0.2227 kgC/kWh
NGCC: 0.1162 kgC/kWhThe Problems in Korea
Fossil fuels are needed- IEA WEO 2006 show that fossil fuels will remain as major energy
source in 2030 (53% increase from now to 2030)

Korea: The priority in the energy system is to expand
nuclear in short-term and to introduce renewable energy
sources in the long term
- All analysis show that renewable energy source will play a large role,
but not large enough and soon enough.

- More nuclear Power in Korea will relax the C emission
Intensity with limitation.
No renewable energy source not known today can play asignificant role in 25 years from now, i.e. 2030
Emissions from fossil fuels must be reduced

The Power SectorThe power sector is the major single emitter of CO2- KEPCO with her subsidies is one of the major Energy companies inKorea

The Power industry must take responsibility and take thelead for introducing CO2 free technology.
 To be able to make the deep cuts necessary, CCS isnecessary Imminent needs of large scale-up & demonstration of CO2capture plant Primary target is to make technology available in 2020 atan avoidance cost of 25-30 $/ton of CO2 but also to startdevelopment of second generation technologyKorea Government Efforts• “Inter-ministerial Committee for Climate Change”(Apr. 1998)» Prime Minister (Chair)/8 ministries/3 agencies/NGO• “The 1st National Initiative for Addressing ClimateChange” (Feb. 1999)• “Special Congress Committee for Climate Change”(Mar. 2001)• “The 2nd National Initiative for Addressing ClimateChange” (Mar. 2002)• “The 3rd National Initiative for Addressing ClimateChange” (Mar. 2005)• “The 4th National Initiative for Addressing ClimateChange” (Dec. 2007)

Korean Policies for Climate Change
Top Down Policy

Bottom Up PolicyGroup

AP6+9 countries(US leading, High-Polluting Nations)

Prevention of Global Warming
by Reduction of Greenhouse gases

Objective

Synthetic Consideration(Climate Change, Economic Growth,Energy Security)

Mandatory target

Reduction
TargetDifferent responsibilities

Top Down, Active reduction

TargetSetting up
MethodBottom Up, Voluntary reduction

Trading of Emission Credits

ExecutionFormClean Technology Development
And International Cooperation

30% of Worldwide Emissions(Pressing that US and DevelopingCountries join in)

Emission Ratioof Member
Nations

If all 15 nations take part in,
80% of Worldwide Emissions atInitial stage

Post Kyoto Protocol(EU leading)Korean Strategies
Transformation of Climate Friendly National Economic Structure
Government• Positive Role inInternational Negotiation• Establishment of National
Scale CO2 Reduction Plan

Energy Supply Infrastructure

PrivateSectors• Voluntary Involvement in CO2Reduction Plan
• Exploration of New Venture for
CO2Trading

Energy Saving and Reduction System

Achieved by• Incentive System for Employment of Clean Fuels- Renewable Portfolio Agreement for Electric Powers• Utilization of CDM• Carbon Fund Raising• International Trading of Carbons• R&D for Low Carbon Emission Technologies

CO2 Mitigation Options
To stop accumulationof atmospheric CO2Diminish end-use
energy demand
Develop Non-Fossil
Energy Sources
Capture and Store Carbon

K. Caldeira, OECD Global Science Forum, 2006

R&D Portfolio in Korea
1. Energy Saving and Efficiency increase• Energy saving technology program

2. New and Renewable Energy• New and renewable energy development program• Hydrogen energy R&D center

3. Carbon Capture and Storage• CO2 reduction & sequestration R&D Center• CO2 ocean sequestration technology programSeven Government Ministries


7 government ministries are involving climatechange related S&T development–––––––

MOCIE (Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy)
MOST (Ministry of Science & Technology)
MOMAF (Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries)
MOE (Ministry of Environment)
RDA (Rural Development Administration)
KFS (Korea Forest Service)
KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration)

R&D Budget to address Climate Change in Korea

Program

Budget(billion won=million dollar)

PeriodMinistry

Energy Saving Technologies (large scale)

17.4’05-’07MOCIEEnergy Saving Technologies (general)

41’02-’04

MOCIE

GHG Separation Technologies

6’05-’07

MOCIE

Hydrogen Energy R&D Center

111’03-’13

MOST

4th Gen. Nuclear System Development

35.6’05-’07

MOST

CO2 Reduction & Sequestration R&DCenter139’02-’12

MOST

CO2 Ocean Sequestration Technologies

5.2’05-’07

MOMAF

Next Generation Environmental Tech. forClimate Change

6’05-’07

MOE

International Cooperation


CSLF (Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum)– Framework for international cooperation in research and development
for the separation, capture, transportation and storage of carbon dioxide.

IEA GHG (International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas) APP (Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development &Climate)– In APP, Korea is actively involved in Cleaner Fossil Energy, that isCCS area.
– Korea has been appointed chairs of» Renewable Energy area
» Buildings & Appliances area

FutureGen– Korea joined in Government steering committee

CCS Technology
ChemicalAbsorption
Post
Combustion

CO2
CapturePre
Combustion

Membrane

Solid Sorbent

Adsorption

CO2/N2

Novel

HydrateAbsorption

SolventMembrane

Air Sep.
DuringCombustion
GeologicalStorage

Storage

Terrestrial
OceanAdv. amine,
Ionic liquid, NH3
Solid Sorbent

Adv. Solvent
Ionic liquid

Solid Sorbent
Adsorption

CCSWet Scrubbing

Oxy-fuel

CO2/H2
PSA, TSA,VSA, ESA
Cryogenic
ITM (OTM)

CLC, (CAR)
EOR, EGR, ECBM
Saline Aquifer

Solid Sorbent

CO2 Capture Researches in Korea
1. Wet Scrubbing by absorbent
2. CO2 Capture by Dry Sorbent
3. Chemical Looping Combustor
4. Membranes
5. Oxy-fuel Combustion
6. Adsorption – PSA

CO2 Wet Scrubbing
Target: Capture Cost: 55 $/tCO2 → <30 $/tCO2
Application: PC
50 tCO2/d DEMO (’08 – ’14)

Test Bed of CO2 Capture
at Seoul LNG Cogeneration Plant, 2tCO2/dChemical Absorbent
 New absorbent: KoSol 1 & 2200z High thermal stabilityz High absorption capacity
z Fast reaction ratez Reduction of regeneration energy

Partial Pressure, PCO2(kPa)

150

100

Concentration of Absorbent : 10%50o

MEA (35 C)o
MEA (120 C)o
New Absorbent (35 C)o
New Absorbent (120 C)

00.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Loading Ratio (mole-CO2/mole-Absorbent)

About 30% improvement of Performance vs. MEARoadmap to realization: absorption Process~ 2007
Test bed~2 tCO2/d

2008 ~ 2015 2016 ~ 2020
Small scale
Demonstration

Demonstration
Plant

CommercialPlant~50 MW

500 MW~ 5 MWz Verification andz large scale reductionz Absorbent screeningz Development of az Basic principles

new type of absorbent

optimization of theof CO2 to meetz Flue gas

z Validation of basicprocess

global guidelinecharacteristics
z wet & solid sorbent

principles and scaleup factors
z Long term operation
characteristicsz ~ 30 US$/tCO2

z < 20 US$/tCO2

Concept of Dry Sorbent Technology

M2CO3(S) + CO2 + H2O ⇔ 2MHCO3(S)Dry sorbent Process: overview
 Backgroundz

Need for development of cost-effective and energy-efficient
CO2 capture process Objectivesz

Development of commercial-grade dry sorbent for CO2 capturez

Development of CO2 capture process with two fluidized bed reactors- Improving CO2 removal (>80%) ant the extent of regeneration (>90%)- Continuous operation of two-fluidized bed reactor system (>50h)- Installation and operation of a 100 Nm3/h process

Dry Sorbent Technology in Korea
Completing Pilot scale test,
2000 Nm3/h(‘12: < 17 US$/tCO2)‘08
100 Nm3/h process development
Development of Commercial level sorbent‘05
2 Nm3/h process test facility
Met the target performancesof sorbent in the Lab

100 Nm3/h test facility
at KIER(2006)

Sorb KX 40

Sorb TKX 35

Chemical Looping Combustor (CLC)
AIR Reactor/
Metal Combustion
4M+2O2 Æ 4MO
700-1200 oC

Fuel reactor/
Fuel Combustion
CH4+4MOÆ CO2+H2O+4M
600-1200 oC

Less Thermal NOx(w/o SCR <50ppm)

High CO2 Concentration(>98%)

Exothermic
Gas Turbine,
Steam Turbine

Endothermic
Steam Turbine

CLC: Overview
Development of Chemical-Looping Combustion
Technology(for Low emission and High efficiency LNGfired Power Generation System)––

Process scale : 0.1 MW (100kW)
Performance : Inherent CO2 separation (>98% ),Low NOx emission (<50ppm)–Application : Small scale LNG fueled co-generation
system–Research Level : World best !
 Research Period : Mar. 2000 ~ August 31, 2011

CLC in Korea

Two-Interconnected
Pressurized Fluidized Bed

Two-Interconnected
Fluidized Bed
Circulating
Fluidized Bed

Batch Pressurized
Fluidized Bed

ASTM
Attrition
Tester

D5757-95

Automated Smallscale Fluidized Bed
CO2 +H2Oor
N2 +O2

Fixed bed
TGA
Oxygencarrierparticle

CH4 or Air'00-'01'02'06-'11

Reaction

Reaction

Reaction

Reaction

Reaction

Solid conversion

Gas converstion

Design & operating
values

Effect of T & P

Continuous &Long-Term operation

Attrition resistance,
Cyclic test & LNG combustion

Continuous & Long-Term operation(New concept)

Press.

1 atm

1 atm

1 atm

1-3 atm

1-3 atm

1-3 atm

1-6 atm

Temp.

650-1000 oC

500-1000 oC

25-600 oC

700, 900 oC

700-900 oC

700-1000 oC

700-900 oC

Power0.024 W

95 W

Hydrodynamics

1,310 W

50,000 W (50kW)

Complementary test

50 & 100kW

PurposeHydrodynamics'03-'05

Reaction

CLC - carrier
Calcination temperature

Item650 ºC

800 ºC

Oxygen carrier

OCN-60

OCN-60Shape

Spherical

Spherical

Average particle size [µm]

115

107

Bulk density [g/cm3]

1.02

1.05

AI

17.0

38.3

CAI

14.0

34.4

Attrition
resistancePhotoMembrane• Development of Separation Process for CO2 Recovery in Real
Emission Sources• Development of Membrane Materials for CO2 Recovery• Projects ;• Development of Combined Separation Process for CO2• Application of Membrane CO2 Separation Technology to CommercialPlant• Development of membrane and Hybrid Process for CO2 Recovery• Faujasite zeolite membrane for mid- and low temperature gases• Inorganic membrane for high temperatureOxy-fuel combustion• Development of elemental technology for oxy-fuel combustion• Development of oxy-fuel pulverized combustor by CO2 Recycle• Projects ;• Development of Low NOx oxy-fuel burner• Development of ITM membrane for oxygen separation• Pulverized coal combustor with CO2 recycle

Adsorption - PSA
Historical review– Started from early 1990s– Applied to small scale power plant in 1996 and 2001
• Scale : 0.6 ~ 2 ton-CO2 / day ( Pilot Scale )• Operating mode : PSA, 3 towers ( adsorbent ; Zeolite )• Location : Samsung Fine Chemicals, Po-hang Iron and Steel Co.

– 2 projects are going on or 5 projects were completed

Major research areas– Enhancement of performance of adsorbents– Reducing the energy consumption and process optimization– Developing new adsorption technology ; Electric Swing Adsorption

R&D Topics of Adsorption TechnologyR&D Topics– Development of Carbon Molecular Sieve for GHG and Application toPSA Process– Development of CO2 Recovery and Purification Process from Landfill
Gas Using ESA Method– Completed Projects ;• Development of Adsorption Process for CO2 Separation
Technology• Application of PSA to Commercial Plant CO2 Separation• Development of CO2 Capture Process with Chemical Materials etc.

Participants– Institute/Company ; KIER, KIST, RIST / POSCO, Hyundai– Universities ; Yonsei, Kyoungbuk National University

Global CO2 Storage Capacity

Total: 11,000 GtCO2• Japan and Korea’s ability to continue using fossil fuels likely constrainedby relatively small domestic storage reservoir capacity
Ref.: Edmonds et al. “Global Energy Technology Strategy addressing Climate Change”GTSP (2007)

Sedimentary Basins near CO2 Sources

Ref. S. Bachu, 2007, Capacity Building Workshop, Pittsburgh

Summary
Korean government is actively involved in international
cooperation and development of technologies.
 CCS is one of a portfolio of CO2 mitigation options


Needs to drive capture cost down from 55 $/tCO2 to <30$/tCO2



Represents 75% of cost of CCS– ’05~’20: ½ Reduction possible– ’20~’30: IEA GHG work indicates 20~40% cost reduction from30 $/tCO2Summary

Need significant reduction of CO2 capture cost from new
improved methods– Korea: 1) wet scrubbing: 25~30 $/tCO2 (1996-)
2) Dry sorbent technology: 20 $/tCO2 (2002-)
3) Chemical looping combustion: <20 $/tCO2 (2002-)
4) Oxy-Fuel Combustion (2002-)

Need R&D for a zero emission coal power generation



Need to confirm the capacity of storage and to overcome
the shortage of storage sites