Overview of EANET monitoring system
The Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) was established as an
initiative for regional cooperation among the participating countries, creation of a common
understanding on the state of acid deposition problems and for providing useful inputs to policy
makers at various levels.
Monitoring activities started during the preparatory phase activities of EANET from March
1998 to December 2000. Regular monitoring of acid deposition started from January 2001 withthe participation of 10 countries, namely China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia,Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Cambodia, Lao PDR andMyanmar joined EANET in 2001, 2002 and 2005, respectively. There are currently 13 countries
participating in EANET activities.
Acid deposition monitoring of EANET covers five environmental items – wet deposition, drydeposition (air concentration), soil and vegetation, inland aquatic environment, andcatchment-scale monitoring. Monitoring of wet and dry deposition was implemented in order tomeasure atmospheric concentrations and to evaluate fluxes of acidic substances to the land
surface, while monitoring for soil/vegetation, inland aquatic environment and catchment-scale
has been carried out to assess adverse impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The
monitoring data were used to evaluate the state of acid deposition as well as impacts onecosystems.
For wet deposition monitoring, each participating country was required to carry out aciddeposition monitoring using common methodologies as specified in the “Guidelines for Acid
Deposition Monitoring in East Asia”, “Technical Manual for Wet Deposition Monitoring in
East Asia” in 2010 and related QA/QC documents.
For dry deposition monitoring, manual and automatic monitoring methods were used based on
the “Strategy Paper on Future Direction of Monitoring for Dry Deposition of EANET(2016-2020)”. For manual monitoring, the filter pack method was used to determine gaseous
substances (SO2, HNO3, HCl and NH3) and particulate matter components (SO42–, NO3–, Cl–,NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+). The passive sampler method was used to determine the gaseous
species of SO2, O3 and NO2. In addition, some priority chemical species, SO2, NO, NO2 (urban),NOx, O3, PM10 and PM2.5, were measured by automatic monitoring methods. The common
methodology and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) for automatic monitoring weredescribed in the “Technical Manual for Air Concentration Monitoring in East Asia” in 2013.

1

Soil and vegetation monitoring and the monitoring of inland aquatic environments wereconducted in 11 countries as of 2017. Since the survey interval is every 3-5 years for soil andvegetation monitoring, the actual number of the data in each year are different. Most of theecological monitoring sites corresponded to the deposition monitoring sites. Moreover, both soiland vegetation monitoring and monitoring of the inland aquatic environments were conductedin the vicinity of four deposition monitoring sites in China, two sites in Japan, two sites in thePhilippines, two sites in Russia, one site in Thailand, and one site in Viet Nam. It was expectedthat the deposition data collected at the nearest monitoring sites would be used for interpretationof the data on ecological monitoring at these sites. The common methodologies of soil andvegetation monitoring and the monitoring of inland aquatic environments as specified in the“Technical Manual for Soil and Vegetation Monitoring in East Asia” in 2000 and “TechnicalManual for Inland Aquatic Environment Monitoring in East Asia” in 2010, respectively.
Catchment scale monitoring was implemented at only one site in Japan, and a new site in thePhilippines was being prepared. The methodology for catchment scale monitoring weredescribed in the “Guideline for Catchment-scale Monitoring in East Asia” in 2010.
More detailed information of monitoring procedures and items are presented the annual datareport, and information of the EANET monitoring sites are presented in Site Information ofEANET Web page.

2

Classification of Monitoring Sites
EANET monitoring sites are classified into two basic categories, namely acid deposition
monitoring sites and ecological survey sites. Acid deposition monitoring sites are sites for thecollection of fundamental data on the temporal and spatial distribution of acid deposition, andthey are further classified into 3 sub-categories: remote sites, rural sites and urban sites for
specific objectives of the monitoring. Ecological survey sites are those that provide basic data
for assessing the effects of acidification on terrestrial ecosystems, and they are further classified
into 2 sub-categories: survey sites and ecosystem analysis sites. Their classification of themonitoring sites is shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Classification of Monitoring Sites
Site Category
Acid Deposition Monitoring
Sitefor wet deposition and dry
deposition monitoring

Site Classification

Main Purpose and Siting Criteria
Assessment of the state of acid deposition inurban areas
Urbanized and industrial areas, and the areas
immediately outside the urban area
Data can be used for evaluation of acid deposition
effect on buildings and historical monuments orhuman health

Urban Site

Rural Site-Remote Site

Ecological Survey Site
for soil and vegetation
monitoring and Inland aquatic
monitoring-Basic survey site

Ecosystem analysis site

-3

Assessment of the state of acid deposition in rural
areas and/or hinterlands
Data can be used for the evaluation of aciddeposition on agricultural crops, forests and etc.
More than 20km apart from large pollution
sources like cities, power plants and highways
Assessment of the state of acid deposition inbackground areas
Data can be used for evaluation of long-range
transport and deposition models
More than 50km apart from large pollution
sources like cities, power plants and highways
More than 500m apart from main roads (less than500 vehicles per day)Accumulation of basic data on soil, forest, andinland aquatic environment and disclose trends intheir properties
In the vicinity of the acid deposition monitoringsite
Assessment of acid deposition impacts on wholeecosystem through application of terrestrial
ecosystem analysis and/or catchment analysis
Sensitive Areas to changes in atmospheric acidity
and ecologically conserved area

Monitoring locations as of 2017
Thirteen EANET countries, namely, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia,Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam
participated in monitoring of acid deposition in 2017. The data on deposition monitoring were
submitted from a total of 62 monitoring sites, including 27 urban, 16 rural, and 19 remote sites.
The map showing the location of these sites with the classification information is provided inFigure 2.1. The details on the location of the monitoring sites are presented in Table 2.2 andTable 2.3.

Irkutsk
Mondy

Listvyanka

Ulaanbaatar

TereljRishiriPrimorskaya

OchiishiTappi

Xi’anOkiKanghwa
ImsilTokyo
HappoIjira
BanryuYusuhara

C hejuC hongqing
XiamenHoa Binh Yen Bai
Ha NoiZhuhaiVientiane

HedoMandalay
C hiang Mai

C uc Phuong

YangonPathumthani
Khanchanaburi

Mt. Sto. Tomas

Da Nang
Nakhon Ratchasima

BangkokSamutprakarn
Phnom Penh
Tanah Rata
Petaling Jaya

Metro Manila
Los Baños

Ho C hi Minh

Sado-Seki

Ogasawara

Urban
RuralRemote

C an Tho
Danum Valley
Kuching

Kototabang
Jakarta
Serpong
Bandung

Figure 2.1

Maros

Locations of EANET deposition monitoring sites in 20174

Table 2.2
Country
Cambodia
China

Locations of EANET deposition monitoring sites

SitePhnom Penh
Chongqing - Haifu- Jinyunshan
Xi’an- Shizhan- Jiwozi
Xiamen- Hongwen- Xiaoping
Zhuhai- Xiang Zhou
- Zhuxiandong- Haibin-Park*2
Indonesia
Jakarta
Serpong
Kototabang
BandungMarosJapan
Rishiri
OchiishiTappi
Sado-seki
HappoIjira
Oki
BanryuYusuhara
HedoOgasawaraTokyo
Lao PDR
Vientiane*3
Malaysia
Petaling Jaya
Tanah Rata
Danum Valley
Kuching
Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar
TereljMyanmar
YangonMandalay*4
Philippines Metro Manila
Los BañosMt. Sto. Tomas
Republic
Kanghwaof Korea
Cheju (Kosan)
Imsil

Code
KHA001
CNA003
CNA004
CNA005
CNA007
CNA008
CNA009CNA010
CNA011
CNA012
IDA001
IDA002
IDA003
IDA004
IDA005
JPA001
JPA002
JPA003
JPA004
JPA005
JPA006
JPA007
JPA008
JPA009JPA010
JPA011
JPA012
LAA001
MYA001
MYA002
MYA003
MYA004
MNA001
MNA002
MMA001
MMA002
PHA001
PHA002
PHA003
KRA001
KRA002
KRA003

Classification

Latitude*1

Longitude*1

Urban
Urban
Rural
Urban
RemoteUrban
Remote
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Rural
RemoteUrban
Rural
RemoteRemoteRemote
RemoteRemoteRural
RemoteUrban
RemoteRemoteRemote
Urban
Urban
Urban
Rural
RemoteUrban
Urban
Remote
Urban
Urban
Urban
Rural
RemoteRural
RemoteRural

11°33'18"N
29°37'30"N
29°49'42"N
34°14'33"N
33°51'06"N
24°28'47"N
24°51'23"N
22°16'22"N
22°12'24"N
22°15'40"N
06°09'22"S
06°21'02"S00°12'08"S06°53'41"S
04°59'50"S
45°07'30"N
43°09'43"N
41°15'06"N
38°15'02"N
36°41'48"N
35°34'14"N
36°17'19"N
34°40'54"N
33°22'46"N
26°51'58"N
27°05'32"N
35°41'30"N
17°59'88"N
03°06'07"N
04°29'03"N
04°58'53"N
01°29'25"N
47°55'13"N
47°58'59"N
16°51'53"N
21°54'46"N
14°38'09"N
14°09'53"N
16°25' N
37°42'32"N
33°17'32"N
35°36'09"N

104°56'20"E
106°30'34"E
106°22'43"E
108°57'10"E
108°48'52"E
118°09'47"E
118°02'55"E
113°31'46"E
113°30'60"E
113°34'25"E
106°50'32"E
109°40'04"E
100°19'05"E
107°35'11"E
119°34'17"E
141°14'30"E
145°29'50"E
140°21'01"E
138°24'01"E
137°47'53"E
136°41'51"E
133°11'06"E
131°47'59"E
132°56'06"E
128°14'55"E
142°13'02"E
139°45'10"E
102°34'93"E
101°38'42"E
101°22'17"E
117°50'37"E
110°21'09"E
106°54'43"E
107°27'04"E
96°09'13"E
96°03'51"E
121°04'43"E
121°15'00"E
120°36' E
126°16'26"E
126°09'43"E
127°10'53"E

5

Altitude*1/m
12300
403
419
2,198
39
530
4050
30
764
845
753
140
49
106
129
1,850
140
90
53
790
60
212
26
175
51
1,545
438
20
1,303
1,557
2170
55
25
1,500
60
37217

Table 2.2
Country

Site

Locations of EANET deposition monitoring sites (continued)
CodeClassification

RussiaLatitude*1

Longitude*1

Altitude*1/m
1,996646495
85546130

Mondy
RUA001
Remote51°37'18"N 100°55'10"E
Listvyanka
RUA002Rural
51°50'47"N 104°53'34"E
Irkutsk
RUA003Urban
52°14'53"N 104°15'33"E
Primorskaya
RUA004Rural
43°37'45"N 132°14'13"E
Urban
THA001Thailand
Bangkok
13°47'04"N 100°32'22"E
Urban
THA002Samutprakarn
13°39'58"N 100°36'21"E
Rural
THA003
Pathumthani
14°02'46"N 100°42'43"E
Remote
THA004
Khanchanaburi
14°47'05"N98°36'05"E(Vachiralongkorn Dam)
Chiang Mai
Rural
THA005- Mae Hia
18°45'40"N98°55'54"EUrban
THA006- Chang Phueak
18°50'26"N
98°58'11"E
Urban
THA007- Si Phum
18°47'27"N
98°59'24"E
Nakhon Ratchasima
Rural
THA008- Sakaerat
14°28'04"N 101°54'05"EUrban
THA009- Nai Mueang
14°58'46"N 102°05'53"E
Urban
VNA001
Vietnam
Hanoi
21°03'24"N 105°43'36"E
Rural
VNA002
Hoa Binh
20°50'12"N 105°20'32"E
RemoteVNA003
Cuc Phuong
20°18'01"N 105°41'38"E
Urban
VNA004
Da Nang
16°02'35"N 108°12'24"E
Rural
VNA005
Can Tho
10°05'18"N 105°41'45"E
Urban
VNA006
Ho Chi Minh
10°47'04"N 106°42'00"ERuralVNA007
Yen Bai
21°42'28"N 104°52'29"E*1 The latitude and longitude are shown according to the World Geodetic System. The latitude,longitude and altitude of each site indicate the deposition monitoring site.
*2 Jakarta site was relocated in 2016.
*3 The wet only sampler and filter pack system were moved to Natural Resources andEnvironment Research Institute (NRERI) on October 2017.
*4 The classification of Mandalay site was changed from rural site to urban site in 2017.

6349
329313409
184
62315552556

The current situation on basic survey sites for ecological monitoring and their nearest deposition
monitoring sites are shown in Table 2.3. Soil and vegetation monitoring and monitoring on
inland aquatic environment are conducted at 31 plots in 10 countries and 19 lakes/rivers in 11countries, respectively. Most of the ecological monitoring sites are corresponded to thedeposition monitoring sites. Moreover, both soil and vegetation monitoring and monitoring on
inland aquatic environment are conducted in the vicinity of 4 deposition monitoring sites inChina, 2 sites in Japan, 2 sites in Philippines, 2 sites in Russia, 1 site in Thailand, and 1 site inVietnam. It is expected that the deposition data collected in their nearest monitoring sites will be
used for interpretation of the data on ecological monitoring in these sites.
Table 2.3
Country

Cambodia
China

IndonesiaJapan

Lao PDR

Basic survey sites for ecological monitoring and their nearest deposition sites
Site for
Plot for soil
Code for
Site for
Code fordepositionand vegetation soil andmonitoring on monitoring
monitoring
monitoring
vegetation
inland aquatic on inland
monitoring environment
aquaticenvironment
Sras Srang
KHI002
LakeChongqing Jinyunshan
CNS004Jinyunshan
CNI004Jinyunshan
LakeXi’an - Jiwozi
Dabagou
CNS007
Jiwozi River
CNI007
Xiamen Xiaoping
CNS009
Xiaoping Dam CNI209
Xiaoping
Zhuhai Zhuxiandong
CNS011
Zhuxiandong
CNI111
Zhuxiandong
StreamSerpong
Bogor Research IDS002
Forest(DramagaExperimentalForest)
Bandung
Patengang
IDI004
Lake
Gunung Lake
IDI006Ijira
Ijira
JPS006
Ijira Lake
JPI006
Yamato
JPS106
BanryuBanryu-2*1
JPS008
Banryu Lake
JPI008
Iwami “rinku”
JPS108
Factory Park*1
Vientiane
Nam Hum
LAI001
Lake7

Table 2.3
CountryMalaysia

Basic survey sites for ecological monitoring andtheir nearest deposition sites (continued)
Site for
Plot for soil and Code forSite fordeposition
vegetationsoil andmonitoring on
monitoring
monitoring
vegetation inland aquatic
monitoring environment
Petaling Jaya

-Danum Valley
Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar

Philippines

TereljLos Banos

Metro Manila
Mt. Sto Tomas

Republic of Imsil
Korea
RussiaIrkutsk
Listvyanka

Mondy

Primorskaya

Pasoh Reserve
Forest1
Pasoh Reserve
Forest2
UPMKB
Rehabilitated
Forest Planted in
1991
UPMKB
Rehabilitated
Forest Planted in2008-MYS001

Semenyih Dam

Code formonitoringon inlandaquaticenvironment
MYI001MYS101
MYS005

MYS105-

Tembaling
River-

MYI003

MNS002
PHS002
PHS102

Terelj River
Pandin Lake

MNI002
PHI102

PHS001--PHS003

Ambulalakaw
Lake

PHI003

BogdkhanMountainTerelj MountainMt. Makiling
UP Quezon,
Land Grant
La Mesa
Watershed
Boneco Long
Term EcologicalResearch Site
Mt. Naejang

MNS001

KRS003--

IrkutskBolshie Koty

RUS003
RUS002

Pereemnaya
River

RUI102

Pereemnayariver catchment
Ilchir Lake
Okinskoe Lake
Solar
Observatory
Primorskaya

RUS1028--

RUS001
RUS101
RUS201--

RUS004

Komarovka
River

RUI004

Table 2.3
CountryThailand

Vietnam

Basic survey sites for ecological monitoring andtheir nearest deposition sites (continued)
Site for
Plot for soil and Code forSite fordeposition
vegetationsoil andmonitoring on
monitoring
monitoring
vegetation inland aquatic
monitoring environment
Khanchanaburi
Vachiralongkorn(Vachiralongkorn DamDam)
Vachiralongkorn
Puye
Hoa Binh
Cave of Heaven

THS004

Code formonitoringon inlandaquaticenvironment
Vachiralongkorn THI004
Dam

THS104
VNS002

Hoa Binh
Reservoir

VNI002

Thang Ranh
VNS102*1 The sites around Banryu deposition site were relocated in 2001.

Table 2.4 shows the sites for catchment-scale monitoring, and this table contains the site
information which is under preparation at this moment.
Table 2.4 Site for catchment-scale monitoring
CountrySite
CodeJapan
Lake Ijira catchment
JPC006
Philippines
La Mesa Watershed
PHC001

9Note
Under preparation