_fN45 ῐῐg ῐ h ῎ῌῌῒi ῏ j

῍῍   ῍῍







ῌ

The Formation and Development of Social Sciences in Malaysia:
A History of the Concept of “Plural”
I<J8=> Yufu*

This essay clarifies the post-colonial character of Malaysian social sciences by analyzing
their historical formation from the viewpoint of the concept “plural.” It argues thatconcepts such as “plural society,” “multiculturalism,” and “cultural pluralism,” which often
emerge in the analysis of Malayan and Malaysian society, are contained within the concept“plural.” This concept was produced during the development of Area Studies, whichcentered on the United States after World War II. It was relevant to the problems ofnational integration and modernization that were faced by most newly independent nation
states. In this regard, “plural” was firstly interpreted as a lack of national integration andas an obstacle to modernization. In the ῍῔ΐῌs, however, some Malaysian scholars tried torevise the concept under the rubric of Ethnic Studies. They proposed the possibility ofintegration and modernization while maintaining the “plural” situation. In the ῍῔῔ῌs, a newconception of “plural” emerged that undermines and contaminates boundaries. It has thepossibility of breaking out of the national framework, although scholars still use theconcept within the framework of Malaysia. This essay shows that the concept of “plural”
has varied with time, as well as with the individual scholar. In this regard, the formationof the social sciences in Malaysia is under negotiation between different ideas of “plural”
and what it means for national integration and modernization.
Keywords: Malaysia, social science, nation state, plural society, plural, identity, colonialism, appropriationῑῌΐῌῒ῏
!"!# $%&'()  *+,()() -"./0 12῏ ῍ ῐ ῎
3456

789  plural :;9<῍F=>?@?ABCD E

 6 GHIJH $%&ῌKLMNOPQR NOPQ ST College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia
Pacific University, ῍῎῍ Jumonjibaru Beppu City Oita Prefecture ΐῒῐ῎ΐῑῒῒ, Japane-mail: yufuigUapu.ac.jp
῍F 3VW6 XYVW  !"Z [/\]  ^_`a!bR R c.dWe ῌ425

MN56 ῐῐ» ῐ ¼

 plural society   !"#$%'()*) + 

89

:%

῎&,-./0123$456 7;<=>? '()*) + @# 3 456$:ABC ' appropriation D!"% H '

 '!IFBBCJKGL: 

MCN OEPBC H L#
῎ῌῌ῍: ῎ῒV W%

EF G 

"C$F! Q"R#ST U$:% FXY & 'Q" subject 'ZQ[ ( F !F] ^ _&Q[L)`*  SOa%bC c 'Q" (def&Q[ 
!.P

F]

\

B F

?$g+ F,-/Whijk!: :G!"% '!!

'l()*)mno:Gb 2Q0456L# g+ SOa$p1  :GLO

^ _ b/Whi 

2q r$\'56

-bs:H  H ' +  SO3CB%Wt u'  ῍ΐΐῌ 4.5BC ;<=>vL&Q[ F6Bk

7wxry !"%;<=> F6?zQ8F9gJ ;<=> F6 &Q[ 8:!"#$% $ M{ )f|}mo~ *~mf ;! ' ;<=>ῌῌ <= 0 URustam and Norani ῍ΐΐ῍V  &p1HG^#$4;<=>>z Fwb ?@L&p1L# SOa$;< FA B]BBX# :H B:% BCL{;<=>FCS gD0f&EFGL# C O ;<=>H&EF$|IJ7.8KF# :$ Uibid.: ῎V% HLGFB

῍ΐΐῌ 4.5fd~)<L :8BC &Q[ Fp1bE
!F]6! Lk!: :G9 yb% $ M{0)m|0'& 6ῌF;< UShaharil ῍ΐΐῒV }f) A. B. '& 6R# UShamusul ῍ΐΐῑV ; 'MN;<=>L

56= ῎ῌῌῐ 4 ῏ & gOP
 ῎ῌῌῐ 4 ῍ῌ  ῎῏ QM >: ¡#$MNz¤S¥ S[K@¦><8MO<¢RJ£ ' ;<=>?¨: :% J£:©+-LOTC$Uª«¦¬V­W¬M$%§ 
῎& ®¯~°¯) ±plural society²  Q'³! 'X;< YH b"% 'X ¤´µ¶¥ ! ' ῎ ·Z¸2 bX# gJ FH  !"% ±plural²  'X[!"O 'gJF:GW%]¹F:H BC HH! 'X;<:GY³º\ F:H  $%426

º»ῌ9:; < !=>?@A%.¼

Shamsul ῎ῌῌ῍ 



!"#$ %&'()*+,-.#/012

3"#4#"

Shamsul ῍ῑῑῐ: ῏

$

$

56789:; < !=>?@A%

''&BC$ DE;FG HCIJ K 8 8&L$ DE;FMNOP
QRG $ DE;F6QRpluralityG DSmulticulturalismG D9TMP UVW multi-ethnic societyG %"X9:; <Y9FZC [ 4." \\ ]8HC$ DE;FG %"0^ '(_ !$ `'(9:; <>?@A !=ab% "8cdBe0C(' 89:; <Cf8>?gL$ DE;FMNOPQRG Y D9TMP UVWG +ChA8 DE;FG iCj8k ./l/mCn#"
Dop raceG DP UVWMq;E ethnic groupG DrstUQR communityG + ῏ u !!gm `kv 3"#w'xB3+yz8e0
#"$ `!=I]$ +H3"#{|}C%{

XH%#~#""%"0{ 8&L$ "{y ehA}
%~(I 

 
DE;FG H'(9:;< !=>?@A[C8  8

$ >? 3"#e0 >? X#$ o individual +!B oC%#$ '(.$ C{X}%# DG  8&L$ }%#DG %$  # eX##('3RB$ 

C ==H3
>?( DG
`k$ ¡' 8!"¡ ¢Cn#%#"

$£" DG (l DG $ >? D¤%G %#¥.$ o&?e0 D¦gG §¨C©0?'(ª« ¬%­ DP®¯TVW῏u ) !=9:; <°± DopG DP UVWMq;EG DrstUQRG %"0m%(  D²G %"0me³*. )9:; <°± != D²G n&
+$ DS²´µG %"0mj8e0 $ D´G %,¶.]£ ·nation¸ eB·ethnic group¸ ¹-#"
427

4ggRS ῐῐ» ῐ ¼

  

  ῎ῌῌ῎: ῐῌ 

  !"#$%& ' ("#$ )* + , - ./01)*2 +

34 + 567..89: ;:01)*<"=>?

&@01)* ABC D#/"D E ῍῕῕ῑ;  ῎ῌῌ῎ / 01)* F G, ./HIJK"  LJG F 6D
M)*
)*

 LN*  JO PLJQ>F 6DM @RS T&JUV6DW .33401)*XY &Z)*[ ;: 01X9$@J01)* " \6D ./]J^_ ?`&9$ RSabcdefg ./!""h. #/ ]J[&ijklM"#$  m en    ./o%j$:pD 

J. S. qrestr  m en uvwxy &[ T%T%[Lz{|}~fg  cJ'()*C. ῍῕῏῕ +"Y, n-|} [.

/;:%8 ./

LN ^0 Furnivall ῍῕ῐ῔῍῕ῑῒ "9i

% @RS ./#[LN*19"pDῐ .@RS239: 4gg./@o%5

6D   c |}~fg"9i6D m en uvwxy &[ 4gg
@"h?D6o%&&D#/"Dῑ 6b mxy &cn"%7$D 8"$K"[ 4gg

en

uvw

./@o%

9pD;[qrestr  m en uvwxy &T%:;J<9&o#/ qrestr [ LN ^0 ibid. "h. m en uvwxyJ z==9:>p" .& h."p/ ..

T? elements ;[01@ social orders JA6D#/01ῐ +@RS[%big+3JB
%:pD  ` Hall ῍῕ῐΐ ῍῕ῑ῍ CD ῍῕῔ΐ; ῍῕῕῏ J  
ῑ 6E:[ 4gg Southeast Asia
./F¡[ .B"GH¢"#$I@J£J6DM ¢¤K  NJ D9& ῍῕ῐ῏ +¥|¦§¦¨
"L?&M+¢ 4gg©N South East Asia Command "OP6D j qr|qye }unª¥ [ 4gg©N
./F¡«$K"[ g+3JB4gg@RSQ D¬R­RS®¯:pDSTU
VR­1 Institute of Pacific Relations °6¡ IPR "#D±W²"D p$ J³
X .D Russel ῍῕ΐῑ nª¥ "#` ῍῕ῐῌ +"´ygµu¶n}Y· STUVR­1"#DRSZ¸¹"[ 4gg Southeast Asia
./F¡6:"?&. ."# 4gg
./F¡ %W . º[:D[:pD C
D ῍῕῔ΐ; ῍῕῕῏ J  428

¶·῍ªº3:;RS»rs6¼

 ibid.: ῏ῌῐῌ῏ῌῑ  

 !"#$ % &'()*+,-

2345 46
CD

789:;<

==>6

./0$1

%&?@AB-)  )E F &)GH'(% =JK)LMF )

IF  NO Anderson ῍῕῕῍

%  !"#$ 6 PQRS TU V PQW)X YZ[GK\]V 

V^  !"#$ _Y% PQRS `F%aJbc6 X d efg PQRS hijk]V%aJl6  !"#$ % X F  Furnivall ῍῕῏῕῍῕ῒΐ: ῐῐ῔ῌῐῐ῕ Omnopq:OJbc%rs]V :a % V) tuv

crowd Furnivall ῍῕ῐ῔῍῕ῑῒ: ῏ῌΐ \Y

7%    6 wx y !z`){F
%N wx "#$6|]V )b%

   Furni-

vall ῍῕῏῕῍῕ῒΐ: ῐῑῌ F}m Jbcrs)&~%  wx  dO

 n#$|
% /#$ )N YF sq'e(6)   eVG*% /#$ Ym%'k  VY eVY %&6Z['U +]V

/#$ Ym],_k ()J-῍῕ῑῒ: ῏ῌ῔<

 &B 

.F Furnivall ῍῕ῐ῔/U    !"#$ %;N  ?@:ONd ,0]V 

UY    

῍῕ 81 % &¡U e¢£¤)
 %¥?/FV^¦ 6Y 6 R. J. §$¨4 4 ©ªy« )%¬ F ῎ῌ 8­2%  %3£¤ys]V RS %\]VUY Wilkinson ῍῕ῌΐῌ῍῕῍῍ ῒ® ¤RS6*k]VUY¯U;GH%   !"#$ 6ῒ® ¤RS6 rs]VY% ῍῕ 8UY6 &°4dHª±UY§$¨4 46 ῎ῌ 8­2:5y Y ©ªy« %  6 ªw
 3²³´ s]V µU V Wilkinson ῍῕ῌΐῌ῍῍/HN} N% ¶· ῎ῌῌῐ )¸¹]VY
429

F+, ῐῐ¼ ῐ 

 ῒ

 Institute of Pacific Relations ΐ  ῍῔῎ῑ    !" #$%&'( )*#+,   -./ 0012

῍ῐ / 3(4.5 /67 895:;. <=99;>? @;>5 8;>7 (>? A @B.C>
  D(>?EF GH5I>

J* KLMN OP

Q! "# RGF@BST@U9VW X$%&Y'  ()Z*+X[,M\]-.0/

01

^_1

^ 2`ST@U;9X/9E49(Ma34[,5bc6 789:d;<=>ef g+,]Kh )?@iAj

21hBkl CD)?;mMnoE῔
῍῔ῑῌ Q!*7 ῍῍ pP;TqrP  rB.stTtu>v9wl xyFKh 6Fz6.Vs {|=<Vs0}" ~&

$%^'1 t;^ x*G HIJ/lKLh xw9;wA
B

M* t( tt NBO   ῍῔ῐῒ K M1P*l t

(Kl\F>9w9`SG*QRST* 9;F>RT*0MU *VWXRT* t(*8V8XRYT* (>?*WXR
T*^  t( t(*Z^PL5^ F>9w *t(*X[L  *\ ] ^_*12 QY/a`}   (>?*;5ZsIJa   ^ bcdce   ῍῔ῑ῍: ῑῒ῍ῌῒ L }¡Ofg)h¢iUj 2 ῍῔ :£k¤> 5lmMal2 ¥
21ht;o@^§2
M2
¡¨
¥¦n*m lp©ªE^q;M)rM  @«9<¬«w xw9;wA B s lMtu­®vw l¯ ΐ °b1b  ῍῔ῑ῍ ± ῍῔ΐῐ x² ῍῔ΐ῏ MK @«9<¬«w Rfg)? 2{W  ῍῔ΐῑ yz0|}* ῔ <D 89rU>;B³  !a tS/9FVs
0¶|·X[,^¸2 " l ´µ~h  
῍ῌ v9w$% 
 Rb\¹ ῌῌ ;TqrPº » W
3῍῔ῑ῍ *l   P|*
v9wP 3William Mocmahon Ball, Notes on Nationalism and Communism in the
Far East. L  430» ῎ :(t®¯L"4¼

       

  !" #$%&'()*&'+ ,'%-. /0 12.34 5&6(,789&'*:';*%*&'( <=>῎ ῎ῌῐ῍
῎ῌῒ?@῍῍A ,BC7D(8 EFG*H */IJK 7L"&'(,1 M%'(@ N7.O%'(PQP,/
RS T PP$( <=>῎ ῎ῌῒ? U'(#   VWWXY
Z[\C ]^_`a%b%'(ED(@
c=#  defghE VWWXYZ[\C  D(iG
2j k(lm*a'noa p&'*:';*%*noa%b%'(@ k*Uq VWW ED(, rs*tk( u*ED(@ vwx * #+ y z #({|}~ED$@

II c= G#  VWWXYZ[\C  57u anoED+ 54FG*_`)*&'@  ῍῕ῑΐ    k(7 qv1 VWWXYZ[\C np"ED(b*P$@,,E VWWXYZ[\C 7 !1**7% / 
gh "#k( ῌῌ ῍῕ῒῌ P% ῍῕ΐῌ  ῌῌ 1k(@ , :(gh  5ghqED+  / $ghqED$@ / /  !"# ῍῕ῑΐ  %&'( a v ῍῕ῒ῏  W ¡&)*Z¢Z£¤ &% ¥¦W +,7"k( §a ῍῕ῒῑ ¥¦W-mA@ +," ¨a 1©k(ªO.
/«70&'@῍῎A ¬X­7 t®¯qv' <VWWXY
Z[\C ?

%$+ a+a( <Freedman ῍῕ῒῌ: ῍ῑ῔? °i(# VWWXYZ[\C  !1±G,a..,

² a$P+"#a,7P7b(@
῍῍A 1³ IPR gh´ED( L. S. ­CµW¶ · Hyderabad Economy andReorganization Committee 2E3 A. D. ¸£ED(@῍῎A b; Freedman <῍῕ῒῌ? Silcock <῍῕ῒ῍? Kennedy <῍῕ῒ῎? Tregonning <῍῕ῒῐ? McGee<῍῕ῒῐ? Ratnam <῍῕ῒῑ? Enloe <῍῕ΐῌ? Vasil <῍῕ΐ῍? 1¹º,@431

[\HHIJ ῐῐ» ῐ ¼

    !"#$%## &' $(")*+,-./
-$01%$2 3ibid.: ῍ῒΐ45 67892:0";<%
>? 01% :D" = !

 1@@2:0A"BC25 E ! / FGHIJ"1 :0K8LMNO7N7:0P25

0Q RSTU VWXY

0$7Z[$-O FGH F \ ] 0$7^@_ NO- <%$20$7`ab1%$2 3Ratnam ῍῕ῒῑ: ῍45 cdG  RSTU0
e-2 f race 0$7g1-O

RSTU0" FGH 

F \ ] NO-2 f&' multi-racial society 20C20:hNOiab1%$2 3Vasil ῍῕ΐ῍: ῏45 jGX  !kFGH 
F \ ] 0$7^@_  NOlmn%$2\20C2
 C<N 0-<%$2:0o!1%$2 3Hirschman ῍῕῔ΐ: ῑῑῑ45῍῏pq";<% f k VWXY -*[C2ge-<%$2 ::NO  !IJ0FGHIJ""#mn%L$ ^@_ NO !lmn%$20$7%r 1%P :0&s0n;75῍ῐp :;7%r't  2:0@()*" $C2IJq u";2+vwx

20$2N1n-$5'B1-O 







1N" 



  dYcd k,-.()/y ;7" $( ?  AB1%$25 1N1
 ;7"z{0|}On2;7"-< 5 C-~udY

cd "#$% > crowd 3Furnivall 3῍῕ῐ῔4῍῕ῑῒ: ῏ῌΐ4 01Nn%$ 6nn
 23  $k  4 0s-mn%$2NO25῍ῑp
῍῏p ^@_  0$7[1%$2 5q6P <0 $7 8j
9<R   FGH 33῍῕῏ΐ4῍῕ῒῐ4 25  :;NO ! F \ ] NO-20C25 <  !
=<    !06> 33῍῕ῐ῔4῍῕ῒῒ4   !
lC2 HY ?1 F \ ] 6< 25
῍ῐp uh ##q*;7-@ f k 4 mO" Y _ ethnic group 0$7g[1%$2N"@$%AC2:0225 1N1-O ::B ¡¢£7¤"C2:0P-N< 5 ~1¥¦
3῎ῌῌῐ4 §¨mn $5
῍ῑp0Q Ratnam 3῍῕ῒῑ4 k Vasil 3῍῕ΐ῍4 "#©2VWXY0Cª«D"NC2`§¨:05 0:h 6nn&' 401%s-mn2:0 E -()Fs(1%$2:0Gn2~©"$N-$5
401%¬On2:0";<% 40s-mn HI*J­mn2NO25   F \ ] 0$7%r ῍῕ῒ῏ KFGHLM =®PN$%¯mnN©2:0";<% FGH"N
C2O"#©2FPQR°±D²³1%´1Sµ%175 @ ¶0 ·¶"#©2T] UUFgVm-$WX¸ uY¹Zºmn%1725432

¹ºῌ"#$%V5»,¼&n
   

 ! "#$%&'( )*  +

,-./ 0,1234567 8῍ΐῑῌ

9:6); ,/ <=! &'>?,@ AB8 CDEFD,

<=! G/ , <=! &HI, JK35L&MNO7O PQR,STTUV5W X,YZ+[&2)\] 6^8
! AB[&, <=! &M_[&`, / aE$ ! &'@ ,!"b;M)O7 8 cdefge)hb;M ῍ΐῐῌ%ijklmTVMn

aE$

! @/ $e$%eopqrastu6%ijklmTVM$%v&w5  b;M ῍ΐῑῌ$%,x'(O7 ῍ΐῒῌb');#6

/"#$%yz,6"#b;M2)*(O7{Gordon ῍ΐῐ῏; Enloe ῍ΐῑῌ; Nagata ῍ΐῑΐ; Syed Husin Ali ῍ΐῒ῏|8&]}

e/ <=!  aE~! ,kfj&M +X! )h&&2
 aE$ ! +,, 3&M*(M8 -&;M, <=! /.

)*B6+/+ 0,b')*&/0

)3)

\/)

{Enloe ῍ΐῑῌ: ΐ, ῎ῒ|8   gC$e%j/"#$%A <=! &}7M<1 o2 ,1+P)<=&'<=! VM/3

<=! ,)1O7M'[&4 <=! &'(_ "#$%,x5'6A
B&M {Syed Husin Ali ῍ΐῒ῏|8"#$%x aE$ ! @!"O7 ,/ ῍ΐῐΐ, <=78! ,2SAB&3 %p%V5HI9&W X,Y :*]M
A2B; 8 aE$  ;+ ῍ΐῒῌ/ <=G! &<O7M  )\,=>?O7M&'@:; 8 0[A ! AB[&, <=G! b\¡:+X¢£¤A ^)O7b')8 ue¥¦e "#$%,TBl,C aE$§¨! B&,/ [,b')©ªD«M&]b' {Tan ῍ΐῒ῏: ῎῍ῌ|8¬­,b' "®)/"#$% Bl,E¯F+  ! &MA/) P)<= / °cqE/ aE~! &<±+[&/  ! V5 <=G! &'²³o,´µ]\ B/  \ 0,2,¶G+ H?yM; &]^:'8P)<= / °cqE/ aE~! &'<± H/ ! AB[&,·¸ <=!  HI  +X )hIJX 8^ !
433

PQ/a/JK ῏῏» ῏ ¼

      ῍῔ῒῌ  !"#III 

$%&'"()* 





+, / +- ./0 1

234  56 7859 "# !)5*  

 :;!< "=* +,>+- ./; ?5 12!"0@"!; !A!%)BC# D+, / +- ./0 1234* D50 EF"=*  

GH "=546 E$!I5#῍῔ΐῌ * +-./JK+-./LMN;IOP#STUTVQ+W;XY()* 5 

QR  Z[

5\* +- ./51234N"];1234^_BC55  `abcd
"5 eRustam and Norani ῍῔῔῍: ῎f#  ῌῌ  g?h()

`abcd* I5i:!* jk* l*

m* nop5E%q%-r 5 ?5s* +- ./!)gt5uvw
xyzF() {E$"# D5() ? =q* |l;}C$()# `abcd5?8  ;* no!""| #~12

5$%5&5B'C$'* |l* !)Z[5?85hE$"5#?(|l* QTc $)|  *5+^E$#῍ῑ 50,* | -. /#l $* QTc

$GE$* no;01E$g :;2 E$# B;C* ῍῔ΐῌ +- .
῍ῑ 34; W5 6 ($* 12 WQd/S
>123|l >5*  7QT.>8>t9p5:
;<;x¡E$= !)|12BC* ¢12+Q£¤/>¥>¦;!2* §?¨5©@;ª!l* ¦ :A/ «TSBC D¬1
2;!2 ­* m:A ¦ ®EF>D¬ GªH* EC* I0¯¦2°J equality of opportunity 0¯>KJ0¯LM0¯±= ²r PN³ 
8 e ῍῔῔῏: ῐῐf  6 # %"´-µ ¶T·W5 ²QT.³ * |l;¸¹  primordial ºG ^!O+ cQ0¯#H 6
! eGlazer and Moynihan ῍῔ῒῐ: ῒf#434

¸¹῍\]&W^S= P~G¼

   

!" #$%&'%()*+,-. /0 12 3456789: ;<= >Tan ῍῔ΐ῎; Syed Husin Ali ῍῔ΐῐ; Sanusi Osman ῍῔ΐῐ? @A;E. 

FGH 

O 34567

ῌῌ 89

#+BCDῌῌ ῌI=JKLMN I@ P QRP  #+BCDE.  K N=HOS;<= *TU(VWX(YZ[ \]&W^ #+BCDE(_%&$.

`:=A ;ab `#+BCDE(_%&$. cN=

NN" \]&W" #$%&'%()*+,-.d#ef.
I=AZ

`;<=6 89 "ῌNgHH >Syed Husin Ali ῍῔ΐῐ: ῎ῑ,῏ῌ?
#h. ijI$klmEn N<o=Zr= #sq.

#q.  t;<= \]&W ^v #TB'w. "<oZH 5xy
z

p 

#\]&u .

pH!" #u{|u" #\]&u . $:N 5 }%&u; '5

@HN( {|)* N #6+. P~j=

A ZH(,^ -  \]&e./" \'  #\]&u. N" \]&01H23 \]&e \]&@ h+4<Hu

N5N῍ῒ @ZH5;



6\lY,-7 NS[
NN" Ag;aZH8 9M:; ;#$%&'%()*+,-. H:<"!

,-N; #\]&u .

#8ef / C,- / +BCDE(_%&$.

\lYh N=¡

=ZH ;<= #8ef / C,- / +BCDE(_%&$. H:<"!;<=/0 u; #\]&u . " #h. ijIi 1==i#\]&u .

]&u .

#s. ; #. ;<=>?"<= @A; #. N#\¢£¤@=A= AA;¥X(¦WwZ=5§¨©

\'   ªA:^AH
V«&C¬«% $%&'%()*+,-H­B^u34 &O= C"t6I=

567 uNu 
5§¨©῍ῒ [ \]&\' DhI=A6I=®¯°± Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka ²³ ´®± Dewan BahasaµE¶·F:= ON ¸¹ >῎ῌῌ῎b?
º» A
435

º<7<¶· ῏῏» ῏ ¼

    

!"#$%&'#&()*+%&'#&,-./01(2 

34+(56  789 :";# <#=< >?@ AB*CDE
5F2/:GHI,J&'%KLM NOPQFQF M">R
S01TU*F5(2 NVW(XY

ZWan Hashim ῍ῑῐ῎: ῍ῑ[9?,\]^  !"#$ 4_4(TUXY`a
b cde(f (5 c%&'#&()*+ f  gEhMg*iCM  j klh(5 mn  VW(
f 

c

 E(op q2">RS01TU*rsEt M

c"u'

W(+f iv(wx(N( yF9?,\]^z !iM  !"#$ c"u'W(+f  c%&'#&f ({TU*rsM cf W( |t   V2F   c

f M  c"u'W(+f *} (
cf M  c"u'W(+f *~ E |%7I; W  c%&'#&f 2N cf *n_E+ M2M(N c
W(+f  de (5 c%&'#&f *+(x(N( cf M  c"u'  M(wf M  c"u'W(+f  deMrW( (>'72  E(op c"u'f  V !
w"u'{ES?,#?M  "u' A2N
4_4(OPC M * %#H;¡'^M ¢£ 6
`a c%&'#&fE(op cFM2¤Mm¥+N (f M  c"u'f *E `aM

2¦EW(>'7§¨*©4c%&'#&f c%&'#&f 

| cªf W(>'7jw(5 c%&'#&f «(N+ |E¬¤M>'7*­F (  6 "7®S01¯XY*b  Y°±²³ cultural pluralism °Y²³ multiculturalism ¯*´5+
+bjµ ῌῌ   

῍ῑῐῌ "u']< w/:G]01¶·¸ c%&'#&f2¦E¤M

>'7*5 (  E(op c%&'#&f  4r¹Q436

¸¹῍@¥¦R§EFº»vg %¼


!"#   $%&'$() ῌῌ *+,-.!+*-. ῌῌ/ 01 2 340 +,-.() 01 567879  $%: ; << 5= 9 > '?0
+,-.() @ABCDEFGH IJK*G 5LM melting
pot9  %NOP;Q'1&'$LOPL?? RR

OP; *ST'<<"QUV WX:()  '1LQ!"#Y Z[\]^[: K. J.
8_`abcL01Ld %e'1$
$01 "QfgL; L* assimilation h 4%Li* accommodation  *jklOP mno%plq ;rOP*!s $%Qtuvw i* "xyz{|}\~76;*yz{|}[CDCDT'; "Q  EF\* !jk\i%:   i* *-X;$ ;*+,. cultural pluralism  1$$'1 ;' % '1
$ : Tan ῍ΐῒῐ: ῎ῌ῎ +,WX; $%: ? 
L"Q  ;% Z[; % 
4 6787N'h h ¡¢{£¢7$%>  5#n>¤9  Tan ῍ΐῒ῎: ῏ῑ >  @¥¦R§*+,.  5IJH  9 ! '1¨V: 4 ©[\ª¦b;
% 5@¥49 ¨V: 4 «ª@¬\­\®¯7 % 5z8b9 ¨V: 4°
*GLM*; +,'1 59  ±²"   +,-.K%% +,-. ³ '1 s #n"4  59  ± ! r? 4 +,-.R$1N@A
BCD*´*$4'$ '';+,-.4  '1³ !RROPµ ! %!:01 NOP#$¶· !OP<437

+,[O[{| ῎῎» ῎ ¼



! "#$ 

%& '()*+,-./01 2.3 4

5.6718 9 :; <=> .671?@8 AB%& :C 
DAE 'F)*G?@ <=> 3E4 .671 !HIG <)J> (A3
=(KLMNOP8QRS

=JA&TU S1 V W!7!R8 EA

B9 "# XYPZ[DAE <('F)*> \]3E^_G8`abc
LdefPg hi8A$
LdefPglmIhp p

jTan ῍ῒῑ῎k

XYPZ[DD`abc

no.D3E !7!(.D3EA

=JA&qrstGuA&%;stvw1 

8 6 Gx3E =JA&@DAE yz{|Di !7!
}z :~piR&rJ.J1 A j ῍ῒῒ῏:῍ῐ῍k r: ~: ~3E .EA8
fPf>  <gfPf> !!8 pR&
HI.;B 8

:8 <g=J.%A&IV   ῍ῒῑῌ IDAEXYPZ[{|.XYPZ[{|Q !8_GEA <gfPf> C .3 6.w :

5  4 (HI(3E <gfPf> q. 3 <gfPf> !! 5A&_GC 5A.!"1  ¡3 :8¢#HI <$%> A1 !7!£¤¥3&EAB%& 3 3

=JA&TU:'¦(  ῍ῒῒῌ I§¨8=JA&UB(:© XYPZ[DiK¬{|DAE :8 <'()*>`abcLd[ª«#K¬<(> A&pi8 [ª«#K¬K¬A&q:.'AD1­®¯B %& B9
Z°±af A. B.  [ª«#K¬K¬ S1 qG²³ $ EA

1h

Q <´µG¶ 3E[ª«#K¬K¬.1() 1hQ[ª«#K¬K¬C  ´·"8¶ ´¸ 8¶ :¹B ´;!B8 ¶ A&> A3E <´*G¶ 
3E[ª«#K¬K¬.1() 1hQ ´[ª«#K¬K¬¶ C  º(438

¹ºῌ678"+9E$BCD¼ `








    Shamsul ῍ΐΐῑ: ῒ   ῍ῒ! "#$%&'() *  +,-./0/01 2

345 3
678"+94+,-./0/0 :;2 <=>8?&@  A4 +,-./0/0!"# =>8?
& $BCD9EF%FG&'5HIJ<K244 L()MN =>8?&F%FG*+,-5424)O.J =>8?&/0PQ"2 RS)T 0PJU4
V:SF%FG4*1JUWAX   L() ῎ῌῌ῎ ῍ΐ! "#$%&
+,-./0/01 678"+F%FG*4A2 )I Y !"Z:[\F%FG]3:5HI\424)^A῍ῌῌῌ ῑ῍῏ῌῐ῎῎ῌῌ῍ 5_678"+F%6D9`a : 678"+$BCDDBJ7 ῏ b
Fc678"+DBd2 *6788e9Ef&8ghi$ 9j,.kl&
m^*f&8ghi$ An:;4o<pVqr : ῎ῌ! *f&8g& '=Ast :,j8u2,JUvw4U: 

<x d

2y> ?z {@|@}oV|RU: kl&o<2 6~SAE)~ 75o<2 *f&8g& )2 ~ 54
B/)CD Y : YEFGH B4IJ

῍ῒ! 4KA+,-./0/01  2 : Y ῍ΐΐῑ 5 ῍ῌ  ΐLM6DNO+u+.8a: *678"+9EFG  +,-.
0,g$JURS :
/0/0 PQ8Z
N O + u +    P S  * T   6 7 8 " +  9   + , - . / 0 / 0  H U  
Zawawi Ibrahim ῍ΐΐῑ ῍ΐ! /F%FG4Z/0P4U:4)U^E24 2)J4/0P4SU F%FGZNO+u+48eVP¡WXXYZA¢[\  4)
῎ῌ! ) 2 6 7 8 " + F % 6 D UKM  6 7 8 8 e / D ]   ^ Institut Alam dan Tamadun£ATMA! akl& d_2 ATMA ^_"#$%& A. B., -0%¤¥¦.§2@R ATMA ¦,¨©,.+g% klg82678"+`ªA ῐ a >?8§«©8 £¬%§.6D! ­®¯°± £"¨²86D! ³.-08 A. %%£´¥"µ6D! 0,g$ £¦g¶678"+6D £b·!! u$¸h.i£ATMA, 678"+F%6D!  )kl&S^2 ¹º ῎ῌῌ῍b »c)439

JKUeU78 ῐῐ» ῐ ¼

           
!"#$ %& ' ( $) *+,-./0,; ῍῔ΐῌ  12345678 9:

<=/>= ??

 @AB C& DEFGH IJ  ῍῔῔ῌ K:
L$? <=/>= M9NMO ῏ PQRST/4UVWX



#$'"Y" <=/>= M Z[#῎ῌῌῒ  ΐ \ ΐ 9N ῍ῌ K9]$ST/4U-<^> VK$_`E ῑ PQRS
T/4UWXab<=/>= M c

i :  i jj:

defg rojak ?h

4,kl/= V .mU-0,nog^ST/4UQ V pqr6-st>uvN wx ST/4U l2^yd3U= z  ?h{ |}=K$# defg ?h~ #?!
K

ST/4UV+,-2s0, "$ We love Our “Rojak” ?h+s^=defg  ~i g2

g

-defg bahasa rojak῎῍ K%#$`E defg-, ?*Elm>/
#$ defg-, %i9NST/i ST/i9Ni i9
NST/i?h%hKnT/?K{[9N{[?K`E~i & H i 9K?'&'i "F
defg-,lm>/-,? & +,  ~i D  s, 9 ()?%h( ?#$


+,
E9N

defg Mc`c*+`]  M  K,¡&

ST/4U¢WVK]-M?£./¤$%hKb

 DD defg ? ST/4Uz¥¦0 12& 34&K"Y"n=/§5¨67© 8#ª7/29  defg

«9H¦$ :; ?]h {¬   34&EDE­E n=/§5¨123g-=/<? D °?
?bE

<=>®¯
defg

?

DE­E n=/§5¨ DE¯] °DE­E

123g-=/<±K$ @n=/§5¨?"Y#$

/29]NE$ FZ$ defg ?h¥¦0??²
h<=Kµ$ >³-´/= ?ABK

>³-´/= ?

defg QQ¶?h{ ·῎῍ bahasa ST/i ~i °? +,K%E*ST/4UCD ῎ῌῌῐ  ῐ \¸ES
T/i K'i&*ZFGH?¹º CD g-defg S
T/iHI?$%h440

º»῎&'()*ijkl g4¼




!





" ##

 $% &'()*+,-./, 0 $

123456789),:;:;<=>#? @8ABCD  EFGH
4IJH K" @8ABCD ?LMN O#P   Q ?
" @8ABCD ?

RS ? PTUV/-CWR XY

Z[\] Q^ _!`  FG Q  K" ab!cde `fg^h ?   @8ABCD h? ijkl* mdcnZ!e  ῍῕῕ῌ oa!!pqrstbuvw
e"

῎ ῌ ῍
 ? @V,/,D hxyijkl :;zcyo{|}#" ?e !#yo~? =pK" KyozEyo
zP##`!? f" ῎ῌῌῌ o&'():;  xz?yoc#*Z K?yoy# ^?qK"

= &'()*ijk

l? @V,/,D x hzwefp" ijkl*md# qe @V,/,D 
h?  omd  !HcqEE E!p"Hc " x#* @V,/,D ? &'()ijklc`^ijkl g v K" fx$῍῕῕ῌ oa%# #

 @V,/,D h? ¡¢ £&¤ de$c'(d¥#EE#¦$c)§ ¨*Hc+"ῑ ῐ ῒ ῏Anderson, Benedict. ῍῕῕῍. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.
London: Verso.
Emerson, Rupert. ©῍῕῏ΐª῍῕ῒῐ. Malaysia: A Study in Drect and Indirect Rule. Kuala Lumpur:
University of Malaya Press.
Enloe, Cynthia H. ῍῕ΐῌ. Multi-Ethnic Politics: The Case of Malaysia. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia.
Freedman, Maurice. ῍῕ῒῌ. The Growth of a Plural Society in Malaya. Pacific Affairs ῏ῌ«῎¬: ῍ῑ῔῍῍ῒ῔.
Furnivall, J. S. ©῍῕῏῕ª῍῕ῒΐ. Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge. «­®9¯®
, J. S. ῍῕ῐ῎° ±,²³´¤µ -¶./:;j «0¬° 1·῎¸¹23i¬ῌῌῌῌ. ©῍῕ῐ῔ª῍῕ῑῒ. Colonial Policy and Practice. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations.
441

7

ῐῐ¼ ῐ [

Glazer, Nathan; and Moynihan, Daniel P., eds. ῍῕ΐῑ. Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Cambridge,
Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press.
Gordon, Milton M. ῍῕ῒῐ. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National
Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hairi Abudullah. ῍῕ΐῒ. Aliran Kini dalam Antropologi, Saikologi dan Sosiologi di Malaysia.
Akademika ῒ : ῒ῏῍῔ῑ.
Hall, Robert B. ῍῕ῐΐ. Area Studies: With Special Reference to their Implications for Research in theSocial Sciences. New York: Social Science Research Council.
 ῎   ῍῕῔ῐ   ῌῌ  IPR ῌῌ  !"#$%&'()* ῎ + ῎ῌῌ῍ 
Hirschman, Charles. ῍῕῔ΐ. The Meaning and Measurement of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of
Census Classification. Journal of Asian Studies ῐῒ,῏-: ῑῑῑ῍ῑ῔῎.
 ,./ ῎ῌῌ῍a The Colonial Look in the Papers on Malay Subjects '0123450676789 678:;<=>?- ΐ : ῏῕῍ῐ῕ῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌ῍b @ABC!DEFGH&IJKLM ῌῌ N ῏ O5PQRCS7TUVWXY&Z
JAMS News QRCS
TT N ῎῍ [ : ῍ῐ῍῍ΐῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌ῎a @\] ^ QRC0_`Z '0123
 ,450676789 67
8:;<=>?- ῔ : ῍῏ΐ῍῍ῑ῎ῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌ῎b @a+T FbY&Z c7867de=>
? ,c7867- ῐῌ,῍-: ῐ῍῍ῑῐῌῌῌῌ ῎ῌῌῐ @QRCS#$%&5K \] ^ ῌῌ 12
f(Z :9 450
67678123ghi:j ῎ῌῌ῎ klCm!nCSopqV ῌῌ rL3s&tuFvw ῎+Judistira K. Garna; and Rustam A. Sani, eds. ῍῕῕ῌ. Antropologi-Sosiologi di Indonesia dan Malaysia:
Teori, Pengembangan dan Penerapan. Bangi: UKM Press.
xy  ῍῕῔῏ @z!"{ T|}Z ~#67$ ῏ : ῕῏῍῍ῌ῕
%  ῍῕ῑ῍ @127# Z 45067 ῒῑ῍ΐῐ CKennedy, J. ῍῕ῒ῎. A History of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: S. Abdul Majeed & Co.
McGee, T. G. ῍῕ῒῐ. Population: A Preliminary Analysis. In Malaysia: A Survey, edited by Wang
Gungwu, pp. ῒΐ῍῔῍. Frederick A. Praeger Publishers.
Mohd. Abu Bakar. ῍῕῔ῐ. Islam, Etnisiti dan Integrasi Nasional In Kaum, Kelas dan Pembangunan
Malaysia, edited by Syed Husin Ali, pp. ῍῏῕῍῍ῒ῔. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia.
Nagata, Judith, ed. ῍῕ΐ῕. Malaysian Mosaic: Perspectives from a Poly-ethnic Ethnic Society. Vancouver:
University of British Columbia.
& ῍῕῔ῑ @z!"{ TZ  ΐ῎῔: ῍ῌῐ῍῍῎ΐz!"{ T ,'(- ῍῕ῑ῍ \ ῌῌ TU ={ ῎)*
Ramasamy, P. ῍῕῔῏. The State of Social Sciences in Malaysia: A Brief Historical Review. Ilmu
Masyarakat ῐ : ῒΐ῍ῒ῕.
Ratnam, K. J. ῍῕ῒῑ. Communalism and the Political Process in Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti
Malaya Press.
Russel, Fifield. ῍῕ΐῑ. The Concept of Southeast Asia: Origins, Development and Evaluation.
South-East Asian Spectrum ῐ,῍-: ῐ῏῍ῑ῍.
Rustam A. Sani; and Norani Othman. ῍῕῕῍. The Social Sciences in Malaysia: A Critical Scenario.
Ilmu Masyarakat ῍῕: ῍῍῎ῌ.
Said, Edward W. ῍῕ΐ῕. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books. ,CC ῍῕῔ῒ !
!DE + ,¡¢ £-¤. ,¥¦-9 §¨ ,'- +©.ª« ῍῕῕ῒ ¬­®¯&0 ῌῌ @Z / 1)K0` ῎°1+
Sanusi Osman. ῍῕῔ῐ. Ikatan Etnik dan Kelas. In Kaum, Kelas dan Pembangunan Malaysia, edited by
Syed Husin Ali, pp. ῐ῏῍ῒ῍. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia.
±²)2 ῍῕῕ῐ ³´Sµ)*+T7 ῌῌ 3¶·43¸G# 5¹º : 5¹º67»6T
442

3R῎ST.U>VWXYZQ[N'\]^_Shaharil Talib. ῍῕῕ΐ. Colonial Knowledge and Malaysian Society: Reappropriating the Epistemological Space. Paper presented at ῍st International Malaysian Studies Conference. University of
Malaya.
Shamsul A. B. ῍῕῕ῒ. Debating about Identity in Malaysia: A Discourse Analyses. In Mediating
Identities in a Changing Malaysia, edited by Zawawi Ibrahim. Southeast Asian Studies ῏ῐ῏:῔῍῏῍.
ῌῌῌῌ. ῎ῌῌ῍. Social Science in Southeast Asia Observed: A Malaysian Viewpoint. Inter-Asia
Cultural Studies ῎῎: ῍ΐΐ῍῍῕῔.
Silcock, Thomas H. ῍῕ῒ῍. Towards a Malayan Nation. Singapore: Donald Moore for Eastern
University Press.
Syed Husin Ali. ῍῕῔ῐ. Social Relations: The Ethnic and Class Factors. In Kaum, Kelas dan
Pembangunan Malaysia, edited by Syed Husin Ali, pp. ῍῏῍῏῍. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sains
Sosial Malaysia.
Tan, Chee Beng. ῍῕῔῎. Ethnic Relations in Malaysia. In Ethnicity and Interpersonal Interaction: A
Cross Cultural Study, edited by David Y. H. Wu, pp. ῏ΐ῍ῒ῍. Singapore: Maruzen Asia.
ῌῌῌῌ. ῍῕῔ῐ. Acculturation, Assimilation and Integration: The Case of the Chinese. In Kaum,
Kelas dan Pembangunan Malaysia, edited by Syed Husin Ali, pp. ῍῔῕῍῎῍῍. Kuala Lumpur:
Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia.
Tham, Seong Chee. ῍῕῔ῐ. Social Sciences Research in Malaysia. Singapore: Graham Brash Ltd.
Tregonning, K. G. ῍῕ῒῐ. A History of Modern Malaya. London: University of London Press.
Vasil, Raj. K. ῍῕ΐ῍. Politics in a Plural Society. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Wan Hashim. ῍῕῔῏. Race Relations in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann Educational Books.
Wilkinson, Richard James, ed. ῍῕ῌΐ῍῍῍. Papers on Malay Subjects, First Series. Kuala Lumpur:
Federated Malay States Government Press.
Winstedt, Richard O. ῍῕ῐ῔῍῕ῒῒ. Malaya and Its History. London: Hutchnson University Library   ῍῕῕ῑ ῎  ῍῕῔ΐ  ῎ !
ῌῌῌῌ ῍῕῕῏ "#$%& '() *+' ῍    , ῏῍῎῎ -.
/01
234 5 ῍῕῔῕ 67'89:;<= ῌῌ >?@ABCDEFGHI89JKLM ῎4
NOPQ
Zawawi Ibrahim, ed. ῍῕῕ῒ. Mediating Identities in a Changing Malaysia. Southeast Asian Studies
῏ῐ῏443