ASIAN DISASTER REDUCTION CENTER
Visiting Researcher Program FY2023

RESEARCH REPORTFLOOD DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
HABIL HUSEYNOVADRC Visiting Researcher FY2023
The Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the
Republic of Azerbaijan
Teacher, Academy of MES
Doctoral (PhD) student,
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University

THE ACTUALITY OF THE
RESEARCH TOPICTHE PURPOSE OF THE
RESEARCH

Floods, which are among the most advanced natural
disasters that occur in Azerbaijan and the world in terms ofpercentage, cause great damage to the country's economy,
as well as human casualties and material losses. The
inundation that occurred in the country was mainly
manifested as a result of the overflow of the river in
Azerbaijan.
Japan has a big experience in disaster reduction foralmost all types of disasters, such as earthquakes, floods,
typhoons, etc. So, this research will identify Japan’s
experience in flood risk management (countermeasures thatjapan takes, technologies they use in flood management,
simulation models of inundated areas, etc.).
For this reason, the topic of the research is actual andappropriate for both countries.

The purpose of the research work is to learn
about Japan’s experience in flood risk disastermanagement and to make an appropriate
proposal and recommendations for the purposeof reducing and partially preventing thedamage that floods can cause to the life
activities of the population living there.
Moreover, to identify the new technologies thatare being used for flood management in Japan.
Additionally, to learn simulation models formaking hazard maps of the inundation areas.
The research paper consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, aconclusion, acknowledgement and a list of references. It
consists of 63 pages with computer writing, 79 pictures(map, table, diagram, equations), and a reference with 50
names.

STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCHI.

PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL,ECONOMIC,SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
CONDITIONS, DISASTER RELATED REGULATIONS AND LAWS, THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS, THE CONSEQUENCES OF FLOODS INAZERBAIJAN AND JAPANII. THE EXISTENCE OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMS AND THE
LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN AZERBAIJAN AND
JAPANIII. SHELTER MANAGEMENT, DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AWARENESSAMONGST PUBLIC, BUILDING BACK BETTER SYSTEM IN JAPANIV. PREDICTION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF FLOODS BY USING LOCATIONSPECIFIC FLOOD SCENARIOS AND SIMULATION EXERCISES IN JAPANI Chapter

PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
CONDITIONS OF AZERBAIJAN

Azerbaijan is a country located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western
Asia, bordered by the Caspian sea to the east.
Economic conditions: Azerbaijan has experienced significant economic growth
due to its oil reserves, making it a key player in the global energy market.
Additionally, Azerbaijan has been focusing on diversifying its economy into non-oil
sectors, such as tourism and technology. With its strategic location and significant
natural resources, Azerbaijan has become an important hub for regional economic
activities.

PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
CONDITIONS OF JAPANJapan's physical-geographical conditions arediverse and unique. The country is an archipelagoconsisting of over 6,800 islands, with four mainislands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku.
Japan possesses a robust and advanced economy,
being the third-largest in the world by nominal GDP.
The country is renowned for innovation, technologicaladvancement, and a strong industrial base. Moreover,Japan has a highly skilled workforce, efficient
infrastructure, and a formidable export-oriented
manufacturing sector. The economy is globally
influential, with a focus on industries such as
automotive, electronics, robotics, and high-techmachinery.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS, LAWS AND ACTS IN
AZERBAIJAN AND JAPANLaw on Civil Defense provides a legal
framework for disaster management and outlines
the responsibilities of relevant authorities andorganizations in Azerbaijan. Furthermore, there
are many regulations related to evacuation
management, the management of disasters, etc.

It is a national priority to protect national land as
well as citizens’ lives, livelihoods, and property
from natural disasters. The turning point forstrengthening the disaster management systemcame into effect in response to the immense
damage caused by the Typhoon Ise-wan in 1959,
and led to the enactment of the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act in 1961, which
formulates a comprehensive and strategic disastermanagement system.

THE CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS IN
AZERBAIJAN
Azerbaijan’s population is vulnerable toearthquakes, drought and flooding. TheGFDRR Disaster Risk Profile for thecountry estimated that an earthquake with a
250-year return period would affect $40
billion (71%) of Azerbaijan’s GDP and 3
million (34%) of its population (GFDRR,
2016). Droughts are of frequent occurrence,and can lead to forest fires such as thoseexperienced in 2014, when 59 hectares offorest were damaged by 12 fires. Flooding
is a regular issue in the country, denuding
the land and damaging soil. It is estimatedto cause the Azerbaijan economy a total
damage of $18-25 million each year.
Average Annual Natural Hazard Occurrence for 1980-2020

THE CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS IN JAPANJapan experiences numerous natural disasters which pose significant risks to its population andinfrastructure.
• Earthquakes;• Tsunamis;• Typhoons;• Volcanic eruptions;• Floods, etc.
Earthquakes are a common occurrence in Japan due to its location along the Pacific Ring ofFire. The country has a history of devastating earthquakes caused by the movement of tectonic
plates beneath the earth's surface. Tsunamis, triggered by undersea earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions, are a significant hazard for Japan’s coastal regions. These massive waves have caused
tremendous destruction in the past. Japan is regularly affected by typhoons, particularly during thesummer and autumn months. These tropical cyclones bring strong winds, heavy rainfall, and often
lead to widespread flooding and landslides. Due to the presence of several active volcanoes, Japan
faces the constant threat of volcanic eruptions. These eruptions have the potential to causesignificant damage to nearby communities and infrastructure.

STATISTICS OF FLOOD DISASTERS, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL,ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CATASTROPHIC FLOODS INAZERBAIJAN
Based on historical facts, we can say that the
territory of our country is often exposed to thethreat of floods. In Azerbaijan, especially in the
Yevlakh-Neftchala zone along the Kura River coast,this emergency is more evident. In general, theYevlakh-Neftchala zone along the Kura River coastis known as the area most affected by floods andoverflows. The population of this area is more than
1.8 million people. There is a constant threat ofoverflow and flood in these areas with more than
700 settlements.

Map of river (fluvial) flooding (areas in blue) at the 200year return period level

STATISTICS OF FLOOD DISASTERS, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL,ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN
JAPANThe Infrastructure Development Institute ofJapan and Japan River Association estimates
about 49% of the population and 75% real estatein Japan are located in alluvial plains exposed toflooding risk. The annual damage amount caused
by water-related disasters in Japan from 1966 to2010 is shown

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN JAPAN
Past heavy rainfall events causing major damage. Isewan Typhoon, 1959
The 15th typhoon (commonly known as Isewan Typhoon) made landfall at Shionomisaki shortly after 6 pm on
September 26, 1959, with a pressure of 929 hPa. A maximum instantaneous wind speed of 45.7 m/s and a maximum
tide level of 5.31 m (Nagoya port) were recorded in Nagoya city. The typhoon caused major storm surge damage
from Nagoya city to the coast of Mie prefecture. The daily rainfall from September 26 to 27 was approximately 160
mm in Tsu city, Mie prefecture, equivalent to once in 80 years. Of the 5,098 people reported dead or missing, over
90% were in the three prefectures of Aichi, Mie, and Gifu around the Ise Bay, and 70% of these casualties were dueto the storm surge. Over 5,000 people were reported dead or missing, approximately 149,000 homes were destroyed,
158,000 homes flooded, and 5760 levees breached, making it Japan’s largest flood disaster of the 20th century.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN JAPANNagasaki Flood, July 1982
On July 23, 1982, torrential rainfall exceeding 100 mm/h fell for approximately three hours in Nagasaki, causing
flooding, landslides, and avalanches of rocks and earth. The daily rainfall in Nagasaki city was 448 mm, equivalent toonce in 200 years. Nagasaki is a hilly city, and approximately 90% of the 299 casualties died in landslides due to thecollapse of slopes. The damage to agriculture and forestry land in Nagasaki prefecture included approximately 2700
ha of agricultural land flooded, buried, or covered in debris; and approximately 20,000 agricultural and forestry
facilities damaged. The cost of damage to agricultural facilities, produce, and livestock was approximately 8.4 billion
yen.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN JAPANKagoshima Flood, 1993
In the afternoon of August 6, 1993, heavy rainfall of up to 99.5 mm/h fell for several hours in the areaaround Kagoshima city. The banks of three rivers flowing through Kagoshima city burst, flooding
approximately 11,000 buildings. The daily rainfall in Kagoshima city was 259 mm, equivalent to once in 200
years. Cliffs alongside the national highway collapsed at 22 points along a 4 km stretch. The death toll was
71, and about 2,500 people who were in cars, buses and trains were saved by fishing boats and ferries which
carried them to Kagoshima through the Kagoshima Bay.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN JAPANFlooding in Western Japan in 2018

The western regions of Japan experienced
catastrophic flooding from 5 to 9 July 2018. Of
the 1300 rainfall observation stations acrossJapan, precipitation at 119 stations reached its
highest level within 72 h and 123 stations
received the highest amount of rainfall within 48
h compared to all historical recordings. The
water depth in some areas was up to 3 m, andnumerous residual houses were immersed in theflood. Figure 1.15 presents the flooded areas inwestern Japan. Kochi, Gifu, Ehime and Saga
were the most seriously flooded areas in thiscatastrophic flood. The cumulative rainfall ofthese four prefectures was over 600 mm.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN JAPANFlooding in Western Japan in 2018

Serious disasters were caused by heavy rainfall
during 5–9 July 2018, leading to numerous casualties
and a huge economic loss. According to the work
presented in, the rainfall disasters resulted in 212
deaths in total, and nearly 50% of the deaths were from
Hiroshima Prefecture.
The death toll in Hiroshima was the highest, at 101
within five days, followed by Okayama, where thedeath toll was 61. The majority of deaths were sufferedby elderly people (70% of the total deaths), who were
not capable of rescuing themselves.
The economic loss to agriculture related to flooding
was 16.1 billion JPY, and Hiroshima Prefecture
accounted for the biggest loss of 2.5 billion JPY.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CATASTROPHIC FLOODS IN JAPAN2020 Kyushu Floods

At the beginning of July, continuous rainfall
hit several parts of southern Japan, particularly in
Kyushu, causing flooding and extreme damage.
As a result of flooding and landslides, 77
people were confirmed dead (includes 1 death due
to cardiopulmonary arrest) and approximately
seven are missing. Fourteen of the victims wereresidents of an old age home in Kuma,
Kumamoto that was flooded. Approximately
15,335 buildings were destroyed, damaged or
flooded.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSII Chapter
IN AZERBAIJANHigh altitude hydrometeorological station

Kura Basin Hydrological Monitoring Stations

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN AZERBAIJAN
Emergency Sirens for Flood and Landslide Disasters and Early
Warning System

First Responder Emergency
Equipment
Kura Basin Hydrological Monitoring Stations

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN JAPAN
The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism provides river information in real time, 24
hours a day, 365 days a year throughout Japan to help protect lives and property from rainfall-induced riverand land-based hazards

Routinely measured river
information is provided inreal-time (24hours a day,365 days a year) to rivermanagers,
municipal
supervisors, and otherstate
departments.
*Includes various datafromradar,
rainfallmeasurement
stations,
river water level meterstations, dams

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN JAPAN
If hazardous weather conditions are expected, the Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA) issues a variety of messages including Emergency Warnings,
Warnings, Advisories and Bulletins so that appropriate measures can be taken
to mitigate possible disasters.
These messages are issued by Local Meteorological Offices (LMOs) totheir respective prefectures.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN JAPAN

Weather alerts from different
organizations
have
been
combined to give people aclearer understanding of thesituation.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN JAPAN

In order that JMA's warnings help mayors'
decision:
1. Warnings should be issued to city / town /village respectively.
2. Warning criteria should be consistent withthe criteria for evacuation advisory andorder.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN JAPAN

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY WARNING AND MONITORING SYSTEMSIN JAPAN
Japan Bosai Platform (JBP) is an association of privatecompanies with leading bosai solutions. Their goal is to makesociety disaster resilient and sustainable by sharing Japanesebosai solutions with the world.

BEST PRACTICES AND THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN FLOOD
MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND RESPONSE
TOWN WATCHING FOR DISASTER PREVENTION“Town watching for disaster prevention” is the program that people who are living or going toschool in the area such as residents and students etc., Walk around, see, and understand facilities,
activities for the safety and dangerous places in the local area, and after that, those people think andmake solutions against danger. “Town watching for disaster prevention” consists of 4 parts below.

Field survey → Develop a map of observation → Discussion to solve the problem → Presentation

BEST PRACTICES AND THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN FLOOD
MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND RESPONSE
THE METROPOLITAN OUTER AREA UNDERGROUND DISCHARGE CHANNEL

The Metropolitan Outer Area Underground Discharge Channel provides safety and security for
the Tokyo metropolitan area.
Location of the Metropolitan Outer Area
Underground Discharge Channel

Structure of the Metropolitan Outer Area Underground
Discharge Channel

BEST PRACTICES AND THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN FLOOD
MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND RESPONSE
THE METROPOLITAN OUTER AREA UNDERGROUND DISCHARGE CHANNEL

The Metropolitan Outer Area Underground Discharge Channel is making a significant
contribution to reducing damage due to flooding of the Nakagawa/Ayase river basin.

Mechanisms of the Metropolitan Outer Area Underground Discharge Channel

BEST PRACTICES AND THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN FLOOD
MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND RESPONSEOHKOUZU DIVERSION CHANNEL

The Ohkouzu Diversion Channel is a 10-km man-made river constructed to allow floodwatersof the Shinano river to escape to the sea of japan before entering the Echigo plain.

SHELTER MANAGEMENT AND THE LOCATIONS OF EVACUATION
III Chapter
CENTERS IN CASE OF DISASTERS IN JAPANThe Cabinet Office, together with the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, is urging local
governments to designate their designated emergency evacuation sites.

Example Map Showing Indications of Designated Emergency
Evacuation Sites

Example of Information Board Using Hazard
Specific Evacuation Guidance Sign System

BUILDING BACK BETTER AS AN ASPECT OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS‘Build back better’ – a phrase first popularized in
the united nations Sendai Framework for disaster risk
reduction in 2015, and now ubiquitous.
Building Back Better (BBB) is an approach topost-disaster recovery that reduces vulnerability tofuture disasters and builds community resilience toaddress physical, social, environmental, andeconomic vulnerabilities and shocks.
What we DO NOT want. Actions taken in theaftermath of a disaster to:• Reconstruct same as before;• Rebuilding the pre-existing vulnerabilities;• Community in the same state as before the disaster.

Build Back Better (BBB) Development approachDISASTER RISK REDUCTION AWARENESS ACTIVITIES IN JAPANThe government has designated the 1st day of
September as the “Disaster Preparedness Day" and theweek including this day as the disaster preparedness week
and carries out various events to raise awareness andreadiness about the disaster. Disaster drills and promoting
events are held in various parts of Japan.
In 2011, the act on promotion of tsunami
countermeasures was enacted, and November 5th was
designated as the "tsunami preparedness day." In the 70th
UN general assembly, November 5th was designated to be
the "world tsunami awareness day".
Further, in Kobe city, Hyogo prefecture, “Disaster
Reduction and Human Renovation Institution" wasestablished in memory of the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake and is engaged in activities to pass the lessons
from the earthquake disaster on to the younger
generations through reproduction of the big earthquakeby audio-visual and model construction

IV Chapter

METHODS TO DEVELOP FLOOD HAZARD MAP

Methods to develop flood hazard map. In japan, flood hazard maps are mainly prepared by the ministry of land,
infrastructure, transport and tourism (MLIT) and prefectural governments (local municipalities) using inundation
information. The steps being currently used by MLIT to prepare flood hazard maps in japan are given in thefollowing sub-sections.
Flood inundation model: Shallow Water Equations. MLIT uses the following shallow water equations (SWE)
for the simulation of flood inundations areas:

where, Qx, Qy are the discharges per unit
width in x and y directions, h the water
depth, zb the bed elevation, γ the porosity, q
the rainfall, inundation from the sewerage,etc., n the roughness coefficient according to
the land use, CD the drag coefficient. The
spatial resolution (grid size) for the model
simulation of the Yodogawa River Basin is
25 m x 25 m.

METHODS TO DEVELOP FLOOD HAZARD MAP
Levee breach conditions. The amount of the flow overtopped from the river is estimated using modified
Honma’s overflow formula (as used in Manual for Economic Evaluation for Flood Control Investment, 2005,
MLIT).
a. Honma’s front-overflow formula:
For complete overflow (for h2/h1 < 2/3),

For submerged overflow (for h2/h1 ≥ 2/3),

where Q is overflow discharge through structure and h1, and h2 are the water depth measured from the bed heightof a breached levee.

METHODS TO DEVELOP FLOOD HAZARD MAP
b. Honma’s side-overflow formula:
Inundation discharge (Q) following a levee breach is given by:
For I>1/1580,

For 1/1580≥I>1/33600,

For 1/33600≥I,

where Q is inundation flow, Q0 is flow volume calculated by Honma’s formula, I - is bed slope of a river, andB is the width of the crest. The unit of “cos” in the parenthesis is “degree.”.

FLOOD SCENARIOS OF YODOGAWA RIVER BASIN

FLOOD SCENARIOS OF YODOGAWA RIVER BASIN

The inundation simulation maps areprepared by MLIT using the second scenario
in combination with steps in subsection“Flood Hazard Mapping in Japan” above.
The prefectural government may use theflood inundation map (25 m x 25 m)
prepared by MLIT to plan mitigation
activities during flood events for decision
making, planning, and implementation offlood management strategies. However, theprefectural governments can also develop
their own inundation models using different
tools. For example, the Shiga Prefectural
government uses own model for floodinundation simulation (50 m x 50 m).

FLOOD SCENARIOS OF YODOGAWA RIVER BASIN
The Yodogawa River Basin located in the central part of Japan is shown in Figure 4.3. The length of the
Yodogawa River is 75 km. It is the seventh largest river basin in Japan with a catchment area of 8,240 km2 [40].
Flowing south out of Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, first as the Seta River and then the Uji River, it merges the
Kizu River and the Katsura River near the border between Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures. The Yodogawa River runs
through the heartland of the Kinki region and flows into the Osaka Bay. The Yodogawa River basin consists of six
subcatchments, which are the Lake Biwa basin (3,802 km2), the Uji River basin (506 km2), the Kizu River basin(1,647 km2), the Katsura River basin (1,152 km2), the lower Yodogawa River basin (521 km2) and the Kanzaki Riverbasin (612 km2). It extends over six prefectures namely Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Mie.

FLOOD SCENARIOS OF YODOGAWA RIVER BASIN
City areas spread throughout the basin as shown in Figure 4.4. Metropolitan areas such as Osaka, Kyoto, andOtsu are located along the rivers. The population in the basin is about 9.30 million in 2015 [42,43,44]. In the lower
Yodogawa River basin, most of the highly populated urban developments are in areas lower than the river waterlevel. In Osaka City, it is estimated that 94.9% of the total metropolitan area is in the flood-prone area.

FLOOD SCENARIOS OF YODOGAWA RIVER BASIN
The simulated flood hazard map of Yodogawa
River Basin with 25 m x 25 m resolution is shownin Figure 4.5. The second scenario of the external
force, i.e., the amount of rainfall 360 mm in 24
hours is used to simulate flood inundation depth.
Theestimatedinundation
areas
cover
approximately 144 km2 in Osaka prefecture and
121 km2 in Kyoto prefecture where Osaka Cityand Kyoto City are major urban areas,
respectively. The maximum inundation area isanticipated in Osaka City is about 62 km2 with anaverage inundation depth 2.4 m ranging from 2.6
to 7.2 m. The maximum inundation depth of 8 m
is anticipated in Takatsuki City in the Osaka
prefecture. The model simulated about 40.9 km2
inundated area in Kyoto City around Katsura
River (and its major tributary Kamo River) and
Uji River. The average inundation depth of 2.7 m
is anticipated in Kyoto City ranging from 1.9 to
7.4 m

CONCLUSIONACHIEVED RESULTS:• GOT INFORMATION ABOUT THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN JAPAN;• LEARNED COUNTERMEASURES CAN BE TAKEN TO REDUCE CASUALTIES BEFORE FLOODSHAPPEN IN JAPAN;• LEARNED ABOUT NEW TECHNOLOGIES (EARLY WARNING TECHNOLOGIES) THAT CAN BE
USED FOR FLOOD PREDICTION IN JAPAN;• BUILDING BACK BETTER APPROACH WAS STUDIED TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE TO
DISASTERS;• LEARNED A SIMULATION MODEL TO MAKE A FLOOD HAZARD MAP FOR THE INUNDATION
AREAS IN JAPAN.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Finally, I would like to emphasize that it was a big opportunity for me to participate in the Asian Disaster
Reduction Center Visiting Researcher Program FY2023 (ADRC Program FY2023) in Japan. I sincerely
thank the Academy and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Azerbaijan and of course,
the Asian Disaster Reduction Center for accepting my application to join the Visiting Researcher Program.
Thanks for allowing me to do research in Japan.
During my stay in Japan, I had a chance to see how Japan deals with disasters. By taking the program
activities, I updated my knowledge, and skills and learned the best practices in disaster risk management.
When I return to Azerbaijan, I am excited to share my new experiences with my colleagues, and as a teacher,
I will teach students (cadets) for sure what I experienced during the program. Apart from that I also was
enjoying while I was learning about Japan's national customs, cultures, and cuisine.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Sasahara-san - executive director of ADRC, Kodama-san,Nakamura-san, Gerald-san, Shiomi-san and all staff of ADRC for their kindness, helping and supporting all
visiting researchers in all cases during our stay.
Special thanks to my mentor - Ikeda-san for his great kindness and attitude, for giving advice, helping
me in all cases, and guiding me in my research. And Fujimoto-san through our stay in Japan, we all got a lotof help from her. And Fujinaka-san for giving us Japanese sweets all the time. I was really happy during mystay in Japan. Thank you all. I am grateful to know all of you and I wish good luck to you and visiting
researchers from other countries who studied together at the ADRC VR Program FY2023.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
ARIGATOU GOSAI MASU!