ȹ

కঽฦ໖۵ӀҔӚӣҜӛᅈ‫گ‬ૉѝмуѽȹ۵ঢѠცฦުࠖऐ઼ಇѠཅൣȹȹȹজȹ ଘȹ ಜȹ ᄅȹȹȹɭʁɾȹɝɾʏɾʅʈʉʆɾʇʍȹʈɿȹɞʇʀʅʂʌʁȹɨɻʃɾɼʍȹɫɾʅɺʍʂʏɾȹɜʅɺʎʌɾʌȹʂʇȹɺȹɜʁʂʅɽȹɫɺʂʌɾɽȹɻʒȹʍʁɾȹɚʋʍʂɿʂɼʂɺʅȹ
ɣɺʉɺʇɾʌɾɆɞʇʀʅʂʌʁȹɛʂʅʂʇʀʎɺʅȹɦɾʍʁʈɽȹ
ȹȹɦɢɭɚɫɚɢɅȹɲɺʌʎʌʁʂȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
ȹ
൉࿾൉޸ࢯ‫گ‬࿳ળ‫޸݌‬࿨ड़ࢂࡆᅃȹ ൊ 36 ߪൊ 1 ৺
2014 ໧ 4 ॆȹ သੰ
Reprinted From
THE RESEARCH BULLETIN OF THE FACULTY OFEDUCATION AND WELFARE SCIENCE,OITA UNIVERSITY
Vol. 36, No. 1̜April 2014
OITA, JAPAN!

!

኱ศ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱⚟♴⛉Ꮫ㒊◊✲⣖せ㸦Res. Bull. Fac. Educ.䠃Welf. Sci., Oita Univ.䠅

79ேᕤⓗ᪥ⱥࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ⱥㄒࡢ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢⓎ㐩*ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ 㟹**

࠙せ ᪨ࠚ  ேᕤⓗ᪥ⱥࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓዪඣ࡟ࡼࡿ㸪12 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢⱥㄒࡢ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇ࢆྵࡴⓎヰࢆศᯒࡋḟࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᚓࡓࠋ(1)㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢᆺࡣ OO ᆺࡀ SO ᆺࡼࡾࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ(2)㛵ಀモࡢฟ⌧ࡣ㸪what㸪᥋ゐ⠇㸪thatࡢ㡰ᗎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ(3)ඛ⾜モ࡜㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢࡳ࡛୺⠇ࡀ࡞࠸Ⓨヰࡣᑡᩘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ(4)㛵ಀモ⠇ෆࡢ୺ㄒࡣ I ࡀᅽಽⓗ࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ(5)ඛ⾜モ࡟ࡣ㸪what ࡸ thing࡛⤊ࢃࡿ༢ㄒࡀከ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋ(6)㛵ಀモ⠇ෆࡢ෌ླྀ௦ྡモࡢㄗࡾࡸ㸪ᚲせ࡞๓⨨モࡀ࡞࠸ㄗࡾࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㸪ゝㄒ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡜⏘ฟ㐣⛬࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄆ▱ⓗ࡞㈇ⲴࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ࣮࣮࠙࢟࣡ࢻࠚ  ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇㸪ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ㸪᪥ⱥࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ⱥㄒࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ᵓ㐀ࡣ㸪⮬↛ゝㄒࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿᅇᖐᛶ㸦recursion㸧ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࡇࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ౑࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣゝㄒ⩦ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኱ࡁ࡞ᣦᶆࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (Kidd et al., 2007)ࠋᅇ
ᖐᛶ࡜ࡣ㸪(1a)-(1d)࡟♧ࡍᵝ࡞㸪୺⠇࡟ᚑᒓ⠇㸦௨ୗ㸪⏝౛࡛ࡣᩳయᏐ࡛♧ࡍ㸧ࢆᇙࡵ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᛶ㉁ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(1) a. SS: The dog that __ jumps over the pig bumps into the lion.

b. SO: The dog that the pig jumps over __ bumps into the lion.

c . OS: The lion bumps into the dog that __ jumps over the pig.

d. OO: The lion bumps into the dog that the pig jumps over __.
(Ambridge & Lieven, 2011)ࡇࢀࡽࡢ౛ࡀ♧ࡍᵝ࡟㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢᵓ㐀ࡣ㸲ࡘࡢᆺ࡟኱ูࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ༊ูࡢᇶ‽ࡣḟࡢ஧ࡘ࣮㛵ಀモ⠇ࡀᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡢࡀ㸪୺⠇ࡢ୺ㄒ(S)࡜┠ⓗㄒ(O)ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ఩⨨࡛࠶ࡿ࠿㸪ୖ౛
ᖹᡂ 25 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 31 ᪥ཷ⌮㸨ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝ຓᡂ஦ᴗ㸦Ꮫ⾡◊✲ຓᡂᇶ㔠ຓᡂ㔠㸧ᇶ┙◊✲ F ࠕேᕤⓗ᪥ⱥࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞
ࣝ㣴⫱ඣ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒ␲ၥᩥ࡜㛵ಀモᵓᩥ⩦ᚓࡢ⦪᩿ⓗ◊✲ࠖ㸦ㄢ㢟␒ྕ 23520751㸧ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅ
ࡓࠋ㸨㸨ࡳࡓࡽ࠸ࡸࡍࡋ ኱ศ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱⚟♴⛉Ꮫ㒊ゝㄒᩍ⫱ㅮᗙ㸦ⱥㄒᩍ⫱㸧ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ80ࡢୗ⥺㒊ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ෆ࡛✵ᡤ(gap)࡟࡞ࡗ࡚㛵ಀモ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ㸪୺ㄒ(S)࡜┠ⓗㄒ(O)ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࣮࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࢀࡤ㸪(1a)ࡣ SS ᆺ㸪(1b)ࡣ SO ᆺ㸪(1c)ࡣ OS ᆺ㸪(1d)ࡣ OO ᆺ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪୺࡜ࡋ࡚⏝ἲᇶ┙(usage-based)⌮ㄽ࡟ᚑ࠸㸪1 ேࡢ᪥ᮏேዪඣࡀ౑⏝ࡋࡓⱥㄒࡢ
㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢⓎ㐩ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ゝㄒᵓ㐀ࡀ⏝ἲ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ
When human beings use symbols to communicate with one another, stringing them
together into sequences, patterns of use emerge and become consolidated intogrammatical constructions.
(Tomasello, 2003, p. 5)ࡇࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ➨୍ゝㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⱥㄒࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࡢ㢖ᗘ㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢฎ⌮⬟ຊ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇࡜௚ࡢᵓᩥ࡜ࡢ㢮ఝᛶ࡞࡝ࡀ⩦ᚓ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Diessel & Tomasello, 2000; Diessel & Tomasello, 2005) ࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺
࡞どⅬࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋࡓグ㏙ศᯒࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࠋ

᪉ἲ
◊✲ᑐ㇟ඣ
 ◊✲ᑐ㇟ඣࡣ㸪᪥ᮏேዪඣ Z ࡛࠶ࡿࠋZ ࡣ᪥ᮏேࡢ୧ぶ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ୍ே୍ゝㄒἲࠖࢆ౑ࡗࡓ᪥
ⱥㄒࡢ㣴⫱ࢆ᪋ࡉࢀࡓࠋẕぶࡀẕㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࢆᢸᙜࡋ㸪∗ぶ㸦➹⪅㸧ࡣእᅜㄒ࡛࠶ࡿⱥㄒ
ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿࠕேᕤⓗࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝࠖἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋZ ࡣ➨୍Ꮚ࡛㸪㸯ṓࡲ࡛୧ぶ࡟᪥ᮏㄒ࡛㣴⫱ࡉࢀ㸪ࡑࡢᚋࡣ୍ே୍ゝㄒἲ࡛㣴⫱ࡉࢀࡓࠋZ ࡣ᪥ⱥㄒ࡜ࡶ࡟⏘ฟࡀ㐜ࡃ㸪⏘ฟ㛤ጞᚋࡶࡇ࡜ࡤ
ᩘࡣᑡ࡞࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋẕぶࡣᖖ᫬ᅾᏯࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪Z ࡬ࡢ᥋ゐ᫬㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ㸪᪥ᮏㄒ࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࡀⱥㄒࡼࡾࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ∗ぶࡢ᪥ࠎࡢ᥋ゐ᫬㛫ࡣ㸪㛗ࡃ࡚ࡶ㸲᫬㛫⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ⱥㄒࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ㔞ࡢ୙㊊ࢆ⿵࠺ࡓࡵ࡟㸪∗ぶࡣⱥㄒ࡟ࡼࡿ㉁ࡢ㧗࠸஺ὶ᫬㛫ࡢ☜ಖ࡟ດࡵࡓࠋ
ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ศᯒ
 Z ࡢ⮬↛࡞⎔ቃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎヰࢆ㸪∗ぶࡀࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࣀ࣮ࢺ࡜㘓㡢࡛グ㘓ࡋ࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ
ࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࣀ࣮ࢺࡣᖖ࡟ᦠ⾜ࡋ࡚㸪࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅከࡃࡢⓎヰࢆⓎヰ┤ᚋ࡟᭩ࡁ␃ࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡟ດࡵ
ࡓࠋ㘓㡢ࡣ୙ᐃᮇ࡟࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢグ㘓ࢆࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࣇ࢓࢖ࣝᆺᘧࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝࣇ࢓࢖ࣝ࡬
࡜ධຊࡋ࡚㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ୰ࡢ 12 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢⓎヰࢆᑐ㇟࡟ࡋ࡚㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࢆྵࡴⓎヰࢆࡍ࡭࡚ᢳฟࡋࡓࠋᢳฟ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱసᡂ᫬࡟Ⓨヰ࡟௜୚ࡋࡓ㆑ู⏝ࡢグྕ ࢆ ᑐ ㇟ ࡟ 㸪 ࢥ ࣥ ࢥ ࣮ ࢲ ࣥ ࢫ ࢯ ࣇ ࢺ ࢘ ࢚ ࢔ ࡢ KWIC concordance for Windows(http://www.chs.nihon-u.ac.jp/eng_dpt/tukamoto/kwic_e.html)ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࠋ ࡞࠾ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸪౑⏝㛤ጞࡀ୺᱁ࡼࡾࡶ኱ᖜ࡟ඛ⾜ࡋ㸪౑⏝㢖ᗘࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓ┠ⓗ᱁㸦SO ᆺ࡜
1)

OO ᆺ㸧ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ḟࡢほⅬ࡛ศᯒࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ ࣮ (1)㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢᆺ㸪(2)㛵ಀモࡢฟ⌧㡰ᗎ㸪(3) ୺⠇ࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ྡモྃࡔࡅࡢⓎヰ㸪(4)㛵ಀモ⠇ෆࡢ୺ㄒ㸪(5)ඛ⾜モࡢ✀㢮㸪(6)ㄗࡾࡢഴྥࠋ

81ࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣࡢⱥㄒ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ
㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢᆺ
2)㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢᆺࡣ OS ᆺࡀᅽಽⓗከᩘ࡛㸪඲ 157 ࡢⓎヰ୰㸪SO ᆺࡣḟࡢ 10 ౛࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

(2)a. [6;11;27a] Z: All best ways to do this.>F: August hmm?>Z: All we have to do is do this.
b. [7;8,5] The color pencil I'm saying is this.

c. [8;6;15] The time that dinosaurs lived was chuseidai.

d. [9;3,11] The water we are drinking is [from] Oita River.

e. [9;8,17] The word that I like is perfect.

f. [9;8,21] The wish you want will be true.

g. [10;0,27] What do I need is a new pen case.

h. [10;0,30] The thing I want you to do is ....
i. [10;1,23] The thing I have to do is math.

j. [10;5,4] The thing I wanted to say is....

 ࡇࡢ⏘ฟ㔞ࡢᑡ࡞ࡉࡣ㸪5 ṓࡲ࡛ࡢ୺ㄒࡢ఩⨨࡛ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢⓎヰࡀᴟ➃࡟ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
Diessel and Tomasello (2000)࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ఍ヰࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ◊✲࡛ࡶ୺ㄒࡢ఩⨨ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡣᑡ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺グ㏙ࡶ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ(Biber et al., 1999)㸪Z ࡀཷࡅࡓ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ SO ᆺࡢᑡ࡞ࡉࡀ㸪Ⓨヰᩘࡢᑡ࡞ࡉ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪୺ㄒࡢ఩⨨ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡣ㸪୺ㄒ࡜୺ືモࢆศ᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⌮ゎࢆ㞴ࡋࡃࡍࡿࡢ࡛(Slobin, 1973)㸪⏘ฟࡶࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ᵓ㐀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼
ࡽࢀࡿࠋⓎヰ౛ࡢඛ⾜モ࡟㸪(2a)ࡢ"All"㸪(2g)ࡢ"What"㸪(2h)-(2j)ࡢ"The thing"ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜モࡣព࿡ෆᐜࡀ༢⣧࡞ࡢ࡛᝿㉳᫬ࡢ㈇ᢸࡀ㍍࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢᙧᡂ㐣⛬࡬ὀព㈨※ࢆྥࡅࡸࡍࡃ㸪⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࡇࢀࡽࢆ౑ࡗࡓⓎヰࡀ⏘ฟࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

㛵ಀモࡢฟ⌧㡰ᗎ ⾲ 1 ࡣ㸪ึᮇ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡓ㛵ಀモࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲୰ࡢᩘ್ࡢ㸪c ࡣ㛵ಀモࡀ࡞࠸᥋ゐ⠇(contact
clause)ࢆ㸪t ࡣ that ࢆ㸪w ࡣ what ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⾲㸯࠿ࡽ㸪᥋ゐ⠇ࡢ౑⏝ࡀ᪩࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ what ࡢ౑⏝ࡀ⥆ࡁ㸪that ࡢ౑⏝ࡀ᭱ࡶ㐜࠸ࠋ᥋ゐ⠇ࡢⓎヰ౛ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(3)a. [5;6,15] I wanna play the game I like.
b. [5;6,15] Let's play the game I like.

c. [5;6,16a] Look at all this work we have to do.

d. [5;6,29a] All the ice creams I sell.

e. [5;7,14a] Because Mama throw it away something I make.
f. [5;8,6] There are so many red things I do.

g. [5;9,9a] Anything do you want.

ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ82

⾲㸯 ึᮇࡢ᥋ゐ⠇㸪that, what ࡢฟ⌧
ᖺ㱋 㻌

㻌

᥋ゐ 㻌

㼏㻌 㼏㻌 㼏㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌 㻌

㻡㻧㻥㻌

㻌
㼏㻌 㼏

㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼏㻌 㼏㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼠

㼠
㼣

㼠㻖

㼠㼔㼍㼠㻌
㼣㼔㼍㼠㻌
㻌

㼣㻌
㻌

㻌

㻌

㼣㻌 㼣

㻌 㻌

㻌
㻌

㼏㻌 㻌

ᖺ㱋 㻌

㻌 㻌

㻌 㻡㻧㻝㻝㻌 㻌

᥋ゐ 㻌

㻌 㻌

㼏㻌 㻌

㼠㼔㼍㼠㻌

㻌

㻌 㻌

㼣㼔㼍㼠㻌 㼣㻌 㼣㻌 㻌

㼠㻌
㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻢㻦㻜㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㼏㻌 㻌

㻌 㼠
㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼏

㼏

㼏

㻡㻧㻝㻜

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼏㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㼠㻌

㼣㻌

㼣

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼠

㻌

㼣㻖㻖
㻌

㼠㻌

㼣

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻢㻧㻝

㻌

㻌

㻢㻧㻞㻌

㻌

㻌

㻢㻧㻟㻌 㻢㻧㻠㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼏㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㼠㻌 㼠㻌 㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼠

㻌

㼠

㻌

㼣

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼣㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼠
㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㻌

㼣㻌

㼣

㼠㼠㻌

㻌

㼣㼠㻌

㼠㻌
㻌

㼠
㻌

*what ࡢḍࡢ t ࡣ㸪 what ࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ⟠ᡤ࡛ that ࡀㄗ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋtt㸪wt ࡢࡼ࠺࡞」ᩘࡢᩘᏐࡣ㸪㸰ࡘࡢ㛵ಀモࡢྠ᫬౑⏝ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ**w ࡣ㸪ᮏ᮶౑ࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ⟠ᡤ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ what ࡢ⬺ⴠࢆ♧ࡍࠋ(3a)㸪(3b)ࡣ㸪ୗ⥺㒊ࡢ"the game I like"ࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ㸪ྠࡌ᪥࡟Ⓨヰࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿
ࡽ㸪ࡇࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡛㢖⦾࡟⪥࡟ࡋࡓຠᯝࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ(3c) ࡜ (3d)ࡣ㸪All+ this/the+ <ྡモ>㸩 we/I + <ືモ>࡜࠸࠺㢮ఝࡋࡓᵓ㐀ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(3c)ࡣࣅࢹ࢜࢔ࢽ࣓ࡢࢭࣜࣇ
ࡢ෌⏕࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪(3d)ࡣ(3c)ࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋࡓⓎヰࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ(3e)-(3g)ࡣ㸪ඛ⾜モ࡛࠶ࡿ"something", "things", "anything"ࡢㄒᑿࡀ thing(s)࡛࠶ࡿඹ㏻Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㸪"thing I + <ືモ>"࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ୰࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࡇࢀࢆᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚グ᠈ࡋ࡚Ⓨヰ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ(3a)-(3g)ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆ≀ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟㸪⾲㸯ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪 what ࡀ that ࡼࡾࡶ᪩ࡃ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚㸪Diessel and Tomasello (2005)ࡣ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢཱྀ㢌཯᚟ᐇ㦂࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡀ that
ࡸ who ࢆ what ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿㄗࡾࢆ≢ࡋࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋthat ࡜ඹ࡟౑ࢃࢀࡿྡモࡢඛ⾜モࡀከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪what ࡣࡦ࡜ࡘࡔࡅ࡞ࡢ࡛ඛ⾜モࡢ᝿㉳ࡸ㑅ᢥࡢ㈇ᢸࡀ㍍࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ what ࡢ౑⏝ࡋࡸࡍࡉࡸ౑⏝㛤ጞ᫬ᮇ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸦Flynn &Lust, 1980 ཧ↷)ࠋthat ࡣ᭱ࡶ㐜ࡃ౑⏝ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓࠋึᮇࡢ⩦ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(4a)࡜(4b)ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(4) a. [5;9,11a] Z: This is my trash box that mama. > F: Uh-huh. >Z: This is my trash box.
>F: That Mama what? > Z: Mama. Mama gave that to this this trash box.
Mama gave me a thrash box.
b. [5;9,19a] Z: I'm going to buy this book.

This one that I'll buy.

(4a)ࡣ that ࡢึฟࡢⓎヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ"that mama"࡜㛵ಀモ⠇ࢆゝ࠸࠿ࡅ࡚ࡸࡵࡓ Z ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪F ࡀ"That Mama what?"࡜Ⓨヰࢆಁࡍࡶࡢࡢ㸪Z ࡣ㛵ಀモ⠇࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸰ࡘࡢࠕᩥࠖࢆⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠺ࡕ᭱ึࡢᩥࡣㄗࡗࡓᩥ࡛࠶ࡿ஦ᐇ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࡇࡢព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍ㛵ಀモ⠇ࢆ⾲ฟ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ Z ࡀ⮬ぬࡋ࡚㸪Ⓨヰࢆ㏵୰࡛ࡸࡵࡓྍ⬟ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛗࠸㛵ಀモ⠇࡜ that ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞▷ࡃᙧᡂࡀᐜ᫆࡞⠇࡟ࡣ᥋ゐ⠇ࢆ౑࠸㸪㛗ࡃ࡞ࡾࡑ࠺࡞⠇࡟ࡣ that ࢆ౑࠺࡜࠸࠺౑࠸ศࡅࡢព㆑ࡀാ࠸ࡓྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(4b)ࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣࡢⱥㄒ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ

83

ࡣ 2 ౛┠ࡢⓎヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┠ⓗㄒ"This one"ࡢ๓⨨࡜ࡢゎ㔘ࡶྍ⬟ࡔࡀ㸪that ࢆᤄධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
࡜࠿ࡽ㸪㛵ಀ௦ྡモ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⓎヰ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪᥋ゐⓗࡔࡅࢆ౑ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ Z ࡀ thatࢆព㆑ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲୰ࡢ that ࡢ㐣๫౑⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ୺⠇ࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ྡモྃࡔࡅࡢⓎヰ
Diessel and Tomasello (2000)ࡣ㸪⩦ᚓึᮇ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎヰࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୺⠇ࡀ࡞ࡃඛ⾜モ࡜㛵ಀモ⠇ࡔࡅ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿྡモྃࡢⓎヰࡀከ࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋZ ࡢ౑⏝౛ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(5)a.[5;6,29a] Z: That's why I wanted to eat ice cream with you.
> F: With me ? > Z: All the ice creams I sell.
b. [5;9,9a] F: What kind of song do you like? > Z: Anything do you want.
c. [5;9,19a] I'm going to buy this book.

This one that I'll buy.

d. [6;1,29] Z: ⤥㣗ࡢᮏࡣ? > M:ࡋࡽࢇࡼࠋ> Z: The book that I took home to school.
e. [6;5,14] I wanna see the salamander in Innai.

The big salamander you saw.

f. [6;7,20] F: Take the book. >Z: The book you like.
g. [7;1;21] F: This car is very old.>Z: The car that we are riding?
඲య࡛㸵౛ࡋ࠿࡞ࡃ㸪౑⏝౛ࡀከ࠸࡜ࡋࡓඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡀ㸪ẚ㍑ⓗึᮇ࡟౑⏝ࡀከ࠸
࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋDiessel(2013)ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྡモྃࡔࡅࡢⓎヰࡣ㸪୺⠇ࡀ࡞ࡃࡦ࡜ࡘࡢฟ᮶஦ࡋ࠿⾲ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪㉁ၥ࡬ࡢ㏉⟅࡟ከࡃ༢⣧࡛⏘ฟࡋࡸࡍ࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
ࢀࡀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡢࡣ(5b)ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ࡢ౛࡛ࡣ㸪᪤࡟Ⓨヰࡉࢀࡓୗ⥺㒊ࡢྡモࢆཷࡅ⥅࠸࡛ඛ⾜モ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᝟ሗࢆ㏣ຍࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ࢆ⥆ࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ㄯヰࡢὶࢀ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ὶࢀ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ඛ⾜モࢆ᝿㉳ࡋ࡚Ỵᐃࡍࡿ㈇ᢸࡀῶࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ヰࡋᡭࡣ᪂᝟ሗࢆྵࡴ㛵ಀモ⠇࡟ὀព㈨※ࢆ㞟୰࡛ࡁ࡚㸪ࡑࡢ⏘ฟࡀᐜ᫆࡟࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

㛵ಀモ⠇ෆࡢ୺ㄒ
Z ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ෆࡢ୺ㄒࡢ౑⏝≧ἣࢆ⾲㸰࡟♧ࡍࠋ⾲㸰 ᖺ㱋ࡈ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇ෆࡢ୺ㄒࡢ✀㢮࡜ฟ⌧㢖ᗘ

ᖺ㱋㻌

㻵㻌

㼣㼑㻌

㻠㻙㻡㻌
㻡㻙㻢㻌
㻢㻙㻣㻌
㻣㻙㻤㻌
㻤㻙㻥㻌
㻥㻙㻝㻜㻌
㻝㻜㻙㻝㻝㻌
㻝㻝㻙㻝㻞㻌

㻝㻌
㻝㻡㻌
㻞㻟㻌
㻞㻞㻌
㻝㻡㻌
㻢㻌
㻣㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻡㻌
㻟㻌
㻠㻌
㻟㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌

㼥㼛㼡㻌 㻟 ே⛠ 㻹㼍㼙㼍
㻜㻌
㻢㻌
㻟㻌
㻟㻌
㻝㻌
㻡㻌
㻞㻌
㻜㻌

㻜
㻜
㻠
㻜
㻞
㻝
㻞
㻜

㻜
㻠
㻜
㻜
㻜
㻝
㻜
㻜

ྡモ
㻜
㻝
㻥
㻟
㻠
㻞
㻠
㻜

ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ84୍ே⛠㸪≉࡟ I ࡀ᭱ࡶከࡃ you ࡀࡑࢀ࡟⥆ࡃࠋKidd et al., (2007) ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪୍ே⛠㸦I࡜ we㸧ࡀ 55%㸪஧ே⛠(you)ࡀ 30%ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪Kidd et al.ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢཎᅉࢆ Fox and Thompson(1990)࡟ồࡵࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪┠ⓗㄒࡣ᪂᝟ሗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡀ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢ୺ㄒࡀ㸪୍ே⛠ࡸ஧ே⛠࡜࠸࠺ᪧ᝟ሗ(given information)࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸪᪂᝟ሗ࡛࠶ࡿ┠ⓗㄒࢆㄯヰࡢὶࢀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡳࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋKidd et al.࡛ࡣ you ࡢ౑⏝ᩘࡶ୍ே⛠ࡢ༙ᩘ⛬ᗘ࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪Z ࡢሙྜࡣ you ࡀከࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢཎᅉ࡟ࡣ㸪I ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡀ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜
ࡀ➨୍࡟⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪 you ࢆ୺ㄒ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ┦ᡭࢆᥥ෗ࡍࡿⓎゝ⮬యࢆ㸪Z ࡀᚰ⌮ⓗ࡟ዲࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋඛ⾜モࡢ✀㢮 ୺⠇ࡢඛ⾜モࡢ✀㢮࡜ฟ⌧㢖ᗘࢆ⾲ 3 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ⾲㸱 ᖺ㱋ࡈ࡜ࡢඛ⾜モࡢ✀㢮࡜ฟ⌧㢖ᗘᖺ㱋㻌 㼣㼔㼍㼠㻌 ⬺ⴠ㻖㻌 㼠㼔㼍㼠㻖㻖㻌 㼠㼔㼕㼚㼓㻖㻖㻖 㼍㼘㼘㻛㼛㼚㼑

ྡモ

㻠㻙㻡㻌
㻡㻙㻢㻌
㻢㻙㻣㻌
㻣㻙㻤㻌
㻤㻙㻥㻌
㻥㻙㻝㻜㻌
㻝㻜㻙㻝㻝㻌
㻝㻝㻙㻝㻞㻌

㻜㻌
㻝㻝㻌
㻞㻜㻌
㻝㻞㻌
㻥㻌
㻥㻌
㻠㻌
㻝㻌

㻜㻌
㻤㻌
㻠㻌
㻤㻌
㻠㻌
㻟㻌
㻞㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻟㻌
㻡㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻠㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻣㻌
㻡㻌
㻤㻌
㻝㻟㻌
㻠㻌
㻟㻌
㻜㻌

㻝㻌
㻞㻌
㻞㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

* what ࡀ⬺ⴠ** what ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ that ࢆ౑⏝***something, anything,࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㸪thing ࡛⤊ࢃࡿㄒ

⾲ 3 ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪5-6 ṓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠕwhatࠖ㸪ࠕ⬺ⴠࠖ㸪ࠕthatࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸪what ࡢ⾲ฟࢆព
ᅗࡋࡓⓎヰࡀ᭱ࡶከ࠸ࠋ
ࠕ⬺ⴠࠖ㸪ࠕthatࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄗࡾࡣ㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞౛࡛㸪5-7 ṓ࡛㢖ฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(6)a. [5;7,11a] Chikyu is a kind of a [=what] we live.
b. [6;1,29] That's [what] Hiroto said.

c. [6;2,13] That's [what] I found.

d. [7;2,0a] Can you do[what] you did it to me?

e. [7;2,24] I'm thinking [what] I'm gonna write.

(7)a. [5;9,21] Hiroto doesn't do that I do.

b. [5;10,11] He forgot that Mama said.

c. [6;3,5] Can you do it that I did?

ࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣࡢⱥㄒ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ

85(6a)-(6e)ࡣ㸪 what ࡢ㡢ኌ⾲⌧ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ౛࡛㸪(7a)-(7c)ࡣ㸪what ࢆពᅗࡋࡓࡀ"that"
ࢆⓎኌࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ what ࡢᣢࡘࠕ㹼ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࣭ࡶࡢࠖ࡜࠸࠺༢୍ࡢព࿡
ࡀⓎヰ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪 (6b)㸪(6c)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸪That's㸩[what]㸩<୺ㄒ>㸩<ືモ>࡜࠸࠺ᙧࡣ㸪ࠕࡑࢀࡣ㸪<୺ㄒ>ࡀゝࡗࡓ࣭ぢࡘࡅࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺㸪᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄒ㡰ࢆ㌿⛣ࡉࡏࡓ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ(6d)࡜(6e)ࡣ㸪័ࢀぶࡋࢇࡔ㸰ࡘࡢ⠇㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᩥࠖ㸧ࢆ୪⨨ࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ㝿࡟ what ࢆ⬺ⴠࡉࡏࡓࡢࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ≉࡟(6d)࡛ࡣ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ෆ࡟෌ླྀ௦ྡモ(resumptive pronoun)࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ୙せ࡞ it ࡀṧ␃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ᐇࡀ㸪⠇ࡢ୪⨨ࢆ⿬௜ࡅ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(7c)࡛ࡣ㸪୺⠇ࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡟ඛ⾜モ࡟࡞ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ it ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡶ⠇ࡢ୪⨨ࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⠇ࡢ୪⨨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋ࡟ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࠋ
᪤࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪Flynn and Lust (1980)ࡣ㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡣ that ࢆ what ࡛⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡿഴྥࡀ
࠶ࡾ㸪ྡモࡼࡾࡶ what ࢆඛ࡟ඛ⾜モ࡜ࡋ࡚⩦ᚓࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪Diessel and Tomasello(2005)ࡣ㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡀ that ࡸ who ࢆ what ࡟⨨ࡁ᥮࠼ࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊✲ࡀ what࡜࠸࠺ᙧᘧࡢ㐣⯡໬ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪Z ࡢࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄗࡾࡣ㸰౛ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ㸪what ࡢព࿡ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚Ⓨヰពᅗ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣከ⏝ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᙧᘧࡢṇ☜ࡉ
ࡀ㏣࠸ࡘ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋwhat ࡢከ⏝࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪ᙧᘧࡢ⩦⇍ᗘ࡟ᕪࡀ࠶
ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋwhat ࡢ⬺ⴠࡸ that ࡢ௦⏝ࡢㄗࡾࡣ㸪7 ṓ௨㝆࡟ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾ what ࢆ౑࠺ṇ☜ࡉࡀቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪ⱥㄒຊࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᙧᘧ࡬ࡢὀពຊࡀቑࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
 Something, anything, nothing, everything ࡞࡝ࡢ㸪-thing ࡢㄒᑿࢆᣢࡘ༢ㄒࡣึᮇ࠿ࡽᚋ
ᮇࡲ୍࡛㈏ࡋ࡚ከ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ㸪what ྠᵝ࡟㸪ᬑ㏻ࡢྡモ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ព࿡ෆᐜࡀ㍍
࠸ࡢ࡛㸪᝿㉳ࡋࡸࡍ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ8-9 ṓ᫬࡟ከࡃ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿཎᅉࡣ㸪"X is something that"࡜࠸࠺㸪ᐃ⩏ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⓨヰࢆྵࡴᑐヰࡀࡑࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ከ࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྡモࡢඛ⾜モࡣ㸪6 ṓ௨㝆࡛ࡣ what ࡸ-thing(s)࡜ྠ➼ࡢ㢖ᗘ࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㛵ಀモࡢⓎヰࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ㸯ᖺ࡛㸪ከᵝ࡞ྡモࢆඛ⾜モ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟័ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋྡモࡢඛ⾜モࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪⏕≀ࡣ㸵౛ࡢࡳ࡛㸦person, someone ࡀ㸯౛㸪ື≀ࡀ 5 ౛㸧㸪ṧࡾࡣ↓⏕≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪୺⠇ࡢ┠ⓗㄒࡣ᪂᝟ሗࡀከࡃ㸪↓⏕≀ࡀ඾ᆺⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ Kidd et al. (2007)ࡢ୺ᙇࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ㄗࡾࡢഴྥㄗ⏝ࡣ㸪ṇ⏝ἲ௨ୖ࡟ゝㄒ⩦ᚓ㐣⛬ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᖺ㱋ࡈ࡜ࡢㄗࡾࡢ✀㢮࡜ฟ⌧㢖ᗘࢆ⾲ 4 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ
⾲ 4 ࡀ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡟㸪඲యⓗ࡟ㄗࡾࡣ 4 ṓ࠿ࡽ 9 ṓࡲ࡛ࡀከࡃ㸪9 ṓ࡛ࡣῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪
10 ṓ௨㝆ࡶㄗࡾࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄗࡾࡣ㸰✀㢮࡟኱ู࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㸯✀㢮┠ࡣ㸪ࠕwhat ࡞ࡋࠖ㸪ࠕwhat
ࢆ thatࠖ㸪ࠕthat 㐣๫ࠖ㸪ࠕwhat 㐣๫ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㸪ඛ⾜モ࠾ࡼࡧ㛵ಀ௦ྡモ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿㄒࣞ࣋ࣝ
ࡢㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ 7 ṓ௨㝆࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶ࠺㸯✀㢮ࡣ㸪ࠕ⤫ㄒࠖ㸪ࠕ෌ླྀ௦ྡモࠖ㸪ࠕ๓⨨モ↓ࡋࠖ㸪ࠕ⠇୪⨨ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⠇ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢㄗࡾ࡛㸪ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪⩦ᚓࡋࡓᩥࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ㛵ಀモ⠇࡜ࡋ࡚౑⏝ࡋࡓⅬ࡛ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄗࡾࡣ 7 ṓ௨㝆ࡶ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋඛ⾜モ࠾ࡼࡧ㛵ಀ௦ྡモ࡟࠿࠿ࢃࡿㄗࡾࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ⾲ 4 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㸪what ࢆ⬺ⴠࡉࡏࡓࡾ㸪that ࡛௦⏝ࡉࡏࡓࡾࡍࡿㄗࡾࡣ㸪ୖ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪what ࢆពᅗࡋࡓⓎヰࡢ㢖ᗘࡣከ࠸ࡀ
what ࡜࠸࠺㡢ኌᙧᘧࡢṇ☜ࡉ࡟Ḟࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋthat ࡢ㐣๫౑⏝ࡣ㸪what ࡟⥆࠸࡚ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ86⾲㸲 ᖺ㱋ࡈ࡜ࡢㄗࡾࡢ✀㢮࡜ฟ⌧㢖ᗘ
ᖺ㱋㻌

㻠㻙㻡㻌
㻡㻙㻢㻌
㻢㻙㻣㻌
㻣㻙㻤㻌
㻤㻙㻥㻌
㻥㻙㻝㻜㻌
㻝㻜㻙㻝㻝㻌
㻝㻝㻙㻝㻞㻌

Ⓨヰ㻌 ㄗࡾ 㼣㼔㼍㼠㼣㼔㼍㼠 ࢆ 㼠㼔㼍㼠㻌㼣㼔㼍㼠㻌ྜィ㻌 ྜィ㻌 ࡞ࡋ

㼠㼔㼍㼠㻌

㐣๫㻌

㐣๫㻌

㻝㻌
㻟㻞㻌
㻟㻣㻌
㻟㻝㻌
㻠㻠㻌
㻤㻌
㻠㻌
㻝㻌

㻜㻌
㻠㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻡㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻞㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

㻝㻌
㻝㻟㻌
㻝㻤㻌
㻠㻌
㻝㻞㻌
㻞㻌
㻞㻌
㻝㻌

㻜㻌
㻟㻌
㻡㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

⤫ㄒ

㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻝㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌

෌ླྀ㻌

๓⨨モ ⠇㻌

௦ྡモ

࡞ࡋ㻌

୪⨨㻌

㻜㻌
㻞㻌
㻞㻌
㻝㻌
㻟㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻠㻌
㻜㻌
㻟㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌
㻟㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻝㻌

௚㻌

㻝㻌
㻝㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌
㻜㻌

that ࡢ౑⏝࡟័ࢀጞࡵࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋwhat ࡢ㐣๫౑⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ḟࡢ 2 ౛ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
(8) a. [8;0,12] I am finding something that what I need. I am finding something that Ineed.

b. [8;0,16a] He didn't do something what I said.
(8a)㸪(8b)ࡣⓎヰ᫬ᮇࡀ㏆ࡃ㸪ඹ࡟ඛ⾜モࡀ"something"࡛㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢ୺ㄒࡀ"I"࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜
࠿ࡽ㸪"what I㸩<ືモ>"࡜࠸࠺࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡛ከࡃ⪥࡟ࡋࡓ⾲⌧ࢆཱྀⒷࡢࡼ࠺࡟୺⠇࡟௜ຍࡋࡓ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ(8a)࡛ࡣ㸪what ࢆⓎࡋࡓᚋ࡟ࡑࢀࢆ๐㝖ࡍࡿ⮬ᕫಟṇࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ what ࡢ౑࠸᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡀṇ☜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⥆࠸࡚㸪⠇ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢㄗࡾ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚㸪Z ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓࡢ᪉␎ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ⾲ 5 ࡢࠕ⤫ㄒࠖࡢㄗࡾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(9)a. [5;9,20] I can't hear what did you say.

b. [6;5,24] I'm gonna find the I don't know place.

c. [8;,1,11] That's the thing that I said. That's the what [I]said .

d. [9;9,7] I forgot what did you say.

e. [10;0,28] What do I need is a new pen case.
(9a),(9d), (9e)ࡣ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡀ<ຓືモ>㸩<୺ㄒ>㸩<ືモ>࡜࠸࠺␲ၥᩥࡢㄒ㡰࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ㸪what ␲ၥᩥࢆᐃᆺ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚୺⠇࡟⥆ࡅ࡚Ⓨヰࡍࡿ㸪⠇ࡢ୪⨨ࡢ᪉␎ࢆ౑⏝ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ(9b)ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄒ㡰ࡢ㌿⛣࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪࡯࠿࡟㢮ఝࡢⓎヰࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪౛እⓗ࡞ㄗࡾ࡜࡜
ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ(9c)ࡣ⏒ࡔࡋ࠸ㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪♧၀࡟ᐩࡴࠋZ ࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢ┤๓ࡢⓎヰࡢ"thething"ࢆ"what"࡟ධࢀ᭰࠼࡚㸪"That's what I said."࡜ゝ࠾࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ኻᩋࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ"thing"࡜"what"ࢆ஺᥮ྍ⬟࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋධࢀ᭰࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ࡑࡇ࡟ὀព㈨※ࢆ࡜ࡽࢀࡓࡓࡵ࠿㸪I ࢆⴠ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ Lieven et al. (2003)ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿ㸪ࠕධࢀ᭰࠼(substitute)ࠖ࡜࠸࠺
3)๰㐀ⓗ᪉␎ࡀ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ౑ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡣࡗࡁࡾ࡜♧ࡍ㔜せ࡞౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟㸪⾲ 4 ࡢࠕ෌ླྀ௦ྡモࠖࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ

87ࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣࡢⱥㄒ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ(10)a. [5;7,23a] I know something I do it in the kindergarten.

b. [5;8,15] I'm gonna wear the clothes ... that I haven't wear it.
c. [6;4,16] These are the letters that I learned it.

d. [6;6,19] Where is that book that Hagiwara Bachan buy it yesterday.
e. [7;2;0a] Can you do[what] you did it to me?
f. [8;5,14] I can't get the xxx that I like it.

g. [8;6,17] This is a rabbit that Yaboo made it.
(1b)㸪(1d) ࡛ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪┠ⓗ᱁ࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇࡛ࡣ┠ⓗㄒࡢ఩⨨ࡀ✵ᡤ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪Z ࡢⓎヰ࡟ࡣ㸪(10a)-(10g)ࡢୗ⥺㒊ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸪✵ᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ఩⨨࡟෌ླྀ௦ྡモ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ௦ྡモit ࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ⊂❧ࡋࡓᩥ࡛౑ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞᏶඲࡞⠇࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞෌ླྀ௦ྡモࡢㄗࡾࡣ㸪ᗂඣ࡟㛵ಀモ⠇ᵓ㐀ࢆ཯᚟ࡉࡏࡿ◊✲࡛ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Diessel & Tomasello,2005)ࠋLabelle (1990) ࡣ㸪ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᏊ࡝ࡶࡢ෌ླྀ௦ྡモࡢ౑⏝ࡣ㸪୺⠇࡜ᚑᒓ⠇ࢆ୪࡭ࡿ୪⨨᪉␎ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿドᣐ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪✵ᡤࢆタࡅࡿ᪉␎ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜
୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ(10)ࡢⓎヰ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪Z ࡣ (9)࡜ྠᵝ࡟୪⨨ࡢ᪉␎ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࢁ
4)

࠺ࠋ

5)

㢮ఝࡢㄗࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⾲ 4 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ๓⨨モ࡞ࡋࠖࡢ౛ࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ
(11)a. [5;10,11] Earth is something people live [in].
b. [6:2,17] I marked the place I go [to].

c. [6;5,16] Peach is a fruit that peach boy is born [from].

d. [8;1,9] Is there something I can help you [with]?

(11a)-(11d)࡛ࡣ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ෆ࡟ᚲせ࡞๓⨨モࡀḞⴠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪✵ᡤࡀタࡅࡽࢀࡎ㸪ᐜㄆ୙ྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ෌ླྀ௦ྡモࡢㄗࡾ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㸪Z ࡟ࡣ✵ᡤࡢព㆑ࡀ࡞ࡃ⠇ࢆ୪⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ
6)࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉␎ࡣ㸪⾲ 5 ࡢࠕ⠇ࡢ୪⨨ࠖࡢ౛࡛࠶ࡿ (12)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸪୺ㄒ࡜┠ⓗㄒࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ✵ᡤࡶ඲ࡃព㆑ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞㸪ព࿡ⓗ࡟ࡶ୙⮬↛࡞Ⓨヰ࡟ࡶ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(12)[9;4,28] Did you write something I was embarrassing?

10 ṓ௨㝆࡟ࡣ㸪(13a), (13c)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪๓⨨モ࡛⤊ࢃࡾᚋࢁ࡟✵ᡤࡀ࠶ࡿⓎヰࡸ㸪(13a)㸪(13b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ඛ⾜モ࡜✵ᡤࡢ㛫࡟㊥㞳ࡀ࠶ࡿⓎヰࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ(13) a. [10;2,2] Z: I will buy the notebook that the picture of fur seals' baby is on_.
>F: Fur seal is on? >Z: Is on the notebook.

b. [10;2,26] This is a picture that she made a mistake in make[ing]_.
c. [10;6,27] You have a bag that you put your bag into_.

ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ88

 ࡇࢀࡣ㸪Z ࡢⱥㄒຊࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚㸪࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ୰ࡢࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ᙧᘧ࡬ࡢὀពຊࡶ㧗ࡲࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࢆ⮬ศ࡛ࡶ౑⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ (13a)࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ୗ⥺㒊ࡀ♧ࡍᵝ࡟㸪F ࡢ⪺ࡁ┤ࡋ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚✵ᡤ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿྡモࢆ࠾ࡂ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ඛ⾜モ࡜✵
6)ᡤࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡣ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪(13a)㸪(13b)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸪✵ᡤ࡜ඛ⾜モࡢ㊥㞳ࡀ㐲ࡃ㞴ࡋ࠸࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⠇ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ㸪㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢⓎ㐩ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(Diessel& Tomasello, 2005)ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⾲ 4 ࡢ 10 ṓ௨㝆ࡢㄗࡾࡢᏑᅾࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡂຌ౛
ࡀ㛵ಀモ⠇඲యࡢⓎ㐩ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡢࡣ᫬ᮇᑦ᪩࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ⤖ㄽ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ேᕤⓗ᪥ⱥࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㸪ⱥㄒࡢ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢⓎ㐩ࢆグ㏙ࡋศᯒࡋࡓࠋ⏘ฟ⤖ᯝ࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓゝㄒ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࡢ✀㢮㸪ಶูࡢゝㄒ⾲⌧ࡀ⏘ฟ㐣⛬࡬ࡶࡓࡽࡍㄆ▱ᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞㈇ᢸ㸪ᑐヰ⪅࡜ࡢㄯヰࡢᵓ㐀㸪⩦ᚓࡎࡳࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ㛵ಀモ⠇࡬ㄗ⏝ࡍࡿ᪉␎㸪ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄝ᫂࡟ࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡜୍⯡ㄆ▱⬟ຊࡀゝㄒ⩦ᚓ࡟୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍ࡜ࡍࡿ㸪⏝ἲᇶ┙⌮ㄽࡀ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋὀ1) ୺᱁ࡢึฟࡣ㸪┠ⓗ᱁ࡀ 29 ᅇ౑ࢃࢀࡓࡢࡕࡢḟ౛࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
[5;11,0a]A man who .. who have a dog named Pukupuku.
Diessel and Tomasello (2000)࡛ࡣ㸪୺᱁ࡢ౑⏝ࡀඛ⾜ࡋࡓࡀ㸪4 ṓ௨㝆࡟┠ⓗ᱁ࡀྠ➼ࡢⓎヰᩘ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡛ࡣ┠ⓗ᱁ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵ㸦Fox & Thompson ,1990)࡜ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛┠ⓗ᱁ࡢ౑⏝ࡀከ࠸ࡢࡶ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
2) Ⓨヰ౛࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪ᖺ㱋ࡣ[ᖺ;᭶,᪥]࡛♧ࡍࠋ[ᖺ;᭶,᪥ a]ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᖺ㱋࡟ a ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ
ࡣ㡢ኌࣇ࢓࢖ࣝࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡘ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡣࣇ࢕࣮ࣝࢻࣀ࣮ࢺࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎヰ౛୰ࡢ㸪F ࡣ∗ぶࢆ㸪Z ࡣᑐ㇟ඣࢆ㸪M ࡣẕぶࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⾲♧ࡀ࡞࠸Ⓨヰࡣ㸪ᑐ㇟ඣࡢࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ>ࡣヰ⪅ࡢ஺௦ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ3) ௚⪅ࡢⓎヰࡢ୍㒊ࢆධࢀ᭰࠼ࡓⓎヰ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ḟࡢ㸯౛ࡔࡅࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
[5;7,8] F: This is what you did. > Z: This is what I did.
4) ࡍ࡛࡟ぢࡓࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ࡟ඛ❧ࡕ㸪✵ᡤࡢព㆑ࡀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍḟࡢⓎヰࡀ౑ࢃࢀࡓࠋ
 (4) a. [5;9,11a] Z: This is my trash box that mama. > F: Uh-huh. >Z: This is my trash box.
>F: That Mama what? > Z: Mama. Mama gave that to this this trash box.
Mama gave me a trash box.
ࡍ࡛࡟ぢࡓࡀ㸪୺⠇࡟ඛ⾜モ࡟࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ it ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿḟ౛ࡶ㸪᪤▱ࡢᩥࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(7) c. [6;3,5] Can you do it that I did?
5) ๓⨨モࡢ┠ⓗㄒ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿⓎヰࡣḟࡢ㸰౛ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
[7;0,1] It is the trip [I am] waiting for.
[9;4,22] I don't know what you are talking about.
ࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࢀࡽࡣ㸪"wait for"ࡸ"talk about"࡜࠸࠺๓⨨モ࡜ືモࡀ୍య໬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞⏝ἲ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪౛እⓗ࡞ᡂຌ౛ࡔ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ

6) Diessel and Tomasello (2000)࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞๓⨨モࡢ┤ᚋ࡟✵ᡤࡀ࠶ࡿ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡣ㸪௚ືモࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ㣴⫱ඣࡢⱥㄒ┠ⓗ᱁㛵ಀモ⠇⩦ᚓ

89ࡢ┤ᚋ࡟✵ᡤࢆᣢࡘ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡼࡾࡶࡣࡿ࠿࡟ᑡ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪๓⪅ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ᵓ㐀࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀ㸪Diessel and Tomasello (2005)ࡣ㸪ᗂඣ࡟ࡼࡿᩥࡢ཯᚟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ㸰✀㢮ࡢ㞴᫆ᗘࡣྠࡌ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪཯᚟ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ⪺ࡇ࠼ࡓ๓⨨モ࡟ὀពࡋ࡚෌⏕ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡀ㸪⮬ࡽⓎヰࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪๓⨨モࡢᚋࢁ࡟✵ᡤࢆタࡅࡓ⪥័ࢀ࡞࠸⾲⌧ࢆ౑࠺ࡢ࡛㸪㐪࿴ឤࡸᅔ㞴ࢆぬ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
7)୺᱁㛵ಀモ࡬ࡢಟṇ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪⠇ࡢ୪⨨ࡢㄗࡾࢆ⮬ᕫಟṇࡋࡓⓎヰࡀ 11 ṓ௨㝆࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇ
ࢀࡶ㛵ಀモ⠇ࡢ⌮ゎᗘࡢⓎ㐩ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ[11;4,21]Z: Are there any sports that we need speed? >F: Pardon?>Z: Are there sports thatneed speed?㻌

ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Ambridge, B., & Lieven, E. (2011). Child language acquisition: Contrasting theoretical
approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of
spoken and written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Diessel, H., & Tomasello, M. (2000). The development of relative clauses in spontaneous childspeech. Cognitive Linguistics, 11(1), 131-151.
Diessel, H., & Tomasello, M. (2005). A new look at the acquisition of relative clauses. Language,81, 1-25.
Diessel, H. (2009). On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject andnon-subject relative clauses. In T. Givón & M. Shibatani (Eds.), Syntactic Complexity (pp.
251-276). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Diessel, H. (2013). Construction Grammar and First Language Acquisition. In G. Trousdale,& T. Hoffmann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Construction Grammar (pp. 347-364).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Flynn, S., & Lust, B. (1980). Acquisition of relative clauses in English: Developmental
changes in their heads. Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics 1, 33–45.
Fox, B & Thompson, S. (1990). A Discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses inEnglish conversation. Language, 66(2), 297-316.
Kidd, E, Brandt, S. Lieven㸪E., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Object relatives made easy: A
cross-linguistic comparison of the constraints influencing young children's processing ofrelative clauses. Language and cognitive processes, 22(6), 860-897.
Lieven, E ., Behrens, H., Speares, J., & Tomasello, M. (2003). Early syntactic creativity: ausage-based approach. Journal of Child Language, 30, 333-370.
Slobin, D. (1973). Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In C. Ferguson & D.
Slobin (Eds.), Studies of Child Language Development (pp. 175–208). New York NY: Holt,
Rinehart, Winston.
Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition.
Cambridge, Mass. M.A. : Harvard University Press.

ᚚ ᡭ Ὑ

90

The Development of English Object Relative Clauses
in a Child Raised by the Artificial Japanese-English
Bilingual Method
MITARAI, Yasushi

Abstract
Utterances containing an objective relative clause which aJapanese-English bilingual child produced between ages 5-12 wereanalyzed.

Results show the following: The child (a) produced far more

OO-type than SO-type relative clauses; (b) used the relative pronoun

what first, followed by the contact clauses and that; (c) produced very few
relativized noun phrases without main clauses; (d) used the pronoun I

most frequently as the subject of relative clauses; (e) frequently used

what or nouns ending with -thing as antecedents but also used othernouns; and (f) produced resumptive pronouns and dropped required
prepositions in relative clauses.

The results are discussed in reference

to the usage-based theory of language acquisition.
䛆Key wordsࠚ  Relative clause, Bilingual, English

