Outline
Apollo 17: 7 Dec 1972

Robotic Exploration in addition to Humans• Sample Return• Resources• Geophysics
Artemis 1: 21 Nov 2022

Samples: The Gift that Keeps
on Giving• After Apollo was concluded, Moon
considered to be “dry”.
• Volcanic glasses collected by Apollo 15(1971) and Apollo 17 (1972) were shownin 2008 to contain water and othervolatiles once analytical technology had
been developed to make these analyses.

H 2O

Cl
Saal et al. (2008)
Nature 454,
192-195

F~30 µg/g H2OCoreS

RimSample ReturnSample return is considered essential in many lunar science and exploration
documents produced by the lunar community and the National Academies of Science,Engineering, & Medicine.

Potential Sample Return Sites

Targets: Olivine, Opx, Spinel lithologies; Crater impact melts; Felsic lithologies; Young igneous; Far-side marebasalts; Pyroclastic deposits; Hydrogen/ice deposits; Deep crust/mantle; Farside crust; Pure anorthosite.
Reconnaissance sample return from areas away from Artemis landings to guide future human exploration

Sample ReturnSample Return Technology Development: Science Requirements
Gather the sample:•Precision landing necessary? How precise? Is astatic lander sufficient?

•Is bulk regolith sufficient?

•Will hand samples be necessary?

•Will the sampling need to be done with a fetch
rover or the lander & how far will it need to go?

•How will samples be transferred to the returnvehicle?

•Will the samples require special storage
conditions (e.g., cryogenic)?

•Are surface samples sufficient or will
drilling/coring be needed?

Sample Return• Reconnaissance Sample Return:oooo

One sample will NOT answer ALL questions, but it’s a start! Hence “reconnaissance” SRInitially locations and science/exploration questions thatcan be assessed with samples returned by a simple
static lander
Evolving to more targeted samples requiring fetch
rover and/or precision landing
Highlight locations for human exploration• Mobility over several kilometers:ooooMapping lunar swirls
Understanding pyroclastic deposit extent and composition
Local/regional subsurface regolith stratigraphy
Resource prospecting

Lunar Resources
The Moon has three broad categoriesof potential resources that enable humans
to live of the land
Polar volatile deposits – in and aroundpolar permanently shadowed craters
Regolith:• Building materials (e.g. 3D printing),• Metals,• Oxygen• Solar wind volatiles (H, He C, N, etc.)• Platinum group metals• Rare earth elements• Th, UPyroclastic Deposits• Volatiles• MetalsSouth PoleRegolith

Milliken & Li (2017) Nat. Geosci. 10, 561-565. Jolliff et al. (2000) JGR. 105,84197-4216.

Importance of Lunar Resources(Potentially) Enable:• Sustainable human exploration (facilitate a permanent human presence)• Commercial involvement in lunar exploration• International cooperation/collaboration
The term “resource” has been used many times when ”reserve” is intended.
Resource: a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, orgaseous materials in or on the crust in such form that economic
extraction of a commodity is regarded as feasible.
Reserve: That portion of an identified resource from which a
usable mineral or energy commodity can be economically andlegally extracted at the time of determination
United States Geological Survey (1980) Principles of a
Resource/Reserve classification for minerals, Geol. Survey Circ. 831.
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir831

Issues with Lunar ResourcesRoad-blocks in the ISRU value chain:
Reserves

Demand/Market(s) (Customers)

Ground-truth Data & Demand/Market(s) need to be obtained/
established to understand if lunar
resources are reserves.
Cannon & Britt (2020) Icarus 347, 113778•Kleinhenz et al. (2020) Lunar Water ISRU
Measurement Study (LWIMS) NASA/TM-20205008626•Kleinhenz (2022) ISRU Potential Water Mine Site Preliminary Evaluation for NASA Artemis Campaign.
https://isruinfo.com/public/index.php?page=srr_22•Espejel (2022) From Resource to Reserve à LORS (Lunar Ore Reserve Standards), Luxembourg Space Resources Week
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4keSUCvS3Kc [33 minutes in]International Lunar Resource
Prospecting Campaign• PSR Resource Potential (large craters)• Brown et al. (2022) Icarus 377, Article 114874
o Used 10 orbital datasets to rank surface andsubsurface ice retention potentialo Ranks PSRs – targets for surface evaluationo Neutron data very coarse, but have Mini-RF datao Top 10 PSRs = >6,000 km2 of real estate!

Benefits of an International Lunar ceylr
Resource Prospecting Campaignou mpPsoecRdrly
Outer Space Treaty – Articles
I & IIIuatna
Exploration and investigationof the Moono
should facilitate,promote, anduew
Lcooperation.
r
encourage international
lTnaegnOuter SpaceTreatya–iArticle II coaipt
Outer space, including the Moonpand other celestial bodies, is not subject
Samto national appropriation
byclaim of sovereignty, by means of use orrnar occupation,eCor by anytothermeans.
etugn inOIOuter SpaceTreaty – Article I, Paragraph 1etnch and use of outer space, including the Moon and otherThetexploration
Aep ithcelestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests ofs
all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientificorw development, and shall be the province of all mankind.

Data Needed from an International Lunar
Resource Prospecting Campaign
Robotic surface exploration with mobility is essential

(Re)Establishing the Lunar Geophysical
Network (LGN)LGN has been a top lunar mission as rated by Vision & Voyages 2013-2022, andOrigins, Worlds, and Life 2023-2032 – the last two NASA Planetary Decadal Surveys.
Science Objectives:• Determine the internal structure and size of the crust,
mantle, and core to constrain the composition, mineralogy,
and lithologic variability of the Moon.
• Determine the distribution and origin of lunar seismic
activity in order to better understand the origin of
moonquakes and provide insights into the current dynamics
of the lunar interior and the interplay with external
phenomena such as tidal interactions with Earth.
• Determine the global heat-flow budget for the Moon inorder to more precisely constrain the distribution of heatproducing elements in the crust and mantle, the origin andnature of the Moon’s asymmetry, its thermal evolution, andthe extent it was initially melted.
The mission shall address all three objectives.

Apollo Knowledge

Apollo Knowledge• Deep Moonquakes - 850-1,000 km. > 7,000 recorded.
4 types of events induce
Originate from “nests” - 318 nests defined from Apolloseismicity on the Moon.
seismic data to date. Small magnitude (< 3). Associated withtidal forces.
• Thermal Moonquakes - Associated with heating andexpansion of the crust. Lowest magnitude of allMoonquakes.
• Meteoroid Impacts - > 1,700 events representing
meteoroid masses between 0.1 and 100 kg were recorded
1969-1977. Smaller impacts were too numerous to count.
• Shallow Moonquakes - some > 5 magnitude. Exact[Nakamura et al. (1982) PLPSC 13th] locations unknown. Indirect evidence suggests focal depthsof 50-200 km. May be associated with boundaries between
dissimilar surface features. Exact origin unknown.

Apollo Knowledge
High Seismic Q

Oberst & Nakamura (1992) A Seismic Risk for the Lunar Base. 2nd
Conference on Lunar Bases & Space Activities, 231-233

Why is Another Lunar
Geophysical Network Needed?
• Network located on central nearside• Far side has thicker crust – indirect evidence• Offset center of mass & center of figuree.g., Kaula et al. (1974) PLSC 5, 3049-3058

Wieczorek et al. (2013) Science 339, 671-675

Why is Another Lunar
Geophysical Network Needed?
• We don’t know the extent or duration of the now extinct lunar dynamo.
• We don’t know the exact origin of the Moon’s crustal magnetic anomalies/swirls.
• We don’t have unambiguous observations of a mid-mantle discontinuity (base of the LMO?),a partial melt layer above the outer core, or the nature of the inner core.
• We don’t know how surface hemispherical observations propagate into the interior.
• We don’t understand why/how all moonquakes occur.

Why is Another Lunar
Geophysical Network Needed?
Garnet in the lunar interior• Some studies suggest a velocity
jump in the middle mantle (~500 km)
that represents an increased
proportion of Mg-rich olivine.
Nakamura et al. (1974) GRL 1, 137-140;
Nakamura (1983) JGR 88, 677-686.

• Others use the same seismic data toinfer the presence of garnet >500 km
within the Moon.

Neal (2001) JGR 106, 27,865-27,885

Hood (1986) in Origin of the Moon, 361-410;
Hood &Jones (1987) PLPSC 17 in JGR 91,
E396-E410.

Why is Another Lunar
Geophysical Network Needed?
Evaluate the seismic hazard to human explorationand human permanence on the Moon

Oberst & Nakamura (1992) A Seismic Riskfor the Lunar Base. 2nd Conference on Lunar
Bases & Space Activities, 231-233

Nakamura et al. (1974) PLSC 5th, 2883-2890

Using the Moon to Explore the Origin of LLSVPs
Primordial Magma Ocean Cumulates•Assumed to be compositionally dense leftovers fromthe magma-ocean phase that are formed to dense
accumulations (piles) by mantle flow.

•Magma ocean crystallization leads to a massive mantle
overturn that may set up a stably stratified mantle.

•Could lead to significant delays or total prevention ofplate tectonics on some planets.

Kreielkamp et al. (2022) EPSL 579, 117357. Pachhai et al. (2022) Nat. Geosci. 15, 79-84. Schaefer & Elkins-Tanton (2018) PhilTrans. Roy. Soc. A 376, 20180109.

The Lunar Geophysical Network Mission• Planetary Mission Concept Study funded in 2019 https://science.nasa.gov/science-pink/s3fspublic/atoms/files/Lunar%20Geophysical%20Network.pdf• Globally distributed network of seismometers, heat flow probes, electromagnetic sounders,laser retroreflectors

LGN in New Frontiers 5

lee
RdeasOAt
Baseline Mission:far• 4 identical landers globally deployed around the Moon.
D 245• Long-lived: 6-year mission with a goal of 10 years.
0s2• Will allow other nodes to be added to strengthen scienceierlit
31r
return (cf. the International Lunar Network).
npoAr• 4 landers launched together, deployed sequentially.
:
4Fetw Da
1e
3Threshold Mission:
N0e2,
2• 2 identical landers deployed at 1 (youngmarebasalt P- :u32hDc60) and 2 (Schickard Basin 2–0
antipodaltoA33).
lna• The parent spacecraft = communicationsusn• 2 sites distinctly in different
terranes.
aoaJLprelay for all landers.
o0• Sites detect deep
moonquakes
fromfarside
A33
nestr
1P!
(core and mantlestructure).
• Each lander will be able to send dataET• Expandthe LRR network.
A
direct to Earth, so the communications
D• DeepEM sounding beneath distinct terranes.
Prelay orbiter acts as a back-up for nearUside landers.

Summary & Conclusions
Sample Return:• Technology developed by JAXA (Hyabusa)– opportunities for scientific and technology
collaborations.
• Develop reliable fetch rover and sample
transfer & return mechanisms.
• Useful for establishing strong scientificcollaborations.

Summary & Conclusions
Resource Prospecting:• Promotes international scientific andtechnological cooperation and collaboration.
• Technology needed to work in shadowed
craters (~40 K).
• Data returned serves a number of different
stakeholders.
• Potentially can establish strong commercial
involvement and job growth IF resources =reserves.

Summary & Conclusions
Lunar Geophysical Network:• International team assembled with commercial
and government participation.
• In the last 20 years new instruments developed(heat flow probe, seismometer, laser
retroreflector, electromagnetic sounder).
• New batteries and landers developed.
• Critical for safety of humans on the lunar
surface.

Questions?