57

BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch21（2004）57−64⑥Japanese Society ofSnow andIce

GlacioLogica10bservationsonthepLateauofBelukhaGLacierintheAltaiMountains，Russiafrom
2001 to 2003

KojiFUJITAl，Nozomu TAKEUCHl2，VladimirAIZEN3andStanisLavNIKIT［N41GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies，NagoyaUniversity，C／oHydrospheric−AtmosphericResearchCenter，Nagoya464−8
Japan，

2ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature，335Takashimacho，Kamigyo−ku，Kyoto602−0878Japan
3CollegeofMinesandEarthResources，P．0．Box443025，UniversityofIdaho，Moscow，Idaho83844−3025USA
4Glacio，ClimatologicalLaboratory，36Lenina Str．，Tomsk StateUniversity，Tomsk634050Russia（ReceivedSeptember30，2003；RevisedmanuscriptreceivedNovember17，2003）

Abstract

Inorder to reconstruct pastclimate andenvironmentchanges fromicecores，the US−Russia・JapanjointresearchwascarriedoutonthewestplateauofBelukhaGlacierintheAltaiMountains

from2001to2003．Aftertwoyearsreconnaissanceresearches，anicecoretothebottom（171m）was

SuCCeSSfullyextractedinAugust2003．Wereportinthispapertheobservationalresultsduring3years（200ト2003）withrespecttomassbalance，Changesinsurfacelevel，Surfaceflowvelocities，meteOrOlog−
icalandclimatologicaldata，andpits．

1．lntroduction

1996；1999；Kang et alリ2000；Duan and Yao，2003），

paleo−ClimaticrecordsfromtheAltaiMountains are

RunofffromsouthwesternSiberiaplaysapartin
regulating the global thermohaline circulation
throughthe hydrologicalcycle of the Arctic Ocean

relativelyfew．TheAltaiRangeliesonthenorthwest・ernperipheryofthecentralAsia（Fig．1a）andactsas

glaciersoftheAltairangearesourcesofwaterofthe
ObandYeniseyrivers，Whicharethelargestwestern
Siberian rivers flowinginto the Arctic Ocean．The
COntinentalrunoffamountstoabout54％ofthetotal

Withrespect toice cores andglacier dynamics haveandthewaterflowingfromtheObandYeniseyrivers

tains，SuitablesnowaccumulationsitestoextracticeCOreSare few．Thewest plateau of Belukha Glacier（Wang and Cho，1997）．Seasonalsnow covers andfreshwaterintotheArcticOcean（Barry et al．，1993）
accounts for40％of the totalriverinflowinto the

Arctic（Aagaard，1980）．We expect，therefore，that

theinitialbarrier to the westerly jet stream andSiberian high．In recent years，SeVeralobservations

beencarriedoutintheregion（e．g．Eyrik etal．，2001；
Blaser et al．，2002；Fujiiet al．，2002；Schwikowskietal．，2002；De Smedt and Pattyn，2003；Pattyn et alリ2003）．Despite of manyglaciersin the AltaiMoun−（49049′N，86034′E；4000−4100ma．s．1．，Fig．1bandlc），

Climate change has a significant influence on the
freshwaterbudgetoftheArcticOceanthroughimpact
Onglacierandsnowrunoffintheheadwatersofthese

Signalsinsnowareexpectedtobesmall．

VOlume of glaciersin the centralhighAsia has de−records throughice core，We have started the US−

rivers．During thelast half of the20th century，the
CreaSed tremendously（IPCC，2001a）in association

WithremarkablerapidwarminginSiberia（Chapman

andWalsh，1993；Weller，1998；IPCC，2001b）．
Well−dated，high−reSOlutionice core recordswi11

improve our understanding of past climate andhydrologicalenvironmentandhelptopredictpossible

theobservationsiteofthisstudy，islocatedatsohighelevation that disturbances of meltwater on climatic
In order to examine climatic and environmental

Russia−Japan joint research on the west plateau of
Belukha Glacierin the AltaiMountains sinceJuly

2001．After two years reconnaissance researches，an
ice core to the bottom（170 m）was extractedin

August2003．Observationalresults during3 years（2001−2003）withrespecttomassbalance，Changesin
future changes（Taylor et al．，1993）．Although Surfacelevel，Surface flowvelocities，meteOrOlogical
Tibetan／Himalayanice core records have been
andclimatologicaldata，andsnowpits，Whichwillbe

recoveredinregions dominatedby monsoon circula−

helpfulfor analysIS Ofice core，are repOrtedin thistion（e．g．Mayewskiet al．，1984；Thompson et al．，
paper．
1988；1989；1990；1993；1995；1997；2000；YaoefαJリ1995；

BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch

5β

80E

90E

lOOE

llOE

120E

Fig．1．Location of Belukha Glacier（a）and photographs of research area（b：Mt
BelukhafromAkkembasecamptakenon13August2003，C：Thewestplateau
takenfromawesthillon9August2003）．

59

Fujita et al．
2．Observations and results

ユ／．（、／／川（〟り／（融（■ ／／（ん／ ＝J／▲1扶i〃JInJuly2001，areCOnnaissanceresearchexpedition

was carried out．Two bench marks and five stakesLong−term meteOrOlogicalrecords（air tempera−

tureandprecipitationsince1950s）areavailableatthc

Akkemmeteorologicalstation（2040ma．s．1．）operated

WereinstalledonthewestplateauofBelukhaGlacier．
Severalsnowpitsweredugandsha1lowanddeepice
COreSWereeXtraCtedduringthesucceedingtwoyears．
Participants in the field observation during three
years arelistedinTablel．Relativelocations of thebytheRussiangovernment．Itisvaluabletocomparc
Climatic slgnalsinice cores withlongTterm
Climatologicaldatainordertoimprovereliabilityof

kmnorthoftheplateauofBelukhaGlacier，forstable
isotope analysis fromJuly2002 toJuly2003（136tionofsummer−aCCumulationtypeglacierintheAsian
high1andareverysensitivetochangeinairtempera−

the climateinformation reconstructed from theicc

COreS．Changesin annualmean air temperature andbenchmarks（BM），Stakes（ST），SnOWpits（P，JP，RP），
annualamounts of precipitation，and their seasonal
drillingsite（DS），andglaciercamp（GC）areshownin
ChangesobservedatAkkemareshowninFig．3．IntheFig．2．Thelocationsofthebenchmarks，Stakes，pit
long−termreCOrds（Fig．3a），annualmeanairtempera−
JP and drilling site were measured precisely with aturetendstorisesincethemid1980s，Whilethereisn（）
Carrier−phasedifferentialGPS（GPTSXl，TOPCONin Clear tendencyin annualprecipitation．Seasonal
2001and 2003；Allstar，CMC electronicsin 2002）． Changeinmonthly precipitation（Fig．3b）shows that
Locations of the snow pits（P and RP）and glacierfairly large amounts of precipitation occur during
CampWeremeaSuredwithahandy−typeGPS（Garmin，Summer SeaSOn（Mayto September），SuggeSting that
U．S．A．）．Inaddition，dailyprecipitationsweresampledBelukha Glacieris a summer−aCCumulationtypegla−
at the Akkem meteorologicalstation，located at12
Cier．Ithasbeenknownthatmassbalanceandfluctua−

Samples）．Samplesareunderanalysisatpresent．

ture（Kayastha et al．，1999；Fujita and Ageta，2000；

Tablel．Listofparticipantsinthefieldobservation
Period（in／outAkkem）

Participants
Ⅴ．Aizenl，S．Nikitin2，L．D．Ceci13，K．J．Kreutz4，K．Fujita5，Y．Matsuda5，
K．Matsuki5，A．Surazakov2，A．Lushnikov2，A．Chebotarev2，
T．Prokopinskaya2，SPolesskiy6
Ⅴ．Aizenl，S．A．Nikitin2，K．Fujita5，N．Takeuchi7，A．Surazakov2，

11to23July2001

10to18July2002

22Julyto13August 2003

A．Lushnikov2，A．Chebotarev2，T．Prokopinskaya2

V．Aizenl，S．Nikitin2，N．Takeuchi7，）．Uetake8，A．Takahashi9，

T．YamazakilO，M．Sawahatall，A．Surazakovl，D．Joswiakl， A．Lushnikov2，A．Chebotarev2，T．Prokopinskaya2

Affiliations：1・University ofIdaho，USA．2．Tomsk State University，Tomsk，Russia．3．USGeological
Survey，Idaho，USA・4．University of Maine，Maine，USA．5．Nagoya University，Nagoya，Japan．6．
NovosibirskInstituteofInorganicChemistry．7．ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature，Kyoto，Japan．
8・TokyoInstituteofTechnology，Tokyo，Japan．9．GeoTecsCo．Ltd．，Nagoya，Japan．10．MTSInstituteInc．，Tokyo，Japan．11．AsiaTV＆FilmProductionsCompany，Tokyo，Japan▲BM◆DS

MN

▲■

BM2

BMl

＋ST◇GC
・Pit
︵
∈
︶
幸
O
N
O
l
王
⊃
O
S

2

0

RP2 ST4 P2 STl＋ JP ST2乍1＋s，5 ＋sT3
P4 GC

● P3

0

ホ丁

●

−500

−400

−300

−200
−100
WesttoEast（m）

0

P51bs

100

200

Fig2・Locationsofbenchmarks（BM），Stakes（ST），pits（P，JPandRP），drillingsite（DS），andglaciercamp（GC）ontheplateauofBelukhaGlacier．MNdenotesthe

directionofmagnetic north．

60

Bulletin of GlacioloRical Research

700 ︵
0

O

︵
0
0
T
︶
巴
⊃ −
l
2
巴
む
d
∈
望 ■
J
3
葡
U
■
q
少
ヒ
一
雪
U
u
5 0
9
＜
︵
U
O
︶
聖
⊃
l
空
父
︼
∈
り
︸
﹂
局
u
双
∈
i
室
∪
き
ノ
ー

60

0

50

0

0

0
0
40

1

9

6 0

9

7 0

9

8 0

9

9 0

3︿
U

2

．
甲
≧
∈
∈
︶
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O
焉
温
．
8
巴
d
一
再
コ
∪
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2
0

0

8
6

5

0
4

0

2

0

0

5

0

0
0
0
0

︶
u
O
焉
l
香
0
聖
d
と
壬
∪
︵
≦

Fig．3．Recordsofairtemperature（solidlines）andprecipi−
0tation（brokenlines）atAkkemmeteorologjcalstation．
Annualchanges from1951to1998（a）and seasonal
Changeofmonthlymeanvaluesfrom1951to1998（b）．
1
1

to compare climatic records derived fromice cores，
instrumentalclimatic records around glaciers，andfluctuationsofglaciersandriverdischarges．
2．2．5〟ゆcg／g〃gJ
Inordertomeasureannualsnowaccumulationon

︵
U ︵
．
叩
■ き
1O ∈
∈

5

SenSitiveto climatechange．Itis，therefore，Valuable

theplateau，fivestakeswereinstalledinJuly2001and

0 0 0

2

0

Naitoetal．，2001）．Itisinteresting，therefore，tOinves−tigate how the glaciersin the AltaiMountains are

re−installedinJuly2002（Fig．2）．Measurements ofthese stakes provide surface accumulation in snow

thickness（Table2）．
Anautomaticsnowgauge（KADEC−SNOW，Kona
SystemCo．Ltd．，Sapporo，Japan）wasinsta11edin2001
and2002atStake2（ST2inFig．2）tomeasuredaily

accumulationthroughouttheyearsontheplateau．It
providesdailysurfacelevelwith a resolutionof O．01

m．Unfortunately，thedatalogglngSWereStOppedat

the end of October2001and at theendof November
2002duetoabatterytrouble．Figure4showsthedailymeansurfacelevelas results ofthe2yearmeasure−ment．The surfacelevels are represented as relative

levelstothatinJuly2001（thefirstdayofthemeasure−

Table2．Changesinsurfacelevel（m）atfivestakesfromJuly2001toJuly2003．Locations
ofstakesareshowninFig．2．Stakelwaslostandre−installedinJuly2002．Icethicknesses（m）measuredbyaradioechosoundingsystem（TomskStateUnivesrity，Russia）arealso
shown．

2

Stakel（STl）
Stake2（ST2）
Stake3（ST3）
Stake4（ST4）
Stake5（ST5）
Averages andstandarddeviation

Snowaccumulation Snowaccumulation
Icethickness（m）
from18July2001
to13July2002
to30July2003
1．53
1．58
2．13
2．36
1．73
2．15
1．50
2．39
1．65
2．26±0．14

1．60±0．09

fr・Om16July2002
151
168
185
143
193
168 i‑ 21

Fig．4．ChangesinrelativesurfacelevelsbasedonthelevelonJuly2001（thefirstday
ofthe measurement）on the plateau of Belukha Glacier fromJuly2001toJuly
2003．Linesandsquaresdenotesurfacelevelsmeasuredbyautomaticsnowgauges
and by stakes．

6．7

Fujita et al．

ment）．

According to the snow gauge data，the surface
levelincreasedmorethanlmfromJulytoSeptember

2001，and then decreased rapidlyin October．The

drillingsite，locationsofthefivestakesontheplateau
and two bench marksinstalled on rocks were sur−

VeyedwiththedifferentialGPS．Changesintheloca−

tionsofBenchMark2andfivestakesbetweenstudy
years are summarizedin Table3．The origin of thetionofsnow，meltofsnow，Orwinderosion．However，
SurVeySWaSSet at Bench Markl．Sincebothofthe
thedecreaseisunlikelyduetocompactionofsnowor
benchmarkswereinstalledonrocks，thechangesin
melt ofsnow．ThedecreaseinOctober was approxi− relativelocation of Bench Mark2indicate measure−decreaseinthesurfacelevelmaybedue tocompac−

mately50cminamonth，Whichistoolargetoresult

menterrors，WhichwerelessthanO．2minhorizonand

fromsnowcompaction．Furthermore，inthesnowpitO．05min vertical．The result shows that the surface
Observationin2002，nOheavymeltfeaturewasfoundflow velocities increased downstream and that theinsnowlayer，SuggeStingthatsignificantsnowmelt− grid of5stakes strained convergently（Fig．5）．Since
ingdidnot occurin2001．Therefore，Winderosionis thedrillingsitein2003waslocatedupstreamofStakethemostplausiblepossibilityforthedecrease ofthel（DSinFig．2）horizontalsurfaceflowatthesitewas
Surfacelevel．Incontrasttotheresultin2001，nOSuCh expectedlessthanl．5ma￣1．

rapid subsidence was foundin2002．Itisimportantwhether such wind erosion occurred or not when

net・balanceestimatedfromanicecoreisregardedas

regionalprecipitation．Althoughapossibilityofwind

erosion has been vaguely pointed out at many ice
COringsites ，thisisthefirstevidenceofwinderosion．

This result suggests thatitis necessary to discuss

net−balancefromicecoreontheplateauwithpreclpl−

tationandwindspeedrecordedattheAkkemmeteor−
0logicalstation．
Althoughwefailedto collect surfacelevelfrom
Wintertospringinboth2002and2003，1argeamountsof accumulation should have occurredin this season．

Based on the stake measurements and snow gage

data，theaccumulationinthisseasonwasl．9min2002
andl．2min2003，Whicharemorethanhalfofannual

accuInulationsin each year．Seasonalchangeinmonthly precipitation at Akkem（averages for theperiodfrom1951to1998；Fig．3b）suggests that therestoftheannualsnowaccumulationoccursmainlyin
May andJune．In order to analyze anindividual
precipitation event at Akkem and surface level
Change on the plateauin detail，itis necessary to
ObtainmeteorologicalrecordsatAkkemafter1999．

Fig．5．Surfaceflowvelocities onthe plateau of Belukha
Glacier．Circles，and black and gray arrows denoterelative positions of stakes（ST），and flow velocities
between2001and2002，and between2002and2003，
respectively．

ユユ∫J†巾（、り7州、甘ん）（イ／ん，∫Since the plateauislocated at the top of theglacier，icemovementislikelysmallenoughforanice
COreStudy．In ordertomeasureicemovement atthe

Table3．Changesinlocations（m）ofbenchmarkandfivestakesfromJuly2001toJuly2003．AbbreviationsdN，dE，dZanddHdenotethenorthward，eaStWard，Verticalandhorizontalcomponentsofthechanges，reSpeCtive−
1y．Theoriginissetat BenchMarkl．VelocitiesinFig．5areconvertedinto annualvalues．
Duration
Benchmark2（BM2）

Stakel（STl）
Stake2（ST2）
Stake3（ST3）
Stake4（ST4）
Stake5（ST5）dN

18 July 2001 to 14 July 2002
dE
dZ

0．10
−2．11
−3．38
−2．36
−1．68

0．13 −0．01
−1，16
−1．80
−0．54
−1．69

1．20
0．22
0．94
0．78

dH

dN

14 July 2002 to 30 July 2003
dE
dZ

0．16 0．02
2．40
3．83
2．42
2．38

−1．36
−2．19
−3．58
−2．47
−2．05

0．02 −0．04
−0．76
−0．98
−1．78
−0．53
−1．52

0．09
−0．89
−0．90
−1．04
−0．30

dH
0．02
1．56
2．39
4．00
2．53
2．55

/i2

Hu11etinofGlaciologicalResearch

Table4．Slopeangle（a），effect ofslope（SE）andsubmergencevelocities（SV and SVa）ateachstakefrom2001
to2003，Averagesofeachperiod are alsoshown．

18July2001to14July2002

14July2002to30July2003

α（つ） 5g（m） ∫r（m） Sl左 （ma−1） α（D） 5g（m） 5r（m）

Sl左

（ma1）

Stakel（STl）
Stake2（ST2）
Stake3（ST3）

3．28

4．13 −0．17 −0．75 −0．76
4．98
−0．33
1．81
1．83

4．32 【0．18 −2．29 −2．19
5．24
0．37
2．26
−2．17

Stake5（ST5）

4．13

4．32

Stake・4（ST4）

4．13

【0．18

−0．17

−1．03

−1．44

−1．04

−1．45

Averageandstandarddeviation−1．27±0．47

St完（nla￣1）

Since the measurement errors of the carrier−phasedifferentialGPSsurveyaresmall，Submergence
Velocity can be calculated by subtracting accumula−tionheightandeffectofslopefromverticalchangein
Surface．Valuesateachstake and averagesaresum−

3．41

−0．09

−1．34

−1．29

4．32 −0．19 −2．35 −2，25
0．19

−1．75

−1．68

ー1．91±0．42

SenSOr．IntheearlyJune of2003，the snowtempera−

tureincreaseddrasticallyuptoOOC．Thisisprobably
due to melt of theice around the sensor．

Air temperature，relative humidity，Wind speed
and direction，and atmospheric pressure were mea−

marizedinTable4．Itisconsideredthatmostpartof
thesubmergencevelocityiscausedbycompactionof
snowlayeraccumulatedinpreviousyear．

SuredbesideBenchMarklfromJuly2002toAugust
2003．Themeteorologicaldatawillbecomparedwith

ユ・J、れ・川／力り■√J／（ゾJ叫ぐ◆（・／JJヾ〃州・／l川♪川／／／…・

dust，and pollens preservedinsnow（see the next
Sub−Chapter）．Detailed discussion willbe published

Snow temperature recordis usefultointerpretpost−depositionalchangesin stratlgraphy，Chemical，and stableisotopes near the surface．A temperature

atmosphericcirculationpatterns．Itwi11helptounder，Stand vaporsources and origins ofchemicalspecies，

elsewhere．

sensor wasinsta11ed at Stake2（ST2in Fig．2）and

ユご；，ノ（、＝、州・J（川（／∫〃り什／−J／∫

Withsnowaccumulation．SnowtemperaturewasOOC

bedbymeltwaterpercolation．Therefore，theplateau

SnOW temperature WaS mOnitored fromJuly2002to

Severalsnowpitsweredugeveryyearfrom2001
July2003atanintervalofonehour（Fig．6）．Sincethe to2003．Manythinicelayersbutno heavymeltfea−
ture were observedin allof the pits．This suggests
SenSOr WaS fixed at the surfacelevelinJuly2002，
depth of the sensor below the surface has changed
thatannualsnowlayersontheplateauarenotdistur−during the first two months（July and August）．This

islikely to preserve wellinformation of atmosphere
Whensnowwasdeposited．Incontrasttothisplateau
Of Belukha Glacier，Significant melt and melt water
thesurface（Fig．4）．Theaquiferprobablybecamean percolationhavebeenobservedatthedri11ingsiteof
Sofiyskiy Glacier（3435m a．s．1．，49047′N，87O44′E，
icelayer during the succeeding winter．However，nO

COnStanttemperatureislikelyduetoanaquiferkeep−
ing meltwater isolated by snow accumulation fromheavy melting feature was foundinthe snow pit oflocated80km east from Belukha Glacier），Where an

Only at the site around the sensor．Meltwater may
have flowed down along the stake then froze theThisfactimpliesthatthesuitablesitestoextract dry
icecore arelimitedeveniftheAltaiMountainRange

July2003．Therefore，the aquifer may have formed icecorehasbeendrilledin2001byFujiietal．（2002）．

0

︵
U
O
︶
巴
⊃
l
空
監
∈
空
室
O
U
S

5
0

■5
■0
■
■5
■
1
1
2
2

Fig．6．SnowtemperatureatStake2（STinFig．2）．Depthof
thesensorwasfixatthesurfaceinJuly2002（seeFig，3）．

Fujita et al．

（丈■ノTable5．Accumulationsin snow thickness and water equivalent on the plateau of Belukha
Glacier．Accumulationbetween2000and2001are estimated from depth oficelayer anddensityprofilesin pits（Pin Fig．2）．Accumulations from2001to2003are obtained from
Stake measurements（STinFig．2）and density profilesin pits（JPin Fig．2）．Averaged
densitiesofsurfacelayerarealsoshown．

fromsummerof2000
to July 2001
fromJuly2001to
July2002
fromJuly2002to
July2003

Snowthickness Waterequivalent Averageddensity
thickness（m）（×1000kgm3）
1．78±0．06

0．69±0．05

0．39

2．26±0．14

0．87±0．06

0．38

1．60±0．09

0．56±0．04

0．35

1iesathigh1atitude．Comparisonoftheicecoresfrom
twolocations of different conditionsin Altaimay
yield someinformation whichis not obtained from
OnelCe COre．

State University，Tomsk，Russia；Table2）．Another
COre Of48m depth was also drilled．Stratigraphy，
density，0Ⅹygen andhydrogen stableisotopes，majorions，heavymetals，dust，pOllens，Organicmatters，andStandspatialdistributionofchemicalspecies，OXygen
andhydrogenstableisotopes，andothervariables onunderstandanenvironmentalhistoryaroundtheAltai
Mountains．

In2001，fivepits（PinFig．2）weredugtounder− microbeswi11beanalyzedinordertocomprehensively

theplateau．Theresultswillbepublishedelsewhere．In
thesepits，anObviousicelayerwasobserved．Theice Acknowledgments

layerisconsideredtobeformedintheprevioussum−

Theauthorsareobligedtotheallmemberswho
merof2000．Basedonthedepthoftheicelayer，theaccumulationinthepreviousyear（2000toJuly2001） assisted in this research on the plateau of Belukha
was estimatedto bel．78±0．06minsnowthickness
Glacier．We appreciate T．Sawagaki（Hokkaido
andO．69±0．05mwaterequlValent．Accumulationsin Univ．）for use of carrier−phase differentialGPS sys−
SnOW thickness，thatin water equlValent，and aver−temin2001and2003．WealsoappreciateT．Fujiiand
agedsurfacesnowdensitiesfrom2000to2003，Which
R．Naruse for helpfulcomments on this manuscript．
Were Obtained from the stake and pit observations
ThisstudywassupportedbytheU．S．Departmentof（STandJPinFig，2）aresummarizedinTable5．
Energy（DEAlO7）research projects Aeolian Dust
Inadditiontothesnowpits，aShallowicecorein
ExperimentonClimateImpact（ADEC） and Icecore
21mdepthwasextracted with a hand auger（PICO，
analysiswithcryo−microbes onglaciersin a Chinese
U．S．A．）atthesiteofpitP5in2001．Chemicalspecies，
aridregion supportedbySpecialCoordinationFunds

Stableisotopes，anddustconcentrationsintheicecore
Were analyzed and willbe published elsewhere．
Resultsoftheanalysisshowedseasonalvariationsof
major solubleions and suggest that the21m core
COVerS8years．TheresultsalsosuggestthatNHIand
SOlid particlesin theice core may reflect biomass
burnlngeVentSarOundtheglacier．
Inordertoevaluatetheeffectofseasonalmelton

Chemicalspeciesandstableisotopesinsnow，aSnOW

for Promoting Science and Technology from the

Ministry of Education，Culture，Sports，Science andTechnology，JapaneseGovernment，andresearchpro−
ject Historicalevolution of adaptabilityin oases
region to water resources changes（Oasis Project）

organized by Research Institute for Humanity andNature，Kyoto，Japan，and SpecialCoordination

FundsforPromotingScienceandTechnology．

pitwasdugattheexactlysameplace（JP）in2002and Re†erences
2003．Snowsampleswerecollectedatthesameverti−

Calsnowplaneatoneyearinterval．Itisimportantto
know the post−depositionalchangesin chemical
SpeCiesandstableisotopesinsnowfortheinterpreta−tion of deepice core records．Samples collectedin

2003are nowunder analysis．The results and discus−

Sionwillbepublishedelsewhere．

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Obtainedwitha radio echo soundingsystem（Tomsk

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