BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch21（2004）31−36⑥JapaneseSocietyofSnowandIce．■〃

GlacioJogicalobservationsonJuJylstgJacierinQilianMountainsofwestChjnaduringsummer
2002

Yoshihiro MATSUDAl，Akiko SAKAll，KojiFUJrTAl，MasayoshiNAKAWO2，DUAN Keqjn
Jianchen3andYAOTandong3

1GraduateSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies，NagoyaUniversity，Nagoya4648601Japan

2ResearchInstitutefor Humanity andNature，Kyoto6020878Japan
3ColdandAridRegionsEnvironmentalandEngineeringResearchInstitute，ChineseAcademyofScience，Lanzhou730000China（ReceivedSeptemberl，2003；RevisedmanuscriptreceivedNovember6，2003）

Abstract

MeteorologicalandglaciologicalobservationsontheJulylst（Qiyi）glacierintheQilianMoun−tainswerecarriedoutfromJunetoSeptember2002．Meteorologicalstationswereinstallednearthe

glacierterminusandontheglacier．Glaciersurfacealbedo，icetemperatureprofileandmassbalance

Were also observed．Meteorologicalconditions around theJulylst glacier seem to fluctuate atintervalsofabouttwoweeks．ThealbedodecreasedtobelowO．2duetomud−1ikematerial（cryoconite）

COVeringtheglaciersurface．Observedrefrozenwaterwasveryscarcecomparedwiththepotential
refrozenwatercalculatedfromicetemperaturechangesorthewaterrunningofffromtheglacierSurface．The altitudinalprofile of the mass balance suggests that theJulylstglacier may be
Shrinking．
1．Jntroduction

CentralAsiais an arid／semi−arid region．The

amountofprecipitationismuchgreaterinthemoun−themfacingnorth（Wu，1985）．Theriversnourishedby
theseglacierssupplywatertotheplains．Yang（1992）

estimated the glacier melt runoffinthis range and

COnCludedthatitprovidesabout12．5％ofthestream
tainsthanontheplains．Howeverintheplains，eVapO− runofftothe Hexiregion，nOrthoftheQilianMoun−rationand／ortranspirationaresignificant，farhigher

than the amount of precipitation．Thelife of the
inhabitantshasbeenstronglyaffectedbyvariationsin
theamountofavailablewater．Manycitiesandtowns
havebeenestablishedalongthemajorriversinorderto ensure ready access to water．Glaciers play animportant rolein the hydrologicalcyclein suchregions，Sinceaconsiderableamountofsolidwateris
stored in the glaciers and most of the rivers aretains．

OntheJulylst（Qiyi）glacier，locatedonthewest
Side of the Qilian Mountains（Fig．1）many observa−
tionshavebeencarried out since1958（e．g．Lanzhou
Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology，1985，1992；
Shietal．，1988）．AjointresearchteamofJapaneseand

Chinese scientists started meteorological，hydrologicaland glaciologicalobservations on thisglacierin the middle ofJune2002to evaluate thereplenishedbythem（e．g．Yang，1992；Ujihashiet al．， meltingprocessesofglaciersinthisreglOninorderto
1998）．
estimate their response to climate change and to
The Qilian Mountains in the northwesternmeasure the fluctuations in the effects of glacier

Qinghai−TibetanPlateauofwestChinaareinsuchan

variations on water resources．

SOOnSSupplythemoistureinsummer，andmorethan
half ofthe annualprecipitation occurs fromJune toAugust．Theannualprecipitationontheeastside of

2．Location and observations

arid／semi−aridregionwithsummitshigherthan5000
Wepresentthepreliminaryresultsofthoseobser−
ma．s．1．Winteristhedryseasoninthisregion．Onthe
Vations from the middle ofJune to thebeginning of
Otherhand，thesoutheasterlyandsouthwesterlymon− September，2002．

themountainsisgreaterthanonthewestside，rang−
TheJulylst（Qiyi）glacier（39O15′N，97O45′E；Fig．
ingfrom200to900mm（DingandKang，1985；Yang， 1）facesnorthand，aCCOrdingtoLiu et al．（1992a），its
1992）．
lengthalongthecenterlineandtheareawere3．8km

The Qilian Mountains have2815glaciers，theWholeareaofwhichwas1390．49km2in1980，mOStOf

and2．98km2，reSpeCtively，in1985．
Observationitems，Sites，periodsandintervalsare

.32

Bu11etinofGlaciologicalResearch

An automatic weather station（AWS）wasin−stalled，andtheAWSsite（AS，4290ma．s．l．）isnearthe
terminus of theJulylst glacier．Air temperature，

downward and upward shortwave radiation and ice

temperatureprofilehavebeenmeasuredat thest8「2（4619m a．s．1．）．It should be noted that the distances

betweenthepositions ofthesensors andthe glacierSurfacehavebeenchanglngatSt8r2duetotheglacierablation．Twenty−eightstakesformassbalancemea−
surementswereinstalledontheglacier（Fig．1）threeof which werelost．

3．Results and discussions

3．J．〟gね0和才〔g才c（ZJco乃d才fわ乃S

Daily mean meteorologlCalvalues are shownin
Fig．2andtheaveragevaluesmeasuredbyAWSfrom

JunelOtoSeptember3aresummarizedinTable2、Figure2showsthatthemeteorologlCalconditions
aroundtheJulylstglacierseemtofluctuateatinter−vals of about two weeks．Relatively cold and wet

Fig．1．Location map of stakes（open circles，SOlid andopen squares）．The threelost stakes are not plotted・Solidsquare，OpenSquareandtriangledenotest82，StlO
andAS，reSpeCtively．

summarizedinTablel，andFig．1showsthetopogra−

phyoftheJulylstglacierandthelocationsofobser−
vation sites．Figurelis based on a photo survey

carried outin1975（Wang et al．，1981）and onsubse−
quentsurveysbycarrier−phasedifferentialGPS con−ductedinJune，2002．

conditions continue for about two weeks while thefollowing weeks are relatively warm and dry．After

Warm and dry days，COld and wet conditions return．

Whenthere was precipitation，the relative humidity

wasfairlyhigh，andglobalsolarradiation，windspeed

andthelapserateofairtemperaturesbetweenASandst8p2were relatively small．The directions of daily
vectormeanwindshowedthatsoutherlywinds，Which
aremountainwindshere，preVailed，followedbynorth−erly winds．Westerly and easterly winds were very
rare．

Tablel．Observationitems，Sites，periodsandintervals．ThealtitudeofAS，St8−2andstlOare4290，4619and4827ma．s・1・，
respectively．
Sites

PeriodInterval

仙由りり／（小（、（J／lイ（仙〃八 ／／．1J

AS（4290ma．s．1．）

Jun，10−10min．（average／sum）

仙、／ルノり／嘲晶／lイl〃Jr〃／バ（J／べ／バーごst82（4619ma．s．1．）
height：150237cm
height：91−186cm
height：91−186cm
St8−2

Automatic

windvelocityanddirection
airtemperature
relativehumidity
downward shortwave radiation
upward shortwave radiation
scattered radiation
net radiation
ground surface temperature
precipitation
airtemperature
downward shortwave radiation
upwardshortwaveradiation

J（、（−／り〃／い〃〃…■height：298cm
height：184cm
height：184cm
height：221cm
height：209cm
height：207cm
height：224cm

3 O

T u n
J

Manuat川ノ．・／；汀．、ん＝イ．＼〃州・／／／／（、ん机・．1メト〃州、証〃叫l，
GPS s〝γ〃印

l 5

13 stakes
25 stakes
25 stakes
several stakes
Outlineofglacier
25stakes

．

n

一
一

l
ゝ
■

■
depth：0，1，2，4，8m（Jun．
′

TJ（J仲l（／り

﹁5
⊥5

u n

T u n
・
J u n
T
J

m

1 5

30min．

5

Jun．21Aug．25
Jun．13Sept．7
Jun．13−Sept．7
Jun．16−Aug．15

June

Jun．andSept．

about5days
about5days
about5days
OCCaSionally（one）（twICe）

Matsuda et al．

． 7．？

3．2．A／∂βdo

Inthemid−andlow−1atituderegionswhereglobal

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SOlarradiationisrelativelystrong，thesurfacealbedo
isanimportantfactorcontrollingthemassbalances
Ofglaciers，Sincedramaticchangesinthealbedocan
drasticallyaltertheamountofenergyreceivedonthe
glaciersurfaceasaresultoftheremarkablechange
net shortwave radiation．

Figure3shows the daily albedo at st8−2．When

Observations were started，the glacier around st8r2

WaS COVered with snow and the albedo value wasrelativelyhigh．However，the albedo declined drasti−

Callyuntilthebeginning ofJulywiththemeltingof
Surfacesnow and maintainedlow valuesexcept for
Shortperiods．Three albedo peakswere observed on

OraboutJune22，July20andAugustll．Airtempera−

tures at st8−2 fellbelow O℃ around then．These

increases of albedoindicate the occurrence of snow−
fallsandaccumulationsofsnow，butthesnowonthe
glaciersurfaceseemedtomeltquicklyandthealbedo
decreasedrapidly．
AroundJuly12andearlyinAugust，the albedo

fe11belowO．2，Whichislowerthantheusualvalueson
glacierice．The dark−COlored materialcalled
CryOCOnite（Takeuchietal。2001）coveringtheglacierSurfacewasobservedduringtheobservationperiod，
andthelowalbedo wasmainlyduetoit．Kohshima（1989）and Kohshima et al．（1993）reported that thealbedo−reduction by cryoconite accelerates glaciermelting．AsimilarphenomenonmustoccurontheJuly
lstglacier．

000temperature between AS and st8−2（brokenline）．b）

Daily mean relative humidity（solidline）and daily
precipitation（bar）at AS．c）Daily mean wind speed（solidline）and direction of daily vector mean windフー（cross）at AS．d）Daily mean downward shortwave
radiationatAS（solidline）andst8−2（dottedline），and

dailymeanSOlarradiationatthetopoftheatmosphere（thickline）．

6

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N
−
望
S 4
︶
O
P
ぷ
■
く ■

Fig．2．a）DailymeanairtemperatureatAS（solidline）and
St82（dottedline），and daily meanlapse rate of air

竺
﹁
∪
⊃
﹁

︻
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⊃
﹁

竺
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く

讐
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く

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Fig．3．Dailymeanalbedomeasuredatst8−2（4619ma．s．1．）．

Table2・Averagemeteorologicalvaluesduringsummer2002．Lapserateofairtemperaturewascalculated
fromthedifferenceinairtemperaturebetweenASandst8▼2．

Items
airtemperature
precipitation
Windspeed
relativehumidity
global solar radiation
airtemperature
1apserateofairtemperature
1apserateofdayswithprecipitation

Averagevalue

SiteAS
2．9mmd￣1AS
2．1ms¶1
AS
63％
AS
215Wm￣2AS
223 W mZ
st8−2
1．8℃
st8−2
8．3℃km1 （AS−St82）
7．1℃ km￣1 （AS−St82）
4．5℃

PeriodJun．11−Sept．3
Jun．11Sept．3
Jun．11−Sept．3
Jun．11rSept．3
Jun．11−Sept．3
Jun．16−Sept．4
Jun．16−Sept．1
Jun．16Sept．1
Jun．16Sept．1

34Bul】etjn ofG】aciologlCalResearch、■ゞ．． J．／（■（、／「〃小り〃／〃ハ1

Figure4shows the daily meanice temperature

profilesonJune16，Julyl，AugustlandSeptember31．

Though the ice temperature gradually became

warmer during the observation period，the tempera−ture of the ice mass except that near the surface
remained below O℃throughout the summer．There−
fore，theJulylstglacier maybe classified as a sub−polarglacier．

−10

−8

Icetemperature（Oc）
−6

−4

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Fig．5．Variationsofrelativesurfaceleve】s．Thedatesof
thereferencesurfacelevelsareJune16，June16，June15

andJune21at4305ma息1リat4483ma．s．1．，at4619m

a，S．1．（st82）and4853ma．s．1．，reSpeCtively．

evenatthehigherglaciersitesduringtheobservation
period．ThesurfacelevelonSeptember4wasabout90

Cmlower than that onJune21even at4853m a．s．l．，

Whichis the upper part of the glacier．When snow
Fig．4．IcetemperatureprOfilesmeasuredatst8−2（4619m

a．s．1．）．DepthOmcorrespondstothesurfaceonJune16，
2002．

AccordingtoHuangetal．（1982）theheatconduc−tion always occurs in one direction and the annual

accumulatesontheglacier，thesurface−1evelsdecline

stops．The variationsin surfacelevelsindicate thatthesnowaccumulatedonoraboutJune23andAugust
lO on the whole glacier．Surface declines stopped

above4619ma．s．1．（st8p2）forseveraldaysaroundJuly

20，buttheypersistedatthelowerpartoftheglaciertemperaturechangeislessthanO．2℃atthedepthof duringthisperiod．
16minChineseglaciers，andHuangeial．（1982）and
3．5．肋5S∂αわ乃C（ZHuang（1990）showedtheicetemperaturesofChineseSpecific mass balance is calculated from theglaciers at the depth of16 m．Therefore，theice
Observedstakelength，thesnowthicknessofthestake
temperatureofthatdepthisusefultocomparetheice
Site，andthedensityoficeandsnow．Thedensity oftemperatures ofChinese glaciers．However，the dee−pesticetemperaturesensorinstalledinJune2002was
atadepthof8m，thereforethereisnodataoftheiceiceisassumedtobe900kgm￣3，andtheaveragesnow

densitymeasuredatseveralpointsonJulylstglaciertemperatureatthedepthof16m．Astheicetempera− （449kgm￣3）isusedforthecalculation．
Solid precipitation is calculated based on thetureatthedepthof16mat4600ma．s．l．ontheJuly
lstglacierin1975was−9．0℃（Huang，1990）andthe relationbetweentheprobabilityofsolidprecipitation
andairtemperatureobservedintheQilianMountains
observedice temperature at the depth of8m from

JunetoSeptember2002hasbeenabout−8℃during（DingandKang，1985）andtheassumptionthatthere
the observation period，itis supposed that theicetemperature at the depth of16m might have been

about p8 0r −9℃ recently．Since，aCCOrding to
Huangetal．（1982）andHuang（1990）theicetempera−ture of −80r −9℃is comparatively verylowin
Chineseglaciers，theideaofHuang et al．（1982）that

the western section of the Qilian Mountains may be
wherethetemperatureofthealpineglaciersisatits
lowestin the middle andlowlatitudes，maybe still
acceptable．
．■ブ．イ．JJ／ナノh、l、ん・J・ イヾ

Figure5showssurface−1evelvariationscalculated
from the observed stakelength at severalpoints on
theJulylstglacier．Glacier surfacelevels declined

WaS nO Variationin precipitation on the glacier．

According to Ding and Kang（1985）the relation
betweentheprobabilityofsolidprecipitation（脅）and
airtemperature（7b）isexpressedasfollows：
凸＝−13．47七十98．6（−0．1≦乃≦7．3）， （1）WherePs and7barethepercentanddegreeCelsius，
respectively．The amount of solidprecipitation csis

Calculatedfromtheproductofprecipitation（♪）and」托
as follows：

cs＝fな・A

Air temperature was estimated from that mea−
sured by AWS and the mean lapse rate on the day（2）

precipitationisobservedbyAWS（7．1℃km1）．Figure

35

Matsuda et al．

α＝∂−（cざ＋げ），

Where bisthe approximated massbalanCe Obtained
from stake measurements．

Figure7showsmassbalance，SOlidprecipitation，
the amount ofrefrozenwater，and the surface abla−tion fromJune29to September4，2002．Figure7

くD

▼■−

く」D

■■つ

▼

くP

denotesthatthespecificbalanceduringsummer2002
WaSpOSSiblynegativeevenatthesummitoftheJuly
lstglacier．

▼−

．碧 盲

Fig．6．Daily albedo and calculatedsolidprecipitation atAS．

6showsthedailyalbedoandsolidprecipitationcalcu・
1atedby equation（1）at AS．Whenthe albedo value

WaS high，SO Were the amounts of calculated solid

precipitation．However，despite the considerable cal−
Culatedsolidprecipitation，the albedo remained at a

low value duringJuly．Air temperature duringJuly

WaS relatively higher than that aroundJune22and
Augustll，When the albedois about O．6，SuggeSting

that7b fromwhichlt becomeszero maybelower

than7．3℃andthatthecalculatedsolidprecipitation

byequation（1）maybeoverestimated．

Meltwaterrefreezingplaysanimportantroleinthemassbalance ofsub−pOlarglaciers（Fujita et al．，
1996）．Theamountofobservedrefrozenwater（ゲ）iscalculatedfromtheincreaseoficesurfaceasfollows：イ＝（扉−β5）・△カ，（3）

Wherepiandpsarethedensityofice（900kgm．3）and
SnOW（449kgm3）respectively，and△histhechange

inicesurfacelevelduringtheobservationinterval．On

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（5）

Waterequivalent（mm）

Fig．7．Altitudinalprofiles of observed mass balance（square），theamountofobservedrefrozenwater（cross），
approximatedmassbalance（solidline），Calculatedsolid

precipitation（dottedline），and the surface ablation（brokenline）onJulylstglacierfromJune29toSeptem−

ber4，2002．

Assuming that the annualprecipitation was500

mm（Yang，1992）andconsideringobservedprecipita−
the otherhand，aCCOrdingto Fujita et al．（1996）the tionfromJune29toSeptember3，2002（197．1mm），the
potentialamountofrefrozenwater（Rf）representing totalprecipitationfromSeptember5，2001toJune28，

the maximum ability of ice body to refreeze
meltwateriscalculatedassumingthatthewarmingof
theunderlyingglaciericeiscausedonlybythelatent
heat released at the ice surface associated with therefreezlngOfmeltwaterasfollows：

即＝上次竿・△苅（z）・滋，（4）

Where Ciis the specific heat capacity ofice（2009J

2002wasabout300mm．Andifalloftheprecipitation
OCCurredasthesolidphaseandtherewasnoglaciermelt duringthis period，the mass balance from Sep−
tember5，2001toJune28，2002was300mm w．e．
Equilibriumline altitude（ELA）is where annualbal−
anceiszero，therefore，ifmassbalanceduringSeptem−
ber5，2001toJune28，2002was300mmw．e．atany

place on theJulylst glacier，maSS balance at ELA

duringJune29toSeptember4was−300mmw．e．And

ELAoftheyearfromSeptember5，2001toSeptember
10Jkg￣1）△77（z）isthechangeinicetemperature（℃）
4，2002is supposed as about5020m a．s．1．from theatdepth2（m），andtheunit ofRfis kgm▲2（numeri−
approximatedmassbalancefromJune29toSeptem−
Callyequaltommw．e．）．TheRfatst8−2duringJuly ber4，2002（b）．Liu et al．（1992b）show the relation
andAugustcalculatedbyequation（4）isaboutlOOmm， between ELA and the annualtotalmass balance on
thoughtheナナisonly4．5mm．ThoughtherewasmuchthewholeoftheJulylstglacierasfollows：
glaciermeltwater atst8▼2，7fismuchlessthan Rf，
kg㌦1℃¶1）Listhelatentheatoffusionforice（3．35×

possibly because liquid water has run out before
becomingcoldenoughtofreeze．

β＝3186．25−0．68」打，WhereBandHaretheannualtotalmassbalance（×（6）

The surface ablation（a），i．e．，the amount of 104m3w．e．）and ELA（m），reSpeCtively．Equation（6）meltwaterandevaporation，iscalculatedasfollows： SuggeStSthattheJulylstglacierisintheequilibrium36

Bulletin ofGlaciologicalResearch（Proceeding of the Kathmandu Symposium，November
statewhenELAis4686ma．s．1．AccordingtoWanget
1992）IAHS Publ．no．218，309r316．
al．（1985）and Liu et al．（1992b），ELAin1958／59，theLanzhouInstitute of Glaciology and Geocryology ed．（1985）：
70 sand80 swerefrom4550mto4810ma．s．1．，andthe

Memoirs of LanzhouInstitute of Glaciology and Geo−cryology，ChineseAcademyofScience，No．5（Glaciervaria−
state．ThesupposedELAof5020ma．s．1．isobviouslytions and utilizationsin Qilian mountains）．Science Press，
Beijing，185pp（inChinese），
higher than that in the equilibrium state and that
LanzhouInstituteof G】acjology and Geocryology ed・（1992）：
observedinthepast．
Memoirs of LanzhouInstitute of Glaciology and Geo−
The actualmass balance during September5，
CryOlogy，ChineseAcademyofScience，No．7（Themonitorr
2001toJune28，2002canhavebeenlessthan300mm
ingofglacier，Climate，runOffchangesandtheresearchof
w．e．，becauseglacier melt may have occurred fromcoldregionhydrologyinQilianmountains）．SciencePress，
Beijing，147pp（inChinesewithEnglishabstract）・
September5，2001toJune28，2002andprecipitation
mayhave often occurred astheliquidphase．There− Liu，C．，Song，G．andJin，M，（1992a）：Recentchangeandtrend
prediction of glaciersin Qilian Mountain．Memoirs offore，ELA of2001／2002may beindeed higher thanLanzhouInstituteofGlaciologyandGeocryology，Chinese
5020ma．s．1．TheELAatpresentwouldbethehighest Academy of Science，No．7，19（in Chinese with English

Julylstglacier fluctuated around the equilibrium

inthelast half−Century and，COnSidering equation（6）theglaciermaybeshrinkinginsize．
Acknowledgments

Wewishtoexpresssincerethankstoallmembers
ofthisresearchteam．ThiswassupportedbytheOasis
Project（Historicalevolution of adaptabilityin an

oasisregiontowaterresourcechanges），prOmOtedby

the ResearchInstitute for Humanity and Nature，

Kyoto，Japan．It was also funded throughSpecial

Coordination Funds from the Japanese Government
forPromoting ScienceandTechnologyofMEXT．

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