William Labov
Bibliography
Books
The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for
Applied Linguistics, 1966. 2006. Second edition: Cambridge/Cambridge U. Press.
The Study of Nonstandard English. Washington, DC: National Council of Teachers ofEnglish, 1969.
The Study of Non-Standard English. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers ofEnglish, 1970.
Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. Spanish translation
Modelos Linguisticos. Madrid: Editions de Catedra. French translation,
Sociolinguistique. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press,1972. Frenchtranslation: Le Parler Ordinaire. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
What is a linguistic fact? Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press.New York: Humanities Press.
Il Continuo e il Discreto nel Linguaggio. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1977.
with David Fanshel. Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York:
Academic Press, 1977.
Locating Language in Time and Space. (ed.) New York: Academic Press, 1980.
Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1994. Translated by Petro Martin Butrageno. Principios del cambio lingïístico. Factores
Internes. Madrid: Gredos, 1996.
Principles of Linguistic change. Volume II: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
Studies in Sociolinguistics by William Labov. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture
University Press, 2001.
with Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. Atlas of North American English: Phonology andPhonetics. Berlin: Mouton/de Gruyter. 2006.
Principles of Linguistic change. Volume III: Cognitive and Cultural Factors. Oxford:
Wiley Blackwell, 2001.
Linguistic Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change. In press.
Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012.
The Language of Life and Death. Cambridge: U. of Cambridge Press, 2013.
Articles1963
Review of The Regional Vocabulary of Texas by E. Bagby Atwood. Word 29:266-272.
The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19:273-309.
1964
Phonological correlates of social stratification. In Gumperz and Hymes (eds.) Directions
in Sociolnguistics. 1964. Pp. 164-176.
Stages in the acquisition of standard English. In R. Shuy (ed.), Social Dialects andLanguage Learning. Champaign, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English.

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Bibliography

Page 2

1965
On the mechanism of linguistic change. In Georgetown Monographs on Language andLinguistics 18:91-114. Also in Sociolinguistic Pattern. Chapter 5..
Linguistic research on the non-standard English of Negro children. In Dore, A. (ed.),Problems and Pracices in the New York City Schools. NY: NY Society for the
Experimental Study of Education. Pp. 110-117.
with Paul Cohen & Clarence Robins, A preliminary study of the structure of English usedby Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Final report, Cooperative
Research Project 3091. [ERIC ED 03 019].
1966
The effect of social mobility on linguistic behavior. In S. Lieberson (ed.), Explorations insociolinguistics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Pp. 186-203.
The linguistic variable as a structural unit. Washington Linguistics Review 3:4-22. ERIC
ED 010 871.
Hypercorrection by the lower middle class as a factor in linguistic change. In Bright 1966.
Pp. 84-113. Also in Sociolinguistic Patterns (Ch. 5)Some sources of reading problems. In A. Frazier (ed.), New Directions in Elementary
English. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Pp. 140-167. Also as
Chapter 1 of Language in the Inner City.
1967
with Joshua Waletzky. Narrative analysis. In J. Helm (ed.), Essays on the Verbal andVisual Arts. Seattle: U. of Washington Press. Pp. 12-44. Reprinted in Journal of
Narrative and Life History 7:1-38.
with Paul Cohen. Some suggestions for teaching standard English to speakers of nonstandard urban dialects.[ERIC016 948]. In J. DeStefano, Language, Society and
Education. Worthington, Ohio: Jones Pub., 1973. pp. 218-237.
with Paul Cohen. Systematic relations of standard and non-standard rules in the grammarsof Negro speakers. In Project Literacy Reports No. 8 (Ithaca, NJ: Cornell U.). Pp. 66-84.
[ERIC ED 0l6 946]
1968
with Weinreich, Uriel, and Marvin Herzog. Empirical foundations for a theory oflanguage change. In W. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel (eds.), Directions for Historical
Linguistics. Austin: U. of Texas Press.
The Non-Standard Negro Vernacular: Some Practical Suggestions. In Position Papers
from Language Education for the Disadvantaged. (Rept 3 of NDEA Nat. Inst. for
Advanced Study in Teaching Disadvantaged Youth). Pp. 4-7
The reflections of social processes in linguistic structures. In Fishman 1968. Pp. 240-251.
Also in Sociolinguistic Patterns (Ch. 4).
with P. Cohen, C. Robins and J. Lewis. A study of the non-standard English of Negro andPuerto Rican speakers in New York City. Final report, Cooperative Research Project
3288. 2 vols. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey

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Bibliography
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Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45:715762. Revised as Ch. 9 in Language in the Inner City.
The logic of non-standard English. In J. Alatis (ed.), Georgetown Monograph on
Languages and Linguistics 22. Pp. 1-44.
with Clarence Robins. A note on the relation of reading failure to peer-group status in
urban ghettos. The Teachers College Record 70:395-405.
1970
The reading of the -ed suffix. In H. Levin & J. Williams (eds.), Basic Studies on Reading.
New York: Basic Books. Pp. 222-245
The study of language in its social context. Studium Generale 23:30-87. Revised as Ch. 8of Sociolinguistic Patterns.
1971
Finding out about children's language. In D. Steinberg (ed.), Working Papers in
Communication. Honolulu: Pacific Speech Association.
Methodology. In W. Dingwall (ed.), A Survey of Linguistic Science. College Park, MD: U.
of Maryland. Pp.412-497
Some principles of linguistic methodology. Language in Society 1:97-120.
The notion of 'system' in creole languages. In D. Hymes (ed.), Pidginization and
Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press. Pp. 447-472.
Variation in language. In Carroll Reed (ed.), The Learning of Language. Champaign, IL:
National Council of Teachers of English. Pp. 187-222
1972
Academic ignorance and black intelligence. The Atlantic Monthly, June. Pp. 59-67
For an end to the uncontrolled use of linguistic intuitions. Paper given at LSA, Atlanta
Negative attraction and negative concord in English grammar. Language 48:773-818.
Also as Ch. 4 in Language in the Inner City.
Rules for ritual insults. In D. Sudnow, Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free
Press. Pp. 120-169. Also in Kochman 1972, pp. 265-314. Also as Ch. 8 in Language in
the Inner City.
Some features of the English of Black Americans. In R. W. Bailey and J. L. Robinson(eds.), Varieties of Present-Day English. New York: MacMillan. Pp. 236-255.
The internal evolution of linguistic rules. In R. Stockwell & R. Macaulay (eds.), Linguistic
Change and Generative Theory. Bloomington: Indiana U. P. Pp. 101-171.
Where do grammars stop? In R. Shuy (ed.), Georgetown Monograph on Languages andLing 25. Pp. 43-88.
The recent history of some dialect markers on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. In L.
M. Davis (ed.), Studies in Linguistics in Honor of Raven I. McDavid Jr.. University,
Ala: U. of Alabama Press.
with Malcah Yaeger & Richard Steiner. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change inProgress. Philadelphia: U. S. Regional Survey.
1973

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Page 4
A clear demonstration. Review of The Cultural Context of Leaning and Thinking by M.
Cole, J. Gay, J.Glick and D. Sharp. Contemporary Psychology 18:428-429.
General attitudes towards the speech of New York City. In R. W. Bailey & J. L. Robinson,
Varieties of Present-Day English. New York: Macmillan. Pp. 274-291.
Modes of mitigation and politeness. In J. DeStefano (ed.), Language, Society and
Education: A Profile of Black English. Worthington, Ohio: Charles A. Jones Publishing
Co. Pp. 107-112.
The boundaries of words and their meanings. In C.-J. Bailey and R. Shuy (eds.), New
Ways of Analyzing Variation in English. Washington, DC: Georgetown U. Press. Pp.
340-373. Reprinted in Aarts. B. et al. (eds.), Fuzzy Grammar. Oxford: Oxford U. Press.
Pp. 67-90.
The linguistic consequences of being a lame. Language in Society 2:81-115. Also in
Language in the Inner City, pp. 255-297.
The place of linguistic research in American society. In E. Hamp (ed.), Themes in
Linguistics: the 1970's. Pp. 97-129. The Hague: Mouton.
The social setting of linguistic change. In T. A. Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in
Linguistics 11: Diachronic, Areal and Typological Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton.
Also as Ch. 9, Language in the Inner City.
Toasts. In A. Dundes (ed.), Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in theInterpretation of Afro-Ameriocan Folklore. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
1974
Language change as a form of communication. In Albert Silverstein (ed.), Human
Communication. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp. 221-256.
The art of sounding and signifying. In W. Gage (ed.), Language in its Social Setting.
Washington, DC: Anthropological Society of WAshington. Pp. 84-116
1975
On the use of the present to explain the past. In L. Heilmann (ed.), Proc. of the 11th Int.
Congr. of Linguists. Bologna: Il Mulino. Pp. 825-851. Also in A. Makkai et al.(eds.),
Linguistics at the Crossroads. Pp. 226-261.
Review of R. Fasold, Tense Marking in Black English. Language in Society 4:222-227.
The quantitative study of linguistic structure. In K.-H. Dahlstedt (ed.), The Nordic
Languages and Modern Linguistics. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell. Pp. 188-244.
1976with Teresa Labov. Learning the syntax of questions. In R. Campbell & P. Smith, Recent
Advances in the Psychology of Language. Vol. 4B in the NATO Conference Series, III:
Human Factors. New York: Plenum.
Systematically misleading data from test questions. Urban Review 9:146-169.

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1976 (cont)
The relative influence of family and peers on the learning of language. In R.Simone etal.(Eds.),Aspetti Socioling. Dell' Italia Contemponea. Rome:Bulzoni.
1977
Ten principles of bilingual education.Bilingual Education: Ethnic Perspectives.
Philadelphia: Nationalities Service Center and Community College of Phila. Pp. 63-69.
1978
Crossing the gulf between sociology and sociolinguistics. The American Sociologist
13:93-103.
Gaining access to the dictionary. In J. F. Kavanagh & W. Strange (eds.), Speech andLanguge in the Laboratory, School and Clinic. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pp. 437455
Where does the sociolinguistic variable stop? A response to Beatriz Lavendera. Working
Papers in Sociolinguistics. Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratories.
with David Sankoff. On the uses of variable rules. Language in Society 8:3.
Denotational structure. Papers from the Parasession on the Lexicon. Chicago LinguisticSociety, 1978. Pp.,220-260.
1980
The social origins of sound change. In W. Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time andSpace. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 251-266.
Is there a creole speech community? In A. Valdman and A. Highfield (eds.), Theoretical
Orientations in Creole Studies. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
1981
Resolving the Neogrammarian controversy. Language 57:267-309.
What can be inferred about change in progress from synchronic descriptions? In D.
Sankoff and H. Cedergren (eds.), Variation Omnibus. [NWAVE VIII]. Edmonton,
Alberta: Linguistic Research.
1982
Building on empirical foundations. In W. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (eds.), Perspectives on
Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam/Phila: John Benjamins. Pp. 17-92.
Competing value systems in the inner-city schools. In P. Gilmore & A. Glatthorn (eds.),
Children In and Out of School. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Pp.
148-171.
Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science: the case of the Black English trial in
Ann Arbor. Language in Society 11:165-202.
1983
Recognizing Black English in the classroom. In J. Chambers (ed.), Black English:
Educational Equity and the Law. Ann Arbor: Karoma Press. Pp. 29-55.
(with E. Judith Weiner). Constraints on the agentless passive. Journal of Linguistics
19:29-58.

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Bibliography

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1984
Field methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation. In J. Baugh & J. Sherzer(eds.), Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Intensity. GURT '84:43-70.
1985
Speech actions and reactions in personal narrative. GURT '85.
1986
Language structure and social structure. In S. Lindenberg, J. Coleman and S. Nowak(eds.), Approaches to Social Theory. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
The several logics of quantification. Berkeley Linguistic Society 11: 175-195.
with Teresa Labov. Public discourse and the problem of social order. In T. Ensink et al.,Discourse Analysis and Public Life: The political Interview and Doctor-Patient
Conversation.. (Papers of the Groningen Conference on Medical and Political
discourse). Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
with W. Harris. DeFacto segregation of black and white vernaculars.In D. Sankoff (ed.),Diversity and Diachrony. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Pp. 1-24.
with David Graff & Wendell A. Harris. Testing listeners' reactions to phonologicalmarkers. In D. Sankoff (ed.), Diversity and Diachrony. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Pp. 45-58.
Sources of inherent variation. In J. S. Perkell and D. Klatt (eds.), Invariance andVariability in Speech Process. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum. Pp. 402-423.
1987
The community as educator. In J. Langer (ed.), Proc. of the Stanford Conference on
Language and Literature. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Pp. 128-146.
The overestimation of functionalism. In R. Dirven and V. Fried, (eds.), Functionalism in
Linguistics. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. Pp. 311-322.
The interpretation of zeroes. In W. U. Dressler et al (eds.), Phonologica 1984.
Proceedings of the Fifth International Phonology Meeting, Eisenstadt. London:
Cambridge U.P. Pp. 135-156.
1988
The judicial testing of linguistic theory. In D. Tannen (ed.), Language in Context.:
Connecting Observation and Understanding. Norwood: Ablex.Pp. 159-182.
1989
The exact description of the speech community: short a in Philadelphia. In R. Fasold & D.
Schiffrin (eds.), Language Change and Variation. Philadelphia: Benjamins. Pp. 1-57.
The child as linguistic historian. Language Variation and Change 1:85-97.
1990
On the adequacy of natural languages I: the development of tense. . In J. Singler (ed.),Pidgin and Creole Tense-Mood-Aspect Systems. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John

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Benjamins. Pp. 1-58.
The interaction of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language
Variation and Change.2:205-254 .Reprinted in J., Cheshire and P., Trudgill (eds.), The
Sociolinguistics Reader, Volume 2: Gender and Discourse. London: Arnold, 1998. Pp.
7-52.
1991
The three dialects of English. In P. Eckert (ed.), Quantitative Analyses of Sound Change.
New York: Academic Press. P. 1-44
[with Mark Karan and Corey Miller]. Near mergers and the suspension of phonemic
contrast. Language Variation and Change 3:33-74.
1992
Regular sound change in English dialect geography. In M. Rissanen et al., History ofEnglishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. . Berlin: Mouton
de Gruyter. Pp. 42-71.

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1993
with Julie Auger. The effect of normal aging on discourse: a sociolinguistic approach. In
Brownell, Hiram H. and Yves Joanette (eds.), Narrative 'Discourse in Neurologically
Impaired and Normal Aging Adults. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. Pp. 115134.
1994
Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. London,New York: BasilBlackwell.
Sociolinguistique et sociologie du language: une discipline ou deux?In C. Phlipponeau(ed.). Socioloinguistique et aménagement des langues. Acte du XVIe Colloque annuelde l'Association de linguistique des Provinces atlantiques. Moncton: Centre de recherche
en linguistique appliquée, Université de Moncton. Pp.177-212.
with Wendell Harris. Addressing social issues through linguistic evidence. In J. Gibbons,
Language and the Law. London and New York: Longman. Pp. 265-305.
1995
Can reading failure be reversed: A linguistic approach to the question. In V. Gadsden and
D. Wagner (eds.), Literacy Among African-American Youth: Issues in Learning,
Teaching and Schooling. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Pp. 39-68.
Labov, William 1995. The two futures of linguistics. In Ik-Hwan Lee (ed.), Linguistics in
the Morning Calm 3: Selected Papers from SICOL-1992. Seoul: Hanshin PublishingCo., 1995. Pp. 113-148.
Labov, William 1995. The case of the missing copula: the interpretation of zeros inAfrican American English. In L. Gleitman and M. Liberman (eds.), Languge. An
Invitation to Cognitive Science. 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. Pp. 25-54.
1996
When intuitions fail. Chicago Linguistic Society. Papers from the Parasession on Theory
and Data in Linguistics. 32:77-106.
Some notes on the role of misperception in language learning. In R. Bayley and D.
Preston (eds.), Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation. Philadelphia:
J. Benjamins. Pp. 245-252.
1997
Understanding Birmingham. Language Variety in the South Revisited, ed. by Cynthia
Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally, & Robin Sabino (eds.) Tuscaloosa: University of
Alabama. Pp. 508-573.
Labov, William. Resyllabification. In F. Hinskens, R. van Hout & W. L. Wetzels (eds.),
Variation, change and phonological theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
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Vers une reevaluation de l’insécurité linguistique des femmes. In Pascal Singy (ed.) Les
femmes et la langue: L’insécurité linguistique en question. Lausanne: Delachaux etniestlé. Pp. 25-35.
Co-existent systems in African-American Vernacular English. In S. Mufwene, J. Rickford,
G. Bailey and J. Baugh (eds.), The Structure of African-American English.: Structure,
history and use. London and New York: Routledge. Pp. 110-153.
2001
Is linguistic knowledge useful knowledge? an answer from the study of reading. In Yuyan
Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Language teaching and studies)/
The anatomy of style. In P. Eckert and J. Rickford (eds), Style and Sociolinguistic
Variation. Cambridge: U. of Cambridge Press. Pp. 85-108.
Applying our knowledge of African American English to the problem of raising readinglevels n inner-city schools. In Sonja Lanehart (ed.) African American English : State of
the Art. Philadelphia: Benjamins. Pp. 299-318.
Uncovering the event structure of narrative. Georgetown University Round Table
2001:63-83.
2002
Review of Penelope Eckert, Linguistic variation as social practice. Language in Society
31:277-284.
2003
When ordinary children fail to read. Reading Research Quarterly 38:131-133.
Thinking about Charles Ferguson. International Journal of the Sociology of Language.
163:5-7.
Pursuing the cascade model. In D. Britain and J. Cheshire (eds). Social Dialectology: In
Honor of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Pp. 9-22.
2004
Quantitative Analysis of Linguistic Variation. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K. Mattheier &P. Trudgill (eds.), HSK Sociolinguistics/Sociolinguisik Vol I. Berlin: de Gruyter. Pp. 621
Ordinary Events. In Carmen Fought (ed.) Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp, 31-43.
2006

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Narrative pre-construction. Narrative Inquiry 16: 37-45. Also in M. Bamberg (ed.),Narrative – State of the Art. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Pp. 47-56.
Listeners’ Sensitivity to Frequency. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics
A sociolinguistic perspective on sociophonetic research. Journal of Phonetics 34:500515.
Interview with William Labov (by Matt Gordon). Journal of English Linguistics
34:332-351.
2007
Transmission and diffusion. Language 83:344-387.
2008
Mysteries of the substrate. In M. Meyerhoff and N. Nagy (eds.), Social Lives in
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Is a structural dialectology practical? Re-deploying Weinreich’s approach todiasystems. In M. Herzog et al. (eds.), Evidence of Yiddish Documented in European
Societies: The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazi Jewry. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer
Verlag. Pp. 217-230.
Triggering events. In S. Fitzmaurice and D. Minkova (eds.), Studies in the Historyof the English Language IV: Empirical and Analytical Advances in the Study of English
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Unendangered dialects, endangered people. In Kendall A. King et al. (eds.),
Sustaining Linguistic Diversity. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Pp.
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2009
A Life of Learning: Six People I Have Learned From. American Council of
Learned Societies. HTML/audio; mp3.
http://www.acls.org/publications/audio/labov/default.aspx?id=4462.
2010
Narratives of Personal Experience. In Patrick Hogan (ed.), Cambridge Encyclopediaof the Language Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
Where shall I begin? In D. Schiffrin, A. De Fina, and A. Nylund (eds), Telling
Stories: Language, Narrative and Social Life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University
Press.
Unendangered languages, endangered people. The case of African-American
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with Bettina Baker. What is a reading error? Applied Psycholinguistics 31:735-757.

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with Maciej Baranowski and Aaron Dinkin. The effect of outliers on theperception of sound change. Language Variation and Change 22:175-190
2011
with S. Ash, M. Baranowski, N. Nagy, M. Rabindranath and T. Weldon. Properties ofthe sociolinguistic monitor. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15:431-463.
2013
with I. Rosenfelder and J. Fruehwald. Labov, Willliam, Ingrid Rosenfelder andJosef Fruehwald 2013. 100 years of sound change in Philadelphia: linear
incrementation, reversal and re-analysis. Language 89:30-66.
What is to be learned: the community as the focus of social cognition. Review ofcognitive linguistics 10:2. Also in M. Pütmmmmz, J. Robinson and M. Reif (eds.),
Cognitive Sociolinguistics. 2014. Social land cultural variation in cognition andlanguage use. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. Pp. 1-52.
2014
The sociophonetic orientation of the language learner. In Celata, Chiara and S.
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2015
with Sabriya Fisher. The role of African Americans in Philadelphia sound change.
Language variation and change 26:1-20.
with Sabriya Fisher. African American phonology in a Philadelphia community.
Oxford Handbook of African American English. In Sonja Lanehart, ed., The Oxford
Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press,
with Bettina Baker. African American Vernacular English and Reading In Sonja
Lanehart, ed., The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University
Press, pp. 637-658.
2016
with S. Fisher, D. Gylfadóttir, A. Henderson, and B. Sneller. Language
variation and change 28:273-305.
2017
Uriel Weinreich: Builder on Empirical Foundations. Journal of Jewish
Languages 5:253-266/
with Penelope Eckert. Phonetics, Phonology and Social Meaning. Journal of
Sociolinguistics 2:1-30.
Afterward: where are we now? Journal of Sociolinguistics 20:581-602.

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