1402
Tekes • Technology and Climate Change – CLIMTECH 1999–2002

Technology and Climate Change
CLIMTECH 1999–2002
Final Reportwww.tekes.fi/english/programmes/Climtech

Final Report

National Technology Agency
Kyllikinportti 2
P.O. Box 69, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland
Tel. +358 105 2151, fax +358 9 694 9196
e-mail: tekes@tekes.fi
www.tekes.fi
December 2002

ISSN 1239-1336
ISBN 952-457-097-1

Technology andClimate Change
CLIMTECH 1999–2002
Technology Programme Report 14/2002

Final ReportTechnology and Climate Change
CLIMTECH 1999–2002
Final Report
Sampo Soimakallio,
Ilkka Savolainen (eds.)

National Technology Agency
Technology Programme Report 14/2002
Helsinki 2002

Tekes – your contact for Finnish technology
Tekes, the National Technology Agency, is the main financing organisation
for applied and industrial R&D in Finland. Funding is granted from the statebudget.
Tekes’ primary objective is to promote the competitiveness of Finnish industry and the service sector by technological means. Activities are aimed
at diversifying production structures, increasing productivity and exports
and creating a foundation for employment and social well-being. Tekes finances applied and industrial R&D in Finland to the extent of nearly 400 million euros annually. The Tekes network in Finland and overseas offers excellent channels for cooperation with Finnish companies, universities and research institutes.
Technology programmes – part of the innovation chain
The technology programmes are an essential part of the Finnish innovation
system. These programmes have proved to be an effective form of cooperation and networking for companies and the research sector for developing innovative products and processes. Technology programmes promote
development in specific sectors of technology or industry, and the results of
the research work are passed on to business systematically. The programmes also serve as excellent frameworks for international R&D cooperation.
Currently, 45 extensive technology programmes are under way.

ISSN 1239-1336
ISBN 952-457-097-1
Cover: Oddball Graphics Oy
Page layout: DTPage Oy
Printers: Kirjapaino Markprint Oy, Lahti, 2002

Foreword

Climate change has been identified as one of the largest environmental challenges tothe mankind. Very significant reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are needed inorder to slow down the global warming. Technological development is one of the
key issues both in solving the problem and in reducing the costs of mitigation of climate change to national economy. The demand of new technologies in global markets will grow strongly due to the restriction of greenhouse gas emissions. Finland isalready leading the way in many technologies that can be used for reducing global
greenhouse gas emissions. The export possibilities are expected to grow strongly inthe nearby future.
After the climate negotiations in Kyoto in 1997 there was a large demand for a technology programme that would help Finnish companies in forthcoming strategic decisions in changing operational environment. Against this background Tekes, theNational Technology Agency of Finland started the Technology and Climate
Change programme, Climtech, in 1999. The main task of the Climtech programme
has been to create an overall picture of the mitigation of climate change and to identify the most significant technological development fields in Finland. Mitigation ofclimate change is a long-term issue and therefore the time scale for the technologies
studied extends to about 2030.
Climtech has been quite a small technology programme. The projects have been focusing mostly on collecting and analysing information and practical technology development has been done in many other technology programmes and R&D projectsof Tekes. On the other hand, the Climtech programme has had a very communicative role. Large efforts have been put on spreading the results of the projects and general information about the mitigation of climate change.
The Climtech programme has analysed the development needs and possibilities ofmany technologies, which can be applied to control greenhouse gas emissions. This
information can be used in companies and in administration in the selection of longterm strategies for technology development for domestic and export markets.
The operational form of this programme has been quite different from usual technology programme of Tekes. There have been no open applications for research
grants. The steering group and the management team have identified the most important research subjects and have chosen the best researchers to implement the projects. The Climtech programme has also a supervisory group which has been responsible for strategic management and supervision of the programme. Correspondingly, the steering group has been responsible for operational management of
the programme and supervision of the projects.

The Climtech programme achieved success because of the tremendous efforts ofmany people. Tekes would like to express their thanks to the steering group and to
the supervisory group chaired by Vice President Heikki Niininen of Fortum for theirefforts in supervising the programme and to Programme Manager Ilkka Savolainen
and Research Scientist Mikael Ohlström of VTT Processes for their effective management of the programme and its operations. We are also grateful to research organisations and companies for successful implementation of the goals of the
Climtech programme and to Motiva Oy for first-class dissemination of the results tothe media.
In Helsinki, in December 2002
Tekes, the National Technology Agency of FinlandSummary

Climtech, the Technology and Climate Change
Programme (1999–2002) funded by Tekes has investigated the development needs and possibilitiesof the technologies, which can be applied to control greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
The objective of the Climtech programme has
been, by contributing to technological choices, research, development, commercialisation and implementation, to support the mitigation of climatechange and the attainment of the national climatechange mitigation objectives. Climtech has aimed
at serving and guiding other Finnish technology
development relevant to reductions of greenhousegas emissions and improvements of energy efficiency. The technologies are analysed against an
overall picture of emissions limitation, and thetechnical and economic potentials are evaluated.
The Climtech programme has consisted of altogether 27 projects where seven research institutes
and universities and eight companies took part. Six
main subject areas have been concerned, including1) renewable energy sources and distributed energy production, 2) energy efficiency and industry,3) non-CO2 greenhouse gases, 4) capture and utilisation of CO2, 5) development of models and systems, and 6) commercialisation. The projects andtheir main results are described in this report.

Communication and dissemination of information
had more important roles in Climtech than typically in other technology programmes. The programme arranged ten seminars, and numerous reports, articles and brochures have been produced on
project and on programme results. More information
can be found on the internet pages (akseli.tekes.fi or
www.climtech.vtt.fi) of the programme.
The Finnish energy technology is relatively advanced, and the exports are expected to growlargely due to requirements for more efficient andless polluting energy technology. The use of technologies and systems developed and applied in
Finland brings the possibility of limiting emissions
when applied in other parts of the world. Examples
of such technologies are e.g. technologies related
to wind power, bioenergy, and to small-scaleco-production of heat and power.
Especially, Climtech has contributed to dissemination of information on the mitigation opportunities
of climate change, and bringing the viewpoint ofgreenhouse gas emissions reduction to the agendaof the technology development. The informationthat future energy technology markets are to a large
extent guided by emission reduction requirements
can be used in the strategic planning in companies.

Tiivistelmä

Teknologian kehittämiskeskus Tekes on rahoittanut
kolmivuotisen teknologiaohjelman (1999–2002)”Teknologia ja ilmastonmuutos (Climtech)”.
Ohjelman tavoitteena on ollut tukea ilmastonmuutoksen hillitsemistä ja kansallisten päästövelvotteiden saavuttamista vaikuttamalla teknologisiin
valintoihin, teknologiaan liittyvään tutkimukseen
ja kehitykseen sekä kaupallistamiseen ja käyttöönottoon. Tarkastelun aikajänne ulottuu yli Kioton pöytäkirjan ensimmäisen velvoitejakson, noin
vuoteen 2030.
Ohjelma on toteutettu VTT Prosessien koordinoimana ja sen tehtävänä on ollut palvella ja ohjatasuomalaista teknologian kehittämistä energiatehokkuuden parantamisessa ja kasvihuonekaasujen
päästöjen vähentämisessä. Teknologioita on analysoitu päästöjen rajoittamisen kokonaiskuvan
avulla.
Ohjelmassa on ollut yhteensä 27 hanketta, joiden
toteuttamiseen on osallistunut seitsemän tutkimuslaitosta ja korkeakoulua sekä kahdeksan yritystä.
Hankkeet on jaettu kuuteen alueeseen, jotka ovat
1) uusiutuvat energialähteet ja hajautettu energiantuotanto, 2) energiatehokkuus ja teollisuus, 3) muut
kasvihuonekaasut kuin CO2, 4) CO2:n erotus ja
hyötykäyttö, 5) mallit ja järjestelmät ja 6) kaupallistaminen. Hankkeet ja niiden keskeiset tulokseton esitetty tässä raportissa.

Tiedonvaihto muiden tutkimusohjelmien kanssa
sekä kansallisella että kansainvälisellä tasolla samoin kuin yhteydet yrityksiin ovat olleet keskeisiä.
Myös tiedon levittäminen kansallisella tasolla on
ollut ohjelmassa tärkeää. Ohjelma on järjestänyt
kymmenen seminaaria, joista yhden YK:n ilmastosopimusneuvottelujen yhteydessä (COP-8) New
Delhissä Intiassa. Ohjelmassa ja sen hankkeissa on
tuotettu lukuisia raportteja, artikkeleita ja esitteitä.
Lisää tietoa on saatavissa ohjelman internet-sivuilla (akseli.tekes.fi tai www.climtech.vtt.fi). Ohjelmassa on myös julkaistu kolme laaja-alaista raporttia tai kirjaa teknologioiden mahdollisuuksista
ilmastonmuutoksen hillinnässä.
Uuden teknologian kysynnän odotetaan kasvavan,
kun kasvihuonekaasujen päästöjen rajoituksia tullaan vaatimaan. Suomalainen energiatekniikka on
suhteellisen edistynyttä ja kysynnän kasvun arvioidaan osaksi kohdistuvan juuri siihen. Suomessa
kehitettyä teknologiaa voidaan käyttää päästöjen
rajoittamiseen myös muualla maailmassa. Esimerkkejä tällaisista teknologioista ovat mm. tuulija bioenergiaan sekä pienen mittakaavan sähkön ja
lämmön yhteistuotantoon liittyvät teknologiat.
Ohjelman kautta kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen rajoittaminen on otettu aiempaa selvemmin mukaan
teknologian kehittämistyöhön. Kasvihuonekaasujen päästöjen rajoittaminen ohjannee suurelta
osalta tulevaisuuden teknologiamarkkinoita. Tätä
tietoa voidaan käyttää yritysten strategisessa suunnittelussa.

To the Reader

This report gives descriptions and main results of the projects of the Technology andClimate Change (Climtech) programme as articles by projects. The articles are
given according to the six subject areas of the programme. Each article includes asummary in English and in Finnish. The reports and other publications of the projects are listed at the end of each article.

Contents

Foreword
Summary
Tiivistelmä
To the Reader
Overview of the Climtech Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Energy Production . . . . . . . 5
Wind Power in Finland – Export Prospects and Emission Reductions . . . . . . 5
Hannele Holttinen, Esa Peltola, Sami Tuhkanen

Road-Map for Solar Energy Technology and Markets in Finland . . . . . . . . . 17
Heidrun Faninger-Lund

The Possibilities of Bioenergy in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions . . . . 28
Satu Helynen, Martti Flyktman, Tuula Mäkinen, Kai Sipilä, Pirkko Vesterinen

Distributed Energy Production: Technology, Fuels, Markets, andCO2 Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Eero Vartiainen, Päivi Luoma, Jari Hiltunen, Juha Vanhanen

Future Possibilities of Hydrogen Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Tero Hottinen, Klaus Mäki-Petäys, Peter Lund

Energy Efficiency and Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Electricity Saving Possibilities in Household and Office Appliances . . . . . . . 59
Liisa Sillanpää, Anne Korhonen, Hannu Pihala, Aulis Ranne, Veikko Ahponen

Generating CO2 Emission Reductions through Energy Service Companies(ESCOs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Harri Laurikka, Katri Kuusinen, Kari Hämekoski, Aleksi Lumijärvi,Sari Siitonen, Pertti Koski, Peter Anton, Tomas Otterström

Development Scenarios of High-Efficiency Power Plant Technologies
in Centralised Electricity and Heat Production and their Impacts on
Greenhouse Gas Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Antti Harmoinen, Jouko Heikkilä, Katri Nyberg, Markku Raiko, Jouko Hepola,
Esa Kurkela

The Impact of IT on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Forest Cluster . . . . . 90
Petri Vasara, Laura Peuhkuri, Karina Hänninen

Environmental and Energy-Related Benefits of Biotechnology
in Mechanical Pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Anne Kallioinen, Jaakko Pere, Matti Siika-aho, Liisa Viikari, Helena Mälkki,
Antti Lehtilä, Sanna Syri, Rabbe Thun

Industrial Ecology and the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions . . . . . 114
Hanne Siikavirta, Pekka Järvinen, Lassi Linnanen

Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Emissions Abatement of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Sampo Soimakallio, Teemu Oinonen

The Role of Waste Management in the Reduction of Greenhouse
Gas Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Tarja Turkulainen, Tuula Mäkinen, Kai Sipilä, Sami Tuhkanen,
Elina Lohiniva, Allan Johansson

Capture and Utilisation of CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
CO2 Capture, Storage and Utilisation in Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Tiina Koljonen, Hanne Siikavirta, Ron Zevenhoven, Jens Kohlman,
Arun B. Mukherjee, Liisa Aarikka

Models and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Development of Energy System Models for Finland in Co-Operation
with the IEA ETSAP Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Antti Lehtilä, Eero Tamminen, Jussi Mäkelä, Pekka Pirilä

Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems– Participation in an International Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Kim Pingoud, Ilkka Savolainen, Sampo Soimakallio

Carbon Sink of Wood Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Kim Pingoud, Anna-Leena Perälä, Ari Pussinen

Developing and Testing of Renewable Energy Certificate System (RECS). . 184
Nina Elomaa, Jari Hovila, Reima Päivinen

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Energy Economy . . 190
Esa Pursiheimo, Ritva Hirvonen

Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Transport in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Hanna Kalenoja, Jorma Mäntynen, Harri Kallberg, Tuomas Jokipii,
Kari Korpela, Mika Kulmala

The Impact of Climate Change on Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Bengt Tammelin, John Forsius, Kirsti Jylhä, Pekka Järvinen, Jarkko Koskela,
Heikki Tuomenvirta, Merja A. Turunen, Bertel Vehviläinen, Ari Venäläinen

Local Means of Livelihood in Mitigating Climate Change– The Case of Southeast Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Sami Lappalainen, Mika Horttanainen, Esa Marttila

The Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation on Air Pollutant Emissions . . . . 224
Sanna Syri

Commercialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Societal Embedding of Innovations Related to Renewable Energies
and Energy Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Erja Väyrynen, Sirkku Kivisaari, Raimo Lovio

Financing of the Commercialisation of Climate-Friendly Energy Technology . 245
Matti Pulkkinen, Ville Lehtinen

Markets of New Energy Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Suvi Monni, Sampo Soimakallio, Mikael Ohlström, Ilkka Savolainen

Tekes’ Technology Programme Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Overview of the Climtech Programme

Tekes, the National Technology Agency of Finland
has funded a three-year technology programme(1999–2002) on Technology and Climate Change(Climtech) to investigate the development needs
and possibilities of the technologies, which can beapplied to control greenhouse gas emissions andclimate change. The programme includes both thecontrol of emissions within Finland as well as supporting the exports of the Finnish technology tolimit emissions elsewhere.
Objective
The overall objective of the Climtech programmeis, by contributing to technological choices, research, development, commercialisation and implementation, to support the mitigation of climatechange and the attainment of the national climatechange mitigation objectives. The time scale forthe technologies studied extends beyond the firstcommitment period of the Kyoto Protocol to about
2030. Within this time scale, the emission limits regarding developed countries will most likely betightened and the emissions for developing countries also be limited.
Implementation
Climtech was run as a framework programme by
VTT Processes to serve and guide other Finnish
technology development relevant to energy efficiency improvements and greenhouse gas emission reductions. The technologies are analysedagainst an overall picture of emissions limitation,and the technical and economic potentials as wellas the potential barriers of implementation areevaluated.
The core activities of the Climtech programme
were the projects for assessing the potentials of the
improved existing and new emerging technologies. The Climtech programme consisted of alto-

gether 27 projects where seven research institutes
and universities and eight companies took part. Six
main subject areas were concerned, including 1)
renewable energy sources and distributed energy
production, 2) energy efficiency and industry, 3)
non-CO2 greenhouse gases, 4) capture and utilisation of CO2, 5) development of models and systems, and 6) commercialisation. The number ofprojects involved in these subjects varied between
two (themes 3 and 4) and nine (theme 5). The
smallest volume of subject area was roughly 140
000 euros (theme 4), whereas the largest was approximately 820 000 euros (theme 5). The projects
and their main results are described in this report.
Communication with other research programmes
at national and international level, as well as contacts to companies, are of central importance. Dissemination of information at national level is also
crucial. The programme arranged ten seminars including one in New Delhi, India during the climate
negotiations (COP-8).
Main results
The demand of new technologies is projected to
grow significantly when reductions of the greenhouse gas emissions will be required. The Finnish
energy technology is relatively advanced, and theexports are expected to grow largely due to requirements for more efficient and less polluting energy
technology. The use of technologies and systems
developed and applied in Finland brings forth thepossibility of limiting emissions when applied forexample, in EU and other parts of the world.
Generally, the relevant technologies are linked toefficient production and use of energy, renewableenergy sources, control of industrial process emissions and emissions from waste management. Also
technologies advancing the management of material flows are often of importance.
1

Examples of such technologies are e.g. technologies related to wind power, bioenergy, and tosmall-scale co-production of heat and power. Moredetailed examples of technologies are listed below.
Important technologies in the fuel production
could be among others integrated production offorest chips, production of biopellets, pyrolysis oil,refuse derived fuels and possibly also production
technologies of transportation fuels from natural
gas or biomass.
In the electricity production sector the wind power
technology (on-shore and off-shore) seems to havean relatively important role. Technologies related
to gasification of biomass and co-firing in boilers
or gas turbines are assessed to be important also. In
the technologies of co-production of heat andpower in industry the use of biofuels both in large
and small scale would increase. The efficiency ofelectricity production in recovery boilers would increase. In mechanical pulping process the use oftechnologies utilizing enzymes or fungi would
lower the energy consumption considerably. In theresidential sector the biofuelled heating boilers
with automatic control and also low energy buildings would be crucial.
The technology development for the near termmarkets can base on the technologies which already have relatively strong know-how and market
shares. However, for the long term technology
markets, much wider spectrum of technological alternatives should be covered.
Promoting and advancing implementation andcommercialisation of technology is also important.
Companies should see the long term opportunities
of technologies in order to regard technology development as profitable. A clear long-term politicalcommitment would be here important. This message should also reach the companies and technological development.
To control emissions also promoting the demandof new technology would be needed. Government
should create the framework for the markets of2

new technologies, but let the markets assess thecompetitiveness of technological alternatives.
New business concepts can also enhance markets.
Co-ordinated action plans and road maps can havecentral role in the commercialisation of the technologies. Co-operation in technology development and application could be international so thatthe resources are being used in an efficient way.
The Kyoto mechanisms can also be used to promote the application of the efficient new technologies.
Publications and reports
Numerous reports, articles and brochures have been
produced on the project and on programme results.
More information can be found on the internet
pages (akseli.tekes.fi or www.climtech.vtt.fi) of the
programme. In addition to the project level reports
and brochures, the programme also publishedthree more general studies or books in Finnish on
the role of technologies in the mitigation of climatechange:Savolainen, I., Tuhkanen, S., Ohlström, M., Pipatti, R.,
Pingoud, K., Johansson, A. 2000. Teknologia ja
ilmastonmuutos – Lähtökohtia Climtech-ohjelmalle. [Technology and Climate Change – Starting
point for the Climtech technology programme. (InFinnish)]. Tekes, Helsinki. 65 p. Technology Review: 85/2000.
Savolainen, I., Tuhkanen, S., Lehtilä, A. (eds.). 2001.
Teknologia ja kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen rajoittaminen – Taustatyö kansallista ilmasto-ohjelmaa
varten. [Technology and Mitigation of Greenhouse
Gas Emissions – Backround Study for the Finnish
Climate Change Action Plan. (In Finnish)]. Ministry of Trade and Industry, Publications 1/2001.
Edita ltd, 2001. 198 p.
Savolainen, I., Ohlström, M., Kärkkäinen, A. (eds.)
2003. Ilmasto – Haaste teknologialle. Näkemyksiä jatuloksia Climtech- ohjelmasta [Climate – Challenge
for Technology. Views and Results from the
Climtech Programme (In Finnish, with an extended
English abstract published in separate volume.)]
Edita, Helsinki 2003. (to be published).

Benefits due to the programme
Benefits of Climtech are dissemination of information on climate change and its mitigation opportunities, and bringing the viewpoint of greenhousegas emissions reduction to the agenda of the technology development. Within various sectors of thesociety, several technologies and solutions are
identified and assessed. The information that future energy technology markets are to a large extent guided by emission reductions requirements
can be used in the strategic planning in companies.
Organisation
VTT Processes was responsible for the implementation of the programme. Steering group guided
the research work done within the projects. In addition, general directing of research as well as communication between Climtech, industry, othertechnology programmes and public administration
was coordinated by supervisory group.
The following persons participated in meetings of
the Supervisory Group:• Heikki Niininen, Vice President,
Fortum Oyj (Chairman)• Mikko Kara, Executive Director,
VTT Processes (Vice Chairman)• Martti Äijälä, Director, Tekes• Raija Pikku-Pyhältö,Chief Technology Adviser, Tekes• Sirpa Salo-Asikainen,
Senior Technology Adviser, Tekes• Sami Tuhkanen, Senior Technology
Adviser, Tekes (from 1.2.2002)• Pekka Jalkanen, Director General,
Ministry of the Environment• Antero Honkasalo, Director, Environmental
Affairs, Ministry of the Environment• Juha-Pekka Snäkin, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of the Environment• Matti Heikurainen, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry• Raisa Valli, Senior Adviser,
Environmental Affairs,
Ministry of Transport and Communications• Risto Saari, Senior Engineer,
Ministry of Transport and Communications• Lea Kauppi, Director General,
Finnish Environment Institute• Matti Melanen, Research Professor,
Finnish Environment Institute• Sanna Syri, Senior Research Scientist,
Finnish Environment Institute (until 28.2.2002)• Anneli Pauli, Director of Research,
Academy of Finland• Jaana Roos, Scientific Secretary,
Academy of Finland• Peter Lund, Professor,
Helsinki University of Technology• Pertti Haaparanta, Professor,
Helsinki School of Economics andBusiness Administration• Erkki Jatila, Director General,
Finnish Meteorological Institute• Mikko Alestalo, Director of MeteorologicalResearch, Finnish Meteorological Institute• Ari Venäläinen, Senior Researcher,
Finnish Meteorological Institute• Sirkka Vilkamo, Industrial Counsellor,
Ministry of Trade and Industry• Erkki Eskola, Industrial Counsellor,
Ministry of Trade and Industry3• Tellervo Kylä-Harakka-Ruonala, Director,
Environment and Sustainable Development,
The Confederation of Finnish Industry and
Employers• Jouni Punnonen, Energy Adviser,
The Confederation of Finnish Industry and
Employers• Juhani Santaholma, President,
Finnish Energy Industries Federation (Finergy)• Jukka Leskelä, R & D Coordinator,
Finnish Energy Industries Federation (Finergy)• Juhani Reen, Managing Director,
The Finnish Association of Building Owners
and Construction Clients (Rakli)• Juha Tiuraniemi, Project Engineer,
The Finnish Association of Building Owners
and Construction Clients (Rakli)• Kari Saviharju, Director, Technology,
Andritz Oy• Kari Ebeling, Senior Scientific Advisor,
UPM-Kymmene Corporation• Juha Kouki, Energy Manager,
UPM-Kymmene Corporation• Jarkko Hukkanen, Environmental Analyst,
UPM-Kymmene Corporation• Ilkka Savolainen, Research Professor,
VTT Processes (Secretary)• Mikael Olhström, Research Scientist,
VTT Processes (Secretary)
The following persons participated in meetings of
the Steering Group:• Martti Äijälä, Director, Tekes(Chairperson until 31.12.2000)• Raija Pikku-Pyhältö,Chief Technology Adviser, Tekes(Chairperson from 1.1.2001)• Sirpa Salo-Asikainen,
Senior Technology Adviser, Tekes• Sami Tuhkanen, Senior Technology Adviser,
Tekes (from 1.2.2002)• Kari Komulainen, Head of Unit,
Tekes/Washington

4• Anja Silvennoinen, Industrial Counsellor,
Ministry of Trade and Industry• Erkki Eskola, Industrial Counsellor,
Ministry of Trade and Industry• Sirkka Vilkamo, Industrial Counsellor,
Ministry of Trade and Industry• Teija Lahti-Nuuttila, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of Trade and Industry• Timo Ritonummi, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of Trade and Industry• Pirkko Heikinheimo, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of the Environment• Risto Kuusisto, Chief Engineer,
Ministry of the Environment• Juha-Pekka Snäkin, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of the Environment• Teemu Virtanen, Senior Adviser,
Ministry of the Environment• Kari Saviharju, Director, Technology,
Andritz Oy• Kai Sipilä, Research Professor,
VTT Processes• Allan Johansson, Research Professor,
VTT Processes• Sanna Syri, Senior Research Scientist,
VTT Processes (from 1.3.2002)• Ilkka Savolainen, Research Professor,
VTT Processes (Secretary)• Mikael Ohlström, Research Scientist,
VTT Processes (Secretary)
The following persons participated in the Management Team:• Ilkka Savolainen, Research Professor,
VTT Processes (Programme Manager)• Mikael Ohlström, Research Scientist,
VTT Processes• Sami Tuhkanen, Research Scientist,
VTT Processes (until 31.1.2002)• Riitta Pipatti, Senior Research Scientist,
VTT Processes