ASIAN DISASTER REDUCTION CENTER

FINAL REPORT“Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning:
A comparative Study of Nepal and Japan”

PREPARED BY:
Maiya Kadel
SECTION OFFICERMINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS, NEPAL
VISITING RESEARCHER (ADRC)
January to May 2011 (FY2010B)

Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Japan
ADRC and its member countries:

To Enhance Disaster Resilience of the Member Countries.
To Build Safe Communities.
To Create a Society Where Sustainable Development is
Possible.
ADRC Office: Kobe

The Asian Disaster Reduction Center was established in Kobe, Hyogo prefecture, in 1998,
with mission to enhance disaster resilience of the member countries, to build safe
communities, and to create a society where sustainable development is possible. The Center
works to build disaster resilient communities and to establish networks among countries
through many programs including personnel exchanges in this field.

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Main activities of ADRCInformation Sharing on Disaster Reduction(Learning from Disasters and Benefiting from information.)
1. ADRC provides information on the latest disasters in Asia and the other part of theworld, disaster management in member countries, and good practices for disasterrisk reduction
2. ADRC proposed a globally common, unique identification scheme for disasterevents, as a tool for facilitating the sharing of disaster information archived byorganizations around the world.
3. ADRC receives emergency observation requests from the member countries andother organizations which participate in collaborative projects.
4. ADRC convenes an annual international conference participated by disaster
officials from the member countries and disaster experts from internationalorganizations to promote information sharing, exchange opinions, and enhance
partnerships among participating countries and organizations.



Human Resource Development(Disaster Risk Reduction begins with Capacity Building)

1.

ADRC organizes and conducts various conferences, workshops and trainings forenhancing the human resources capacity of pursuing effective disaster risk
management in member countries

2.

VR Program: Each year, ADRC invites four officials in charge of disastermanagement from Member Countries as visiting researchers for a term of about
half a year. The researchers are provided with opportunities to discuss challenges
for disaster management of each country, enhance understanding of the disastermanagement system, disaster reduction, and international cooperation in Japan.



Building Community Capabilities(Community Participation is a Key to Effective Disaster Reduction)

1.

ADRC undertakes various efforts including increasing public awareness of
disaster risk management, and development and dissemination of tools for
reducing vulnerability of communities.

2.

ADRC has supported the effort to improve networking among Asian NGOs which play animportant role in disaster reduction and response. This leads to more efficient and effective
activities for the network members.

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Some photos of disasters:

Koshi Flood Victims at 2008 (Nepal)

Destructive Earthquake and Tsunami at 2011/3/11 (Japan)

I am deeply shocked by the huge loss of valuable lives and properties due to TOHOKU PACIFICOCEAN EARTHQUAKE -2011 in Japan. It is my firm believes and pray that courageous Japanesepeople would be very soon able to recover from this massive disaster.

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Foreword- Messages to Visiting Researchers Dear Visiting Researchers,
As noted everywhere, there is new and arresting evidence
on how and why disaster risk is increasing globally. Increasing
urbanization, vulnerable rural livelihoods, and the decline of
ecosystems are among the key “risk drivers” according to the2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction by
the United Nations.
About 40% of all natural disasters occur in Asia, but theseaccount for more than 80% of the number of casualties attributed
to natural disasters. Indeed, disaster risk is extremely high in Asia as compared to otherregions. A series of catastrophes recently occurred in China, Indonesia, Vietnam orelsewhere again reminded us of the great importance of disaster risk reduction.
The Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC), since its inception in 1998, hascommitted itself to promoting multilateral cooperation on disaster risk reduction in close
cooperation with its twenty-nine member countries. In so doing, the ADRC is engaged ina wide range of activities, such as promoting dissemination and sharing of disaster-related
knowledge. The ADRC also cooperates with its member countries in strengthening theircapacity to cope with natural disasters at various levels of government. As one of suchendeavours, we are very pleased to have welcomed Visiting Researchers from member
countries again this year.
During their stay at the ADRC, the Visiting Researchers have visited many
institutions, government and non-government alike. They have learned new knowledge
and ideas through lectures and seminars and, most importantly, met many first-classprofessionals in Japan. I would like to take this opportunity to express my great
appreciation to those who have spent their precious time and resources for our Visiting
Researchers.
I congratulate the successful completion of the ADRC Visiting Researcher
Program and hope that they will go back to their home countries safe and will maintain
good collaboration with the ADRC in the future.

Atsushi KORESAWA
Executive Director
Asian Disaster Reduction CenterAcknowledgement
This study “community participation in disaster preparedness planning”: A
Comparative study of Nepal and Japan”: is an outcome of the research to fulfill therequirement of the Visiting Researcher program of Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Japan.
The main objective of the research is to examine the present issues of disaster preparedness
planning and to recommend appropriate policy guidelines for Nepal. To fulfill the objective I
got fullest supports and cooperation from all ADRC researchers. I am very happy for theircontinuous support to me.
My deep appreciation goes to the responders who provided me the important information
relating on my research work, and I sincerely thank the Government of Nepal, Ministry ofHome Affairs and ADRC for providing me this kind of great opportunity. I would like tothank Mr. Atsushi KORESAWA, Executive Director, of ADRC and Ms Miki Kodama,
Senior Researcher, for all over supervision, valuable suggestions and guidance.
I express my deep gratitude and thanks to Mr. Shankar Prasad Koirala, Joint Secretary,
Ministry of Home Affairs, Nepal for supporting and inspiring me to participate in thisprogram.
I would also like to thanks Mr .Rameshwor Dangal, Under Secretary, MOHA and my entire
colleagues for their support and help.
Especially, I am very much thankful to Mr. Suman Ghimire, Under Secretary, for his
continuous support and valuable suggestion for the purpose of my research andencouragements for developing it.
I would also like to thank my entire fellows MS. Amornthip Paksuchon VR from Thailandand especially; I must thank Mr. Mohiuddin Ahmed Khan (Bangladesh), Visiting Researcher
and all ADRC staffs for sincere support during my stay in Japan.
Last but not least, I am thankful to my family who inspired me to join this program andsacrificing their valuable time for me.

Maiya Kadel
Visiting Researcher (Nepal)
January to May, 2011 (FY2010B)

Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1
Introduction
1.2. Objectives
1.3. Structure of the Report
1.4. Research Methods
1.5. In depth Interview
1.6. Secondary Data Collection
1.7. Data Analysis
1.8. Study Limitation

1

Chapter 2: Introduction of Study Area
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Outline of Nepal
2.3
Outline of Japan
2.4
The Ecosystem of Nepal and Japan
2.5
River System of Nepal and Japan
2.6
Climate Variation of Nepal and Japan
2.7
The Economy of Nepal and Japan

5

Chapter 3: Disaster Scenario of Nepal and Japan
3.1
Disaster Scenario of Nepal
3.1.1 Floods
3.1.2 Landslides
3.1.3 Earthquakes
3.1.4 Droughts
3.1.5 Fires
3.1.6 Epidemics
3.1.7 Lightening
3.1.8 Windstorms
3.2
Natural Disaster in Japan
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Earthquakes
3.2.3 Typhoons
3.2.4 Tsunamis
3.2.5 Volcanoes

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Chapter 4: Policy and Institutional Frameworks Related to Disaster
Management in Nepal and Japan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Disaster Risk Management policy and Institutional Frameworks in Nepala) Natural Calamity (Relief) Act 1982b) Three Year Interim Planc) Prime Minister Natural Calamity Relief Fundd) National Strategy for DRM 2009e) National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)

29f) Local Self Governance Act,1999
g) Sectoral Policies and Acts Related to Disaster Risk Managementh) Cluster Approach in Disaster Risk Managementi) Relief Standardsj) Institution and Partners
4.3 Disaster Management Framework in Japani)
National Levelii)
Prefectural Leveliii)
Municipal Levela) Disaster Management Planb) Basic Legal Frameworks of Disaster Management in Japanc) Organization Responsibility and Response Mechanismd) Progress in Disaster Management Laws and Systems

Chapter 5: Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Concept of Community Participation
5.3. Significance of Community Participation in Disaster5.4. Community Based Disaster Management
5.5. Concept of Disaster Preparedness Planning
5.6. Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning
5.7. Policy Guidelines for Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness
Planning in Nepal
5.7.1. National Action Plan 1996
5.7.2. Periodic Plans
5.7.3. National Strategy for DRM 2009
5.7.4. Disaster Preparedness and Pre-monsoon Planning Workshops
5.7.5. District Disaster Preparedness Plans
5.7.6. National Platform for DRR
5.7.7. Community Participation in UN and DIPECHO Projects in Nepal
5.8 Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning in Japan
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Community Emergency Drill Programs
5.8.3 School Disaster Prevention Education Programs
5.8.4 Basic Disaster Management Plan
5.8.5 Fire and disaster Management agency in Japan
5.8.6 “+ARTs –Non Profit Organization”
5.8.7 Iza! Kaeru Caravan

43

Chapter 6: Results and Discussion
6.0. Introduction
6.1. Organization Involvement in Disaster Risk Management and their Roles
6.2. Community Participation Process in Disaster Preparedness Planning
6.3. Motivation for Active Community Participation
6.4. Satisfaction with the Participatory Process
6.5. Community Participation and using their Inputs
6.6. Relationship with the Community

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Questionnaire Survey in Japan about Community Participation in disaster preparedness
planning:
Chapter 7: Conclusion
7.1 Challenges of community participation in Nepal.
7.2 Knowledge gained from field visits to different DR organization in Japan
7.3 Lessons learnt from Disaster Management System in Japan
7.4 Recommendations for effective Community Participation in Nepal
7.5 Action Plan

66…………………………………………………………………………………..
Bibliography

Appendix 1
Questionnaire for community Participation in disaster Preparedness
Planning: a case study of Nepal

Appendix 2
List of the interviewees of Nepal

Appendix 3
My questionnaire and list of the interviewees in Japan

Appendix 4
My questionnaire responded by Hirokazu, Nagata, Chairperson of theplus Arts, Non-Profitable Organization (NPO)Appendix 5
My questionnaire responded by Ohtsu, Nobuhito, Firefighter, Kobe City,
Hyogo Fire Station.

82

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction
Nepal is vulnerable to various types of disasters. Floods, landslides, earthquake, fire anddrought are some natural disasters which occur very frequently in Nepal. In addition, theimpacts of climate change have been observed in environment and livelihood of rural peopleof Nepal. There has been general realization that communities are the heart and soul ofdisaster risk management. They can identify their own risks and vulnerabilities along withcapacities and available resources as well as their own needs.
In comparison with the hazard risk of the Country, Nepalese disaster risk management(DRM) practices are mostly influenced by the supply driven approach not the community-led
approach. Thus, there is lots of risk management opportunity in par with the Japanese noblemodel. Though it is not always worthy copying the same technical or geo-physical prototype
but applying the good or proven approaches in the specific disaster response or prevention isa intended study rationality.
Regarding the composition the report, it is divided into 7 chapters. First chapter deals withthe research methods base. Second chapter highlights the Nepalese geo-political situation
whereas the risk and rank of disaster in Nepal clarified in subsequent chapter. Institutional
setup is briefed in chapter four. The core of this report is explained as conceptual as well aspractices of community participation in disaster preparedness planning in chapter five.
Likewise chapter five describes about the Japanese practices and last two chapters are giving
elaboration of research questionnaire and the results of the research activities.

1.2 Objectives
The main objective of this study is to analyze some prevailing best practices of community
participation in disaster preparedness planning in Nepal and Japan and makerecommendations appropriate for Nepal. The followings are the specific objectives:To study practices of community participation in disaster preparedness planning in Nepal
and Japan



Look at the roles of government organizations and NGOs in preparedness planning in
Nepal and Japan1

To recommend the appropriate practices of community participation in disaster
preparedness planning and mobilizing communities to minimize the damages and losses
from disasters.

1.3 Structure of the Report
The main objective of the first chapter of this study is to provide the information on research
objectives and structure of the report.
The second chapter provides the general information of Nepal and Japan. The geographicalsetting, rivers, demography and the economic condition have been described in brief.
Similarly, the third chapter of the study highlights the disaster scenario of Nepal and Japan.
In this regard, the major disasters such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, drought, fire,windstorm, epidemics, lightening, Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GOLF) in Nepal aredescribed in briefly about Nepal. Likewise:

Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions,typhoons, landslides, floods, heavy raining and snowing in Japan have been briefly
introduced.
The disaster risk management hinges on the sound policies with the competent organizations
at all levels. The existing public sector institutions and policy guidelines are discussed inchapter four of this study.
The fifth chapter of this study provides the definition of community participation and theirimportance in disaster preparedness planning. In addition, this chapter also briefly describes
the policy frameworks on community participation in disaster preparedness planning in Nepal.
After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Japanese people, especially in Kobe city, realized
the imperative role of community to save the lives and properties. Right after the quake (17January, 1995) many people buried under buildings and debris were rescued by their relatives
and neighbors. That time local-level lifesaving activities played a fundamental in highlighting
the importance of community based disaster response. Community Based Disaster
Management Planning is the most important for efficient communication, managing effective
response and recovery. The local population responds first in times of crisis and is the lastremaining participants as stricken communities strive to rebuild after a disaster. The fifth
Chapter of this study highlights the importance of community participation in disaster
preparedness planning through a comparative study between Japan and Nepal.
The Sixth chapter discusses the result of this study between Nepal and Japan. The last chapter
is this study presents the conclusion and recommendations of this study.

2

1.4 Research Methods
The research is based on sociology, and sociology is concerned with understanding the natureof social action, social relationships and social structure. In social science, several researchmethods are applied depending on the nature of the research. The qualitative researchmethods were applied to collect the secondary data. This chapter discusses the researchmethods applied to accomplish the research study.

1.5 In depth Interview
The general interview guide approach was applied in the study. In this regard, appropriate
guided questionnaires were developed after the pretest (Annex: 1). Following this, a list ofinterviewees were selected. Interviewees were selected from different governmentorganizations, UN agencies, INGOs and NGOs. The list of interviewees is attached in the
Annex of this study (Annex: 2)

1.6 Secondary Data Collection
Secondary data has been employed to accomplish this research study. Publish andunpublished dates were gathered and presented in this study. In this regards, publish andunpublished data and information available in the Ministry of Home Affairs of Nepal andseveral sources from Japan were referred. ADRC Reference materials, JICA’s Training
materials “Dissemination and Establishment of Disaster Prevention Culture for AsianCountries-JFY 2010” was main source of secondary data among others. In addition, otherpublished data from different agencies were also employed as much as possible toaccomplish the study.
Personal communication is also important in research study. In this regards, during the
research work several informal communications have been conducted with concerned persons.
Relevant and applicable information were also noted during the informal consultation andemployed to accomplish the research study.

1.7 Data Analysis
The data obtained from the in-depth interview have been used in this study. This study
employed the following procedures: Firstly, following the interview, the answers orstatements given by the interviewees were systematically written and was printed as soon as
possible. Interviews undertaken in Nepal were in Nepali language. However, someinterviewees, from UN agencies and INGOs, had given their statements in English language.
3

Those interviews undertaken in Nepali and Japanese language were immediately translated in
English language. Secondly, data obtained from in-depth interviews were manually coded
according to the objectives of the research study.

1.8 Study Limitation
The main objectives of this study is to examine the existing issues/problems of disaster
preparedness planning and recommend appropriate policy guidelines with institutionalframeworks for community participation in disaster preparedness planning in Nepal. To
achieve the above objectives, an in-depth interview was used in this study. Interviewees
involved in this study were selected on the basis of their level of knowledge and experiencesin disaster risk management. Interviews conducted in this study were in between second
weeks of October to last week of November 2010 in Nepal, a total 21 person wereinterviewed in this study. But in Japan professionals from two sectors, were interviewed one
is people from NGOs, Voluntary (social workers), and the other was selected from local
Government agencies.
This is fact that small number people may not represent the whole country.

4Chapter 2
Introduction of Study Area

2.1 Introduction
The main objective of this chapter is to supply background information on geographicalsetting, river and ecosystem of the both country Japan and Nepal. In addition, this chapter
also briefly describes the population and economy of both Countries.

2.2 Outline of Nepal
Geographical Setting:

Mt .Fuji/Shinkansen/Sakura blossoms

Mt. Everest (Nepal), 8848 m.

(In Japan), 3776 m.

Nepal has been known as a Himalayan Mountain between Indian and China. The country
mostly occupied by mountain and hills. However, about 17 percent of its total land is coveredby low and flat land along the Indian border in the South. Nepal is a land locked country andoccupying the central part of the Hindu-Kush belt covers an area of 147, 181 square
kilometer. It is characterized by a rugged topography, very high relief, variable climaticconditions, complex geological structures with active tectonic process and continued seismic
activities. The elevation of the country rises from 60m. at Terai to 8848m. at Mt. Everest in
the north within a short horizontal distance of 90 to 120 Km. Nepal is situated between
longitudes 80.4 E to 88.12 E and latitude 26.22 N to 32.27 N, occupying the central part ofthe 2,400 km long Himalayan mountain chain (Disaster Review, 2008).
The mountains and hills of the country occupy about 83 percent of the total area whereas
remaining 17 percent is covered by low and flat land, stretching in the southern part of thecountry up to the Indian border. In addition, 30 percent comprise, Middle Mountain followed
by Himalayan 23 percent, High Mountains 20 percent, Terai 14 percent and Siwaliks 13
percent (Ibid).
5

Along a south-to-north transect, Nepal can be divided into three belts: Terai, Hill andMountain Regions which are as follows.

i) The Terai Region
The Terai or Madeshsh region begins at the Indian border and includes the northernmost partof the flat, intensively farmed Gangetic Plain called the Outer Terai. This is similar culturalscenario an extension of northern India with Hindu, Awadhi, Bhojuri and Maithali

Spoken languages.The Outer Terai ends at the first range of foothills called the Siwaliks or
Churia. This range has a densely forested skirt of coarse alluvium called the Bhabhar along
its base. Bhabar range is composed of poorly consolidated, coarse sediments that do not
retain water or support soil development so there is virtually no agricultural potential.
Hillside vegetation is limited to scrub forest and the area functions as a deserted buffer zone
allowing the development of distinctive cultures in valleys and hills further north. The Teraiends and the Hills begin at a higher range of foothills called the Mahabharat Range.

ii) The Hill Region
The hill Region Situated south of the Mountain Region, the Hill Region (Pahar in Nepali) ismostly between 700 and 4,000 meters (2,297 and 13,123 ft) altitude. This region begins at the
Mahabharat Lake (Lesser Himalaya) where a fault system called the Main Boundary Thrust
creates an escarpment 1,000 to 1,500 meters (3,281 to 4,921 ft) high, to a crest between 1,500
and 2,700 meters (4,921 and 8,858 ft).

6

Eastern part of Nepal (panther District)

These steep southern slopes are nearly uninhabited, thus an effective buffer between
languages and culture in the Terai and Hill regions. Northern slopes are gentler andmoderately well populated. The Hill region ends dramatically where the main Himalayan
Range abruptly rises thousands of meters.

iii) The Mountain Region
The Mountain Region or Parbat abruptly rises into the zone of perpetual snow along theMain Central Thrust fault zone. South of this fault system, "hills" do not greatly exceed treeline at about 3,500 meters (11,483 ft).

Snow fall in Mustang District

North of it the Himalayas rise as a virtual wall beyond the snowline at 5,000 to 5,500 meters(16,404 to 18,045 ft) to some 90 peaks over 7,000 meters (22,966 ft) and eight exceeding
8,000 meters (26,247 ft) including Mount Everest at 8,848 meters (29,029 ft) and
Kanchenjunga at 8,598 meters (28,209 ft), KUMBU around Mt. Everest, LANGTANG northof Kathmandu, Annapurna north of Pokhara and Dhaulagiri further west, then Kanjiroba
north of Jumla..

7View of the Mount Everest from over the Tibetan Plateau.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Himalayas.jpg)

Population:
As per 2001 census, the population of Nepal consists of 2, 31, 51, 423 people, of which 50.1
percent are females. The current estimated population of Nepal is 28 million with growth rate
is 1.94 percent. About 45.5 percent people live in Middle hill and Cure, and 47.5 percent livein Terai area. Only 7.3% live in the high mountain hills. The density of the population ishigher in south than the north.
Nepal, due to wider diversity of population in terms of ethnicity, cultures and languages, isheterogeneous society, consisting of 102 different caste and ethnic groups and 92 languages
and dialects. The religious diversity is equally important feature of Nepal. The average
literacy rate stands 54.1 percent. The progress in the growth of literacy rates, however, hasremarkably increased in the last decade, despite several constraints posed by intense conflictand political instability.

2.3 Outline of Japan
Japan consists of four major islands, surrounded by more than 4,000 smaller islands. About
three-fourths of Japan’s land surface is mountainous which are more than 3,000 meters high.
Japan’s highest mountain is Mt. Fuji 3,776 meters high on the border of the Yamanashi and
Shizuoka Prefectures. The Chubu Region of central Honshu is known as “the roof of Japan”.
Japan’s closest neighbors are Korea, Russia, and China. The Sea of Japan separates the AsianContinent from the Japanese archipelago. Japan's topographical features include coastlines
with varied scenery, towering mountains, which are very often volcanic and twisted valleys
that invite visitors into the mysterious world of nature.

8

Area: Japan is situated in northeastern Asia between the North Pacific and the Sea of Japan.
The area of Japan is 377,873 square kilometers. Japan is politically structured into 8 regions
and 47 Prefectures.
The following are the four major islands (about 7,000 islands):
1.

Hokkaido (northern island): 83,000 square kilometers

2.

Honshu (main island): 231,000 square kilometers

3.

Shikoku (smallest island): 19,000 square kilometers, and4.

Kyushu (southern island): 42,000 square kilometers.

Population: Japan's population is over 127 million.
Location: Japan’s northernmost point (in the Russian-occupied Northern Territories) is 45˚33’

north latitude, and its southernmost point is at 20˚25’ north latitude.
Land use:

Agriculture 4.73 million (12.5 % of the total)

Forestry 25.08 million (66.4 % )Field o.28 million (0.7 % )Surface water, rivers and water channels 1.33 million (3.5 % )Roads 1.34 million (3.5 % )Residential: 1.87 million (4.9%),

Others: 3.16 million (8.4%)

About three-fourths of Japan’s land surface is mountainous and many hills andmountainsides are cultivated all the way to the top.
Climate: Varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in northLand boundaries: none
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous
Coastline: 34,751 km (21,593 mi)
Natural resources: negligible coal, oil, iron, fish, and mineral resources
Irrigated land: 27,820 km2 (73% of Japan is mountains)

9Composition and topography

Topographic map

Map of Japan

Japan is situated in a volcanic zone along the Pacific, frequent low-intensity earth tremors
and occasional volcanic activity is felt throughout the islands. Destructive earthquakes occur
several times a century. Hot springs are numerous and have been exploited as an economic
capital by the leisure industry.

2.4 The Ecosystem of Nepal and Japan
About Nepal:
Ecologically, Nepal has five main categories of ecosystem. They are forests, wetlands,
rangelands, agro ecosystems, and mountain ecosystems. The average precipitation of thecountry is about 1600 mm with the variation of 300 mm in dry rain shadow area to more than
5000 mm in wet region. The average temperatures in the country show extreme values withless than 0C in the Himalayan region and more than 40C at the Terai during the summer.
Over 39 percent of Nepal’s total geographic area is classified as forest, of which at least 23
percent is forested. One quarter of Nepal’s forest area is heavily degraded, which has led toloss of biodiversity, increased landslides, and soil erosion.

10

About Japan:

Introduction

Location of the Sea of Japan (LME). (Source: NOAA)The Sea of Japan Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) is a semi-enclosed sea with an area ofapproximately 978,000 square kilometers (km2), a volume of 1,713,000 cubic kilometers(km3), and a mean depth of 1,350 meters (m). The Sea of Japan is connected to the Sea of
Okhotsk, the Northern Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea through four shallow straits. The
Tsushima Current, a small branch of the warm Kuroshio Current, enters the Sea of Japanthrough the Tsushima Strait between Kyushu and Korea and flows out to the Pacific throughthe Tsugaru and Soya Straits. Climate is the primary force driving the LME, with intensive
fishing as the secondary driving force.
(Source:LME book chapters and articles pertaining to this LME include Terazaki, 1999)

The northwestern Sea of Japan is colder, with sharp temperature declines in winter and thepresence of ice in the Tartarskiy Strait from November to April. Seasonal temperatures varyby 20 degrees Celsius in the northwest, and 14 degrees Celsius in the south. The Sea of Japan
Large Marine Ecosystem is considered a Class I, highly productive (>300 grams of Carbon
per square meter per year (gC/m2-yr) ecosystem based on SeaWiFS global primary
production estimates. For information on hydrographic conditions, primary production in
winter and summer, phytoplankton, zooplankton and micronekton, see Terazaki, 1999. The
zooplankton community shows low variance in taxonomic groups and species.

112.5 River System of Nepal and Japan
About Nepal
Nepal has three categories of rivers. The largest systems -— from east to west KOSHI,GANDAKI, KARNALI and MAHAKALI, originate in multiple tributaries rising in or
beyond the high Himalaya that maintain substantial flows from snowmelt through the hot,droughty spring before the summer monsoon. These tributaries cross the highest mountains indeep gorges, flow south through the Middle Hills, then join in candelabra-like configuration
before crossing the Mahabharat Range and emerging onto the plains. The KOSHI is also
called SAPTAKOSHI for its seven Himalayan tributaries in eastern Nepal:
The GANDAKI has seven Himalayan tributaries in the center of the country: After the seven
upper tributaries join, the river becomes the NARAYANI inside Nepal and is joined by theeast RAPTI from CHITWAN Valley, Crossing into India, its name changes to GANDAK.
The KARNALI drains western Nepal, with the Bheri and Seti as major tributaries. The upper
Karnali rises inside Tibet near sacred Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash. The area aroundthese features is the hydrographic nexus of South Asia.
The MAHAKALI along the Nepal-India border on the west joins the Karnali in India, where
the river is known as Ghaghara.
Second Category Rivers rise in the Middle Hills and Mahabharat Range, from east to west.
Without glacial sources, annual flow regimes in these rivers are more variable although
limited flow persists through the dry season.
Third Category Rivers rise in the outermost Siwalik foothills and are mostly seasonal. Noneof these river systems support significant commercial navigation. Instead, deep gorges create
obstacles to establishing transport and communication networks and de-fragmenting the
economy. Foot-trails are still primary transportation routes in many hill districts.

About Japan:
Rivers in Japan are generally steep and swift, and few are suitable for navigation except intheir lower reaches. Most rivers are fewer than 300 kilometers in length, but their rapid flowfrom the mountains provides a valuable, renewable resource: hydroelectric power generation.
Japan's hydroelectric power potential has been exploited almost to capacity. Seasonalvariations in flow have led to extensive development of flood control measures. Most of therivers are very short. The longest, the Shinano River, which winds through Nagano Prefecture
to Niigata Prefecture and flows into the Sea of Japan, is only 367 kilometers long. The largest
freshwater lake is Lake Biwa, northeast of Kyoto.
12Extensive coastal shipping, especially around the Seto Inland Sea (Seto Naikai), compensates
for the lack of navigable rivers. The Pacific coastline south of Tokyo is characterized by long,narrow, gradually swallowing inlets produced by sedimentation, which has created many
natural harbors. The Pacific coastline north of Tokyo, the coast of Hokkaidō, and the Sea ofJapan coast are generally unindicted, with few natural harbors.

Inundation of Toyooka City, Japan,(21,Oct.2004)

Koshi flood of Nepal,August,2008(Rt.)

The Sea of Japan coastline is highly developed, with commercial ports and fishery harbors.
Parts of the coast are protected by seawalls and breakwaters against storm surges, high waves,and beach erosion. Japan has a densely populated coastal zone. The fisheries sector is an
important industry for Japan. It is very reliant on the sea for its supply of fish, seaweed andother marine resources. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts
for nearly 15% of the global catch. The coastal zone is used to harvest marine resources, andfor petroleum exploration, industrial development, waste dumps and recreation. An efficienttransport system links the islands. The lack of natural resources means that fuel, rawmaterials and food have to be imported in large quantities. As a result, Japan is very reliant
on trade and international shipping. Industry is heavily dependent on these imported raw
materials and fuels. The main ports in this LME are Otaru, Sakata, Fushiki, Tsuruga, andMaizuru.

13

2.6 Climate Variation of Nepal and Japan
About Nepal:
Nepal has tremendous variation in climate. Its latitude is about the same as that of Florida so
Terai land up to 500 meters (1,640 ft) has a fully tropical climate, with a subtropical zone
extending up to 1,200 meters (3,937 ft) which is the lower limit of frost in winter.. Eastern
Nepal gets about 2,500 mm (98.4 in) annually; the Kathmandu area about 1,400 mm (55.1 in)
and western Nepal about 1,000 mm (39.4 in). This pattern is modified by adabiatic effects as
rising air masses cool and drops their moisture content on windward slopes, then warm up as
they descend so relative humidity drops. Annual precipitation reaches 5,500 mm (216.5 in)on windward slopes in the ANNAPURNA Himalaya beyond a relatively low stretch of the
Mahabharat Range. In rain shadows beyond the high mountains, annual precipitation drops as
low as 160 mm (6.3 in), creating a cold semi-desert.

The monsoon is preceded by a buildup of thunderstorm activity in the hills that helps farmers
irrigate rice seedbeds. Sustained rain on average arrives in early June as rising temperatures
over Inner Asia creates a low pressure zone that draws in air from the Indian Ocean, but thiscan vary up to a month. Significant failure of monsoon rains historically meant drought andfamine while above-normal rains still cause flooding and landslides with losses in human
lives, farmland and buildings. The monsoon also complicates transportation with roads andtrails washing out while unpaved roads and airstrips may become unusable and cloud cover
reduces safety margins for aviation. Rains diminish in September and generally end by midOctober, ushering in generally cool, clear, and dry weather, as well as the most relaxed andjovial period in Nepal. By this time, the harvest is completed and people are in a festive mood.
The two biggest and most important Hindu festivals are DASHAIN and TIHAR arrive during
this period, about one month apart. The post monsoon season lasts until about December.

After the post monsoon comes the winter monsoon, a strong northeasterly flow marked byoccasional, short rainfalls in the lowlands and plains and snowfalls in the high-altitude areas.
Precipitation varies from year to year but increases markedly with elevation. Adequate
snowfall in the Himalaya is important for sufficient spring and summer melt water for
irrigation in the lower hills and valleys. At lower elevations, winter rainfall is needed for the
success of winter crops such as wheat, barley and vegetables. In this season the Himalaya
functions as a barrier to cold air masses from Inner Asia, so southern Nepal and northern
India has warmer winters than would otherwise be the case. April and May are dry and hot,14

especially below 1,200 meters (3,937 ft) where afternoon temperatures may exceed 40 °C(104 °F).
Conducted the Cabinet meeting at Mt. Everest:
Cabinet meeting has been held at Mt. Everest on 4th December 2009. The main purpose of themeeting was to sensitize the impact of climate change on Himalayan region. In addition, theaim of the meeting was also drawing the attention of the international community to theimpact of climate change on the Himalaya and poorest and most vulnerable communities
depending on its resources.

About Japan:

Satellite image of Hokkaidō in January

Satellite image of Nepal in October 2002(Rt.)

Climate classification of Japan

Japan belongs to the temperate zone with four distinct seasons, but its climate varies fromcool temperate in the north to subtropical in the south. The climate is also affected by theseasonal winds that blow from the continent to the ocean in winters and vice versa insummers.
Japan is generally a rainy country with high humidity. Because of its wide range of latitude,
Japan has a variety of climates. The generally humid, temperate climate exhibits marked
seasonal variation celebrated in art and literature, as well as regional variations ranging fromcool in Hokkaidō to subtropical in Kyūshū. Climate also varies with altitude and withlocation on the Pacific Ocean or on the Sea of Japan. Northern Japan has warm summers but
long, cold winters with heavy snow. Central Japan has hot, humid summers and short winters,
and southwestern Japan has long, hot, humid summers and mild winters.
Two primary factors influence Japan's climate: a location near the Asian continent and theexistence of major oceanic currents. The climate from June to September is marked by hot,
wet weather brought by tropical airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. These15

airflows are full of moisture and deposit substantial amounts of rain when they reach land.
There is a marked rainy season, beginning in early June and continuing for about a month. It
is followed by hot, sticky weather. Five or six typhoons pass over or near Japan every year
from early August to early September, sometimes resulting in significant damage. Annual
precipitation, which averages between 1,000 and 2,000 mm (39.4 and 78.7 in), isconcentrated in the period between June and September. In fact, 70 to 80 percent of theannual precipitation falls during this period. In winter, a high-pressure area develops over
Siberia, and a low-pressure area develops over the northern Pacific Ocean. The result is aflow of cold air eastward across Japan that brings freezing temperatures and heavy snowfalls
to the central mountain ranges facing the Sea of Japan, but clear skies to areas fronting on the
Pacific.
Its varied geographical features divide Japan into six principal climatic zones.


Hokkaido: Belonging to the cool temperate zone, Hokkaidō has long, cold wintersand cool summers.

Sea of Japan: The northwest seasonal wind in winter gives heavy snowfalls. In
summer it is less hot than in the Pacific area.

Central Highland: A typical inland climate gives large temperature differences
between summers and winters and between days and nights. Precipitation is not large
throughout the year.

Se to Inland Sea: The Mountains in the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions block theseasonal winds and bring mild climate and many fine days throughout the year.

Pacific Ocean: Winters are cold, with little snowfall, and summers are hot and humid
due to the southeast seasonal wind.

Southwest Islands : This zone has a subtropical climate with warm winters and hotsummers. Precipitation is very high, and is especially affected by the rainy season andtyphoons.

2.6 The Economy of Nepal and Japan
About Nepal:
The second Nepal living Standards Survey (NLSS II 2003-04 cited in ICCPR, 2010)
estimated that 25.4 percent of Nepalese people are living below the poverty line. In addition,
Nepal ranks 193 out of 210 countries in terms of gross national income per capita adjusted forpurchasing power and more than 70 percent of people live on less than USD2 per day (ADB,
2009 cited in NAPA, 2010:2). This means that they are living in households where per-capita
16

expenditure for food and non-food items is beneath the required amount to purchase theminimum caloric requirement and other basic needs. The average per capita income the
Nepalese people are living with NRS. 15000. The unemployment rate of male and female
aged 15 and above in 2008 is 2.2 and 2 percent respectively. According to the Nepal Labour
Force Survey (2008), the work participation (labour force) rate is 77.8 percent. The economic
progress has been steadily moving towards the millennium development goals.

About Japan:
Rank

3rd (nominal) / 3rd (PPP)Currency

Japanese Yen (JPY)Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Trade organizations

APEC, WTO, OECD, G-20, G8 and

GDP growth 3.9% (2010)
GDP by sector Agriculture1.5%, industry: 22.8%, services: 75.7% (2010 est.)Inflation (CPI)
0% (January 2011)
Population below poverty line NA% Ginny index 38.1 (2002)
Labor forces 65.64 million (2010 est.)
Labor force by occupation

Agriculture: 4%, industry: 28%, services: 68% (2009 est.)

The economy of Japan is the third largest in the world after the United States and the People's
Republic of China but ahead of Germany at 4th. According to the international monetaryfund, the country's per capita GDP was at $32,608 or the 23rd highest in 2009.
After the World War II, Japan underwent a period of restoration followed by high economic
growth. Eventually, Japan was becoming the economy with the second largest GDP in theWorld in 1967.
The Japanese economy maintained a long lasting recovery since the beginning of 2002.
However, the path has not been flat, given the two “soft patches (temporary softening in themarket)” in the past and impairment in some parts of economy. In the start of 2008, private
consumption and investment in plant and equipment fell flat and so did production, bringing
the economic recovery to a standstill.
For three decades from 1960, Japan experienced rapid economic growth, which was referred
to as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. With average growth rates of 10% in the17

1960s, 5% in the 1970s, and 4% in the 1980s, Japan was able to establish and maintain itself
as the world's second largest economy from 1968 until 2010..
Japan's economy is disrupted in early 2011 due to the earthquake and the effect of thetsunami. It is estimated Japan's GDP Growth will be lowered by 1% which is bad as it
contracted 1.5% at the end of 2010.

Infrastructure of Japan

Shinkansen
Energy in Japan and Transportation in Japan

Japan (world’s third largest economy) faces its biggest challenge since World War II. The
Lightly touching on the Human tragedy in Japan, while in the next anticipating with delightthe economic recovery it will (supposedly) create. The natural disaster in Japan is tragic bothon a human level and economically. Japan may, possibly, enjoy a GDP boost in six months or
so as a result of some rebuilding, but the billions in present –day lost productivity will easily
negate only future upside.
The buildings and businesses with billions in loans have (and will continue to) experience
enormous losses. Who will realize these losses? Insurance losses – the capital that would be
invested in other productive assets - now must cover billions in claims. And what about theeconomic impact is resulting from the loss of nuclear efficiency? Consider the powersituation in Japan over the coming months with 40% of electricity used in greater Tokyo
historically originating from the Niigata and Fukushima prefectures. In totality, it is
mystifying how any economist could predict a net economic positive.
“Attention also turns towards the extent of the damage to the economy and its reconstruction
and rehabilitation plans . . . Japan’s economic growth rate will fall in the immediate aftermathof the natural disasters before rising sharply due to reconstruction activities . . . Moreover, ina really good recovery scenario.

18

The priority for Japan's economy after the devastating earthquake and tsunami wasreconstruction and to get economy going, Japan had a "relatively ample pool" of financial
resources to support the reconstruction efforts, adding that the broad response of the Japanese
government to tackle the impact of the disaster was "decisive and swift". The Japanese
government recently projected that the economic cost of the March 11 earthquake andensuing tsunami on the seven most affected prefectures in the northeast of Japan could total
up to 309 billion U.S. dollars.

19

Chapter 3
Disaster Scenario of Nepal and Japan

3.1 Disaster Scenario of Nepal
Nepal is sits in the top 20 list for the most multi-hazard prone countries in the world. The
country is also ranked 11th in term of risk from earthquakes and 30th from the risk of floods.
Geographical, topographical, climatic and socio-economic conditions have made Nepal
vulnerable to various types of natural and non-natural (manmade) disasters. Nepal is facing
floods, landslides, earthquakes, drought, fire, windstorm, epidemic, lighting, Glacier Lake
Outburst Floods and there is regularly one hazard constantly occurring. The third chapter ofthis study described the types of disaster briefly in the following sections.
3.1.1

Flood

Floods in Nepal can be classified into two categories as regular floods and flash flood. Riverfloods occur when the river is contained with full of water and inundated the area alongside
the river by over flowing. River floods, however, followed by sudden outburst of clouds
localized in nature with incessant rain for days together cause disastrous situations. This typeof flood is common in the southern Terai belt, inner Terai and the valley.

Flood of Mahotari District (Terai belt of Nepal)

Nepal also faces flash floods. Flash floods are severe floods that occur with little or no
warning, characterized by little time laps between the start of the flood and peak discharge.
Flash floods caused by the glacial lake outburst, which have the devastating impacts on
hundreds of kilometers downstream with, little warning times of minutes or hours at the most.

20

3.1.2Landslides

Landslides are one of the main natural disasters that occurring frequently in hilly areas of
Nepal mostly during the monsoon season. Heavy rainfall in the hills with the days, past
saturates and erodes the shear strength triggering a landslide. Infrastructures such as roads
and irrigation canals built without proper planning and protection measures can be damaged
and washed away by frequently occurring landslides.

3.1.3

Earthquakes

Nepal is vulnerable to earthquakes because of its location in a tectonically active zone. The
presence of 3main fault systems; the Main Central Thrust (MCT) at the foot of Greater
Himalaya joining the midland mountains, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) at the junctionof the lesser Himalaya and the Siwaliks and the Himalyan Frontal Faults (HFF) south of the
Siwaliks, all running east to west ,are the main sources of earthquakes in Nepal .

These fault lines occurs as a result of the movement of the Indian plate underneath theEurasian plate.

3.1.4

Drought

Drought is a weather phenomenon in a climate cycle with a dry spell for days and weeks
together presenting a very dismal picture for the people affected with a parched land withbroken surface. The drought depletes the water in the lake and the reservoir affecting thewater supply to the power station, irrigation system and the community for drinking water.
During droughts the food production and supply becomes scarce causing health hazard to the
population mainly because of malnutrition.

21

3.1.5 Fire
Fires generally occur in Nepal with the coming in dry summer season in the hills and plainsof Terai. The villages with clusters of houses with thatched roofs in the plain make themvulnerable to both types of the fire sometimes disastrous results. The main causes of fire
outbreak are: improper use of fire by children, negligence in using fire especially in Terairegion, the electric short circuiting and use of highly flammable materials in houses. In
addition, forest fire (bush fire) has been occurred in dry season in hilly region and the cause
behind fire incidents identified as negligence of farmers. The main causes of forest fire areanthropogenic due to negligence and causational deliberate bumming of bushes to induce
succulent grass growth for domestic animals.

3.1.6

Epidemics

Epidemics are one of the hazards which often turn into disaster in Nepal. Nepal faces most of
the epidemics problems during the monsoon period especially in May and June. However,
epidemics can happen even until August. The remote villages are not accessible to medical
facilities and found to be highly affected by different types of epidemics. Diarrhea, measles,
typhoid and cholera are some of the common and frequently occurring epidemics in Nepal.

3.1.7

Lightning

Lightening is normally 0ccurs in monsoon in Nepal. Every year several people lose their lives
due to lightening. The main cause of death by the lightening is lack of earthing in houses. In
addition, lack of awareness among people about lighting and thundering is found anothercause of death by lightening/thundering in Nepal. It has been a serious natural disaster inremote communities of Nepal.

3.1.8

WindstormWindstorm is usually hit Nepal, in the month of March and April. It has not been ranked as
major natural disaster in terms of casualty of human lives. However, private and public
properties have been often severely damaged due to the windstorm in Nepal. According to
the Ministry of Home Affairs, windstorm has been occurring almost every year especially in
Hills and Terai regions. In 2009, about 23 districts of the Hill regions of Nepal were badly
affected from the windstorm. Many public schools lost their roofs due to windstorm.

22Types, location and reasons of disaster in Nepal (Table---1)
Types

Location

Reasons

Major

Minor

Floods

Terai

Hill

Heavy rain fall, siltation, dike failure

Landslides

Hill

-

Young

geology,

deforestations,

steep

topography,

encroachmentofmarginal land
Earthquake

Hill

Terai

Drought

Terai

Hill

Fire

Terai

Hill

Indo-Tibetan plate collision

Lack of awareness, hazardous andinflammableconstruction

materials

close dwellings, thatched roofs
Epidemics

Hill

Terai

Poor sanitation, food shortage, lack ofhealth services

Year wise disaster scenario Loss of lives by major types of disasters in Nepal

fire

Hails-tone

Wind-storm

epidemic

avalanche

total

0

23

53

1

2

141

-

393

2001

196

1

39

26

1

1

154

-

418

2002

441

0

3

14

0

3

0

-

461

2003

232

0

42

16

0

20

-

-

310

2004

131

0

10

10

0

0

41

-

192

2005

141

0

18

28

0

0

34

21

242

2006

141

0

17

28

1

0

34

-

221

2007

216

0

35

34

18

1

9

9

322

2008

134

0

14

11

0

2

10

0

171

2009

135

0

7

35

0

0

462

2

641

bolt

173

&landslide

2000

Flood

Thunder-Table--2
Earth-quake(2000-2009)(Source:MoHA,2009)23

Among the above types of disasters, floods, landslides fire and epidemic occur every year
in Nepal, and have a serious impact on human lives and property. In 2009, epidemic has
been considered as major cause of human casualty.

All the types of disaster have serious impacts on the community as it disrupts their way of life
causing immense hardship to the affected people. In addition, it has also a negative impact on
the national economy from the point of view of reducing the projected annual economic
growth of Nepal.

24

3.2 Natural Disasters in Japan:
3.2.1 Introduction
Japan also faces several major disasters every year. Japan has been affected frequently by
earthquakes, typhoons and tsunamis. In addition, Japan is also home to several volcanoes.
The worst earthquake in Japan’s history was in 1923, which devastated the cities of Tokyoand Yokohama. Typhoons occur each summer in Japan and destroying land and buildings. At
present, TOHOKU Earthquake of 11, March 2011 is considered as most devastating
Earthquake in the history of Japan interns of loss of lives and property.
Tsunami occurs as a result of an earthquake under the sea. Japan has 10% active volcanoes ofthe earth. Japan has 67 volcanoes that could erupt at any time on the Japanese islands.

3.2.2 Earthquakes:
Japan is located at the lines of huge sheets of tectonic plates: the East and the Pacific Plate aresliding underneath the west plate, the Asian Plate. The movement of these plates causes
frequent earthquakes. Smaller earthquakes are common in Japan. The Japanese have becomeused to dealing with frequent smaller tremors. However, major earthquakes are very
disastrous in Japan.
The most disastrous earthquakes in Japan was in 1923. That earthquake destroyed the main
cities of Tokyo and Yokohama. That earthquake killed over 100,000 people. In addition, fires
spread quickly throughout the wooden cities and added massively to the damage. Around
500,000 houses were destroyed.
In 1995 January 17th, Japan suffered from another major earthquake. The Great Hanshin
Awaji Earthquake hit the city of Kobe. It caused considerable damage mainly in the southpart of Hyogo Prefecture. The earthquake caused 6,434 deaths and 43,792 people injured andabout 640 thousand houses were completely destroyed. It was centered at the north end of
Awaji Island and had the magnitude of 7.3 (Japan Meteorological Agency scale).

3.2.3 Typhoons
Typhoons occur every summer in Japan. The winds of typhoons are so powerful that they canblow trees over and bring buildings down. Typhoons can cause both flooding and landslides.

25

3.2.4 Tsunamis
A tsunami is a huge wave. Tsunamis are caused when an earthquake rocks the ocean floor. A
tsunami looks like a wave we may see at a surf beach but it is not the same thing. A tsunami
originates in a different manner. A tsunami can be a lot bigger than the average wave,
however, and cause enormous damage.
An earthquake in July 1993 caused a tsunami off the coast of Hokkaido. The impact of thistsunami was devastating. 202 people were killed and hundreds were injured and missing. The
recent tsunami, in Tohoku, northeastern part of Japan is the worst case of disaster in thehistory of Japan after 2nd world war.

[The Great Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake]
The great Pacific Ocean Earthquake occurred on March, 11, 2011 at 2:46 pm at a magnitudeof 9.0 at a depth approximately 25 kilometer and tsunami hit along Sanriku offing, near theeast coast of Honshu, Japan. The magnitude of the main shock was the largest in Japan’s
History. Either way it was the strongest quake ever recorded in Japan. It has been followed bymore than 150 powerful aftershocks. Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake followed by jet storm
tsunami of 10 meters high waves devastated the entire eastern Japan namely Fukushima
prefecture, Iwate, Sendai, Soma city, Miyagi prefecture.
After a quake-crippled nuclear power plant exploded and sent low levels of radiation floating
toward Tokyo, prompting some people to flee the capital and others to stock up on essential
supplies. Japan estimated the immense economic impact of the March 11 earthquake andtsunami, saying it could hit $309 billion-- double that of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake .The
confirmed death toll from the earthquake and tsunami that battered Japan's northeast coastrose to 14,084 and Japan holds out little hope for 13,511 officially listed as missing (Source:
Police Agency of Japan, date: 21 April 2011). Large areas of the countryside remained
surrounded by water and unreachable.
The government said 2,75, 000 people have been evacuated to emergency shelters. Civil
society has emphasized the need for more community involvement through organizing
community volunteers. Meanwhile, community members of those affected areas have started
working which will gear up the relief and rehabilitation activities of the earthquake andtsunami affected areas. The Great Hanshin Awaji experience and other disaster related
experiences had helped Japan to recover soon from this great disaster and human catastrophe.

26

Some Touchable photos after Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake:

3.2.5 Volcanoes
An active volcano could erupt at any time: When a volcano erupts; it sends out a hugequantity of ash and smoke and sends out lava, which is burning, hot, molten rock. Japan has
67 active volcanoes; it means 10% of the world’s total active volcanoes over here in Japan.
Mount Sakurajima still erupts. When this mountain erupts it covers the city of Kagoshima inash, more violent eruptions also release lava.
27

Mount Sakurajima still erupts

River Dam

ShelterVulnerable place-Still some People living

Japan is a disaster prone country. Every year Japan faces disasters such as Earthquake,
Tsunami, Typhoon, Volcanoes. There is a very few nations of the world like Japan, facing somany disaster. As a result Government of Japan has attached highest priority to manage
disasters and minimize the effects of disaster. Japan is pioneer of disaster management anddisaster risk reduction campaign in the World. There are many public and privateorganizations in Japan have been working on disaster field. Asian Disaster Reduction Centerand Hyogo Framework of Action are the reflections of Japan’s willingness and active
participation in combating disasters in Asia and also in the world.

28

Chapter 4
Policy and Institutional Frameworks Related to Disaster Managementin Nepal and Japan

4.1 Introduction
Disaster risk management always hinges on sound policy guidelines and competentinstitutions. The existing public sector institutions could be at two levels. One is the policy
institution that involved in the policy decisions. At the second tier are the operational levelinstitutions whose function is to implement the policy and provide feedback for policy
purposes.

This chapter furnished the existing policies and institutional frameworks fordisaster risk management in Nepal and Japan.

4.2 Disaster Risk Management Policy and Institutional Framework in Nepala) Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 1982

The Government of Nepal enacted Natural Calamity (Relief) Act in 1982 for disastermanagement in Nepal. Prior to the enactment of the Act, natural disasters were treated in adhoc basis. There were no pre-disaster preparedness plans and post disaster mitigation
measures. All the forces and resources used to be mobilized on ad –hoc basis when disasters
occurred to alleviate the misery brought on to the community.
The main objectives of the Act are to provide arrangements for relief operations and toprovide protection of lives and properties of people. The Act includes followings disaster:
events as major disaster types in Nepal Earthquake, Fire outbreak, Storm, Flood,Landslide, Drought, Famine, Epidemics, Industrial Accident and Explosion. Earthquake,
Fire outbreak, Storm, Flood, Landslide, Drought, Famine and Epidemics are found majordisasters in Nepal.
The Act also defines Natural Calamities Relief works. According to the Act naturalcalamities relief works means: i) any relief work to be carried out in the area affected or
likely to be affected, ii) ease people’s grief and inconvenience, iii) rehabilitation of disastervictims, protection of life and iv) property of people preparation and adoption of preventive
measures.
The Act has made a provision of Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) at the centrallevel which is comprised of 34 members from different agencies. In addition to this, the Act
has made provision of Regional Disaster Relief Committee (RDRC) and District Disaster

29

Relief Committee (DDRC) at regional and district level respectively. These committees
provide overall leadership for disaster management at different levels.

b) Three Year Interim Plan
The Three -Year Interim Plan (2007-2010) recognizes disasters as one of the major
impediments of national development process, and addresses DRM tasks. The Plan
recognizes the need to foster collaboration and coordination among key DRM players andinstitutions active in different sectors of the national economy.
The following strategies have been outlined in the plan to be adopted for the management ofdisasters:Emphasis will be given to develop and apply environment friendly system
in development and construction works.



Appropriate information flow and pre-disaster preparedness will be madefor the mitigation of risks of natural disasters.



Collaborative works will be strengthened between the government, nongovernment and private sectors for providing relief and rescue to theaffected population.

The following working policies are also outlined:Provisions relating to EIA and natural disaster assessment will bestrengthened prior to the implementation of infrastructure construction.

Timely reforms will be made on policy and institutional mechanism inrelation to the risk mitigation of natural disasters.

Appropriate mechanism will be developed to strengthen the collaborative
works among the government, non-government and private sector toprovide relief, rescue and rehabilitation to the affected population.



Awareness programs will be run to enhance the participation ofcommunity organizations and the general public to mitigate the risks.

Emphasis will be given to pre-disaster preparedness through the process ofidentifying the areas with high risk and their mapping.

The role of Ministry of Home affairs will be strengthened as a competentcoordinator for the disaster management by enhancing the capacity ofagencies and human resources associated with disaster management.



Robust technology will be used to make weather and climatic forecasts.
30



Soil erosion, landslides, floods and river control works will be
implemented in an effective way.

c) Prime Minister’s Natural Calamity Relief FundThe prime Minister’s Natural Calamity Relief Fund has been established under the Prime
Minister’s Office. A high level committee has been set up to regulate the funds. The Vice
Chairman of the National Planning Commission chairs the committee. The committee
channels the funds for rescue relief and disaster risk management in the country. Any personor organization can donate money to this fund.

d) National Strategy for DRM 2009
The Government of Nepal has approved the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management(NSDRM) 2009, based on Hyogo Framework for Action.

This new National Strategy on

Disaster Management as a guiding framework, which encompasses prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response, recovery. The general outlines of the Hyogo Framework for Action and
Cluster Approach have been incorporated with a national vision of “disaster-resilient” Nepal.
Objectives of NSDRM:
Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into sectoral development
policies and planning

Development and strengthening of institutional mechanism and capacities
to build resilient communities



Systematic incorporation of different approaches into Emergency
Preparedness; Response and Recovery; Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
programs

The following are the Directive Principles of DRM Planning encompasses in NSDRM.


Mainstream DRM into development plansEnsure life safety and social securityEmphasize gender and social inclusion

Adopt decentralized implementation



Follow a holistic approachPrioritize staff safety and security



Follow one-window policy and cluster approachWork with participation and coordination.
31

The NSDRM has incorporated the following Sectoral Strategies for DRR.
Agriculture and Food SecurityHealth

Education

Shelter, Infrastructure, Physical PlanningLivelihood Protection

Water and Sanitation



Information, Communication, Coordination and Logistics



Search and Rescue, and Damage and Needs Assessment

The strategy has ensured to put collective efforts of all stakeholders at all level in the disasterrisk management.

e) National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)
It is indeed true that climate Change is increasingly magnifying disaster risks around theworld. It is estimated that, during the last century, the world temperature has increased by
0.74 degree Celsius. Thus, it is important to address climate change adaptation and disasterrisk reduction together. Realizing this, the Government of Nepal has approved National
Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) to climate change 2010.

f) Local Self Governance Act 1999
Local Self Governance Act, 1999 is the legal instrument for formulating local level
development plans and programs. According to this Act, the District Development
Committee, Municipality and Village Development Committee are responsible forformulating and implementation local level development programs. The Act addresses
disaster risk reduction while developing programs and their implementation.

g) Sectoral Policies and Acts Related to Disaster Risk Management
There are number of sectoral policies related to disaster risk management. For instance,
National Health Policy, National Water Plan 2005, Water Induce Disaster Management
Policy, 2006 and Environment Policy are directly or indirectly linked with disaster risk
management in Nepal. In addition, other sectoral Acts such as Forest Act, Environment
Protection Act, Soil and Water Conservation Act 1982, Nepal National Building Code, 2010
are also linked with disaster risk management in Nepal.
32h) Cluster Approach in Disaster Risk Management
The Government of Nepal has adopted the UN cluster approach in disaster risk management.
The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management 2009 explicitly mentioned the cluster
approach in disaster risk reduction.

i) Relief Standards
The Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for rescue and relief at the time of disaster. The
ministry has developed the relief standard guidelines to distribute relief items such as foodand nonfoods items. However, the standards do not meet the international standards.

j) Institution and Partners
The existing public sector national institutions could be placed at two levels. One is policy
level that involved in the policy decisions such as Council of Ministers. The second level isthe operational level institutions whose primary function is to implement the policy andprovide feedback for policy purposes. At the national level, following institutions are inpolicy formulation and coordination:i) Ministry of Home Affairs
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) as the national focal point for all disaster related
activities has a prime responsibility to play in its day to day affairs dealing with disaster
relative activities. In addition, the ministry is also responsible for policy formulation and theirimplementation. The Ministry is involved in rescue, relief, data collection and distribution offunds at the local level for relief activities. The ministry works as a secretariat of the Central
Natural Disaster Relief Committee.

ii) Centre Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC)The Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee is responsible for rescue and relief operations
as well as channeling funds. The committee is chaired by the Minister for Home Affairs andthere is representation from different governmental as well as non-governmentalorganizations. The committee has different tiers at regional and district level viz, Regional
Disaster Relief Committee and District Disaster Relief Committee.

33iii) Other Policy Level Institutions
Other governmental institutions, which have stake in policy formulation and coordination
related to disaster risk management, are as follows:

National Planning CommissionWater and Energy Commission

Ministry of Irrigation

Ministry of Energy

Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation

Ministry of EnvironmentMinistry of health and population

Ministry of Local developmentiv) Implementation level Institution (Departmental level)
At the execution level, there are several departments which are primarily responsible for
executing plans and programs related to disaster risk reduction. In addition, these departments
are also responsible for providing policy feedbacks to the respective ministries.


Department of Water Induced Disaster prevention

Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management



Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

Department of Health Service

34



Department of Local Infrastructure Development and AgriculturalRoad

Department of Mines and Geology

Regional Disaster Relief Committeev) Local Level and Self Governing Institutions
There are two types of local level institutions. One comprises of the representatives ofvarious line agencies. The other consists of the District, Municipality and Village Councils,
and other related agencies such as District Development Committee (DDC), Municipality andVillage Development Committee (VDC). In addition, DDC, municipality and VDC are also
self-governing body at the local level. Each consists of elected representatives. In addition tothese local level institutions, the District Disaster (DDRC) Relief Committee is responsible
for rescue and relief activities at the local level. The DDRC is comprised of representatives
from the different organizations including security agencies and Nepal Red Cross Society.

vi) Non-Governmental Sector (UN Agencies, NGOs, INGOs)
There are two types of non-governmental organizations are involved in disaster risk
management. The Nepal Red Cross Society and local level NGOs are working at the local
level. Similarly, UN agencies such as UNOCHA, UNDP, WFP, WHO and International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) are also involved in disaster management as well as
humanitarian assistances.

4.3 Disaster Management Framework in Japan:
Disaster Management of Japan is categorized into 3 levels including national, regionaland municipal level. The significance of each level is detailed as follows:i)

National Level:

The Prime Minister is the National Commander through the National Disaster
Management Council, and the designed government organizations (23 ministries andagencies), anddesignated public corporation (63 organizations including independentadministrative agencies, Bank of Japan, Japanese Red Cross Society, NHK, electricity andgas companies). In this connection, the national council is responsible for formulationand promoting the implementation of the Basic Disaster Management Plan. Meanwhile,
the other two designated agencies of government and public corporations are responsible for35

formulation and implementation of the Disaster Management Operation Plan.
ii)

Prefectural Level:

The Governor is the commander ordering via the Prefectural Disaster Management Council,
and the designated government organization and public corporations in local. The prefectural
council will conjunctionally work with the mentioned designated agencies

toformulateand promote the implementation of Local Disaster Management Plan.
iii)

Municipal Level:

In this level, the Mayor of City, Town and Village is the commander, as the same ofGovernorin

prefecturallevel,

will

functionthrough

Municipal

DisasterManagement Council to formulate and promote the implementation of Local Disaster
Management Plan.

a) Disaster Management Plan
To correlate with the three disaster management systems, Japan has made up the basic plans,
operational plan, to effectively response to various types of disaster and to properly use inareas. The first is Basic Disaster Management Plan- the key plan for disaster reduction
activities prepared by the Central Disaster Management Council based
DisasterCountermeasures

Basic

Act,

the

second

is

on

the

Disaster Management

Operational Plan made up by each designated government organization and designatedpublic corporation, and the last one is Local Disaster Management Plan set up by eachprefectural and municipal council. The last two plans are based on the Basic Disaster
Management Plan.
Basic Disaster Management Plan is the plan to state on comprehensive and long- term
disaster reduction issues such as disaster management related system, disaster reduction
projects, early and appropriate disaster recovery and rehabilitation, as well is scientific andtechnical research. For the Plan‘s structure, it consists of various plans for each typeof disasters which is categorized into 2 main points of natural disaster and accident
disasters.
The tangible countermeasures will be taken by each stakeholder such as the national and local
governments, public corporations and other entities in term of the disaster phrases of
prevention and preparedness, emergency response, as well as recovery and rehabilitation.
Additionally, the conceptual formulation of the Basic Disaster Management Plan hasemphasized on the important points of hazard and risk mapping, clarification ofJurisdiction, responsibilities and procedures on establishment of36

emergency

responseheadquarter, evacuation guidance and order to citizens, designing map of evacuation
area in advance, procedure for disaster information gathering and dissemination, andpublic participation.

Figure 1 Disaster Management structure of Japanb) Basic Legal Frameworks of Disaster Management in Japan
In applying to all of the disaster phases of prevention, mitigation and preparedness,
emergency response as well as recovery and rehabilitation, relevant laws andregulations were enacted including Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (1961) This Act
is the cornerstone of legislation of disaster management which set out the basic for measuresfor disaster risk reduction, emergency response, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.
It was formulated in 1961, after the devastating of Typhoon Ise-wan in 1959 that caused more37

than 5,000 fatalities. Following acts are the other relevant acts associated with disastercountermeasures Basic Act (1961);(i).

Erosion Control Act (1897), Disaster Relief Act (1947), Building Standard Law(1950)(ii).

Landslide Prevention Act (1958), River Act (1964), and Act on Special Measures forLarge-scale Earthquakes (1978).
(iii).

Erosion Control Act 1897:

To clearly define the responsibilities of the national and local governments and other publicorganizations to take necessary measures for preventing sediment-related disaster fromthe generation and discharge of unstable sediment due to natural events, such as
heavy-rain induced landslides and river-bed erosion, to ensure a sound environment andmaintain the function of river in flood control and water use, and thus to contribute to theconservation of the national land and the stability of the people‘s livelihood.
(iv).

Disaster Relief Act 1947:

The purpose of this law is to allow the national government to take necessary
emergency relief measures in case of disaster in cooperation with local municipal
governments, the Japan Red Cross, and other relevant organizations. Distribution of foods
and drinking water, Supply of clothing, bedding, and other basic necessities, Medical
and natal care, Rescue of disaster victim , Emergency repairs of housing subject todisaster, Distribution and/ or loan of funding, equipment, and materials required tomaintain livelihoods, Distribution of school supplies , Interment andother matters as

specified by government ordinance.
(v).

Building Standard Law 1950:

In Article 39 of the law, the municipal government is allowed to designate the areawith considerable risk due to tsunami, storm surge, and flood and so on as disaster prone area
by its local ordinance. And it shall be determined in the above ordinance that necessary
items for disaster Prevention in the disaster prone area such as prohibition against
building a residence or restriction concerning to build a building.
(vi).

Land slide Control Act 1958:

To provide the measures for preventing landslides or slag heap collapses to avoid or mitigate
damage from those hazards, and thus to contribute to the conservation of the national land
and the stability of the people‘s livelihood.
(vii).

River Act 1896:

The law is to clearly define the responsibilities of the national and local governments and38other public organizations to take necessary measures for comprehensive river management,
through which disaster due to floods and storm surges will be prevented, rivers will
be in proper use, the regular functions of river water will be maintained, and riverenvironment will be improved and conserved, which will contribute to the conservationand development of the national land, and thus ultimately to enhance public welfare.
This law specifies the administration of rivers including classification of administrator.

Figure 2 Structure of basic disaster Management Planc) Organization Responsibility and Response Mechanism
In addition to the Central

DisasterManagement

Council,there are 23

designatedministries and 63 designated public corporations, prefectural Disaster Management
Council, and Municipal Disaster Management Council . It also includes other main agencies
namely Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Office, and Residents too.
In Cabinet Office has been established, the post of Minister of state for disaster management
has newly established after 1995 to take into account for the large-scale disaster and serious
accident including the Great Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake that happened in that time.
Government organization in wide-ranging issues, planning of basic disaster management39

policies and supporting the Cabinet Secretariat to response to large-scale disaster. The
Central Disaster Management Council has been, dealing with the Basic Disaster Management
Act, formed under the Cabinet Office. The Prime Minister is the Chair person, Minister ofState for Disaster Management, all 23 ministries, and heads of major public institutions andexperts. The council has mainly taken task of formulation and promotion on implementationof the Basic Disaster Management Plan and Earthquake Countermeasure Plans. When
there

are

large-scaledisaster occurred in Japan, all agencies concerned will deal

cooperatively with in disaster affacted areas. The two main organizations, the Cabinet Office,and Prime Minister‘s Office, will be directly responsible for this matters in line with nationalcommanding. Firstly, the Cabinet will collect the information and dispatch the initialemergency survey team to the happening areas, coordinate and hold the inter-ministerial
meeting, and then dispatch again to investigate the situations. Meanwhile, the Prime
minister‘s Office will keep a close watch to the situation, analysis of damage anddiscuss the disaster situation.

40d) Progress in Disaster Management Laws and Systems
In Japan, the disaster management system has been developed and strengthened, which isshown in the following figure.

41

Source: Disaster Management in Japan (Cabinet office, Government of Japan)

42Chapter 5
Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning
Study in between Nepal and Japan

5.1 Introduction
Community participation in disaster preparedness planning is recently developed
phenomenon in Nepal. Before the enactment of Natural Calamity relief Act, 1982, there wasno effort in place for disaster preparedness planning. Normally, all disasters were dealt on as
and when necessary. Wait and see policy was in place and funds and relief items wereallocated on the ad- hoc basis. There is little attention or no attention paid to community
participation in disaster preparedness planning and implementation. However, local
community members were involved as volunteers at the time of rescue and relief distribution.
The main objective of this chapter is to define what community is and why it is important indisaster preparedness planning. In addition, this chapter also briefly describes the policy
framework on disaster preparedness planning in Nepal and Japan.

5.2 Concept of Community Participation
A community is a group of individuals and households living in the same location and having
the same hazard exposure, who can share the same objectives and goals in disaster risk
reduction. The community referred to are local villages such as the Ward in Nepal, the Ban in
Laos, the Commune in Vietnam, and the Barangay in the Philippines (Regional Workshop on
Best Practices in Disaster Mitigation).
World Health organization (2002) defines community participation as a process by whichpeople are enabled to become actively and genuinely involved in defining the issues ofconcern to them in making decisions about factors that affect their lives, in formulating andimplementing policies, in planning, developing and delivering services and taking action toachieve change. Similarly, DIPECHO (2009) stated that community participation is a process
whereby a group of people have transcended their differences to meet on equal terms in orderto facilitate a participatory decision making process. In other words it can be viewed asprocess which begins a dialogue among members of the community to determine who, what,
and how issues are decided, and also to provide an avenue for everyone to participate indecisions that affect their lives. The above definitions of community participation explicitly
explain the participation of group of people to achieve some predetermined goal or objective.

43

5.3 Significance of Community Participation in Disaster Risk Management
Community participation has been recognized as the additional element in disastermanagement necessary to reverse the worldwide trend of exponential increase in disasteroccurrence of and loss from small- and medium-scale disasters, build a culture of safety, andensure sustainable development for all. The community members may have varying
perception of disaster risk depending on social class, education, age, gender, etc., and thecommunity risk assessment and disaster risk reduction planning processes helps to unite thecommunity in understanding of the risks and in preparedness, mitigation and prevention
actions (Regional Workshop on Best Practices in Disaster Mitigation).
Community participation always attempts to empower people to participate in their own
development. The WHO (2002) stated that community participation for many different
reasons and offers many different benefits for individuals, communities, organizations andsociety as a whole. These benefits relate to both process and the effects and outcomes of theparticipation - participation as an end in itself and participation as a means to achieve othergoals. The WHO (2002) further stated that involving communities in decision-making willlead to better decisions being made, which are more appropriate and more sustainablebecause they are owned by the people themselves.
The DIPECHO (2009) stated that community mobilization is inevitable for effective andsuccessful implementation of any program that intends to achieve sustainable results(DIPECHO, 2009:5). The communities are the heart and soul of disaster management. They
can identify their own risks and vulnerabilities along with capacities and available resources
as well as their own needs. Major benefits of the community based risk assessment,
mitigation planning and implementation processes underscored include building confidence,
pride in being able to make a difference, and enhanced capabilities to pursue disaster
preparedness, mitigation as well as bigger development responsibilities at the local level.
Additionally, individual and community ownership, commitment and concerted actions in
disaster mitigation, including resource mobilization produce a wide range of appropriate,
innovative and do-able mitigation solutions, which are cost-effective and sustainable(Regional Workshop on Best Practices in Disaster Mitigation).

5.4 Community Based Disaster Risk Management
Community based disaster management (CBDRM) is anchored in the disaster risk reduction
framework. CBDRM covers a broad range of interventions, measures, activities, projects and44

programs to reduce disaster risks, which are primarily designed by people in at-risk localities
and are based on their urgent needs and capacities. Simply put, the aim of CBDRM is to:1) Reduce vulnerabilities and increase capacities of vulnerable groups and communities tocope with, prevent or minimize loss and damage to life, property, and the environment,2) Minimize human suffering, and
3) Hasten recovery.
Through CBDRM vulnerable groups and communities can be transformed to disaster resilient
communities, which can withstand and recover from stresses and shocks from thenatural/physical and socio-economic political environment. While resilience is a relatively
new concept in CBDRM, it is easily grasped and appreciated by communities whenillustrated by the example of the bamboo, which sways with the battering of strong winds but
stays rooted and weathers the typhoon. Key indicators are safety, livelihood security andsustainable economic, social and physical development (general wellbeing, health, education,
amenities, natural and physical environment, etc.)(Regional Workshop on Best Practices in Disaster Mitigation).

5.5 Concept of Disaster Preparedness Planning
The Regional Workshop on Best Practices in Disaster Mitigation also expressed that
preparedness involves measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate
and effective actions are taken during the emergency such as setting up the systems for early
warning, coordinative and institutional arrangements, evacuation and emergency operations
management, public awareness, disaster and evacuation drills, and stockpiling Programs.
Planning is organizing the future. Disaster preparedness planning involves forecasting andtaking precautionary measures prior to an imminent threat when advance warnings are
possible. In addition, preparedness also involves the development and regular testing of
warning systems (linked to forecasting systems) and plans for evacuation or other measures
to be taken during a disaster alert period to minimize potential loss of life and physicaldamage. Moreover disaster preparedness minimizes the adverse effects of a hazard througheffective precautionary actions, rehabilitation and recovery to ensure the timely, appropriate
and effective organization and delivery of relief and assistance following a disaster.
Disaster preparedness also involves the education and training of officials and the population
at risk, the training of intervention teams, and the establishment of policies, standards,
organizational arrangements and operational plans to be applied following a disaster. Disaster
preparedness requires a realistic and competent planning that improves the response to the45effects of a disaster by organizing the delivery of timely and effective rescue, relief andassistance.

5.6 Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning
The goal of disaster preparedness planning is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to
respond to any emergency situation through programs that strengthen the technical andmanagerial capacity of governments, organizations, and communities. These measures can be
described as logistical readiness to deal with disasters and can be enhanced by having
response mechanisms and procedures, rehearsals, developing long-term and short-term
strategies, public education and building early warning systems. Preparedness can also takethe form of ensuring that strategic reserves of food, equipment, water, medicines and otheressentials are maintained in cases of national or local catastrophes.

5.7 Policy Guidelines for Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planningin Nepal
Prior to 1982, before the enactment of Natural Calamity Relief Act, 1982, preparedness
activities for the disaster management were not in place. The disaster events were dealt on as
and when necessary basis. It was only after 1991 following the declaration of International
Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), disaster preparedness activities werestarted to be taken into consideration. The picture of disaster preparedness planning andinvolving communities in the planning process in Nepal is briefly explained in the following
paragraphs below.

5.7.1. National Action Plan 1996
A National Action Plan was prepared in 1996 which is the centerpiece for taking necessary
measures to all types of natural disasters in the different stages of disasters. This policy paper
has pointed out the importance of disaster preparedness planning. The community
participation in disaster preparedness process at the local level has been sufficiently soughedin the policy paper. Although, this is the first policy paper address the need of preparedness
activities for the disaster management in Nepal.

5.7.2. Periodic Plans
Among the periodic plans of Nepal, the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) and the Three year
Interim Plan (2007-2-10) are the important ones which have given policy directives in the46

disaster risk management. The Three -Year Interim Plan (2007-2010) recognizes disasters as
one of the major impediments of national development process, and addresses DRM tasks in
Chapter 26. The plan recognizes the need to foster collaboration and coordination among key
DRM players and institutions active in different sectors of the national economy. The plan
outlined importance of appropriate information flow and pre-disaster preparedness for the
mitigation of risks of natural disasters and the collaborative works between the government,
non-government and private sectors for providing relief and rescue to the effected population.

5.7.3. National Strategy for DRM 2009
As mentioned in previous chapter, the Government of Nepal has approved the National Strategy
for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM) 2009. The strategy is based on the Hyogo Framework
for Action. This new policy paper is a guiding framework, which encompasses the cycle ofdisaster risk management i.e. prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery. One of
the major objectives of the NSDRM is "systematic incorporation of different approaches into
emergency preparedness; response and recovery; reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.
Similarly, working with participation and coordination with different stakeholders as well as
local communities is one of the Directive Principles of DRM Planning.

5.7.4. Disaster Preparedness and Pre-monsoon Planning Workshops
Among the natural disasters impacted at global scale, the floods and induced landslides caused
maximum damage which is triple in developing world. For instance, Nepal loses more than 300
lives each year due to water Indus disaster, which is likely to be aggravated further in coming
years due to climate change and/or variability induced factors. Keeping this in mind, the Ministryof Home Affairs organizes Disaster Preparedness and Pre-monsoon planning workshops eachyear at national and regional level, and there is wider participation from local stakeholders.

5.7.5. District Disaster Preparedness Plans
The District Disaster Relief Committee is the apex body responsible for disaster preparedness
planning at the district level. The District Administration Office coordinate in this regards. In
2010, more than 60 District Disaster Relief Committees have developed their District
Disaster Preparedness Plan (DDPP) as per the instruction of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The ministry has also developed the guidelines for district disaster preparedness plans. Thereis wider participation from different agencies involved in disaster risk reduction at the local

47

level. For instance, local association of commerce and industry, Red Cross Society andsecurity agencies were involved in the preparation of disaster preparedness plan.

5.7.6. National Platform for DRR
Realizing the importance of collective efforts of all stakeholders at all level to put in the disasterrisk management, a National Platform for DRR has been formed with multi-sectoral involvement.
One of the major objectives of establishment of National Platform is to involve private sector indisaster risk reduction at all level. In this regard, there will be wider participation of local
communities in disaster preparedness planning.

5.7.7. Community Participation in UN and DIPECHO Projects in Nepal
There is increasing involvement of UN agencies, INGOs, NGOs in disaster risk managementin Nepal. Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) has been charging series of meetings with UN
agencies, AIN members, the Red Cross Movement and Government officials on the process,methodologies, organizational roles and responsibilities of different organizations in order tostrengthen response capacities of the stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction. In April
2010, MOHA compiled the outcomes of workshops held at the district, regional and centrallevels and forwarded the results to the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC)
for endorsement. Under the instruction of CNDRC, MOHA then circulated 21 action points
to all 75 districts, 5 regional authorities, concerned ministries, departments and otherhumanitarian agencies for implementation. As a result, more than 60 districts and five
regional authorities initiated disaster preparedness planning jointly with other humanitarian
partners. One of the recommendations was the allocation of District Lead Support Agency(DLSA) amongst UN agencies, INGOs, and the Nepal Red Cross Society in every district tosupport the District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRCs) for disaster preparedness initiatives.
As a result, disaster response during the monsoon season in 2010 was handled andcoordinated locally by the DDRCs in coordination with local Government and humanitarian
partners in affected districts.
However, these preparedness initiatives need to be strengthened in terms of quality andconsistency among the districts and regions. Equally, institutionalization of these initiatives
with proper documentation for the future is urgent. The existing Guidance Note of 2008 is
limited to general preparedness for flood disaster scenarios. The Guidance Note of 2008
therefore requires updating to include multi-hazard scenarios for response planning. This
document will be circulated to all districts, departments, ministries and other partners
48

working on disaster preparedness and is named as “Guidance Note 2011 - Disaster
Preparedness and Response Planning”.
With initiation and leadership of MoHA, National platform has been already formed withmulti-sectoral involvement. A process to institutionalize its functionality and effectivenesshas been initiated by MoHA and the National Platform is expected to gear up its activities by
the end of 2010.
In addition to the National Platform, MoHA has initiated a process to regularly organize
Focal Desk Meeting where all the stakeholders including cluster representatives are invited.
However, the effort is still at very central level only and need to expand to district level andto the local levels also. Likewise, lot of non-governmental institutions is in place topreparedness. Established in 1996, the Disaster Preparedness Network (DP-Net) is envisioned
as a loose association of individual organizations within the development sector in Nepal,
which are concerned with disaster management. DP-Net complements the effort of theseagencies to inform and prepare organizations and communities to deal effectively withdisasters.
Nepal Risk Reduction consortium comprising of ADB, IFRC, UNDP, UNOCHA, UNISDR
and World Bank has developed a draft program proposal identifying five flagship areas of
immediate intervention for disaster risk management in Nepal. The programs were developed
based on government priorities and discussions with multi-stakeholder group.
Additionally, various mechanisms (e.g. Cluster meeting, workshops, exercises, lessons learnt
implemented) are functioning and coordination mechanisms have been developed to share
information among national and international level.
5.8 Community Participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning (CP-DPP) in Japan:
5.8.1 Introduction:
Japan has many experiences about natural disasters most frequently in the world. It has
gained the knowledge and developed the skills of responding and preparing for disasters
through its past experiences. In Japan, 1995 January 17, Kobe experienced an exceptional,
disaster, called the Great Hanshin –Awaji Earthquake, caused 6,400 deaths andapproximately,10 trillion Yen damage. Though the recovery process, Hyogo learned many
lessons and acquired much knowledge on disaster management. When disasters strike,communities become the immediate victims, but they are also the first responders.
In the recent years in Japan, “Community –based disaster Management” has drawn people’s
attention in the field of disaster management. This is an idea that it is important not only to49

provide support for developing countries to implement sabo works and build levees, as wellas to improve their disaster specialist’s technical skills, but also to provide to support for the
improvement of the ability of their local communities to prevent disasters in order to reduce
damages.
The “preparations” for emergencies that have been made on a regular basis will be greatly
valued. Various preparations can be made for disasters, such as improving earthquake-proof
equipment in houses, preparing emergency goods that can be easily carried out in case ofdisaster, and preparing the necessary materials and devices to directly respond to the disaster.
Conducting the regular emergency drills is very important for being prepared for natural
disaster situations.
It is impossible to stop “natural disasters” from happening, but at least we can prepare forthem. Recently developed new term, gensai “to reduce disasters” has commonly be used inJapan. We cannot reduce the damage from disasters to Zero but we can do our best to reducethe destruction to a small amount. Community based disaster prevention led by citizens thatplays the central role in reducing disasters.

5.8.2 Community Emergency Drill Programs:
After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Kobe City lessons from the Earthquake and thecity government has focused on establishing and developing voluntary organization fordisaster prevention in communities. It is also distributing various disaster prevention
equipment and materials, assisting the organizations in conducting the different emergency
drills and offering them subsidies to conduct disaster prevention activities.
Kobe city calls these community –based disaster prevention organizations “Disaster Safe
Welfare Communities” Short name is BOKOMI. It introduces a series of emergencies drill
programs which can be conducted by community –based disaster prevention organizations
and a serious of disaster preventions educations programs mainly targeting to elementary
schools.
The Kobe City Fire Bureau (KCFB) is assisting with training projects conducted by JICA
(Japan International Cooperation Agency) as part of human resource development in thedisaster prevention field in the developing countries. Community –based disaster prevention
organizations, explains their specific activities to the training participants who are involvedin the disaster management in disaster prone- countries.

50

5.8.3 School Disaster Prevention Education Programs:
School Disaster Prevention Education Program explains varies disaster prevention education
programs basically target to elementary school. This program are designed and utilized
mainly by teachers, but most of the program can be conducted in cooperation with local
communities. It can utilize the information for implementing for community and school joint
educational activities. Local communities (BOKOMI) assist schools in conducting
emergency drills which are normally held evacuation drills at the school. Local governmentorganizations including fire stations also assist in the emergency drills.
In Japan, governmental support for emergency drills and first aid training is mainly provided
by fire stations. This kind of emergency drill programs and disaster prevention education
programs are also based on conditions in Japan.

5.8.4 Basic Disaster Management Plan
The Basic Disaster Management Plan states comprehensive and long-term disaster reduction
issues such as disaster management related systems, disaster reduction projects, early andappropriate disaster recovery and rehabilitation, as well as scientific and technical research.
The plan was revised entirely in 1995 based on the experiences of the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake. It now consists of various plans for each type of disaster, where tangible
countermeasures to be taken by each stakeholder such as the national and local governments,
public corporations and other entities are described for easy reference according to thedisaster phases of prevention and preparedness, emergency response, as well as recovery andrehabilitation.

5.8.5 Fire and disaster management agency in Japan (FDMA)
Fire services in Japan began as municipalities with functions closely linked to local communities andhas played a vital role in ensuring the safety and security of the public of Japan. FDMA is active inareas ranging from emergency rescue to the handling of hazardous materials, as well as fire
prevention and firefighting. FDMA will expend all efforts to fulfill its responsibilities in enhancing
the current municipality –based fire and disaster prevention system that operates around regional fire
defense headquarters and volunteer fire corps, and with the cooperation of residents in local
communities.

51

Local residents
Voluntary disaster preventing organizations

Cities, Towns and Villages(Fire Defense Headquarters, Volunteer Fire Corps)

Prefectures

Fire and Disaster Management Agency

Role of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency“Safe and secure regional development with the cooperation with residents” and “National
response in times of need”

Specialist training to sustain firefighting in Japan
Training highly skilled and specialized leaders and experts to lead firefighting activities:
Improving knowledge and skills that form the basis of activities is essential to ensure that
Volunteer Fire Corps respond appropriately to more complex and diverse disasters, rescue
efforts and more advanced fire prevention responsibilities. Education and training of
Volunteer Fire Corps is conducted in a mutually coordinated arrangement with the national
government, prefectures and municipalities, by assigning various functions particular to eachof them. Training is conducted by each fire defense headquarters, fire department andVolunteer Fire Corps, as well as at the Fire and Disaster Management College and prefecturalfire and disaster management schools. Specialist education and training is also conducted at
the emergency medical training institute.

Training fire fighting leaders with high levels of general education
Training of firefighting personnel that will eventually become firefighting leaders andcapable of responding to new types of disasters and accidents, and keeping up with theadvances made to science and technology, is strongly encouraged.

Fire and Disaster

Management College, general training is provided for administrative positions within52

firefighting organizations, including the fire chiefs, commissioners and heads of Volunteer
Fire Corps. Training is also provided to develop personnel with specialist knowledge andskills on protection and policing, rescues, emergencies, fire prevention, dangerous materials
and fire surveys for those who will take an active role in activities at disaster sites. Hands-on
training is also actively provided to meet the demands of today including management of
dangerous materials, NBC disasters and aerial firefighting. FDMA has made available thecollege to promote learning using visual images of actual disasters and all presented in an
exciting quiz format, so that each and every member of the public can learn about disasterprevention, regardless of their situation or age.

Disaster Management of Local Government in Japan
Japan has a long history of earthquake disasters. Various actions have been taken by thecentral and local governments to mitigate earthquake disasters. In the national level, theCentral Disaster Management Council chaired by the Prime Minister formulates and executes
disaster management plan. Prefectural Governments and Municipalities also have their own
Disaster Management Councils and formulate and promote disaster management local plans.
However, at the 1995 Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake Disaster, the central government
failed to capture the damage situation correctly and delayed making right actions. The
disaster caused more than 6,000 casualties. Most of them were killed by the collapse of oldwooden houses. Since this disaster, many voluntary disaster management organizations havebeen established in the community level and voluntary activities for disaster mitigation havebeen conducted widely. Also, the central government issued regulations for promoting
seismic retrofit of old buildings and many local governments provide free seismic evaluation
to the citizens and prepare subsidy for retrofit of old wooden houses.

Local voluntary disaster management organizations and volunteer activities
At the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster in 1995, the number of building collapse or
heavily damaged is around 250,000 and the number of people captured in the buildings isaround 35,000. After the earthquake happened, in the situation that telephone didn’t work andthere was a heavy traffic on the road, 27,000 people were rescued by neighbors and 80% ofthem were alive. However, 8,000 people were rescued by Army, Police or Fire Fighters andless than 50% of them were alive. This fact gives us a lesson that the activity of local
community is the key to mitigate earthquake disaster.

53

Promotion of seismic retrofit by local government
The most effective way to reduce human casualty in case of earthquake disaster is to retrofit
vulnerable buildings to prevent building collapse. Most of the local governments inJapan prepares the service of free building seismic evaluation of the wooden houses topromote seismic retrofit. This evaluation work is done by "Wooden House Seismic
Evaluators" certified by the Mayor and the evaluators check the seismic resistance of thecitizen’s houses and give advices for retrofit. Citizens who want seismic retrofit of theirhouses can apply to the local government a financial grant or a loan with no interest to coverpart of the retrofit cost.

5.8.6 “+ ARTs –Non Profit Organization” in Japan(A new concept that includes not only classic arts but the essence of modern arts)
Plus Arts is one of the Non Profit Organization which creates awareness and encourages ofCommunity Participation in Japan which clarifies the lessons and skills learned from theGreat Hanshin Earthquake, making the disaster reduction part of the daily routine.
+ Arts project team started by using research to clarify the lessons and skills gained from theearthquake. They designed educational programs (including learning materials and games) tocommunicate this knowledge to children, and they developed a new type of disaster reduction
training event for family to experience Themes of + arts disaster reductions activities:
1. Making disaster reduction part of the daily routine
2. Putting creativity to work in disaster reduction
3. Disaster reduction measures that are fun to learn about
Disaster reduction learning materials and games are developed into 3 steps. New disaster
reduction training programs were held in seven locations throughout the Kobe City. While theKobe events were held as demonstrations with the NPO +arts taking a central role, the program
held later throughout the country were run primarily by local disaster reduction and educational
professionals with NPO +arts providing support.
Learning Materials:



Online Research

Reading Earthquake Diaries



Learning at Earthquake Themed Museums and Libraries



Listening to the Stories of Earthquake Survivors

54

5.8.7 Iza! Kaeru Caravan
A new type of disaster drills system: (a new kind of disaster reduction training program learning
through fun.)Purpose of the Iza ! Kaeru Caravan:
Introduction of the system of Kaeru Caravan and basic idea of leaning disaster risk reduction
in enjoyable ways which create an opportunity for further learning

Followings are the main Purpose:

To develop original disaster prevention education system appropriate to local
condition.

To create program which is localized, sustainable and with extendibility byconsidering not completed as a ad-hoc activities.



Original programs were developed through collaboration work with the local
NGOs and preparatory workshopCreate a mechanism to organize “Enjoyable Disaster Prevention Drill” by local
residents themselves

Based on the experience of implementation“Iza! Kaeru Caravan”, new programs weredeveloped in consideration of the following points:(1) Overcome lack of knowledge of children(2) Support evacuation of disabled people(3) Promote a spirit of teamwork(4) Transferring not only how to implement the event, but also background and process tocreate the event.

Positive impacts of Iza ! Kaeru Caravan:
Fun” makes children active and inspires them to participate in the program again and again,
which bring significant learning effect to them.
”Fun” also makes staff members (Volunteer & DRR related persons) inspiring.
And a sense of achievement ensures a continuity of their implementation of theactivities.

55



Program itself is “incomplete” and easy to customized/localized. Therefore, theprogram is adapted in a way suitable for the local condition by involving many
people.



Utilization of Mascot Character (Frog) works greatly to provide “Fun”,“Continuity” and “Customizing”.

The Potentiality of the community in Japan has been proven great at the time of disasters. As
the result of the engagement of the local community, the extent of damages of lives andproperty reduced to the minimum. After the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake in Kobe, Japan,smooth recovery and reconstruction of the area was possible due to spontaneousparticipations of local communities.

56

Chapter 6
Results and Discussion

6.0. Introduction
As noted in the sixth chapter, data obtained from in-depth interviews is central to this study.
A total of 21 interviewees were interviewed. The primary data is based on the in-depth
interview with different people. It was difficult to take in-depth interview with the concern
persons of Nepal from Japan. Thus, all interviews were taken prior to join Visitor Researcher
Program in Japan. The result of the study is discusses on following headings:

6.1. Organization Involvement in Disaster Risk Management and their Roles
Achieving the successful disaster risk reduction relies as much as effective institutional
factors as it does on development policy and planning for prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery. In addition, the policy and planning to be set out toallocate resources and involvement of local community who may sufferer from the disasters.
The result stated that there are two types of organizations found involvement in disaster risk
management. The first one is involved in formulating policies and/or support to formulate
policies. For instance, National Planning Commission, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of
Irrigation, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, andMinistry of Environment are in this first category. In addition, UNOCHA and UNDP arefound assisting the government to formulate policies as well as implementing policy indisaster risk reduction of Nepal. For instance, an interview from UNOCHA said:
The Role of UNOCHA is to support government and humanitarian stakeholders forbetter preparedness during the emergency response.

Second one is involved to implement disaster risk management policy. The Department of
Water Induce, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur municipalities fall in this category. In
addition, INGOs like Oxfam, Action Aid, and Practical Action. Moreover, local NGOs like
Nepal Red Cross Society, ECO-Nepal, DP-Net are involved in disaster risk reduction as well
as mobilizing local community in disaster management. An interview from Oxfam said hisorganization's role as:
Oxfam is engaged in community capacity building, institutional strengthening andadvocacy on DRR at all levels- national, districts and community; and contributing inbuilding community and nation resilient to disasters.
57

In addition, an interviewee from Red Cross Society who is involved in disaster risk
management since long time said the role of Nepal Red Cross Society in disaster risk
reduction as:
Mainly in institutional and community level preparedness, mitigation, small scale
prevention activities, livelihood promotion, and climate change initiatives following
integrated approaches.
As noted in the chapter four, the government of Nepal approved the National Strategy for
Disaster Management. The strategy aimed to decentralize disaster risk reduction at the local
level. In addition, the strategy also acknowledged the Community Based Disaster Reduction.
An interviewee from the Ministry of Home Affairs said:
The Government of Nepal approved the National Strategy for Disaster Risk
Management 2009 which is based on Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA). The
strategy has given importance to Community Based Disaster Risk Management. In
addition, the government has also approved flagship approach including theCommunity Based Disaster Risk Management. In this regard, the government policy
is aimed to community participation in disaster risk management.
Interviewees from Ministry of Local Development and Municipalities stated that they always
involve local communities not only in the planning but also at the implementation. They
further stated that in many cases they formed User Groups and launched the project throughthe user groups. However, there are many examples that User Groups are formed only to sow
the people and major financial role are taken by few local elites and they also influenced local
bodies.
The Local Self Governance Act, 2055 is the legal instrument for formulating local level
development plans and programs. According to this Act, the District Development
Committee, Municipality and Village Development Committee are responsible forformulating and implementation local level development programs. The Act addresses
community participation while developing programs and their implementation. However, Act
did not explicitly address and assured the community participation in disaster preparedness
planning.

6.2. Community Participation Process in Disaster Preparedness Planning
All interviewees have the same opinion that community is the first responder requires theirproactive involvement and cooperation in disaster risk management. They also agreed that58

community participation planning aimed to enhance capacity of local community in risk
assessment, preparedness planning and mitigations.
Community participation in disaster preparedness planning is a process of involving local
communities in such a way that decision-making is shared. Interviewees from Local Bodies andInternational Non-governmental Organizations stated that they involved communities from the
beginning of the project. An interviewee from the Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) stated that

NRCS has been implementing community based DRR projects since 1998 aiming to enhancecapacity of local communities in risk assessment, disaster management planning,
preparedness and mitigation. Interviewee further explains the following steps of community
participation:

Step 1: In general, an autonomous DRR unit, representing from community people,
from each project community which mobilizes all community people in local level
activities.
Step 2: Project develops trained human resources on DM, First aid and Light Searchand Rescue through trainings and orientations.
Step 3; member of DRR Unit with participation of other community people, jointly
assess the prevailing hazards, risk and capacities and prepares detail report. Oncethe report is prepared, they prepare DM/DP plan, identifying key activities along withbudget.
Step 4: Coordination with local stakeholders and execution of DM/DP plan.
Step 5: Reporting, monitoring, reviews, evaluation and project handing over.

Oxfam GB Nepal as a lead support agency had supported DRRCs of six districts (Saptari,
Sarlahi, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Baitadi and Surketh) to organize pre-monsoon planning andthereby to develop District Disaster preparedness Plan. Interviewee from Oxfam, GB Nepal
explains the local community participation in disaster preparedness planning (decision
making process):
Communities are involved from the begging of the planning process. They take leadrole in analyzing the risk, hazards vulnerability in their community. They analyze
using participatory capacity and vulnerability assessment (PCVA) tool to find out thehazard and vulnerability and capacity to response to disasters. The functional task
groups including community disaster management committee (CDMC) are formed59

democratically for preparing the disaster preparedness plans, mitigation measures,
response plans and implement these plans by themselves.

Other interviewees also explained the similar process as explained by the Oxfam GB Nepal.
An interviewee from the Ministry of Home Affairs explained that the National Strategy for
Disaster Risk Management (2009) stated that local community should be involved and to berecognized the main actors. However, the strategy does not highlight how local communities are
involved in disaster participation planning.

Most of the interviewees whose organization involved local community in disaster
preparedness planning describe the following processes:

6.3. Motivation for Active Community Participation
Active community participation is always critical in disaster preparedness planning process.
Local community can be encouraged through capacity building, resource mobilization andawareness rising. All interviewees have the same opinion regarding the motivation factors ofactive community participation. In addition, they also state that ownership is most importantfactor to motivate the local community in disaster risk management. An interview from the
Nepal Red Cross Society stated regarding the ways and process of participation as the firstthing is to build sense of ownership in local community. Then enhance knowledge and skill
on how to assess hazards/risks and how to identify activities, prioritize them and develop theplan. He further stated that during the whole process, community people need to be
encouraged for their direct involvement and facilitation from outsider needs to be ensured. In
addition, representation from different groups such as women, elderly, marginalized groups
etc need to be ensured. And finally clear roles and responsibilities of community people to be
defined.
Various capacity building training as per the need of the local community are themajor encouraging factors. These training provide information, knowledge and skill
for risk assessment, planning and implementation of the mitigation and preparedness
activities for safe community.
Another interview from the local NGO found dissatisfaction with government organizations
and other stakeholders and said:
There are many lacks of knowledge and sensitization process within different
stakeholders even government channels also. Many more activities are running add60

hock basis in the project area. If community people feel ownership, they will
participate directly in the process. If project authorities and staff play mediator rolewith project and community, people will accept ownership and will play lead role on
their local issues. Communities are unable to obtain the real information fromdifferent stakeholders because many projects implanting organizations are runningon project base theme not as per need of community.
An interview from the government organization also agrees with the above statement and healso stated that many community level projects of INGOS are running in add-hock basis andprojects personnel are found reluctant to involve local community in the project.
But another interview from UNDP disagrees with the above statements and he further claims
that INGOS always involved local community in disaster preparedness planning. He said:
In the UNDP/CBDM activities, it is well informed to the community regarding
the preparedness planning for effective response since disaster risk can only
be reduce but not fully controlled. So that the preparedness planning is an
integral part of the CBDM activities.
Community participation is empowering local people in decision making process. It provides
benefits for individuals, communities, organizations and society as a whole. Thus,
communities are always encouraged to take active participation in disaster preparedness
planning process disaster preparedness planning.

6.4. Satisfaction with the Participatory Process
An interview from UNOCHA, Nepal expresses his satisfaction on community participation
process and said:
There is no doubt. One of the most successful and best practices on disaster
preparedness is the CBDP programme at district level. The programme involves theaffected people from the beginning of the design phase of the projects.
Similarly another interview from UNDP said:
Participatory process in CBDM activities is very strong with enhascing the capacityof the CBDM proups and delegating the maximum authority to them. Further UNDP
encourages the CBDM groups for the financial management of the CBDM activities
directly transferring the fund in their account.
Another interview from the Oxfam stated his satisfaction and said:61

Yes, the participatory process will lead to the ownership of the community andsustainable management of the disaster effectively .The transparency, accountability
in the program and sustainability will be enhanced by the community's participation.
An interview from a local ING expressed his dissatisfaction and he said:
I am not fully satisfied in present situation. Many people who have been involved in
the decision process, they are unable to understand own role and dignity in theprocess due to the cause of poor understanding on disaster preparedness issues. The
issue is capacity building and knowledge of the community.
Most of the interviewees expressed their satisfactions on the participatory process of theirorganizations in disaster risk management. In addition, they also mentioned that participatory
process will lead the ownership of the community. The right process of community
participation will also help to involve local community in disaster risk reduction. In Nepal,
community participation has been found in other sectors such as conservation, drinking watersupply, and trail construction at the local level. The community participation in conservation
has been found more successful in Nepal.
During the study, interviewees from those organizations who do not involved community indisaster preparedness planning were asked to state the reasons of not involving community by
their organizations. An interviewee from the Ministry of Agriculture stated that hisorganization has not introduced participatory process in majority of the districts. He further
stated that community participation is vital, although, it need to streamline in the sectoral
efforts. Similarly, another interviewee from the Ministry of Environment stated that theministry is primarily involved in policy making and during the policy making process theministry involved stakeholders in state of communities.
a) Some interviewees explained that they involved community as per nature of work. Aninterviewee from a research institute called Nepal Health Council stated that hisorganization involved local community as per the nature of research work. In fact, it is
not always possible to involve local community in all kind of works. An interviewee
from the UNOCHA stated that UNOCHA is not an operational agency, but thesecretariat of the humanitarian coordinator in country. Their role is developing
common strategy, assisting the situation and needs, mobilizing resources andinformation management. It may not possible to involve community at all stages aswell as in all kind of works.

626.5. Community Participation and using their Inputs
Most of the interviewees stated that their organizations work with the local communities inmany areas. However, some interviewees said that their organizations do not involvecommunity directly. Although, their implementing partner organizations involved local
community at all stage. For instance, an interview from DPNet stated that "our organization
does not work directly with the local community but we reach them through our partnerorganizations". Similarly another interviewee from Oxfam said:
Oxfam DRR/Humanitarian programs are implemented through patner NGOs who are
working very closely with the community in disaster management communities (DMC).
DMC are involved in preparing CDRMP, VDRMP and take lead role in implanting
these. Activities are planned jointly with DMCS with the participation of community
members. Views of the community are taken in the mass meeting. All the member ofcommittee indorses the decision of the meeting and implement. The design of the
project is prepared in close consultation with community, their logical inputs arehighly incorporated and even indigenous knowledge and technology also respectedwith technical backstopping and capacity building.
Another interviewees from the government organization stated that his organization notdirectly work with the local community. However, they interact with the local community toknow the reality. He said:
My organization not directly works with the local community. Though during themonitoring phase, we interact with the community to know the reality of theirimprovement in livelihood aspect. During the questionnaires of interaction we foundthat the real victims' did not get substantial and equitable benefit from thegovernmental or non-governmental program. It shows that our program input
strategy or implementation modality should be change to reach the target groups
substantially.
Similarly another interviewee from an INGO called Action Aid said:
Action Aid conduct the participatory rearview and reflection on quarterly basis andsocial audit (public hearing) after the completion of its project and programs at
community level and stakeholders' level where we get the feedback and incorporate
the comments suggestion made for the project.
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation are critical issues ofpresent world. It is therefore, community participation is equally important in both sectors.
The government of Nepal has given its priority in climate change adaptation and involving
63local community in climate change adaptation programs. An interviewee from the Ministry ofEnvironment said:
Our organization worked with local community for climate change and health study in 2008
and participants provided a lot of feedbacks through active participation providing
information.
Community members are part of decision making in disaster preparedness planning. In theparticipatory process, communities are involved in project selection and implementation
phases. Their feedbacks took great value in all stage of disaster risk management. In thisstudy it is also found that some organization community through the leadership ofgovernment organizations and local bodies. For instance, an interviewee from an UNICEF
stated that UNICEF works with local community through NGOs and Nepal Red Cross
Society with the leadership of government and local bodies involving on community based
disaster risk reduction. In addition, regarding the use of feedback and inputs he further statedthat participants can receive and provide feedback on their input which is used throughcommunity action process.

6.6. Relationship with the Community
It is always vital that there should be intimate and harmony between the organization and thecommunity in disaster preparedness planning. The success of the disaster preparedness
planning as well as its effective implementation hinges on the relation of the community andorganization. The planner always has to keeps in mind that without community support it isalways difficult to implement the program. An interviewee from Oxfam said:
The relation of Oxfam with the community is very intimate. Community owned them programsupported by Oxfam, which is design following the bottom up participatory approach. Oxfam
works with the most vulnerable community especially dialect, poor, women, children insaving lives and properties of people. Oxfam focuses in capacity building of local community,
local stakeholders including technical backstopping. Social audit is organized at community
level, which insure transparency accountability and communities are involved in monitoring
progress of the project. Therefore, Oxfam relationship with the target community is very
friendly and closed.
Similarly, another respondent from the government organization highlighted that community
intervention and said:
I work with my own community since twenty years. I feel that the community initiateddevelopment efforts are more sustainable than the imposed one. The haphazard intervention64is ultimately problem of itself. Thus, we need to approach for the very systematic, sustainable
and sequential development intervention which must be technically fit, economically viable,
and socially acceptable. We must try to mobilize the community very planned way rather
ranking some ones role.
It is found that many development projects are failure due to conflict between theorganization and community. Thus, the planning has to understand the needs and desires of
the community. If the community feels that the program does not address their needs, theplanner has to rethink on his program. In Nepal, many community level programs have beenfound unsuccessful due to conflict between the community and organization. In addition,
many organizations only seek community support only at the implanting phase.

Questionnaire Survey in Japan about Community Participation in disaster
preparedness planning:
In Japan, I interviewed two persons from two sectors, working in the disaster management
field. One person, from local Government side, Mr. OHTSU, NOBUHITO, has been working
Firefighter, Kobe City, and Hyogo Fire Station.
Another person, from NGOs (Social Workers-Voluntary) side, Mr. HIROKAZU NAGATA,
has been serving Chairperson, of Plus Arts NPO (Non- profit Organization).
I appended the interviews of above mention persons at the last part of research paper.
I mentioned my questionnaire, and list of the interviewees in Japan --------Appendix-3.
My question responded by the Hirokazu Nagata, Chairperson of +Arts ----- Appendix -4,
My questionnaire responded by Ohtsu, Nobuhito, Firefighter, Kobe City, Hyogo Fire Station.
------------- Appendix -565Chapter 7
Conclusion

Nepal is one of the disaster prone countries in the world, mainly due to geographical andnatural features. The widespread poverty prevailing in the country and lack of awarenessamong the people contribute to increase the risk of disasters. Basically, floods, landslides,
fires, epidemic, earthquake and road accidents are the major disasters taking place in the
country.
Nepal falls in the top 20th list for the most multi-hazard prone country in the world. The
Country is also ranked 11th in terms of risk from earthquakes and 30th from the vulnerability
to floods and 4th from the risk of climate change in world hazard mapping1.
In this given situation, community participation in disaster preparedness planning has been
justified on political, social, environmental and economic grounds. The degree of community
participation in disaster preparedness planning depends on responsibilities of the government
and its political ideology. The significance of community participation in disaster risk
management is that community mobilization is inevitable for effective and successful
implementation of any program that intends to achieve sustainable results.

Japan has many experiences about natural disasters. It has gained the knowledge anddeveloped the skills of responding and preparing for disasters through its past experiences. In
Japan, 1995 January 17, Kobe city experienced an exceptional, disaster, called the Great
Hanshin –Awaji Earthquake, which caused 6,400 people

deaths and approximately,10

trillion Yen damaged. Though the recovery process, from this great Hanshin Awaji
Earthquake, Hyogo Prefecture learned many lessons and acquired extensive technologybased expertise on disaster management. When disasters strike, communities become theimmediate victims, but they are also the first responders.
In the recent years in Japan, “Community based disaster Management” has drawn people’s
attention in the field of disaster management. This is an idea that it is important not only toprovide support for developing countries, but also to provide support for the improvement of
the ability of their local communities to prevent disasters in order to reduce damages, of lives
and property.

66

For effective disaster management, it is important that the Central Government, Local
government, Public corporations and private citizens must work out their roles appropriately.
Especially in Japan, after the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, the role of local governmentand Local community has been increasing. Such experience and knowledge of disastermitigation action in Japan should be shared with other countries by taking into considerationof local conditions in each country.

Disaster risk reduction paradigm requires a multi-faceted approach either in preparedness orin response. Basically institutional infrastructure must be built-up and accordingly role of thelocal people might be enlightened. Accordingly I have mentioned some core of my researchin this chapter in following sub-headings.

7.1 Challenges of community participation in Nepal.

Following major challenges faced by Government of Nepal in the field of Disaster
Management for effective community mobilization.


There is a major gap in terms of implementation of the comprehensive disastermanagement programs. The holistic commitment of the government is not reflected inplans, polices, and strategies regarding issue of disaster management.



There is lack of capacity and lack of trained human resources at all levels (Nationaland Local) to handle disaster situation.

In Nepal, there is a lack of comprehensive disaster management, legal and policy
instrument to internalize the board range of issues in DRR and disaster emergency
response, rescue and recovery process.

To build resiliency of the nation and communities to disaster, Nepal needs to establish
and institutionalize an integrated Disaster Risk Management System that could
address disaster related issues from mitigation to preparedness and response.

Structure of the government of Nepal is moving towards a federal Republic thatwould have the direct impact on how the DRR policy and acts are likely to be
formulated /adopted and institutionalized.



There is not enough budget allocation in district level for disaster management thoughdisaster preparedness plans are prepared in the periodic budget.
67



There is no appropriate legal mechanism for disaster management and preparedness
and mitigation activities which will ensure effective coordination of Central leveldisaster preparedness adaptation to grassroots level realities.



Scaling up the successful adaptation to sustainability of major initiatives and concerns.
Coping and accumulation of fact data, processed into useful information tocommunities at risk.



There is a lack of systematic and scientific disaster data base system about hazards
mapping and risk at macro and micro level (Role of media on dissemination of
information about disasters is limited)To utilize the information for disaster risk reduction initiatives at local institutional
mechanism at district and village level needed to be strengthened through formulating
disaster preparedness plans and mitigation strategy.



In Nepal, DRR education and training is inadequate to create awareness among school
children and members of the community.

A proper linkage about disastermanagement should be established between formal and non-formal education sectors.


There should be sustainable community based DRR policy for the safety of life ofurban people and their business.

Lack of systematic studies to identify the most vulnerable economic activities andproductive sectors in the country.



Nepal is situated at a high EQ risk Zone; there is a building code for construction.
However, buildings are not constructed according to seismic building code standard.



There should be mainstreaming gender perspectives which basically need to put
emphasis on women focused approach should be included into DRR and CCA(climate change adaptation) policy making and implementation process.

7.2 Knowledge gained from field visits to different DR organization in Japan.
I gained valuable knowledge and experience through visiting below Disaster Prevention
Organization in different prefectures of Japan.

i) Study Tour Visit to Kagoshima Prefecture at 2011/3/28:

Sakurajima International Volcanic Sabo Center (Exhibition Hall)

After Visiting Sabo Project, I gained the Knowledge that SABO Project constructed by thesupervision of the Ministry of Construction and started on the Nojiri, Harumatsu, Mochiki68and Kurokami Rivers, which have their sources at the especially devastated Mountain
Minami. After that, the project proceeded for the Second Furusato, First Furusato, Arimura,
Kanatoko, Hinohira and Fukura Rivers, and as of fiscal year 1999, a total of ten rivers havebeen involved.

Sakurajima had erupted 30 times in recorded history. The lava that gushed out due to thefierce eruption in 1914 which is called the Taisho Eruption connected Sakurajima to theOsumi Peninsula. I came to know that there are 19 rivers and all rivers are from steep
mountain streams and normally no water runs in them. Devastated by active volcanic
activities, the upper reaches of the rivers are full of unstable sediment, which seems to themain sources area of debris flow. Heavy rainfall may cause debris flow running down anddamage the populated areas and roads in the lower reaches of the rivers.

I gained the knowledge that the Sakurajima International Volcanic Sabo Center is responsible
for providing accurate information on the volcanic activity of Sakurajima and otherinformation on avalanches. I got Experience about the horror of debris flow, knowledge
gained about the Volcanic Eruption of Sakurajima and Sabo facilities and simulation ofdisaster prevention information at the center. SABO Center, involved in overseas
technologies exchanges between the many countries like Nepal, India, Iran, Russia, Australia,
New Zealand etc. in the field of erosion control.

I visited the Sakurajima international museum and park and simulated experiences forphenomena of volcanoes, debris flow, earthquake and all the information about disaster risk
management. It is for great opportunity for Nepal that Japan provided technical cooperation
for Nepal, began in 1977, assisting the water resource development in the Karnali and Kosi
rivers and sending SABO experts to take short term sediment measures.

With the heavy monsoon rain and its geological features susceptible to weathering, makes
frequently erosion in Nepal. Rivers of the Himalayas, carrying an enormous amount of earthand sand eroded by the glaciers, constantly change their course and precious land is being lostby bank erosion. Japan, especially International SABO Center has been helping Nepal fortechnical development to cope with water induced disaster prevention. Various methods aretried such as a use of low cost local material and simple construction techniques for the locals
to carry out the program. This Project was very useful for Nepal sharing the information and69experience and learning the good lessons from Japan. Experience gained from Nepal forlandslide management and erosion control can be replicated in Nepal so that landslide
management and sediment control method can be applied for disaster prevention in hills andmountains.


Visit to the Kagoshima Prefecture DM training Center (Awareness Raising theDisaster Risk for Community)
After visiting the disaster management training center, I gained the knowledge that we cansurvive an earthquake and minimize its damage simply by becoming aware of potential
hazards and taking some basic precautions, develop a family earthquake plan, prepare andbe ready every time and everywhere. I knew the methods of protecting ourselves like:
1. Stay calm and seek safety.
2. How to prevent by fires
3. Stay away from narrow streets, walled streets, cliffs and river banks
4. Evacuation procedure
5. How to listen the correct information
6. Always be ready with Emergency bag
7. Join forces for first aid
8. Join forces for rescue
9. What to do when driving a car

Some daily preparation activity I did practically over there and I learned about the daily
Preparation like:
1. Anti disaster Training
2. What should do during earthquake
3. Reinforcing our houses, brick and stone walls
4. Preventing furniture and elevated furnishings from tipping over or falling down.
5. Preparing extinguishers and Preventing fires
6. Preparing personal effects and a first aid kit for emergencies
7. How to conform family members safety

Nepal is also very vulnerable to earthquake, landslide, flood, fire, volcanic eruption and so on.
We have no such kind of good preparation about disaster risk reduction so after returning, I

70will take initiative in my country to make this kind of Disaster Management Training Centerfor the awareness rising of the community people. It will be very useful for awareness about
the disaster and minimize the disaster risk at all level.

ii) Study tour visit to AWAJI Island at 2011/3/19
Nojima Fault Preservation Museum)

I knew about the detail information of the Great Hanshin Awaji earthquake, or Kobe
earthquake, after visiting the Awaji Island, (Nojima Fault Preservation Museum). The Kobe
earthquake occurred on Tuesday, January 17, 1995, at 05:46 in the southern part of Hyōgo
Prefecture, Japan. The scale of the earthquake measured 7.3 magnitudes. The tremor lasted
for approximately 11 seconds. The focus of the earthquake was located 16 km beneath its
epicenter on the northern end of this Awaji Island, 20 km away from the city of Kobe.

Approximately 6,434 people lost their lives. Kobe was the closest to the epicenter and hit by
the strongest tremors. The Great Hanshin earthquake began north of the island of Awaji,
which lies just south of Kobe. It spread toward the southwest along the Nojima fault on
Awaji and toward the northeast along the Suma and Suwayama faults, which run through thecenter of Kobe. I observed the real situation over there. I saw the many pictures, wall photos,
and many guidance materials inside the museum on the devastation of earthquake. I
practically experienced about the same magnitudes Earthquake inside the museum.


Fukura Port, Tsunami Disaster Risk Reduction Station,

After visiting to the museum, I went to the Fukura Port Tsunami Risk Reduction Station. The
Station is also used as emergency evacuation center for the people staying near the Pacific
Ocean. The center is also equipped with observation and early warning system.
Uzu-no-Michi, view point of Giant whirling waves

Finally, I visited the Uzu-no-Michi,view point of Giant waves. It was very exciting place. I
realized the great develop of Japan seeing that bridge.
It demonstrates the technological development of Japan on ocean management. We canreplicate the research and development initiatives of Japan in Nepal.

71iii) Study Tour to Tokyo, Capital City of Japan at 2011/2/2


Visit to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Raising Public Awareness of Disaster Reduction in Metropolitan activities was very
wonderful. We learned by hearing, watching reality and doing exercise also. I learned manythings by walking in the metropolitan City. I knew that the Capital City Tokyo has facing
many verities of disaster like: earthquakes, typhoons, terrorist attacks, large-scale accidents,
and new epidemics. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) Disaster Prevention Center,located in the TMG building, is the central communication center for disaster management,
analyzing data, deciding on measures, and giving instructions. The Center is equipped withimage data communication and emergency wireless systems, and also it is designed to protectwith standard earthquakes. After the lesson learned from Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, theimportance of preparing earthquake recovery plans in advance is now well understood. TMG
has established an earthquake recovery headquarters and basic laws describing community
cooperative recovery and other activities have been enacted. In addition, Community
Cooperative recovery exercises have been conducted which simulate the conductions after adisaster, aiming to develop organizations of community residents. TMG also provides thedisaster prevention website for the information on disaster damage, train operation status,
traffic, etc…supporting a swift initial response and return home for those outside. At theonset of disaster, in cooperation with the media, evacuation recommendations and otherpertinent information will be broadcast.

I learned lesson that “Daily Preparation will protect us and our Family from any disaster.”It is
crucial that, Protecting one’s own life. Self-help awareness and offers support to its residents
to be well-prepared for a disaster. To minimize the extent of disaster damage, it is importantthat self-help, mutual help, and public aid function properly and in coordination.


Visit to the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)I gained the knowledge about the Broadcasting system of NHK. Disaster and safety
Information Center, Japan broadcasting corporation, NHK, Japan’s sole public broadcaster,was established in 1925 and is supported by the receiving fees paid by the TV viewers.NHK
conducts overseas broadcasts on both TV and shortwave radio. The international TV services,
NHK World TV and NHK world premium use the latest digital technologies to reach almost
every part of the world. For “Anywhere, Anytime” viewing, NHK provides round-the-clock72

broadcasts of major news and other information programs.
Audio Japan is broadcast worldwide on shortwave in various
languages, including Japanese and English. News and same
programs of radio Japan are available on the internet.
I experienced about the latest virtual-reality images, sounds
for the different scenes, and a world-first Watch 3-D HiVision from a big screen without the need for special glasses. I watched the recording ofactual TV programmers, Such as historical dramas and NHK’s TV serial programs also.
I thought that it was very interesting and helpful for quick communicate to every sudden
events. In my country, not any special channel for disaster news broadcast for disaster. We
can follow the NHK, the Japanese National Broadcasting Center and formulate the guidelines
for National Broadcasting Authority of Nepal for wide coverage and program on Disaster
Risk Reduction and awareness activities.


Visit to the Urban Disaster Research Institute.

Urban Disaster Research Institute has established the countermeasures of emergency
commuter by community for awareness rising in Tokyo Central Area. Tokyo Central station
computer Crops is based on proposal of autonomous disaster prevention organization with a
new idea “inter-corporate support in Tokyo central station surroundings areas and disasterprevention countermeasure exploratory committee in 2002. Immediately after the proposal,
volunteer companies in that area started activities to establish “commuter Corps” and was
authorized by Chiyoda Ward. It sends the local safety information by a mailing list about
safe community activities. Emergency warning System was started in 1985. The
broadcasting of a test wave transmission is conducted every month. Special signals are sent
and TVs and Radios are automatically activated.
Urban Disaster Research Institute followed the emergency warning system by the followingway;1) Proclamation of warning for a large –scale earthquake.
2) Warning of large-scale tsunami.
3) Request for broadcasting by Governors or Mayors.
Increase public awareness is most essential things to understand risk, vulnerability, toimprove scientific knowledge and to reduce disaster globally.

73

Participated in the promoting Seismic Retrofitting of school Building in Japan by
MEXT (JICA TIC)

“Disaster Risk Reduction begins at school”. It is necessary to inform and mobilize
governments, communities and individuals to ensure that disaster risk reduction is fully
integrated into school curricula in high risk countries and that school buildings are built andretrofitted to withstand natural hazards.
I was able to know about the major elements of effective school seismic safety programmers
and the basic principles of earthquake –resistant school buildings. The following are the basic
principles:1. Prioritize school buildings to be retrofitted
2. Promote earthquake resistance evaluation of school buildings
3. Develop the plan for earthquake – proof school buildings
4. Disclose the result of the earthquake resistance evolution and the plan for promoting
earthquake-proof school buildings
5. Check and take measures for earthquake proof non-structural elements

The conclusion aroused was that “School Safety is everybody’s business to save ourchildren”. Let’s make school buildings earthquake resistant and promote disaster risk
education. Therefore we should make school buildings earthquake resistant and promotedisaster risk education.


Visit to the Various Tools for DRR by Keio university (JICA TIC )The importance of the emergency drills is that “What was heard can be forgotten, what waswatched can be learned, and what was performed can be understood.” I gained the knowledge
by playing very knowledgeable Card Game.
The following are the merits of game;
1. Positive participation can be expected because of the attitude towards the word “game”
although it is not merely play.
2. Participants can find their lack of knowledge or problems for themselves during thegame
3. Learning about feelings
4. Participants can notice other people’s ways of thinking.

74

5. Participants can think about what issues in real disaster prevention are represented by
the rules of the game.

It is true that, active participation, sharing the important information and responsibility fromas many sectors of the community as possible can reduce the disaster risk at all level.
In Nepal we can introduce disaster reduction program at university level through fan game.
Also, Disaster Management Volunteers can be picked up from University students.

iv) Study Tour to Nagasaki, Shimabara at 2011/1/26
I gained the Knowledge after looking the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum. It was very
touchable. The Atomic Bomb Catastrophe turned a dark page in Nagasaki’s turbulent
history, but the city in now a center of peace blessed with the beauty of nature and numerous
places of historical and cultural interest which still exude the rich flavor of old Nagasaki.
Urakami Cathedral, which is the largest church in the Orient, it was destroyed by the atomic
bomb and rebuilt in 1959. Peace Statue (Peace Park) which was completed in 1955, ten
years after the atomic bombing. The raised arm points to the threat of nuclear weapons andthe out stretched arm symbolizes peace.
I gained the lesson after visit those touchable places that peace is most essential matter. We
cannot do any further development activities without peace. I learned how to recovery fromany disaster situation from visiting Nagasaki Atomic bomb museum.
Participated in Community Disaster activities at Nagata ward at 2011/3/13

I actively participated in community disaster activities at Nagata Ward. There is one Futaba
Elementary School, which is now using for Local Community Center. Non–Profit
Organization (NPO), Futaba supported by community. Its vision is to utilize local resource,
characteristics, succeed local cultures, make active community, effective utilization ofabolished Futaba Elementary school, and provide projects for revitalizing the local
community. The main theme was “Transfer the lessons learned through the great Hanshin
Awaji Earthquake, Effective Utilization of local resources for the earthquake learning”.
In Nepal, we can arrange exercises /drills for community people and school children for
Disaster Risk Reduction.

75

Participated to the development of Next Generation: Discussed with students in
MAIKO HIGH SCHOOL.

Before the great Kobe earthquake, most of the people did not realize the necessity of disastermitigation activities. Based on the lesson learned from big Kobe earthquake, the disaster andmitigation course applied in this school. Students are learning so many contents about
disaster preparedness, Prevention, Mitigation and so on.
The School is divided into 4 levels; these are
1. Elementary School
2. Junior High School
3. Senior High School
4. University
The children have a great opportunity to work outside also they can watch and realize theirsubject matter. They get chance to take special course of fire training from Kobe Fire
Academy. They can gain the strong motivation to teach the children. Children visited
NAGATA ward to convey the experience, to learn what really happened, to make hazard map
and for scientific experience. They have also great chance to visit aboard. They can learn
Hazard, Emergency Reaction, Social background and exchange the religions and contributionof other countries in this field.
We can train up school students of Nepal about disaster reduction, by following the exampleof Japan.


Visited to the Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution

I visited to the Great Hanshin –Awaji Earthquake Memorial DRI museum. Actually the
Library is very informative and touchable also. I saw the DRI library collects and preserves
many materials related to the Great Hanshin –Awaji Earthquake and disaster reduction.
Community based disaster risk management for cultural Heritage in Kyoto by
Kyoto university.

Kyoto became the capital of Japan in 1794 and it was the capital for 108 years until. It is
located in quite mountain area with heavy snowfall. I knew the traditional Community basedorganizations for disaster preparedness mechanism and its sustainability is very high-quality
here. There has always been a history of people in the village having coped with natural
hazards. Before establishing new Capital Tokyo, find out thing that exists in the Kyoto city76

community from DM perspective. They are very susceptible about Fire prevention .Every day
they are visiting 4 times of their community resident’s house like: 11AM call out “carefulwith fire. At 6pm walk around the area with tool. At 8PM Visit each houses and call out “areyou ok with Fire” and at the end of day around 11PM walk around the whole district means
OGI-MACHI district with tool and collects stamps that are located each corner of Kumi. Fire
Volunteers and their Activities are astonishing.
It is most crucial things that one person cannot protect their traditional house once it’s get fire,in order to protect his/her house, need cooperation of neighbors, that means you should tohelp others. Kyoto city is very famous for tourism; approximately 50 million visitors are
visiting every year.

7.3 Lessons learnt from Disaster Management System in JapanThe disaster management practice in Japan is highly commendable .Following are the major
experiences and lessons I learned from the ADRC, Visiting Researcher Program:

How to manage the groups and voluntary organization for disaster prevention incommunities and how to conduct practical disaster prevention activities.

To minimize the extent of disaster damage, it is important that self-help, mutual help,
and then public aid function should be properly coordinated.

Preparing emergency goods that can be easily carried out in case of disaster andpreparing the necessary materials and devices to directly respond to the disaster.

Community – based disaster prevention culture led by citizens that can play a vitalrole in reducing disaster.

Conducting regular emergency drills is very important for being prepared for natural
disaster situations, in future.

“Disaster Risk Reduction begins at school” It will be necessary to inform andmobilize governments, communities, and individuals to ensure that disaster risk
reduction is fully integrated into school curricula in high disaster risk countries andthat school buildings are built and retrofitted to withstand natural hazards.



What was heard can be forgotten, what was watched can be learned, and what was
performed can be understood.” So we need to perform also.



Active participation, sharing the important information and responsibility from as
many sectors of the community as possible to reduce the disaster risk at all level77Disaster Prevention is the person’s bonds. The motto of every community is “make atown is happy town, Happy town against disaster.”“Transmitting experience of volcanic disaster is difficult and also facing volcanic
disaster without knowledge of eruption is dangerous.”Disaster education can facilitate people to build awareness of contemporary threats.

In the areas where large scale disasters are expected in near future, disaster education
to school children is indispensable.



Methodology is needed to enhance their awareness of disaster risk and to develop
their ability to cope with and to respond disasters correctly.

Whilst the education system is an excellent way to promote disaster reduction.

Booklets, Maps, Sign Plates, those are valuable of the communication of information
both students and others.

Disaster education at school should be integrated into community based disaster
reduction and there is, therefore also a need for a proliferation of initiatives incommunity based disaster reduction beyond schools.

“City, Region, Home, Individual role =Improvement of the disaster responsive
capability in the Region.”

Kaeru Caravan” was amazing to learn about how to reduce the risk of disaster.

“Japanese experience on Disaster especially The Kobe city, regarding for earthquake
showed the path of facing disaster successfully and early recovery.
 “The most powerful tool for disaster management is community empowerment andcommunity sustainability.” Learned from the past fact and experience, it will be very important for learning.
 Indigenous practices and traditional DP activities of community should be encouraged
and systemized for the sustainability of program and to involve more community people After occurring disaster, we should follow this formula:
1. Protect of our own life
2. Education to be a superior
3. Help others just after we are safe in a disaster4. To visit the affected area to support them
5. Supports the survivors’ far way
6. Participate daily in the society78

Tools for DRR: Emergency

drills are most effective tools to minimize the loss of

lives and properties during disasters. The government of Japan and its local
governments have focused on the importance of the emergency drills conducting
everywhere of the country to make people conscious about disasters. It is true that,
active participation, sharing the important information and responsibility from as
many sectors of the community as possible can reduce the disaster risk at all level.
The major elements of effective school seismic safety programmers and the basic
principles of earthquake –resistant school buildings are lesson learnt from Japan:1. Prioritize school buildings to be retrofitted.
2. Promote earthquake resistant evaluation of school buildings
3. Develop the plan for earthquake – proof school buildings
4. Disclose the result of the earthquake resistance evolution and the plan for
promoting earthquake-proof school buildings
5. Check and take measures for earthquake proof non-structural elements

Conclusion point was that “School Safety is everybody’s business to save our children”. Let’s
make school buildings earthquake resistant and promote disaster risk education.
The Significance and Necessity of Disaster Education at Universities in Japan:
Universities in Japan are jointly started the Interdisciplinary Education study system.
University Students learned by doing practical exercise like on disasters such as earthquake,tsunami, flood and typhoon, fire and so on. Community Paramedic Training, Teachingmaterials and Classes are offered at local school etc. The main objective of mutual educationis that they can use that expertise and can develop a system for rapid, response and mutual
help in times of disasters.

7.4

Recommendations for effective community participation in Nepal

Finally, many best practices are certainly applicable in the context of Nepal. Though it is notalways pragmatic to be comparative in the developed and developing status of unevencondition of the country. Lot of institutional, structural and execution level reform is required.
Particularly, Japanese expertise of policy, program and implementation modality is the very
prominent in the Nepalese context. As per the present need, following are the major
recommendations for effective community participation in Nepal:
79

There is no disaster management museum in Nepal. We can open a disaster related
museum in Nepal so that citizens and school children can learn from visiting proposed
museum.



In Nepal Disaster prevention education at school should be integrated into community
based disaster reduction and there is, therefore also a need for expansion ofcommunity based disaster reduction beyond schools.



Nepal has been facing the risk of earthquake, floods and landslide disasters. Therefore,
like interdisciplinary education of Kobe Gakuin University we can introduce
interdisciplinary education on disaster management for the university students of
Nepal.



Nepal gradually we can introduce business continuity plan for small and large
business enterprises so that if they are affected by disasters, business houses will get
insurance coverage for quick recovery. In this regard necessary law can be enacted in
Nepal.



There should In Nepal we can follow the disaster management system of Cabinet
Office of Japan and can open a disaster management and crisis management Cell
under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of Nepal

There should be immediate adaptation of DRR policy and new disaster management
Act formulated which encompasses comprehensive approach on DRR.

Development of national plan of action based on the existing National Strategy, 2009.



There should be an Integration of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster
Risk Reduction (DRR) issues in sectoral plans of all ministries in the next 3 year.

Requires urgent establishment of institutional framework in line with the newly
adopted NSDRM (National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management).

Compulsory DRR Program should be incorporated for every institution’s day to day
business or activities.



Need to develop and implement a financial tracking system to monitor all DRR
related expenditures for mitigation, preparedness, and emergency response.



The assessment process should include criteria for assessing the progress in DRR,
CCA and environmental Management.

80To minimize the future losses of lives and Properties that may result from a major
Earthquake in Kathmandu Valley, a comprehensive action plan has to be developedfor increasing seismic safety of public facilities, schools, hospitals, and lifelines.



There should be need based orientation training on disaster preparedness to all local
level authorities involve on DRR and Emergency Preparedness.

Development of disaster mitigation tools for communities at risk to assess hazard andrisk of their community (involving school teachers and students in the process).

Conduct regular research on indigenous knowledge on hazard assessment and risk
mitigation measures and disseminate it to wider audience.



Establish national disaster information management database system accessible to all
stakeholders and to the communities.



Awareness creation, sensitizing and capacity building of media in disaster risk
reduction is necessary for effective use of the reach of media to the society.

Strengthen SAARC Disaster Management Center (SDMC) for member countries toplay central role in regional level DRR.



Review the existing school curricula from primary to higher secondary level andinclude DRR content in a systematic way. There should be compulsory DR training /drills in elementary and secondary schools.



Urgently develop retrofitting strategy for public facilities, schools and hospitals withtools for prioritization to demonstrate proper earthquake technology.



Formulate appropriate policy for incorporating gender perspectives into DRR.



We have to establish voluntary organizations for disaster prevention in communitiesor, disaster safe welfare communities, in Nepal.



Assessment and beneficiary selection process need to be further strengthened

Mitigation measures at community level are essential in coping the risk of mega/small
scale disastersEstablishment of Early warning system at regional, district and community level helps
save human lives and property

Upgrade roaster of trained Human Resources focusing hazardous areas: a community
based approach: continue working on strengthening corps of volunteersEstablish a periodic review system: provision of rewards for the key contributors,
volunteers.

817.5 Action Plan:
It is true that community participation in Japan is highly commendable. The best practices ofcommunity participation in disaster preparedness planning in Japan could be replicated in
Nepal. The government and the local community both can be benefited by introducing thebest practices of Japan in the area of Disaster Risk Reduction.
After the completion of the research, research findings will be published in the journals.
Series of seminars will also be organized to disseminate research results for wider audiences.
In addition, the results will be presented in disaster preparedness workshops at regional level.

Bibliography:
1. Regional Workshop on Best Practices in Disaster Mitigation, 2009.
2. Randolph Kent, 1994, Disaster Preparedness, 2nd Edition,
3. National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (2009),
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affairs.
4. DIPECHO (2009), Community mobilization in disaster risk reduction
5. Nepal Disaster Report 2009, Ministry of Home Affairs
6. Community Mobilizations in Disaster Risk Reduction, DIPECHO Newsletter,
Kathmandu,
7. Ministry of Environment (2010), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA),
Ministry of Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal.
8. HFA, Report 2010, Nepal
9. Disaster Management in Japan (Cabinet office, Government of Japan)
10. JICA, Hyogo “Bokomi” Guidebook Kobe City Fire Bureau (KCFB)
11. Location of the sea of Japan (LME) book Terazaki, 1999
12. ADRC publications and Newsletter
13. Disaster Prevention and People: Working Towards the creation of a strong society
14. Sustainable community based disaster management (CBDM) practices in Asia
15. Handbook for the utilization of DMAM for community based disaster management
16. Implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action through Gendered CBDM, Disaster
Management in Hyogo Prefecture
17. Relevant topics from internet

82

Appendix-1
Questionnaire
Topic-Questionnaire for community participation in Disaster Preparedness Planning: A
case Study in Nepal
1. Please explain your organization’s role in disaster management in Nepal and state theorganization name and your role in the organization.
2. Can you specifically explain how local community members are involved in the disaster
preparedness planning process (decision-making process)?
3. Does your organization involve local communities in disaster preparedness planning? If
yes, please briefly explain how your organization involves community in planning process?
(Can you provide a copy of the policy or regulation that guide the process?)
4. In what ways do you encourage the active participation of local communities in disaster
preparedness planning? Can they obtain the information on the planning process, if so how?
If not, why not?
5. Are you satisfied with the participatory process of community mobilization? Please
explain why or why not?
6. If your organization does not involve community participation, in your opinion, why do
you think your organization has not required community participation?
7. Have your organization work with the local community and on what assignment? Can theparticipants receive and /or provide feedback on how their inputs are used, if so how?
8. Please describe your relationship with the communities you have worked with (please rank
your relationship with the community).

83

Appendix-2
List of the Interviewees of Nepal
1. Suresh Raj Acharya---------------- Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
2. Dr. Badri Pokhral ------------------National Planning Commission
3. Suman Ghimire------------------Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction

4. Ram Prasad Luetel --------------- UN OCHA
5. Naresh Sharma----------------- Ministry of Environment

6. Om Shankar Mulmi ------------UNDP

7. Dr.Deepak Mani Pokhral ------

Ministry of Agriculture and cooperation

8. Asim Shrestha------------------ UNICEF

9. Kesab Sharma----------------- Practical Action

10. Rudra Neupane---------------UNDP

11. Prajjul Acharya----------------Red Cross

12. Ph.D.Meen B.Poudyal,Chettri -------Dp-Net,Nepal
13. Ram Chandra Neupane ----------

Eco-Nepal

14. Shyam Sundar Jnavaly ----------

Action Aid Nepal

15. Bishnu Kharel-----------

Oxfam Nepal

16. Dilip Shrestha------------

Urban Development &Building Construction

17. Thakur Prasad Pandit ----------

Dept. of water supply &Sewerage

18. Ram Chandra Khanal ------------

Consultant of SPCR Project

19. Durba Kafle------------

Kathmandu Metro-Politian City

20. Megnath Dhimal------------

Nepal Health Research Council

21. Binod Prakash Singh ------------

Ministry of Local Development

84

Appendix-3
Interviewed in JapanMy questionnaire: (I want to know)
1. Can you explain me about Community Participation Process in disaster
Preparedness Planning in your organization? And give me some examples ofcommunity participation /drills in Japan.
2. What are the motivating factors for active community participation?
3. Are you satisfied with the participatory Process?
4. How do you /your organization utilized inputs of Community participation indisaster risk management planning process?
5. Can you explain your organization’s relationship with Community?
6. Do you think your organization has sufficient fund to ensure community
participation in disaster preparedness planning?

List of the interviewees in Japan:1. HIROKAZU, NAGATA, Chairperson, plus Arts NPO (Non Profit Org.)
2. OHTSU, NOBUHITO, Firefighter, Kobe City, Hyogo Fire Station.

85

Appendix-4
My question responded by the Hirokazu Nagata, Chairperson, of Plus Arts, NonProfitable Organization (NPO).

Q.N.1 Can you explain me about Community Participation Process in disaster
Preparedness Planning in your organization? And give me some examples ofcommunity participation /drills in Japan.
Ans: My organization is directly involved in “ Kaeru Caravan” program, it is especially
focus to the children that they can learn the disaster risk reduction by playing funny games.
The main themes in +arts disaster reduction activities are:


Making disaster reduction part of the daily routine

Putting creativity to work in disaster reductionDisaster reduction measures that are fun to learn

We formed a project team and started by using research to clarify the lessons and skills
gained from the Great Hanshin –Awaji Earthquake. We designed educational programs(including learning materials and games) to communicate this knowledge to children. We
developed a new type of disaster reduction training event for family to experience suchprograms, with the help of artist, Hiroshi Fuji. Community can gain the knowledge about
disaster risk reduction through practical exercise and drills. Also Kaeru Caravan has been
proved very effective tools of community participation and creates the awareness among
the community about any sort of disasters.
These are the basic examples of Kareu Caravan Program

Water fire extinguisher target practice gameBlanket stretcher time trial

Jack lifting gameEmergency Kit QuizJumbo disaster reduction “Concentration”

Picture story show86

Puppet TheaterLearning through exercise (disaster reduction exercise)Survival cooking

Creation new dishes in newspapers



Learning how to stop falling furnitureDisaster reduction card game using picture cards etc.

Q.2 what are the motivating factors for active community participation?
Ans: Fun is the most motivating factors for active community participation. Besides thisfollowing can also the cause of participation

Large number of participants can join disaster drills exercise.



Kids can learn disaster reduction while playing fun gamesNot complex, family oriented disaster drills



Bokumi guide book has prepared to teach the community about disasterrisks.

Q.N.3 Are you satisfied with the participatory Process?
Ans: Of course, it is the good way to transfer the lessons, knowledge, and technique tochildren and also the effective tools for active community participation in disaster
preparedness planning to reduce disaster risk. Personally, I have fully motivation to conduct
this kind of activity with community. I am social person; I like this kind of social work so I
am fully satisfied.

Q.N.4 How do you /your organization utilized inputs of Community participation indisaster risk management planning process?
Ans: Practical training, disaster drills awareness creativity, dissemination of information
among the community are the major inputs utilized for community participation in disasterrisk management planning process.

87

Q.N. 5 Can you explain your organization’s relationship with Community?
Ans: Kaeru caravan project, I mean, + arts projects concern with community awarenessrising program and working with community. Disaster Reduction Training Programs heldin different locations of the Country with active participation with community people andchildren. Local Government have strong relationship with community people, we organize
our program through local Government so our project and local community have strong andgood relationship making disaster reduction part of daily routine.

Q.N. 6 Do you think your organization has sufficient fund to ensure community
participation in disaster preparedness planning?
Ans: Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Local Government, and Private Sector, areproviding fund for this program. Since activities taken, we received many offers. However,for smooth running and sustainability of the project this fund is not sufficient.

88Appendix-5
My question responded by OHTSU, NOBUHITO, Firefighter, Kobe City, Hyogo Fire
Station.

Q.N.1 Can you explain me about Community Participation Process in disaster
Preparedness Planning in your organization? And give me some examples ofcommunity participation /drills in Japan.
Ans:- My organization is directly involved in firefighting . Two fire fighting officer incharge concerned with one community. Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake (1995, Kobe)
proved that neighborhood rescue each other can save more lives than public rescue such as
fire station.
In this area, community people have been participating very well in disaster preparedness
planning and drills exercise. We are organizing meeting once a week. Every month we areconsulting with community people for an hour, about the planning of our further step. Oncein three month we have engaged in big drills exercise with community people like today.
Almost all community people have Hazard Map in this area.

Q.2 what are the motivating factors for active community participation?
Ans: Fun is the most motivating factors for active community participation. Besides this,increased recognition is also importance part of community based organizations andactivities. Followings are some motivating factors for active community participation:
1. Fun and Learn Program for Disaster Preparedness, Prevention and Response.
2. Parents and their kids can find the good place to meet together and learn together.
3. Provide an opportunity to directly listen the story from the EQ victims to thechildren who never experience about disasters.
4. Provide an opportunity to participants to use fire extinguisher, fire fun etc.

Q.N.3 Are you satisfied with the participatory Process?

89Ans : From the view of community, I am not fully satisfied with this Participatory Process.
Some people have been joining with keen interest. However, some people make to request
them to join this sort of program. But personally, I am satisfied with my Job because it is
the good way to transfer the knowledge, and technique to children and also the community
to make them a good fire fighter. So I have full motivation to conduct this kind of activity
with community.

Q.N.4 How do you /your organization utilized inputs of Community participation indisaster risk management planning process?
Ans: Practical training, disaster drills awareness creation, dissemination of information
among the community are the major inputs utilized for community participation in disasterrisk management planning process. Some Survey report helps us to prepare the policy todisaster risk management.

Q.N. 5 Can you explain your organization’s relationship with Community?
Ans: Kobe City Hyogo Fire Station, working with the community for raising awareness
Program and prepare themselves as good fire fighter. I am looking for the solution for
consistent neighborhood rescue with safety which saves people from Fire and any kind ofdisaster risk.

Q.N. 6 Do you think your organization has sufficient fund to ensure for community
participation in disaster preparedness planning?
Ans:

I am working in the Government Organization. The Government has provided fundto the tune of 1, 30,000 yen for every community. But this fund is not sufficient for active
community Participation and sustainability for the project.

90