˨˻̎˴̉̍ˇʸለኴɉዿ²´ऍɉዿᶱ‫׳‬³±²³शᶶಏɉ³¹-´º᮱Journal of Human Care Studies Vol. ²´ No. ²
June ³±²³, pp ³¹-´ºׄɉᗾᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏࢡͬɉӍࠍᶱᶩ¡¡̍¡¡ࢡࣉᆍ৙ࠍᶲᶩ

Experienced psychiatric nurses' communication
with clients by injecting themselves into their inner worlds
Noriko Yamashita １）ᶬToshiko Yamazaki ２）

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to clarify how experienced psychiatric nurses communicate with their clientsby injecting themselves into their inner worldsᶬand to specify the components and the process of thecommunicationᶮA total of 15 experienced nurses of a psychiatric hospital were interviewed for thisstudyᶬand the data gained were analyzed using the Modi¿ed Grounded Theory Approachᶮ
Revealing 16 concepts and 7 categoriesᶬthe result suggests the process belowᶮAt the core of thecategories lie nurses' antennasᶬaccurately sensing the signs of their clientsᶮComparing the antennas
with the other components in the course of the communicationᶬnurses accept their clientsŽopinions andpoints of viewᶬshare their inner worlds by describing their worldsᶬ
and evaluate their understanding fromthe standpoint of the clients by validating their own positionsᶮThe result also suggests the importance of preliminary steps toward reaching such communication stages
with clientsᶺžsuper¿cial communicationᶬſža wealth of experiences as a nurseᶬſandžoccasionsſᶮKey wordsᶺcommunicationᶬexperienced nursesᶬpsychiatric nursingᶬɉɉɉɉɉ Modi¿ed Grounded Theory ApproachᶮΣᶮʎɷʠʊቛቿᇉᠷजɫӁᬎʱ৕᝸ʇɸʪ៖ᇽ̍৲ᒑᬬ࠿ʍওɣਭᒓʱႾពɸʪɾʠʊʎɊਭᒓɫᜟԎɸʪʡᎃቛᬬ࠿ʎᅒਭʇ቎ϥᄉໍᬬ࠿ɫӉࠓɶʅɩʩʍʱ଻ɧʪɿɰʆʎͭ֝ԔʆɡʩɊលթʍੜ‫ء‬ʱ

ᶨۭᄑᶬ
³±±±ᶻ๽་ᶬ³±±¸ᶩɊ቎ϥᄉໍ૮ᓧʍͼ഑ીɶʅɣʪӑᮅʗʍʸ˭̃̎˗ɫ৕᝸ʆɡʪɋʇʉʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ɫͼ৔៨ᯌʇʉʪ

ҳᜓለኴɪʨɊᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽ɲʇɫ‫ݼ‬ɣɋʉɪʆʡɊψᒓɫႾពʆɬʪʧɥʊ

̉ʍၔ৏ʇਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʊᜓʂʅɣʪᇉᠷजʍ

ᔵԔʍᒑɧʱᜟႻɸʪɲʇɫ᭐ɶɣʇɴʫʅɣʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʇʱ඘ឍɸʪɋਭᒓʎᅕᆔ̍

ᶨKingdon ᶦ Turkingtonᶬ³±±³ᶩɋɶɾɫʂʅɊᎃѪ॓ᆔѮᮅɫ᝖ᭉʊࠓ‫ۦ‬ɸʪӑᆔͳᄟᶨͼΥ̍ᶱᶩၵዒᜓ௔ຫκ‫۔‬ዒᅕᬎ෤ථ᡼ᖚᎃቛ֚ᅸˑ̉˕̎ᶨNHO Kamo Psychiatry Medical Centerᶩᶲᶩूࣃ‫۔‬ᬫ‫ࠜށ‬ᶨHiroshima International Universityᶩ‫ל‬ኢ ³±²±.¸.³²ɉ‫ל‬Ⴞ ³±²³.².²³Ż¡³¹¡Żࢡɉͬ̍ࢡɉࣉᶺᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ˭̃ˑˏʱనʨɪʊɸʪɋࢡ‫ף‬ᶬ³±±²ᶩʱᜟԎɸʪᬫɊ៖ᇽ̍৲ᒑᬬ࠿ʉʈɪʨˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ɫᄉɷᶨළ‫̍ף‬ኜ
ࢨᶬ³±±µᶩɊψᒓʊɥʝɮϧɧʪɲʇɫ᭐ɶɣɋΥᶮᄍៜʍ஬Ѐͫʍ࠳ᑵɼʫʊࡩɶʅᇉᠷजʎɊᎃቛቿᏀ᰺ʍከʞᨁʌ
ᶨೋࣉᶬ²ººµᶻͼࢡᶬ³±±¶ᶻ‫ށ‬᝷̍‫ح̍ࢨ׺‬ᄑ̍ೋᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᶺᇉᠷजѮʍපɍᄑ̍᝷ᨂ̍ࢡಢ̍ࢨᧅᶬ³±±·ᶩɊᔵइໂࡗᶨቬᄑᶬ

ʉˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉Х᥼᝸‫ی‬ʱᄍɣʅਭᒓͳᄟ

³±±·ᶻ ࠪࢨᶬ³±±·ᶩɊຟᅸᆔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉

ʱႾពɸʪɾʠʊᜓɥᇁΣЀᄍʆɡʩɊᇉᠷजɫ૮᜖ᶨϟᙸ̍ᬀᚃ̍ᕼྙ̍᧘Υᶬ
³±±´ᶻປᄑ̍ᨂ

ᔵइʱЋʂʅਭᒓʊˉ˵˙˞ɶʅᶨᔵુ᫟ͮʱ༈

ಳ̍ᄑ᥆̍ࠨ᡼ቛ̍ࡷ೼̍ܽྙᶬ
³±±¶ᶻԳࣽ̍Υɮɶʅᶩᜓɥˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʆɡʪɋ

ᙸᶬ³±±¶ᶻ๼ࣉ̍ྰ̍ࣽ໚ᶬ³±±·ᶻ‫ݶ‬ᆾᶬ³±±¸ᶩɪͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजᶺಢለኴʆʎ Bennerᶨ³±±¶ᶩʍᇉᠷʨੜ‫ۑ‬ᆔ᫟ʮʩᶨೋࣉᶬ²ººµᶻ᭐າᶬ³±±¶ᶻᙸׄᶬ૮ᓧᒂৃ์ᬤʊɩɰʪͼ‫́˯̂ܟ‬ϒͫʍᎃቛቿᇉ

³±±¸ᶩʱʡʂʅਭᒓʱႾពɶʧɥʇɸʪɋɼʫʎ

ᠷजʱͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʇɸʪɋBennerᶨ³±±¶ᶩʎɊਭᇁ૜ʍខ࿢ʊዒʀɊᇁ૜ʍӑᆔͳᄟʱႾពɸʪɲᒓʍၤ຤ʱᏴ‫׹‬ᆔʊ଻ɧၤ຤ʊড়ɷɾԟఀɫʆɬʇʆɡʩɊਭᒓʍͳᄟʊ᣸ʱ૸ɷɊీʊʎ୸Օᒓʪᇉᠷजʱͼ‫́˯̂ܟ‬ʇɶɊᯕϯʍቿʍਭᒓʱ᎜Ѯʍ೘Ꮋʞʱ‫ݳ‬ɧʪɲʇᶨᯮᄑ̍᝾ᙸᶬ²ºº¸ᶻᄑᶳ᷾ᶵश᫙ˇʸɶʅɬɾᒓɫɼʍ̂˯́ʊᦑɸʪ

ᄢᶬ²ºº¹ᶻའທᶬ³±±·ᶩʆʡɡʪɋ

ʇɶʅɣʪɋɼɲʆɊ̀̎˖̎ᆔ঱ՁʱଉɣɊᇉͫᥙʍʧɥʊਭᒓʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉᫿࠿᝸

ᠷजʣᇉᠷࠜᄉʊࡩɸʪବࡶᏀ᰺ɫɡʩᔵइʍᇉ‫ی‬ʣਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʍᇉᠷजʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽ᠷʱលៜ֊ʆɬʪʇᒑɧʨʫɾᒓʆɊᎃቛቿᏀ᰺̉૮᜖ʊʃɣʅʎనʨɪʊɴʫʅɣʪɋɶɪɶɊɫᶵशϒͫɡʪᇉᠷजʱͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʇɶɾɋ࠷ᬫʍᔴॅ‫ܬ‬ᮅʆᎃቛቿᇉᠷजɫʈʍʧɥʊˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉૮᜖ʱᰣЋɶਭᒓʍӑᆔͳᄟʱΦᶮለኴఄຫႾពɶʧɥʇɸʪʍɪɊ࠷ᬫᄍɣʅɣʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉૮᜖ʇɼʍ˭̃ˑˏʊʃɣʅʎనʨɪᶱᶮለኴ˝ˌʺ̉ʊɴʫʅɣʉɣɋɼɲʆಢለኴʆʎɊᎃቛቿᇉᠷಢለኴʎਭᒓʇᇉᠷजʇʍ቎ϥᆔᇁΣЀᄍʊᇗजɫਭᒓʍӑᆔͳᄟʱႾពɸʪɾʠʊᄍɣʪˉᆾɶɊనʨɪʊɶʧɥʇɸʪႻᡑɫ˭̃ˑˏ৷ʱ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉

ಐɸʪʇɣɥၔ৏ʱପʃɲʇɪʨɊˍ̉˲̀˙˅ʇɶɊᎃቛቿᇉᠷजɫ࠷ᬫ‫ܬ‬ᮅʆᜓɥᔵइ૸ӁˉᇁΣЀᄍ៵ʱႾ៵‫ܛ‬ᆺʇɶʅɣʪˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏʱనʨɪ˟̍ˑˀ̀̎̍ʸ˭̃̎˗ɫᦞɶʅɣʪʇԟఀɶʊɸʪɋ

ɾᶨChenitz & Swansonᶬ²ºººᶻ֪ᶬ³±±¹ᶩɋʉɪʆʡɊˉ̎˝ʹ̉ˆʍᦋ኏ɫ๚ᤑᆔႾពɶʣɸɮɊΤᶮለኴᆾᆔԔ೒૜᮵ʣԟఀʍବ෋ʊʃɣʅˏ̎˧̎˦ʺːɫ
ৃʨʫʣɸɣɲʇɪʨɊಟͬᶨ²ºººᶬ³±±´ᶬ³±±¸ᶩᶱᶮᎃቛቿᅕᬎʊմլɸʪͼ‫ܟ‬ϒͫʍᇉᠷजᶨϒɫ୯ٞɸʪиฬ၅ˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˟̍ˑˀ̀̎̍ʸͬɊͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजᶩɫᜓɥਭᒓʍӑᆔͳᄟʱႾព˭ ̃ ̎ ˗ᶨModi¿ed Grounded Theory ApproachɊɸʪɾʠʍᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી

ϒͬ M-GTAᶩʱЋᄍɶɾɋM-GTA ʎˆ̂̎ˌ̎᝸Ꭻʱనʨɪʊɸʪɋ

ʣˏ˞˿ʼˏɫ୯ٞɶɾˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˟̍ˑˀᶲᶮᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡ̀̎̍ʸ˭̃̎˗ʱʧʩ࠷ᣊᆔড়ᄍɫ‫׭‬ᓧʉথॾŻ¡³º¡Ż˨˻̎˴̉̍ˇʸለኴ ³±²³ श¡ዿ ²´ ऍ¡ዿᶱ‫׳‬ʇɶʅಟͬɫၵᔵʍព᧽ʱՒɧɾለኴఄຫʆɡʪɋᶵᶮԔ೒ఄຫͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʍ࠳ᑵʊ‫ܛ‬ʄɬɊԔ೒࿶࿢ᒓᶨಟ
ͬᶬ³±±´ᶩʎ A ᎃቛቿᅕᬎʊմլɶʅɩʩɊᔵइᶲᶮࡩᡑᒓA ᎃቛቿᅕᬎʊմլɸʪᇉᠷजʆɊለኴᒓɫͼʍᇉᠷʱលៜ֊ʆɬʪʇᒑɧʨʫɾᎃቛቿᏀ᰺श‫ܟ‬ʇԟఀɶ‫׽‬ੜɫৃʨʫɾ ²¶ ‫׾‬ʱࡩᡑʇɶɾɋ௦ᶵशϒͫʍᇉᠷजʇɶɾɋʝɾɊԔ೒˜̎˴ʱӂ‫ى‬ɫᇉᠷ࡬᫏ࠜഊᶳश៨኏֧ʆɡʩɊ³± ϐɪɔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ɫ‫ۏ‬᭐ʉᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʊᇉᠷʨ ¶± ϐʆɊᇉᠷजᏀ᰺श௦̍ᎃቛቿᏀ᰺श௦ʎजɫᔵԔʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉૮᜖ʱЋᄍɶਭᒓᶷ᷾ ´¶ शʆɡʂɾɋʉɩɊA ᎃቛቿᅕᬎʎӆዒʊˉ˵˙˞ɶʅɣɮ˭̃ˑˏʍ୛ኴɕʇɶɾɋʍᎃቛቿ֫ቿᅕᬎʆɡʪɋۨ‫ܕ‬ʊɩɰʪᎃቛ֚ᅸၵᔵʊ᫕ᆌɴʫɾԔ೒̅̎˅ˍ̎˞ʱЀીɶʅʍͼ৔ᆔ֚ᅸ෤᫟ʇɶʅϴᑝʄɰʨʫʅɩʩɊຟ඘৤ʱᄉીɶɊɴʨʊ඘৤᫙ʍ᫟Фʱ൮ឡɶʅˁᅸଃૺ৷ʉʨʒʊຟᅸ‫ۏ‬᭐ʉᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʍ֚ᅸʣ˜ˊ̀̎֊ɶɊˏ˞̎̀̎˿ʺ̉ʇᏃೖ‫ۑ‬ʆ˭̃ᎃቛቿ௚৵ʊ‫כ‬ʩᎻʲʆɣʪᅕॅ௦ µ´± ॅʍᅕᬎˑˏʱనʨɪʊɶʅɣʂɾᶨಟͬᶬ³±±´ᶩɋϒͬɊʆɡʪɋᄉીɶɾ඘৤ʍᶱАʱᥱɶʅԔ೒ఄຫʱ៥నɸʪɋᶱᶩࡩᡑᒓʱˉ̎˟֊ɶɊ᩻ᮬɶɾᮅଢ଼ӑࡄʱࡩᡑᒓԠʊᥩៜ᩻ʊɶɾɋԔ೒˜̎˴ʊ᫟᥸ɸʪ

ᶳᶮ៬೿ీಜɩʧʒ៬೿ఄຫ
³±±¹ शᶳಏ᷾ᶴಏʊ֤ථીᆔᮅଢ଼ʱ࠷ఆɶɾɋጜ૗ʊᇗᆾɶʅɼʫʱӌϹАʇɶɊԔ೒̅̎˅ᢑ٨ӑࡄʱ൮ឡɸʪɾʠɊᶱ‫׾‬ʊ˭̂˜ˏ˞ʱ࠷ˍ̎˞ʱᶱ඘৤ɳʇʊЀીɶʅɣʂɾɋԔ೒ఆɶɾɋɼʍᬫɊਭᒓͳᄟʱႾពɶʅɣɮ˭̃ˑ̅̎˅ˍ̎˞ʇʎɊ඘৤‫࠳̍׾‬ᑵ̍ӌϹА̍ˏʊʃɣʅʍៜʩʱৃʪɾʠੜ‫ۑ‬ɶʅɣʪɲʇʣႾ៵ᆔ˷˸ʍᶴ᮴ᆾɪʨʉʩɊࡩᡑᒓʍៜʩ࠷ᣊɶʅɣʪɲʇʉʈʊʃɣʅឮ٨ɶɾɫɊˉᶨ˝̎˕ᶩɪʨለኴᒓɫᇗᆾɶɾጜ૗ʱӌϹА˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ႘ৃᦋ኏ʇਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʍ

ʇɶʅ௨Ⴞɶʃʃ඘৤ʱᄉીɸʪಅॾʆɡʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉႘ৃᦋ኏ʇʱ֙Ԡɶʅጏɧʪ

ᶨಟͬᶬ³±±´ᶩɋАɧʏɊɖಿʅʧʌɊବ‫׾‬ɶʅɋɲʇɫ᭐ɶɪʂɾɋɼɲʆɊ‫ݼ‬ɮʱៜʂʅʡʨɥ

ਭᒓɴʲɫɼɥʣʂʅବ‫׾‬ɶʅɮʪʍʊʡੜ‫ء‬ɾʠʊለኴ˜̎˴ʍӑࡄʍʞʊᬈ࠳ɺɹᔵᄒʊ

ɫɡʪɰʲɋ
ɗʇɣɥᄉʍ˝̎˕ɪʨᇗᆾɶɾ

ៜʂʅʡʨɥɲʇʱᨁខɶᶨಟͬᶬ³±±´ᶩɊਭᒓʇጜ૗ʱӌϹАญʊឧӁɶɊਭᒓɫᇉᠷजʱфκʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʆ‫ށ‬ԕʊɶʅɣʪɲʇʇɼʇɶʅ៖ᠪɶɾᆌលʇᇉᠷजɫʇʨɧʅɣʪʇʍႾᄒʣᔵइʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ‫ᦥݳ‬ʊʃɣព᧽ɶɾᶨᜟᶱᶩɋɼʫʇੜ‫ء‬ӑࡄɫᯕϯɶʅʅΟАʱɡɱʅʡʨɥɲʇʊɶɾɋɣʪʇព᧽ɶɾ௮ᓬʱψʍ˝̎˕ɪʨ୛ɶɊӌϹАญʊᥟՒɶʅɣɮʇʇʡʊɊႾ៵ᆔ˷˸ญʊɼʍাʍԔ೒ʍԟఀବ෋ʇɶʅፍ֫ʉ˷˸ʣᶴᶮјႾᆔ᧖઄ለኴᢵఙʇʇʡʊɊ֩Տʎᔵᄒੜ৲ʆɣʃʆʡᅃ٨࿢ʱឧӁɶɾɋɲʫʨʍ඘৤ʎ࠳ಜᆔʊͼห‫׭‬ᓧʉɲʇɊфκ‫׾‬ʎˉ̎˟֊ɶ֛‫׾‬৷ʱвˏ̎˧̎˦ʺːʱ‫ל‬ɰʉɫʨɊӌϹАʍੜ‫ء‬ӑាɸʪɲʇɊ˝̎˕ʎለኴᆾᆔϒ‫ݹ‬ʊᄍɣʉɣɲࡄʊᇹᇃ࿢ɫʉɮʉʩ௨‫׹‬৷ɫʃɮʝʆԔ೒ʱʇʣ‫׎‬ᨁʊጫႾɸʪɲʇʱɊ௮ಅʇ‫ף‬ᯃʆ៥నɶᐴʩ᥏ɶɾɋࡩᡑᒓʇ‫׽‬ੜಅʱίʮɶɾɋʝɾɊूࣃ‫۔‬ᬫ‫ࠜށ‬ᶲᶩᶱ඘৤ɫ៥నՏʱପʃʇԟఀɶɾీ࿢ʆɊ඘ʇࡩᡑᅕᬎʊለኴјႾ࡟೿ʱᄔ៰ɶɊ૭៖ʱৃɾɋ৤‫׾‬ʇ࠳ᑵʱ൮ឡɶɾɋАɧʏҳʚʈʍАʆʎɊӌϹАӂϹʱᜟႻɸʪ࠳ᑵʇɶʅɊਭᒓɫŻ¡´±¡Żࢡɉͬ̍ࢡɉࣉᶺᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏ

ᜟᶱɉԔ೒̅̎˅ˍ̎˞ʍАᔵԔʍႾពᒓʇɶʅɼʍᇉᠷजʱ៖ᇽɶɔᇉᠷʆʎᢑᆔ˝̎˕ʍព᧽ɫͼ৔ʇʉʪɾʠɊԔ೒Ꮓ

जɴʲɕʆʎʉɮфκ‫׾‬ʆବ‫׾‬ɸʪʇɶɊɔфೖʇព᧽ʱʝʇʠʅ៵ɷʪɋϒͬɊˁ˜ˊ̀̎‫׾‬κ‫׾‬ʆʍବ‫׾‬ɕʇɣɥ඘৤‫׾‬ʱЀીɶɾɋʎɘɉɉəɊ඘৤‫׾‬ʎɔɉɉɕɊ˝̎˕ɪʨʍঃᄍᶳᶩ‫ᜓ᥼ీ׽‬ʆψʍ඘৤ʡЀીɶɾɋɼʍᬫɊၔʎɖɉɉɗʱᄍɣʅ៥నɶʅɣɮɋʊ඘৤᫙ʍ᫟Ф৷ʱੜᠪɶʉɫʨ඘৤‫׾‬ʱᄉીɶɾɋɲʫʊʧʂʅ඘৤ʍ௨ႾɊ຿ᐆʱᜓɣɊᶱᶮᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻ

‫ీ׽‬ʊˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʍЀીʱᜓʂɾɋ಍Ꮉ์ᬤʇ

ᶱᶩᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉႘ৃԳʍ์ᬤʍ

ɶʅᏃೖʱ௮ዞ֊ɶʅሯ៖ɸʪЀඋᶨˏ˞̎̀̎˿ʺ̉ʍЀીᶩʱᜓɣɊᏃೖ‫ۑ‬ʱЀીɶɾɋථી᝸Ꭻɉɘᜟ࢜ᆔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ə
ɖᜟᮅᆔʊ᫟ʮʪ᫟ʮʩఄʱɶʇʂɾʲᶶᶮᏃೖʍ޸ঞ৷ʍ൮ាɷʢʬɥʉʇ৲ɥɋɼʍీɼʍీʆɋɗʍʧԔ೒ఄຫʍ޸ঞ৷ʊʃɣʅʎɊለኴᒓϒ‫ݹ‬ʍɥʊɊᇉᠷजɫᔵइᜟԎʱ‫ۏ‬᭐ʇɶʅɣʪਭ

M-GTA ለኴϥ˷̉˦̎ᶱ‫׾‬ʊˏ̎˧̎˦ʺːʱᒓʍលៜᓗ౔ʊɡʪഒಢᆔʉ٨ᯌʗʍខ࿢ʱ‫ל‬ɰɾɋʝɾɊᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍӑପʅʪʝʆʍɊਭᒓɫᜟԎʆɬʪᧅԔʍʞʊࡄʍ޸ঞ৷ʊʃɣʅʎɊለኴᒓϒ‫ݹ‬ʍ M-GTA ለʇʈʝʂɾᜟᮅᆔʉˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱᜓኴϥ˷̉˦̎ᶱ‫׾‬ʍψɊಢለኴʊ᫟ʮʂʅɣʉɣɥˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋɉɉɉɉɉɉɉɉɉɉለኴᒓᶲ‫׾‬ʇለኴࡩᡑᒓʍͼɪʨ಍ʡ࠸ឍ৷ɫвǋɉɔਭᒓʇʍϥ់ᔵϹɫᆾᆔɕପʆɬʪዒ‫ܬ‬ʊɡʪᇉᠷजᶱ‫׾‬ʊˏ̎˧̎˦ʺːʱ‫ל‬ɰɾɋɖਭᒓɴʲʇඕɶɮ់ɫʆɬʫʏᔵԔʆᔵइགᢷɋɣɣˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ɫʆɬɾʂʅɋ់ɫɸɳɮඕɶɪʂɾʆᎹʮʂΧᶮᏃೖɩʧʒᒑࡗʅɋᔵԔʍͼʆˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʏʂʀ
ʩʧʂʅ৲ʂʅɾɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊԔ೒˜̎˴ʊຣʂʅԔ೒ɶɾᏃೖɊ²· ʍ඘৤ਭᒓʇ់ʱɸʪɲʇᔵϹɫᆾᆔʇʉʂʅɩʇᶷʃʍˁ˜ˊ̀̎ɫᄉીɴʫɾᶨᜟᶲᶩɋɲɲ

ʩɊˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ɫᭉ៯ʍጳ‫ې‬ʊʇŻ¡´²¡Ż˨˻̎˴̉̍ˇʸለኴ ³±²³ श¡ዿ ²´ ऍ¡ዿᶱ‫׳‬ᜟᶲɉˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʇථીɸʪ඘৤ͥជʈʝʂʅɣʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋʍીᫎʣᡋࡎʉᏀ᰺ʱከʞᨁʌʪ৕᝸৷ʱႾពɶɊκᄉᏀ᰺ʱᡋɪʊɶʅɣɮɲʇʱ

ɉǌɉɔᇉᠷजʍͥఄ‫؂‬ᆔព᧽ɕɖᅕၤʆɼɥលʂʅʪʂʅɣɥᯞʊʎঞੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋీ৲ɧʅʉɣɋ৮ɣκʇɣɥʍɫҳʊዒʂ

ɉǌɉɔᔴॅᏀ᰺ʍከʞᨁʌɕ

ʅɊᅕ๨ɫ਱ɮɶʇʪʇɪɊᅕ๨ʆԔɪʨ

ɖᏀ᰺ɫʡʇʆᔵԔʍͼʆᒑɧʨʫʪʧ

ʲၤੳʊʉʂʇʪʇɪɣɥᯞʊʎႾពʆɬ

ɥʊʉʪʲʧʌɋɲʍʝʝɣʂɾʨɲɥʉʲɪʂɾɋɗɊɖਭᒓɴʲʍᤸɴʇɪᖐɶʞ

ʪɿʬɥʇɣɥΜ੍ʇɊɲɲʆԕʂɾʨᇁʇɪɼʂʀѮʊዒʂʅᒑɧʪɲʇɫʆɬʲঞͭགʊ৲ɥɿʬɥʇɣɥɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎

ɪʂɾʲʧɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊਭᒓɫ

˕ɪʨɊᇉᠷजɫфɍʍਭᒓʇʍˉ˵˻ˡᜟԎʆɬʪጳ‫ې‬ӑʆʍʞʣʩʇʩɶɊᇉᠷ

ˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱড়ᄍɶʅɣɰʪʧɥɊᔴॅᏀजɫͥఄ‫؂‬ᆔʊព᧽ɸʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘᰺ʱᡋɪʊɶʅɣɮɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇ৤ʇɶɾɋɶɾɋɉɘঃɬԎɶʍከʞͫɱəɉɘɬʂɪɰəɖҳɫ៦ʠʉɣɪʨᮅᆏɣɰʈɊɼʍҳʍɖᔵԔʍీɿɰଔᙪɸʪਭᒓɴʲɫɩʂҳʍҳʝʆʍঃɬԎɶʱᄍੜɶʇɪʉɣʇࡩʅɋʆʡɊҳᤠʍీʎᶱᆌᆾʆᯯʟʲʧɋɲড়ʆɬʉɣɋɗʇɣɥ˝̎˕ɪʨঃɬԎɶʇʍᦒɣʎϺʉʲɪɋɼʫɫɬʂɪɰʆҳᤠʊɣɥᜟႻʱ˃̎̅̎˟ʇɶɊਭᒓႾពʍɾʠᇁ៯ɶɾʨɊ౓์ʣʂʐʩ់ɶ᥈ʲʆʉɣɰʊᇉᠷजɫᏀ᰺ʱঃɬԎɶʇɶʅᡋࡎʊɴɺʲɋɗʍʧɥʊɊਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʊӑᆔͳᄟʅɣɮɲʇʱቌɸˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋʗʸ˭̃̎˗ɸʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʗ‫֊ݳ‬ɉǋɉɔκᄉᏀ᰺ʍከʞᨁʌɕ

ɸʪɬʂɪɰʇʉʪ๨ʄɬʣᆌ᝾ʱৃʪˁ˜ɖᏀ᰺ɶɾɲʇɫਭᒓɴʲʍᓗ౔ʱୟ༨ɸʪʇɬʊᦒʂʅɬɾɋᔵԔʍκᄉᏀ᰺ɫˊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋɉɉǋɉɔੜ‫ۑ‬ᆔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍᆌ᝾ɕᡋɪʊʉʂɾɲʇɫ‫ށ‬ɬɣʇ৲ɥɋɗʉʈɖ᝾ʧɥ᝾ʝʌɷʢʂɾʨɼʍੜ‫ۑ‬ʇɸʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊᇉᠷजᔵ᣸ɫκʇɶʅᔵइʪʇɲʬʎᦒɥɶɊҳᤠʞɾɣʉʡʍʎϺŻ¡´³¡Żࢡɉͬ̍ࢡɉࣉᶺᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏʡପʂʅʉɣʇɲʬʆ᝾ʧɥ᝾ʝʌɶʅʡϺʡʉʨʉɣɋលᗼʎ‫׽‬ɷʆʡɊɼʍͼʎɾɋɉǌɉɔɣʃʡʍၤੳʍಂంɕ

ӂ࿷ᦒɥɰʲɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊψʍɖ্޳ʉ០आʍ୻ʫʱ੡ɷʫʪʧɥʊɊᇉᠷजʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱʝʌʅʡਭ

ɣʃʡʍਭᒓɴʲʱᇽʂʅɩɬɾɣɋʉʲᒓʍ‫ט‬ড়ʊʎᦒɣɫɡʩɊˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ɪ‫ݳ‬ʂʅɣɥʍʱ੡ɷʨʫʪʧɥʊɊɣʃˍ˽̉ʱੜ‫ۑ‬ᆔʊᜓɥᨁ᝸৷ʊ๨ϊɮɲʇʡఖɍ᫟ʮʪɋɗɊɖ᭐ɶɣʧɋ๗ఖɫɣʃʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋʡɷʢʉɣɪʨɋɣʃʡʂʅɣɥ੡ងʂʅɉǌɉɔਭᒓʍӑᆔͳᄟʗʍᇗᆾɕ᭐ɶɣɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊਭᒓʍɣʃɖɥʀʊʇʂʅʎˊ˵ɿɰʈȾȾɴʲʡʍၤੳʇʎ्ͥ૳୴ɸʫʏͭ‫ݳ‬ʍʡʍʆᶨਭᒓᶩʊʇʂʅʎˊ˵ɷʢʉɣʲɿʉɊʎʉɣʇੜᠪɶɊɣʃʡʍၤੳɪʨΨᎲʉ‫ށ‬ԕʉʡʍʉʲɿʉɊȾȾɴʲᶨਭᒓᶩʊ‫֊ݳ‬ʡᥢɸɲʇɫʉɣʧɥᏒɧɹີੜɶʅʇʂʅʎੜ‫ء‬ɫɡʪʲɿʉʂʅɋɗʉʈʍɣʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋ˝̎˕ɪʨɊႾព‫ۏ‬᭐ʉਭᒓʍលթʊʡɊɉǍɉɔ᫟৔ʆໜɬপʩʊɴʫʪфԠ৷ɕ৕ɹɼʍκʍӑᆔͳᄟɪʨʍੜ‫ء‬ʄɰɫɖɲʍκʊ᫟৔ɫɡʪʉ̎ʇ৲ʂɾʨɡʂʅលៜ֊̍ᜓթ֊ɴʫʅɣʪɲʇʊ๨ᦒʂʅʪʧɊ‫ٹ‬ʩఄʡɋᔵԔʊʎᖐ૜ɪʉʄɮɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋʇ৲ʂʅʡɊ᫟৔ʱପʂʅᜓʂɾʨ‫ބͩށ‬ᶲᶩᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʉɲʇʂʅʧɮɡʪɋɡ̎ɲʍκᖐ૜ʂʅɉɘʸ̉˜ˠə৲ɥɰʈɊʀʦʂʇ‫؂‬ɪɣ‫׹‬ʂʅʞɾʨӁɖɼʍͥលʊ‫ט‬ড়ɶʅᒫɣʅɡɱʨʫɾʩ᥈ʠɾʩɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊ᫟৔ʱʨɊʸ̉˜ˠ঒ʂʇʂʅɡɱʨʫɾʨʇ৲ࡉɺʪɲʇʊʧʩɊɼʍਭᒓɫᇉᠷजʍខɥɋᒫɬ໐ɶʇʂɾʨϺʆʡʉɣɲʇɪʡᇽᨂʍͼʆ‫ې؝‬ɪʨໜɪʒͫɫʪʧɥʊ଻ɧʫʲɰʈɊɼʍͼʆ‫ށ‬ΟʉɲʇលʂʅᶨʪᶩʨʫႾពɶʧɥʇɸʪੜᠪɫᱝʝʪɲʇʱɪʡʞɾɣʉʇɲʬɡʪʧʌɋɗɪʨɊʸ̉ੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋ˜ˠʇɣɥ˃̎̅̎˟ʱৃɾɋࡩᡑᒓʍ‫ݼ‬ɮɉɘਭᒓᆾᏺʍ႘ৃəɫᇀ੡ʣˁ̉ʇᜟႻɶʅɣɾɾʠɊᇉᠷजɫ

ࡩᡑᒓʍʚʇʲʈɪʨɖᆾᏺɗʇɣɥ˝̎ᇀ੡ᆔʊਭᒓɪʨᆌɺʨʫʪɴʝɵʝʉˋʺ˕ɫৃʨʫɾɲʇɪʨɖਭᒓᆾᏺɗʱ˃̎̉̍д‫׳‬ʱᥢɴʉɣʧɥີੜʱૠʂʅɣʪɲ̅̎˟ʇɶɊɼʍ႘ৃʍɾʠʊᇉᠷजɫᔵइ

ʇʱቌɸˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋ

ʱ៬௨ɸʪˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋ
ɉǋɉɔᇉᠷजʍʸ˷̎˦֊ʊʧʪ኶᫙ʍՄ᥵ɕ

ɉǋɉɔ˳ʺ̉˞ʍ୑୴ɕ
ɖ़ᒴʇɪޮ੍ʇɪɫɡʪɰʲɊρលɩɖᔵԔʱ‫ݳ‬ɧʅɣɮɋᔵԔʎʸ˷̎˦ʞɥʇ৲ʂʅ ²± ԔহʂɾʨɊɼʍ ²± Ԕাʊɾɣʊ‫ݳ‬ʮʨʉɰʫʏɣɰʉɣʇ৲ʂʅɣޮ੍ʇɪԎʇʂɾʨɊɼʍκʍžρſʉɮʪʍʆɋሯ‫ۓ‬ɾʪᇉᠷд৤ʎପʂʅɣʉɰ

ʉʪɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊਭᒓʇʍˉ˵˻

ʫʏɣɰʉɣɰʈɊɼʍࡩᡑʊʧʂʅথʎˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʆᨁ᝸ʉ˕ʺ˵̉ˆ̍ˋʺ‫ݳ‬ʮʂʅʡɣɣʍɪʉʇɋɗɊɖਭᒓɴʲʊ̉̍д‫׳‬ʉʈɫႻʫɾʇɬɊ᥌ᥴɪʃᆔሯʇʂʅᗹʀᇗɣɾʩʇɪ់ɶʣɸɣ‫ܬ‬ʱʃʊ‫ט‬ড়ɶɼʍ˳ʺ̉˞ʱʃɪʠʪʧɥणʊɮʫʫʏɊ๸ɣఄɫ๨ʱЋʮʉɣʆ‫ٹ‬ʫີੜʱૠʂʅɣʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶʪʂʅκɫɩʫʏɊɼʂʀʊʡʂʅɣʂʅŻ¡´´¡Ż

˨˻̎˴̉̍ˇʸለኴ ³±²³ श¡ዿ ²´ ऍ¡ዿᶱ‫׳‬ɣɣʇ৲ɥɋʃɮʪʡʲʉʲʧᶨਭᒓʇᶩ

ɉǋɉɔ഑৔ʍ૳୴ʇࡶɬɕ

ᶲκʆɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊᇉᠷजɫᔵ

ɖਭᒓɴʲɫϺʱលɩɥʇɶʇʪɪɋល

इໂࡗʱᣐʝɧɾͫʆʸ˷̎˦ʍʧɥʊɼ

ᗼʍͼʊᬮɴʫɾɲʇʂʅɡʂɾʩɸʪʧʫʱ഑ʇɶʅପʀʃʃᔵइʍ೘ʱᇁ૜ʊ‫׹‬ʌɋಢ৔ɫɋ
ɗɊɖਭᒓɴʲʡᜟႻʆɬʲʍʮɺʅ‫֊ݳ‬ɴɺɊਭᒓʇᇉᠷजʇʍˉ˵˻

ʲɷʢʉɣɪʉʇ৲ʂʅɋᜟႻʆɬʪʧɥˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉኶᫙ʱՄ᥵ɶʅɣɮɲʇʱੜʊɶʅɶʝʂɾʨᏃථඕɶɪʂɾʩɸʪɲ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋʇɫ‫ݼ‬ɣɷʢʉɣɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊᜟԎʱ‫ۏ‬᭐ʇɸʪਭᒓʍ੡਺ʣᒑɧʉʈ

ɉǌɉɔ‫ל‬дʍ৑ेɕɖਭᒓɴʲɫ৲ʂʅʪɲʇʱ់ɼɥʇɣʱɊᇉᠷजɫਭᒓʍលթɪʨୟ༨ɶɾʩលɥ๨ପʀʊʉʂʅʡʨɥɲʇɫ‫ށ‬Οɋঃɬៜ֊ɶɾʩɶʅɊਭᒓɫϧɧʧɥʇɶʅɣ

ԎɼɥʇɸʪʍʆʎʉɮʅɊਭᒓɴʲɪʨʪ഑৔ʱ଻ɧࡶɲɥʇɸʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ់ɺʪʧɥʊʉʪʍɫ‫ށ‬ΟɋɗɊɖᶨ់ʱɬɮ඘৤ʇɶɾɋ

ʇɣɥʍʎᶩਭᒓɴʲɫលɣɾɣɲʇʱɉǌɉɔਭᒓʇʍଢ଼࿢ʍ୛Ꭽʇଞ‫ށ‬ɕលʂʅᎡৃɸʪʝʆɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊɖਭᒓɴʲʇᔵԔʍፍ֫ʉଢ଼࿢ʱ୛ɶʅਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʊਭᒓʍᜟԎʱ৑ेɶʅ‫ל‬ʪɋ˧˗̉ʇ૜ʱ૟ʃʧɥʉʍʱɶʦʂɰӁʫʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋʀʤɥ୛ɶʅʪɋਭᒓɴʲʇᔵԔʍԔɪʩɉǍɉɔ࿶࿢ʍ៬௨ɕ‫׹‬ɧʪʧɥʉଢ଼࿢ʱɶʦʂʀʤɥ୛ɶʇɖᅖၤʍɲʇʱ‫ל‬ɰหʠɾʩ؇࠳ɶɾʩʪɋɗɊɖᇁ૜ɫᕫʲʉʇɲʬʆᏀ᰺ɫʉɣᓏ࠳ɶɾʩʇɪʂʅɊʈɥɶʧɥʡʆɬԔɿɰਰʞᖐɶʲʆʪʲɿʂɾʨɊᔵԔʍʲɋɼɥɣʂɾ๨ପʀʆᤸɣʲɿʉʇɪɊᏀ᰺ʱɸʘʅԎɶɬʪɣɥʇɲʬʡ‫ށ‬ΟʉɼɥɣʂɾʇɲʍఄʱϺʇɪɶʅɡɱɾఄʲɷʢʉɣɪʇ৲ɥɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊɫɣɣɪʉʇɣɥੜ‫ء‬ʆɊ‫ݼ‬Ԕᅖၤʇʎਭᒓʇᇉᠷजɫᔵइ᫕ቌɶʅႾពɶ‫׹‬ɧʪԠɊԕʩԔɰʅʪʇ৲ɥɋɗɊɖᇁ૜ʍዒ‫ܬ‬ଢ଼࿢ʱ୛ɶɊႾពʆɬʪᧅԔʱଞ‫ށ‬ɶʅɣʊʉʂʅᒑɧʪɋʆɬʲʊɶʅʡɊͥᇫዒɮɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋʀหʝʂʅᒑɧʇʪʇɲʬʎɡʪʇ৲ɥɋɗɉɘዒʀϴᑝʍሯ៖əʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʆɖ᫟ФɫʆɬʅɬɾʉʇɊᔵԔɫ᫟Фɫʆৃɾਭᒓᆾᏺɪʨਭᒓʍᅕᆔ̍Ѫ॓ᆔខ࿢ɬʅʪʉʇ੡ɷɾీʊሯ៖ᜓ࿣ʱʇʪɋɗʍʱ᝾ඐʠɊ௨Ⴞɶʅɼʍκʍᆾᏺʱ଻ɧʪʧɥʊɊᇉᠷजɫਭᒓʍលթɪʨਭᒓ̍ᇉᠷɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋजʍ᫟Ф৷ʱ៦ʞ‫כ‬ʬɥʇɶɊਭᒓʍዒ‫ܬ‬ʊɉɘਭᒓͳᄟʍ୮ӟəɾʂɾႾពɫᜓɧʅɣʪɪሯ៖ɸʪˁ˜ˊɖᆾʊ᝾ɧʪʂʅɣɥʍʎɊɼʍκʍಢಿʍߑɫ᝾ɧʅɮʪʂʅɣɥ੡ɷɋɗʍʧɥʊɊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋɉǋɉɔфκ‫׾‬ʆʍବ‫׾‬ɕ႘ৃɶɾਭᒓᆾᏺɪʨᇉᠷजɫਭᒓʍ੡਺ʣɖρఖɊȾȾɴʲᶨᇉᠷजᶩχΟʉʲɷʢ৲ᒑʉʈӑᮅʍᜟԎʱୟ༨ʣលៜ֊ʆ୸Օɶʌʂʅɋɼɥɣɥκɫ‫ݼ‬ɰʫʏɊɼʍκʊʅᆾʊ᝾ɧʪʧɥʊ଻ɧɊਭᒓ̍ᇉᠷजɫΣʡ‫ݩ‬ɪɰʣɸɣɶɊᅕၤʇɪʆʡಢκʡ់ɣʊᔵइ᫕ቌɸʪɲʇʆɊႾព̍Ӊಐɶ‫׹‬ɧɶʣɸɣɷʢʬɥɶɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎˕ɪʨɊʪᧅԔʱ᝾Ԏɼɥʇɸʪˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʇɶɾɋ

ਭᒓɫɔᇉᠷजɴʲɕʆʎʉɮɔȾȾɴʲɕŻ¡´µ¡Żࢡɉͬ̍ࢡɉࣉᶺᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏʇфκ‫׾‬ʆବ‫׾‬ɸʪɲʇɪʨɊਭᒓɫɼʍͼ഑ᶨˉʸˁ˜ˊ̀̎ᶩʇɶɊਭᒓɪʨʍˋʺᇉᠷजʱၔԠʊфκʇɶʅ៖ᇽɶʅɣʪʇ̉̍д‫׳‬ʱ᥌ᥴɪʃᆔሯʊ੡ᇽɶʅψʍɸʘʅʍ៦ʞ‫כ‬ʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʊ‫ט‬రɸʪɋᇉᠷजʎʝɹɘਭᒓᆾᏺʍ႘ৃəʱᜓɣɊਭᒓʍዒ‫ܬ‬ʊɾʂʅၑΟʱ଻ɧɉǌɉɔਭᒓɪʨʍើМʍ៦ʞ‫כ‬ʩɕɖɡʩɫʇʌʂʅਭᒓɴʲʇɪࡂఎɪʨʨʫʪʧɥɊɼʫɽʫʍਭᒓʊᔵइʱᦞড়ɴɺʅͥលʆʡលʮʫɾʨρʣʂʅʪɲʇʎ᫙ᦒɣɮɋตʊɘਭᒓͳᄟʍ୮ӟəʗኌʩɊਭᒓᆾᏺɣɷʢʉɪʂɾʲɪʉʂʅɋጏɧɫʉɣɪʍໍᄍɪʨਭᒓʍ੡਺ʣ৲ᒑʱୟ༨ɶលៜ֊ʱ୸ʨɲɼɊɡʩɫʇɥʂʅលʮʫɾీʊʎɊՕɶɊਭᒓ̍ᇉᠷजɫΣɣʊᔵइ᫕ቌɶʅႾព̍ɲʫʆᕩɪʂɾʲɪʉ৲ɥɋɗʉʈʍ˝̎ӉಐʆɬʪᧅԔʱ᝾ԎɶɊଞ‫ށ‬ɶʅɣɮɋ಍Ꮉᆔ˕ɪʨɊᇉᠷजɫਭᒓɪʨʍើМʱɼʍលʊɘዒʀϴᑝʍሯ៖əʗᔷʩɊᇉᠷजɫਭᒓʍዒթɪʨ៦ʞ‫כ‬ʪɲʇʱੜ‫ء‬ɸʪ඘৤ʇɶɾɋ‫ܬ‬ʊɾʂʅਭᒓʱႾពʆɬʅɣʪɪਭᒓʍលթɪʨើМʱ៦ʞ‫כ‬ʩɊਭᒓႾពʊɩɰʪਭᒓʇᇉᠷजʍϴᑝ᫟Фʱሯ៖ɸʪɋᶲᶮᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ˭̃ˑˏ
ਭᒓʍӑᮅʍᜟԎʱੜ‫ۑ‬ɸʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʎ᝖ᭉ‫ۏ‬᭐ʉɾʠɊɘᜟ࢜ᆔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽ΨᶮᏴ‫׹‬ᆔᒑࡗ̉əɊʃʝʩਭᒓɫᜟԎʆɬʪᧅԔɪʨʣʩʇʩʱʎɷʠʪᶨ‫ۑ‬ᶱᶩɋɘᜟ࢜ᆔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ə

ಢለኴʍᆾᆔʎᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ

ʎɊਭᒓʇʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ࠷ᣊɪʨɘঃ

ථી᝸ᎫʱనʨɪʊɸʪψʊɊᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡɬԎɶʍከʞͫɱəʊʧʂʅᨁ࢜֊ɶʅɣɮɋᨁˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ˭̃ˑˏʱనʨɪʊɶʧɥʇɶʅɣ࢜֊ʊϪɣɊᇉᠷजʎោᜓ᩺០ɶʅɣɾਭᒓʇʍʪɋɶɪɶɊɲʍ˭̃ˑˏʊʎ‫ీ׽‬ʊᇉᠷजʍીˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ɪʨਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʊʎӑᆔᫎ˭̃ˑˏʡ؉ʝʫʪᏃೖʇʉʂɾɋɲʫʎɊࡩͳᄟʗʍʸ˭̃̎˗ɫ৕᝸ʆɡʪʇɣɥɘɬʂɪᡑᒓɫਭᒓʊʧʩ༈ɮˉ˵˙˞ɸʪɾʠʍˉ˵˻ɰəʱৃʅᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʊ‫؂‬ɪɥɋˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᦋ኏ʱ៥నɸʪᬫɊᔵइીᫎʊϪʂᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʎɘʸ̉˜ˠəʱʅৃʨʫɾʡʍɊʝɾʎɼʍ႘ৃᦋ኏ʱᨁខɶʅ‫ۑ‬ᶱɉᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏŻ¡´¶¡Ż˨˻̎˴̉̍ˇʸለኴ ³±²³ श¡ዿ ²´ ऍ¡ዿᶱ‫׳‬ɩʩɊᇉᠷजʍીᫎ˭̃ˑˏʉɮɶʅʎᔵइ૸Ӂɩɣʅਭᒓʍၤ຤ʱᏴ‫׹‬ᆔʊ଻ɧၤ຤ʊড়ɷʅᨁˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍ˭̃ˑˏʱనʨɪʊɸʪɲ

᝸्ʱԟఀʆɬʪͼ‫́˯̂ܟ‬ʊᦑɸʪʊʎɊԞ৔ʇɫ‫ۏ‬᭐ʆɡʪɾʠʇᒑɧʨʫɾɋɲʍɲʇɪᒓɪʨͥκԳʝʆʍԳ์ᬤɫᮂणʊᨁ᝸ʉੜ‫ء‬ʱʨɊᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱᔵइ૸ӁˉପʃɲʇɫᒑɧʨʫɾɋԳ์ᬤʍɸʘʅʍථી᝸˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉႘ৃԳʍ์ᬤʇᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻Ꭻʱᣐʝɧʅɘʸ̉˜ˠəʱՄ᥵ɶɊᎃᩞ֊ɶʅˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʇʊԔɰɊ‫ח‬ఄʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑɣɮɲʇɫͼ‫́˯̂ܟ‬ʗʍ᯦ᣱʍዿͥฯʆɡʩɊˏɊɼʍ᫟᥸ʱ៥నɶʅɣɮɋᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉႘ৃ̍ᆌ࢘ʍ᪌ʊʉ
ʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋᶱᶮᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉႘ৃԳʍ์ᬤ
ᇉᠷजʎͼ‫́˯̂ܟ‬ʊᦑɸʪʝʆɊਭᒓʍӂϹᶲᶮᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉

҈ɫ૳୴ʆɬɹ٨ᯌʊ࿶࿢ʱɶʛʩɬʫʉɣʇɴɘʸ̉˜ˠəʊɩɣʅᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजɫᄍɣ

ʫʅɣʪᶨBennerᶬ³±±¶ᶩɋˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ

ʪᇀ੡ʇʎͭሯɪʉ੡ងʆʎʉɮɊˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎࠿ʊʧʂʅᔵइᜟԎɫ‫ۏ‬᭐ʊʉʂʅɣʪਭᒓʍលˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ʍɾʠʊɴʝɵʝʉথʆᆌдɴʫʪਭៜᓗ౔ʊࡩɸʪខ࿢ʍͭᢷɫɊᜟᮅᆔʉˉ˵˻ˡᒓɪʨʍˋʺ̉̍д‫׳‬ʱ੡ᇽɸʪሯɪʉ‫ל‬дᓧՏˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʊʇʈʝʪᶱʃʍׄ‫ی‬ʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋʆɡʪɋͼࢡᶨ³±±¶ᶩʎɊਭᒓʍᅕၤ‫֊ݳ‬ʱΜ༨࠽೔̍ᡅ̍μቿ̍ఖᱝ̍μቿᶨ³±±¹ᶩʎɊᎃቛቿ

ᆔʊ଻ɧʪᇉᠷजʍ࡬᫏৷ʎᡋࡎʉᎃቛቿᏀ᰺शᇉᠷʱᜓɥʊʎᇉᠷӂϹʍᏀ᰺ʧʩʡᎃቛቿᇉᠷ௦ʍͼɪʨ႘ৃɴʫʪʇɶʅɣʪɋԳ์ᬤʱᣐʝʍᏀ᰺ɫᨁ᝸ʆɡʪʇɶʅɣʪɫɊρ‫ۋ‬ʍᏃೖʆɧʪɲʇʆਭᒓʇʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ɪʨ‫ט‬ড়ʎκᄉᏀ᰺ʍᨁ᝸৷ʡቌٖɴʫɾɋɲʫʎਭᒓʍɸʘɬၔ৏ʣᨁ᝸࿢ʱ૳୴ɶɊਭᒓʍΨᎲʉលթ٨ᯌɫɼʍκʍᄉໍʊഒɵɶʅɩʩɊɴʝɵʝʉʍ‫֊ݳ‬ʣ˃̎̅̎˟ʱࡗᇽɸʪᓧՏɫ᣸ʊʃɬɊᓗ౔ʱପʃκ᫙ʍႾពɫ৕᝸ʇɴʫʪɾʠʇលɧɘʸ̉˜ˠəɫՄ᥵̍ᎃᩞ֊ɴʫʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋ

ʪɋʝɾɊᇉᠷजɫᎃቛቿᇉᠷʱႾពɶᓧՏʱᆌ

ʚʇʲʈʍࡩᡑᒓɪʨɖᆾᏺɗʇɣɥᜟႻɫৃ୷ɸʪʊʎᶵ᷾ ²± शϒͫʍᎃቛቿᏀ᰺श௦ɫ৕ʨʫɊਭᒓʍӑᮅʱႾពɶʧɥʇɸʪʇɬᇉᠷज

᝸ʇɴʫʅɣʪᶨೋࣉᶬ²ººµᶻ‫ށ‬᝷ψᶬ³±±·ᶻ࠽೔ɫ಍ʡີੜɶʅɣʪɲʇʎਭᒓᆾᏺʆɡʪʇᒑɧ

ψᶬ³±±¹ᶩɋɲʍಜ᫙ʎᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽ɾɋɘਭᒓᆾᏺʍ႘ৃəʎɊਭᒓʍӑᆔͳᄟʱਭ̉ɫᜓɧʪʝʆʊ᝸ɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ᒓɫ଻ɧʪʝʝ‫ל‬ɰӁʫʪɾʠʊᇉᠷजɫᔵइʱˍ˽̉႘ৃԳʍ์ᬤᶨϒͬɊԳ์ᬤᶩʍɘঃɬԎ೯ᤈʊ៬௨ɸʪཇѹ์ᬤʆɡʩɊਭᒓႾពʍɾʠɶʍከʞͫɱəʊʧʪˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍᨁ࢜

ʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉᫿࠿᝸‫ی‬ʱኹሐɶʅਭᒓʍ

֊ʱহʃಜ᫙ʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋBennerᶨ³±±¶ᶩʎɊӑᆔͳᄟʗ᥼ʟɾʠʍᨁ᝸ʉˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʆɡʪɋ˟̂ʺ˫ʷˏ˸˝́ʱᔴॅ࠷ᣊʊᦞᄍɶʅᇉᠷजᇉᠷजʍ‫ࡄל‬ᆔ̍҂ᒴᆔੳ्ɫਭᒓʍᆌ់ʱХ᥼ʍᇉᠷ૮ᓧᒂৃ์ᬤʱԞ৔ᒓɊంκɊͥκԳɊͼɸʪʇɴʫʪɫᶨປᄑψᶬ³±±¶ᶻ๼ࣉψᶬ³±±·ᶻ๮‫ܟ‬Ɋᦑκʇɣɥᶵ์ᬤʆᜟɶʅɣʪɋԞ৔ᒓʎׄ

ᨂᶬ³±±·ᶩɊਭᒓʍ់ʱ৑ेɶʅɬɮ‫̍ࡄל‬҂ᒴʍԯᥱʩʍᜓթɶɪʆɬʉɣ์ᬤɊంκʎ˂ʺ˟˿ߑղʇ̀˿˙˅ˏʆɬʪ኶᫙ʍՄ᥵ʊʧʂʅɊਭʺ̉ʊຣʂɾˇʸʎʆɬʪɫၤ຤ԟఀɫಠဒʉ์ᒓʎᔵԔʍӑᮅʱᔵ࿷ʊɼʍʝʝᜟԎɶʣɸɮʉᬤɊͥκԳʎˏ˪̎˟ʣ೯ᤈ৷ʊʎดɰʪɫɡʪʪɋʝɾɊᇉᠷजʎᔵइໂࡗʱɼʍাʍᇉᠷʊໍ

૮ᓧ̂˯́ʊᦑɶɾ์ᬤʆɡʪᶨBennerᶬ³±±¶ᶩɋɪɶʅɣɮʇɴʫʪɫᶨቬᄑᶬ³±±·ᶻࠪࢨᶬ³±±·ᶻρ‫ۋ‬ʍᏃೖɪʨɊᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʊ

ᙸׄᶬ³±±¸ᶩɊಢለኴʆʎɊᔵइໂࡗাʊʡᇉᠷजŻ¡´·¡Ż

ࢡɉͬ̍ࢡɉࣉᶺᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏ

ɫਭᒓʱႾពʆɬʪၤੳʊᔵइʱ៬௨ɶʅɣɮɲᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʎɊɘʸ̉˜ˠəʱʇɫᒑɧʨʫɾɋ

΂ᤌʊ࢘᫕ɴʫʅɣʪɲʇɫቌٖɴʫɾɋɘʸ̉ɘਭᒓͳᄟʍ୮ӟəʎɊᇉᠷजɫɘਭᒓᆾᏺʍ

˜ˠəʎɲʫʝʆᎃቛቿᇉᠷʊɩɣʅលៜ֊ɶɊ႘ৃəʊʧʂʅৃɾਭᒓʍខ࿢ʱໍᄍɶɊˉ˵˻Ӊಐɸʪɲʇɫ‫ۏ‬᭐ɿʂɾᧅԔʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋԳˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ʍɾʠʊ‫ۏ‬᭐ʇɶʅɣɾӑᮅʱ์ᬤʆՄ᥵ɶ຿ᐆɴʫɾɘʸ̉˜ˠəʎɊᔵइ૸

ୟ༨ʣលៜ֊ʉʈʆ୸ՕɶɊਭᒓʍӂϹ҈ʱ଻ɧӁˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍψʍɸʘʅʍˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʧɥʇɸʪ์ᬤʆɡʪɋɲʍˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʆʎɊᇉʊম᮰ʱͮɧʪɋɘਭᒓᆾᏺʍ႘ৃəʆʎ႘ৃɶ

ᠷजᔵ᣸ʡᏀ᰺ʣᒑɧʉʈᔵइʱ᫕ቌɶɊਭᒓ̍ʧɥʇɸʪਭᒓʍᆾᏺʊᇉᠷजɫ‫ל‬ɰ‫כ‬ʂɾᆾᏺᇉᠷजʍ͸ᒓɫႾពɶ‫׹‬ɧʪᧅԔʱ᝾Ԏɶʅɣɮʱဆ‫׹‬ɴɺʪʇɬʊЀᄍɶɊɘਭᒓͳᄟʍ୮ӟəɲʇɫၔ৏ᆔʆɡʪɋӉ੡ʊ৕᝸ʉˏ˃́ʇɶʆʎਭᒓʇᇉᠷजɫᔵइ᫕ቌɶɾӑᆔͳᄟʍ˳ʺʅɊ‫࡭ט‬Ɋనሯ֊Ɋ୛೿ɫɡʪᶨJoyᶬ³±±´ᶩɋᎃ̉˞ʱᆔሯʊ୛ᎭɸʪʇɬʊЀᄍɶɊɘዒʀϴᑝቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʎᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱ

ʍሯ៖əʆʎਭᒓɪʨʍើМʱɼʍលթɪʨ៦ʞᜓɥᦋ኏ʆɊɘʸ̉˜ˠəɪʨਭᒓʍលթʱ៦ʞ‫כ‬ʪʇɬʊЀᄍɸʪɋʝɾɊ‫׸‬ˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʆਭᒓ‫כ‬ʩɊᇀ੡ʊ‫ܛ‬ʄɣɾɲʫʨʍӉ੡ʍɾʠʍ૮᜖ʍӑᆔͳᄟʍႾពʊͭӌ‫׹‬ɫᄉɷɾʇɬʡɊɘʸʱᰣЋɶʅਭᒓႾពʱ༈ʠʅɣʪʇᒑɧʪɋʝ̉˜ˠəɫЀᄍɶʅᦞԕʉˁ˜ˊ̀̎ʱ঴ಿɶʅɾɊਭᒓʍˡ̎˟ʍᜟԎʱХɸੜ‫ۑ‬ʱପʂɾɪɪਭᒓႾពʱ༈ʠʅɣɮɋʃʝʩɊɘʸ̉˜ˠəʱʮʩʍᨁ᝸৷ɫବ஍ɴʫʅɣʪᶨ๮ᨂᶬ
³±±·ᶻ᭐঒ʩࣿʨɺɊ᥌ᥴɪʃᆔሯʊ‫ט‬ড়ɶʉɫʨਭᒓʇ

າᶬ³±±¶ᶩɋਭᒓᆾᏺʱ႘ৃɸʪɲʇʆਭᒓɫᜟԎʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʱ༈ʠʅɣɮ˭̃ˑˏʎɊ

ʆɬʅɣʉɣ੡਺ʱୟ༨ɶɾʩɊᒑɧʱលៜ֊ɸᎃቛᬬ࠿ʊʧʩˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ʱପʃਭʪ୸Օɫ‫׭‬ᓧʊʉʪʇᒑɧʪɋᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजᒓʊࡩɸʪᎃቛቿᇉᠷʍ࡬᫏ᆔʆከඐᆔʉ‫ל‬дᓧʎਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʊਭᒓʍӑᮅʍᜟԎʱ୸ՕɶɊՏʆʎʉɣɪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋᇁΣʊᔵइ᫕ቌɶʅႾពɶৃʪӉಐ࿢ʱ୛ᎭɶɊଞ‫ށ‬ɶʅɣɮʇɣɥనሯʉੜ‫ۑ‬ʱʡʂʅ᫟ʮʂʅᶳᶮρাʍ៨ᯌಢለኴʍᬈᄟʎɊࡩᡑᒓɫᶱʃʍᎃቛቿᅕᬎʊɣʪʇᒑɧʨʫʪɋɘዒʀϴᑝʍሯ៖əʎɊᇉᠷजɫਭᒓႾពʍ኏մլɸʪᇉᠷजʊᬈ࠳ɴʫʅɣʪ࿢ʆɡʪɋɼʍ्ʱਭᒓʍលթɪʨើМɸʪ์ᬤʆɡʪɋᇉᠷजᅕᬎʍၔ৷ʊं‫ױ‬ɴʫʉɣʧɥɊρাʎԠʍၔ৏ɫឍࡗɶɾɲʇʱਭᒓʊ˫ʹ̎˟˦˙˅ɸʪɲʇʱʡʃᎃቛቿᅕᬎʊʡࡩᡑᒓʱूɱʅɣɮ৕᝸ɫ

ʎᮂणʊᨁ᝸ʆɡʪᶨቬᄑᶬ³±±·ᶩɋᇉᠷजʎɘਭ

ɡʪɋʝɾɊಢለኴʎˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ʱ

ᒓᆾᏺʍ႘ৃəʆᔵइʍᆾᏺʱ៬௨ɶɊɘਭᒓͳၔ৏ʇɸʪᎃቛᅒਭʱʡʃਭᒓʱˇʸɸʪͫʆɊᄟʍ୮ӟəʆӑᆔͳᄟʍဆ‫׹‬ʣӉಐʱᜓɣɊ಍Ꮉਭᒓʍӑᆔͳᄟʊᥖʪɾʠʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉

ᆔʊʈʫɿɰਭᒓʍዒ‫ܬ‬ʊɾʅʅɣʪɪɊɲʍ์ʊ࿶࿢ʱɡʅʅɣʪɋᎃቛቿϒ‫ݹ‬ʆʡˉ˵˻ˡᬤʆ˫ʹ̎˟˦˙˅ɶʅɣʪʇᒑɧʪɋ˝̎˕ɪˇ̎ˍ˽̉ᬬ࠿ʍɡʪਭᒓʱˇʸɸʪ෤ϥʎ‫ݼ‬ɣʨৃʨʫɾើМʍ಍ʡၔ৏ᆔʉᆾࠪʎɊᇉᠷजɫɫɊɼʍ‫׹ܬ‬ʊʡড়ᄍ‫׭‬ᓧʆɡʪɪɊᎃቛቿϒ‫ݹ‬ਭᒓɪʨфκ‫׾‬ʆବ‫׾‬ɴʫɊфԠᆔʉ៖ᇽʱ‫ל‬ɰʆ҇ɮᇉᠷजʊ࿶࿢ʱɡʅɾለኴʱᜓʂʅɣɮ৕ʪɲʇʆɡʪʇᒑɧʨʫɾɋ᝸৷ɫɡʪʇᒑɧʪɋɉಢለኴʆɊᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजɫ࠷ᬫʊᜓʂʅ

M-GTA ʎ࠷ᣊᆔʉໍᄍʍɾʠʍႾ៵ᄉીʍఄɣʪਭᒓႾពʍɾʠʍˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʆɡʪຫʆɡʩɊ࠷ᣊʍ‫ܬ‬ʆড়ᄍɴʫʪɲʇʆើМʱৃŻ¡´¸¡Ż˨˻̎˴̉̍ˇʸለኴ ³±²³ श¡ዿ ²´ ऍ¡ዿᶱ‫׳‬ʅɣɮʇɣɥၔ৏ɫɡʪᶨChenitz et alᶮᶬ²ºººᶻಟ௮ɉႈ

ͬᶬ³±±¸ᶩɋಢለኴʆଇԎɴʫɾ඘৤ʣˁ˜ˊ̀̎‫׾‬ɫρা࠷ᣊʍ‫ܬ‬ʆើМ̍иฬʱ‫ל‬ɰʉɫʨɊড়ᄍᒓʊʧʂʅʧʩ຿ᐆɴʫɾ‫׾‬ኋʊ‫֊ݳ‬ɶʅɣɮ

BennerᶬPᶮ
ᶨ²ºº³ᶩᶮ From novice to expertᶺ Excellenceand power in clinical nursing practiceᶮᶨ˯ˠ̎ᶬPᶮΥᧅШࠍᶨᆹឰᶩᶨ³±±¶ᶩᶮ¡ ˯ˠ̎ᇉᠷ៵ంឰ၅ɉԞɲʇʱಜহɶɾɣɋ

৔ᒓɪʨᦑκʗɉ֚ࠜಅᬎᶩ
ChenitzᶬWᶮCᶮᶬSwansonᶬJᶮMᶮ
ᶨ²º¹·ᶩᶮ From practiceΩᶮ᠙ɉ᤺¡

to grounded theoryᶺ Qualitative research in nursingᶮᶨ˗ʽˡ˙˚ᶬWᶮCᶮᶬˏ̅̉˓̉ᶬ
JᶮMᶮළ‫̍ࠍ॓ף‬ಢለኴʍ៬೿ʊɳ֩Տɣɾɿɬʝɶɾ A ᎃቛቿᅕᬎʍᆕපɊለኴʍବࡶʇՕលʱɣɾɿɣɾूࣃ
‫۔‬ᬫ‫ܽࠜށ‬ᡅ·ࠍ௟୏Ɋͧᄑਚࠍ௟୏Ɋࡷዻׄᇽኜࢨ௮వᶨᆹឰᶩ
ᶨ²ºººᶩᶮˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˟̍ˑˀ̀̎ɉᇉᠷʍᢑᆔለኴʍɾʠʊɉ֚ࠜಅᬎᶩ
DuxburyᶬJᶮᶨ³±±±ᶩᶮ Dif¿cult patientsᶮᶨ˖˅ˏ˯̀̎ᶬJᶮᑼᆏ༒ᶨឰᶩ
ᶨ³±±´ᶩᶮ᭐ɶɣਭᒓɴʲʇʍˉ˵˻

೗௟୏ʊ༈᠙ɣɾɶʝɸɋ

ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉̍ˏ˃́ᶭ৔ʱᥱʮɺʪ ³¸ ʍఄຫᶭɉᨅᕽ‫ܞ‬ᶩ๼ࣉቔࠍ̍ྰ֞ਚࠍ̍ࣽ໚ᑬ᎚ᶨ³±±·ᶩᶮɔึʊɾɣɕʇឱɧʪਭᒓʊࡉʩ༐ɥˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ˏ˃́ʍ൮ឡᶭ˭̃ˑˏ̂ˉ̎˟ʊʧʪଶʩ᥏ʩᶭɉఖಢᇉᠷࠜϥ៵௮ᭂᶨᇉᠷᏴ‫׹‬ᶩᶬ́¸ᶬ²²´-²²¶ᶮᙸׄ˅ˡࠍᶨ³±±¸ᶩᶮ ৵৷ಜʊɩɰʪᒐशಜਭᒓʍ‫ۋ‬৊ʗʍ୸Օɉਭᒓᶭᇉᠷज᫟ФЀʩʊ࿶࿢ʱঞʅʅɉఖಢᎃቛቿᇉᠷࠜϥ៕ᶬ¶±ᶨ³ᶩᶬ³ºº-´±´ᶮቬᄑౘࠍᶨ³±±·ᶩᶮ ਭᒓʗʍ˫ʹ̎˟˦˙˅ʊࡩɸʪͥᒑࡗɉᎃቛቿ৵৷ಜᇉᠷʊɩɰʪਭᒓᶭᇉᠷज᫟Фʍථጶʊ᫟᥸ɶʅɉఖಢᎃቛቿᇉᠷࠜϥ៕ᶬµºᶨ³ᶩᶬ²²µ-²²¹ᶮළ‫̍ࠍ॓ף‬ኜࢨ௮వᶨ³±±µᶩᶮ ᇉᠷࠜ‫ח‬ಅɉᎃቛቿᇉᠷɉƍዞᎃቛᇉᠷࠜʊম᮰ʱ‫ו‬ʛɸ᠈˸˝́ɉƏዞᎃቛᇉᠷʍ҇ɬɪɰɉ௮Ҵ‫ܞ‬ᯮᄑྑᑬࠍ̍᝾ᙸᬟࠍᶨ²ºº¸ᶩᶮ ˇʸʍᢑʱᱝʠʪᇉᠷˁʼ̉ˑ̀̉ˆɉ֚ัᙪԎ၅๽ ་ ਚ ᑬᶨ³±±¸ᶩᶮ Ꮞ ‫ ៬ ވ ׹‬ᅖ ʍ ˉ ˵ ˻ ˡ ˇ ̎ˍ ˽ ̉ ૮ ᓧ ᶭ ̃ ̎ ́ ˭ ̂ ʺ ˜ ˏ ˞ ʱ ᥱ ɶ ʅ ᶭɉ
Schizophrenia Frontierᶬ¹ᶨ³ᶩᶬ¹´-¹¹ᶮϟᙸቔ᎚ࠍᶨ³±±´ᶩᶮ ਭᒓᶭᇉᠷᒓ᫟ФʊɩɰʪӉ੡ʍ˭̃ˑˏɉఖಢᇉᠷቿࠜϥ៕ᶬ³´ᶨ²ᶩᶬ²µ-³¶ᶮປᄑᒅ̍ᨂಳᭁᑬ̍ᄑ᥆हࠍ̍ࠨ᡼ቛ·ᑬࠍ̍ࡷ೼ࡻࠍ̍ܽྙᇀᑬ̍Ϸᙸ؅ࠍ̍‫·ށ‬в˕˵ࠍᶨ³±±¶ᶩᶮဒᐆᇉᠷजʍਭᒓʇʍᇁΣ᫟Фʊɩɰʪ҂ᒴᆔੳ्ɉఖಢᇉᠷࠜϥ៵௮ᭂᶨᇉᠷጫႾᶩᶬ́·ᶬ³¹³-³¹µᶮ
KingdonᶬGᶮᶬTurkingtonᶬDᶮᶨ²ººµᶩᶮ Cognitive-Ż¡´¹¡Żࢡɉͬ̍ࢡɉࣉᶺᎃቛቿͼ‫ܟ‬ᇉᠷजʊʧʪᎃቛᬬ࠿ᒓʱႾពɸʪᔵइ૸Ӂˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉ʍථી᝸Ꭻʇ˭̃ˑˏ

behavioral therapy of schizophreniaᶮᶨׄᄑ៝ͥᶨឰᶩɉ֚ࠜಅᬎ

ᶨ³±±³ᶩᶮᏎ‫៬ވ׹‬ᅖʍ៖ᇽᜓթᅸຫɉఖಢើ៵቎ᶩ

ͼࢡᑬਚࠍᶨ³±±·ᶩᶮ ᎃቛቿᇉᠷजʍਭᒓʇʍɪɪʮಟͬ॓μᶨ²ºººᶩᶮ ˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˟̍ˑˀ̀̎̍ʸ˭ʩʍͼʆʍ੡਺ᜓթʇࡩԂᜓթᶭᎃቛᆔѪ॓ʱࠩʪ̃̎˗ɉᢑᆔ࠷ាለኴʍӖᄉɉআ௮‫ܞ‬ɾʠʍͥᒑࡗɉఖಢᇉᠷࠜϥ៵௮ᭂᶨᎃቛᇉᠷᶩᶬ

ಟͬ॓μᶨ³±±´ᶩᶮ ˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˟̍ˑˀ̀̎̍ʸ˭̃̎˗ʍ࠷ᣊɉᢑᆔለኴʗʍ៚ɣɉআ௮‫ܞ‬´·ᶬµ¸-µºᶮ᭐າᄒᰖᨀᶨ³±±¶ᶩᶮ ਭᒓʱ΂ϹᆔѪ॓ᜓթʊࡶɣɾ

ಟͬ॓μᶨ³±±¸ᶩᶮ ˿ʺˬ᠘ᑵ M-GTAɉ࠷ᣊᆔᢑᆔ
ለኴຫɉиฬ၅ˆ˿ʼ̉˝˙˟̍ˑˀ̀̎̍ʸ˭̃̎˗ʍɸʘʅɉআ௮‫ܞ‬ΟАʍԔ೒ɉ˰˭̃ʼʍκ᫙᫟Ф៵ʱᄍɣʅɉ‫ޏ‬ᕩᇊዒͪ࠺ᅕᬎᇉᠷࠜᭉ៕ᶬ³²ᶬµ±-µ´ᶮ‫ݶ‬ᆾᑬᡴࠍᶨ³±±¸ᶩᶮ ᖐᅞʱϪɥ੾৷ᅒਭਭᒓʊɪɪԳࣽᦽᑬ̍Υᙸਚᑬࠍᶨ³±±¶ᶩᶮ ͭࠪʣ࿶ဤʍওɣਭᒓʇʍ᫟ʮʩఄʱຟᅸᆔˉ˵˻ˡˇ̎ˍ˽̉૮᜖ʱᄍɣʅᒑɧʪɉఖಢᎃቛቿᇉᠷࠜϥ៕ᶬµ¹ᶨ²ᶩᶬµ¹-ʮʪᇉᠷजʍӉ੡ʍ˭̃ˑˏʊ᫟ɸʪለኴɉ֚ࠜʇ
ᄉၑࠜᶬ²¶±ᶨ¸ᶩᶬ³¶¸-³··ᶮ‫ށ‬᝷ᄒᑬ̍‫ࢨ׺‬ᠵΠ̍‫ح‬ᄑ៝̍ೋᄑҥࠍ̍᝷ᨂ‫ح‬᡼ࠍ̍ࢡಢᇍႾ̍ࢨᧅρಚᑬᶨ³±±·ᶩᶮ ᎃቛቿਭᒓɫटࠧµºᶮೋࣉྑࠍᶨ²ººµᶩᶮ ᎃቛቿᇉᠷᒓɫᨁ᝸ខɶʅɣʪᇉᠷᒓᶭਭᒓ᫟ФʍପʀఄɉᎃቛвѪᇉᠷϥ៕ᶬ́
ᶨ²ᶩᶬ¹µ-¹¹ᶮᯓಙʱឱɧʅɬɾʇɬʍ˯˜˿̉ˠ̎ˏʍ૮ɉఖಢᇉᠷࠜϥ៵௮ᭂᶨᎃቛቿᇉᠷᶩᶬ́¸ᶬ²µ³-²µµᶮۭᄑͪҭ̍ᦘᙸ໺ᑬᶨ³±±±ᶩᶮ ᎃቛቿᇉᠷʇ̀˥˩̀

֪ᝃࠍᶨ³±±¹ᶩᶮ ᇉᠷʊɩɰʪለኴɉఖಢᇉᠷ֩ϥԎ၅ϥ˜̎ˍ˽̉ɉ֚ࠜಅᬎ
ᄑᄢຟᶨ²ºº¹ᶩᶮ ˅˿ʺʾ̉˞ͼ৔ᅸຫɉႻϐʍʾˏ࠽೔ᦽࠍ̍ᡅ‫ݼ‬๼ࠍ̍μቿቔࠍ̍ఖᱝᕬࠍ̍μቿह೗
ᶨ³±±¹ᶩᶮ ᎃቛቿᇉᠷʍᔴॅᓧՏʇᔴॅᏀ᰺श௦ʍ˭̀ɉNoᶮ́¸µᶮᔷ௮‫ܞ‬འທूয়ᶨ³±±·ᶩᶮ ৔Ⴞᔴॅʍఄຫ៵ʊʃɣʅʍͥᒑࡗɉಣपࠜᬎ‫ࠜށ‬κ௮ࠜϥ᎚᝸ᶬ̧ºᶬ³²-µµᶮ᫟Фɉᒨ˴̀ʸࠜᬎ᎚᝸ᶬ³³ᶬ³º-´µᶮ๮ᨂʑʬࠍᶨ³±±¶ᶩᶮ ᒴɬ૜ᶨᇉᠷजᶩʍੳ्̍ᜓթ

ࠪࢨͪ೗ᶨ³±±·ᶩᶮ ࡩκͭࠪʍɡʪᏎ‫៬ވ׹‬ᅖਭᒓʍɫ់ɶ૜ᶨ˅˿ʺʾ̉˞ᶩʍ਺թ‫ט‬ড়ʊ‫ו‬ʛɸম᮰ᥠᬎʊ‫؂‬ɰʅʍ୸Օɉਭᒓᶭᇉᠷज᫟Фʍᆌ࢘ʊʇᆌ់Х᥼՞ೖʊʃɣʅɉӉ੡ᆔႾពɔ‫ࡄל‬ᆔੳ्࿶࿢ʱɡʅʅɉఖಢᎃቛቿᇉᠷࠜϥ៕ᶬµºᶨ³ᶩᶬ³±´-ʍ૮᜖ɕʍខ࿢ɪʨɉᇉᠷ௟ᓑᶬµ¸ᶨºᶩᶬ¹³³-¹³¶ᶮ³±¸ᶮ

ͼΥ·‫ףࢡ̍ބ‬ᇀদᶨ³±±²ᶩᶮ ᇉᠷʍɾʠʍᎃቛ֚ࠜŻ¡´º¡Ż