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SRQHQWVWRWKHVNLQWKRXJKZDWHUWUDQVIHU )LJXUHI VLPLODUWRDSSO\LQJWHPSRUDU\WDWWRRV'XR6NLQ'HYLFHV'XR6NLQDOORZVXVHUVWRFUHDWHWKUHHW\SHVRIXVHULQWHUIDFHV inputRQVNLQWKURXJKFDSDFLWLYHWRXFKVHQVLQJ output
RQ VNLQ WKURXJK WKHUPRFKURPLF UHVLVWLYH KHDWLQJ FLUFXLWU\DQG ZLUHOHVVcommunication WKURXJK1)&:HQRZLQWURGXFHJROGOHDIDV'XR6NLQ¶VNH\PDWHULDOGH
VFULEH RXU IDEULFDWLRQ SURFHVV DQG GHPRQVWUDWH IXQFWLRQDOH[DPSOHGHYLFHVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVRI'XR6NLQ*ROGOHDI$6NLQIULHQGO\DQG&RQGXFWLYH0DWHULDO

)RU'XR6NLQZHUHSXUSRVHJROGOHDIDVRXUNH\IDEULFDWLRQPDWHULDOEHFDXVHLWLVFRQGXFWLYHVNLQVDIHHDV\WRDWWDFKWR
DQGUHPRYHIURPVNLQDQGFOHDQ*ROGOHDILVDOVRUREXVWWRPRYHPHQWV DQG VNLQ GHIRUPDWLRQV GXULQJ PRWLRQ )LQDOO\JROGOHDILVERWKZRUNDEOHDQGDHVWKHWLFLQDSSHDUDQFHUH
VHPEOLQJWKHORRNRIMHZHOU\PDNLQJLWRXUSULPHFKRLFH'XR6NLQ7KH6WHSVRIRXU)DEULFDWLRQ3URFHVV

1. Sketching: :H VWDUW ZLWK D SDSHU SURWRW\SLQJ SURFHVVFRPPRQLQWDWWRRLQJZKHUHSDSHUVWHQFLOVDUHSODFHGRQWKH
ERG\WRGHFLGHWKHORFDWLRQDQGVL]HRIXVHULQWHUIDFHV8VHUVWKHQGHVLJQWKHDFWXDOVNLQFLUFXLWU\LQ'GHVLJQWRROVVXFKDVDJUDSKLFDOHGLWRU HJ,OOXVWUDWRUDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHD 
2. Fabrication:'XR6NLQXVHUJROGOHDIDVWKHFRQGXFWLYHPD
WHULDODQGWKLQWDWWRRSDSHUVLOLFRQHDVWKHIOH[LEOHVXEVWUDWH
WKDW DGKHUHV WR VNLQ 2YHUDOO RXU SURFHVV FRPSULVHV WKUHH
SDUWV ZKLFK XVHUV FDQ H[HFXWH PDQXDOO\ RU DXWRPDWH ZLWKFXVWRPPDFKLQHU\2.1. Create stencil::HFUHDWHDVWHQFLOIRUWKHFLUFXLWU\E\DSSO\LQJ D OD\HU RI YLQ\O ILOP &OHDU &RYHULQJ 6HOI$GKH
VLYHUROO RQWKLQWDWWRRSDSHU 6LOKRXHWWH7HPSRUDU\7DW
WRR 3DSHU SDFN  DQG FXW WKH ILOP OD\HU ZLWK D ORZFRVWHOHFWURQLFFXWWHU 6LOKRXHWWH&DPHR $VWHQFLORQWDWWRRSDSHUUHVXOWVIURPWKHSRVLWLYHVRIWKHFXWILOPOD\HU )LJ
XUHE F  7KH WDWWRRSDSHULV DQRIIWKHVKHOI FRPPRGLW\PDWHULDODYDLODEOHLQDQ\FUDIWVWRUHIRUFUHDWLQJWDWWRRV
2.2. Apply conductive material:$IWHUFUHDWLQJWKHVWHQFLOZHOD\HUJROGOHDIRQWRSWRFUHDWHFRQGXFWLYHWUDFHVE\DSSO\LQJVSUD\DGKHVLYH 6SHHGEDOO0HWDO/HDI$GKHVLYH RQWRWDWWRRSDSHUDQGVWDFNLQJPXOWLSOHOD\HUVRIJROGOHDI 6SHHGEDOO
*ROG/HDISDFN $IWHUZDUGVZHUHPRYHWKHUHPDLQLQJQHJDWLYHVRIWKHILOPOD\HUZKLFKOHDYHVWKHFRQGXFWLYHJROG
OHDIWUDFHVDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHG H2.3. Incorporate electronics::HQRZDWWDFKVXUIDFHPRXQW
HOHFWURQLFVWRWKHJROGOHDIWUDFHVE\FXWWLQJDVPDOOKROHLQ
WKHWDWWRRSDSHUIL[DWLQJDOOHOHFWURQLFVLQSODFHWKURXJKWKH
)LJXUH/D\HUVDQGVFKHPDWLFVRI'XR6NLQ¶VFDSDFLWLYHWRXFKHOHFWURGH &E EDVHOLQHFDSDFLWDQFH&I ILQJHUFDSDFLWDQFH 1) Input on skin using capacitive touch sensing

8VLQJ'XR6NLQZHFUHDWHGRQVNLQLQSXWHOHPHQWVWKDWUH
VHPEOH WUDGLWLRQDO XVHU LQWHUIDFHV VXFK DV EXWWRQV VOLGHUV
DQG'WUDFNSDGV)LJXUHVKRZVDW\SLFDOFDSDFLWLYHWRXFKHOHFWURGHFRPSRVLWLRQ$QDGGLWLRQDOLQVXODWLRQOD\HURIVLOLFRQH WDWWRR SDSHU  LQVXODWHV WKH HOHFWURGH IURP VNLQ 7KLVSUHYHQWVHOHFWULFFKDUJHVRQWKHVNLQVXUIDFHIURPLQWHUIHULQJZLWKWKHFDSDFLWLYHWRXFKVLJQDOV7KHWRXFKHOHFWURGHVDUH
FRQQHFWHG WR D FDSDFLWLYH WRXFK FRQWUROOHU 07&+ ZKLFKILOWHUVDOOUDZGDWD)URPRXUIDEULFDWLRQH[SHULHQFHDFP JROGOHDIHOHFWURGHZDVUHOLDEOHIRUDILQJHUWRWDS
RQDQGSURYLGHGVWDEOHVHQVLQJSHUIRUPDQFH

a %XWWRQ

b 'LVFUHWH6OLGHU

c &RQWLQXRXV6OLGHU

d '3DG 'LDPRQG)LJXUH7KHIRXUGHVLJQVRILQSXWHOHPHQWVZHH[SORUHGZLWK'XR6NLQ$OOVHQVHFDSDFLWLYHWRXFKLQSXWRQWKHXVHU¶VVNLQ:HFUHDWHGWKHIRXUW\SHVRIWRXFKVHQVRUVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHD GLVFUHWHEXWWRQVE GLVFUHWHVOLGHUVF FRQWLQXRXVVOLGHUVG 'WRXFKSDGV:KLOHWKHGLVFUHWHDQGFRQWLQXRXVVOLGHUVDSSHDUVLPLODUWKHODWWHUXVHVLQWHUGLJLWDWHGHOHFWURGHV>@
IRU WUXO\ FRQWLQXRXV VOLGLQJ WKH WDSHUHG VKDSHV FDXVH WKHPHDVXUHGFDSDFLWDQFHRIDWRXFKIRUHDFKHOHFWURGHWREHSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHFRQWDFWDUHD:KLOHWKHGLVFUHWHVOLGHULVHDV
LHUWRIDEULFDWHVLQFHWKHHOHFWURGHVDUHLQGHSHQGHQWWKHFRQWLQXRXVVOLGHUSURYLGHVJUHDWHUJUDQXODULW\IRULQSXW)LJXUHEVKRZVRXU'WRXFKSDGZKLFKXVHVURZFROXPQVFDQQLQJLQDWZROD\HUFRQVWUXFWLRQWKDWLVRODWHVKRUL]RQWDOWUDFHVIURPYHUWLFDOWUDFHV:HIDEULFDWHWKHWZROD\HUVVHSDUDWHO\DQGWKHQDSSO\DQGRYHUOD\WKHPRQWRVNLQ

ab

OHDI)RUIDEULFDWLRQWUDFHVLQJHQHUDOZHIRXQGWKHPLQLPXPWUDFHZLGWKIRUUHOLDEOHIDEULFDWLRQWREHPP+HDWLQJHOHPHQWVRIYDULRXVGHQVLW\DQGGLVWULEXWLRQOHDGWRGLIIHUHQWFRORUGLVVLSDWLRQSDWWHUQV7KHUPRFKURPLFVFDQEH
FRQILJXUHGWREHLQGLYLGXDOO\DGGUHVVDEOHVLPLODUWRLQGLYLGXDOO\DGGUHVVDEOHSL[HOVLQ/('DUUD\VE\VHJUHJDWLQJUHVLVWLYHKHDWLQJWUDFHVWRFRQWRXUVDQGDFWLYDWLQJWKHPLQGLYLGXDOO\DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH)LJXUH,QSXWRQ D DFRQWLQXRXVVOLGHUDQG E 'WRXFKSDG

$VDQH[DPSOHZHEXLOWDVNLQEUDFHOHWWKDWFRQWUROVPXVLF
RQWKHVNLQ )LJXUHD (DFKEXWWHUIO\LVDFDSDFLWLYHWRXFKEXWWRQDQGWRXFKHYHQWVDUHIRUZDUGHGWRWKHPXVLFDSSRQDVPDUWSKRQH7KHSURWRW\SHEUDFHOHWFRQQHFWVWRDQ$UGXLQRXQGHUWKHVOHHYHZKLFKGHWHFWVWRXFKHVDQGZLUHOHVVO\FRPPXQLFDWHVZLWKWKHSKRQHDFWLQJDVD%OXHWRRWKUHPRWH
2) Output: Skin as a Display using Thermochromics'XR6NLQEULQJVsoftGLVSOD\VRQWRWKHVNLQHQDEOHGWKURXJKWKHLQNOLNHTXDOLWLHVRIWKHUPRFKURPLFSLJPHQWV7KHVHGLVSOD\VKDYHWZRGLIIHUHQWVWDWHVDQGFRORUFKDQJHLVWULJJHUHG
ZKHQKHDWHGEH\RQGERG\WHPSHUDWXUH'LVSOD\VFDQDOVREH
VHSDUDWHGLQWRGHVLJQDWHGSDUWV7RDFWLYDWHFRORUFKDQJHVRQRXUGLVSOD\VZHIDEULFDWHUHVLVWLYHKHDWLQJHOHPHQWVXQGHUQHDWK WKH WKHUPRFKURPLF OD\HU )LJXUH D VKRZV D W\SLFDO'XR6NLQ GLVSOD\ FRPSRVLWLRQ 7KH WKHUPRFKURPLF OD\HUFRPSULVHV WKHUPRFKURPLF SLJPHQWV FRORUFKDQJHFRPWZ 
PL[HGZLWKDVLOLFRQHEDVHDQGRYHUODLGRQWRSRIWKHJROG
OHDI 7KH SLJPHQWV FKDQJH FRORU DERYH ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH
:HVHOHFWHGSLJPHQWVFHUWLILHGIRUIRRGJUDGHSDFNDJLQJDQG
WR\VDQGHQFDSVXODWHGWKHPLQWKHVLOLFRQHEDVHIRUVDIHW\8QOLNH /(' DUUD\V 'XR6NLQ GLVSOD\V UHVHPEOH ERG\ DUWVDFULILFLQJRXWSXWUHVROXWLRQDQGG\QDPLFUDQJHIRUDSSHDU
DQFH:HDUJXHWKDWWKLVEHWWHUIXOILOOVXVHUV¶GHVLUHVVLQFHVWXGLHVKDYH VKRZQ WKHLUSUHIHUHQFH IRU WH[WLOH RXWSXW ZLWKQDWXUDOLVWLFDHVWKHWLFVRYHUGLVSOD\VGLUHFWO\RQFORWKLQJ>@

a



b

)LJXUH D 'LVSOD\ZLWKWKUHHFHOOV E $FHOO ULJKWSHWDO LVDFWLYDWHGDQGWXUQVZKLWHZKHQGHDFWLYDWHGLWUHWXUQVWRUHG

$VDQH[DPSOHZHEXLOWµ&RXSOH+DUPRQ\¶DQDSSIRUFRX
SOHV WR YLVXDOL]H HDFK RWKHU¶V FXUUHQW PRRG 2QH SHUVRQZHDUV D WKHUPRFKURPLF ILUH WDWWRR )LJXUHE  WKDW VKRZVZKLWHZKHQWKHRWKHUSHUVRQLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH\DUHDQJU\E\
SUHVVLQJDFDSDFLWLYHWRXFK³PRRGEXWWRQ´RQWKHLUIRUHDUP)LJXUHVKRZVRXUVHFRQGH[DPSOHDURVHWDWWRRZLWKLQGLYLGXDOO\ DGGUHVVDEOH SDGV WKDW UHIOHFW WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHVE\VZLWFKLQJIURPUHGWRZKLWH$WKHUPLVWRUFLUFXLWLQWKH
VLOYHUURVHYLQHWKHUHE\GHWHFWVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHURVHSHWDOVWXUQZKLWHZKHQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHH[FHHGVWKHWKHUPRFKURPLFSLJPHQW¶VFRORUFKDQJHWKUHVKROG3) Wireless communication through on-skin user interfaces

7RH[FKDQJHGDWDDFURVVRQVNLQLQWHUIDFHVFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHHGV WR EH ZLUHOHVV 'XR6NLQ GHYLFHV FRPPXQLFDWH XVLQJ1)&ZKRVHWDJVFRPSULVHDFKLSWKDWFRQQHFWVWRDFRLO:H
IDEULFDWH WKLV FRLO XVLQJ JROG OHDI FXVWRPL]HG WR YDULRXVVKDSHVDQGVL]HV )LJXUH $Q1;30)6;'$,&
DWWDFKHVWRWKHFRLOZLWKFRQGXFWLYHIDEULFWRIRUPDWDJ

VLOLFRQRYHUOD\
tattoo paper

WKHUPRFKURPLF
JROGOHDIUHVLVWLYHKHDWLQJHOHPHQWV

DGKHVLYH
WDWWRRSDSHU

a

b

a



)LJXUH D /D\HUVRI'XR6NLQGLVSOD\V5HVLVWLYHKHDWLQJDFWLYDWHVFRORUFKDQJHVLQWKHWKHUPRFKURPLFV E 6SDFHILOOLQJKHDWLQJSDWWHUQOHIWLVGHIDXOWFRORUULJKWLVKHDWHGXS

:HJHQHUDWHWKHUHVLVWLYHKHDWLQJHOHPHQWVZLWKDVSDFHILOOLQJPHDQGHULQJSDWWHUQ>@ZKLFKGLVVLSDWHVKHDWRYHUWKH
HQWLUHVXUIDFHRIWKHGLVSOD\DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHE:HIDEULFDWH WKHVH WUDFHV RQWR WKH WKHUPRFKURPLF OD\HU ZLWK JROGb

)LJXUH D 6TXDUH  E URXQG1)&DQWHQQDXVLQJJROGOHDI

7KH GHVLJQ RI VXFK FRLO DQWHQQDV IDFHV WZR FKDOOHQJHV WR
DFKLHYHJRRGUDGLDWLRQHIILFLHQF\)LUVWWKHFRQGXFWLYLW\RI
WKHWUDFHVOLPLWVWKHUDGLDWLRQHIILFLHQF\DORZHUUHVLVWDQFH
ZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHWDJIRUH[DPSOHE\DSSO\LQJDGGLWLRQDOOD\HUVRIJROGOHDI6HFRQGWKHVL]HRIWKHDQWHQQDGLFWDWHVWKHUHODWLYHDSHUWXUHWRKDUYHVWSRZHUIURPWKH
UHDGHUDVPDOOHUFRLOZKLOHEOHQGLQJPRUHVHDPOHVVO\RQWR
RQH¶VERG\KDUYHVWVOHVVSRZHUZKLFKOLPLWVUDQJH
:HEXLOWDQH[DPSOH1)&DUPOHW )LJXUHF 2XUSKRQHDSS
DOORZVWKHZHDUHUWRXSGDWHWKHLU³VNLQVWDWXV´ZKLFKRWKHUVUHDGE\WRXFKLQJWKHLUSKRQHVWRWKHZHDUHU¶VDUPOHWMicrocontroller platform of DuoSkin devices:KLOHRXU1)&WDJVDUHSDVVLYHO\SRZHUHGDQGSRVVHVVQR
SURFHVVRULQDGGLWLRQWRWKHLU,&DOORWKHU'XR6NLQGHYLFHV
FRQQHFWHGWRDPLFURFRQWUROOHUZKLFKSURFHVVHVVHQVRUGDWD
SURYLGHVSRZHUDQGFRQQHFWVRWKHUGHYLFHVRYHU%OXHWRRWK
0DQ\PLFURFRQWUROOHUVDUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKLVSXUSRVHZHXVHG
DQ$UGXLQR0LQLDQGDVPDOO/L3REDWWHU\'826.,1$(67+(7,&6&86720,=,1*$33($5$1&(6:HQRZRXWOLQHRSWLRQVIRUXVHUVWRDHVWKHWLFDOO\FXVWRPL]HWKH'XR6NLQGHYLFHVWKH\FUHDWHXVLQJRXUSURFHVV
Color customization: 8VHUV FDQ IDEULFDWH 'XR6NLQ GHYLFHVXVLQJJROGVLOYHUFRSSHURUYDULHJDWHGOHDI2XUSURFHVVH[WHQGVWRDQ\FRORUE\OD\HULQJSLJPHQWVDQGLQNVRQWRWKLQWDWWRRSDSHUEHIRUHDSSO\LQJWKHPHWDOOHDI7KHOHDIWKHUHE\VHUYHVDVWKHFRQGXFWLYHPDWHULDOZKLOHWKHFRORUHGLQNVSUR
YLGHWKHGHFRUDWLYHHOHPHQWVRIWKHGHYLFH
Juxtaposing functional and decorative components: 'X
R6NLQPHWDOOHDIWUDFHVVHUYHERWKGHFRUDWLYHDQGIXQFWLRQDOSXUSRVHV)LJXUHVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIMHZHOU\OLNHURXWLQJ
PDGH ZLWK 'XR6NLQ 2XU SURFHVV DOVR VXSSRUWV FUHDWLQJSXUHO\GHFRUDWLYH LHQRQFRQGXFWLYH  HOHPHQWV ZLWKSLJPHQWVDQGLQNVZKLFKFDQEHSULQWHGZLWKLQNMHWSULQWHUVIRU
LQWULFDWHGHVLJQV:HOD\HUWKHGHFRUDWLYHHOHPHQWVDWRSWKH
IXQFWLRQDOHOHPHQWVRUDSSO\WKHPDVLQGHSHQGHQWWDWWRRVSOD\)RXUWKZHREVHUYHGILUVWWLPHXVHUVRI'XR6NLQIDEULFDWLQJ1)&WDJVWRDVVHVVWKHHDVHRIZRUNLQJZLWKJROGOHDI
,QDZRUNVKRSZHHYDOXDWHGDHVWKHWLFFXVWRPL]DWLRQZKHUH
SDUWLFLSDQWVFUHDWHGDPXVLFFRQWUROOHUZLWK'XR6NLQ &RSSHU7DSHYV&RQGXFWLYH7KUHDGYV*ROG/HDI&RSSHU WDSH DQG FRQGXFWLYH WKUHDG DUH VWDQGDUG QRQULJLG
SURWRW\SLQJPDWHULDOVIRUFLUFXLWU\DQGVHUYHDVRXUEDVHOLQH
LQWKLVHYDOXDWLRQ:HXVHGPPZLGHFRSSHUWDSHSO\PP GLDPHWHU FRQGXFWLYH WKUHDG DWWDFKHG ZLWK H\HODVKJOXHDQGDPPZLGHJROGOHDIWUDFHDWWDFKHGZLWKZDWHUWUDQVIHU7KHOHQJWKRIHDFKPDWHULDOZDVPP:HGLGQRW
WDNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKHWDWWRRSDSHUDGKHVLYHWRDGKHUHWKHFRSSHUWDSHRUFRQGXFWLYHWKUHDGWRVNLQEHFDXVHLWZDVWRRZHDNDQGGLGQRWDWWDFKWRWKHVHPDWHULDOVLQVWHDGZHXWLOL]HGWKH
H[LVWLQJ DGKHVLYH RQ WKH FRSSHU WDSH DQG H\HODVK JOXH IRUFRQGXFWLYHWKUHDG VLQFHWKH\ZHUHPXFKVWURQJHUDGKHVLYHV
7DEOHVKRZVWKHEDVLFSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVHPDWHULDOVLQFOXG
LQJWKLFNQHVVHVDQGUHVLVWDQFHVSHUXQLWOHQJWK:HH[FOXGHG
FRQGXFWLYHVLOYHULQNVIURPWKLVHYDOXDWLRQEHFDXVHWKH\DUH
QRWVNLQVDIHWRWKHEHVWRIRXUNQRZOHGJH
Participants: :H UHFUXLWHG WHQ SDUWLFLSDQWV ILYH IHPDOH 
IURPDXQLYHUVLW\DJHV±\HDUV 0 \HDUV 
Procedure:3DUWLFLSDQWVDUULYHGDWRXUODEWRDSSO\DOOWKUHH
PDWHULDOV RQWR WKHLU OHIW IRUHDUP 3DUWLFLSDQWV DSSOLHG HDFKPDWHULDOWKHPVHOYHVWRH[SHULHQFHHDVHRIDSSOLFDWLRQDIWHUZKLFKZHYHULILHGWKDWLWSURSHUO\DGKHUHG$IWHUZDUGVWKH\UHVXPHGWKHLUUHJXODUDFWLYLWLHVDQGUHWXUQHGKRXUVODWHUIRU
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WLFLSDQWV WKHQ UHPRYHG DOO PDWHULDOV WKHPVHOYHV WR DVVHVV
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WDFKHG IURP WZR SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG WKH FRSSHU WDSH KDG GH
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WUDFHEURNH:HUHSHDWHGWKLVSURFHVVWLPHV
Results:7UDFHVZLGHUWKDQPPUHPDLQHGIXOO\IXQFWLRQDO
HYHQDIWHUVWUHWFKLQJWKHPPRUHWKDQWLPHV1DUURZHUWUDFHVH[KLELWHGOHVVUHOLDELOLW\ 3HUIRUPDQFHRI'XR6NLQFUHDWHGFRPSRQHQWVCapacitive Touch Accuracy

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Thermochromic Resistive Heating Circuit Response Time

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1. Is gold leaf easy enough to work with for users?

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2. Are users able to create a personalized DuoSkin device?

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IURPWKHDFFHVVLELOLW\VWXG\ZKRWKHUHIRUHKDGH[SHULHQFHG
WKHIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVV3DUWLFLSDQWVUHFHLYHGDJUDWXLW\
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RIERG\DUW PDNHXSSLHUFLQJVWDWWRRVHWF DQGWKHQOHDUQHG
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SDUWLFLSDQWVGHFRUDWHGWKHLUERGLHVRQDGDLO\EDVLV PDNHXS

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SURFHVVZDVDOVRQRWHG3VDLG“it’s good I can design my
own thing so I know how it works, it’s not a huge mystery tome […] it satisfies my curiosity.” :H GLG KRZHYHU VHH D
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