Contribution of food waste and loss reduction on Indonesia emission mitigation:
Preliminary finding and Proposed Method
Marissa Malahayati* and Toshihiko Masui
National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16‐2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Corresponding author: marissa.malahayati@nies.go.jp

1. INTRODUCTION
Food waste and loss is serious problem, as it may harm the nutrition andenvironmental sustainability. Many countries are not give a serious concern on
this case including Indonesia. As a big country with high number of population,Indonesia needs to ensure the food availability for its people. Unfortunately,
30%‐50% of foods in Indonesia are wasted without being consumed by people.
Furthermore, if we compare the total food wastages in the South‐east Asia
region, the total food wastage in Indonesia is the highest (Figure a).

To assess this matter further, we are now developing and modify AIM/CGE [country] toassess the food wastages reduction and its impact to the economy and emission
mitigation. In this presentation, we would like to present the idea and its model
prototype.

2. PROPOSED DATA AND METHOD
Before modifying and developing AIM/CGE model, we need to gather several supporting
information. In this case, we want to highlight the food wastages matter, thus we gather all theinformation about calculation of food wastages. For now, we are using the information gained
from Food Balance Table (FBT), either from FAO or from national statistics.

Food Balance Table

Division of foodwaste and loss
IO Table
AIM/CGE [Country]
Figure 1. Food wastage comparison between each country in south‐east Asia 2018 based on FAO foodBalance Table (new method). Source: FAOSTAT (2021)

If we breakdown the food loss situation in Indonesia, we can see the loss is,although started to decrease, very high. The main problem comes from thecereals commodities that always dominate around half of the food loss of thecountry. Moreover, there is also a visible trend of wasted oils products alongwith the increase of oil crops and its demand (Figure 2).

From the simulation, by reducing the food loss for around 1%/ year for cereals and0.5%/ year for other food crops, the simulation indicate the GDP will increase foraround 0.17% (Figure 4). This result indicate that resources savings may bring a
positive impact to economy.
Moreover, we also expect reduction of cropland if the food loss can be reduced as
more food products can be consumed without expanding the land to boost theproduction. Our simulation also shows the potential reduction of croplanddemand will achieve 1.28% compared to the BAU level by 2030. This value isaround 300 thousand ha of cropland (Figure 5).

We start the model prototype fromIndonesian case. In this case, we get thenational statistic of Food Balance Table.
However, the food wastages in thestatistic only capture food loss and we
still need to breakdown the FBT to makedisaggregation between consumed foodand food waste.
Another problem is, AIM/CGE[Indonesia] constructed based on IO
Table that has different sector
classification with the FBT.

Figure 3. Proposed step to assess the foodwastages using AIM/CGE [country].

To combine those two datasets, we need to reexamine the sector classification,and do some aggregation/disaggregation of those two datasets, and after thatrunning the simulation and do some parameter adjustment needed.
After finish to assess the case of Indonesia, the method can be used to assess
another country in Southeast Asia.

3. PRELIMINARY FINDING
By using some available data, we created a prototype of AIM/CGE [Indonesia] to assess
the food loss reduction effect in Indonesia. This work is using the IO Table Indonesia
2010 and FBT Indonesia 2010. The analysis still only involve the food loss reduction as
we still need further work to decide the food waste in consumer level. We involve two
scenarios:
BAU : Business as Usual; no change
FWL : Food loss reduction appliedFigure 5. Simulation result on land demand by 2030. Source: Malahayati & Masui (2021, in press).

4. FUTURE WORKS
There are still many room for improvements for this study and model
development. As we still need to complete some data and information to make thesimulation can be more complete and comprehensive.
The most significant improvement will come from the separation of food loss andfood waste.
Food Wastages

Food Loss

Food Waste

SUPPLY(agriculture)

DEMAND(consumer level)

The assessment of food loss are mostly
involve the setting in the supply side,
especially for agricultural sectors. While
the food waste will involve more
analysis in the demand side as it ishighly relate with the consumer
demand (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Further analysis on Food Loss and Food Waste

Moreover, emission mitigation also an important topic to be assessed forIndonesia. Especially because Indonesia has a target to achieve net‐zero emission
by 2060. Thus, we would like to expand the analysis by looking the relation of foodwastage reduction to the emission, and how much this food wastage reduction
may help Indonesia to achieve the emission reduction target.

Figure 2. Food loss in Indonesia based on Indonesia Food Balance Table 2000‐2020 for each food groups.
Source: calculated from Indonesia food balance Table 2015‐2021 Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture(2010‐2021).

This condition is worrying because it can interfere with the food availability of
the community. In addition, food waste also produces emissions directly andindirectly. This indirect emission from food waste comes from the process ofland conversion for land clearing for food commodities. this can hinder
Indonesia's mission in reducing emissions, including in the land use change(LUC) sector.

While this matter also involve life cycle assessment, we received some suggestions
to consider further the utilization of food waste as bioenergy and as organiccompost. As those kind of utilization may also affect the calculation emission andin the end the effect to the economy.
Also, as food also highly related to the public nutrition and health, a further
exploration to this topic can also be assessed in the future study.
Figure 4. Simulation result on GDP by 2030. Source: Malahayati & Masui (2021, in press).

Some materials in this presentation are under review or in‐press for publications. Some changes might still applied in theprocess of review and revision. Please do not cite.

References
FAOSTAT. 2021. Food Balance Sheet Based on New Methodology. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture. 2015. Neraca Bahan Makanan 2016‐2018 (in Indonesian)Indonesia Ministry of Agriculture. 2021. Neraca Bahan Makanan 2018‐2020 (in Indonesian)Malahayati & Masui. 2021. Impact of Reducing Food Wastage to the Environment and Economics: A preliminary Finding of Indonesia Case. ChemicalEngineering Transactions. Vol.89, 2021. (in press).