Basic Plan on Space Policy

January 25, 2013
Established by Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy,
Government of Japan

Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 1 Status of the Basic Plan on Space Policy and the New Structure to promote thedevelopment and utilization of space ...................................................................... 4
1.1 Status of the Basic Plan on Space Policy ..................................................................... 4
1.2 Period covered by the Basic Plan on Space Policy ...................................................... 4
1.3 Organizational structure to promote space development and utilization ..................... 4
Chapter 2 Basic Policy to Promote the development and utilization of space ........................ 5
2.1 Current circumstances .................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Basic Policy .................................................................................................................. 6(1) Expanding the utilization of space ............................................................................. 6(2) Ensuring autonomy .................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Prioritization of measures and three priority subjects .................................................. 7
2.4 Six basic pillars for Japan's development and utilization of space .............................. 7(1) Peaceful use of space ................................................................................................. 7(2) Improvement of people’s lives................................................................................... 8(3) Development of industry ........................................................................................... 9(4) Prosperity of human society .................................................................................... 10(5) Promotion of international cooperation ................................................................... 11(6) Consideration for the environment .......................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 Measures that the Government should take comprehensively and systematicallyfor the development and utilization of space......................................................... 14
3-1. Four social infrastructures for expanding the utilization of space and ensuring
autonomy .................................................................................................................... 14
A. Positioning satellites ................................................................................................ 14
B. Remote sensing satellites ......................................................................................... 16
C. Communications/broadcasting satellites ................................................................. 19
D. Launching Vehicle system ....................................................................................... 21
3-2. Three programs for pursuing the possibility of the development and utilization of
space in future ............................................................................................................ 24
E. Space science and space exploration program......................................................... 24
F. Human space activity program ................................................................................ 26
G. Space solar power system R&D program ................................................................ 28
3-3. Eight cross measures to promote the strategic development and utilization of space 29(1) Promotion of comprehensive measures to expand the utilization of space ............. 29(2) Building a strong industrial base and promoting effective R&D ............................ 30(3) Reinforcement of foreign and national security policies by utilizing space ............ 33(3-1) Promotion of Space Diplomacy ..................................................................... 33(3-2) Reinforcement of national security policy by utilizing space ........................ 34(3-3) Action plans by country ................................................................................. 36(4) Promotion of Japan’s infrastructure system overseas in response to partnercountries’ needs........................................................................................................ 39(5) Reinforcement of information gathering, research and analysis functions that
contribute to effective space policy planning .......................................................... 40(6) Promotion of human resources development and space education that will support
the development and utilization of space................................................................. 41

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(7) Consideration for the environment with a view to sustainable development andutilization of space ................................................................................................... 42(8) Development of laws related to the space activities ................................................ 43
3-4. The method of promoting space related measures efficiently and effectively ........... 44(1) Elimination of redundancy ...................................................................................... 44(2) Use of capabilities of the private sector ................................................................... 44(3) Reinforcement of cooperation between related ministries ...................................... 44(4) Cooperation measures to support overseas deployment .......................................... 45(5) Cooperation between related ministries in research and development projects andthoroughgoing project evaluation ............................................................................ 45(6) Rationalization of operating and maintenance costs ............................................... 45
Chapter 4 Promotion of Measures Based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy ....................... 46(1) Implementation of the measures based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy ............ 46(2) Follow-up of implementation status and public announcement .............................. 46(3) Linkage with policies in other areas ........................................................................ 462

Introduction
This plan is the first of its kind since the establishment of a system for prompting Japan's
space policy in an integrated manner, including the establishments of the Office of National
Space Policy and the Committee on National Space Policy in the Cabinet Office.
National and international circumstances of space development and exploitation haveconsiderably changed since the establishment of the previous version of the Basic Plan on
National Space Policy in 2009.
Overseas, for example, the space activities in Europe and the U.S. have increasingly shifted tothe private sector due to financial stringency, while China has constructed its own navigation
satellite system and space station. In addition, more and more emerging countries are trying tohave their own satellites.
In addition to maintenance and reinforcing the industrial base, Japan has been faced withincreasing demands for safety and security in light of the recent international situation, as
demands for security including recovery from the Great East Japan Earthquake, establishmentof a social and economic structure that can deal with huge risks, and strengthening of disastermanagement and mitigation.
Japan’s space policy should change from the measures that focus on technologicaldevelopment to those that emphasize space utilization and make the objectives more specificin order to deal with these environmental changes.
The previous version of the Basic Plan on National Space Policy was laid out on theassumption of a budget of up to 2.5 trillion yen in five years from both the government andthe private sector. In reality, however, financial stringency kept the governmental share of thespace-related budget to about 300 billion yen per year. The private sector has been unable tofind sufficient private or foreign demand.
Amid the situation where it is unlikely for Japan’s financial state to significantly improve in
the near future, Japan should aim at becoming a more sophisticated and efficient society
through space utilization and maintain and strengthen its industrial base to realize this purpose.
In order to do so, the space industry is required to respond to global needs, such as spacedevelopment in the Asian and other emerging markets and international cooperation indisaster prevention, breaking away from the current overdependence on governmental
demands.
Based on these situations, the government should promote the space policy under which going
forward it focuses on the areas with high priority, instead of deeming every project asessential, in order to achieve maximum effectiveness under limited resources.



The English text is an unofficial translation for non-native readers of Japanese.

3Chapter 1 Status of the Basic Plan on Space Policy and the New Structure
to promote the development and utilization of space
1.1

Status of the Basic Plan on Space Policy

The Basic Plan on National Space Policy is established as the plan at the most fundamental
level for Japan's development and utilization of space according to Article 24 of the BasicSpace Law (Law No. 43, 2008) in order to promote integrated and systematic measures forJapan's development and utilization of space.1
1.2

Period covered by the Basic Plan on Space Policy

The Basic Plan on National Space Policy covers a five-year period starting from FY2013 with
the next decade taken into account.
The plan will be reviewed 5 years after its formulation. However, it should be reviewed asneeded based on follow-ups.
1.3

Organizational structure to promote space development and utilization

The Cabinet Office has been assigned a commanding role in Japan's space policy by anamendment of the act (Law for Partial Amendment of the Law for Establishment of Cabinet
Office) in July 2012. This enables the government to promote Japan’s space policy in a more
integrated and systematic manner.
The Cabinet Office is now responsible for coordination between agencies concerned, e.g.
promotion of the development and utilization of space, and estimation of expenditures for thedevelopment and utilization of space. It is also responsible for administrative work of thedevelopment, maintenance and operation of satellites for public or official utilization in avariety of sectors, such as Quasi-Zenith Satellite System.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been positioned as the core organizationthat provides technical support for the entire governmental development and utilization of
space projects. It is stipulated in law that JAXA’s Mid-Term Goal should be based on the
Basic Plan on Space Policy2. JAXA is therefore supposed to make necessary contributions to
the governmental space policies specified in the Basic Plan. On this basis, the Prime Minister,
as the head of the Cabinet Office which is responsible for the administrative work for thepromotion of space utilization, has now become one of the competent ministers of JAXA.3 In
addition, JAXA has begun to do support work, such as giving advice to private enterprises
upon their requests. Now the Prime Minister and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry
play a major role in promoting industry through JAXA in cooperation with the Minister of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Minister of Internal Affairs andCommunications.4

1

See Article 24, Basic Space Law.
See Article 19, Law concerning the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
3
See Articles 18 and 26, Law concerning the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
4
See Articles 18 and 26, Law concerning the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
2

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Chapter 2 Basic Policy to Promote the development and utilization of
space
2.1

Current circumstances[Recent status in space development and utilization in world]
Following activities led by the U.S., Russia, Europe and Japan, some emerging countries haverecently moved into space development and utilization. In particular, China is acceleratingsuch activities as seen in the construction of its own space station and making active efforts todevelop its space system overseas. India has announced its Mars exploration and manned
space activity projects as well as starting a rocket launching business, increasing its global
presence. Several other countries are planning to possess their own satellites for disastermanagement or national security.
Space utilization enables us to provide services covering an area beyond national borders anddetect phenomena in a global scale. Due to such characteristics, space utilization is actively
prompted across the globe both in national security and civil activities, particularly in thefields such as satellite navigation, communications/broadcasting, and remote sensing. It has
become widespread in the society to considerable extent as an important social infrastructure.
Since the 1990s, the space industry has experienced reorganization and rapid
commercialization as a result of the decrease in military demands after the end of the Cold
War. The utilization of space has expanded in the private sector, and the private-sector
services are increasingly adopted to fulfill the demands of national security and othergovernment-driven sectors. For example, Europe pioneered in public-private partnerships inthe commercialization of space technology, while the U.S. decommissioned its Space Shuttles
and now purchases commercial services for the transportation of crews and materials to theInternational Space Station (ISS).
[Status of space development and utilization in Japan]
Japan's space programs have so far focused on the acquisition of technologies, resulting in its
own space transportation (rockets), discoveries in space science and acquisition of thetechnologies for manned space activities through the experiences in the ISS. Meteorological,
communications/broadcasting and other satellites were developed based on specific users’
needs, resulting in their commercialization.
The governmental investment for space development has been more focused on research anddevelopment since 1990. As a result, the industry became over-dependent on thegovernmental investment in R&D, and there is a concern that may undermine the industry
base, as seen in the withdrawal of some enterprises.
Space utilization should be promoted hereafter in fields of critical importance to the industry
and human life such as meteorological and communications/broadcasting satellites. For thispurpose, government-supported research and development should be conducted in a mannerthat outcomes of such research and technology contribute to sophistication and improved
efficiency of the industry, administration and people’s lives.
When the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011, satellite communications made aconsiderable contribution to ensuring a means of communications in the affected area where
the landlines failed. Satellite imaging allowed for observation on the nuclear power plants that5

had become inaccessible due to the high radiation level. These cases demonstrate that a spacesystem unsusceptible to changes in the ground environment is very useful for disaster
response.
Before the enactment of the Basic Space Law, the utilization of space for national security
was restricted to general applications. This new law is expected to further the utilization of
space, such as satellite communication and information gathering in the security arena.
2.2

Basic Policy

The basics of Japan's space policy are designed to achieve the following through theutilization of space in accordance with the idea of the Basic Space Law: (1) advancement andefficiency of the industry, human life and the administration, national security in a broad
sense, and economic development (expanding the utilization of space); and (2) maintenanceof Japan's capacity of autonomous space-related activities by preserving and strengthening theindustrial base based on generated demands from the private sector (ensuring autonomy).
(1) Expanding the utilization of space
An important purpose of space utilization is to create new services and products for the
improvement in quality of the people’s lives, such as meteorological forecast,communications/broadcasting, or car navigation. In particular, it is expected that the
space technology offers effective measures for disaster management in Japan prone tonatural disasters, and for ensuring its national security.
The government should enforce projects in the fields such ascommunications/broadcasting, satellite positioning and remote sensing, since these are
key technologies expected to improve and streamline the industry, the administrationand people’s lives in future.
With respect to satellite communications/broadcasting, private companies have alreadyprovided their services, and the utilization on this field has expanded.
Japan is one of the heaviest users of GPS. A project to build a Quasi-Zenith Satellite
System (QZSS) is ongoing, which will complement and strengthen GPS.
As for remote sensing, it is important to ensure constant and instant access to the data
which meet the demands of the industry and the administration, as well as to explore
new demands for further utilization of space technology.
In moving to the implementation, cooperation with the private sector and international
collaboration, such as joint operation and space system sharing among Asian countries,
are key factors.
(2) Ensuring autonomy
Since space activities are indispensable for Japan’s national security and its
socioeconomic benefit, ensuring the capability of autonomous space activities is thecore concept of Japan's space policy.
The minimum requirements are the self-sustaining capacity of manufacture, launch andoperation of satellites for navigation, remote sensing (including meteorologicalobservation and information gathering) and communications/broadcasting, along with6

maintaining, strengthening and developing of the domestic industrial base that supports
those activities.
The current large share of governmental demands for the Japanese space industry
should be reduced by satisfying demands from the private sector and overseas in orderto maintain and strengthen the industrial base. This requires R&D to increase theindustry's competitiveness and human resources development to train personnel who
will support the industry.
2.3

Prioritization of measures and three priority subjects

Promotion of utilization of space requires plenty of national funding and a long period of time.
Japan’s current financial stringency necessitates prioritization in order to yield the best resultswith limited resources.
As Space development programs, aimed at expanding the utilization of space and ensuring
autonomy, are financed by the national treasury, priority should be placed on the mostefficient and effective measures with national interest, cost benefit ratio and policy objectives
taken into account, and funds and resources should be allotted to such measures.
Space science for the wisdom of all people, and manned space activities/exploration forenlarging the scope of human activities in future are and will remain important. Therefore, in
addition to securing the necessary and sufficient resources for the expansion of utilization of
space and securing autonomy, as well as allotting a certain amount of resources to spacescience (including space exploration for academic purposes) based on bottom-up proposals by
the academic community, resources should also be provided to space exploration (bothmanned and unmanned) and manned space activities.
Large-scale space exploration should be based on international collaboration and beconsidered from various aspects, including diplomacy, national security, sustainment ofindustrial base, enhancement of competitiveness, science and technology, etc.
In view of the above, the following three issues thus take the highest priority: "national
security and disaster management," "industrial development," and "progress in frontier areas
including space science." In addition, it is vital to maintain and improve the technologicalcapabilities and industry base to support development and utilization of space. The
government identifies key policy targets to make this possible. Prioritization and efficiency
enhancement of specific measures for attaining the goals will be provided each year in thebudget estimation guidelines regarding development and utilization of space.
2.4

Six basic pillars for Japan's development and utilization of space

Implementation of the policies concerning development and utilization of space under the
principles described above should comply with the six fundamental pillars presented in the
Basic Space Law:
(1) Peaceful use of space
Utilization of space is one of the most important means to strengthen the capabilities ofcontinuous surveillance of sea and air surrounding Japan, the detection of signs ofevents, and the prompt delivery/sharing of obtained information. Based on this idea, the7

Ministry of Defense is making steady progress to enhance C4ISR5 capabilities using
space, developing a new communications satellite for the Japan Self Defense Forces(JSDF), which is planned to be in operation from FY2015. Other research projects forour national security are also being conducted even in the time of financial constraint.

The Information Gathering Satellite, which was decided to be introduced in FY1998,
has been making considerable contributions to gather information necessary for national
security and crisis management. It is necessary, therefore, to continue the improvement
and reinforcement of its capabilities.

Amid the advancement of utilization of space for defense around the world, its future
trends should be carefully monitored. It is also necessary to sustain and strengthen theindustrial base by applying national security-related technologies to consumer use after
a set period of time, insofar as the application does not compromise national security.
For our sustainable space development, establishing the space situational awareness(SSA) system for the purpose such as to protect satellites from possible collision withspace debris (junk in outer space, hereinafter called debris) has been gaining importanceas utilization of space is extended for both civil and military purposes. In addition to thecountermeasures by the government, relevant agencies have to take appropriate
measures from the standpoint of civil use, diplomacy and national security.
The space development and utilization for national security are conducted in accordancewith the Basic Space Law, international agreements concluded by Japan and principle ofpacifism enshrined in the Constitution of Japan, in the light of the situation in Northeast
Asia. Their main purpose is the enhancement of information gathering, surveillance andcommunications capabilities that will contribute to Japan’s national security.
It is important for JAXA to make contributions to the utilization of space for national
security, because its objectives were updated in the 2012 amendment of the act (Law ofPartial Amendment of the Cabinet Office Establishment Law).
(2) Improvement of people’s lives
The development and utilization of space in Japan have already become common as an
indispensable basis for everyday life. Examples include: weather forecast withmeteorological satellites; data communications/broadcasting via dedicated satellites;
cartography, resource survey, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and disaster monitoring in
conjunction with land/ocean observation satellites; car navigation and geographicalsurvey with GPS.
However, applications other than those examples are still in the first stage. It is anurgent issue to exploit the maximum potential of the utilization of space in order to
upgrade and streamline the industry, human life and the administration as well as toimprove disaster management etc.

5Stands for: Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance andReconnaissance.

8

The Great East Japan Earthquake has raised much public awareness of disastermanagement and response in Japan. Space-based systems have advantages in disastermanagement/response in that they are unaffected by the events on the ground and theirservices cover a wide area. Among those worthy of consideration are QZSS for
detecting crustal land deformation or tsunami, remote-sensing satellites for surveying
disaster-affected areas, and satellite communication networks useful for emergency
situations.
The important points are to enhance the usability of the systems for both satellites andground facilities, to expand both professional utilization and potential public utilization,and to facilitate the utilization of satellite data.
(3) Development of industry
Space industry6 is an important base for the national space activity. It is a promisingsource of innovation due to its aggregation of cutting-edge technologies and the wide
range of supportive industries, which is expected to bring about far-reaching spin-off
effects on the whole industry and significant economic effects.
The space industry also has connections with the service industry throughcommunications/broadcasting, map services using satellite imaging and positioning
services, such as navigation.
The current financial stringency limits the government to support the space industry
with sufficient procurement orders. Some private surveys indicate that the sales andnumber of employees of the Japanese space industry is currently about 260 billion yen
and 7,000 workers, respectively, down from over 350 billion and nearly 10,000 in thelatter half of the 1990s.
A key factor for sustaining and strengthening the industry base of Japan is the growth of
the Japanese space industry through satisfying the private and overseas demands inglobal competition.
Although Japanese enterprises have recently received orders of satellites from Turkey
and Vietnam in addition to Japanese meteorological satellites, they are not yet
sufficiently competitive in the international market. Most of the satellites operated by
Japanese companies are imports; Japanese telecom carriers operate only about 20
satellites. Japanese launching service providers have won only one order from theRepublic of Korea for commercial satellite launching. Private companies have justbegun their efforts to spot demands in the civil market, and need governmental support
for overseas development of their space infrastructure system.
The global satellites market is dominated by U.S. and European companies, which have
won the trust of customers in the private sector through their performance of on-orbit
operation of government-ordered products. In contrast, Japanese firms have sufferedfrom smaller governmental demand and insufficient R&D for commercialization andindustrial promotion since the 1990s. They have limited experience of on-orbit
6"Space industry" includes "spacecraft manufacturing" producing satellites, rockets, ground facilities, etc.,"space-based services" providing positioning, remote sensing, satellite communication/broadcasting andother services, "space-related civil equipment manufacturing" providing GPS terminals, car navigation
systems, BS receivers and other user terminals, and "user industry" utilizing those equipment or services.

9operation and failed to achieve a certain share of the global market. The same applies tothe rocket launching service: Europe and Russia are dominant in the world market,
followed by China and India.
Materials and components for spacecraft are still unprofitable items for the industry due
to small outlet and lack of versatile applications, and many companies have ceased
production. On the other hand, imported materials and components have risks of defects
or unexpected suspension of production.
Limited on-orbit operation performance and high prices have prevented Japan-madecomponents and materials from securing a visible share in the world market. Some
products, including earth sensors, transponders, lithium ion batteries, heat pipe panels
and solar cell panels, are internationally competitive as a system component. Export ofthese components should be encouraged individually rather than rigidly insisting on
expert of the total systems. As for other uncompetitive items, the government should
identify products of which the sustainment of domestic production capacity is important,and provide technology development assistance and opportunities for effective
demonstration in conjunction with the government as a whole.
Testing and launching facilities for satellites and rockets should be maintained so as not
to affect the development schedule including measures against aging of such facilities.
Another step for sustaining and expanding Japan’s industry base is to encourage
entrance into space industry of new entrepreneurs or established businesses with hightechnological levels in other fields. The government should create an environment
favorable to such entry.
These businesses should also be encouraged to provide not only space-related products
but also problem solving (providing solution) services.
(4) Prosperity of human society
Space is the last frontier for humankind. It offers limitless possibilities in many ways,
such as accumulation of the intellectual heritage, expansion of human activities, andnew form of energy utilization in space. Advanced scientific and technological researchand development are indispensable for challenging the severe space environment andachieving the potential for practical and tangible utilization of space.
Such advanced R&D activities will also prompt new technological breakthroughs,
which will, in turn, contribute to a better lifestyle and dynamic future.
Modern space science integrates astronomical science (study of the solar system, originof the universe, origin of life, etc.) with leading-edge engineering for probe vehicles that
permit the scientific studies. Japanese space science, conducted on the basis ofbottom-up consensus in the scientific community, has been successful and made anumber of cutting-edge breakthroughs, as exemplified by the sample from Asteroid“Itokawa”, brought home by the asteroid explorer HAYABUSA (MUSES-C).
Japanese astronauts have contributed to the ISS project by developing the technologies
that support manned space activities. Experiments on ISS are expected to contribute to
the advancement of people’s lives. For example, the formation of high-grade protein
10crystals in lab module “Kibo” completed in 2009 may lead to the development of novel
pharmaceuticals.
As for large-scale space exploration (both manned and unmanned), a top-down decision
based on a long-term prospect taking into account various aspects including diplomacy,national security, industrial capacity and competitiveness and science and technology isessential. Implementation of projects, including the manned space activity mentioned
above, should be in accordance with a clear order of priority.
Japan’s position on space science and space exploration should be that of a leading
country with accumulated experience and technology, and Japan should be engaged inspace science research and exploration as a quest for scientific truth and as efforts to
expand the realm of mankind.
(5) Promotion of international cooperation
Japan has been active in addressing international issues through Group on Earth
Observations (GEO), Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF), Sentinel
Asia, and the Charter on Cooperation to Achieve the Coordinated Utilization of Space
Facilities in the Event of Natural or Technological Disasters. For example, data from theJapanese satellites Himawari and DAICHI etc., have been provided for meteorology,
disaster monitoring or climate change projection in Asia. Along with the participation in
the ISS project and other space science and space exploration activities, Japan has built
strong ties with other leading countries in space development and these performances
have contributed to securing Japan's presence in the international scene.
Japan’s contribution has been highly regarded by the international community, and it
should utilize such recognition as a diplomatic asset in order to conduct “space
diplomacy”. Japan's international activities should not be limited to responding torequests from other countries but should involve efforts to build frameworks formutually beneficial cooperation with partner countries, including support for overseas
expansion of Japan’s space-related businesses and industrial cooperation.
Development and utilization of space require a considerable amount of funds fordeveloping and launching satellites. Since it is not realistic for Japan solely to cover theentire cost of such expensive programs, international cooperation and role sharing, as in
the ISS project, are very important in order to cultivate a good international relationshipthat will realize effective utilization of space.
For example, the Japanese remote-sensing satellite systems can be introduced to Asianand other emerging countries where disaster management and monitoring are highly
needed. A harmonious relationship beneficial to both Japan and a partner can beestablished through the joint operation of satellites and data sharing.
Projects of this kind will not only be helpful to the partner countries in improving theircapacity to handle disasters, but also to Japan in maintaining and strengthening theindustrial base. The government should cooperate closely with the private sector in
infrastructure export under the public-private partnership (PPP) framework, as practiced
in other countries where private companies gain overseas orders with strong support by
the governments.

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Specifically, the government should learn the needs in other countries by taking thefollowing measures: bilateral cooperation agreements, export financing, trade insurance,
financial aids through Official Development Assistance (ODA), and activities via
diplomatic establishments abroad. A good example of overseas development of theJapanese space system infrastructure is the response under inter-ministry collaboration
to the request by the Vietnamese government for the construction of a space center,
introduction of space systems and staff training. It also demonstrates a new scheme ofinternational cooperation in space development. Such efforts will contribute to theestablishment of concept "Disaster Management Network for ASEAN Region"7 which
was proposed in November 2011 and obtained high praise from the ASEAN countries.
Emerging countries, especially Asian countries, are highly interested not only in a
simple introduction of space systems but also in nurturing their own human resources
and industry, as well as solving specific problems through them. The government should
always be aware of such requirements and strengthen the ties with them throughcooperation programs with shared space systems.
An important issue on the global level is the establishment of international rules
concerning utilization of space in order to ensure stable and sustainable spaceenvironment. In addition to the discussions at the Committee on the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space (COPUOS) and Conference on Disarmament (CD) in Geneva, Japan has tomake a major contribution to the establishment of appropriate rules on utilization of
space in both civil and national security sectors, such as an International Code of
Conduct for Outer Space Activities proposed by EU.
(6) Consideration for the environment
In addition to improving convenience of people’s lives and efficiency of industry andthe administration, utilization of space offers potential for solving global energy andenvironment problems. In promoting the development and utilization of space, suchactivities themselves should be environment-friendly and also friendly to that of outerspace.
From the viewpoint of friendliness to the global environment, space programs for
effective and efficient solution of global environmental problems, such as climatechange, are important.
From the viewpoint of friendliness to space environment, prevention and reduction of
space debris are important issues for space development and utilization. Some upperstages of launchers and fragments of decommissioned satellites remain on their orbits asspace debris and may collide with satellites to cause heavy losses.
A large amount of debris was produced due to the experimental destruction of aman-made satellite with a ballistic missile by China in January 2007 and the collision
between U.S. and Russian satellites in February 2009. It is expected that the number ofdebris particles will increase in a chain collision between the particles.

7

Japan has proposed this concept to ASEAN countries in 2011 in order to enhance disaster response
capabilities of the region through sharing disaster risk information obtained with satellites. Japan
contributes to disaster monitoring and response in the whole ASEAN region via cooperative operation ofsatellites.

12Addressing the debris problem appropriately is an urgent necessity for sustainable spacedevelopment and utilization.

13

Chapter 3 Measures that the Government should take comprehensively
and systematically for the development and utilization of space
As for space development and utilization, the Government promotes measures that it shouldtake comprehensively and systematically, in the light of the basic policies and priorities
mentioned in the previous chapter.
The chapter 2 describes three priority subjects: “national security and disaster management”,“industrial development”, and “progress in frontier areas including space science”. In
exploring these issues, Japan works on the following four measures: “four social
infrastructures to expand space utilization and preserve autonomy (A through D)”, “threeprograms to pursue the potential of the future development and utilization of space (E throughG)”, “eight cross-sectional measures to promote the strategic development and utilization of
space”, and “approaches for efficient and effective promotion of policies and measures forouter space”.
3-1. Four social infrastructures for expanding the utilization of space and ensuring autonomy
A. Positioning satellites(1) Current status
In this field, the U.S., Russia, Europe and China have built their Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) and India is constructing a Regional Navigation Satellite
System. In conjunction with an augmentation function that improves accuracy inpositioning, the utilization of navigation satellite system is expected to widen.
QZSS has the functions of complementary and augmentation8 of GPS operated by the
U.S., therefore it will strengthen industrial global competitiveness and make industry,daily life, and public administration more sophisticated and efficient. QZSS will also
contribute to the welfare of the Asia-Pacific region, an enhancement of Japan’s presence
there, strengthening the Japan-U.S. partnership, and a broad range of security including
the improvement of the capacity to respond to natural disasters. The Government aims
to establish four satellites constellation by the late 2010s and complete seven satellites
constellation in the future, which enables sustainable positioning (q.v. Basic policy on
the promotion of the operational QZSS project, Cabinet Decision on September 30,2011). Toward this goal, technical and operational validation tests with the first QZSS
satellite “MICHIBIKI” are ongoing at present. The development of the operational
system started in FY2012.
(2) Issues
1) Increasing the utilization and overseas expansion of QZSS
It is necessary to advance field validation tests with MICHIBIKI in operation, in order
to expand the utilization of QZSS and enhance its convenience.
In addition, thanks to its orbital characteristics, QZSS covers the Asia-Pacific region.
From a viewpoint toward the greater international competitiveness of Japan’s industry,
international contributions to the Asia-Pacific region, and substantial presence in the

8

A complementary function expands the coverage of a satellite navigation system in terms of time andspace. An augmentation function improves the precision and reliability of a satellite navigation system.

14

region, it is necessary to encourage international cooperation to deploy QZSS overseas
under a PPP scheme9.
In order to increase the utilization and overseas expansion, considering the potential
application in various fields, such as personal navigation system, survey, agriculture orconstruction with the information technology, it is necessary to cooperate among
related ministries and the industry. Also, it is necessary to establish a community of
QZSS users in the Asia-Pacific region.
2) R&D of the technologies for the next-generation navigation satellite system
The U.S adds new GPS signals about every five years to make its GPS convenient forusers and continues its technological innovations. Japan also needs to conduct R&D of
far-sighted technologies related to next-generation navigation satellite system.
Furthermore, R&D for the expansion of utilization and improvement in theconvenience of navigation satellite system takes and will take on continued
importance. The public and private sectors should cooperate on the development ofapplication programs which take advantage of Indoor MEssaging System (IMES), or
QZSS signals.
3) Assessment and countermeasure of interference to positioning signals
The signals from navigation satellites are considerably weak and susceptive tointerference from other radio stations. In order to make use of the navigation satellite
system with a sense of security, it is necessary to examine and develop
countermeasures to interference to positioning signals.
4) Response to national security issues
QZSS carries specific signals intended for public use, mainly by governmentalorganizations, and it dramatically improves the precision in positioning. Therefore,
from a viewpoint of national security, the system must not be misused even in
emergency situations.
The U.S. is taking the policy of Regional Denial, which could lead the U.S. forces torestrict the use of GPS services by emitting jamming waves within a limited part of theinside or outside of the U.S. in emergency situations, while it keeps providing GPS
services. QZSS also is required to have a certain degree of survivability against
external factors, in order to ensure steady service.
(3) Goals for the next 10 years
Four satellites constellation shall be established by the late 2010s. New equipment andservices that take advantage of QZSS will be provided all around the Asia-Pacificregion, including Japan.
(4) 5-year development and utilization plan
1) Steady progress of the project
The Government steadily promotes the development and maintenance of QZSS inorder to establish the four satellites constellation by the late 2010s. Since the Cabinet
9

The global market of navigation satellites is expected to increase from 7 trillion yen in 2005 to 56 trillion
yen in 2025, according to the research by EU in 2006.

15

Office has a key role in the development, maintenance, and operation of QZSS, it willcomprehensively operate the system including the first QZSS satellite MICHIBIKI
which is currently operated by JAXA.
2) Increasing the utilization and overseas expansion
The government steadily promotes utilization expansion, overseas deployment andconvenience enhancement of QZSS through the continued efforts to carry out
operation test projects and other projects needed for overseas expansion by making useof MICHIBIKI.
Since navigation satellite technologies have potential in various fields, it is necessary
to build an industry-academic-government framework for cooperation and a similar
community in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, a research center for the researchand education related to navigation satellite will be set up in Japan in order to enhance
R&D for utilization techniques of navigation satellites and cooperation with overseas
research centers.
3) International cooperation
The government promotes expansion of the utilization of navigation satellites under
the cooperation with International Committee on GNSS (ICG), an internationalframework of countries operating their own navigation satellite system.
4) R&D support
The government continues to conduct R&D for utilization techniques withMICHIBIKI, and next-generation satellite system with the aim of keeping up with theglobal progress in navigation satellite systems, expanding its utilization, andimproving its functions and convenience. The research also investigates thecountermeasures against the impact of interference and survivability in the case of an
emergency.
5) Links to Geospatial Society promotion
The government will discuss the treatment of personal information collected via QZSSand acceptable standards needed when the government uses it. In addition, it willreinforce links to Geographic Information System (GIS) based on the Basic Act on the
Advancement of Utilizing Geospatial Information to substantiate Geospatial Society
where such geographical information can be utilized at a higher level.
B. Remote sensing satellites(1) Current status
Some remote sensing satellites are developed and used for specific purposes: national
security, climate observation, global environment observation, etc. They are also used
for mapping, local monitoring, information gathering at the time of disaster, resource
exploration, etc.
Governmental entities played an important role in the development of land/ocean
observation systems, such as Landsat in the U.S.. Recently, however, in many cases,
systems including SPOT (Europe), WorldView (U.S.), Geoeye (U.S.) are developed
under the scheme of PPP. Although they are mainly used for public services, private
sector developers and operators are involved in satellite business under a long-term
contract (anchor tenancy) or PPP scheme.
16

On the other hand, public agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) of the U.S and the European Space Agency (ESA) maintainand operate the satellites in the field of global environment observation that are used foracademic or public purposes in many cases.
In Japan, the Government leads the development and operation of the Information
Gathering Satellite, Advanced Land Observing Satellite DAICHI, Meteorological
Satellite Himawari-6 and -7, Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite IBUKI (GOSAT),
etc. Efforts to operate satellites based on the scheme of private finance initiative (PFI)
are now expanding as is the case for the next Meteorological Satellites Himawari-8 and-9.
With respect to issues related to the global environment, such as climate change, Japan
plays a key role in the establishment of the GEO and is implementing the Global Earth
Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) plan under the international partnership, by
providing the data collected by IBUKI and Global Change Observation Mission Water
satellite SHIZUKU (GCOM-W).
In the response to the request for funds by the Vietnamese Government, the Japaneseand Vietnamese governments concluded an Exchange of Notes in October, 2011 toprovide ODA loan for two small remote sensing satellites (radar satellites) developed inJapan and the establishment of the space center. (The first and second satellites areplanned to be launched in 2017 and 2020, respectively.)
In addition, the development of “the Earth Observation Data Utilization Promotion
Platform” started in FY2012 to expand the utilization of data collected by the satellites
operated by each ministry.
(2) Issues
Since satellite data is widely used in the administration, industry and research institutes,
utilization needs to be increased from the viewpoint of more sophisticated and efficientadministration. In Japan, however, insufficient efforts are being made forcomprehensive utilization expansion and industry promotion policies, such as more
efficient utilization of satellites via PPP and development of application industry, which
creates added value through analyzing and processing data.
To promote the wider utilization of satellite data, it is necessary to build a system anddefine the specifications of satellite and sensors based on needs, such as continuous dataand increased imaging frequency. Currently, while the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is working to develop large satellites forresearch, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is working to develop
small commercial satellites. In such a process, cooperation between them is necessary
for orbit allocation, shared operation of satellites, and comprehensive management ofimaging capacity. They should employ private sector activities and ultra-small satellites
to streamline their system to provide images and cut costs. Cooperation is also needed
for the data utilization and technology succession.
From the viewpoints described above, Japan’s development of remote sensing satellites
has to be more systematic and effective in order to realize more efficient and effective
17

development and utilization. Because users place much value on the continuous datacollection by the same or same type of sensor, it is necessary to decide which area tofocus on under limited budget, taking users’ needs for performance into account, andthen design the project so that data is collected without interruption.
Especially, with regard to the satellites for global environment observation,international cooperation and many other projects including those in the conceptual
phase, are designed. With Japan’s contribution to the environment policies in mind,
selection and prioritization of the projects are important.
The Government should establish rules (data policies) on handling of image data for thebusiness operators dealing with satellite data, in order to promote the utilization by theprivate sector and the operation under PPP of satellites developed by the government.
(3) Goals for the next 10 years
It is indispensable to provide continuous data acquired with the same or the same typeof sensor and improve the frequency of imaging (once a day or more) to expand
utilization of remote sensing technologies. Since the effective way to ensure thefrequency is an integrated operation of multiple satellites, a satellite constellation, thegovernment will efficiently develop and share such a system with multiple satellites
with other Asian countries under the project “Disaster Management Network for
ASEAN Region project”, aiming to build a framework which collects satellite data with
only minimal costs shared by the participants. In order to further lower the operation
cost of this system the government bears, the PPP framework is employed to streamline
the management system.
The government continues to operate the Information Gathering Satellites andMeteorological Satellites, because these satellites play an important role in national
security, disaster management, and climate forecasting. Remote sensing satellites will
be continuously utilized in mapping, resource exploration, agriculture, forestry andfisheries, disaster monitoring, ocean observation, etc. Simultaneously, moresophisticated and efficient industry and administration will be realized by expanding thesatellite data utilization.
(4) 5-year development and utilization plan
1) Promotion of satellite data utilization in broader fields
The market size of satellite data is approximately 100 billion yen globally and 10
billion yen in Japan. It is necessary to expand the market by accelerating thedevelopment of applications for data analysis and processing, promoting it via PPP
and inter-Ministry cooperation etc.
In order to expand the utilization of satellite data stored by the government, thegovernment will steadily develop the Earth Observation Data Utilization Promotion
Platform, which allows users to process multiple types of data in an integrated manner.
The government will support industry, administrative bodies, universities, etc. toperform empirical researches that may lead to new applications of satellite data. It alsoplans to build a community of users related to remote sensing technologies.

182) Systematic construction of satellite system
For wider utilization of remote sensing, requests from the public/private sector andoverseas are summarized to be reflected in the specifications of satellites. The
development, maintenance, and operation with high efficiency and effectiveness arepromoted through PPP, long-term contracts (or anchor tenancy), and other policies.
In concrete terms, the government will develop a constellation of remote sensing
satellites with other Asian nations who support the project “Disaster Management
Network for ASEAN Region” that makes utilization of Japan’ advantages in satellite
technology, and expand the utilization of remote sensing satellites in the whole of Asia.
Addition of the Advanced Satellite with New system Architecture for Observation(ASNARO) 1 & 2, etc. under development to the constellation will be discussed.
The R&D is promoted as mentioned, since it is necessary to sophisticate the satellite
system as a social infrastructure.
3) Designing standard data policies
The government will discuss the standard data policies, such as the regulations
imposed upon satellite data dealers and the pricing.
4) Links to Geospatial Society promotion
Based on the Basic Plan for the Advancement of Utilizing Geospatial Information,
efforts will be made to substantiate Geospatial Society by applying space-related
technologies to mapping and disaster management.
C. Communications/broadcasting satellites(1) Current status
Communications/broadcasting services using satellites have several advantages: they do
not require any complicated networks on ground; they are insusceptible to disasters;
their service areas are extensive. Business operators in the private sector provide
services under the current scheme and the commercially-based market has already been
established on a global scale. The global demand for communications/broadcast
satellites demonstrates an upward trend and the market is expected to grow.
The development of communications/broadcasting satellites should basically be led by
the private sector. The local governments utilize satellite communications services
provided by private operators as a communications infrastructure among them. At
present, the development of a satellite communications network using PFI is being
carried out by the Ministry of Defense.
In Japan, JAXA and the National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (NICT) have carried out validation tests of several technologies:
geostationary satellite bus and large deployable reflectors on KIKU 8 (ETS-VIII),ultrahigh-speed data communications via satellite with KIZUNA (WINDS). These
technologies served as communications lines during the Great East Japan Earthquake inthe affected areas where other communications are largely disrupted. Based on thelessons learned from the disaster, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications(MIC) is developing the technologies to use satellite communications effectively in timeof disaster.

19

The Data Relay Test Satellite (DRTS) currently operated by JAXA is expected to retire
around 2013 or 2014.
(2) Issues
The international competitiveness of Japan’s space industry is insufficient. So far,Japanese satellite manufacturers have received only five orders. One was domestic(SUPERBIRD 7) and the other four were international (OPTUS C1, ST-2, Turksat-4A
and 4B). Considering this situation, it is necessary to enhance the competitiveness, andmaintain and reinforce the industrial bases.
For this purpose, based on R&D and technology validation so far, it is necessary to
examine the way of validating technologies.
As a result of the R&D conducted by the Government so far, a technology for the
standard satellite bus was established and it enhanced the international competitivenessat the component level during the development of KIKU 8 and other satellites. Also the
low noise amplifier utilizing the high frequency Ka band, which was used in KIZUNA,
is currently commercialized.
Since the governmental R&D projects in the 1990s or later tend to focus on thedevelopment of the latest technologies, it is important to undertake more efforts toanalyze the market needs, costs, time-to-market, in order to link R&D to betterinternational competitiveness.
Also, R&D are necessary to develop the satellite communications network technologies
effective in the time of disaster based on the lessons learned from the Great East Japan
Earthquake, while considering the utilization in ordinary situations.
With regard to the subsequent satellite that will replace DRTS, at present, no projectplan is likely to yield enough benefits to cover the costs. However, it is necessary toconsider factors such as future needs and services provided by the private sector.
(3) Goals for the next 10 years
The international competitiveness of Japanese space industry is to be strengthened
through the development and validation of component technologies that meet futureneeds.
(4) 5-year development and utilization plan
1) Technology validation for strengthening international competitivenessTo strengthen the international competitiveness of Japan’s space industry, thegovernment will validate component technologies as described below, paying
attentions to future needs.
a) Technologies for high-powered (25 kW class) geostationary satellite bus in the lightof the global trend of increasing communications/broadcasting satellites in size.
b) Technologies for adjustment functions which enable the response to the change inthe demands after launching to cope with longer satellite lifetime and diversified
needs. (e.g. digital beamforming, digital channelizer.)

20

The governmental project related to the large deployable reflector should be carefully
reviewed, because U.S. companies have strong competitiveness and the demand islimited to about one satellite a year.
2) Communications satellite infrastructure necessary for national security and disastermanagement ensured by the government
The Ministry of Defense will complete the communications network ofhigh-performance X-band satellites, utilizing PFI framework, since it is important fornational security.
Satellite communications in time of disaster among the government and local
governments are established without fail by the utilization of private-sector services.
The system is not only for the disaster response. It should be designed to be useful inusual conditions.
3) R&D aimed at ensuring robust communications infrastructures in time of disasterbased on the lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake
The development of the technologies for a flexible satellite communication network
which enables on earth station of the network can flexibly accept multiple
communication will be accelerated to increases the disaster response capacities.
4) Replacement of DRTS
Since a satellite replacing DRTS may contribute to the data relay services among thedomestic and international remote sensing satellites, its necessity is examined based on
the number of the satellite projects that need data relay. Effective implementation via
shared use or service purchase is one option. The development of the free-space
optical communications technology contributing to high capacity data communications
is to be explored for the future.
D. Launching Vehicle system(1) Current status
1) Rocket development and launching service system in Japan
Japan has developed and operated a series of liquid fuel launchers or H-IIA/B as acore launching system. The rockets have been used to launch the Government’s
satellites including the Information Gathering Satellites and H-II Transfer Vehicle
KOUNOTORI (HTV), which supplies the ISS with various goods. Twenty-threerockets of H-IIA/B series out of twenty-four successfully completed its missions. The
success rate of 95.8 % was among the top in the world.
In addition, solid fuel launchers (Epsilon Rocket) succeeded to the technologies of
M-V Rocket (Its development ended in 2006), and the development of Epsilon is
ongoing to establish a small rocket system taking full advantage of Japan’s
technologies toward the first launch of the rocket in FY2013.
The government transferred the control of rocket launching business with H-IIA to
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) in 2007. It won a contract to launch ARIRANG 3(KOMPSAT-3) with the Republic of Korea, offering a competitive price due to otherpiggy-back satellites. The satellite was successfully launched in May 2012, but this is
the only contract with other operator than the Japanese government. The
competitiveness of Japanese rocket launching business is limited in the international
21

market. In addition, the operation of H-IIB launching service was also transferred to
MHI in September 2012.
2) Rocket development and launching service in the world
In the last 10 years, about 68 rockets are annually launched all over the world on
average. Two-thirds of them are based on government-led demand and one-third are
based on demand from the private sector. Japan launches about 2.5 rockets per year,
contributing to about 4 % of the global total.
The global commercial market of launching large satellites is dominated by two
giants: Ariane (Europe) and Proton (Russia). Russian rockets are highly competitive interms of cost and achievement in the market of small or middle-sized satellites.
The U.S. and Russia launch more than 20 rockets per year and both of them haveabundant experience in manned missions with their rockets. China has alreadycompleted its own manned rocket. India is planning the development of such rocket.
The U.S. has demonstrated its policy for purchasing services from private providers,such as SpaceX, for the transportation of cargo and crew to the ISS. For this purpose,
the U.S. is designing a new platform of PPP, including provision of assistance for
R&D and having made a service contract several times on transportation of cargo.
Private operators, mainly those based in the U.S., are engaged in development related
to flight that does not reach the Earth’s orbit (sub-orbital flight) on a commercial basis,
aiming to provide space travel, etc. An air-launch system utilizing sub-orbital flight isalso under review. Since a space port is necessary for launching and landing in theoperation of sub-orbital vehicles and this must be different from existing airports androcket launching sites, the construction of space port is planned in the U.S and othercountries all around the world. The current legal system is not fully equipped torespond to the issues related to such services, so legislative measures are also needed.
(2) Issues
The space transportation system is indispensable for Japan to independently launch
necessary satellites when needed and it is important to maintain the system in order tosecure the autonomy of Japanese space activities. For the space transportation capability
in autonomous space operations in the future, it is necessary to maintain, enhance anddevelop the industrial base, including human resources and facilities.
To maintain the industry base for space launching, it is necessary to ensure a constantnumber of opportunities to launch a rocket on a yearly basis. So far, the government’s
satellites mainly provide such opportunities. From now on, Japan should also seek forinternational and domestic commercial satellites to ensure the number of opportunities.
The following problems are emerging in the competition to win the opportunities tolaunch a rocket.
1) Gaps between rocket capacity and commercial market needs
For a remote sensing satellite system, there is a tendency that small satellites arelaunched with frequent launching. By contrast, communications/broadcasting satellites

22and other geostationary satellites on commercial basis are becoming larger. A gap
appears between the capability of Japanese rockets and the needs from market.
2) Insufficient international competitivenessIn the global market of space transportation where there are more and more entrants,
Japan cannot compete well since it has a poor record in the business. Also, thecurrency exchange rates work against it, making Japanese space launching service lesscost-competitive.
3) Reviewing space transportation system including the lineup of rockets
It is necessary to create a comprehensive policy to demonstrate how the spacetransportation system should be, such as a system with a lineup of large and small
rockets, etc.
4) Effective development and maintenance of infrastructure including launching sites
The infrastructures related to the space transportation system, such as launching sites,
have become older and it costs considerably large amount of funds to maintain every
year. It should be examined from a long-term standpoint.
(3) Goals for the next 10 years
The government maintains, enhances and develops its capability to launch necessary
satellites when necessary in an autonomous and effective manner.
(4) 5-year development and utilization plan
1) Prioritizing Japanese rockets
To ensure the autonomy in the space transportation system, Japanese rockets arebasically prioritized when the government launches a satellite. Private companies arerecommended to use Japanese rockets to launch their satellites.
2) Continued upgrading technologies related to space transportation system
Taking the importance of technologies related to solid fuel rocket into consideration,
the ongoing projects related to Epsilon will be advanced.
The R&D of the air-launch transportation system will lead to a system for launching of
small satellites in the future, which will also continue to be advanced.
In order to upgrade H-IIA, the capacity to launch satellites will be improved and theimpact of the separation of a satellite from the rocket will be reduced. These measures
will increase the international competitiveness of Japan’s space launching services.
The Tanegashima Space Center and other facilities will be steadily renovated andupgraded, to prevent old facilities from causing limitations or increase in costs to thelaunching services.
3) Comprehensive discussion
To retain space transportation capability in an autonomous manner for the long term, it
is necessary to deal with various challenges: ensuring sufficient opportunities tolaunch a rocket or to develop technologies, improvement of international
competitiveness, building and maintaining the launching sites and otherinfrastructures.
23

Experiences gained in past rocket development should be sufficiently evaluated.
Comprehensive discussion centered on our space transportation system, including corerocket, cargo transportation and re-entry, sub-orbital flight, hypersonic transportation,manned activities, reusable rocket, etc., should take place immediately from a
medium- and long-term viewpoint. Measures should be taken based on the result of
the discussion.
3-2. Three programs for pursuing the possibility of the development and utilization of spacein future
E. Space science and space exploration program(1) Current status
1) Status of space science and space exploration
Since space science and space exploration aims to accumulate intellectual properties
and to achieve academic results for all people, their properties are different from the
R&D to maintain and improve industrial bases.
In particular, space exploration has a significant aspect as a competition among nations,as in the space race between the U.S. and Russia in the Cold War era. It should be
noted that, if only one country conducted space exploration and it keeps all the
economically/technologically significant knowledge related to space, stars, and planets
to itself, the knowledge would be a considerably large advantage in space explorationin the future.
2) Global trend
In the nations that are leading the utilization and R&D of space, including Japan, U.S.,
Europe, Russia, etc., the ongoing space exploration focuses on the space science
research related to space physics/astronomy and planetary exploration in the solar
system.
With respect to Mars exploration, in particular, the U.S. is very active. For example,
the Obama administration announced a manned exploration plan in 2010, andCuriosity, a Mars Exploration Rover, successfully landed on the planet in August 2012.
The U.S. also announced a plan to send an unmanned probe to investigate the internal
structure and crustal deformation of the planet in March 2016.
On the other hand, China successfully launched their own manned spacecraft andcompleted the docking between Shenzhou 9, a manned spacecraft, and Tiangong 1, a
Chinese space station, in June 2012,.
Space agencies from fourteen countries and regions worldwide 10 established theInternational Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) in 2007, aiming to
exchange information and collaborate with each other toward space exploration under
10

Participants (14 space agencies): ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Italy), CNES (Centre National d'Etudes
Spatiales, France), CNSA (China National Space Administration), CSA (Canadian Space Agency), CSIRO(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia), DLR (Deutsche
Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt, Germany), ESA(European Space Agency), ISRO (Indian Space
Research Organization), JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), KARI (Korea Aerospace ResearchInstitute), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US), NSAU (National Space Agency of
Ukraine), Roscosmos (Russian Federal Space Agency), UKSA (UK Space Agency)

24

international cooperation. JAXA took on the position of chairman in August 2011 andsummarized the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) in September 2011, which aims
at manned Mars exploration as an immediate goal.
3) Efforts in Japan
Japanese space science and space exploration programs are highly appreciated in theworld, leading research on space physics, astronomy, and planetary science of thesolar system. In recent years, the following projects received a high reputation: The
world’s first successful sample return from asteroid in the HAYABUSA project, lunar
exploration via KAGUYA (SELENE), observation of the magnetic field reversal in thesolar pole area by HINODE (SOLAR-B), publication of all-sky survey infrared source
catalogue obtained in AKARI (ASTRO-F) project, observation of the collision
between galaxy clusters by SUZAKU (ASTRO-EII).
The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) has been in charge of thespace science field as a core implementer. The Committee for Space Science andSpace Engineering Committee, which is composed of scientists, reviews and selects
projects with the theme, “the origin of space and life, the history of the solar system”
and “Further and more freely”.
(2) Issues
In 2008, JAXA Space Exploration Center (JSPEC) was established as a part of JAXA
and some pointed out the overlapping with ISAS in terms of the research areas related
to space exploration.
In the past, ISAS has established a framework under which projects are evaluated andselected through a fierce competition among researchers all over Japan, and they
cooperate with each other to conduct research after project selection. Therefore, it isindispensable to maintain the position of ISAS as an independent decision maker in thefield. In addition, close collaboration within JAXA is necessary in the implementationof space science projects.
For this reason, it is necessary to promulgate an understanding of the positioning of“space exploration for academic purpose” and “space exploration conducted for various
policy targets” among those who get involved in the government, research, industry, etc.
In addition, an appropriate system for implementation is needed.
The large-scale projects related to space science and space exploration are difficult tocarry out for purely academic purposes. On planning or selecting a project, academic
community members and policy makers should examine the project together to link it tovarious policies, including international cooperation and the enhancement ofinternational competitiveness.
(3) 5-year development and utilization plan
In space science and space exploration as an academic field, Japan has madeworld-class, excellent achievements and contributed to the accumulation of intellectual
assets for human beings. Furthermore, an effective scheme for the management ofscientific research has already been established under the cooperation among ISAS,
universities, and other institutes. It is necessary to make full use of the scheme andensure a constant amount of funds, in order to achieve cutting edge breakthroughs.
25

Close collaboration within JAXA is needed to implement projects by bringing together
the wisdom of academic community centered on ISAS, consisting of scientists andengineers, without reducing the vitality of the bottom-up community.
Since there are overlapping research areas between JAXA’s exploration section and
ISAS, consideration will be given to the future control of scientific projects within
JAXA. This includes the possibility of complete transfer of the projects to ISAS. With
regard to the space exploration projects conducted for various policy purposes, they are
examined from various viewpoints of diplomacy, national security, enhancement ofindustrial competitiveness, improvement of levels of science and technology, etc.
There should be discussion on manned vs. unmanned, cost-effectiveness, significance asa part of national strategy, and it is necessary to take measures based on the results ofthe discussion.
In order to ensure constant funds, flexible responses to the latest progress and theschedule of satellite development are required. In recent years, space science and space
exploration projects tend to be greater in scale. Therefore, the projects should bepromoted in an efficient manner in relation to other policy purposes,.
F. Human space activity program(1) Current status
The ISS is an international project under the cooperation of 15 countries or 5 poles: the
U.S., Russia, Europe (11 countries), Canada, and Japan.
In 1988, Japan signed the “Agreement among the Government of the United States ofAmerica, Governments of Member States of the European Space Agency, theGovernment of Japan, and the Government of Canada on Cooperation in the Detailed
Design, Development, Operation, and Utilization of the Permanently Manned Civil
Space Station” to officially join the project.
Japan is the sole Asian Partner to the ISS project, and eight astronauts from JAXA haveexperienced manned space missions. It increases the international presence of Japan,
and activities of Japanese astronauts bring education and edification effects.
Each Partner has designed plans ending in 2015. The U.S. proposed an extension to2020 to other Partners. Subsequently, Russia, Europe, and Canada have decided toextend the operation to at least 2020.
In Japan, the Strategic Headquarter for Space Policy in August 2010 described its policy
as “Based on the plan to participate in the ISS project after 2016, Japan will promote
necessary efforts to coordinate with other countries, in consideration of industrial
promotion and other factors”. What the operation after 2016 should be is now in review
among the countries.
In the ISS project, each Partner can execute the right of utilization corresponding to theimplementation of the necessary work and the facility construction.
Japanese projects related to ISS are as follows:26

1) Approximately 40 billion yen per year as ISS-related expenses. Approximately 710
billion yen was spent by FY2010. The funds are used to cover the operational costsof ISS by supplying the station using HTV launched by H-IIB rocket. It is planned tolaunch 7 HTVs by 2015 (Three have been launched).
2) Corresponding to the construction of Japan’s Kibo laboratory and the transportationof supplies, Japan has acquired the right to use 51% of the Kibo laboratory and12.8% of resources (electric power and crew’s operation time).
Japan has built the Kibo laboratory and conducted various experiments with regard tomaterial sciences, life sciences, space medicine, etc., taking the full use of the propertiesof outer space, such as microgravity and cosmic radiation. Great achievements are
expected in the future.
As for the further utilization of the Kibo laboratory, it is necessary to devise ways of
conducting research and demonstrating concrete achievements, for example, by taking
advantage of manned activities.
(2) Issues
A manned space mission gives citizens a dream and an important opportunity to develop
the latest technologies through the cooperation with other leading nations in space
activities. As part of international cooperation activities, it not only contributes toenhancing Japan’s presence, but also is significant from the viewpoint of scienceeducation. At present, however, it is not clear if the utilization of the Kibo laboratory
can yield results that will make Japanese industry more competitive in the global market.
Since it requires a large amount of funds, its cost-performance should be sufficiently
assessed, with consideration of severe fiscal constraints.
With regard to the extension of ISS operation and Japan’s participation after 2016, its
cost-performance should be thoroughly examined and it is necessary to review thescheme for participation.
(3) 5-year development and utilization plan
As for ISS, its cost-effectiveness should be constantly reviewed and continuous efforts
should be made to cut costs.
Specifically, Japan will strive to cut costs and streamline the operation of the entire
project with the partners after 2016 and promote the utilization of the Kibo laboratory,
which generates profits for Japan and other Asian countries, in order to reduce the costs.
The results of the research on utilization of outer space environment in the ISS are
thoroughly evaluated from economical and technological standpoints. Also, industrial,academic, and public bodies will evaluate the potential in the utilization of spaceenvironment, in order to perform more effective and fruitful research. Validation tests
for releasing ultra-small satellites from ISS and international cooperation will besupported.
As for the Japanese response to future human space activities carried out under thescheme of international cooperation, discussion should consider various aspects of such

27

activities as diplomacy, national security, maintenance of industrial bases, industrial
competitiveness, science & technology, etc.
G. Space solar power system R&D program(1) Current status
In a space solar power system (SSPS), a large-scale solar power system is placed inouter space and the power is transmitted to the ground in the form of microwave or laser,
to serve as a power generator, which has a potential to be an infrastructure for power
supply in the future. For power generation of 1 million kW, it is expected a solar power
and transmission unit in outer space that covers 2 square kilometers, and a ground
receiver with the diameter of 3 km would be required.
In Japan, JAXA has collaborated with METI to perform research on SSPS using
microwave since FY2004. Both agencies have been conducting validation tests ofpower transmission on the ground since FY2009. JAXA carries out the validation of thetechnologies to control the direction of the microwave beam, while METI is engaged in
the demonstration of electric power transmission with microwave. JAXA’s ongoing
research covers power transmission with laser and construction of large-scale structures.
Great achievements have been made in JAXA’s transmission experiment with laser, and
METI’s thin semiconductor for highly-efficient power transmission intended for the use
in outer space.
JAXA is examining the following to evaluate the potential of SSPS for practicalapplication: laser and microwave power transmission, construction of large-scale
structures, building a prototype of light condenser and its validation tests on the orbit.
METI aims to conduct microwave transmission experiments on the ground together
with JAXA.
Currently, Japan has the world-leading SSPS technologies. Although some validation
tests of SSPS components are ongoing in the U.S. and Europe, Japan is the only nationthat is carrying out the experiments in consideration of actual use in outer space.
(2) Issues
For the practical use of SSPS, it is necessary to solve challenges, which can be
categorized into three groups as follows:
1) Technology (Transportation of large-scale structure to outer space, construction,
operation, maintenance, highly-efficient and safe power generation, transmission,access to power)
2) Safety (Effects on human body, atmosphere, ionized layer, aircrafts, electronic
devices, etc.)
3) Economic performance (Cutting the cost of transportation to space is the biggest
challenge)(3) 5-year development and utilization plan
As for SSPS, the research focusing on wireless power transmission technologies will be
conducted steadily, in light of the energy demand and supply situation, and the need for28the development of new energy sources. Regarding the validation test in outer space,issues including its cost-effectiveness are reviewed to perform the test.
3-3. Eight cross measures to promote the strategic development and utilization of space(1) Promotion of comprehensive measures to expand the utilization of space
1) Current status and issues
Conventionally, satellite development in Japan has been primarily government-funded.
Recently, however, the range of space-related industry has been expanding as
exemplified by satellite development funded by PFI involving the utilization of spaceindustry and user industry, and the development of ultra-small and low-cost satellites
led by small and medium-sized businesses or venture companies.
For expansion of utilization of outer space, it is essential to further promote themovements and encourage the close cooperation between the developers and users fromthe very beginning of satellite development, thereby facilitating the efficient utilizationof outer space after development. In addition, it is required to link the utilization of new
applications of outer space by the utilization of space industry and user industry to moreadvanced and more efficient administration, industry and human life.
2) 5-year development and utilization plan
The most effective approach for expanding the practical application of space is tocommit the relevant governmental ministries and the users of outer space tomanagement and promotion of the projects relating to the development and utilizationof space. Then the users of outer space should try to become project-implementing
bodies. In order to encourage the relevant ministries to promote utilization of space,necessary actions should be taken.
For satellite development under the governmental initiative, involvement of users
should be increased by setting up technical specifications in cooperation with users
from the R&D stage, commissioning operation of satellites to private enterprises andestablishing efficient development and operation systems to facilitate the widespreadutilization of satellites.
For implementation of a series of projects, the Cabinet Office is responsible forassessing the projects from the viewpoints of the users. In addition, the Cabinet Officecreates a better environment to promote collaboration between manufacturers and users
or between different industrial sectors. The Cabinet Office also promotes thearrangement of appropriate establishments for the utilization of satellites by the field ofpractical application, the acceptance of overseas human resources, and othermanagement and operation tasks.
To ensure that services using outer space are continuously available, social
demonstration studies will be carried out based on the proposal from private enterprises.
In addition, for expansion of the range of users, efforts are to be made to decrease thesizes of satellites (including ultra-small satellites) depending on intended purposes andapplications and to reduce costs by using commercial off-the-shelf.
Furthermore, it is essential to encourage the industries in a variety of fields andmunicipalities and other relevant administrative agencies to understand and disseminate
the government policy through symposium, seminar and other opportunities as parts of29

educational activities for convenience and best practice of the development andutilization of space. Additionally, an awarding system is to be established for excellent
programs and achievements relating to the development and utilization of space.
(2) Building a strong industrial base and promoting effective R&D
1) Current status and issuesa) Status of the space industry
The space industry is essential for improving the quality of human life, economic andsocial development, securing of national security, advancement of science andtechnology and other factors, and it provides a foundation for autonomous conduct ofspace activities. In addition, for the expansion of space utilization, such a businessmodel is required, in which industrial companies are allowed to consistently supply
the equipment and services to consumers and, thus, the sound growth of space industry
is indispensable.
The worldwide space industry (including spacecraft industry and space utilization
service industry) has a value of approximately 13 trillion yen per year. It is growing
rapidly at a rate of approximately 14% every year, and an increasing demand is
expected in emerging countries in particular.
b) Competitiveness of the Japanese space industry
The Japanese space industry (spacecraft industry and space utilization service
industry) in FY2010 achieved a value of approximately one trillion yen per year, andthe spacecraft industry accounted for 258.4 billion yen of the market of the entire
space industry. Adding the entire range of space related consumer appliance industry
and user industry to this, the total amounts to approximately 9.2 trillion yen.
Japan has the competence to manufacture and operate satellites and rockets on its own,
but it is not competitive enough internationally. The cumulative commercial
acceptance of orders for satellites is only ten satellites, even including the recent
successful contracts with Turkey and Vietnam (two satellites for each nation). In
addition, the order acceptance for commercial launching service is only one, from theRepublic of Korea.
Also for parts and components, Japan possesses the technical potential and boasts ahigh market share for earth sensor, transponder, lithium ion battery, heat pipe panel,and solar panel. However, due to the limited opportunity for demonstration in outerspace, internationally competitive fields in Japan are limited.
In recent years, government-wide overseas expansion of space system infrastructure
has been promoted, while the industry-led move to acquisition of private-sector
demand has just started.
c) Vulnerability of the industrial base
The spacecraft industry achieved the sales of more than 350 billion yen in the late
1990s. However, the current revenues are around 260 billion yen, declining by nearly
25% compared to the peak levels, and 90% or more of the sales are relying on thegovernmental demand. (Dependence on the governmental demand in Europe is about
50%.)

30

This is indicative of the industrial structure specific to Japan, in which corporate
management greatly depends upon the governmental demand. The workforce
supporting the spacecraft industry has changed to about 7,000 at present fromapproximately 10,000 in the 1990s.
In addition, parts and raw materials used for spacecraft are manufactured in relatively
small numbers and are peculiar in terms of specifications. Thus, it is difficult fordomestic manufacturers to maintain the profitability due to limited sales, and thewithdrawal from the business is increasing. (In eight years to FY2011, 54 companies
involved in the H-IIA/B rockets withdrew from the business.)2) 5-year development and utilization plana) Promoting R&D
The insufficient international competitiveness of the Japanese space industry may be
explained by the following context. In Japan, especially since 1990, government-led
R&D investment with a focus on commercialization or industrialization has been
insufficient. As a result, cost-reduction efforts required for entry in the international
market and accumulation of achievements of in-orbit demonstration experiments arelacking. The results of government investment have not been adequately contributing
to market creation and the improvement of industrial competitiveness throughexpansion of utilization of space. In addition, the space industry has not been active in
R&D spending. In Europe and the U.S., real achievements of in-orbit operation basedon governmental demand have been accumulated and linked to the acquisition ofcommercial demand.
Based on the above understanding, Japan addresses R&D for purposes other thanscientific purposes with emphases placed on expansion of space utilization andindustrialization.
Furthermore, for continuous enhancement of industrial competitiveness, importance isplaced on new fields.
b) Strengthening the industrial basePrivate companies involved in the development and operation of satellite systems andspace transportation systems constitute the key industries that are expected to govern
Japanese autonomous space activities. In order to maintain the industrial base,government support should be reinforced to encourage private enterprise to exploit
domestic demand and acquire foreign demand. To ensure that private enterprise
becomes more competitive internationally, the government should provide
opportunities for demonstration experiments in outer space and adequate support for
R&D projects, while achieving reliability enhancement and cost reduction byconsistently maintaining and advancing the state-of-the-art in technologies. In thisprocess, the government should consider making the most of engineering research
associations or other appropriate schemes to facilitate the private sector and thegovernment to work jointly for overseas business expansion and effective promotionof R&D projects.
For the present, the foreign demand to be acquired includes commercial
communications/broadcasting satellites and the earth observation satellites currently ingrowing demand particularly in emerging countries.
31

The communications/broadcasting sector accounts for approximately 75% of thecommercial satellite market and thus, penetration into this market is important for
maintaining the industrial base. For the communications and broadcasting satellites, anemphasis is placed on the upsizing of bus, and the development and verification ofsuch technologies that are flexible enough to keep up with changing demands. In
addition, for the earth observation satellites, the government should implement
development and verification of those technologies based on the public-private
partnership initiatives that can meet market needs, such as reduced cost, higher
resolution sensors, and cooperative operation of several satellites.
The government actively promotes the overseas expansion of infrastructure by private
enterprise. Especially in Asian and other emerging countries, there is an increasingly
growing interest in fostering their own engineers and industrial businesses. Based on
the needs, cooperative relationships with individual countries are to be deepened bypromoting capacity building, technical cooperation and other programs.
The government should make the best use of various policies and measures in a
flexible manner, such as through public-private partnership initiatives for satellite
development, subsidy payments, and securing demand to maintain and strengthen theindustrial base. In addition, to support the overseas business expansion, thegovernment should take efficient and effective approaches, including utilization of
ODA and/or policy-based finance.
To assist private companies in the efficient and consistent development and production,
the government will take the initiative in drafting a mid- and long-term satellite
development
andutilization
plan,
parts
and
components
size
reduction/commercialization of various sizes, standardization, series of satellites, andblanket purchases of parts for government-developed satellites. The government will
investigate possible solutions for such problems as exhaustion of parts and increasing
dependency on parts from foreign countries.
For technologies and equipment, which should be made consistently available , thegovernment encourages the involvement of domestic companies in Japan, including
small and medium-sized businesses. In addition, the government ministries andagencies act as one body on the standardization of testing methods, provision ofefficient opportunities for outer space demonstration experiments and other challenges,
thereby promoting the appropriation of Japanese excellent commercial devices andcivil technologies to spacecraft.
MEXT, METI and other relevant ministries, JAXA and other research institutions, andboth industries and academic society should strengthen their partnership more thanever, and promote maintaining and reinforcing the industrial base in a unified andwell-planed manner through R&D efforts including drafting of roadmap forengineering development and enhancement of industrial competitiveness.

32

(3) Reinforcement of foreign and national security policies by utilizing space(3-1) Promotion of Space Diplomacy
1) Current status and issues
The development and utilization of space by Japan have been promoted based on thepartnership with the U.S.. Since the introduction of technologies for spacetransportation systems and satellites under the Agreement concerning cooperation in
space activities for peaceful purposes(1969) , a steady relationship has been
established and maintained in the both fields, civil use and national security.
For multilateral cooperation, discussions have been held on the establishment of therules for sustainable space activities including implementation of the Transparency andConfidence-Building Measures (TCBMs) for peaceful utilization of outer space andresponsible conduct of act in outer space in the international for a such as COPUOS andthe Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Transparency and Confidence-Building
Measures in Outer Space Activities. The debate about the International Code of Conduct
for Outer Space Activities also contributes to establishing such rules. Japan willcontinue to actively participate in such discussions. In addition, Japan is the only
Partner in the ISS Program, a multilateral cooperation program, among the Asian
countries.
In space cooperation with developing countries, in order to meet the needs of individual
countries, JAXA, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and otherorganizations have been actively promoting human resources development, joint
research for space utilization technologies and other programs as well as the provisionof Japanese space infrastructure. In supporting developing countries, Japan has been
providing the aid befitting its status based on the concept of “human security,” one of its
key diplomatic pillars, aiming to facilitate the advancement of the development andutilization of space in individual countries.
In addition, in response to the rapidly increasing needs in emerging countries, especiallyin Asia, for space infrastructure intended for disaster management, land management
and other purposes, it is necessary to utilize the Japanese space systems and know-how
as a tool for diplomacy with careful consideration given to the specific needs ofindividual countries.
As the development and utilization of space involve a variety of fields, including civil
use and national security, an increasing number of countries are undertaking thedevelopment and utilization of space. Therefore, it is important to expand and deepen
multinational communication and cooperation utilizing the United Nations and otherframeworks, and bilateral dialogue and partnership referring to the entire basic policy.
2) 5-year development and utilization plana) Active promotion of “space diplomacy” with ASEAN countries and other emerging
countries
Through the promotion of the establishment of a “Disaster Management Network for
ASEAN Region,” APRSAF, utilization of Sentinel Asia and other frameworks, andcooperation with Asian Development Bank and other institutions, the government willconsistently promote partnerships with Asian and other emerging countries under the
initiative of the central government.

33b) Steady promotion of multilateral cooperation
The government will make active contribution to discussions about assistance to outerspace research programs, information exchange, and practical approaches andpotential legal problems for peaceful utilization of outer space, which are addressed in
the COPUOS.
For enhanced sustainability of space activities, the government actively participates inthe establishment of the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities andworks together to encourage the participation of as many countries as possible.
Furthermore, the government carefully observes the progress of the debate in the GGE
on TCBM in Outer Space Activities, and works on making Japan’s view properlyreflected through the participating nations.
The government also continues to actively participate in the discussions about
important issues, such as the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) in
the CD in Geneva.
c) Reinforcement of bilateral relationship with advanced countries in terms of spacecooperation
Japan will strengthen strategic space policy dialogues with the U.S. in both fields, civil
use and national security. On the other hand, the government will reinforce bilateralspace dialogue with the other advanced countries, thereby enhancing the cooperative
relations concerning the entire space policy.
d) Promotion of international standardization for the development and utilization of space
In the course of realization of the development and utilization of space, thegovernment will take the initiative in promoting international standardization formethods for design, quality and evaluation of space technologies.
(3-2) Reinforcement of national security policy by utilizing space
1) Current statusa) Current status of outer space and national security in the international community
The Outer Space Treaty (formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities ofStates in the Exploration and Utilization of Outer Space, including the Moon andOther Celestial Bodies, 1967 Treaty No. 19) states in Article 3 that States Parties to theTreaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space, “inaccordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in theinterest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international
cooperation and understanding.11”b) History of the space utilization for national security in Japan
Utilization of outer space for national security in Japan has been following the view of
the Diet Resolution concerning Peaceful Utilization of Space adopted in 1969, limiting
the utilization of outer space by JSDF to “the satellites that have come into general use
11

Article 4 “States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects
carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons oncelestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner.
The Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to the Treaty exclusively forpeaceful purposes.”34

and the functionally equivalent satellites (excerpts from the government standpoint
dated February 6, 1985),” namely, communications satellites, meteorological satellites,
navigation satellites and the Information Gathering Satellites and other satellites thathave been generally used.
In Article 1 (The Purpose of the Law) of the Basic Space Law, Japan’s thedevelopment and utilization of space was defined as being promoted “by reflecting theprinciple of pacifism enshrined in the Constitution of Japan.” In addition, in Article 14of the Law, one of the basic measures were defined by the statement that “TheGovernment shall take necessary measures to promote the development and utilizationof space that contribute to the ensuring of peace and security of international
community and security of Japan.”In the revised Law concerning JAXA enacted in July 2012 with an intent to ensure theconsistency of its Article 4 (Objectives of the Agency) with the Basic Space Law, theactivities of JAXA is defined to be conducted in accordance with the principles ofpacifism enshrined in the Constitution of Japan.
2) Issuesa) Increasing trend of taking into consideration the utilization of outer space for national
security in foreign countries
In major countries of the world, information gathering based on remote sensing,satellite communications, satellite navigation and other practical applications of outerspace for national security has been widely adopted and therefore, Japan should also
consider proper measures.
b) Construction of space infrastructure based on cooperative relations between relevant
countries
In every country, there is an active effort toward establishment of cooperation withother countries despite severe finance constraints. Thus, the government should also
take part in the discussions about measures against debris, Space Situational
Awareness (SSA) and other programs.
3) 5-year development and utilization plan
For the national security of Japan, utilization of space serves as an effective means, and
it is especially essential for the enhancement in interpretation of information,
information sharing, and command and control means. Courses of action planned forindividual fields are summarized below.
a) Interpretation of information
Based on technological and other trends in the field of outer space, the government
investigates a comprehensive patrol and surveillance system covering a wide range,
and conducts the best possible effort to make available and renew as appropriate thefacilities, equipment and systems for information gathering, and to enhance theircapabilities.

With regard to the Information Gathering Satellites, Japan will maintain four-satellite
constellation in a sustainable manner. Japan will also aim to continue gathering
required information by improving and reinforcing the capabilities of Information
35

Gathering Satellites especially in the following areas: to increase the amount of
information by a higher frequency of image-taking; to improve the quality of
information through enhancement of the resolution of satellites to exceed the level ofcommercial satellites; and to provide products to the related ministries in a more
timely manner through reducing the time to transmit increasing volumes of mission
data as well as speedy imaginary analysis.
For remote sensing, in addition to cooperation in ordinary times, the government will
promote a satellite maintenance and improvement system based on bilateral or
multilateral cooperation to prepare for identification of the extent of disasters. At thesame time, Japan seeks the standard data policy for regulations and price setting on thesatellite data service providers.
In addition, Japan will consider effort to realize SSA as the entire government efforts
and to implement Maritime Domain Awareness utilizing space, and to conduct
sustentative experiment in outer space for infrared sensor system.
b) Information sharing, command and control, etc.
JSDF’s enhanced X-band satellite communication network will be built for
information sharing, command and control, and other purposes.
In addition, investigations are conducted for optimum utilization of satellite navigation,
including enhancement of interoperability between QZSS and GPS.
c) Promotion of national security policy by utilizing space based on the National Defense
Program Guidelines
Development and utilization of space for the national security in the future should bepromoted based on the results of review on the “National Defense Program Guidelines
for FY2011 and beyond.”(3-3) Action plans by country
1) United States
The ISS program is promoted with the participation of Europe, Canada and Russia in
addition to the U.S. and Japan.
In the field of satellite navigation, based on the Joint Statement announced at theJapan-U.S. Summit in September 1998, Japan and the U.S. are discussing the utilizationof global navigation systems at the Japan-U.S. GPS Plenary Meeting.
In November 2008, the Japan-U.S. Civil Space Dialogue was established and the bothcountries are holding exchanges of opinions at the government level on the entire spacecooperation (excluding the field of national security).
In the field of national security, fostering of security and cooperation relating to outerspace was arranged as a part of the approach for deepening the Japan-U.S. Alliance at
the Japan-U.S. Summit held in November 2009. Since September 2010, Japan-U.S.
Space Security Dialogue has been taking place on a regular basis, exchanging opinions
on a variety of topics such as cooperation in space policy, situational analysis, andcooperative operation.

36

Furthermore, in order to deepen the Japan-U.S. space security partnership, in the Joint
Statement of the Security Consultative Committee in June 2011, the areas of futurecooperation were identified.
In the “Fact Sheet: –Japan-U.S. Cooperative Initiatives,” the outcome document of theJapan-U.S. Summit held in April 2012, the pursuit for further cooperation in the civil
use and national security fields and the establishment of opportunities forcomprehensive dialogue on space were reaffirmed. Based on this, Japan-U.S. Space
Cooperation would be promoted steadily.
“Fact Sheet: Japan-U.S. Cooperative Initiatives” (excerpts), the outcome
document of Japan-U.S. Summit in April 2012
 Civil Space Cooperation
Japan and the United States have committed to deepen civil space cooperation
through early conclusion of the negotiation of a Framework Agreement on thepeaceful exploration and use of outer space and by pursuing the following
specific activities:• Cooperation, including with regard to interoperability and improved
regional navigation, between GPS and the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite
System (QZSS) for multiple purposes;• Collaboration on satellite-based earth observation missions such as
greenhouse gases observation satellites, including coordination on
promoting the utilization of satellite-based remote sensing data forenvironmental, scientific, and disaster monitoring purposes; and• Continuation of the International Space Station operations beyond 2016.
 Space Security Cooperation
Japan and the United States are to deepen our security partnership in space
through various cooperative measures, including the pursuit of voluntary andpragmatic transparency and confidence building measures in space, including
an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, and developmentof a framework for sharing space situational awareness services andinformation.
 Comprehensive Dialogue on SpaceJapan and the United States are to enhance our space dialogue with theengagement of all the relevant Ministries and Agencies to ensure awhole-of-government approach to space matters and space cooperation
addressing environmental research, scientific discovery, national andinternational security, and economic growth.
2) EU, Canada, and United Kingdoma) EU
Based on the Joint Press Statement of the Japan-EU Summit held in May 2011, EU
and Japan decided to explore the possibility of establishing a cooperation frameworkon satellite navigation at governmental level. In addition, EU submitted “the Draft
International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities” to promote the TCBM forouter space activities, asking Japan and other countries to participate in thisinternational code of conduct. Japan has been extending a welcome to the initiative of37

EU, and expressing its willingness to actively take part in the discussions on theestablishment of an international code of conduct for outer space activities.
For cooperation on satellite navigation, collaboration for the Japanese technologies,
QZSS and Galileo, should be promoted.
For the Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, Japan will
actively work toward establishment of an international code of conduct in which as
many countries as possible would take part.
In addition, Japan will carry on a space policy dialogue and explore the feasibility ofcooperation.
b) Canada
On March 26, 2012, a Memorandum for Promotion of Space Cooperation was
concluded between Japan and Canada with the Secretariat of Strategic Headquarters
for Space Policy, MEXT, JAXA and Canadian Space Agency (CSA) defined as theparticipants.
The areas of cooperation include earth observation, space exploration, space science,and space education. For implementation of the cooperative agreement, the Joint
Meetings will be held with the participation of relevant parties in Japan and Canada,
promoting the exchange of information and cooperation between Japan and Canada
through establishing working groups and reviewing the status of the bilateral
cooperation.
In the future, the Joint Meetings will be held to select the programs in the areas ofcooperation, which are considered mutually beneficial to both countries, thereby
promoting the bilateral cooperation.
c) United Kingdom
On April 10, 2012, a memorandum was developed to jointly explore, plan and promote
cooperative programs between Japan and the UK in the space field with the Secretariatof Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, the
UK Space Agency (UKSA) and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of UK definedas the participants.
The specific fields of cooperative programs include (i) civil use earth observation,(ii) Navigation Satellite Systems and applications, (iii) industrial cooperation in thefield of space technology, (iv) development of new services or applications that makeuse of space infrastructure, (v) cooperation in the area of international norms for theutilization of outer space etc. For implementation of the memorandum, the Joint
Committee will be held with the participation of the relevant parties.
In the future, the Joint Committee will be held to select the specific cooperative
programs in the above-mentioned fields, which are considered mutually beneficial toboth countries, thereby promoting bilateral cooperation.

383) ASEAN and other emerging countries
Japanese satellite data and other space technologies are to be practically applied as
effective tools to resolve the issues, such as disaster management, with which ASEAN
countries are faced.
Focusing on ASEAN and other emerging countries, the government will expand theutilization of QZSS. In addition, the establishment of a Disaster Management Network
for ASEAN Region will be carried out, thereby contributing to the development in theregion and reinforcing the Japan and ASEAN partnership.
Japanese space technologies that are expected to meet the needs of emerging countries
are supplied through the overseas expansion of infrastructure, thereby building a
relationship that benefits both nations.
(4) Promotion of Japan’s infrastructure system overseas in response to partner countries’
needs
1) Current status and issues
The international competitiveness of the Japanese space industry is still insufficient.
Overseas orders accepted to date for satellites include a total of two (2) in 2008, oneeach from Singapore and the domestic market, and a total of four (4) in 2011, two eachfrom Turkey and Vietnam. For launching services, Japan won a contract for launching aSouth Korean satellite in 2009.
In the emerging countries, especially in the Asian region, there are increasing needs forcommunications satellites and remote sensing satellites and their launching services fortransportation of the satellites to keep up with the needs forcommunications/broadcasting and disaster management. In addition, the utilization ofnavigation satellite systems is also in the spotlight. In practice, however, recipient
countries hope that not only the provision of satellites but also human resources
development, technology transfer and other services are supplied as a total package.
Based on the above understanding, it is important to actively support the export ofJapanese infrastructure at the government level. In September 2010, a task force wasestablished with participation of relevant ministries and interested organizations under
the overall coordination by the Cabinet Secretariat based on the “About present status ofpromotion of basic policy relating to space activities” (established in August 27, 2010by the Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy) to promote overseas business expansionof space systems.
To date, overseas business expansion has been focused on supplying satellites. However,among the emerging countries, especially in the Asian countries, there is a high level ofinterest in also developing their own engineers and creating industries not merely
supplying satellites. This suggests that the government must meet a wide variety ofneeds in those countries including provision of proper solutions.
2) 5-year development and utilization plan
In satellite development and engineering development led by the government in the
future, the government will place emphasis on contributing to enhancement of theinternational competitiveness of the Japanese space industry.

39

As exemplified by the establishment of a Disaster Management Network for ASEAN
Region and Comprehensive Disaster Management and Warning System in Chile, thegovernment will work toward planning the “solution proposal-based strategies” forresolving the problems with which the individual countries concerned are faced, thereby
addressing potential needs.
In order to cover the specific needs of recipient countries, the relevant government
ministries and agencies further strengthen the cooperation with each other, and provide
support for human resources development, technology transfer, and space agency
establishment by the central government in recipient countries in addition to supplying
of satellites in the form of a total package.
In conjunction with these efforts, the top-level sales by the high-ranking government
officials and the utilization of diplomatic establishments abroad will be promoted.
Capturing overseas markets will be pursued at various levels, including subsystems andparts, not only the entire system of spacecraft.
(5) Reinforcement of information gathering, research and analysis functions that contributeto effective space policy planning
1) Current status and issues
The space policy is closely related to diplomatic and national security policies,
industrial policy, and science and technology policy. Thus, when planning Japanesespace policy, it is indispensable to establish and maintain a comprehensive information
gathering and analysis system addressing the political, economic, industrial and scienceand technology trends both at home and abroad.
For the Cabinet Office and relevant ministries to enhance their planning capabilities, it
is essential to improve the information gathering and research and analysis capabilities
relating to the development and utilization of space in the domestic and overseasorganizations, including diplomatic establishments abroad.
2) 5-year development and utilization plan
To facilitate the planning of policy relating to the development and utilization of space,
the Committee on National Space Policy and JAXA are encouraged to enhance theinformation gathering, research and analysis capabilities.
Domestically in Japan, the network with universities and other organizations is to be
reinforced, while abroad, close contact with overseas research institutions andinternational organizations and also persons well-informed in foreign affairs will bemaintained, by using the most of diplomatic establishments abroad and JAXA overseas
liaison offices.
In addition, the results of information gathering and research and analysis, will be
provided on a regular basis to facilitate the information sharing between relevant
parties.

40

(6) Promotion of human resources development and space education that will support thedevelopment and utilization of space
1) Current status and issues
The spacecraft industry’s working population in Japan is approximately 7,000, declining
to less than 70% of the largest workforce around 1995, corresponding to approximately
one-tenth of the figure in the U.S. and approximately one-fifth of the figure in Europe.
In recent years, student quotas for universities and graduate schools relating to space
aeronautics in Japan have been increasing and the number of master’s degree holders is
also on the rise. However, among those with master’s degrees, only 10% to 20% find aposition in the aerospace industry and research institutions.
In the future, human resources required to support Japan’s development and utilizationof space include not only those who are engaged in the spacecraft industry, but also
researchers who lead the expansion of space utilization and the manpower that iscompetent to comprehensively get a perspective of the development and utilization of
space and plan projects. In addition to the technical experts, the personnel resources thatare familiar with international legislation relating to space and national security are
required.
To develop and secure those human resources, it also becomes important to enhance theeducational functions in universities and reinforce the elementary and secondary
education levels related to space. In addition, from the viewpoint of constructing
efficient space infrastructure through international contribution and cooperation, humanresources development and space education in the emerging countries interested in
introduction of Japanese space systems are also necessary.
2) 5-year development and utilization plana) Development and securing human resources that make up the foundation of thedevelopment and utilization of space
In addition to those who lead the R&D of the overall development and utilization of
space including space science for academic pursuits and the spacecraft industry’s
workforce, there are human resource needs for those who are involved in theutilization of space service industry and user industry supporting the expansion of
space utilization and those who have the overall ability to organize projects are
required. For this reason, government, municipalities, universities, JAXA, industries
and other involved parties should work together to develop and secure humanresources, including those in the fields of human and social sciences, and reinforce thespace education.
In addition, for the enhancement of scientific and technological literacy, outer space isan area in which adolescents and young adults are likely to be interested, and it can be
useful in enhancing their motivation for learning. Thus, using space education as
important means, elementary and secondary education programs for science andtechnology are to be enhanced.
b) Support for human resources development in emerging countries
Emerging countries promoting the development and utilization of space are highlyinterested in the development of human resources involved in the space policy andindustry, and there are high expectations for Japan in this regard primarily among
countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
41

To meet the needs, government support for accepting students from emerging
countries to Japan will be reinforced. In addition, through implementation of Japanese
projects for the development and utilization of space, such as ultra-small satellite
development projects at the university level and ISS Program, Japan will assist
emerging countries in the development of their own human resources.
(7) Consideration for the environment with a view to sustainable development andutilization of space
1) Current status and issues
To realize the development and utilization of space, in addition to consciousness about
the global environment, concern for the environment in outer space through the entire
development and utilization of space is indispensable, including reduction of debris
generation resulting from launching and satellites, and removal of debris.
In January 2007, China conducted an experiment of destroying its own satellite with aballistic missile (anti-satellite weapon (ASAT)). In February 2009, U.S. and Russian
satellites collided with one another on the circling orbits, generating a lot of debris. In
the future, the number of debris is expected to further increase due to possible chain
reaction of collision between debris.
For preservation of the space environment, prohibition of any harmful activities in outerspace is stipulated in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.
Since the late 1980s, the necessity of international cooperation in coping with debris has
been recognized. In 1993, the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee(IADC) was established, and in 2002 the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines was
adopted. In response to this, in 2007 the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines was
adopted in the COPUOS. At present, discussions are ongoing about the Long-term
Sustainability of Outer Space Activities including precautions for debris.
In addition, in the United Nations, in 2012, GGE on TCBM in outer space was formed,
and discussions about ensuring consistent and sustainable space environment areunderway.
Also in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in response to the
movement in the United Nations and IADC, the standard for methods for designing andoperating spacecraft and rockets to prevent generation of debris (ISO-24113) wasestablished by the Technical Committee ISO/TC20, Aircraft and Space Vehicles,
Subcommittee SC-14, Space Systems and Operations.
2) 5-year development and utilization plana) Preservation of space environmenti) Fostering international dialogue
In order to ensure the stable and sustainable space environment, the government will
actively participate in the COPUOS and the establishment of international norms forutilization of outer space, thereby making international contributions.

42ii) Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
Taking into consideration the United Nations Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines andother international recommendations, ISO standards and other norms, the government
will promote its own development and utilization of space.
iii) Space Situational Awareness (SSA)
In order to ensure safe and stable development and utilization of space in Japan,
consideration will be given to the SSA system which would become necessary forprotecting the ISS, satellites and astronauts from possible collision with debris andother hazardous situations. In addition, the space weather forecast system will be
improved and strengthened, which is designed to observe, analyze and forecast natural
phenomena such as solar activity and space environment change having effects on thespace and the ground infrastructure.
iv) Development of technologies for debris removal
In the future, maintaining international cooperation and taking advantage of Japan’s
strength, the government will steadily achieve development of debris removal
technologies and other technologies that will be needed globally.
b) Consciousness about the global environment
The development and utilization of space have the potential to help improve human
life, make industries and administration more sophisticated and efficient, and further
provide solutions for global energy and environmental issues. In such development
and utilization of outer space, consideration should be given to possible effects that thedevelopment and utilization themselves could cause to the global environment.
(8) Development of laws related to the space activities
1) Current status and issues
In the U.S., France and other major nations, enactment of legislation for space activities
is in progress to define government authorization, its supervision and the scheme ofcompensation for damage caused by space objects, and the space activities by theprivate sector are subject to such legislation. In Japan, rocket launching by private
enterprises, procurement of launching in another country, and operation of artificial
satellites have been realized.
The Basic Space Law stipulates the enactment of legislation in order to implement
treaties and other international agreements with regard to regulations on space activities
as well as other the development and utilization of space, and also in order to enhancenational interests of Japan’s benefit in the international community and contribute to thepromotion of the development and utilization of space by the private sector.
In addition, currently, discussion is underway though multilateral consultations about
the International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities to enhance the safety andsustainability of space activities and then, appropriate attention should be paid to theprogress of the discussion when a legal framework for space activities is investigated.
2) 5-year development and utilization plan
In the research and review of legal frameworks for space activities in the future,
consideration should be given to the sound involvement of the government with a view43

of encouraging the private sector to smoothly promote their space activities and theindustry to develop.
In the specific research and review on the legislation for space activities, consideration
should be given to definition of space activities, code of practice required forgovernment authorization and supervision, measures for protection of victims ofaccidents, and proper responsibility assignment between the government and the private
sector for compensation to the victims, while making reference to the industry
protection measures in Europe and North America as appropriate.
3-4. The method of promoting space related measures efficiently and effectively(1) Elimination of redundancy
For the efficient and effective promotion of projects with limited financial resources, it
is essential to eliminate possible redundancy of projects and their research anddevelopment details.
In addition, for the small-sized satellite verification project currently in progress, thedemonstration experiment projects in outer space for enhanced reliability of equipment
and parts, and other programs, the government should promote them efficiently andeffectively based on cross-sectional cooperation between relevant ministries.
(2) Use of capabilities of the private sector
For implementation of satellite development projects led by the government,
involvement of private enterprises in the space business should be promoted and cost
reduction realized through PFI and other public-private partnership initiatives. In
addition, the projects should be efficiently implemented with private-sector participation
including adoption of commercial devices, acceptance of private-sector funds forsatellite development, and introduction of private funding based on subsidy for satellite
development.
(3) Reinforcement of cooperation between related ministries
1) Reinforcing collaboration for remote sensing satellites
For land- and ocean- observing satellites and other similar projects that are currently inprogress at several ministries, reinforcement of cross-sectional cooperation is essential.
Specifically, for the remote sensing satellites, their operations should be made more
efficient by accomplishing the adjustment of satellite injection orbits, interoperation ofsatellites, unified management for requests for image capturing and other operations
based on cooperation between the involved ministries.
In addition, Japan has been spending approximately 10 billion yen per year on thepurchase of overseas commercial-satellite images. Keeping these needs in mind,
satellite development and improvement are to be achieved.
For the improvement of the governmental-satellite operating environment, the Platform
for Promoting the Utilization of Satellite Data is to be established in close collaboration
between concerned government ministries.

442) Effectively implementing the launching of government satellites
The government-wide operations for satellite development and launching are adjusted
as a whole for efficient implementation of operations by jointly undertaking the mission,
such as adopting the dual launching.
3) Disaster management and preparedness for accidents
For the space utilization technologies for disaster management and preparedness for
accident, their effective and efficient application should be promoted through close
cooperation between relevant ministries and agencies.
(4) Cooperation measures to support overseas deployment
In the emerging countries in which the need for utilization of space is expanding, thepromotion of their own space technologies and advancement of the space industry areoften included in the order requirements for the introduction of space systems fromoverseas.
For this reason, in the overseas expansion of Japan’s space systems, in addition to thereinforcement of the nation’s industrial competitiveness, provision of export finance andother finances, assistance to developing countries through ODA, utilization of APRSAF
and ISS, linkage between ongoing R&D and human resources development projects,
utilization of government top-level sales and diplomatic establishments abroad, andother possible government support should be effectively combined for the successfulpromotion of overseas expansion.
(5) Cooperation between related ministries in research and development projects andthoroughgoing project evaluation
MEXT, METI, and JAXA should cooperate with each other more than ever to promote
the maintenance and reinforcement of industrial base in a seamless and well-planned
manner through the advancement of R&D and reinforcement of industrial
competitiveness.
Business operations related to the development and utilization of space often require an
extended period of time and considerable expenses. To ensure efficient implementationof business operations, thorough assessment (including before, during and after
implementation of projects) and enhancement of business management are to be carriedout.
(6) Rationalization of operating and maintenance costs
Operating expenses for satellites and relevant equipment are to be streamlined by
entrusting the operation of several satellites on block to private enterprises, or applying
the profit from data sales to operating cost with utilization of private sector activities forcommercially valuable satellite data.
In addition, efforts are to be made to reduce the maintenance cost for facilities andequipment for the development and utilization of space including the launch sites.

45

Chapter 4 Promotion of Measures Based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy
The measures and policies listed below will be promoted in order to promote the development
and utilization of space comprehensively and systematically.
(1) Implementation of the measures based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy
1) Developing the JAXA’s Mid-Term Goal based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy
A new JAXA’s Mid-Term Goal, which will come into effect in FY2013, will be
developed based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy in accordance with the provisions in
Article 19 of the Law concerning Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
2) Policy to estimate the expenses for the development and utilization of space
The Cabinet Office will draft the Policy to Estimate the Expenses relating to thedevelopment and utilization of space through discussions in the Committee on National
Space Policy to accommodate the budget requests for each fiscal year and present it toconcerned government ministries and agencies. The concerned government ministries
and agencies make the budget requests in accordance with the Policy.
The Cabinet Office will implement follow-up of the Policy as needed and evaluate thedetails of the requests.
3) Evaluating the measures relating to space
The space-related measures by the involved offices and ministries must be implemented
in an efficient and effective manner. The space-related measures require a long period oftime and huge costs, and significant changes in policy are difficult to implement in mostcases once the projects have been launched.
Therefore, major projects are assessed rigorously in the Committee on National Space
Policy before initiation of the projects.
In addition, even after start of the projects, interim assessments are conducted to allow
modifications of projects as appropriate. Furthermore, ex post facto assessments are
implemented to make use of the results for the improvement of other projects andreflection for the future projects.
4) Holding the communication and coordination meetings between relevant offices andministries, focusing on the development and utilization of space
The Cabinet Office properly coordinates the entire space policy through communicationand coordination meetings with relevant offices and ministries, and collects thedemands and needs of users and the technical seeds of developers to incorporate theminto the development of space and achieve efficient and effective planning andcomprehensive coordination of basic policy.
(2) Follow-up of implementation status and public announcement
The progress of implementation of individual measures and policies based on the Basic
Plan on National Space Policy will be assessed, and the results publicized as needed.
(3) Linkage with policies in other areas
To implement the Plan, the government will ensure adequate linkage with politicalmeasures other than the space-related policies, such as major economic policies,46

National Defense Program Guidelines, Basic Plan for the Advancement of Utilizing
Geospatial Information, and Science and Technology Basic Plan.

47

Outline of Basic Plan on Space Policy(Appendix 1)

Chapter 1. Status of the Basic Plan on Space Policy and New Structure to promote the development and utilization of space・Five-year plan from JFY 2013 (foreseeing the next 10 years).
・The Office of National Space Policy (Cabinet Office) is positioned to be a headquarter for Japanese space policy. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is defined asa core implementing agency to support with its technology the government’s development and utilization of space.
Chapter 2. Basic Policy to promote the development and utilization of space

Expanding the utilization of space

Ensureing Autonomy-Achieve through the utilization of space (1)advancement and efficiency of industry, human life
and the administration (2)national security in a wide sense and (3)development of economy.

-Retain Japan’s ability to pursue autonomous space activities by maintaining and reinforcing
the industrial base through private-sector demand.

Prioritization of measures and three priority subjects:-Secure necessary and sufficient resources for further utilizing space and ensuring autonomy, and allocate certain amounts of resources to space science, including space exploration andhuman space activities.
-Give priority to the following three subjects； “National Security and Disaster Management”, “Industrial Development” and “Progress in frontier areas including space science”, bearing in mind
the importance of maintaining and improving the scientific and technological capabilities and industrial base.

《 Six Basic Pillars for Japan’s development and utilization of space 》
Peaceful use of space

Improvement of people’s lives

Development of industry

Prosperity of human society

Promotion of international
cooperation

Consideration for theenvironment

Chapter 3. Measures the Government should take comprehensively and systematically for the development and utilization of space
Four social infrastructures for expanding the utilization of space and ensuring autonomy
A. Positioning satellites-Establish four satellites
constellation by the late 2010sand aim to archive sevensatellites constellation in the
future, which enables sustainable
positioning.
-Promote the expansion of use
and overseas deployment.
-Work on the research anddevelopment of next generation
positioning satellite technologies

B. Remote sensing
satellites-Promote public - private
cooperation for a plan toestablish Disaster
Management Network for
ASEAN Riegion.
-Establish standard data
policy to clarify the rules onproviding data.

C.
Communications/Broadcastingsatellites-Promote technology testings that meet
future needs(including high power
geostationary satellite bus, and response tochange in demand after launch) tostrengthen international competitiveness ofJapan’s space industry.
-Develop technology for securingcommunication infrastructure in case ofdisaster, based on the lessons from theGreat East Japan Earthquake.

Three programs to pursuing of the development and utilization of space in future

D. Launch Vehicle System
Conduct comprehensive
examinations, and takenecessary measures tomaintain, strengthen anddevelop the nation’s ability
over the long term to launchsatellites, as deemednecessary, both
independently and efficiently.

E. Space science and space
exploration program

F. Human space activity
program- Given the remarkable-With regard to International
achievements worldwide to date,
Space Station (ISS),
secure certain amounts of funds
constantly strive to reduceand carry out the program bycosts and, after 2016, aim
gathering wisdom of the academic
community of the physical science to reduce costs by making
the operation more efficient.
and engineering fields with aG. Space solar powersystem R&D program-Conduct tests on potential
future energy sources suchas electrical powertransmission tests on the
ground.

focus on the Institute of Spaceand Astronautical Science (ISAS).

Eight cross-sectional measures to promote the strategic development and utilization of space(1) Promotion ofcomprehensive
measures to expand
the utilization of space(2) Building a strong
industrial base andpromoting effective
R&D(3) Reinforcement offoreign and national
security policy byutilizing space(4) Promotion ofJapan’s infrastructure
system overseas inresponse to partnercountries’ needs(5) Reinforcement of
information gathering,
research and analysis
functions that contribute toeffective space policy
planning(6) Promotion of humanresources development
and space education thatwill support thedevelopment andutilization of space(7) Consideration for
the environment with aview to sustainable
development andutilization of space(8) Development oflaws related to space
activities

The method of implementing space related measures efficiently and effectively(1) Elimination of redundancy (2) Use of the capabilities of the private sector (3) Reinforcement of cooperation between related ministries (4) Cooperation measures to support overseas
deployment (5) Cooperation between related ministries in R&D projects and thoroughgoing project evaluation (6) Rationalization of operating and maintenance costs

Chapter 4. Promotion of Measures Based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy(1) Implementation of measures based on the Basic Plan on Space Policy (2) Follow-up of implementation status and public announcement (3) Linkage with policies in other areas

Keys in Basic Plan on Space Policy[National security & Disaster management](National security)
Four Social
Infrastructures

A. Positioning
Satellites

B.
RemoteSensing
Satellites[Industrial development](Disaster(Utilization expansion)
management)
Quasi-Zenith Satellite system(Industrial basesustainment/enhancement)(Appendix 2)[Progress in frontier areas including
space science](Sustainment/enhancement ofcapabilities in science & technology)• Establish four satellites constellation by the late 2010s and aim to achieve seven satellites constellation in
the future, which enables sustainable positioning.
• National
emergency
response• Japan-US
cooperation
Information
Gathering
Satellites• Ensure constantoperations tocope withsecurity issues,large-scaledisaster, etc.

• Improve disastermanagement
capability• Service deployment
in Asia-Pacific region• R&D for next-generation
technologies• Validation for wider use• Promotion of Geospatial society

Disaster Management Network for ASEAN Region• Develop remote sensing satellites constellation enabling continuous data
provisions and improvement in frequency of image acquisition (once a day
or more), using the same or same type of sensor.
• Promote• Expand utilization of• Solution for disasterinternationaldatamanagement, etc.
deployment of• Support value added• Stronger Japaninfrastructuresindustry of data analysis
ASEAN ties
• PPP
and processing
Meteorological Satellites• Continuous operations

C.
Communications/Broadc
astingSatellites
D.
Launching
VehicleSystemDefensecommunication• Secure reliablecommunication
tools, such as X
bandcommunications
satellites

Disastercommunication• Develop technologies
to secure disastercommunication
infrastructures basedon lessons learned
from the Great East
Japan Earthquake

Three programs topursue the potential forthe future
E. Space science andspace exploration
program• Secure a certain
amount of funds
F. Human space
activity program• Steady cost cuts
• Streamline
research andrefine researchcontents

Communications/Broadcasting Satellites• Validate technologies that will meet future needs forstrengthening international competitiveness of thenation‘s space industry

G. Space solar
power system
R&D program• Conduct expeditious examinations into the nation’s launching vehicle system in a comprehensive manner,and take necessary measures to maintain the ability of the autonomous system over the long term.

• Conduct steadydemonstrationtests

Basic Plan Roadmap
Roadmap Significance and Aim

Outline

FY2013

FY2014- Strengthen international competitivenessin industry- Upgrade and streamline industry, human
life, administration- Contribute to Asia-Pacific region andincrease presence of Japan- Strengthen Japan-US ties
- Improve national security in a broad
sense, including disaster management
capability

FY2016FY2017FY2018FY201910 - 11 trillion yen-Establish four satellites constellation including
MICHIBIKI by the late 2010s and aim to complete
seven satellites constellation in the future, whichenables sustainable positioning.

FY2021

FY2022

Operate four satellites system steadily
Aim to complete seven satellites constellation in the future, which enables sustainable positioning.

Expand utilization and overseas deployment
R&D of next-generation satellite related technology. Promote Geospatial Society

Economic Impact: 4 trillion yen in Japan and Asia

Disaster Management Network for ASEAN Region- Upgrade and streamline disaster- Collect data continuously and frequently with the
management, mapping, land management,same or same type of sensor
etc.
- Integrate operations of multiple satellites- Strengthen international cooperation in(Constellation)industry- Effectively develop and operate through PPP and- Build satellites constellation for a Disasterinternational cooperation
Management Network for ASEAN Region- Foster recipient industries that use data
- Strengthen Japan-ASEAN ties
- Upgrade satellites system as social infrastructure

Utilizing ASNARO-1,2, for continuous and more frequent data acquisition
with same or same type of sensor,
build and operate satellite constellation under PPP and international cooperation
Expand utilization and foster recipient industry demands- Steadily maintain, add functions to, and reinforce- Gather necessary information for national
the four satellites system with 2 optical satellites andsecurity and risk management
2 radar satellites

Target: Receive 2 or more overseas orders per
year, especially from Asian nations
Target: Expand satellite data market size to 100 billion yen(One third of global market)

Steadily maintain, add functions to, and reinforce the four satellites system with two optical satellites and two radar satellites- Provide weather forecast with highprecision- Continuously develop and operate meteorologicalsatellites, and provide their data

Continuously develop and operate meteorological satellites, and provide thier data

- Resolve global environmental problems- Promote international cooperation and contribute toenvironmental policies in Japan

Select and concentrate on policies with a view to contributing to environmental policies- R&D and validation tests in outer space of- Enhance international competitiveness ofcomponent technologies to enhance international
industry
competitiveness of space industry.

FY202014 - 15 trillion yen

Develop and launch satellites and develop ground system
to establish four satellites constellation including MICHIBIKI- Expand utilization and overseas deployment- Promote international cooperation- R&D of the technologies for the next-generation
positioning satellite system- Promote Geospatial Society

R&D and space validation of component technologies to enhance international competitiveness of space industry- Ensure requisite communication regarding national- Establish satellite telecommunications for security
national security and disaster management - Ensure communication between the central and- Enhance C4ISR function with using
local governments in the time of disasterspace- R&D for ensuring communication infrastructure in
the time of disaster

Target: Receive 3 or more orders per year

Develop, build and operate a system comprised of 2 X-band communication satellites
Develop technologies to ensure communication infrastructures during disasters- Use Japanese rockets preferentially

Use Japanese rockets preferentially to launch Government's satellites
Upgrade and operate H2A- Maintain and improve solid fuel launchers- Develop Epsilon, a series of solid fuel launchers
technologies- R&D to improve performance of H2A- Enhance performance of H2A- Ensure autonomy- Review the Japanese space transportation system
in a comprehensive manner from medium- and longterm viewpoint- Accumulate common intellectual
properties of humankind, and pursue
academic achievements- Ensure a certain amount of funds, and select andimplement projects in a bottom-up competition
system with ISAS at the center- Consider space exploration for various policy
targets

F. Human Space
Activity Program- Space transportation strategy- Acquire technologies related to humanspace activities- Promote space education- Reduce operational costs of ISS- Review the scheme of participation in ISS project
after 2016
- Streamline researches and refine contents

G. Space Solar
Power System
R&D Program

E. Space Scienceand Space
Exploration
ProgramD. Launching Vehicle
System

C. Communication/
Broadcasting Satellites

B. Remote Sensing Satellites

A. Positioning Satellite

the scales of Japanese space industry

FY2015(Appendix 3)- Develop future energy sources- Carry out studies about wireless powertransmission and reception technology, etc.

Develop and operate Epsilon rockets and reduce related costs
Comprehensive
Review

Target: Receive 1 or more order(s) per year fromoutside Japanese public agencies

Take necessary measures in accordance with the comprehensive review- Ensure a certain amount of funds for space science and space exploration for academic purposes, and aim for cutting-edge breakthroughs- With regard to the space exploration projects conducted for various policy purposes, they are examined from various viewpoints of diplomacy, national security, enhancement of industrial competitiveness,
improvement of levels of science and technology, etc. There should be discussion on manned vs. unmanned, cost-effectiveness, significance as a part of national strategy, and it is necessary to take measures basedon the results of the discussion.

As for the Japanese response to future human space activities carried out under the scheme of international cooperation, discussion
should consider various aspects of such activities as diplomacy, national security, maintenance of industrial bases, industrial
competitiveness, science & technology, etc.

Constantly assess cost-effectiveness and reduce costs

Steadily conduct studies, mainly those related to wireless power transmission and reception
Review plan and cost-effectiveness of validation tests in outer space toward implementation

Prime Minister’s Instruction(Regarding Basic Plan on Space Policy)
January 25, 2013

In response to the establishment of the Basic Plan on Space Policy, Cabinet ministers
concerned should commit themselves to smooth and steady implementation of the Plan, and,in particular, promptly address the items listed below under the initiative of the Minister ofState for Space Policy.
1.

To give careful consideration to the best possible allocation of resources including
through prioritization of budget allocation, and take required measures in order toensure that the Cabinet Office can function more effectively as the command center andthat the Basic Plan on Space Policy will be implemented efficiently and effectively. To
facilitate the involved ministries and agencies to work together and strongly promote
space policies for the sake of economic growth and industrial revitalization.

2.

For the competent ministers of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Independent
Administrative Institution (JAXA) to establish a Mid-Term Goal and a Mid-Term Plan
to implement the programs based on the priorities specified in the Basic Plan on Space
Policy, since the recent amendment to the relevant law stipulates that JAXA is an
institution that supports the government-wide space development and utilization
including in the area of national security. For the Cabinet Office to examine the
Mid-Term Goal on its conformity with the Basic Plan on Space Policy.

3.

To ensure implementation of the Basic Plan on Space Policy in conformity with thenational security policy based on the review of the “National Defense Program
Guidelines for FY 2011 and beyond.”