Energy Technology Strategy(Technology Strategy Map 2007)

April 2007
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

Contents
I. Basic Concept .................................................................................. 1
II. Process of Strategy Formulation ...................................................... 2
III. Characterization of Technologies ..................................................... 3 Overhead Map of Energy Technologies
5
IV. How to Read Technology Map, Technology Roadmap
and Introduction Scenario ................................................................. 7
V. Technology Map, Technology Roadmap
and Deployment Scenario for Each Policy Objective ........................ 9(1) Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency ................................... 9 Technology Map
10 Technology Roadmap
20 Deployment Scenario
32(2) Diversification of Transport Fuels ................................................ 33
 Technology Map34
 Technology Roadmap
40
 Deployment Scenario
46(3) Promotion of New Energy Development and Introduction ........... 47
 Technology Map
48
 Technology Roadmap
58 Deployment Scenario
68(4) Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety as Premises .. 69
 Technology Map
70 Technology Roadmap
73 Deployment Scenario
75(5) Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels ................ 77 Technology Map
78 Technology Roadmap
89 Deployment Scenario
100I. Basic Concept
Resources-poor Japan must initiate a next-generation energy-using
society ahead of other countries through the development, introduction anddiffusion of innovative energy technologies in order to develop sustainably
sustain its development for the future. But energy technology development
requires a large amount of time and investment while remaining uncertain
and is difficult for private companies to undertake. If the government gives a
direction for future technology development over a long period and sharesthe direction with the private sector, this may reduce the concern about future
uncertainty, with the government and private sectors being allowed to make apersistent effort over a long period.
The New National Energy Strategy and Basic Energy Plan, as
developed-earlier, called for the creation of an energy technology strategy.
We have now created the Energy Technology Strategy Map 2007 for the long
period through 2030, as covered by the New National Energy Strategy, bybuilding on the Energy Technology Vision 2100a very long-term energy
technology vision (as prepared in October 2005) and by adding sometechnologies for consideration to those covered by the Energy Technology
Strategy Map 2006 (created in November 2006) and by prioritizing andcharacterizing specific technologies.

1II. Process of Strategy Formulation
The Technology Strategy Map includes technology maps, technology
roadmaps and deployment scenarios.
The technology map extracts
elemental and other technologies required for implementing policy objectives.
The technology roadmap indicates technological development on a time line.
The deployment scenario shows both technological development andrelevant measures.
In creating this technology strategy map, first we set five policy
objectives -- (1) improvement of overall energy efficiency, (2) diversification oftransport fuels, (3) promotion of new energy development and introduction,(4) utilization of nuclear energy, and (5) stable supply and efficient clean useof fossil fuels -- based on policy pillars in the previous New National Energy
Strategy and we extracted the major energy technologies contributing tothese objectives.
(1) Improvement of overall
energy efficiency(2) Diversification oftransport fuels(3) Promotion of new energy
development and introduction(4) Utilization of nuclear energy
and secured safety as premises(5) Stable supply and efficientclean use of fossil fuels
Next, we put extracted technologies in order on a time line to create theroadmap. Then, we wrote the deployment scenario specifying measures forthe introduction of technology development achievements in an orderly
manner.

2

III. Characterization of Technologies
In order to overview the entire energy technology area, we conducted aquestionnaire survey among experts and conducted qualitative evaluation ofeach technology's contributions to the five policy objectives.
Evaluation point

Details

Benchmarks regarding policy objectives(1) Improvementof overall
energyefficiency

Technologies that contribute to improving the index of final energy
consumption per GDP, including technologies for improving energy
conversion efficiency and manufacturing process efficiency in theindustrial sector and for promoting energy conservation in theresidential/commercial and transport sectors.

(2) Diversificationof transport
fuels

Technologies that contribute to reducing the transport sector's
dependence on petroleum, including biomass fuels, GTL (gas toliquid), BTL (biomass to liquid), CTL (coal to liquid) and other new
alternative fuels, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles.

(3) Promotion of
new energy
development
andintroduction

Technologies that contribute to promotion of development andintroduction of solar, wind and biomass energies.
Innovativeadvanced energy utilization technologies, including new technologies
that contribute to diffusion of renewable energies, sharp
improvements in energy efficiency and diversification of energy
sources.

(4) Utilization of
nuclear energy
and secured
safety as
premises

Technologies that contribute to keeping the share of electricity
generation through nuclear power in a 30-40% or higher range evenafter 2030, including technologies for load leveling, for promoting
nuclear power utilization and for securing safety.

(5) Stable supply
and efficientand cleanutilization offossil fuels

Technologies for development and efficient utilization of fossil
resources, CCT (clean coal technologies) and other technologies forclean utilization of fossil fuels, and technologies securing of energy
resources

Overhead Map of Entire Energy Technologies
Based on the evaluated results, we have created an overhead map
covering all of the energy technologies that indicate contributions to the five
policy objectives.

3Overhead Map of Energy Technologies(1) Improvement of overall energy efficiency

High efficiency lighting▽High efficiency fluorescent lamp
▼High efficiency LED lighting▼Organic EL lighting▽Next-generation lighting(5) Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
CO2 storage◆Geological storage of CO2◆Ocean storage of CO2

Coal mining◆Advanced technology formining and cleaning of coal
◇Underground coal gasification

High efficiency water heater
CO2 capture▽High efficiency air-heater▼High efficiency heat pump water heater▼◇Advanced integration◆Pre-combustion CO2 capture▽High efficiency water heaterin complex
Energy-conserving housing/building◆Post-combustion CO2 capture▽Latent
heat
recoverywaterheater▼Advanced insulation housing/building◇Oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture
Energy-conserving
industrial
processes▼Advanced airtight housing/building
Development of unconventional fossil fuel resources▼◆Next-generation
coke
production
methods
High efficiency air-conditioning◆Enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) recovery▼◆Iron and steel process
High efficiency kitchen equipment▽High efficiency absorption chiller-heater◆Production and reforming of oil sand and other heavy oils▽◇New reductive melting iron making processes▽High efficiency gas burner cooking equipments ▼High efficiency heat pump
◆Improved development, production and recovery of unconventional gas▼◆Petroleum refining process▽High efficiency induction heating (IH) cooker▼Ultra-high performance heat pump
◆Development of methane hydrate (MH) resource▼◇Petrochemical process▽◇Cement process
Coal-fired power generation
Energy-conserving electric
Energy-conserving display▽◇Paper manufacturing
Energy-conserving◇Reduction of trace substances emission
home appliances
Advanced traffic system▽◇Nonferrous metals process▽Energy-conserving refrigerators ▽Low power consumption PDP industrial process
Development of fossil resources▽Low power consumption LCD ▽LSI production▼◇Process of chemical raw materials ▼◇ITS▽Reduction of standby power◆Exploration of oil and gas reservoirs▽◇Modal shift in passenger transport▽LED display▽◇Glass production processprocess
consumption◆Drilling and developing oil and natural gas▼◇Modal shift in freight transport▽Organic EL display▽◇Processing and assembling◇Drilling and developing fossil resources in frontiers(4) Utilization of nuclear▽◇Ceramic manufacturing process
Energy management◆EOR/EGR▼Energy-conserving
informationequipments▼◇Co-production▼HEMS
energy and secured◆Eco-friendly oil and gas development▼◇Integration and collaboration between industries(2)
Diversification▼BEMS
ultra-heavy oil and utilizing upgraded oil▽◇High-efficiency industrial furnace/boiler
safety as premises
High performance devicesof transport fuels Upgrading◆Upgrading oil extracted from oil sands▽Si devices
Energy-conserving network communication
Utilization of LP gas
Petroleum refining◆Thermalcrackingof bitumen from oil sands▼SiC devices▽High-capacity high-speed network▽◇High-efficiency LPG▽◇Fuel-saving high-durability lube oil
by using supercritical water, etc.
▽Nitride devices (GaN, AlN)
/ optical network communication
Light water reactor
burning appliance▽●◇Energy-conserving trains◆Utilizing bitumen from oil sands
Coal fired power generation▽Diamond devices■Advanced utilization of light water reactor
High-efficiency natural▽◇IGHAT
High-efficiency power transmission/transformation ▽CNT transistor
Advanced
technology
for using petroleum■Decommissioning▽○◇High performance▼◇A-PFBC▼Energy conservation transformer▽Energy-conserving LSI systems gas power generation○◇Hydrogen production from petroleum
Utilization of heavy crude oil■Next-generation light water reactor
aircrafts▼◆A-USC▼◇High-temperature GT
and hydrogen transportation◆High severity fluid catalytic
High performance power electronics▽◇AHAT▼◆IGCC▽○◇Highperformancecracking and other advanced○◇New alternative fuels for vehicles▼High efficiency inverterLight water reactor fuel cycle▼◆IGFC▼◇FC/GT hybrid power
ships
technologies for heavy oil○◇Improving vehicle efficiency and■Centrifuge uranium enrichment
High-efficiency generator
generation▼◆A-IGCC/IGFC
processing
promotingexhaustgas
cleanup■MOX fuel fabrication▽○◇High efficiency marine▽Superconducting generator
High-efficiency co-generation○◇Offroadengineswithlowenvironmental
loadtransport system
Electric power storage▽◇Gas/petroleum engine co-generation
Utilization of heavy crude oil
Smooth shift from light water reactor▽□Variable-speed pumped storage generation
Clean
energyvehicles▼◇GT
co-generation○◇Production of high-octane gasoline from low-quality oil
cycle to fast reactor cycle▽○◇
Natural-gas
vehicles○◇Production of hydrogen from petroleum pitch and cokes■High-decontamination process prior toElectric power storage
High-efficiency power transmission/transformation▼●◆Hybrid vehicles○◆Production of synthesized diesel fuel form asphalt (ATL)
conversion of reprocessed uranium▽☆□NaS battery▼☆■◇Large capacity power transmission
High efficiency internal
Utilization of LP gas
Energymanagement
Electric power storage
combustion engine
Fast reactor cycle○◇Utilization of LPG/DME mixed fuel▼☆□◇Optimization of energy demand
Petroleum refining□Sea water pumpedElectric power storage▽★New advanced power supply system▼●◇Gasoline
engine■Fast reactor
and load leveling◇Zero-emission petroleum
Petroleum refining
storage power generation▽☆SMES▼●◆Diesel engine■Fuel cycle
Energy management
refinery process○◇Advanced technology for producing□Underground pumped▽☆Superconducting flywheel▼☆Local energy management High-efficiency co-generation
desulfurized liquid fuels
storage power generation▽☆Redox flow battery
Other innovative reactors
Naturalgasutilization
Energy-conserving□Compressed air energy
Natural gas utilization▽☆Microgrid ▼☆◇Fuel cell co-generation□Supercritical-water-cooled reactor,
Electric power conversion of housing/building◇Producing, transporting
storage (CAES)●◆Gas
toliquids(GTL)
medium and small reactors
unused micro-scale energy
and utilizing NGH▽☆Passive housing/building
Fuel cells○◇Next generation technology for
Clean energy vehicles▽☆Thermoelectric conversion▽☆◇PAFC
Power system control
Gas supply
producinghydrogenfromnaturalgas▼●☆◆Plug-in hybrid vehicles▽☆Piezoelectric conversion
Disposal of radioactive wastes▼☆◆MCFC▽★Utilization of distributed◇Gas transportation○◇Synthesizing LP gas from natural gas, etc.
Power system control▼●☆◇Electric vehicles■Shallow land disposal▼★◆SOFC
generationHeat
transport
Heat storage◇Gas storage☆□Power system protection▼●★◇Fuel cell vehicles
Utilization of new alternative fuels■Disposal at intermediate depth▽☆Latent heat transport▽☆Latent heat storage
Utilization of unused heat source▽○☆◇Hydrogen engine vehicles
Coal Utilization●◇Utilization of GTL and other new
enough for general underground use▽☆Sensible heat transport ▽☆Sensible heat storage ▽☆Utilizing cryogenic energy◇Combustion of low-grade coalalternative fuels along with petroleum■Geological disposal▽☆Heat transport byPower system control
of snow and ice
Hydrogen production◇Next-generation technology
Hydrogenproduction
absorption/adsorption☆Power control▽☆Utilizing thermal energy○★◇Hydrogen production
for pulverizing coal
Fuel cells○◇Hydrogen production from
☆Frequency control
of
river
water
by gasification◇Advanced utilization of coal ash
High efficiency air-conditioning▼●★◇PEFC
coal with CO2 recovery☆Load flow control▽☆Utilizationof
exhaust◆Coal de-ashing technology▽☆Ground source heat pump
Production of biofuel▽○☆◇DMFC★Power system stabilization
Coal Utilization
heat in urban◆Low-rank coal upgrading▽☆Utilization of snow ice cooling○☆◇Dimethyl ether (DME)★Wide area monitoring and control○◆Coaltoliquid(CTL)◇Hot coke oven gas reforming○★◇Production of BTL by gasification of biomass
Electric power storage☆Restoration
Hydrogen utilization
Utilization of solar thermal energy
without catalyst▽●☆Nickel-hydrogen battery
Utilization of new alternative fuels▽☆Hydrogen
combustion
turbine☆Solar thermal power generation◇Effective use of coke oven gas▼●★Lithium-ion battery●☆◇Advanced technology for☆Hot-water supply by using solar thermal energy◇Efficient coal conversion▼○☆Capacitor
utilizing biomass and other
Production of biofuels
PV power generation ☆Air-conditioning by using solar thermal energy
unconventional petroleum☆◇Producing biomass fuels with addition of coalWind power generation
Utilization of biomass and waste energy★Suppressing influence of
products
Coal fired power generation★Suppressing influence of wind power systems to grid○★Biomass resource supply
photovoltaic systems to grid
Coal Utilization★◇Biomass/coal hybrid power generation
Geothermal power
Production of biofuels○☆◇Hydrothermal
PV power generation
Wind power generation
generation●★Alcohol fermentation
cracking of coal Coal Utilization☆◆Multipurpose uses of coal gasification★Crystalline silicon solar cell
★Onshore wind power generation☆Geothermal binary●★Conversion of cellulosic★Thin-film silicon solar cell★Offshore wind power generation
power generationmaterials into ethanol Transportation and supply of hydrogen★Compound-crystalline solar cell ★Micro wind power generation☆Hot dry rock power●★Biodiesel fuel (BDF)○☆Transportation and supply of compressed hydrogen★Thin-film CIS-based solar cell
generation○☆Methane fermentation○☆Transportation and supply of liquid hydrogen★Dye-sensitized solar cell
☆Micro geothermal○☆Hydrogen fermentation ○☆Hydrogen pipelines
Hydraulic power
power generation●☆Safety technology for hydrogen gas refueling stations☆Small and medium
Utilization of ocean energy
Hydrogen production
hydraulic power generation☆Wave power generation○☆Solid polymer water Hydrogen storage
Utilization of biomass and waste energy☆Tidal and current power generation○☆Inorganic materials for hydrogen storage
electrolysis☆RDF/RPF☆Ocean thermal energy conversion○☆Alloy materials for hydrogen storage○☆High temperature
The colored symbols specified in front of the technologies indicate the☆Sewage sludge carbonization
steam electrolysis ○☆Carbonaceous materials for hydrogen storage☆Direct combustion of biomass and wastes
policy objectives to which these technologies would contribute:○☆Organic materials for hydrogen storage●☆Alkaline water★Biomass/waste gasification power generation○☆Hydrogen storage container
electrolysis▽ Improvement of overall energy efficiency○★Hydrogen production
Production of biofues○ Diversification of transport fuelsusing photocatalysts★Development of solid biofuels(3) Promotion of new energy development and introduction☆ Promotion of new energy development and introduction□ Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises◇ Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
Technologies that make great contributions to policy objectives areaccompanied by pasted symbols (▼●★■◆) for the relevant policy
objectives and specified with underlined red letters.

IV. How to Read Technology Map, Technology Roadmap and
Deployment Scenario Technology Map
We have extracted 235 technologies that are expected to be come into
practical use by around 2030 within a broad energy area and to contribute to
the five policy objectives. These technologies are broken down by policy
objective. They have also been classified by energy flow -- primary,secondary and final energy consumption -- by energy category -- electricity,heat, fuel, etc. -- and by demand sector -- industry, residential/commercial
and transport -- for illustration.

Residential/
Commercial
HydrogenIndustry

Hydrogen

Fuel

Electricity
Heat

Fuel

Electricity

Natural energies

Fossil fuels

Heat

Solar

Coal

Transport

Flow of energy

Wind

Natural gas

Ocean

Unconventional
fossil fuels

Geothermal
Biomass

Nuclear

Fuel

Primary energy

Hydropower

Oil

Hydrogen

Secondary energy

Supply sector
Transformation sector
Energy transformation
Final demand sector

Electricity

7 Technology Roadmap
Regarding technologies that contribute to each policy objective, we
specified elemental technologies and the problems in their development,
improvements in required functions and technology development phases as
milestones on a time line. (We consulted sector-by-sector promotion
strategies and roadmaps for other areas to describe the technology
specifications.)
Technologies for systems,
processes and products toserve market and social needs

Performance and cost goals
Energy technologies

R&D phase

Demonstration test phase

Introduction phase

Diffusion phase

Individual
technologies
Major element technologies and technical issues
Technologies are realized for the production of products for themarket. It is presumed that conventional measures will be used
to support their introduction. Economic features, technologicalfeasibility indicators and other data are comprehensively taken
into consideration. In this phase, the first large facility for theconversion or industrial sector may be introduced. Technologies
for the residential/commercial and transport sectors may achievemarket competitiveness in this phase.

Technologies as classified
for evaluating contributions
to policy objectives
Element technologies are mostly
established or problems are solved
through R&D work.
However, the timing for this phase as
well as the introduction phase may
change depending on future technology
advancement and non-technology
factors.

Colors in each roadmap represent the relevant technology categories:
Green for energy-saving technologies, blue for new energy technologies,
orange for electricity and gas technologies, red for nuclear technologies
and purple for fuel technologies.

 Deployment Scenario
The background at home and abroad, energy policy developments,
major technology development projects and relevant measures, and common
relevant measures for the achievement of each policy objective are put inorder for each policy objective.

8V. Technology Map, Technology Roadmap and Deployment Scenario
for Each Policy Objective(1) Improvement of overall energy efficiency
Since the 1970s, Japan has tackled energy conservation efforts throughfull cooperation between the government and the private sector and madesubstantial achievements through industry structure reforms, introduction of
new manufacturing technologies and improvement of efficiency for consumer
products. In order to match previous achievements in the coming 30 years(improve energy consumption per GDP by some 30% by 2030) as set in the
New National Energy Strategy, all sectors should develop and introduce
technologies contributing to an overall improvement in energy efficiency.
In order to achieve the energy conservation goals under the New
National Energy Strategy, the government should promote not only
technology development but also such relevant measures as creation ofenergy conservation standards for frontrunner systems, subsidization of
introduction of energy-saving equipment and appliances,, and evaluation ofenergy-saving investment projects.
We consulted the Energy Conservation Technology Strategy 2007,
which was to be introduced in April 2007, to divide energy-saving
technologies for development into the following five groups and to create thetechnology map, the technology roadmap and the deployment scenario.
► "Super combustion system technologies" to substantially increase
efficiency of manufacturing processes by eliminating fuel or using fuelmore efficiently.
► "Technologies for energy utilization beyond space-time restrictions" toutilize surplus energy beyond time or space restrictions to eliminate
energy supply/demand mismatches.
► "Energy conserving information living space creation technologies" toreduce energy consumption by combining efficient equipment andinformation technologies in response to an increase in energy
consumption emerging from living style changes in the residential
sector.
► "Technologies that established the advanced transport society" toimprove efficiency of transport equipment and achieve advanced
utilization of transport means through modal shifts to reduce energy
consumption in the transport sector.
► "Future energy conserving device technologies" to reduce energy
consumption by improving semiconductors and other devices used
across a wide range of areas.
Electricity storage and other technologies for stable electricity supply,
technologies for reducing power transmission losses, and those forharmonization between grid and non-grid electricity have been included intothe "technologies for energy utilization beyond space-time restrictions."

9

Future energy conserving device technologies
High performance devices▽Si devices▼SiC devices▽Nitride devices (GaN, AlN)
▽Diamond devices▽CNT transistor▼Energy-conserving
information equipments

Energy-conserving
electric home appliances▽Energy-conserving
refrigerators▽Reduction of standby
power consumption

Energy-conserving display▽Low power consumption PDP▽Low power consumption LCD▽LED display▽Organic EL display

Energy conserving information
living space creation technologies

10Energy-conserving housing/building▼Advanced insulation housing/building
High efficiency kitchenHigh performance powerelectronics High efficiency lighting▼Advanced airtight housing/building▽High efficiency fluorescent lamp equipment▼High efficiency inverter▽☆Passive housing/building▽Highefficiency
gasburner▼High efficiency LED lighting
cooking equipments
High performance devices▼Organic EL lighting
Energy-conserving industrial process ▽Energy-conserving LSI systems▽High efficiency induction▽Next-generation lighting▽LSI production process
heating (IH) cooker
High efficiency water heater
Energy-conserving network communication▼High efficiency heat pump water heater▽High-capacity high-speed network
Res/Com▽High efficiency water heater▽High efficiency air-heater/ optical network communication▽Latent heat recovery water heater
Energy management
Super combustion system technologies
High efficiency air-conditioning▼HEMS▽High efficiency absorption chiller-heater▼BEMS▼High efficiency heat pump
Fuel cells
Power system control▽☆Microgrid
Industry▼☆Local energy management▼Ultra-high performance heat pump▽○☆◇DMFC▽★Utilization of distributed▼☆□◇Optimization of energy ▽☆Ground source heat pump
Energy-conserving industrial processes
generation▽★New advanced power
demandandloadleveling▽☆Utilization of snow ice cooling▼◆Next-generation coke production methods
supply system▼◆Iron and steel process
High-efficiency power
High-efficiency co-generation▽◇New reductive melting iron making ▼◇Co-production
transmission/transformation
Hydrogen utilization ▽◇Gas/petroleum engine co-generation
Heat storage
processes▼■Large capacity power▽☆Hydrogen▼◇Gas turbine co-generation
Heat transport▽☆Latent heat storage▼◇Integration and
Coal fired▼◆Petroleum refining processtransmission
combustion turbine ▼☆◇Fuel cell co-generation▽☆Latent
heat
transport▽☆Sensible heat storage
collaboration
power generation▼◇Petrochemical process▼Energy conservation▽☆Sensible heat transport
between industries▽◇IGHAT▽◇Cement processtransformer(Hydrogen)
Heat▽☆Heattransportby▼◇Advanced integration▼◇A-PFBC▽◇Paper manufacturing
absorption/adsorption
in complex▼◆A-USC▽◇Nonferrous metals process
Technologies for energy utilization
Utilization of unused heat source▼◆IGCC▼◇Process of chemical raw materials
High-efficiency generator
beyond space-time restrictions
Electricity▽☆Utilizing
cryogenic
energyofsnow
and ice▼◆IGFC▽◇Glass production process▽Superconducting generator▽☆Utilizing thermal energy of river water▼◆A-IGCC, A-IGFC▽◇Processing and assembling▽☆Utilizationof
exhaust
heat
in
urban
▽◇Ceramic manufacturing process
High-efficiency natural
Electric power storage
Electric power conversion
gas power generation▽□Variable-speed pumpedof unused micro-scale energy
Fossil fuels
Utilization of LP gas▼◇High-temperaturestorage generation▽☆Thermoelectric conversion▽◇High-efficiency LPG▽☆SMES▽☆Piezoelectric conversion
gas turbine
Natural energies
burning appliance▽☆Superconducting Flywheel▽◇AHAT
Fuel cells
Coal▽☆□NaS battery▼◇FC/GT hybrid power▽☆◇PAFC▽◇High-efficiency▽☆Redox flow battery
generation▼☆◆MCFC
industrial furnace/boiler
Oil▽●☆Nickel-hydrogen battery▼★◆SOFC▼●★Lithium-ion battery▼○☆Capacitor▼●★◇PEFC
Natural gas

Clean energy vehicles▽○◇Natural-gas vehicles▼●◆Hybrid vehicles
Advanced traffic system▼◇Intelligent transport systems (ITS)▽◇Modal shift in passenger transport▼◇Modal shift in freight transport
Transport

Petroleum refining▽◇Fuel-saving high-durability lube oil
High efficiency internal
combustion engine▼●◇Gasoline engine▼●◆Diesel engine

Unconventional
fossil fuels(Electricity)
Clean energy vehicles▼●☆◆Plug-in hybrid vehicles▼●☆◇Electric vehicles

Hydrogen

Fuel▽○◇High performance ships▽○◇High efficiency marinetransport system▽●◇Energy-conserving trains▽○◇High performance aircrafts

Clean energy vehicles▼●★◇Fuel cell vehicles▽○☆◇Hydrogen engine vehicles

Figure 1.1 Technology Map (Diagram) for Improvement of
Overall Energy Efficiency

Technologies that established
the advanced transport society

The colored symbols specified in front of the technologies indicate the policy
objectives to which these technologies would contribute:▽ Improvement of overall energy efficiency○ Diversification of transport fuels☆ Promotion of new energy development and introduction□ Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises◇ Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
Technologies that make great contributions to policy objectives areaccompanied by pasted symbols (▼●★■◆) for the relevant policy objectives.
Technologies that make great contributions to the "improvement of overall
energy efficiency" are specified with underlined red letters.

Table 1.1-1 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (1/9)

Super combustion system technologies

Category**Technologies have been divided into representative groups, based on the "Energy Conservation Technology Strategy 2007" (April 2007).

Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Next-generation cokeproduction methods

Next-generation coke oven (SCOPE 21), Introduction ofhighly-reactive agglomerates, Coal-iron ore adhesive/binding
technique, Ferro coke production technique, Multi-purpose
furnace, Waste/biomass blowing technology, Application toutility by-product hydrogen (COG) / hydrogen energy system,
Degraded materials (coal) application technology

1102

Iron and steel process

Direct iron ore smelting reduction process (DIOS), Reductionof dust emissions under pulverized coal injection operation,
Casting technology with electromagnetic force, Dust
regeneration technology in electric furnace, New sintering
process, Next-generation metal rolling technology (brittle
special steel, etc.), Innovative electromagnetic steel platetechnology, Pre-carbonized gasification melting furnace,
Detoxification technology for circulation elements byimproving surface quality of cast slab, Production technology
for ultrafine-grained hot-rolled steel plate, Valuable metals
collection technology in rotary hearth furnace, High heatresisting / corrosion-resisting steel materials, Adiabatic
casting system, Hot/cold rolling integrated system,
Resource/energy generation blast furnace, Utilization of low
quality materials (iron ore), Co-production with chemical
process, Energy co-production (iron/gas)1103

New reductive melting
iron making processes

New reductive melting iron making process (ITmk3), Coalbased direct reduction processes (FASTMET), Hot briquetteiron (HBI) production process for electric furnace, Adiabatic
casting system, Production of virgin iron for dilution ofelectric furnace (DRIC), Technology for separation/recoveryof rare metals, Technologies for high clean/high functional
special steels, Co-production with chemical process

1104

Petroleum refining
process

Gasoline desulfurization with low hydrogen-consumption,
Technology for high-efficiency plate heat exchanger,
Advanced utilization of energy in complex and low-grade
heat recovery system in complex

1108

Nonferrous metals
process

Processing technology, High-efficiency smelting, Metal
recycling technology, Alloy production technology (highfunctional titanium alloy process), Adiabatic casting system,
Materials/composite materials technology (hydrogen storage
materials, etc.), Production technology for thermoelectric
device, Production technology for ultra-pure metals

1109

Process of chemical
raw materials

Process optimization technology (low temperature/lowpressure/high selectivity, reduction of processes, utilizationof microwave), Catalyst technology, Gas separation
technology, Energy recovery, Recycle of materials,
Biotechnology, Bio-refinery, Co-production with iron andsteel process, Utilization of molecular oxygen, Advanced
utilization of SC3

1110

Glass production
process

Energy saving technology on glass melting (utilization ofplasma heating technology), Energy saving technology on
forming/slow cooling of glass

1111

Processing andassembling

Power regeneration system, Improvement of cutting
performance (coolant processing equipment, etc.), Advanced
machining system, Nonferrous metal processing technology,
Miniaturization of regeneration system and its application forother fields

1112

Ceramic manufacturing
process

Low-temperature process technology, Combination heatingprocess technology, Precursor application technology,
Solvent optimization for chemical processes, Complete
returnable ceramic

1101

Energyconserving
industrial
processes

11Super combustion system technologies (Cont.)

Category*

Table 1.1-2 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (2/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"1121

High-efficiency
industrial
furnace/boiler

High-efficiency
industrial furnace/boiler

High-efficiency combustion technology, Regenerative
combustion technology, New combustion technology underoxygen atmosphere, Heat transfer technology, Nextgeneration high-efficiency boiler, High-efficiency industrial
furnace1131

Co-production

Co-production

Gasification technology (partial oxidization process),
Diversification of raw materials, High efficiency, Cost
reduction, Next-generation gasification technology, Coproduction with iron and steel/chemical process

1141

Integration andcollaboration
betweenindustries

Integration andcollaboration between
industries

Energy utilization in industrial petroleum complex,
Development of advanced function and integration
technologies for petroleum refining, Heat pinch technology
and cascade utilization, Material pinch technology,
Integration and collaboration between industries withmaterial regeneration, IEMS (industrial energy management
systems), ILEN (industrial local energy network)

1151

Advanced
integration
technology incomplex

Advanced integrationin complex

Utilization technology for by-product materials, Technology
using cold potential recovery from LNG, Technology for
integrated utilization of hydrogen, Advanced technology
using unused distillates, Multi-processing technology forrecycle of unused materials, High-efficiency gasification
technology using simultaneous production ofenergy/chemical material

1161

High-efficiency
generator

Superconducting
generator

Superconducting technology, Larger capacity, Demonstrationof generator for wind power generation, Demonstration ofgenerator for power generation

3341

Hydrogenutilization

Hydrogen combustion
turbineSuperheat-resistant materials, High-efficiency oxygen
production technology, Hydrogen combustion technology,
Vapor condenser, Cooling technology for steam turbine
blades5511

High-efficiency
natural gas
power
generation

High-temperature gas
turbineHighly heat-resistant materials, Highly corrosion-resistantmaterials, Ultra-high purity metal materials, Technology forincreasing temperature of combustion gas, Advances
combined cycle (ACC), Ceramic turbine

Advanced humid air
turbine (AHAT)

Development of high humid equipment (compressor,
regenerator, and combustor)

Fuel cell/gas turbine
hybrid power
generation

High-temperature gas turbine, Stack module technology forhigh pressure, Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell,Hybrid system technology, Improvement of durability

Integrated gasification
humid air turbine(IGHAT)

Air-blown coal gasification technology, Technology using
multiple grades of coal, High-efficiency oxygen production
technology, Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology, Dry
gas-cleaning technology, Gas turbine technology using
moisture

5612

Advanced pressurized
fluidized-bed
combustion (A-PFBC)Development of pressurized fluidized-bed furnace(gasification furnace, desulfurizer, and oxidizer), Expansionof grades of coal, High-temperature dry desulfurization,
Improvement of dust removal performance, Mixing firing withbiomass

5613

Advanced ultra
supercritical power
generation (A-USC)

Development of new alloy for boiler/turbine, Development ofhigh-temperature valve, High-temperature welding
technology

5512
5513

5611

Coal fired
power
generation

12

Technologies for energy utilization beyond space-time restrictions

Super combustion system technologies (Cont.)

Category*

Table 1.1-3 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (3/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Integrated coalgasification combined
cycle power generation(IGCC)

Air-blown coal gasification technology, Technology using
multiple grades of coal, High-efficiency oxygen production
technology, Dry gas-cleaning technology, High-temperature
gas turbine technology

5616

Integrated coalgasification fuel cellcombined cycle power
generation (IGFC)

Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology, Technology
using various grades of coal, High-efficiency oxygen
production technology, Dry gas-cleaning technology, Fine
gas-cleaning technology, High-temperature gas turbine
technology, Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell

5617

Next-generation highefficiency integrated
coal gasification power
generation (A-IGCC,
A-IGFC)

High-temperature gas turbine technology, Low-temperature
high-efficiency coal gasification technology, Large-capacity
high-temperature fuel cellGas/petroleum engine
co-generation

Improved efficiency by combustion of ultralean fuel, Highpower and downsizing by high compression ratio, Improved
NOx emissions by EGR, etc., Mirror cycle engine, Microgas/petroleum engine (HCCI type), Stirling engine, Ceramicengine1202

Gas turbine cogeneration

Variable heat power ratio gas turbine, Regenerative cycle
gas turbine, Micro gas turbine, Ceramic turbine,
Manufacturing technology for turbine blade, Technology forfuel-lean premixed combustion, Exhaust heat utilization
technology

1203

Fuel cell co-generation

Improvement of generation efficiency/overall efficiency, Cost
reduction, Mass-production technology, Life extension, Fuelcell technology, PAFC, MCFC, SOFC, PEFCHEMS （Home Energy
Management System）

Network cooperation control, Supply/demand
forecasting/prediction technology, Energy storage technology,
Optimal control/design technology

1212

BEMS （Building
Energy Management
System）

High-efficiency and energy conservation BEMS, Integrated
and flexible BEMS, Super energy conservation nextgeneration BEMS, Network cooperation control,
Supply/demand forecasting/prediction technology, Energy
storage technology, Optimal control/design technology

1213

Local energy
management

LEN (local energy network), TEMS (town energy
management system), CEMS (cluster energy management
system), Energy storage technology, HEMS-BEMS
cooperation control technology, New energy networking

1214

Optimization of energy
demand and load
leveling

Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generation,
Load leveling technology in demand side, Cooperation
control technology for grid/distributed energy system, Energy
demand optimization/assessment technology

Large capacity powertransmission

UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission), Boostingof transmission voltage, Reduction oftransmission/distribution loss, Self-commutated largecapacity converter, High-efficacy large-capacity converter,
Superconductive transformer, Superconductive transmission,
Long-distance large-capacity power transmission, Largecapacity DC transmission technology

Energy conservationtransformer

Low-loss pole transformer, Amorphous transformer,
Superconductive transformer

5615

1201

1211

1221

1222

Coal fired
power
generation(Cont.)

High-efficiency
co-generation

Energymanagement

High-efficiency
powertransmission /transformation

13

Technologies for energy utilization beyond space-time restrictions (Cont.)

Category*

Table 1.1-4 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (4/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Utilizing cryogenic
energy of snow and ice

Direct heat exchange cold air circulation system, Heatexchange cold air circulation system with thaw water, Highefficiency heat exchange method, Reduction technology of
medium transportation power, Lower heat loss in snow/ice
cellar

3252

Utilizing thermalenergy of river waterTechnology utilizing heat pump, Assessment technology forenvironmental problems

3253

Utilization of exhaust
heat in urban areas

Heat pump technology, Heat storage technology,
Development of urban facilities for effective utilization

Thermoelectric
conversion

Improvement of thermoelectric conversion rate, Highefficiency thermoelectric converter, Microfabrication process,
Cost reduction

3262

Electric power
conversion ofunused microscale energy

Piezoelectric
conversion

Improvement of piezoelectric conversion rate, High-efficiency
piezoelectric converter (Pb-free), Microfabrication process,
Cost reduction

3301

Fuel cells

Phosphoric Acid Fuel
Cell (PAFC)

Electrode catalyst technology, Cell stack technology, Higher
current density, System control technology, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability, Enhancing applications

3302

Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cell (MCFC)

Electrode catalyst technology, Cell stack technology, Higher
current density, Cost reduction, Improvement of durability,
Downsizing, Power generation combined gas turbine

3303

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Improvement of
durability, Diversification of fuels, Cost reduction (higher
power, novel materials, mass production technology), Nextgeneration hybrid system (available for high pressure
operation), Optimization of peripheral equipment, Powergeneration combined gas turbine

3304

Polymer Electrolyte
Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Technology
available for high temperature / low humidity, Reduction ofplatinum content, Poisoning resistant catalyst, Moisturecontrol inside electrolyte membrane, Non-platinum catalysts,
Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.

3305

Direct Methanol Fuel
Cell (DMFC)

Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane, Low swelling
membrane, High activity catalyst, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability

3251

3261

Utilization ofunused heatsource3501

Microgrid

Microgrid

Supply and demand control technology, Technologies for
quality control of electric power and control of grid-connected
operation, Electric power storage technology, Heatstorage/transport technology, Electric power/heat
optimization technology3511

New advanced
power supply

New advanced power
supply system

Autonomous supply/demand control, Customized power
quality services, Electric power storage technology in hub
sites, Technology of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) /automatic reactive power regulator (AQR) for distributed
generation, Technology for cooperative control with power
storage systems, Technology for forecasting of regional
output in distributed generation, Electric power storage
technology in demand side, Cooperation between distributed
generation and grid14

Technologies for energy utilization beyond space-time restrictions (Cont.)

Category*

Table 1.1-5 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (5/9)
Energytechnology

Individual technology

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needsTechnologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

3525

Power system
control

Utilization of distributed
generation

High-reliability islanding detection/prevention technology,
High-reliability islanding detection technology, Individual
optimal operation, Technology for predicting distributed
generation output, Advanced islanding detection technology,
Active network control, Advanced accident handlingtechnology, Technology for transfer of uninterrupted
autonomous operation, Self-sustained operation control
technology, Inverters using high-performance element,
Cooperation with energy management

3531

Electric power
storage

Variable-speed
pumped storage
generation

High-performance pump turbine, Higher head / larger
capacity, High-performance inverter, Technology for
reduction of bearing loss

3535

Superconducting
magnetic energy
storage (SMES)

Superconductive coil materials, Higher-efficiency ofrefrigeration system, AC/DC converter system

3536

Superconducting ｆlywheelReduction of bearing loss, Larger capacity, Cost reduction,
Higher reliability, Larger capacity using parallel operation
control

3541

NaS battery

Large solid electrolyte manufacturing technology,
Ceramic/metal junction technology, Safety design technology,
Cost reduction by mass production

3542

Redox flow battery

High-performance electrolyte, Improvement of efficiency,
Downsizing, Cost reduction

3543

Nickel-hydrogenbattery

Higher power density, Higher capacity, Improvement of selfdischarge properties, Life extension

3544

Lithium-ion battery

Higher energy density, Improvement of cycle performance,
Improvement of safety, Cost reduction

3545

Capacitor

Electric double layer capacitor, Improvement of energy
density, Nano-carbon electrode materials, Cost reduction,
Redox capacitor, Hybrid capacitor

Latent heat transport

Low-temperature latent heat transport technology, Mediumtemperature batch-type heat transport, High-temperaturebatch-type heat transport, Improvement of operating
temperature / heat storage density, Vacuum insulationmaterial, Cost reduction

3552

Sensible heat transport

Heat-resistant/high insulation performance technology,
Vacuum insulation material, Vacuum insulation heattransport, Cost reduction

3553

Heat transport byabsorption/adsorption

Vacuum insulation material, High exergy batch transport,
Packaging, Improvement of durability, Cost reduction

Latent heat storage

Phase change materials (PCM), Latent heat recovery
materials, Air-condition utilization technology, Improvementof operating temperature/heat storage density, Validation ofseasonal utilization, Lower loss, Improvement of efficiency,
Cost reduction

Sensible heat storage

Lower loss, Built-in technology, Pressure control heatstorage, Vacuum insulation material, Self-control heatstorage, Improvement of efficiency, Cost reduction

No.

3551

3561

3562

Heat transport

Heat storage

15

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Energy conserving information living space creation technologies

Category*

Table 1.1-6 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (6/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Advanced insulation
housing/building

Low heat conductivity insulators, Window glass with low
coefficient of heat transmission, Light control glass, Solarshading, Insulation construction method, External insulation

Advanced airtighthousing/building

Heat exchange ventilation system, Technology of indoor air
environment, Volatile organic compound (VOC) adsorption
construction materials, Building materials with humidity self
control

Passivehousing/building

Technology for simulation of heat/air flow/light, Naturalventilation, Utilization of natural light, Heat storage,
Design/assessment technology

High efficiency
absorption chillerheater

Triple-effect absorption chiller-heater, Triple-effect chillerheater using exhaust heat, Corrosion-resistant technology,
High efficiency and downsizing, Exhaust heat utilization
technology

1312

High efficiency heatpump

Improvement of rated COP, Pump power reduction
technology, Improvement of part load efficiency, Multifunctional technology such as power generation, hot watersupply, etc., Air-conditioning with separation of latent heatload and sensible heat load (HP desiccant)1313

Ultra-high performanceheat pump

Exhaust heat recovery heat pump (HP), High-performancecompression HP, General double bundle HP, Water medium
refrigerator, Well water circulating HP, Expansion work
recovery system, Chemical HP, Hydrate refrigerator, Tribundle HP, Self-heating chemical HP, Water-medium HP

1314

Ground source heatpump

Ground source heat pump, Cost reduction and highefficiency of ground heat source exchanger, Low-cost drilling
technology

1315

Utilization of snow ice
cooling

Direct heat exchange cool air circulation system, Melted
water heat exchange cool water circulation system, Highefficiency heat exchange method, Pump power reduction
technology, Lower heat loss of snow cellar

High efficiency heatpump water heater

Heat pump water heater with Natural refrigerant (CO2), Highefficiency and downsizing, Heat pump for cold district, Cost
reduction, Construction simplification, High efficiency
compressor, High efficiency heat exchanger, Expansion work
recovery technology, Instantaneous heat pump water heater

1322

High efficiency water
heaterHigh efficiency gas engine water heater, High efficiency
exhaust heat recovery, Multi-functional technology such as
power generation

1323

Latent heat recovery
water heater

Latent heat recovery water heater, Latent heat storage
materials, Heat exchanger for latent heat recovery, Cost
reduction

1301
1302

Energyconserving
housing/building

1303
1311

1321

High efficiency
air-conditioning

High efficiency
water heater

1331

High efficiency
air-heatingHigh efficiency airheater

High efficiency combustion technology, Low NOx technology,
Gas sensor technology, Heat pump utilization technology,
High efficiency radiant heat utilization technology

1341

High efficiency
kitchenequipment

High efficiency gas
burner cooking
equipments

High efficiency combustion technology, Low NOx technology,
Gas sensor technology

High efficiency
induction heating (IH)
cookerHigh efficiency (low loss of inverter and heating coil),
Induction heaters available for all types of pans

1342

16

Energy conserving information living space creation technologies (Cont.)

Category*

Table 1.1-7 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (7/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

High efficiency
fluorescent lamp

Technology for reducing heat loss, High efficiency
luminescence materials, High efficiency mercury-freefluorescent lamp

1352

High efficiency LED
lighting

High efficiency LED elements, Luminescence materials forwhite LED (high efficiency near UV excitation luminescencematerials), Cooperation of light sensor and human detection
sensor, Cost reduction

1353

Organic EL lightingHigh luminance white EL, High luminous efficiency, Life
extension, Larger area

1354

Next-generation
lighting

High efficiency white light source with high color rendering
properties, Micro cavity, Cluster light emission, Light storage
technology, Phosphorescence materials, Opticaltransmission technology

Low power
consumption PDPHigh efficiency plasma discharge method, High efficiency
luminescence materials, Improvement of light emission
efficiency, Low power consumption panel, Cost reduction1362

Low power
consumption LCD

High efficiency white light source, Higher definition, Larger
display, Low consumption power, High light transmission
efficiency LCD panel, Technology for low-loss opticalmaterials, Cost reduction1363

LED display

High efficiency devices, Light emission materials, Element
technology, Thin film technology, Larger display, Cost
reduction

1364

Organic EL display

Improvement of light emission efficiency, Life extension,
Larger display, Flexible display

1351

1361

High efficiency
lighting

Energyconserving
display

1371

Energyconserving
informationequipments

Energy-conserving
informationequipments

High efficiency devices, High efficiency storage and memory,
Virtual machine (VM) technology, Embedded software
technology, Application chip technology, Network/optical
network technology, Integration of HEMS and BEMS

1381

Energyconserving
electric home
appliances

Energy-conserving
refrigerators

Vacuum heat insulation, Heat pump refrigerator, Optimal
control for cooperation of BEMS/HEMS

Reduction of standby
power consumption

Power-conservation source module

1521

Energyconserving
network
communication

High-capacity highspeed network/optical
network
communication

Raw material production technology for communication
cables, Technology for power-conserving routers/switches,
Network architecture

1401

Advanced trafficsystemIntelligent transportsystems (ITS)

Traffic information and communication system, Navigation
system, Driving safety support system, Traffic demand
management (TDM), Traffic management optimization

1402

Modal shift inpassenger transport

New transport system, Light rail transit (LRT), Guideway
buses, Community EV buses, Dual mode vehicles (DMV)

1403

Modal shift in freighttransport

Bimodal commodity distribution system, Dual mode truck,
General-purpose standardized distribution system (advanced
application of IC tag), Intelligent distribution system

1382

Technologies that established
the advanced transport society

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology

17Technologies that established the advanced transport society (Cont.)

Category*

Table 1.1-8 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (8/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

High efficiency
internal
combustion
engineGasoline engine

Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels,
Surface control of low friction materials, Cylinder cutoff
control for improving part-load efficiency, Powertraintechnology, High compression ratio, Lean burn combustion

Diesel engine

High-efficiency low-emission combustion technology,
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels,
Surface control of low friction materials, Homogeneous
charge compression ignition (HCCI)

Clean energy
vehiclesNatural-gas vehicles

Greater cruising distance, Natural-gas sorption materials,
Reduction of weight of fuel tank, Expansion of gas supply
infrastructures2112

Hybrid vehicles

Regeneration system, Improvement of engine efficiency,
Vehicle weight reduction, Surface control of low friction
materials, High performance rechargeable battery (highenergy density, life expansion, cost reduction)

2113

Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Optimum running control
technology, Power supply system

2114

Electric vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Power supply system

2115

Fuel cell vehicles

Improvement of motor efficiency, Improvement of durabilityof fuel cell stacks, High density hydrogen storage technology,
Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction, Hydrogen
supply system

2116

Hydrogen engine
vehiclesMore efficient hydrogen engine, Hydrogen loading
technology, Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction,
Hydrogen supply system

2101

2102

2111

2201

Energyconserving
trainsEnergy-conserving
trains

Weight reduction, Hybrid trains, Electric transformer on train,
Utilization of regenerated energy

2301

High
performance
ships

High performance
ships

Highly reliable intelligent ships, Motorization, Weight
reduction, Exhaust heat recovery in engine, Optimization ofship shape, Fuel cells

2302

High efficiency
marinetransportsystemHigh efficiency marinetransport system

Cooperation of land transport, Hub port networking

2401

High
performance
aircrafts

High performance
aircrafts

Weight reduction by using carbon composite materials, etc.,
High-efficiency of jet engine, More energy conservation,
Further improvement of environmental, economic, and safety
properties

5302

Petroleumrefining

Fuel-saving highdurability lube oil

Fuel-saving lube oil production technology, Lube oil
production technology from GTL, etc.

18

Future energy conserving device technologies

Category*

Table 1.1-9 Technology Map (List) for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (9/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"improvement of overall energy
efficiency" are specified with
underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

1113

Energyconserving
industrial
process

LSI production process

SiC/GaN substrate technology (high quality/large
diameter/cost reduction), Advanced LSI design, Extreme UV
exposure system, Device process technology such as ink jetmethod, Mass production of SiC/GaN elements (rectifier,switching element), Diamond power devices

1501

High
performancedevices

Si devices

Production process technology (extension for wafer diameter,fine processing technology, superjunction, thin wafer),
Improvement of element structure, Novel element structure,
High current density, High temperature operation, Softswitching technology, Matrix converter technology

1502

SiC devices

Production process technology (extension for wafer diameter,
reduction of wafer dislocation density), Improvement ofmobility of injection channel, Improvement of reliability ofoxide film, Normally-off type MOSFET

1503

Nitride devices (GaN,
AlN)

Heteroepitaxial growth technology of GaN, Schottky barrier
diode (SBD), Hetero-junction field effect transistor (HFET)

1504

Diamond devices

Larger wafer diameter, Epitaxial growth technology,
Technologies for device fabrication/process

1505

CNT transistor

CNT (carbon nano tube) growth control technology, CNT
electric property control technology, Device structure design,
Development of production process

1506

Energy-conserving LSI
systems

Fine processing technology, Application chip technology,
System LSI (SoC, System on a Chip), Self-luminous on-chipdisplay technology, Dynamic control LSI technology,
Technology for organic EL emission element utilizing
external light, Dependable LSI technology

High efficiency inverter

Ultra-low loss SiC switching elements, Advanced technology
of inverter design, Inverter technology

1511

High
performancepowerelectronics

19

Figure 1.2-1 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (1/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1101 Energy-conserving Improvement of energy conservation 21%
23%
Improvement of productivity
3 times larger than the previous process1101
industrial
1101
processes
Cost reduction of coke production
-18%
-20%
1101
Replace current coke oven1101
Next-generation coke1101
production methods
Next-generation coke oven (SCOPE 21)
1101
Coal-iron ore adhesive/binding technique, Ferro coke production technique1101
Introduction of highly-reactive agglomerates
Waste/biomass blowing technology
1101
Multi-purpose furnace Degraded materials application technology
1101
Application to utility by-product hydrogen (COG)/hydrogen energy system1102
Co-production with chemical process
1102 Energy-conserving
Next-generation metal rolling technology (brittle special steel, etc.)
Energy co-production (iron/gas)
Resource/energy generation blast furnace1102
industrial processes
Innovative electromagnetic steel plate technology
1102
Direct iron ore smelting reduction process (DIOS)
Utilization of low quality materials (iron ore)
1102
Iron and steel process
1102
Casting technology with electromagnetic force
High heat-resisting/corrosion-resisting steel materials
1102
New sintering process
Detoxification technology for circulation elements by improving surface quality of cast slab
1102
Dust regeneration technology in electric furnace Production technology for ultrafine-grained hot-rolled steel plate,1102
Pre-carbonized gasification melting furnace
Valuable metals collection technology in rotary hearth furnace1102
Reduction of dust emissions under pulverized coal injection operation
Adiabatic casting system
Hot/cold rolling integrated system
1103
1103 Energy-conserving
1103
industrial processes
Coal-based direct reduction processes (FASTMET)
Production of virgin iron for1103
New reductive melting iron making process (ITmk3)
dilution of electric furnace (DRIC)
1103
New reductive melting
1103
Adiabatic casting system
iron making
1103
Technology for separation/collection
processes1103
Hot briquette iron (HBI) production process for electric furnaceof rare metals
1103
Technologies for high clean/high1103
Co-production with chemical process functional special steels
1104
1104 Energy-conserving
1104
industrial processes
Gasoline desulfurization with low hydrogen-consumption (Hydrogen consumption rate: 60%)
1104
Technology for high-efficiency plate heat exchanger (CO2 reduction: 20,000 t/year ･ exchanger)
1104
Petroleum refining
1104
process
Advanced utilization of energy in complex and low-grade heat recovery system in complex
1104
1104
1104
1104
1105
1105 Energy-conserving
1105
industrial processes
High-efficiency production for
1105
Heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC) process raw materials of gasoline/petrochemicals
1105
Petrochemistry1105
Simple plastic manufacturing (SPM) with energy-saving
Co-production
Sustainable carbon cycle chemistry (SC3)process1105
Gas phase polypropylene production technology (development of catalyst)
1105
Low energy decomposition technology (development of catalytic cracking process of naphtha, membrane separation)
1105
Production technology for chemical materials from waste paper, Production technology for oil-alternative molding materials from biomass
1105
Chemical process technology by using supercritical fluid
1106
1106 Energy-conserving
1106
industrial processes
1106
1106
Cement process
1106
Technology to materialize wastes
1106Electric power saving mill
1106
High-efficiency dryer
1106
Co-production through gasification of wastes
1106
1107
1107 Energy-conserving
1107
industrial processes
1107
1107
Paper manufacturing
1107
High-efficiency of black liquor boiler
1107
Energy saving of pulping process
Gene-recombination technology of plants
1107
Improvement of efficiency of causticizing process
Gasification technology for black liquor/biomass
1107
Improvement of papermaking process
Biomass IGCC
Biomass IGFC
1107
Co-production to utilize biomass
1108
1108 Energy-conserving
1108
industrial processes
Materials / composite materials technology
1108
Processing technology
High-efficiency smelting(hydrogen storage materials, etc.)
1108
Nonferrous metals
1108
Metal recycling technology
Production technology forprocess
1108
Alloy production technology
thermoelectric conversion materials
1108(high functional titanium alloy process)Production technology for
1108
Adiabatic casting systemultra-pure metals
1108
1109
Aiming at two-third reduction of1109 Energy-conserving
the energy consumption in1109
industrial processes
Process optimization technology
chemical industry in 2005
1109
(low temperature/low pressure/high selectivity, reduction of processes, utilization of microwave)
1109
Process of chemical
1109
Catalyst technology
Biotechnology
Bio-refinery
raw materials1109
Gas separation technology
Utilization of molecular oxygen
Co-production with iron and steel process
1109
Energy recovery
1109
Recycle of materials
Advanced utilization of SC3
1109
1110
1110 Energy-conserving
1110
industrial processes
Large-scale application
1110
Small-scale application
Middle-scale application
1110
Glass production
1110
process
Energy saving technology on glass melting (utilization of plasma heating technology)
1110
Energy saving technology on forming/slow cooling of glass
1110
1110
1110

20

Figure 1.2-2 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (2/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1111
1111 Energy-conserving
1111
industrial processes
1111
Power regeneration system (Energy conservation rate: 25%)
1111
Processing and
1111
Improvement of cutting performance
Nonferrous metal processing technology
assembling
1111(coolant processing equipment, etc.)
1111
Advanced machining system
1111
Miniaturization of regeneration system and its application for other fields
1111
1112
Aiming to halve reduction of1112 Energy-conserving
energy used in ceramic
1112
industrial processes
production in 2005
1112
1112
Ceramic manufacturing1112
Low-temperature process technology,
process1112
Combination heating process technology
Precursor application technology
1112
Solvent optimization for chemical processes
1112
Complete returnable ceramic
1112
1121
Boiler efficiency: improved by about 17%1121 High-efficiency industrial
Energy efficiency in industrial furnace: improved by about 10 to 30%
1121
furnace/boiler
Next-generation high-efficiency boiler
1121
High-efficiency industrial furnace1121
High-efficiency
1121
High-efficiency combustion technology
industrial furnace
1121
Regenerative combustion technology/ boiler1121
New combustion technology under oxygen atmosphere
1121
Heat transfer technology
1121
1131
1131 Co-production
1131
1131
Next-generation gasification technology
1131
Co-production
1131
Gasification technology (partial oxidization process)1131
Diversification of raw materials
1131
High efficiency
Co-production with iron and steel/chemical process
1131
Cost reduction
1131
1141
1141 Integration and collaboration
1141
between industries
1141
1141
Integration and
1141
Development of advanced function and integration technologies for petroleum refining
collaboration
1141
Heat pinch technology and cascade utilization
between industries Energy utilization in industrial petroleum complex
1141
Material pinch technology
1141
IEMS (industrial energy management systems) Integration and collaboration between
1141
ILEN (industrial local energy network)
industries with material regeneration
1151
1151 Advanced integration
1151
technology in complex
1151
1151
Advanced integration
1151
Technology for integrated utilization of hydrogen
High-efficiency gasification technology using simultaneousin complex
1151
Utilization technology for by-product materials
production of next-generation energy/chemical material
1151
Advanced technology using unused distillates
1151
Technology using cold potential recovery from LNG
Multi-processing technology for recycle of unused materials
1151
1161
1161 High-efficiency generator
1161
Demonstration of generator for power generation
1161
Demonstration of generator for wind power generation
1161
Superconducting
1161
Superconducting technology
generator
1161
Larger capacity
1161
1161
1161
3341
3341 Hydrogen utilization
3341
3341
Application of 1700 degree class GT
3341
Hydrogen combustion
3341
High-efficiency oxygen production technology Hydrogen combustion technology
turbine3341
Superheat-resistant materials
Vapor condenser
3341
Cooling technology for steam turbine blades
3341
3341
5511
5511 High-efficiency natural gas
Gross efficiency:
5511
power generation
53% HHV (1500 degree class GT)
56% HHV (1700 degree class GT)
5511
5511
High-temperature
5511
Advanced combined cycle (ACC)gas turbine
5511
Highly heat-resistant materials
Ceramic turbine
5511
Highly corrosion-resistant materials
5511
Ultra-high purity metal materials
5511
Technology for increasing temperature of combustion gas
5512
5512 High-efficiency natural gas
5512
power generation
5512
1500 degree class1700 degree class
5512
Advanced humid air
5512
Development of high humid equipment (compressor, regenerator, and combustor)
turbine (AHAT)
5512
5512
5512
5512

21

Figure 1.2-3 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (3/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5513
5513 High-efficiency natural gas
5513
power generation
5513
5513
Fuel cell/gas turbine
5513
High-temperature gas turbine
hybrid power
5513
Stack module technology for high pressure
generation
5513
Hybrid system technology
5513
Improvement of durability
5513
Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell5532
5532 LP gas utilization
5532
5532
5532
High-efficiency LPG
5532
Turbo-jet combustion and heat transfer technologies of burnerburning appliance
5532
Development of high-efficiency appliance
5532
Exhaust gas processing technology
5532
5532
5611
5611 Coal fired power generation
Net efficiency: 49% （ AHAT ）
49% （ IGHAT)
5611
Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology
5611
Air-blown coal gasification technology
5611
Integrated gasification
5611
Gas turbine technology using moisturehumid air turbine
5611
Technology using multiple grades of coal
(IGHAT)
5611
High-efficiency oxygen production technology
5611
Dry gas-cleaning technology
5611
5612
5612 Coal fired power generation
5612
Development of pressurized fluidized-bed furnace
5612(gasification furnace, desulfurizer, and oxidizer)
5612
Advanced Pressurized
5612
Expansion of grades of coalFluidized-bed
5612
High-temperature dry desulfurization
Combustion
5612
Improvement of dust removal performance(A-PFBC)
5612
Mixing firing with biomass
5612
5613
5613 Coal fired power generation
5613
5613
700 degree class
800 degree class
5613
Advanced ultra
5613
Development of new alloy of boiler/turbine
supercritical power
5613
Development of high-temperature valve
generation
5613
High-temperature welding technology(A-USC)
5613
5613
5615
5615 Coal fired power generation
Net efficiency: 40.5%HHV (250 MW demonstration plant)
5615
46%HHV (1500 degree class GT, wet gas refining process)
50%HHV (1700 degree class GT, dry gas refining process)5615
48%HHV (1500 degree class GT, dry gas refining process)5615
Integrated coal5615
Air-blown coal gasification technology
gasification
5615
Technology using multiple grades of coal
High-temperature gas turbine technology
combined cycle
5615
High-efficiency oxygen production technology(1700 degree class)power generation
5615
Dry gas-cleaning technology(IGCC)
5615
5616
5616 Coal fired power generation
Commercial plant (600 MW class/55% HHV)
5616
Plant scale/net efficiency:
Demonstration plant (1000 t/degree class)
5616
Technology using various grades of coal
Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell
5616
Integrated coal
5616
Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology
gasification fuel cell
5616
Dry gas-cleaning technology
combined cycle
5616
Fine gas-cleaning technology
power generation
5616
High-temperature gas turbine technology(IGFC)
5616
High-efficiency oxygen production technology
5617
5617 Coal fired power generation
Net efficiency
57%HHV （ A-IGCC ）5617
65%HHV （ A-IGFC)
5617
5617
Next-generation high5617
Low-temperature high-efficiency coal gasification technology
efficiency integrated
5617
Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell
coal gasification
5617
High-temperature gas turbine technology
power generation
5617(A-IGCC, A-IGFC)
5617
1201
1201 High-efficiency co-generation
1201
1201
1201
Gas/petroleum engine
1201
Mirror cycle engine
Micro gas/petroleum engine (HCCI type)co-generation
1201
Stirling engine
1201
Improved efficiency by combustion of ultralean fuelCeramic engine
1201
High power and downsizing by high compression ratio
1201
Improved NOx emissions by EGR, etc.
1202
1202 High-efficiency co-generation
1202
1202
1202
Gas turbine
1202
Variable heat power ratio gas turbine, Regenerative cycle gas turbine, Micro gas turbine
co-generation
1202
Ceramic turbine
1202
Manufacturing technology for turbine blade
1202
Technology for fuel-lean premixed combustion
1202
Exhaust heat utilization technology

22Figure 1.2-4 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (4/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1203
1203 High-efficiency co-generation
1203
1203
1203
Fuel cell co-generation
1203
Improvement of generation efficiency/overall efficiency
1203
Cost reduction, Mass-production technology
1203Life extension
1203
Fuel cell technology
PEFC
SOFC
1203
PAFC
MCFC
1211
1211 Energy management
1211
1211
1211
HEMS
1211
(Home Energy
1211
Network cooperation control
Optimal control/design technology
Management
1211
Supply/demand forecasting/prediction technology
System)
1211
Energy storage technology
1211
1212
1212 Energy management
Super energy conservation next-generation BEMS
1212
Integrated and flexible BEMS
1212
High-efficiency and energy conservation BEMS
1212
BEMS
1212
(Building Energy
1212
Network cooperation control
Optimal control/design technology
Management
1212
Supply/demand forecasting/prediction technology
System)
1212
Energy storage technology
1212
1213
1213 Energy management
CEMS (cluster energy management system)
1213
TEMS (town energy management system)1213
LEN (local energy network)
1213
Local energy
1213
management
1213
HEMS-BEMS cooperation control technology1213
New energy networking
1213
Energy storage technology
1213
1214
1214 Energy management
1214
1214
1214
Optimization of energy
1214
Energy demand optimization/assessment technology
demand and load
1214
Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generationleveling
1214
Load leveling technology in demand side
1214
Cooperation control technology for grid/distributed energy system
1214
1221
1221 High-efficiency power
1221
transmission/transformation
Long-distance large-capacity
1221
UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission, 1,000 kV)
power transmission
1221
Large capacity power
1221
Boosting of transmission voltage
Self-commutated large-capacity convertertransmission
1221
Reduction of transmission/distribution loss
High-efficacy large-capacity converter
1221
Superconductive transformer
Large-capacity DC
1221
Superconductive transmission
transmission technology
1221
1222
1222 High-efficiency power
1222
transmission/transformation
1222
1222
Energy conservation
1222
Low-loss pole transformer
transformer
1222
Amorphous transformer
1222
Superconductive transformer
1222
1222
3251
3251 Utilization of unused
3251
heat source
3251
3251
Utilizing of cryogenic
3251
Direct heat exchange cold air circulation systemenergy of snow
3251
Heat exchange cold air circulation system with thaw waterand ice3251
High-efficiency heat exchange method
3251
Reduction technology of medium transportation power
3251
Lower heat loss in snow/ice cellar
3252
3252 Utilization of unused
3252
heat source
3252
3252
Utilizing thermal energy
3252
Technology for utilizing heat pumpof river water
3252
Assessment technology for environmental problems
3252
3252
3252
3253
3253 Utilization of unused
3253
heat source
3253
3253
Utilization of exhaust
3253
Heat pump technology
heat in urban
3253
Heat storage technology
3253
Development of urban facilities for effective utilization
3253
3253

23

Figure 1.2-5 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (5/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3261
3261 Electric power exchange
3261
of unused micro energy
3261
3261
Thermoelectric
3261
Improvement of thermoelectric conversion rate
conversion
3261
High-efficiency thermoelectric converter
3261
Microfabrication process
3261
Cost reduction
3261
3262
3262 Electric power exchange
3262
of unused micro energy
3262
3262
Piezoelectric
3262
conversion
Improvement of piezoelectric conversion rate
3262
High-efficiency thermoelectric converter (Pb-free)
3262
Microfabrication process
3262
Cost reduction
3262
3301
3301 Fuel cells
System price:3301
600,000 – 1,000,000 JPY/kW
300,000 – 600,000 JPY/kW
200,000 – 300,000 JPY/kW
3301
3301
Phosphoric Acid
3301
Electrode catalyst technology
Fuel Cell (PAFC)
3301
Cost reduction
Cell stack technology
3301
Improvement of durability Higher current density
3301
Enhancing applications
System control technology
3301
3302
3302 Fuel cells
System price:3302
300,000 – 800,000 JPY/kW
200,000 – 300,000 JPY/kW
3302
3302
Molten Carbonate
3302
Electrode catalyst technology
Power generation combined gas turbine
Fuel Cell (MCFC)
3302
Cell stack technology
3302
Cost reduction
Higher current density
3302
Improvement of durability
3302
Downsizing
3303
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (JPY/kW, power unit, * assumed price including storage tank for household use)
3303 Fuel cells
Small capacity (less than several kW, co-generation) 40%, 40,000 hr, 1,000,000>40%, 90,000 hr, <250,000 (for household use, 300,000 – 400,000*)
3303
Middle capacity (tens of kW to hundreds of kW, co-generation)
42%, 40,000 hr, 1,000,000>45%, 90,000 hr, < 200,000
Hybrid (distributed power source, for commercial use)
60%, 40,000 hr, several 100,000s 60%, 90,000 hr, <100,000
3303
3303
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
3303
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Diffusion of small-capacity system(SOFC)
3303
Optimization of peripheral equipment
Diffusion of middle-capacity system
Diffusion of hybrid system
3303
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours) , Diversification of fuels
3303
Cost reduction (higher power, novel materials, mass production technology)
Power generation combined gas turbine
3303
Next-generation hybrid system (available for high pressure operation)
3304
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (Stationary type, 1 kW)
3304 Fuel cells
32%, 40,000 hours, JPY 1,200,000
36%, 90,000 hours, JPY 400,000
3304
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours, variation of fuel)3304
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Automobile PEFC
3304
Polymer Electrolyte
3304
Technology available for high temperature / low humidity
Fuel Cell (PEFC)
3304
Reduction of platinum content
3304
Non-platinum catalysts
3304
Poisoning resistant catalyst Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.
3304
Moisture control inside electrode membrane
3305
3305 Fuel cells
Energy density
500 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
3305
Output density
100 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2<
3305
Durability
5,000 hours<
10,000 hours
10,000 hours<
3305
Direct Methanol
3305
For PC and cell phone
Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane
Fuel Cell (DMFC)
3305
Cost reduction
Low swollen membrane
3305
Improvement of durability
High activity catalyst
3305
3305
3501
3501 Microgrid
3501
3501
Utilization of photovoltaic/wind /biomass energy
3501
Microgrid
3501
Supply and demand control technology
3501
Electric power / heat optimization technology
3501
Technologies for quality control of electric power and control of grid-connected operation
3501
Electric power storage technology
3501
Heat storage/transport technology
3511
3511 New advanced power supply
3511
Electric power storage technology in hub sites
3511
Autonomous supply/demand control
Electric power storage technology in demand side3511
New advanced power
3511
Customized power quality services
Cooperation with power and energy grid
supply system
3511
Technology for cooperative control with power storage systems
3511
Technology of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) / automatic reactive power regulator (AQR) for distributed generation
3511
Technology for forecasting of regional output in distributed generation
3511
3525
3525 Power system control
3525
High-reliability islanding detection technology
Handling of advanced accidents
3525
Islanding detection technology
Individual optimal operation
Cooperation with energy management
3525
Utilization of
3525
Technology for predicting distributed generation output
distributed
3525
Technology for transfer of uninterrupted autonomous operation
generation
3525
Advanced islanding detection technology
3525
Autonomous operation control technology
3525
Active network control
Inverters using high-performance element

24

Figure 1.2-6 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (6/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3531
3531 Electric power storage
3531
3531
3531
Variable-speed pumped
3531
High-performance pump turbine
High-performance inverterstorage generation
3531
Higher head / larger capacity
Technology for reduction of bearing loss
3531
3531
3531
3535
3535 Electric power storage
3535
3535
Cost reduction (For system stabilization: 50,000 JPY/kW or less, for load change compensation: 140,000 JPY/kW or less)3535
Superconducting
3535
SMES for load change compensation / frequency regulation (several ten kW to tens of kW)
magnetic energy
3535
SMES for system stabilization
storage (SMES)
3535
Superconductive coil materials (high magnetic field of oxide coils above metallic coil (Bi, Y))
3535
Higher-efficiency of refrigeration system (Average time between failure: 5000 hours → 20,000 hours and over)
3535
AC/DC transfer system
3536
3536 Electric power storage
3536
3536
1 MW-, 50 kWh-class demonstration
1 MW-, 50 kWh-class
3536
Superconducting
3536
Reduction of bearing loss
Larger capacity
Larger capacity using parallel operation control (MWh class)ｆlywheel3536(0.5 W/kg or less)
Cost reduction
3536
Higher reliability
3536
3536
3541
3541 Electric power storage3541
For improvement of power quality
3541
For load change compensation
3541
NaS battery
3541
Large solid electrolyte manufacturing technology
3541
Ceramic/metal junction technology
3541
Safety design technology
3541
Cost reduction by mass production
3541
3542
3542 Electric power storage3542
For improvement of power quality
3542
For load change compensation
3542
Redox flow battery
3542
High-performance electrolyte
3542
Improvement of efficiency
3542
Downsizing
3542
Cost reduction
3542
3543
3543 Electric power storage
3543
3543
For hybrid vehicles
For load change compensation
3543
Nickel-hydrogen
3543
Higher power density
battery3543
Higher capacity
3543
Improvement of self-discharge properties
3543
Life extension
3543
3544
3544 Electric power storage3544
For hybrid vehicles
3544
For mobile devices
For load change compensation
3544
Lithium-ion battery
3544
Higher energy density
3544
Improvement of cycle performance
3544
Improvement of safety
3544
Cost reduction
3544
3545
Energy density 4 Wh/kg （ module ）20 Wh/kg （ device ）3545 Electric power storage Output density 1.5 kW/kg （ module ）10 kW/kg （ device ）3545
For civilian
3545
For maintenance of power quality
For transport
3545
Capacitor
3545
Electric double layer capacitor
Cost reduction
3545
Improvement of energy density
Redox capacitor
3545
Nano-carbon electrode materials
Hybrid capacitor
3545
3545
3551
3551 Heat transport
3551
3551
3551
Latent heat transport
3551
Low-temperature latent heat transport technology
Medium-temperature batch-type heat transport
3551
Highly temperature/density
High-temperature batch-type heat transport
3551
Cost reduction
Vacuum insulation material
3551
3551
3552
3552 Heat transport
3552
3552
3552
Sensible heat transport
3552
Heat-resistant/high insulation performance technology
Vacuum insulation heat transport
3552
Cost reduction
Vacuum insulation material
3552
3552
3552

25

Figure 1.2-7 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (7/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3553
3553 Heat transport
3553
3553
3553
Heat transport by3553
Vacuum insulation materialHigh exergy batch transport
absorption
3553
Packaging/ adsorption
3553
Improvement of durability
3553
Cost reduction
3553
3561
3561 Heat storage
3561
3561
3561
Latent heat storage
3561
Phase change materials (PCM)
Validation of seasonal utilization
3561
Latent heat recovery materials
Lower loss
Improvement of efficiency
3561
Air-condition utilization technology
Cost reduction
3561
Higher density/temperature
3561
3562
3562 Heat storage
3562
3562
3562
Sensible heat storage
3562
Lower loss
Improvement of efficiency
3562
Built-in technology
Cost reduction
3562
Pressure control heat storage
Vacuum insulation material
3562
Self-control heat storage
3562
1301
1301 Energy-conserving
Heat loss coefficient1301
housing/building
2.7 W/m2 K （ IV area ）1.6 W/m2 K (Europe and U.S. level)
1301
Development, expansion and diffusion of housing performance indication system
1301
Advanced insulation
1301
Low heat conductivity insulators
housing/building
1301
Window glass with low coefficient of heat transmission
1301
Solar shading
Light control glass
1301
Insulation construction method, External insulation
1301
1302
1302 Energy-conserving
Equivalent opening area (value C)
1302
housing/building
2 – 5 cm2/m2
1302
1302
Advanced airtight1302
Technology of indoor air environment
housing/building
1302
Volatile organic compound (VOC) adsorption construction materials
1302
Heat exchange ventilation system
Building materials with humidity self control
1302
1302
1303
1303 Energy-conserving
Air-conditioning energy
40 kWh/m2 year 15 kWh/m2 year 10 kWh/m2 year
1303
housing/building
1303
1303
Passive
Natural ventilation
1303
housing/building
1303
Utilization of natural light
1303
Heat storage
Technology for simulation of heat/air flow / light
1303
1303
Design/assessment technology
1311
1311 High efficiency air-conditioning Air-conditioned COP (HHV)
1311
Double effect 1.2 → 1.6
1311
1311
High efficiency
1311
Triple-effect absorption chiller-heater
absorption
1311
Triple-effect chiller-heater using exhaust heatchiller-heater
1311
Corrosion-resistant technology
1311
High efficiency and downsizing
1311
Exhaust heat utilization technology
1312
1312 High efficiency air-conditioning Period COP
1312
4-6
7
8
1312
1312
High efficiency
1312
Air-conditioning with separation of latent heat and sensible heat (HP desiccant)heat pump
1312
Improvement of rated COP, Improvement of part load efficiency
1312
Pump power reduction technology
1312
Multi-functional technology such as power generation, hot water supply, etc.
1312
1313
1313 High efficiency air-conditioning
Rated COP Water-cooling: 6, air-cooling: 5
Water-cooling: 8, air-cooling: 61313
Period COP: 10 and over
1313
1313
Ultra-high performance1313
High-performance compression HP
Hydrate refrigerator
Water-medium HP
heat pump
1313
General double bundle HP
Tri-bundle HP
1313
Exhaust heat recovery HP
Water medium refrigerator, Well water circulating HP
Self-heating chemical HP
1313
Expansion work recovery system
1313
Chemical HP
1314
1314 High efficiency air-conditioning
1314
1314
1314
Ground source
1314
heat pump
Ground source heat pump
1314
Cost reduction and high efficiency of ground heat source exchanger
1314
Low-cost drilling technology
1314
1314

26

Figure 1.2-8 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (8/12)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
1315
1315 High efficiency air-conditioning
1315
1315
1315
Utilization of snow ice
1315
cooling
1315
1315
1315
1315
1321
1321 High efficiency water heater
1321
1321
1321
High efficiency heat1321
pump water heater
1321
1321
1321
1321
1322
1322 High efficiency water heater
1322
1322
1322
High efficiency
1322
water heater
1322
1322
1322
1322
1323
1323 High efficiency water heater
1323
1323
1323
Latent heat recovery
1323
water heater
1323
1323
1323
1323
1331
1331 High efficiency air-heating
1331
1331
1331
High efficiency1331
air-heater
1331
1331
1331
1331
1341
1341 High efficiency
1341
kitchen equipment
1341
1341
High efficiency gas
1341
burner cooking
1341
equipments
1341
1341
1341
1342
1342 High efficiency
1342
kitchen equipment
1342
1342
High efficiency1342
induction heating
1342(IH) cooker
1342
1342
1342
1351
1351 High efficiency lighting
1351
1351
1351
High efficiency
1351
fluorescent lamp
1351
1351
1351
1351
1352
1352 High efficiency lighting
1352
1352
1352
High efficiency
1352
LED lighting
1352
1352
1352
1352
1353
1353 High efficiency lighting
1353
1353
1353
Organic EL lighting
1353
1353
1353
1353
1353

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030 -

Direct heat exchange cool air circulation system
Melted water heat exchange cool water circulation system
High efficiency heat exchange method
Pump power reduction technology
Lower heat loss of snow cellar
COP
3.2
Diffusion target

5.0
5,200,000 heaters

Heat pump water heater with Natural refrigerant (CO2)High efficiency and downsizing
Instantaneous heat pump water heater
Heat pump for cold district
Cost reduction
High efficiency compressor, high efficiency heat exchanger, expansion work recovery technology
Construction simplification

High efficiency gas engine water heater
High efficiency exhaust heat recovery
Multi-function such as power generation

Latent heat recovery water heater
Latent heat storage materials
Heat exchanger for latent heat recovery
Cost reduction

Heat pump utilization technology
High efficiency radiant heat utilization technology
High efficiency combustion technology
Low NOx technology
Gas sensor technology

High efficiency combustion technology
Low NOx technology
Gas sensor technology

High efficiency (low loss of inverter and heating coil)Induction heaters available for all type pan

Light emission efficiency
80 - 100 lm/W

>150 lm/W

High efficiency luminescence materials
High efficiency mercury-free fluorescent lamp
Technology for reducing heat loss

Light emission efficiency
50 lm/W

100 lm/W>150 lm/W

High efficiency LED elements
Luminescence materials for white LED (high efficiency near UV excitation luminescence materials)
Cooperation of light sensor and human detection sensor
Cost reduction

Light emission efficiency

30 lm/W

High luminance white EL
High luminous efficiency
Life extension
Larger area

27

>100 lm/W

Figure 1.2-9 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (9/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1354
1354 High efficiency lighting
1354
High efficiency white light source1354with high color rendering properties
1354
Next-generation
1354
Micro cavity
lighting
1354
Cluster light emission
1354
Light storage technology, Phosphorescence materials
1354
Optical transmission technology
1354
1361
1361 Energy-conserving display
Light emission efficiency
1361
1.5 lm/W (40", in white display)
10 lm/W
1361
1361
Low power
1361
High efficiency plasma discharge method
Low power consumption panel
consumption PDP
1361
High efficiency luminescence materials
1361
Improvement of light emission efficiency
1361
Cost reduction
1361
1362
1362 Energy-conserving display
Light emission efficiency
1362
2 lm/W (in white display)
10 lm/W （ 60" ）
1362
1362
Low power
1362
High efficiency white light source
consumption LCD
1362
Higher definition
High light transmission efficiency LCD panel
1362
Larger display
Technology for low-loss optical materials
1362
Low consumption power
1362
Cost reduction
1363
1363 Energy-conserving display
1363
1363
1363
LED display
1363
High efficiency devices
1363
Light emission materials
1363
Element technology
Larger display
1363
Thin film technology
Cost reduction
1363
1364
1364 Energy-conserving display Light emission efficiency
50 lm/W
70 lm/W
1364
Life at 1000 cd/m2
10,000 hours
50,000 hours
100,000 hours
1364
For mobile information terminals
1364
Organic EL display
1364
Larger display
1364
Improvement of light emission efficiency
Flexible display
1364
Life extension
1364
1364
1371
1371 Energy-conserving
Optical disk capacity 100 - 200 GB/ - 200 Mbps 500 GB - 1 TB/ - 1 Gbps
1371
information equipments Communication speed 1 - 100 GB/s
5 - 500 GB/s
1371
1371
Energy-conserving
1371
High efficiency devices
information
1371
High efficiency storage and memory
equipments
1371
Application chip technology
1371
Virtual machine (VM) technology, Embedded software technology
1371
Network/optical network technology
Integration of HEMS and BEMS
1381
Thermal conductivity
1381 Energy-conserving
0.0025 W/m K
0.001 W/m K
0.001 W/m K
0.0005 W/m K
1381
electric home appliances
Power consumption
450 kWh/year
400 kW/year
1381
1381
Energy-conserving
1381
Vacuum heat insulation
Heat pump refrigerator
refrigerators
1381
Optimal control for cooperation of BEMS/HEMS
1381
1381
1381
1382
1382 Energy-conserving
Standby power consumption
1382
electric home appliances
1W
100 mW or less
50 mW or less
1382
1382
Reduction of standby
1382
Power-conservation source module
power consumption
1382
1382
1382
1382
1521
1521 Energy-conserving
1521
network communication
1521
1521
High-capacity
1521
Raw material production technology for communication cables
high-speed
1521
Technology for power-conserving routers/switches
network/optical
1521
Network architecture
network
1521
communication
1521
1401
1401 Advanced traffic system
1401
1401
1401
Intelligent transport
1401
Traffic information and communication systemsystems (ITS)1401
Traffic demand management (TDM)
1401
Navigation system
Traffic management optimization
1401
Driving safety support system
1401

28

Figure 1.2-10 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (10/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1402
1402 Advanced traffic system
1402
1402
1402
Modal shift in
1402
New transport system
passenger transport
1402
Light rail transit (LRT)1402
Guideway buses
1402
Community EV buses1402
Dual mode vehicles (DMV)
1403
1403 Advanced traffic system
1403
1403
1403
Modal shift in
1403
freight transport
Bimodal commodity distribution system (road → train, ships)1403
Dual mode truck
1403
General-purpose standardized distribution system (advanced application of IC tag)
1403
Intelligent distribution system
1403
2101
2101 High efficiency internal
2101
combustion engine
2101
2101
Gasoline engine
2101
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels2101
Surface control of low friction materials
2101
Cylinder cutoff control for improving part-load efficiency
2101
Powertrain technology High compression ratio
2101
Lean burn combustion
2102
2102 High efficiency internal
2102
combustion engine
2102
2102
Diesel engine
2102
High-efficiency low-emission combustion technology
2102
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels2102
Surface control of low friction materials
2102
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)
2102
2111
2111 Clean energy vehicles
2111
2111
2111
Natural-gas vehicles
2111
Greater cruising distance
2111
Natural-gas sorption materials
2111
Reduction of weight of fuel tank
2111
Expansion of gas supply infrastructures
2111
2112
2112 Clean energy vehicles
2112
2112
2112
Hybrid vehicles
2112
Regeneration system
Vehicle weight reduction
2112
Improvement of engine efficiency
2112
High performance rechargeable battery
2112(high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2112
Surface control of low friction materials
2113
2113 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density of battery
1.5 times
2113
Running distance on a full charge 40 km
2113
2113
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
2113
Vehicle weight reduction
2113
Improvement of motor efficiency
2113
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2113
Optimum running control technology
2113
Power supply system
2114
Traveling distance About 500 km
2114 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density
About 7 times larger than at present
2114
Cost
About 1/40 lower than at present
2114
2114
Electric vehicles
2114
Vehicle weight reduction
Improvement of motor efficiency
2114
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2114
2114
Power supply system
2114
2115
Traveling distance
400 km
800 km2115 Clean energy vehicles
Durability
3,000 hours (5 years), 20,000 start/stops
5,000 hours (10 years), 60,000 start/stops
2115
Vehicle cost (ICV ratio) 3 – 5 times
1.2 times
2115
Stack cost
5,000 JPY/kW
4,000 JPY/kW
Cost reduction (non-platinum electrocatalysts, mass production)
2115
Fuel cell vehicles
2115
Improvement of motor efficiency (high-temperature operation, high catalytic activity,
2115
Hydrogen production technology
new electrocatalysts, etc.)
2115
Improvement of durability of fuel cell stacks
2115
Hydrogen supply system(improvement of electrolyte membrane, etc.)
2115
High density hydrogen storage technology
2116
2116 Clean energy vehicles
2116
2116
2116
Hydrogen engine
2116
More efficient hydrogen engine
vehicles2116
Hydrogen loading technology
2116
Hydrogen production technology
2116
Cost reduction
2116
Hydrogen supply system

29

Figure 1.2-11 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (11/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
2201
2201 Energy-conserving trains
2201
2201
2201
Energy-conserving
2201
Weight reduction
Hybrid trains
trains
2201
Electric transformer on train
2201
Utilization of regenerated energy
2201
2201
2301
2301 High performance ships
2301
2301
2301
High performance
2301
ships
Highly reliable intelligent ships
2301
Motorization
Fuel cells
2301
Weight reduction Optimization of ship shape
2301
Exhaust heat recovery in engine
2301
2302
2302 High efficiency marine
2302
transport system
2302
2302
High efficiency marine
2302
Cooperation of land transporttransport system
2302
Hub port networking
2302
2302
2302
2401
2401 High performance aircrafts
2401
2401
2401
High performance
2401
Weight reduction by using carbon composite materials, etc.
aircrafts
2401
High-efficiency of jet engine
More energy conservation
2401
Further improvement of environmental, economic, and safety properties
2401
2401
5302
5302 Petroleum refining
5302
5302
5302
Fuel-saving high5302
Fuel-saving lube oil production technology
durability lube oil
5302
Lube oil production technology from GTL, etc.
5302
5302
5302
1113
1113 Energy-conserving
1113
industrial processes
Advanced LSI design (Improvement of energy conservation)
1113
SiC/GaN substrate technology (high quality/large diameter/cost reduction)
1113
LSI production process
1113
Diamond power devices
1113
Extreme UV exposure system
1113
Device process technology such as ink jet method
1113
Mass production of SiC/GaN elements (rectifier)1113
Mass production of SiC/GaN elements (switching element)
1501
Wafer diameter (power device)1501 High performance devices
6"
8"
300 mm1501
Microfabrication (power device)
90 nm
45 nm
1501
0.13 µ m
0.25 µ m
1501
Si devices
1501
Production process technology (extension for wafer diameter, fine processing technology, superjunction, thin wafer)
1501
Improvement of element structure
Novel element structure
1501
High current density, High temperature operation
1501
Soft-switching technology, Matrix converter technology
1501
1502
Wafer diameter
1502 High performance devices
3"
4"
6"
1502
Wafer dislocation density
4
-2
3
-2
2
-2
1502
10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
50 cm -2
10 cm -21502
SiC devices
1502
Production process technology (extension for wafer diameter, reduction of wafer dislocation density)
1502
Improvement of mobility of injection channel, Improvement of reliability of oxide film
1502
Normally-off type MOSFET
1502
1502
1503
1503 High performance devices
1503
1503
1503
Nitride devices
1503
Schottky barrier diode (SBD)(GaN, AlN)
1503
Heteroepitaxial growth technology of GaN
Hetero-junction field effect transistor (HFET)
1503
1503
1503
1504
1504 High performance devices
1504
1504
1504
Diamond devices
1504
Larger wafer diameter
1504
Epitaxial growth technology
1504
Technologies for device fabrication/process
1504
1504

30

Figure 1.2-12 Technology Roadmap for for Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency (12/12)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
Individual technology
1505
1505 High performance devices
1505
1505
1505
CNT transistor
1505
CNT (carbon nano tube) growth control technology
1505
CNT electric property control technology
1505
Device structure design
1505
Development of production process
1505
1506
Power consumption
4.2 mW/million transistors
1506 High performance devices
12.4 mW/million transistors
0.42 mW/million transistors
1506
1506
System LSI (SoC, System on a Chip)
1506
Energy-conserving
1506
Fine processing technology
Dependable LSI technology
LSI systems
1506
Application chip technology
1506
Self-luminous on-chip display technology
1506
Dynamic control LSI technology
1506
Technology for organic EL emission element utilizing external light
1511
1511 High performance
1511
power electronics
1511
1511
High efficiency inverter
1511
Ultra-low loss SiC switching elements
1511
Advanced technology of inverter design
1511
Inverter technology
1511
1511

31

2030 -

Figure 1.3 Deployment Scenario for "Improvement of Overall Energy Efficiency""Improvement of energy conversion efficiency" in the energy conversion sector, "improvement of"Improvement of energy conversion efficiency" in the energy conversion sector, "improvement of
manufacturing process efficiency" in the industry sector and "energy conservation" in the
manufacturing process efficiency" in the industry sector and "energy conservation" in theresidential/commercial and transport sectors will be implemented to improve Japan's energy consumption
residential/commercial and transport sectors will be implemented to improve Japan's energy consumption
efficiency by at least 30% by FY 2030.
efficiency by at least 30% by FY 2030.
2010

Background at home
and abroad

2005

2015

2020

New National Energy Strategy

2025(Rolling)

1st commitment
period of the Kyoto

2030Reducing per-GDP final
energy consumption index
by around 30% by FY 2030

Future framework (post-Kyoto framework)
Improving energy efficiency to reduce
primary energy consumption by 20% by 2020

AN ENERGY POLICY FOR EUROPE

Improving power generation efficiency at coal thermal power plants

Reducing electricity transmission losses / increasing transmission capacity
Deployment of highly efficient HP
Energy conservation businesses
such as ESCO and ESPHeat storage and transportation
Promotion of energy management

Technologies for energy utilization beyond space-time restrictions
Deployment of highly efficient CGS
Energy storage and transportation technologies to resolve energy supply/demand mismatches beyond space and time restrictions
Fuel cells

Energy-conserving investment project evaluation,energy reform tax measures, and low-interest loans
Loans, tax and other incentives for
deployment of energy-conserving houses
Housing performance indication system

Electricity storage
Development and deployment of IT-based energy control systems

Advanced insulation and energy
conservation for houses/buildings

Promotion of energy management (HEMS/BEMS/local area)

Energy-conserving information living space creation technologies
Technologies to suppress the increase of demand in advanced informatization, lifestyle changes, aging society, etc.
and to realize comfortable and efficient information living space
Highly efficient air conditioners / water heaters
Energy-conserving home appliances (lighting equipment, displays, etc.)
Effective operation of Top Runnertechnology and labeling systems
Improvement of fuel economy
Deployment of advanced transport systems and promotion of modal shifts(reducing weight of vehicle body, more efficient engine)
Cooperation between shippers and transporters

Technologies that established the advanced transport society
Shift of automobile taxes to green taxes,
Technologies for energy conservation through more efficient transport systems and advanced (ex. modal shifts)
reduction of automobile acquisition tax, etc.
Hybrid vehicles
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Electric vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles

Electricity supply
infrastructure

Hydrogen supply infrastructure

Energy-conserving LSI

Future energy-conserving device technologies

Common relevantmeasures

Technologies for energy conservation through high performance semiconductor chips
and other advanced devices used across wide-ranging areas
Improving performance of power devices(IT device, home appliances, distributed power sources, industrial machinery, high power equipments)
Standardization of future devices

Subsidization of businesses to create initial demand (subsidized introduction of highly efficient systems)
Introduction of sector-by-sector benchmarks to improve specific energy consumption
Development and utilization of energy-conserving investment project evaluation systems
Global development of energy conservation evaluation systems
Improvement of international competitiveness through international standardization and normalization
Efforts to lead people to grow more conscious of conserving energy

32

Improvement of overall energy efficiency

Major technology development projects and relevant measures

Super combustion system technologies
Technologies for innovative manufacturing without combustion, reaction-controlled combustion, material regenerating combustion, etc.
Energy-conserving industrial processes
Co-production of materials/energy
Development of heat- and corrosion-resistant materials
Utilization of energies and materials between industries

(2) Diversification of transport fuels
The transport sector depends almost wholly on petroleum and is themost fragile in Japan's energy supply/demand structure. Prompt measures
for future reform of the energy supply/demand structure are indispensable.
In order to achieve the goal in the New National Energy Strategy(reducing the transport sector's petroleum dependence to around 80% toward2030), the government and private sector should share medium to long-term
prospects and directions and promote technology development and relevantmeasures.
Regional demonstration projects are going on for the introduction of
biomass fuels. But the fuel supply infrastructure is still inadequate and it isdifficult to use the fuel. In order to solve these problems, we should promotedemonstration tests for the introduction of biomass fuels, create a supply
infrastructure and develop low-cost ethanol manufacturing and other relevant
technologies.
GTL (gas to liquid) originating from natural gas can be used for diesel
engines and has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly fuelcontaining no sulfur.
Manufacturing technologies should be promptly
established for GTL, BTL (biomass to liquid), CTL (coal to liquid) and othersynthetic liquid fuels.
Regarding fuel cell vehicles, technologies should be established tolengthen cruising ranges, lower costs for fuel cells and improve their
durability. Hydrogen manufacturing and supply infrastructure should be
developed along with relevant safety measures.
Regarding electric vehicles, while technologies for hybrid vehicles which
are rapidly diffusing should be improved further, the battery performance
should be improved for the development of plug-in hybrid vehicles being
followed by electric vehicles.

33

Clean energy vehicles▽○◇Natural-gas vehicles▼●◆Hybrid vehicles
High efficiency internal
combustion engine▼●◇Gasoline engine▼●◆Diesel engine

Fuel

Coal Utilization○◆Coal to liquid (CTL)

Petroleum refining○◇Advanced technology for
producing desulfurized liquid fuels
Advanced technology for using petroleum○◇New alternative fuels for vehicles○◇Improving vehicle efficiency
and promoting exhaust gas cleanup○◇Offroad engines with low environmental load
Natural gas utilization●◆Gas to liquid (GTL)○◇Synthesizing LP gas from natural gas, etc.

Fossil fuels

Transport

Natural energies
Coal

BiomassOil

Natural gas

Utilization of LP gas○◇Utilization of LPG/DME mixed fuelUtilization of heavy crude oil○◇Production of high-octane gasoline from low-quality oil○◆Production of synthesized diesel fuel form asphalt (ATL)

Production of biofuels●★Alcohol fermentation●★Conversion of cellulosic materials into ethanol●★Biodiesel fuel (BDF)○☆◇Dimethyl ether (DME)○★◇Production of BTL by gasification of biomass○☆Methane fermentation

Unconventional
fossil fuels

Utilization of biomass
and waste energy○★Biomass resource supply
Nuclear energy

Electric power storage▽●☆Nickel-hydrogen battery▼●★Lithium-ion battery▼○☆Capacitor

Electricity

34

Clean energy vehicles▼●☆◆Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Hydrogen production
Hydrogen production▼●☆◇Electric vehicles○◇Hydrogen production from○★Hydrogen production▽○◇High efficiency marine
Advanced technology for using petroleum coal with CO2 recovery
using photocatalysts
transport system○◇Hydrogen production from petroleum
Hydrogen production
and hydrogen transportation
Hydrogen production○★◇Hydrogen production by gasification○☆Solid polymer water electrolysis
Natural gas utilization▽○◇High performance aircrafts○☆High temperature steam electrolysis
Production of biofuels○◇Next generation technology for●☆Alkaline water electrolysis○☆Hydrogen
fermentation
producing hydrogen from natural gas▽○◇High performance ships

Coal Utilization○☆◇Hydrothermal cracking of coal▽●◇Energy-conserving trains

Utilization of heavy crude oil○◇Production of hydrogen frompetroleum pitch and cokes

HydrogenUtilization of new alternative fuels●☆◇Advanced technology for utilizing
biomass and other unconventional
petroleum products○◇Utilization of GTL and other new
alternative fuels along with petroleum

Figure 2.1 Technology Map (Diagram) for
Diversification of Transport Fuels

Transportation and supply of hydrogen○☆Transportation and supply of compressed hydrogen○☆Transportation and supply of liquid hydrogen○☆Hydrogen pipelines●☆Safety technology for hydrogen gas refueling stations

Hydrogen storage○☆Inorganic materials for hydrogen storage○☆Alloy materials for hydrogen storage○☆Carbonaceous materials for hydrogen storage○☆Organic materials for hydrogen storage○☆Hydrogen storage container

Fuel cells▼●★◇PEFC▽○☆◇DMFC
Clean energy vehicles▼●★◇Fuel cell vehicles▽○☆◇Hydrogen engine vehicles

The colored symbols specified in front of the technologies indicate the policy
objectives to which these technologies would contribute:▽ Improvement of overall energy efficiency○ Diversification of transport fuels☆ Promotion of new energy development and introduction□ Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises◇ Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
Technologies that make great contributions to policy objectives areaccompanied by pasted symbols (▼●★■◆) for the relevant policy objectives.
Technologies that make great contributions to the "diversification of transport
fuels" are specified with underlined red letters.

Biofuel

Category

Table 2.1-1 Technology Map (List) for Diversification of Transport Fuels (1/5)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"diversification of transport fuels"
are specified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Alcohol fermentation

Improvement in ethanol conversion efficiency of C5 sugars,
Low-cost resource crops, Safety confirmation of ethyl tertbutylether (ETBE), Improvement of infrastructures

3202

Conversion ofcellulosic materials intoethanol

Efficiency improvement in glycosylation process, Efficiency
improvement in C5 sugars-to-ethanol conversion andfermentation, Efficient utilization of lignin and otherbyproducts, Efficient improvement in collection andconveyance operations / cost reduction, Improvement ofenergy recovery efficiency, Promotion of energy
conservation in distillation and dehydration processes, Liquid
waste treatment technology, Utilization of unused forest
resources, Technology for large-scale ethanol production,
Production cost reduction, Development of glycolytic
enzymes, Technology of bioprocess by using super yeast,
etc.

3203

Biodiesel fuel (BDF)

Self-consumption of BDF, Production of BDF by continuous
esterification process, Improvement of BDF quality /production cost reduction, Efficient utilization of glycerin andother byproducts, Hydrocracking method, Low-cost resource
crops, Self-sufficient production and consumption of BDF in
local community

3204

Dimethyl ether (DME)

Indirect synthesis process of DME, Direct synthesis processof DME, DME vehicles, Utilization technologies for DME fuelcells, etc., Technologies for storing and supplying DME

3205

Production of BTL bygasification of biomass

BTL production technology, Biomass/wastes gasification
technology, FT synthesis technology, Improvement in BTL
production efficiency, Efficient waste collection systems,
Cost reduction

3206

Methane fermentation

Improvement in fermentation efficiency, Solubilization
technology, Improvement of fermentation micro-organism,
Process optimization, Co-combustion of methane
fermentation gas with city gas, Utilization of methane
fermentation gas for power and heat generation in sewage
plants, Combined system of methane fermentation withdirect combustion, Facility cost reduction

3208

Hydrogen fermentation

Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation technology, Two-stage
fermentation technology (hydrogen and methane),Technology for hydrogen photoproduction by photosynthetic
bacteria, Searching for and development of hydrogenproducing microorganisms (high-temperature-tolerant),
Highly-efficient photobioreactors, Acceleration of highdensity hydrogen fermentation microorganisms, Efficiency
improvement / cost reduction

Biomass resource
supplyTechnology for efficient collection of timbers cut and left inforest land, Improving efficiency in tree cutting, transportation
processes and cost reduction by methods such as linethinning, Technologies for producing fuel crops (i.e. genemanipulation, eco-friendly fertilizers, and conservation ofwater resources)

3201

3215

Production of
biofuels

Utilization of
biomass andwaste energy

35

Synthetic liquid fuels including GTL

Category

Table 2.1-2 Technology Map (List) for Diversification of Transport Fuels (2/5)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"diversification of transport fuels"
are specified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Gas to liquid (GTL)

Synthetic gas production technology, FT synthesis
technology, Hydrocracking technology, Scale-up engineering,Operation technique

5523

Next generation
technology for
producing hydrogenfrom natural gas

Steam reforming + PSA, Hydrogen-transmissive membranereactors, CO2 separation membranes, Hydrogen production
with CO2 separation

5524

Synthesizing LP gas
from natural gas, etc.

Technology for synthesizing LP gas from natural gas, coal,
CO2, etc., Development of synthetic catalysts with long
durability, Catalyst regeneration technology

Coal to liquid (CTL)

Upgrading technology for coal-liquefied oil, Gasification
technology, FT synthesis technology, Application of brown
coal liquefaction technology, Training for engineers andoperators, Design and construction of commercial plants

Hydrothermal crackingof coalTechnology applying to a wide range of coal, Establishmentof high performance and high reliability, Co-production
technology

Fuel cell vehicles

Improvement of motor efficiency, Improvement of durabilityof fuel cell stacks, High density hydrogen storage technology,
Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction, Hydrogen
supply system

Hydrogen engine
vehiclesMore efficient hydrogen engine, Hydrogen loading
technology, Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction,
Hydrogen supply system

Polymer Electrolyte
Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Technology
available for high temperature / low humidity, Reduction ofplatinum content, Poisoning resistant catalyst, Moisturecontrol inside electrolyte membrane, Non-platinum catalysts,
Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.

Direct Methanol Fuel
Cell (DMFC)

Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane, Low swelling
membrane, High activity catalyst, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability

Hydrogen production
from coal with CO2
recoveryTechnology for hydrogen production from coal with CO2
absorption (HyPr-RING), Technology for recycling absorbent
materials, CO2 recovery technology

3312

Hydrogen production
by gasification

Partial oxidation reforming, Steam reforming, Autothermal
reforming, Coal gasification, Biomass gasification, Gas
cleanup, CO2 recovery technology, Hydrogen separation
membrane technology

3313

Solid polymer waterelectrolysis

Application of lower-cost separators, Improvement of MEA
production process, Downsizing of equipment by increasing
current density, Low oxygen overvoltage catalyst, Reductionof noble metal contents, More cost reduction, Durability
improvement

3314

High temperature
steam electrolysis

Sealing technology, Interconnection technology, High current
density technology, Increase of operating pressure3315

Alkaline waterelectrolysis

Cost reduction, Improvement of total efficiency, High current
density, Pressurization of generated hydrogen

3316

Hydrogen production
using photocatalysts

Visible light-responsive photocatalysts, Preparation methodof photocatalyst with low lattice defect, Formation ofhydrogen generation sites with low activation energy, Basic
study on reactors

5521

5633

Natural gas
utilization

Coal utilization

5634
2115

Fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen technologies

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology

Clean energy
vehicles

2116
3304

Fuel cells

3305
3311

Hydrogenproduction

36

Fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 2.1-3 Technology Map (List) for Diversification of Transport Fuels (3/5)
Energytechnology

Individual technology

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needsTechnologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"diversification of transport fuels"
are specified with underlined red
letters.

Transportationand supply ofhydrogenTransportation andsupply of compressedhydrogenTechnology for producing high-strength metal, Weight saving,Technology for developing high-pressure hydrogencompressors, Improvement in compression efficiency,
Optimization of pressure and capacity, Technology fordeveloping high-pressure hydrogen dispensers, High-speed
filling technology, Durability improvement, Cost reduction

3322

Transportation andsupply of liquidhydrogenTechnology for support structures of inner tanks,
Improvement in thermal insulation method for tanks,
Technology for developing highly efficient liquefaction
systems, Magnetic refrigeration technology, Improvement ininsulation efficiency of liquid containers, Technologies fordeveloping liquid hydrogen dispensers and flowmeters,
Durability improvement, Cost reduction

3323

Hydrogen pipelines

Study on materials for carbon steel pipes and welded
sections, Setting of construction conditions, Establishment ofleak detection technology, Maintenance method forsliding/movable sections, Sealing materials, Setting oftechnical standards for pipelines, Piping configuration for
supplying hydrogen, Metering technology of hydrogen

3324

Safety technology forhydrogen gas refuelingstations

Safety instrumented systems for refueling stations,
Responses to high-speed filling (communication, precooling),
Boil-off gas reduction, Cost reduction, Improvement inoverall efficiency of refueling stations, Efficiency
improvement in security operations, Preventive maintenancesystems

Inorganic materials forhydrogen storage

Alanate, Amide/imide, Borohydride, Composite materials,
Searching for promising materials and optimization ofcomposition, Establishment of handling technology,
Reduction of storage and release temperatures, Accelerationof reaction and durability improvement, Suppressing releaseof by-products

3332

Alloy materials forhydrogen storage

Technology for improving the rate of storing and releasinghydrogen, Elucidation of degradation mechanism anddurability improvement, Searching for new materials,
Reduction of hydrogen release temperature

3333

Carbonaceous
materials for hydrogenstorage

Establishment and application of principles for designing or
synthesizing materials that allow a large quantity of hydrogento be stored (e.g. new shapes, chemical modification,
element substitution, composite making)3334

Organic materials forhydrogen storage

High-performance catalysts for releasing hydrogen,
Technology for transporting hydrogen to refueling stations,Hydrogen storage technology using organic hydride

3335

Hydrogen storage
container

Compressed hydrogen containers, Liquid hydrogencontainers, High-strength materials, Hybrid storage (highpressure hydrogen storage containers), Durability
improvement, Weight- and space-saving, Improvement inthermal insulation efficiency

Hydrogen production
from petroleum andhydrogentransportation

Technology for storing, transporting, and supplying hydrogen,Off-site hydrogen production technology by way of reforming
kerosene, etc., Membrane separation technology, Onboard
reforming technology for vehicle fuels, Development ofautothermal reforming systems for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC), Adsorption desulfurization technology for kerosene,
Development for reforming catalysts of kerosene

No.

3321

3331

5311

Hydrogenstorage

Advanced
technology forusing petroleum

37

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Other common technologies

Electric vehicles and electric power storage

Category

Table 2.1-4 Technology Map (List) for Diversification of Transport Fuels (4/5)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"diversification of transport fuels"
are specified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Optimum running control
technology, Power supply system

Electric vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Power supply system

Nickel-hydrogenbattery

Higher power density, Higher capacity, Improvement of selfdischarge properties, Life extension

3544

Lithium-ion battery

Higher energy density, Improvement of cycle performance,
Improvement of safety, Cost reduction

3545

Capacitor

Electric double layer capacitor, Improvement of energy
density, Nano-carbon electrode materials, Cost reduction,
Redox capacitor, Hybrid capacitor

High efficiency
internal
combustion
engineGasoline engine

Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels,
Surface control of low friction materials, Cylinder cutoff
control for improving part-load efficiency, Powertraintechnology, High compression ratio, Lean burn combustion

Diesel engine

High-efficiency low-emission combustion technology,
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels,
Surface control of low friction materials, Homogeneous
charge compression ignition (HCCI)

Clean energy
vehiclesNatural-gas vehicles

Greater cruising distance, Natural-gas sorption materials,
Reduction of weight of fuel tank, Expansion of gas supply
infrastructures

Hybrid vehicles

Regeneration system, Improvement of engine efficiency,
Vehicle weight reduction, Surface control of low friction
materials, High performance rechargeable battery (highenergy density, life expansion, cost reduction)

2113

Clean energy
vehicles

2114
3543

2101

2102

2111

Electric power
storage

2112

2201

Energyconserving
trainsEnergy-conserving
trains

Weight reduction, Hybrid trains, Electric transformer on train,
Utilization of regenerated energy

2301

High
performance
ships

High performance
ships

Highly reliable intelligent ships, Motorization, Weight
reduction, Exhaust heat recovery in engine, Optimization ofship shape, Fuel cells

2302

High efficiency
marinetransportsystemHigh efficiency marinetransport system

Cooperation of land transport, Hub port networking

2401

High
performance
aircrafts

High performance
aircrafts

Weight reduction by using carbon composite materials, etc.,
High-efficiency of jet engine, More energy conservation,
Further improvement of environmental, economic, and safety
properties

38

Other common technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 2.1-5 Technology Map (List) for Diversification of Transport Fuels (5/5)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"diversification of transport fuels"
are specified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Production of highoctane gasoline from
low-quality oil

Technology for effective utilization of lower naphtha,
Development of isomerization catalysts of naphtha,
Development of catalysts for high-octane gasoline production(e.g. FCC catalyst)

5203

Production of hydrogenfrom petroleum pitchand cokes

Technology for using pitch as coking additives, Developmentof hydrogen production process, Development of catalysts
for hydrogen production

5204

Production ofsynthesized diesel fuelform asphalt (ATL)

Technology for gasification of heavy oil, FT synthesis
technology, Hydrocracking technology

5202

Utilization ofheavy crude oil

5301

Petroleumrefining

Advanced technology
for producing
desulfurized liquid
fuels

Advanced desulfurization technology for petroleum liquid
fuels, Development of desulfurization catalysts for ultra cleanfuel, Development of advanced deep desulfurization
processes

5312

Advanced
technology forusing petroleum

New alternative fuelsof vehicle

Technology for blending new alternative fuels such as
biofuels and GTL with conventional fuels such as gasoline
and diesel oil, Technology for vehicles applying toconventional/alternative blended fuels

5313

Improving vehicle
efficiency andpromoting exhaust gas
cleanupTechnology for fuels used for recent models of diesel
vehicles, Technologies for improving vehicle fuel efficiency,
Technology for improving antiknock properties, Technology
for fuels compatible with next-generation vehicle engines
such as HCCI, High-accuracy atmospheric simulation
technology for environmental assessment of exhaust gas,
etc.

5314

Offroad engines withlow environmental load

Technology for developing engines with low-cetane fuels,
Application technologies of ultra low-cetane fuels,
Development of low-cetane fuels for stationary and general
purpose diesel engines

Advanced technology
for utilizing biomass
and other
unconventional
petroleum productsTechnology for using petroleum along with biomass fuels,
Technologies for refining biomass fuels (e.g. refining bymembrane separation of ethanol)

Utilization of GTL andother new alternative
fuels along withpetroleum

Technologies for blending petroleum with GTL, Technologies
for blending petroleum with coal-derived liquids,
Technologies for using other clean liquid fuels

Utilization of LPG/DME
mixed fuelImprovement of equipment durability against blended fuels,
Technology for DME/LPG direct-injection diesel engines

5321

Utilization of
new alternative
fuels

5322

5531

Utilization of LP
gas

39Figure 2.2-1 Technology Roadmap for Diversification of Transport Fuels (1/6)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3201
3201 Production of biofuels
3201
3201
Introduction of ETBE (210,000 kl)
3201
Alcohol fermentation
3201(Sugar, starch)
Improvement in ethanol conversion efficiency of C5 sugars
3201
Low-cost resource crops
3201
Safety confirmation of ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE)
3201
Improvement of infrastructures
3201
3202
3202 Production of biofuels
Efficiency improvement in the glycosylation process
Technology for large-scale ethanol production
3202
Improvement of energy recovery efficiency
3202
Effective utilization of lignin and other byproducts
Production cost reduction
3202
Conversion of3202
cellulosic materials Efficiency improvement in the C5 sugars-to-ethanol conversion and fermentation
3202
Development of glycolytic enzymes
into ethanol
3202(Wood, rice
Efficient improvement in collection
Promotion of energy conservation in distillation and dehydration processes
3202
straws, etc.)
and conveyance operations
Liquid waste treatment technology Technology of bioprocess by using super yeast, etc.
3202
/ cost reduction
Utilization of unused forest resources
3203
3203 Production of biofuels
3203
3203
Self-consumption of BDF
Self-sufficient production and consumption of BDF in local community
3203
Biodiesel fuel (BDF)
3203
Production of BDF by continuous esterification process
3203
Improvement of BDF quality / production cost reduction
3203
Efficient utilization of glycerin and other byproducts
3203
Hydrocracking method3203
Low-cost resource crops
3204
3204 Production of biofuels
3204
3204
3204
Dimethyl ether (DME)3204
Indirect methods for synthesizing DME
3204
Direct methods for synthesizing DME
3204
DME vehicles
3204
Utilization technologies for DME fuel cells, etc.
3204
Technologies for storing and supplying DME
3205
3205 Production of biofuels
3205
3205
3205
Production of BTL
3205
BTL production technology
by gasification of3205
Biomass/wastes gasification technology
Cost reduction
biomass
3205
FT synthesis technology
Improvement in BTL production efficiency
3205
Efficient waste collection systems
3205
3206
3206 Production of biofuels
3206
Introduction by large-scale facilities and plants Introduction by medium and small facilities and plants
3206
Improvement in fermentation efficiency
3206
Methane fermentation
3206
Wet biomass such
Solubilization technology
3206
as sewage sludge,
Improvement of fermentation micro-organism
3206
livestock manure,
Process optimization
Combined system of methane fermentation with direct combustion
3206
and food wastes
Utilization of methane fermentation gas for power and heat generation in sewage plants
3206
Co-combustion of methane fermentation gas with city gas Facility cost reduction
3208
Technology for hydrogen photoproduction
3208 Production of biofuelsby photosynthetic bacteria
3208
Highly-efficient photobioreactors
3208
Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation technology
3208
Hydrogen fermentation
3208
Two-stage fermentation technology
3208(hydrogen and methane)
Searching for and development of hydrogen
3208
production strains (high-temperature-tolerant)
3208
Efficiency improvement
Acceleration of high-density hydrogen3208/ cost reduction
fermentation microorganisms
3215
3215 Utilization of biomass
3215
and waste energy
3215
3215
Biomass resource
3215
Technology for efficient collection of timbers cut and left in forest land
supply3215
Improving efficiency in tree cutting, transportation processes and cost reduction by methods such as line-thinning
3215
Technologies for producing fuel crops
3215(i.e. gene manipulation, eco-friendly fertilizers, and conservation of water resources)
3215
5521
5521 Natural gas utilization
5521
Verification tests at pilot plants
5521
7 bbl/d500 bbl/d
5521
Gas to liquids (GTL)5521
Production of GTL
5521
Synthetic gas production technology (stable operations for cumulative time of 6,600 hours)
5521
FT synthesis technology (stable and efficient production of cobalt-based catalysts)
5521
Hydrocracking technology
5521
Scale-up engineering, Operation technique5523
5523 Natural gas utilization
5523
5523
5523
Next generation
5523
Steam reforming + PSA
Hydrogen-transmissive membrane reactors
Hydrogen production with CO2 separation
technology for5523
CO2 separation membranes
producing hydrogen5523
from natural gas
5523
5523

40

Figure 2.2-2 Technology Roadmap for Diversification of Transport Fuels (2/6)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5524
5524 Natural gas utilization
5524
5524
5524
Synthesizing LP gas
5524
Technology for synthesizing LP gas from natural gas, coal, CO2, etc.
from natural gas,5524
Development of synthetic catalysts with long durability
etc.
5524
Catalyst regeneration technology
5524
5524
5633
Operation scale (Japan)
3,000 t/d
6,000 t/d
5633 Coal utilization
Operation scale (China) 3,000 t/d
6,000 t/d5633
Test equipment with a productivity
Provision of training programs with a view to5633
of 1t/d (PSU) (Indonesia)
promoting the use of the technology in Asia
5633
Coal to liquids (CTL)
5633
Upgrading technology for coal-liquefied oil
5633
Gasification technology
Application of brown coal liquefaction technology
5633
FT synthesis technology
Training for engineers and operators
5633
Design and construction of commercial plants
5633
5634
5634 Coal utilization
5634
5634
Pilot tests
Verification tests
5634
Hydrothermal
5634
Technology applying to a wide range of coalcracking of coal
5634
Establishment of high performance and high reliability
5634
Co-production technology
5634
5634
2115
Traveling distance
400 km
800 km2115 Clean energy vehicles
Durability
3,000 hours (5 years), 20,000 start/stops
5,000 hours (10 years), 60,000 start/stops
2115
Vehicle cost (ICV ratio) 3 – 5 times
1.2 times
2115
Stack cost
5,000 JPY/kW
4,000 JPY/kW
Cost reduction (non-platinum electrocatalysts, mass production)
2115
Fuel cell vehicles
2115
Improvement of motor efficiency (high-temperature operation, high catalytic activity,
2115
Hydrogen production technology
new electrocatalysts, etc.)
2115
Improvement of durability of fuel cell stacks
2115
Hydrogen supply system(improvement of electrolyte membrane, etc.)
2115
High density hydrogen storage technology
2116
2116 Clean energy vehicles
2116
2116
2116
Hydrogen engine
2116
More efficient hydrogen engine
vehicles2116
Hydrogen loading technology
2116
Hydrogen production technology
2116
Cost reduction
2116
Hydrogen supply system
3304
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (Stationary type, 1 kW)
3304 Fuel cells
32%, 40,000 hours, JPY 1,200,000
36%, 90,000 hours, JPY 400,000
3304
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours, variation of fuel)3304
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Automobile PEFC
3304
Polymer Electrolyte
3304
Technology available for high temperature / low humidity
Fuel Cell (PEFC)
3304
Reduction of platinum content
3304
Non-platinum catalysts
3304
Poisoning resistant catalyst Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.
3304
Moisture control inside electrode membrane
3305
3305 Fuel cells
Energy density
500 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
3305
Output density
100 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2<
3305
Durability
5,000 hours<
10,000 hours
10,000 hours<
3305
Direct Methanol
3305
For PC and cell phone
Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane
Fuel Cell (DMFC)
3305
Cost reduction
Low swollen membrane
3305
Improvement of durability
High activity catalyst
3305
3305
3311
Hydrogen price (throughout the entire processes of hydrogen production)
3311 Hydrogen production
150 JPY/Nm3
80 JPY/Nm3
40 JPY/Nm3
3311
3311
Pilot plants with productivity of 5 t/d3311
Hydrogen production
3311
Technology for producing hydrogen from coal with CO2 absorption (HyPr-RING)
from coal with
3311
Technology for recycling absorbent materials
CO2 recovery
3311
CO2 recovery technology
3311
3311
3312
3312 Hydrogen production
3312
3312
3312
Hydrogen production
3312
Partial oxidation reforming
Coal gasification
Hydrogen separation membrane technology
by gasification
3312
Steam reforming
Biomass gasification
3312
Autothermal reforming
Gas cleanup
3312
CO2 recovery technology
3312
3313
3313 Hydrogen production
3313
3313
3313
Solid polymer water
3313
Application of lower-cost separators
More cost reduction
electrolysis
3313
Improvement in the MEA production process
Durability improvement
3313
Downsizing of equipment by increasing current density3313
Low oxygen overvoltage catalyst
3313
Reduction of noble metal contents

41

Figure 2.2-3 Technology Roadmap for Diversification of Transport Fuels (3/6)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
3314
3314 Hydrogen production
3314
3314
3314
High temperature
3314
steam electrolysis
3314
3314
3314
3314
3315
3315 Hydrogen production
3315
3315
3315
Alkaline water
3315
electrolysis
3315
3315
3315
3315
3316
3316 Hydrogen production
3316
3316
3316
Hydrogen production
3316
using
3316
photocatalysts
3316
3316
3316
3321
3321 Transportation and supply
3321
of hydrogen
3321
3321
Transportation and3321
supply of
3321
compressed
3321
hydrogen
3321
3321

3322
3322 Transportation and supply
of hydrogen
3322
3322
Transportation and3322
supply of liquid3322
hydrogen
3322
3322
3322
3322
3323
3323 Transportation and supply
3323
of hydrogen
3323
3323
Hydrogen pipelines
3323
3323
3323
3323
3323
3324
3324 Transportation and supply
3324
of hydrogen
3324
3324
Safety technology for
3324
hydrogen gas
3324
refueling stations
3324
3324
3324
3331
3331 Hydrogen storage
3331
3331
3331
Inorganic materials
3331
for hydrogen3331
storage
3331
3331
3331
3332
3332 Hydrogen storage
3332
3332
3332
Alloy materials
3332
for hydrogen3332
storage
3332
3332
3332
3333
3333 Hydrogen storage
3333
3333
3333
Carbon materials
3333
for hydrogen3333
storage
3333
3333
3333

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030 -

Sealing technology
Interconnection technology
High current density technology
Increase of operating pressure

Cost reduction
Improvement in total efficiency
High current density
Pressurization of generated hydrogen

Visible light-responsive photocatalysts
Preparation method of photocatalyst with low lattice defectFormation of hydrogen generation sites of catalyst with low activation energy
Basic study on reactors
Transport cost

Weight saving

10 JPY/Nm3
7 JPY/Nm3
High-speed filling technology
Technology for developing high-pressure hydrogen dispensers
Durability improvement

Technology for producing high-strength metal
Technology for developing high-pressure hydrogen compressors
Improvement in compression efficiency
Optimization of pressure and capacity
Cost reduction
Transport cost
3 JPY/Nm3
Technology for the support structures of inner tanks
Improvement in thermal insulation method for tanks
Technologies for developing liquid hydrogen dispensers and flowmeters
Technology for developing highly efficient liquefaction systems
Magnetic refrigeration technology
Improvement in the insulation efficiency of liquid containers
Durability improvement
Cost reduction

Setting of technical standards for pipelines
Shipping of industrial hydrogen

Short-distance shipping (surrounding areas, house)

Study on materials for carbon steel pipes and welded sections
Setting of construction conditions
Piping configuration for supplying hydrogen
Establishment of leak detection technology
Maintenance method for sliding/movable sections, Sealing materials
Metering technology of hydrogen

Review of criteria and standards
Investigation of safety and development of examples of criteria
Safety instrumented systems for refueling stations
Responses to high-speed filling
Cost reduction(communication, precooling)
Improvement in the combined efficiency of refueling stations
Boil-off reduction
Efficiency improvement in security operations
Preventive maintenance systems

AlanateAmide/imide
BorohydrideComposite materials

Searching for promising materials and optimization of composition
Establishment of handling technology
Reduction of storage and release temperatures
Acceleration of reaction and durability improvement
Suppressing release of side reaction productsTechnology for improving speed of storing and releasing hydrogen
Elucidation of the deterioration mechanism and durability improvement
Searching for new materials
Reduction of hydrogen release temperature

Establishment and application of principles for designing or synthesizing materials
that allow a large quantity of hydrogen to be stored(e.g. new shapes, chemical modification, element substitution, composite making)42

Figure 2.2-4 Technology Roadmap for Diversification of Transport Fuels (4/6)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3334
3334 Hydrogen storage
3334
3334
3334
Organic materials
3334
High-performance catalysts for releasing hydrogenfor hydrogen
3334
Technology for transporting hydrogen to refueling stations
storage
3334
Hydrogen storage technology using organic hydride
3334
3334
3335
In-vehicle hydrogen storages
3335 Hydrogen storage
3 kg
5 kg
7 kg
3335
Compressed hydrogen containers
3335
Liquid hydrogen containers
3335
Hydrogen storage
3335
Hybrid storage (high-pressure hydrogen storage containers)
container
3335
High-strength materials
3335
Durability improvement
3335
Weight- and space-saving
3335
Improvement in thermal insulation efficiency
5311
5311 Advanced technology
5311
for using petroleum
Technology for storing, transporting, and supplying hydrogen5311
Off-site hydrogen production technology by way of reforming kerosene, etc.
5311
Hydrogen production
5311
Adsorption desulfurization technology for kerosene
from petroleum
5311
Membrane separation technology
Development for reforming catalysts of kerosene
and hydrogen5311
Onboard reforming technology for vehicle fuelstransportation
5311
Technology for developing autothermal reforming systems for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
5311
2113
2113 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density of battery
1.5 times
2113
Running distance on a full charge 40 km
2113
2113
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
2113
Vehicle weight reduction
2113
Improvement of motor efficiency
2113
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2113
Optimum running control technology
2113
Power supply system
2114
Traveling distance About 500 km
2114 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density
About 7 times larger than at present
2114
Cost
About 1/40 lower than at present
2114
2114
Electric vehicles
2114
Vehicle weight reduction
Improvement of motor efficiency
2114
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2114
2114
Power supply system
2114
3543
3543 Electric power storage
3543
3543
For hybrid vehicles
For load change compensation
3543
Nickel-hydrogen
3543
Higher power density
battery3543
Higher capacity
3543
Improvement of self-discharge properties
3543
Life extension
3543
3544
3544 Electric power storage3544
For hybrid vehicles
3544
For mobile devices
For load change compensation
3544
Lithium-ion battery
3544
Higher energy density
3544
Improvement of cycle performance
3544
Improvement of safety
3544
Cost reduction
3544
3545
Energy density 4 Wh/kg （ module ）20 Wh/kg （ device ）3545 Electric power storage Output density 1.5 kW/kg （ module ）10 kW/kg （ device ）3545
For civilian
3545
For maintenance of power quality
For transport
3545
Capacitor
3545
Electric double layer capacitor
Cost reduction
3545
Improvement of energy density
Redox capacitor
3545
Nano-carbon electrode materials
Hybrid capacitor
3545
3545
2101
2101 High efficiency internal
2101
combustion engine
2101
2101
Gasoline engine
2101
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels2101
Surface control of low friction materials
2101
Cylinder cutoff control for improving part-load efficiency
2101
Powertrain technology High compression ratio
2101
Lean burn combustion
2102
2102 High efficiency internal
2102
combustion engine
2102
2102
Diesel engine
2102
High-efficiency low-emission combustion technology
2102
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels2102
Surface control of low friction materials
2102
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)
2102

43

Figure 2.2-5 Technology Roadmap for Diversification of Transport Fuels (5/6)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
2111
2111 Clean energy vehicles
2111
2111
2111
Natural-gas vehicles
2111
Greater cruising distance
2111
Natural-gas sorption materials
2111
Reduction of weight of fuel tank
2111
Expansion of gas supply infrastructures
2111
2112
2112 Clean energy vehicles
2112
2112
2112
Hybrid vehicles
2112
Regeneration system
Vehicle weight reduction
2112
Improvement of engine efficiency
2112
High performance rechargeable battery
2112(high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2112
Surface control of low friction materials
2201
2201 Energy-conserving trains
2201
2201
2201
Energy-conserving
2201
Weight reduction
Hybrid trains
trains
2201
Electric transformer on train
2201
Utilization of regenerated energy
2201
2201
2301
2301 High performance ships
2301
2301
2301
High performance
2301
Highly reliable intelligent ships
ships
2301
Motorization
Fuel cells
2301
Weight reduction Optimization of ship shape
2301
Exhaust heat recovery in engine
2301
2302
2302 High efficiency marine
2302
transport system
2302
2302
High efficiency marine
2302
Cooperation of land transporttransport system
2302
Hub port networking
2302
2302
2302
2401
2401 High performance aircrafts
2401
2401
2401
High performance
2401
Weight reduction by using carbon composite materials, etc.
aircrafts
2401
High-efficiency of jet engine
More energy conservation
2401
Further improvement of environmental, economic, and safety properties
2401
2401
5202
5202 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5202
5202
5202
Production of
5202
Technology for effective utilization of lower naphtha
high-octane
5202
Development of isomerization catalysts of naphtha
gasoline from low5202
Development of catalysts for high-octane gasoline production (e.g. FCC catalyst)
quality oil
5202
5202
5203
5203 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5203
5203
5203
Production of5203
Technology for using pitch cokes as caking additives
Development of hydrogen production processhydrogen from pitch
5203
Development of catalysts for hydrogen production
cokes consisting of
5203
petroleum residue
5203
5203
5204
5204 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5204
5204
5204
Production of
5204
Technology for gasification of heavy oil
synthesis diesel
5204
FT synthesis technology
fuel form asphalt
5204
Hydrocracking technology
(ATL)
5204
5204
5301
5301 Petroleum refining
5301
5301
5301
Advanced technology
5301
Advanced desulfurization technology for petroleum liquid fuels
for producing
5301
Development of desulfurization catalysts for ultra clean fueldesulfurized
5301
Development of advanced deep desulfurization processes
liquid fuels
5301
5301

44

Figure 2.2-6 Technology Roadmap for Diversification of Transport Fuels (6/6)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
5312
5312 Advanced technology
5312
for using petroleum
5312
5312
New alternative
5312
fuels for vehicles
5312
5312
5312
5312
5313
5313 Advanced technology
5313
for using petroleum
5313
5313
Improving vehicle
5313
efficiency and5313
promoting exhaust5313
gas cleanup
5313
5313
5314
5314 Advanced technology
5314
for using petroleum
5314
5314
Offroad engines with5314
low environmental
5314
load
5314
5314
5314
5321
5321 Utilization of
5321
new alternative fuels
5321
5321
Advanced technology
5321
for utilizing biomass
5321
and other
5321
unconventional
5321
petroleum products
5321
5322
5322 Utilization of5322
new alternative fuels
5322
5322
Utilization of GTL
5322
and other new
5322
alternative fuels
5322
along with5322
petroleum
5322
5531
5531 LP gas utilization
5531
5531
5531
Utilization of LPG/DME
5531
mixed fuel
5531
5531
5531
5531

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030 -

Technology for blending new types of fuels such as biofuels and GTL
with conventional types of fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil
Technology for vehicles applying to conventional/alternative blended fuels

Technology for fuels used for recent models of diesel vehicles
Technologies for improving vehicle fuel efficiency
Technology for improving antiknock properties
Technology for fuels compatible with next-generation vehicle engines such as HCCI
High-accuracy atmospheric simulation technology
for environmental assessment of exhaust gas, etc.

Technology for developing engines with low-cetane fuels
Application technologies of ultra low-cetane fuels
Development of low-cetane fuels for stationary and general purpose diesel engines

Technology for using petroleum along with biomass fuels
Technologies for the refining treatment of biomass fuels(e.g. the membrane separation of ethanol solution)

Technologies for blending petroleum with GTL
Technologies for blending petroleum with coal-derived liquids
Technologies for using other clean liquid fuels

Mixed combustion/proof tests
Improvement of equipment durability against blended fuels
Technology for DME/LPG direct-injection diesel engines

45

Figure 2.3 Deployment Scenario for "Diversification of Transport Fuels"
The transport sector's oil dependence should be reduced from almost 100% at present to 80% by 2030
The transport sector's oil dependence should be reduced from almost 100% at present to 80% by 2030
through the deployment of biofuels, GTL, BTL, CTL and other new alternative fuels, and electric/fuel cellthrough the deployment of biofuels, GTL, BTL, CTL and other new alternative fuels, and electric/fuel cellvehicles.
vehicles.

Background at home
and abroad

2005

2010

2015

2020

New National Energy Strategy

2030Reducing per-GDP final
energy consumption index
by some 30% by FY 2030

(Rolling)

Boosting the share of biofuels
to 14% by 2020

Renewable Energy Roadmap
Renewable Energies in the 21st Century

Advanced Energy Initiative2025

Deployment of plug-in hybrid vehicles
Massive deployment of fuel cell vehicles
Cost reduction for production of corn cellulose ethanol

Supplying 35 billion gallons in biofuel in 2017
(The State of the Union Address for 2007)
Biofuel introduction target (FY 2010)
500,000 kL (crude oil equivalent)
Ethanol/ETBE production

BiofuelIntroduction of foreign ethanol/BDF
BDF/DME production
Development of biofuel provision infrastructure

Development of fuelspecification standards

Synthetic liquid fuel production

Synthetic liquid fuels including GTL
GTL (natural gas) production
Direct DME synthesis

Promotion of diesel shift

CTL (coal) production

Improvement of performance for fuel cells

BTL (biomass) production

Deployment of fuel cell vehicles

Reducing weight of hydrogen fuel tanks

Fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen technologies
Hydrogen production (water electrolysis, gasification, etc.)
Hydrogen storage and transportation
Shift of automobile taxes to green taxes,
reduction of automobile acquisition tax, etc.

Hydrogen supply infrastructuredevelopment and safety measures

Reduction of cell and auto body weight, improvement of motor and power conversion efficiency
Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Deployment of electric vehicles

Electricity supply infrastructure development

Electric vehicles

Improvement of performances for batteries
Ni-H battery

Lithium-ion battery

Effective operation of Top Runner program
and labeling systems
Improvement of fuel economy (reducing weight of vehicle body, more efficient engine)
Mixed fuels of new alternative fuels and gasoline/diesel oil

Other common technologies
Deployment of advanced transport systems and promotion of modal shifts

Common relevantmeasuresCooperation between shippers and transporters

Positive introduction of new vehicles for public use
Development and revision of fuel efficiency standards
Asian new energy cooperation
International standardization to improve international competitiveness46

Diversification of transportation sector fuels

Major technology development projects and relevant measures

Introduction of E3 vehicles
Reviewing ceilings on oxygenatedcompound content

(3) Promotion of New Energy Development and Introduction
Japan has made some achievements in the utilization of photovoltaic,
wind and other renewable energy sources. For example, Japan has become
the top level for photovoltaic electricity generation. New energy sources are
renewable and environmentally friendly with fewer carbon dioxide emissions.
But their share of primary energy supply is still small due mainly to their lower
energy conversion and degree of capacity utilization than other energy
sources and electricity grid connection problems.
Development of technologies to solve these problems and measures forpromotion of new energy introduction should be implemented to contribute toachieving the goal in the New National Energy Strategy (reducing oil
dependence to less than 40% by 2030).
Japan has been a frontrunner in production and introduction ofphotovoltaic cells, but there are challenges for further diffusion of photovoltaic
cells, including improvement of economic and energy conversion efficiency
and stable supply of raw materials. Solutions to these challenges include
reduction of silicon through thin film solar cells and improvement ofgeneration efficiency through multi-junction cells. As for non-silicon cells
such as copper indium selenium (CIS) and dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells,
technologies should be developed to increase their efficiency and durability.
Wind power generation has been introduced and diffused quickly.
Larger and cheaper facilities should be developed to promote further diffusionof onshore wind power generation.
In order to promote the introduction of photovoltaic and wind power
generation, that is volatile depending on weather conditions, development oftechnologies for maintenance of electricity quality and stabilization of grids
should be combined with the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Law for
expansion of markets, development of relevant industries and assistance toventure businesses.
Regarding biomass and wastes, technologies should be developed forthe production of ethanol, biodiesel fuel and other automobile fuels, and forbiomass and waste gasification power generation.
Regional power
generation and consumption systems should be established to meet regional
characteristics.
Japan has been one of the world's frontrunners in fuel cell development
and should concentrate on early commercialization of fuel cells. As for fuelcell vehicles, technologies should be developed to lengthen cruising ranges,
lower costs for fuel cells and improve their durability. Regarding stationary
fuel cells, technologies should be developed to improve efficiency anddurability. Technologies should also be developed for the safe and efficient
production, transportation and storage of hydrogen as fuel. In line with suchtechnology development, efforts should be made to expand the relevant
industries and support demonstration tests and introduction.

47

High efficiency air-conditioning▽☆Ground source heat pump▽☆Utilization of snow ice cooling
Heat storage
Heat transport▽☆Latent heat storage▽☆Latent heat transport▽☆Sensible heat storage▽☆Sensible heat transport▽☆Heat transport by absorption/adsorption
Utilization of unused heat source▽☆Utilizing cryogenic energy of snow and ice▽☆Utilizing thermal energy of river water▽☆Utilization of exhaust heat in urban

Natural energies
Fossil fuels

Solar

Coal

Hydraulic

Heat

Energy-conserving housing/building▽☆Passive housing/building
Energy management▼☆Local energy management▼☆□◇Optimization of energy
demand and load leveling

Utilization of solar thermal energy☆Solar thermal power generation☆Hot-water supply by using solar thermal energy☆Air-conditioning by using solar thermal energy

Photovoltaic power generation★Crystalline silicon solar cell★Thin-film silicon solar cell★Compound-crystalline solar cell★Thin-film CIS-based solar cell★Dye-sensitized solar cell
Hydraulic power☆Small and medium hydraulicpower generation▽☆Microgrid

Photovoltaic power generation★Suppressing influence ofphotovoltaic systems to grid▽★New electric power supply system
Electricity

Res/Com

High-efficiency co-generation▼☆◇Fuel cell co-generation
Electric power storage▽☆SMES▽☆Superconducting Flywheel▽☆□NaS battery▽☆Redox flow battery▽●☆Nickel-hydrogen battery▼●★Lithium-ion battery▼○☆Capacitor

48

Power system control☆Power control☆Frequency control
Wind power generation
Oil
Industry☆Load flow control
Wind★Onshore wind power generation★Power system stabilization★Offshore wind power generation▽★Utilization of distributed
Natural gas
Wind power generation★Micro wind power generation
generation★Suppressing influence ofHydrogen utilization
Marine★Wide area monitoring
Utilization of ocean energy
wind power systems to grid▽☆Hydrogen combustion turbine
Unconventionaland control☆Wave power generation
fossil fuels☆□Power system protection☆Tidal and current power generation
Coal fired power generation
Electric power conversion of☆Restoration
Geothermal☆Ocean thermal energy conversion★◇Biomass/coal hybrid
unused micro-scale energy
power generation▽☆Thermoelectric conversion Transportation and supply of hydrogen
Geothermal power generation
Utilization of biomass○☆Transportation and supply☆Geothermal binary power generation ▽☆Piezoelectric conversion
and waste energy
Fuel cells
Biomassof compressed hydrogen☆Hot dry rock power generation○★Biomass resource supply(Electricity)▽☆◇PAFC○☆Transportation and supply☆Micro geothermal power generation▼☆◆MCFCof liquid hydrogen
Productionofbiofuels▼★◆SOFC○☆Hydrogen pipelines
Utilization of biomass and waste energy(Heat)●★Alcohol fermentation▼●★◇PEFC●☆Safety technology for hydrogen
Hydrogen production☆Refuse derived fuel (RDF),●★Conversion of cellulosic▽○☆◇DMFC
gas refueling stations○☆Solid polymer water electrolysis
refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF)
materials
intoethanol○☆High temperature steam electrolysis☆Sewage sludge carbonization
Hydrogen storage●★Biodiesel fuel (BDF)●☆Alkaline water electrolysis☆Direct combustion of biomass and wastes○☆Inorganic materials for hydrogen storage○★Hydrogen production using★Biomass/waste gasification power generation ○☆◇Dimethyl ether (DME)○☆Alloy materials for hydrogen storage○★◇Production of BTL byphotocatalysts○☆Carbonaceous materials for hydrogen storage
gasification of biomass○☆Organic materials for hydrogen storage
Production of biofuels○☆Methane fermentation
Hydrogen○☆Hydrogen storage container☆Development of solid biofuels☆◇Producing biomass fuelswith addition of coal
Production of biofuel
Clean energy vehicles
Transport○☆Hydrogen fermentation
Hydrogen production▼●☆◆Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Fuel○★◇Hydrogen production▼●☆◇Electric vehicles
by gasification▼●★◇Fuel cell vehicles
Utilization of new alternative fuels▽○☆◇Hydrogen engine vehicles●☆◇Advanced technology for utilizing biomass
Coal Utilizationand other unconventional petroleum products○☆◇Hydrothermal cracking of coal
The colored symbols specified in front of the technologies indicate the policy☆◆Multipurpose uses of coal gasification
High-efficiency powertransmission/transformation▼☆■◇Large capacity powertransmission

Figure 3.1 Technology Map (Diagram) for Promotion of
New Energy Development and Introduction

objectives to which these technologies would contribute:▽ Improvement of overall energy efficiency○ Diversification of transport fuels☆ Promotion of new energy development and introduction□ Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises◇ Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
Technologies that make great contributions to policy objectives areaccompanied by pasted symbols (▼●★■◆) for the relevant policy objectives.
Technologies that make great contributions to the "promotion of new energy
development and introduction" are specified with underlined red letters.

Category

Table 3.1-1 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (1/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Crystalline silicon solar
cell

Slicing technology of thin films, Technologies for producing
high-quality ingot, Development of new materials, New
structural technology, Long-life modules, Higher efficiency
using ultra-thin film

3102

Thin-film silicon solarcell

New wide-gap materials, Interface control technology,
Development of cell structure for high-productivity, Highefficiency/productivity cell process, Technologies for highefficiency multi-junction cell structure

3103

Compound-crystalline
solar cell

New materials of III, IV, and V groups, Cell process
technology using low-cost substrate, Structure of multijunction cell with ultra-high-efficiency, Solar concentrating
system3104

Thin-film CIS-basedsolar cell

New wide-gap materials of CIS-compound, Interface control
technology, Technologies for producing CIS cells, Largerarea and high-productivity cell process, Structure of largerarea and high-productivity cell (multi-junction type)

3105

Dye-sensitized solarcell

New dye materials and high-efficiency cell structure,
Technologies for module process, Larger cell, More efficient
cell, High-efficiency solid-dye-sensitized solar cell

3106

Suppressing influenceof photovoltaic
systems to gridTechnologies for prediction of power generation, Multifunctional inverters, Power storage technology, Systems for
improving independency

Solar thermal power
generation

Efficiency improvement in thermal energy collection,
Heliostat technology, Thermal storage and heat exchanging
system, Hybrid power generation systems of solar thermalenergy and biomass, Co-generation systems of thermalenergy and electricity

3112

Hot-water supply byusing solar thermalenergySolar thermal energy collection system, Hybridization withphotovoltaic generation, Construction technology, Integration
with building materials, Initial cost reduction

3113

Air-conditioning byusing solar thermalenergySolar thermal energy collection system, Thermal storage
technology, Construction technology, Integration withbuilding materials, Initial cost reduction

Onshore wind power
generation

Development of composite materials, Control systemtechnology, Technology for prediction of wind power output,
Technology of output stabilizing, Grid-connection control
technology, High-performance low-wind speed windmills

3122

Offshore wind power
generation

Implantation-type, Floating-type, Sailing-type, Technology forprediction of wind power output, Technology for stabilizing
power output, Grid-connection control technology, Energy
conversion and power storage technologies

3123

Micro wind power
generation

Technology for designing wind turbine blades (efficiency
improvement, more silent), Construction technology, Cost
reduction

3124

Suppressing influenceof wind power systems
to grid

Technology for prediction of wind power output, Technology
for stabilizing power output, Grid-connection control
technology

3101
Photovoltaic/wind energy

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology

3111

3121

Photovoltaic
power
generation

Utilization ofsolar thermalenergyWind power
generation

49

Biomass/geothermal/ocean energy, etc.

Category

Table 3.1-2 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (2/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Alcohol fermentation

Improvement in ethanol conversion efficiency of C5 sugars,
Low-cost resource crops, Safety confirmation of ethyl tertbutylether (ETBE), Improvement of infrastructures

3202

Conversion ofcellulosic materials intoethanol

Efficiency improvement in glycosylation process, Efficiency
improvement in C5 sugars-to-ethanol conversion andfermentation, Efficient utilization of lignin and otherbyproducts, Efficient improvement in collection andconveyance operations / cost reduction, Improvement ofenergy recovery efficiency, Promotion of energy
conservation in distillation and dehydration processes, Liquid
waste treatment technology, Utilization of unused forest
resources, Technology for large-scale ethanol production,
Production cost reduction, Development of glycolytic
enzymes, Technology of bioprocess by using super yeast,
etc.

3203

Biodiesel fuel (BDF)

Self-consumption of BDF, Production of BDF by continuous
esterification process, Improvement of BDF quality /production cost reduction, Efficient utilization of glycerin andother byproducts, Hydrocracking method, Low-cost resource
crops, Self-sufficient production and consumption of BDF in
local community

3204

Dimethyl ether (DME)

Indirect synthesis process of DME, Direct synthesis processof DME, DME vehicles, Utilization technologies for DME fuelcells, etc., Technologies for storing and supplying DME

3205

Production of BTL bygasification of biomass

BTL production technology, Biomass/wastes gasification
technology, FT synthesis technology, Improvement in BTL
production efficiency, Efficient waste collection systems,
Cost reduction

3206

Methane fermentation

Improvement in fermentation efficiency, Solubilization
technology, Improvement of fermentation micro-organism,
Process optimization, Co-combustion of methane
fermentation gas with city gas, Utilization of methane
fermentation gas for power and heat generation in sewage
plants, Combined system of methane fermentation withdirect combustion, Facility cost reduction

3207

Producing biomass
fuels with addition ofcoal

Technology for producing coal-mixed biomass briquette fuel,Technologies for drying and pulverization of mixed fuels,
Technology for co-combustion of pulverized coal withwood/wood-char, Large scale of pelletization

3208

Hydrogen fermentation

Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation technology, Two-stage
fermentation technology (hydrogen and methane),Technology for hydrogen photoproduction by photosynthetic
bacteria, Searching for and development of hydrogenproducing microorganisms (high-temperature-tolerant),
Highly-efficient photobioreactors, Acceleration of highdensity hydrogen fermentation microorganisms, Efficiency
improvement / cost reduction

3209

Development of solid
biofuels

Development of method for making pellets, chips, andbriquettes, Improvement of burners, Development of
automated stove and boiler systems, Technology for drying
and pulverization, Automatic operation of production
processes, Mass production, Cost reduction

3201

Production of
biofuels

50

Biomass/geothermal/ocean energy, etc. (Cont.)

Category

Table 3.1-3 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (3/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Refuse derived fuel(RDF), refuse paper
and plastic fuel (RPF)

Technologies for collection and pre- and post-treatment,
Compression packaging technology, Technology for using
RDF and RPF along with fossil fuel* Fossil material-derived wastes (e.g. waste plastics) are notclassified into "new energy". However, for convenience,
RDF and FPR are classified into the technologies that
contribute to "the promotion of development and introductionof new energy."

3212

Sewage sludge
carbonization

System for sludge carbonization as fuel, Technology forremoving harmful substances, Technology for using
carbonized sludge fuel along with fossil fuel3213

Direct combustion of
biomass and wastes

Development of method for making chips and pellets, Drying
technology, Highly efficient burner and boiler systems,
Automatic operation technology, Facility cost reduction

3214

Biomass/waste
gasification power
generation

Gasification and reforming, Efficiency improvement in highwater content biomass gasification, Thermochemical
regenerative gasification, Development of engines using low
calorie gas, Technologies for dust collection and tar
treatment, Application to fuel cell power plants, Utilization of
biomass and wastes as raw materials of cement production
process

3215

Biomass resource
supplyTechnology for efficient collection of timbers cut and left inforest land, Improving efficiency in tree cutting, transportation
processes and cost reduction by methods such as linethinning, Technologies for producing fuel crops (i.e. genemanipulation, eco-friendly fertilizers, and conservation ofwater resources)

Geothermal binary
power generation

Technology for exploring and evaluating geothermal
resources, Low-cost excavation technology, Technology formonitoring and managing thermal reservoirs, Technology forpreventing scale and corrosion, Environmental impact
assessment technology

3222

Hot dry rock power
generation

Technology for exploring geothermal power in deep
underground, Technology for high-precision evaluation ofgeothermal reservoirs, Technology for excavating wells

3223

Micro geothermal
power generation

Technology for exploring and evaluating geothermal
resources, Low-cost excavation technology, Technology forpreventing scale and corrosion, Environmental impact
assessment technology

Wave power
generation

Technology for investigating locations and resource quantity,
Efficiency improvement in power generation, Corrosionresistant materials, Battery technology

3232

Tidal and current
power generation

Technology for investigating locations and resource quantity,
Efficiency improvement in power generation, Corrosionresistant materials, Battery technology

3233

Ocean thermal energy
conversion

Improvement of thermal engine cycle efficiency, Systemscale-up, Facility cost reduction, Multipurpose uses (e.g.
aquaculture)

Small and medium
hydraulic power
generation

New dam structures/new construction methods, Water
turbine technology, Construction cost reduction, Technology
for energy-conservation in maintenance activities

3211

3221

3231

3241

Utilization of
biomass andwaste energy

Geothermal
power
generation

Utilization ofocean energy

Hydraulic power

51

Fuel cells and hydrogen-related technology

Biomass/geothermal/ocean energy, etc. (Cont.)

Category

Table 3.1-4 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (4/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Utilizing cryogenic
energy of snow and ice

Direct heat exchange cold air circulation system, Heatexchange cold air circulation system with thaw water, Highefficiency heat exchange method, Reduction technology of
medium transportation power, Lower heat loss in snow/ice
cellar

3252

Utilizing thermalenergy of river waterTechnology utilizing heat pump, Assessment technology forenvironmental problems

3253

Utilization of exhaust
heat in urban areas

Heat pump technology, Heat storage technology,
Development of urban facilities for effective utilization

Electric power
conversion ofunused microscale energy

Thermoelectric
conversion

Improvement of thermoelectric conversion rate, Highefficiency thermoelectric converter, Microfabrication process,
Cost reduction

Piezoelectric
conversion

Improvement of piezoelectric conversion rate, High-efficiency
piezoelectric converter (Pb-free), Microfabrication process,
Cost reduction

5321

Utilization of
new alternative
fuels

Advanced technology
for utilizing biomass
and other
unconventional
petroleum productsTechnology for using petroleum along with biomass fuels,
Technologies for refining biomass fuels (e.g. refining bymembrane separation of ethanol)

5614

Coal fired
power
generation

Biomass/coal hybrid
power generation

Technology for co-combustion of coal and biomass,
Technology for producing coal/biomass briquettes, Coal
grinding technology, Technology for converting sewage
sludge into slurry form

2115

Clean energy
vehiclesFuel cell vehicles

Improvement of motor efficiency, Improvement of durabilityof fuel cell stacks, High density hydrogen storage technology,
Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction, Hydrogen
supply system

Hydrogen engine
vehiclesMore efficient hydrogen engine, Hydrogen loading
technology, Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction,
Hydrogen supply system

Phosphoric Acid Fuel
Cell (PAFC)

Electrode catalyst technology, Cell stack technology, Higher
current density, System control technology, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability, Enhancing applications

3302

Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cell (MCFC)

Electrode catalyst technology, Cell stack technology, Higher
current density, Cost reduction, Improvement of durability,
Downsizing, Power generation combined gas turbine

3303

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Improvement of
durability, Diversification of fuels, Cost reduction (higher
power, novel materials, mass production technology), Nextgeneration hybrid system (available for high pressure
operation), Optimization of peripheral equipment, Powergeneration combined gas turbine

3304

Polymer Electrolyte
Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Technology
available for high temperature / low humidity, Reduction ofplatinum content, Poisoning resistant catalyst, Moisturecontrol inside electrolyte membrane, Non-platinum catalysts,
Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.

3305

Direct Methanol Fuel
Cell (DMFC)

Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane, Low swelling
membrane, High activity catalyst, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability

3251

3261
3262

Utilization ofunused heatsource2116
3301

Fuel cells

52

Fuel cells and hydrogen-related technology (Cont.)

Category

Table 3.1-5 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (5/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Hydrogen production
by gasification

Partial oxidation reforming, Steam reforming, Autothermal
reforming, Coal gasification, Biomass gasification, Gas
cleanup, CO2 recovery technology, Hydrogen separation
membrane technology

3313

Solid polymer waterelectrolysis

Application of lower-cost separators, Improvement of MEA
production process, Downsizing of equipment by increasing
current density, Low oxygen overvoltage catalyst, Reductionof noble metal contents, More cost reduction, Durability
improvement

3314

High temperature
steam electrolysis

Sealing technology, Interconnection technology, High current
density technology, Increase of operating pressure3315

Alkaline waterelectrolysis

Cost reduction, Improvement of total efficiency, High current
density, Pressurization of generated hydrogen

3316

Hydrogen production
using photocatalysts

Visible light-responsive photocatalysts, Preparation methodof photocatalyst with low lattice defect, Formation ofhydrogen generation sites with low activation energy, Basic
study on reactors

Transportation andsupply of compressedhydrogenTechnology for producing high-strength metal, Weight saving,Technology for developing high-pressure hydrogencompressors, Improvement in compression efficiency,
Optimization of pressure and capacity, Technology fordeveloping high-pressure hydrogen dispensers, High-speed
filling technology, Durability improvement, Cost reduction

3322

Transportation andsupply of liquidhydrogenTechnology for support structures of inner tanks,
Improvement in thermal insulation method for tanks,
Technology for developing highly efficient liquefaction
systems, Magnetic refrigeration technology, Improvement ininsulation efficiency of liquid containers, Technologies fordeveloping liquid hydrogen dispensers and flowmeters,
Durability improvement, Cost reduction

3323

Hydrogen pipelines

Study on materials for carbon steel pipes and welded
sections, Setting of construction conditions, Establishment ofleak detection technology, Maintenance method forsliding/movable sections, Sealing materials, Setting oftechnical standards for pipelines, Piping configuration for
supplying hydrogen, Metering technology of hydrogen

3324

Safety technology forhydrogen gas refuelingstations

Safety instrumented systems for refueling stations,
Responses to high-speed filling (communication, precooling),
Boil-off gas reduction, Cost reduction, Improvement inoverall efficiency of refueling stations, Efficiency
improvement in security operations, Preventive maintenancesystems

Inorganic materials forhydrogen storage

Alanate, Amide/imide, Borohydride, Composite materials,
Searching for promising materials and optimization ofcomposition, Establishment of handling technology,
Reduction of storage and release temperatures, Accelerationof reaction and durability improvement, Suppressing releaseof by-products

Alloy materials forhydrogen storage

Technology for improving the rate of storing and releasinghydrogen, Elucidation of degradation mechanism anddurability improvement, Searching for new materials,
Reduction of hydrogen release temperature

3312

3321

3331

3332

Hydrogenproduction

Transportationand supply ofhydrogenHydrogenstorage53

Other innovative utilization

Fuel cells and hydrogen-related technology (Cont.)

Category

Table 3.1-6 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (6/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Carbonaceous
materials for hydrogenstorage

Establishment and application of principles for designing or
synthesizing materials that allow a large quantity of hydrogento be stored (e.g. new shapes, chemical modification,
element substitution, composite making)3334

Organic materials forhydrogen storage

High-performance catalysts for releasing hydrogen,
Technology for transporting hydrogen to refueling stations,Hydrogen storage technology using organic hydride

3335

Hydrogen storage
container

Compressed hydrogen containers, Liquid hydrogencontainers, High-strength materials, Hybrid storage (highpressure hydrogen storage containers), Durability
improvement, Weight- and space-saving, Improvement inthermal insulation efficiency

3333

Hydrogenstorage (Cont.)

3341

Hydrogenutilization

Hydrogen combustion
turbineSuperheat-resistant materials, High-efficiency oxygen
production technology, Hydrogen combustion technology,
Vapor condenser, Cooling technology for steam turbine
blades5634

Coal utilization

Hydrothermal crackingof coalTechnology applying to a wide range of coal, Establishmentof high performance and high reliability, Co-production
technology

Multipurpose uses ofcoal gasification

Technology applying to a wide range of coal, Technology forco-processing of coal and biomass, etc., Gas cleaning
technology, Co-production by coal gasification, Substitutenatural gas (SNG) production, CO2 separation and recovery

5635

1203

High-efficiency
co-generation

Fuel cell co-generation

Improvement of generation efficiency/overall efficiency, Cost
reduction, Mass-production technology, Life extension, Fuelcell technology, PAFC, MCFC, SOFC, PEFC

1303

Energyconserving
housing/building

Passivehousing/building

Technology for simulation of heat/air flow/light, Naturalventilation, Utilization of natural light, Heat storage,
Design/assessment technology

1314High efficiency
air-conditioning

Ground source heatpump

Ground source heat pump, Cost reduction and highefficiency of ground heat source exchanger, Low-cost drilling
technology

Utilization of snow ice
cooling

Direct heat exchange cool air circulation system, Melted
water heat exchange cool water circulation system, Highefficiency heat exchange method, Pump power reduction
technology, Lower heat loss of snow cellar

Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Optimum running control
technology, Power supply system

Electric vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Power supply system

1315

2113

2114

Clean energy
vehicles54Other/common technologies

Category

Table 3.1-7 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (7/9)
Energytechnology
No.

1213

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Energymanagement1214

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Local energy
management

LEN (local energy network), TEMS (town energy
management system), CEMS (cluster energy management
system), Energy storage technology, HEMS-BEMS
cooperation control technology, New energy networking

Optimization of energy
demand and load
leveling

Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generation,
Load leveling technology in demand side, Cooperation
control technology for grid/distributed energy system, Energy
demand optimization/assessment technology

1221

High-efficiency
powertransmission /transformation

Large capacity powertransmission

UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission), Boostingof transmission voltage, Reduction oftransmission/distribution loss, Self-commutated largecapacity converter, High-efficacy large-capacity converter,
Superconductive transformer, Superconductive transmission,
Long-distance large-capacity power transmission, Largecapacity DC transmission technology

3501

Microgrid

Microgrid

Supply and demand control technology, Technologies for
quality control of electric power and control of grid-connected
operation, Electric power storage technology, Heatstorage/transport technology, Electric power/heat
optimization technology3511

New advanced
power supply

New advanced power
supply system

Autonomous supply/demand control, Customized power
quality services, Electric power storage technology in hub
sites, Technology of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) /automatic reactive power regulator (AQR) for distributed
generation, Technology for cooperative control with power
storage systems, Technology for forecasting of regional
output in distributed generation, Electric power storage
technology in demand side, Cooperation between distributed
generation and grid

3521

Power system
controlPower control

Hub voltage regulators, Generator excitation control, Phase
modifying equipment (condensers, reactors), Transformer
tap changers, FACTS devices, Decentralized autonomoustype reactive power control, Reverse power flow-type voltage
regulators (e.g. SVR), Reactive power control for distributedtype power storage devices, Decentralized cooperation ofvoltage control, Networking of distributed devices

3522

Frequency control

Hub frequency control, Automatic frequency control (AFC),
Governor free, Technology for load flow control in gridconnections, Improvement in load frequency control (LFC)function of system power supply, Hub load leveling, Hubelectric power storage equipment, Distributed autonomous
load leveling, Equipment for storing electric power atreceiving end, Technology for integrated control of
distributed supply and demand, Decentralized cooperation of
LFC and economical load dispatching control (EDC),
Networking of distributed devices

3523

Load flow control

Static var compensators (SVC), Static synchronouscompensators (STATCOM), Unified power flow controllers(UPFC), Loop control in demand area, Back-to-back (BTB) /loop power flow controllers (LPC) and loop balance
controllers (LBC), SiC equipment, Medium-scale
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)

55

Other/common technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 3.1-8 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (8/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Power systemstabilization

Power system stabilization control, Static var compensators(SVC), etc., High-speed and high-capacity breakers, Powersystem stabilization technology (e.g. system stabilizing
controllers for state estimation, etc.), Advanced technology
for control of distributed power sources, Technology forhighly accurate fault-point detection, Decentralizedcooperation control of stabilization, Advanced technology of
network switching

3525

Utilization of distributed
generation

High-reliability islanding detection/prevention technology,
High-reliability islanding detection technology, Individual
optimal operation, Technology for predicting distributed
generation output, Advanced islanding detection technology,
Active network control, Advanced accident handlingtechnology, Technology for transfer of uninterrupted
autonomous operation, Self-sustained operation control
technology, Inverters using high-performance element,
Cooperation with energy management

3526

Wide area monitoring
and control

Advanced monitoring and control of electric systems, Sensor
switches, Low-cost communication systems for control,
Development of advanced informational infrastructures,Standardization of protocols, Network security, Highlyfunctional metering, Next-generation wide area monitoring
and control, Advanced supply-and-demand control, Widearea monitoring systems (WAMS)

3527

Power system
protection

System protection relay, Equipment protective relay, Highspeed and high-capacity breakers, High-speed
removal/recovery of accidents, Adaptive relay, Protection
technology for system reliability, LC resonance-type current
limiting devices, SF6 substitutes, Recovery coordination,
Superconducting current limiting devices, Semiconductor
circuit-breakers

3528

Restoration

Autonomous restoration using distributed power sources,
Advanced technology for distributed power sources andsuspending power transfer, Energy management
coordination, Advanced technology for automatic restoration,
Semiconductor circuit-breakers

Superconducting
magnetic energy
storage (SMES)

Superconductive coil materials, Higher-efficiency ofrefrigeration system, AC/DC converter system

3536

Superconducting ｆlywheelReduction of bearing loss, Larger capacity, Cost reduction,
Higher reliability, Larger capacity using parallel operation
control

3541

NaS battery

Large solid electrolyte manufacturing technology,
Ceramic/metal junction technology, Safety design technology,
Cost reduction by mass production

3542

Redox flow battery

High-performance electrolyte, Improvement of efficiency,
Downsizing, Cost reduction

3543

Nickel-hydrogenbattery

Higher power density, Higher capacity, Improvement of selfdischarge properties, Life extension

3544

Lithium-ion battery

Higher energy density, Improvement of cycle performance,
Improvement of safety, Cost reduction

3545

Capacitor

Electric double layer capacitor, Improvement of energy
density, Nano-carbon electrode materials, Cost reduction,
Redox capacitor, Hybrid capacitor

3524

3535

Power system
control (Cont.)

Electric power
storage56

Other/common technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 3.1-9 Technology Map (List) for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (9/9)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"promotion of new energy
development and introduction" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Latent heat transport

Low-temperature latent heat transport technology, Mediumtemperature batch-type heat transport, High-temperaturebatch-type heat transport, Improvement of operating
temperature / heat storage density, Vacuum insulationmaterial, Cost reduction

3552

Sensible heat transport

Heat-resistant/high insulation performance technology,
Vacuum insulation material, Vacuum insulation heattransport, Cost reduction

3553

Heat transport byabsorption/adsorption

Vacuum insulation material, High exergy batch transport,
Packaging, Improvement of durability, Cost reduction

Latent heat storage

Phase change materials (PCM), Latent heat recovery
materials, Air-condition utilization technology, Improvementof operating temperature/heat storage density, Validation ofseasonal utilization, Lower loss, Improvement of efficiency,
Cost reduction

Sensible heat storage

Lower loss, Built-in technology, Pressure control heatstorage, Vacuum insulation material, Self-control heatstorage, Improvement of efficiency, Cost reduction

3551

3561

3562

Heat transport

Heat storage

57

Figure 3.2-1 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (1/10)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3101
Power generation cost (PV)23 JPY/kWh
14 JPY/kWh
7 JPY/kWhModule production cost
100 JPY/W
75 JPY/W
50 JPY/W
3101 Photovoltaic power
3101
generation
Module conversion efficiency
3101
13 - 14.8%
16%
19%
22%
3101
Crystalline silicon
3101
Slicing technology Ultrathin substrates (100 µ m)
solar cell3101
of thin films
Ultrathin substrates (50 µ m)
3101
Technologies for producing high-quality ingot
Higher efficiency using ultra-thin film
3101
Development of new materials
3101
New structural technology Long-life modules
3102
3102 Photovoltaic power
3102
generation
Module conversion efficiency
3102
10%
12%
14%
18%
3102
Thin-film silicon3102
New wide-gap materials
High-efficiency/productivity cell processsolar cell
3102
Interface control technology Technologies for high-efficiency multi-junction cell structure3102
Development of cell structure for high-productivity
3102
3102
3103
3103 Photovoltaic power
3103
generation
Module conversion efficiency (collection of light)
3103
28%
35%
40%
3103
Compound-crystalline
3103
New materials of III, IV, and V groups
solar cell3103
(III-V group compounds)
Structure of multi-junction cell with ultra-high-efficiency
3103
Cell process technology using low-cost substrate
3103
Solar concentrating system
3103
3104
3104 Photovoltaic power
3104
generation
Module conversion efficiency
3104
10 - 12%
13%
18%
22%
3104
Thin-film CIS-based3104
New wide-gap materials of CIS-compoundsolar cell
3104
Interface control technology
3104
Technologies for producing CIS cells
Structure of larger-area and high3104
Larger-area and high-productivity cell process
productivity cell (multi-junction type)
3104
3105
3105 Photovoltaic power
3105
generation
Module conversion efficiency
3105
6%
10%
15%
3105
Dye-sensitized
3105
Larger cell
More efficient cell
High-efficiency solid-dye-sensitized solar cellsolar cell
3105
New dye materials and high-efficiency cell structure
3105
Technologies for module process
3105
3105
3106
3106 Photovoltaic power
3106
generation
3106
3106
Suppressing influence
3106
Technologies for prediction of power generationof photovoltaic
3106
Multi-functional inverters
systems to grid
3106
Power storage technology
3106
Systems for improving independency
3106
3111
3111 Utilization of solar
3111
thermal energy
3111
3111
Solar thermal power
3111
Hybrid power generation systems of solar thermal energy and biomass
generation
3111
Efficiency improvement in thermal energy collection
Co-generation systems of thermal energy and electricity
3111
Heliostat technology
3111
Thermal storage and heat exchanging system
3111
3112
3112 Utilization of solar
3112
thermal energy
3112
3112
Hot-water supply by
3112
Solar thermal energy collection systemusing solar
3112
Hybridization with photovoltaic generation
thermal energy
3112
Construction technology
3112
Integration with building materials
3112
Initial cost reduction
3113
3113 Utilization of solar
3113
thermal energy
3113
3113
Air-conditioning by
3113
Solar thermal energy collection systemusing solar
3113
Thermal storage technology
thermal energy
3113
Construction technology
3113
Integration with building materials
3113
Initial cost reduction
3121
3121 Wind power generation
3121
3121
3121
Onshore wind power
3121
High-performance low-wind speed windmills
generation
3121
Development of composite materials
3121
Control system technology
Technology for prediction of wind power output
3121
Technology of output stabilizing
3121
Grid-connection control technology

58

Figure 3.2-2 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (2/10)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
3122
3122 Wind power generation
3122
3122
3122
Offshore wind power
3122
generation
3122
3122
3122
3122
3123
3123 Wind power generation
3123
3123
3123
Micro wind power
3123
generation
3123
3123
3123
3123

3124
3124 Wind power generation
3124
3124
Suppressing influence3124
of wind power3124
systems to grid
3124
3124
3124
3124

2010

2015

2020

Implantation-type
Floating-type
Technology for prediction of wind power output
Technology for stabilizing power output
Grid-connection control technology

2025

2030 -

Sailing-type
Energy conversion andpower storage technologies

Technology for designing blades of wind turbine (efficiency improvement, more silent)
Construction technology
Cost reduction

Technology for prediction of wind power output
Technology for stabilizing power output
Grid-connection control technology

3201
3201 Production of biofuels
3201
3201
Introduction of ETBE (210,000 kl)
3201
Alcohol fermentation
3201(Sugar, starch)
Improvement in ethanol conversion efficiency of C5 sugars
3201
Low-cost resource crops
3201
Safety confirmation of ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE)
3201
Improvement of infrastructures
3201
3202
3202 Production of biofuels
Efficiency improvement in the glycosylation process
Technology for large-scale ethanol production
3202
Improvement of energy recovery efficiency
3202
Effective utilization of lignin and other byproducts
Production cost reduction
3202
Conversion of3202
cellulosic materials Efficiency improvement in the C5 sugars-to-ethanol conversion and fermentation
3202
Development of glycolytic enzymes
into ethanol
3202(Wood, rice
Efficient improvement in collection
Promotion of energy conservation in distillation and dehydration processes
3202
straws, etc.)
and conveyance operations
Liquid waste treatment technology Technology of bioprocess by using super yeast, etc.
3202
/ cost reduction
Utilization of unused forest resources
3203
3203 Production of biofuels
3203
3203
Self-consumption of BDF
Self-sufficient production and consumption of BDF in local community
3203
Biodiesel fuel (BDF)
3203
Production of BDF by continuous esterification process
3203
Improvement of BDF quality / production cost reduction
3203
Efficient utilization of glycerin and other byproducts
3203
Hydrocracking method3203
Low-cost resource crops
3204
3204 Production of biofuels
3204
3204
3204
Dimethyl ether (DME)3204
Indirect methods for synthesizing DME
3204
Direct methods for synthesizing DME
3204
DME vehicles
3204
Utilization technologies for DME fuel cells, etc.
3204
Technologies for storing and supplying DME
3205
3205 Production of biofuels
3205
3205
3205
Production of BTL
3205
BTL production technology
by gasification of3205
Biomass/wastes gasification technology
Cost reduction
biomass
3205
FT synthesis technology
Improvement in BTL production efficiency
3205
Efficient waste collection systems
3205
3206
3206 Production of biofuels
3206
Introduction by large-scale facilities and plants Introduction by medium and small facilities and plants
3206
Improvement in fermentation efficiency
3206
Methane fermentation
3206
Wet biomass such
Solubilization technology
3206
as sewage sludge,
Improvement of fermentation micro-organism
3206
livestock manure,
Process optimization
Combined system of methane fermentation with direct combustion
3206
and food wastes
Utilization of methane fermentation gas for power and heat generation in sewage plants
3206
Co-combustion of methane fermentation gas with city gas Facility cost reduction
3207
3207 Production of biofuels
3207
3207
3207
Producing biomass
3207
Technology for producing coal-mixed biomass briquette fuelfuels with addition
3207
Technologies for drying and pulverization of mixed fuelsof coal3207
Technology for co-combustion of pulverized coal with wood/wood-char3207
Large scale of pelletization
3207

59

Figure 3.2-3 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (3/10)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3208
Technology for hydrogen photoproduction
3208 Production of biofuelsby photosynthetic bacteria
3208
Highly-efficient photobioreactors
3208
Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation technology
3208
Hydrogen fermentation
3208
Two-stage fermentation technology
3208(hydrogen and methane)
Searching for and development of hydrogen
3208
production strains (high-temperature-tolerant)
3208
Efficiency improvement
Acceleration of high-density hydrogen3208/ cost reduction
fermentation microorganisms
3209
3209 Production of biofuels
3209
Promoting use of biomass fuel in public facilities and other establishments
3209
Development of method for making pellets, chips, and briquettes
3209
Development of
3209
Improvement of burners
solid biofuels
3209
Development of automated stove and boiler systems
3209
Technology for drying and pulverization
3209
Automatic operation of production processes
3209
Mass production, Cost reduction
3211
3211 Utilization of biomass
3211
and waste energy
3211
3211
Refuse derived
3211
Technologies for collection and pre- and post-treatment
fuel (RDF),
3211
Compression packaging technology
refuse paper and
3211
Technology for using RDF and RPF along with fossil fuelplastic fuel (RPF)
3211
3211
3212
3212 Utilization of biomass
3212
and waste energy
3212
3212
Sewage sludge
3212
System for sludge carbonization as fuelcarbonization
3212
Technology for removing harmful substances
3212
Technology for using carbonized sludge fuel along with fossil fuel
3212
3212
3213
3213 Utilization of biomass
3213
and waste energy
3213
Large-scale cogeneration systems
Small and medium-scale cogeneration systems
3213
Direct combustion
3213
Development of method for making chips and pellets
of biomass and3213
Drying technology
wastes3213
Highly efficient burner and boiler systems
3213
Automatic operation technology
Facility cost reduction
3213
3214
3214 Utilization of biomass
3214
and waste energy
3214
Commercial-scale validation
3214
Biomass/waste
3214
gasification power Gasification and reforming, Efficiency improvement in high water content biomass gasification
3214
Thermochemical regenerative gasification
Application to fuel cell power plants
generation
3214
Development of engines using low calorie gas
3214
Utilization of biomass and wastes as raw materials of cement production process
3214
Technologies for dust collection and tar treatment
3215
3215 Utilization of biomass
3215
and waste energy
3215
3215
Biomass resource
3215
Technology for efficient collection of timbers cut and left in forest land
supply3215
Improving efficiency in tree cutting, transportation processes and cost reduction by methods such as line-thinning
3215
Technologies for producing fuel crops
3215(i.e. gene manipulation, eco-friendly fertilizers, and conservation of water resources)
3215
3221
3221 Geothermal power generation
3221
3221
3221
Geothermal binary
3221
Technology for exploring and evaluating geothermal resources
power generation
3221
Low-cost excavation technology
3221
Technology for monitoring and managing thermal reservoirs
3221
Technology for preventing scale and corrosion
3221
Environmental impact assessment technology
3222
3222 Geothermal power generation
3222
3222
3222
Hot dry rock3222
Technology for exploring geothermal
power generation
3222
power in deep underground
3222
Technology for the high-precision3222
evaluation of geothermal reservoirs
3222
Technology for excavating wells
3223
3223 Geothermal power generation
3223
3223
3223
Micro geothermal
3223
Technology for exploring andpower generation
3223
evaluating geothermal resources3223
Low-cost excavation technology
3223
Technology for preventing scale and corrosion
3223
Environmental impact assessment technology

60Figure 3.2-4 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (4/10)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
3231
3231 Utilization of ocean energy
3231
3231
3231
Wave power generation
3231
3231
3231
3231
3231
3232
3232 Utilization of ocean energy
3232
3232
3232
Tidal and current
3232
power generation
3232
3232
3232
3232
3233
3233 Utilization of ocean energy
3233
3233
3233
Ocean thermal
3233
energy conversion
3233
3233
3233
3233
3241
3241 Hydraulic power
3241
3241
3241
Small and medium
3241
hydraulic power
3241
generation
3241
3241
3241
3251
3251 Utilization of unused
3251
heat source
3251
3251
Utilizing of cryogenic
3251
energy of snow
3251
and ice
3251
3251
3251
3252
3252 Utilization of unused
3252
heat source
3252
3252
Utilizing thermal energy3252
of river water
3252
3252
3252
3252
3253
3253 Utilization of unused
3253
heat source
3253
3253
Utilization of exhaust
3253
heat in urban
3253
3253
3253
3253
3261
3261 Electric power exchange
3261
of unused micro energy
3261
3261
Thermoelectric
3261
conversion
3261
3261
3261
3261
3262
3262 Electric power exchange
3262
of unused micro energy
3262
3262
Piezoelectric
3262
conversion
3262
3262
3262
3262
5321
5321 Utilization of
5321
new alternative fuels
5321
5321
Advanced technology
5321
for utilizing biomass
5321
and other
5321
unconventional
5321
petroleum products
5321

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030 -

Technology for investigating locations and resource quantity
Efficiency improvement in power generation
Corrosion-resistant materials
Battery technology

Technology for investigating locations and resource quantity
Efficiency improvement in power generation
Corrosion-resistant materials
Battery technology

Improvement of thermal engine cycle efficiency
System scale-up
Facility cost reduction
Multipurpose uses (e.g. aquaculture)

New dam structures/new construction methods
Water turbine technology
Construction cost reduction
Technology for energy-conservation in maintenance activities

Direct heat exchange cold air circulation system
Heat exchange cold air circulation system with thaw water
High-efficiency heat exchange method
Reduction technology of medium transportation power
Lower heat loss in snow/ice cellar

Technology for utilizing heat pump
Assessment technology for environmental problems

Heat pump technology
Heat storage technology
Development of urban facilities for effective utilization

Improvement of thermoelectric conversion rate
High-efficiency thermoelectric converter
Microfabrication process
Cost reduction

Improvement of piezoelectric conversion rate
High-efficiency thermoelectric converter (Pb-free)
Microfabrication process
Cost reduction

Technology for using petroleum along with biomass fuels
Technologies for the refining treatment of biomass fuels(e.g. the membrane separation of ethanol solution)

61

Figure 3.2-5 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (5/10)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5614
5614 Coal fired power generation
5614
5614
5614
Biomass/coal hybrid
5614
Technology for co-combustion of coal and biomass
power generation
5614
Technology for producing coal/biomass briquettes
5614
Coal grinding technology
5614
Technology for converting sewage sludge into slurry form
5614
2115
Traveling distance
400 km
800 km2115 Clean energy vehicles
Durability
3,000 hours (5 years), 20,000 start/stops
5,000 hours (10 years), 60,000 start/stops
2115
Vehicle cost (ICV ratio) 3 – 5 times
1.2 times
2115
Stack cost
5,000 JPY/kW
4,000 JPY/kW
Cost reduction (non-platinum electrocatalysts, mass production)
2115
Fuel cell vehicles
2115
Improvement of motor efficiency (high-temperature operation, high catalytic activity,
2115
Hydrogen production technology
new electrocatalysts, etc.)
2115
Improvement of durability of fuel cell stacks
2115
Hydrogen supply system(improvement of electrolyte membrane, etc.)
2115
High density hydrogen storage technology
2116
2116 Clean energy vehicles
2116
2116
2116
Hydrogen engine
2116
More efficient hydrogen engine
vehicles2116
Hydrogen loading technology
2116
Hydrogen production technology
2116
Cost reduction
2116
Hydrogen supply system
3301
3301 Fuel cells
System price:3301
600,000 – 1,000,000 JPY/kW
300,000 – 600,000 JPY/kW
200,000 – 300,000 JPY/kW
3301
3301
Phosphoric Acid
3301
Electrode catalyst technology
Fuel Cell (PAFC)
3301
Cost reduction
Cell stack technology
3301
Improvement of durability Higher current density
3301
Enhancing applications
System control technology
3301
3302
3302 Fuel cells
System price:3302
300,000 – 800,000 JPY/kW
200,000 – 300,000 JPY/kW
3302
3302
Molten Carbonate
3302
Electrode catalyst technology
Power generation combined gas turbine
Fuel Cell (MCFC)
3302
Cell stack technology
3302
Cost reduction
Higher current density
3302
Improvement of durability
3302
Downsizing
3303
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (JPY/kW, power unit, * assumed price including storage tank for household use)
3303 Fuel cells
Small capacity (less than several kW, co-generation) 40%, 40,000 hr, 1,000,000>40%, 90,000 hr, <250,000 (for household use, 300,000 – 400,000*)
3303
Middle capacity (tens of kW to hundreds of kW, co-generation)
42%, 40,000 hr, 1,000,000>45%, 90,000 hr, < 200,000
Hybrid (distributed power source, for commercial use)
60%, 40,000 hr, several 100,000s 60%, 90,000 hr, <100,000
3303
3303
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
3303
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Diffusion of small-capacity system(SOFC)
3303
Optimization of peripheral equipment
Diffusion of middle-capacity system
Diffusion of hybrid system
3303
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours) , Diversification of fuels
3303
Cost reduction (higher power, novel materials, mass production technology)
Power generation combined gas turbine
Next-generation hybrid system (available for high pressure operation)
3303
3304
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (Stationary type, 1 kW)
3304 Fuel cells
32%, 40,000 hours, JPY 1,200,000
36%, 90,000 hours, JPY 400,000
3304
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours, variation of fuel)3304
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Automobile PEFC
3304
Polymer Electrolyte
3304
Technology available for high temperature / low humidity
Fuel Cell (PEFC)
3304
Reduction of platinum content
3304
Non-platinum catalysts
3304
Poisoning resistant catalyst Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.
3304
Moisture control inside electrode membrane
3305
3305 Fuel cells
Energy density
500 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
3305
Output density
100 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2<
3305
Durability
5,000 hours<
10,000 hours
10,000 hours<
3305
Direct Methanol
3305
For PC and cell phone
Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane
Fuel Cell (DMFC)
3305
Cost reduction
Low swollen membrane
3305
Improvement of durability
High activity catalyst
3305
3305
3312
3312 Hydrogen production
3312
3312
3312
Hydrogen production
3312
Partial oxidation reforming
Coal gasification
Hydrogen separation membrane technology
by gasification
3312
Steam reforming
Biomass gasification
3312
Autothermal reforming
Gas cleanup
3312
CO2 recovery technology
3312
3313
3313 Hydrogen production
3313
3313
3313
Solid polymer water
3313
Application of lower-cost separators
More cost reduction
electrolysis
3313
Improvement in the MEA production process
Durability improvement
3313
Downsizing of equipment by increasing current density3313
Low oxygen overvoltage catalyst
3313
Reduction of noble metal contents

62Figure 3.2-6 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (6/10)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
3314
3314 Hydrogen production
3314
3314
3314
High temperature
3314
steam electrolysis
3314
3314
3314
3314
3315
3315 Hydrogen production
3315
3315
3315
Alkaline water
3315
electrolysis
3315
3315
3315
3315
3316
3316 Hydrogen production
3316
3316
3316
Hydrogen production
3316
using
3316
photocatalysts
3316
3316
3316
3321
3321 Transportation and supply
3321
of hydrogen
3321
3321
Transportation and3321
supply of
3321
compressed
3321
hydrogen
3321
3321

3322
3322 Transportation and supply
of hydrogen
3322
3322
Transportation and3322
supply of liquid3322
hydrogen
3322
3322
3322
3322
3323
3323 Transportation and supply
3323
of hydrogen
3323
3323
Hydrogen pipelines
3323
3323
3323
3323
3323
3324
3324 Transportation and supply
3324
of hydrogen
3324
3324
Safety technology for
3324
hydrogen gas
3324
refueling stations
3324
3324
3324
3331
3331 Hydrogen storage
3331
3331
3331
Inorganic materials
3331
for hydrogen3331
storage
3331
3331
3331
3332
3332 Hydrogen storage
3332
3332
3332
Alloy materials
3332
for hydrogen3332
storage
3332
3332
3332
3333
3333 Hydrogen storage
3333
3333
3333
Carbon materials
3333
for hydrogen3333
storage
3333
3333
3333

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030 -

Sealing technology
Interconnection technology
High current density technology
Increase of operating pressure

Cost reduction
Improvement in total efficiency
High current density
Pressurization of generated hydrogen

Visible light-responsive photocatalysts
Preparation method of photocatalyst with low lattice defectFormation of hydrogen generation sites of catalyst with low activation energy
Basic study on reactors
Transport cost

Weight saving

10 JPY/Nm3
7 JPY/Nm3
High-speed filling technology
Technology for developing high-pressure hydrogen dispensers
Durability improvement

Technology for producing high-strength metal
Technology for developing high-pressure hydrogen compressors
Improvement in compression efficiency
Optimization of pressure and capacity
Cost reduction
Transport cost
3 JPY/Nm3
Technology for the support structures of inner tanks
Improvement in thermal insulation method for tanks
Technologies for developing liquid hydrogen dispensers and flowmeters
Technology for developing highly efficient liquefaction systems
Magnetic refrigeration technology
Improvement in the insulation efficiency of liquid containers
Durability improvement
Cost reduction

Setting of technical standards for pipelines
Shipping of industrial hydrogen

Short-distance shipping (surrounding areas, house)

Study on materials for carbon steel pipes and welded sections
Setting of construction conditions
Piping configuration for supplying hydrogen
Establishment of leak detection technology
Maintenance method for sliding/movable sections, Sealing materials
Metering technology of hydrogen

Review of criteria and standards
Investigation of safety and development of examples of criteria
Safety instrumented systems for refueling stations
Responses to high-speed filling
Cost reduction(communication, precooling)
Improvement in the combined efficiency of refueling stations
Boil-off reduction
Efficiency improvement in security operations
Preventive maintenance systems

AlanateAmide/imide
BorohydrideComposite materials

Searching for promising materials and optimization of composition
Establishment of handling technology
Reduction of storage and release temperatures
Acceleration of reaction and durability improvement
Suppressing release of side reaction productsTechnology for improving speed of storing and releasing hydrogen
Elucidation of the deterioration mechanism and durability improvement
Searching for new materials
Reduction of hydrogen release temperature

Establishment and application of principles for designing or synthesizing materials
that allow a large quantity of hydrogen to be stored(e.g. new shapes, chemical modification, element substitution, composite making)63

Figure 3.2-7 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (7/10)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3334
3334 Hydrogen storage
3334
3334
3334
Organic materials
3334
High-performance catalysts for releasing hydrogenfor hydrogen
3334
Technology for transporting hydrogen to refueling stations
storage
3334
Hydrogen storage technology using organic hydride
3334
3334
3335
In-vehicle hydrogen storages
3335 Hydrogen storage
3 kg
5 kg
7 kg
3335
Compressed hydrogen containers
3335
Liquid hydrogen containers
3335
Hydrogen storage
3335
Hybrid storage (high-pressure hydrogen storage containers)
container
3335
High-strength materials
3335
Durability improvement
3335
Weight- and space-saving
3335
Improvement in thermal insulation efficiency
3341
3341 Hydrogen utilization
3341
3341
Application of 1700 degree class GT
3341
Hydrogen combustion
3341
High-efficiency oxygen production technology Hydrogen combustion technology
turbine3341
Superheat-resistant materials
Vapor condenser
3341
Cooling technology for steam turbine blades
3341
3341
5634
5634 Coal utilization
5634
5634
Pilot tests
Verification tests
5634
Hydrothermal
5634
Technology applying to a wide range of coalcracking of coal
5634
Establishment of high performance and high reliability
5634
Co-production technology
5634
5634
5635
5635 Coal utilization
5635
5635
5635
Multipurpose use
5635
Technology applying to a wide range of coalof gasified coal
5635
Technology for co-processing of coal and biomass, etc.
5635
Gas cleaning technology
Co-production by coal gasification
5635
Substitute natural gas (SNG) production
5635
CO2 separation and recovery
1203
1203 High-efficiency co-generation
1203
1203
1203
Fuel cell co-generation
1203
Improvement of generation efficiency/overall efficiency
1203
Cost reduction, Mass-production technology
1203Life extension
1203
Fuel cell technology
PEFC
SOFC
1203
PAFC
MCFC
1303
Air-conditioning energy
1303 Energy-conserving
40 kWh/m2 year 15 kWh/m2 year 10 kWh/m2 year
1303
housing/building
1303
1303
Passive
Natural ventilation
1303
housing/building
1303
Utilization of natural light
1303
Heat storage
Technology for simulation of heat/air flow / light
1303
1303
Design/assessment technology
1314
1314 High efficiency air-conditioning
1314
1314
1314
Ground source
1314
Ground source heat pumpheat pump
1314
Cost reduction and high efficiency of ground heat source exchanger
1314
Low-cost drilling technology
1314
1314
1315
1315 High efficiency air-conditioning
1315
1315
1315
Utilization of snow ice
1315
Direct heat exchange cool air circulation system
cooling1315
Melted water heat exchange cool water circulation system
1315
High efficiency heat exchange method
1315
Pump power reduction technology
1315
Lower heat loss of snow cellar
2113
2113 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density of battery
1.5 times
2113
Running distance on a full charge 40 km
2113
2113
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
2113
Vehicle weight reduction
2113
Improvement of motor efficiency
2113
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2113
Optimum running control technology
2113
Power supply system

64

Figure 3.2-8 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (8/10)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
2114
2114 Clean energy vehicles
2114
2114
2114
Electric vehicles
2114
2114
2114
2114
2114
1213
1213 Energy management
1213
1213
1213
Local energy
1213
management
1213
1213
1213
1213
1214
1214 Energy management
1214
1214
1214
Optimization of energy
1214
demand and load1214
leveling
1214
1214
1214
1221
1221 High-efficiency power
1221
transmission/transformation
1221
1221
Large capacity power
1221
transmission
1221
1221
1221
1221
3501
3501 Microgrid
3501
3501
3501
Microgrid
3501
3501
3501
3501
3501
3511
3511 New advanced power supply
3511
3511
3511
New advanced power
3511
supply system
3511
3511
3511
3511
3521
3521 Power system control
3521
3521
3521
Power control
3521
3521
3521
3521
3521
3522
3522 Power system control
3522
3522
3522
Frequency control
3522
3522
3522
3522
3522
3523
3523 Power system control
3523
3523
3523
Load flow control
3523
3523
3523
3523
3523
3524
3524 Power system control
3524
3524
3524
Power system3524
stabilization
3524
3524
3524
3524

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030 Traveling distance About 500 km
Energy density
About 7 times larger than at present
Cost
About 1/40 lower than at present

Vehicle weight reduction

Improvement of motor efficiency
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)

Power supply system

CEMS (cluster energy management system)
TEMS (town energy management system)
LEN (local energy network)

HEMS-BEMS cooperation control technology
New energy networking
Energy storage technology

Energy demand optimization/assessment technology
Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generation
Load leveling technology in demand side
Cooperation control technology for grid/distributed energy system

Long-distance large-capacity
power transmission

UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission, 1,000 kV)
Boosting of transmission voltage
Reduction of transmission/distribution loss

Self-commutated large-capacity converter
High-efficacy large-capacity converter
Superconductive transformer
Large-capacity DC
Superconductive transmission
transmission technology

Utilization of photovoltaic/wind /biomass energy
Supply and demand control technology
Electric power / heat optimization technology
Technologies for quality control of electric power and control of grid-connected operation
Electric power storage technology
Heat storage/transport technology

Electric power storage technology in hub sites
Autonomous supply/demand control
Electric power storage technology in demand side
Customized power quality services
Cooperation with power and energy gridTechnology for cooperative control with power storage systems
Technology of automatic voltage regulator (AVR) / automatic reactive power regulator (AQR) for distributed generation
Technology for forecasting of regional output in distributed generation

Hub voltage regulators

Decentralized cooperationof voltage control
Reactive power control for distributed-type power storage devices
Decentralized autonomous-type reactive power control

Generator excitation control
Phase modifying equipment (condensers, reactors)
Transformer tap changers,
Reverse power flow-type voltage regulators (e.g. SVR)
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices

Hub Frequency control

Networking of distributed devices

Decentralized cooperation of LFC andeconomical load dispatching control
Distributed autonomous load leveling(EDC)
Improvement in load frequency control (LFC) function of system power supply

Automatic frequency control (AFC)Governor freeTechnology for load flow control in grid interconnections

Static var compensators (SVC)
Static synchronous compensators (STATCOM)

Equipment for storing electric power at receiving end
Technology for integrated control
of distributed supply and demand
Hub electric power storage equipment
Networking of distributed devices

Hub load leveling

Unified power flow controllers (UPFC)
Loop control in demand area
Back-to-back (BTB)/ loop power flow controllers (LPC)
and loop balance controllers (LBC)

SiC equipment
Medium-scale superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES)

Power system stabilization control
Advanced technology for control of distributed power sources
Decentralized cooperation
Static var compensators (SVC), etc.
High-speed and high-capacity breakers
control of stabilization
Power system stabilization technology
Technology for highly accurate fault-point detection(e.g. system stabilizing controllers (SCC) for state estimation, etc.)
Advanced technologyof network switching65

Figure 3.2-9 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (9/10)
No. Energy technology
Individual technology
3525
3525 Power system control
3525
3525
3525
Utilization of
3525
distributed
3525
generation
3525
3525
3525
3526
3526 Power system control
3526
3526
3526
Wide area monitoring3526
and control
3526
3526
3526
3526
3527
3527 Power system control
3527
3527
3527
Power system
3527
protection
3527
3527
3527
3527
3528
3528 Power system control
3528
3528
3528
Restoration
3528
3528
3528
3528
3528
3535
3535 Electric power storage
3535
3535
3535
Superconducting
3535
magnetic energy
3535
storage (SMES)
3535
3535
3535
3536
3536 Electric power storage
3536
3536
3536
Superconducting
3536
ｆlywheel
3536
3536
3536
3536
3541
3541 Electric power storage
3541
3541
3541
NaS battery
3541
3541
3541
3541
3541
3542
3542 Electric power storage
3542
3542
3542
Redox flow battery
3542
3542
3542
3542
3542
3543
3543 Electric power storage
3543
3543
3543
Nickel-hydrogen3543
battery
3543
3543
3543
3543
3544
3544 Electric power storage
3544
3544
3544
Lithium-ion battery
3544
3544
3544
3544
3544

2010

2015

2020

2025

High-reliability islanding detection technology
Islanding detection technology
Individual optimal operation

2030 -

Handling of advanced accidents
Cooperation with energy management

Technology for predicting distributed generation output
Technology for transfer of uninterrupted autonomous operation
Advanced islanding detection technology
Autonomous operation control technology
Active network control
Inverters using high-performance element

Development of advanced informational infrastructures
Advanced monitoring and control of electric systems Next-generation wide area monitoring and control
Standardization of protocols
Sensor switches
Network security
Advanced supply-and-demand control
Low-cost communication systems for control
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS)
Highly-functional metering

System protection relay
Equipment protective relay

High-speed and high-capacity breakers
LC resonance-type current limiting devices
High-speed removal/recovery of accidents
Recovery coordination
SF6 substitutes
Adaptive relay
Protection technology for system reliability
Semiconductor circuit-breakers
Superconducting current limiting devices

Autonomous restoration using distributed power sources
Advanced technology for distributed power sources
and suspending power transfer

Energy management coordination
Advanced technology
for automatic restoration
Semiconductor circuit-breakers

Cost reduction (For system stabilization: 50,000 JPY/kW or less, for load change compensation: 140,000 JPY/kW or less)
SMES for load change compensation / frequency regulation (several ten kW to tens of kW)
SMES for system stabilization
Superconductive coil materials (high magnetic field of oxide coils above metallic coil (Bi, Y))
Higher-efficiency of refrigeration system (Average time between failure: 5000 hours → 20,000 hours and over)
AC/DC transfer system

1 MW-, 50 kWh-class demonstration

1 MW-, 50 kWh-class

Reduction of bearing loss
(0.5 W/kg or less)

Larger capacity
Cost reduction
Higher reliability

For improvement of power quality
For load change compensation
Large solid electrolyte manufacturing technology
Ceramic/metal junction technology
Safety design technology
Cost reduction by mass production

For improvement of power quality
For load change compensation
High-performance electrolyte
Improvement of efficiency
Downsizing
Cost reduction

For hybrid vehicles

For load change compensation

Higher power density
Higher capacity
Improvement of self-discharge properties
Life extension

For hybrid vehicles
For mobile devices

For load change compensation

Higher energy density
Improvement of cycle performance
Improvement of safety
Cost reduction

66

Larger capacity using parallel operation control (MWh class)Figure 3.2-10 Technology Roadmap for Promotion of New Energy Development andIntroduction (10/10)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3545
Energy density 4 Wh/kg （ module ）20 Wh/kg （ device ）3545 Electric power storage Output density 1.5 kW/kg （ module ）10 kW/kg （ device ）3545
For civilian
3545
For maintenance of power quality
For transport
3545
Capacitor
3545
Electric double layer capacitor
Cost reduction
3545
Improvement of energy density
Redox capacitor
3545
Nano-carbon electrode materials
Hybrid capacitor
3545
3545
3551
3551 Heat transport
3551
3551
3551
Latent heat transport
3551
Low-temperature latent heat transport technology
Medium-temperature batch-type heat transport
3551
Highly temperature/density
High-temperature batch-type heat transport
3551
Cost reduction
Vacuum insulation material
3551
3551
3552
3552 Heat transport
3552
3552
3552
Sensible heat transport
3552
Heat-resistant/high insulation performance technology
Vacuum insulation heat transport
3552
Cost reduction
Vacuum insulation material
3552
3552
3552
3553
3553 Heat transport
3553
3553
3553
Heat transport by3553
Vacuum insulation materialHigh exergy batch transport
absorption
3553
Packaging/ adsorption
3553
Improvement of durability
3553
Cost reduction
3553
3561
3561 Heat storage
3561
3561
3561
Latent heat storage
3561
Phase change materials (PCM)
Validation of seasonal utilization
3561
Latent heat recovery materials
Lower loss
Improvement of efficiency
3561
Air-condition utilization technology
Cost reduction
3561
Higher density/temperature
3561
3562
3562 Heat storage
3562
3562
3562
Sensible heat storage
3562
Lower loss
Improvement of efficiency
3562
Built-in technology
Cost reduction
3562
Pressure control heat storage
Vacuum insulation material
3562
Self-control heat storage
3562

67

Figure 3.3 Deployment Scenario for "Promotion of New Energy Development and Introduction"
Introduction of photovoltaic, wind, biomass and other renewable energy sources, and innovative energy
Introduction of photovoltaic, wind, biomass and other renewable energy sources, and innovative energy
utilization should be promoted to contribute to reducing Japan's oil dependency to less than 40% by 2030.
utilization should be promoted to contribute to reducing Japan's oil dependency to less than 40% by 2030.

Background at home
and abroad

2005

2010

2015

2020

New National Energy Strategy

2030-(Rolling)

Increasing share of renewables
to 20% by 2020

AN ENERGY POLICY FOR EUROPE
Advanced Energy Initiative2025

Cost-competitive PV by 2015
Making PV generation as costcompetitive as thermal power
generation by 2030
Improving PV energy conversion and cost reduction

Diffusion of silicon PV cells

Positive introduction by
public organization

Improving wind generation efficiency and enlarging wind generation facilities

Developing businesses of self-sufficient
production and consumption of energy

Diffusion of onshore wind generation

Deployment of offshore wind generation

Technologies for suppressing influence of distributed generation to grid,
new advanced power supply system and utilization of distributed power systems
Stabilizing electricity grids and maintaining their quality
Cooperation between
distributed generation and gridElectricity grid control and storage

Performance improving and deployment of electricity storage

Production of biofuels for transport (ethanol, ETBE, BDF, DME, BTL)
Utilization of biomass and waste energy (gasification power generation, etc.)
Positive introduction for public use

Biomass, waste, geothermal and other renewable energies

Market expansion throughthe RPS Law, etc.

Utilization of other renewable energies

Fuel cell efficiency improvement and cost reduction
Deployment of fuel cell vehicles

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC)

Fuel cells
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
Gas turbine/fuel cell combined cycle power generation
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Deployment of fuel cell cogeneration for residential/commercial and industry(PEFC, PAFC, MCFC, SOFC)
Hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles
Production of synthetic liquid fuels for transport
Deployment of natural gas cogeneration
Utilization of heat pumps
Revitalization of diverse technologicalinnovations in venture companies

Common relevantmeasures

Deployment of compound PV and other new-concept cells

Solar / wind

Other innovative energy utilization
Oil residue gasification, coal gasification and clean coal technologies (IGCC, IGFC, etc.)
Utilization of unconventional fossil fuels

Subsidization of businesses to create initial demand
Expansion of assistance to new energy venture businesses
Creation of new energy industry structure
Review of electricity/gas industry systems

68

Promotion of new energy development and introduction

Major technology development projects and relevant measures

Market expansion throughthe RPS Law, etc.

(4) Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety as Premises
Nuclear power generation features a stable electricity supply and is aclean energy source that does not emit carbon dioxide in operation.
Promotion of nuclear power generation and related nuclear fuel cycle
premised on secured safety is a core measure of the Japanese energy policy
to achieve both energy security and resolution of the global environment
problem.
Promotion of nuclear power generation including related nuclear fuelcycle is making global progress as the United States is calling for the Global
Nuclear Energy Partnership to expand use of nuclear power withproliferation-resistant fuel recycling, and as European countries are seeking
to credit nuclear generation for contributing to global warming prevention andenergy security.
In order to achieve the goal (usage ratio of nuclear power is 30 to 40%
or more of Japan's total electricity generation even after 2030) under the New
National Energy Strategy, based on the present situation, many technologicaldevelopments such as early commercialization of the fast reactor cycle,
development of next-generation light-water reactor to replace existing lightwater reactors around 2030, establishment of the nuclear fuel cycle for lightwater reactors, and measures for disposal of radioactive wastes arenecessary. At the same time, it needs to promote the development ofinvestment climates for construction of nuclear reactors, to improve relevant
human resources and to support international activities of nuclear industries.

69

70

Hydraulic

Other innovative reactors□Supercritical-water-cooled reactor,
medium and small reactors

Fast reactor cycle■Fast reactor■Fuel cycle

Res/Com

Energy management▼☆□◇Optimization of energy demand and load levelingIndustry

High-efficiency power
Power system control
transmission/transformation☆□Power system protection▼☆■◇Large capacity power transmission

Electric power storage□CAES▽☆□NaS battery

Electricity

Figure 4.1 Technology Map (Diagram) for Utilization of
Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety as Premises

Transport

Light water reactor fuel cycle■Centrifuge uranium enrichment■MOX fuel fabrication

Nuclear energy

The colored symbols specified in front of the technologies indicate the policy
objectives to which these technologies would contribute:▽ Improvement of overall energy efficiency○ Diversification of transport fuels☆ Promotion of new energy development and introduction□ Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises◇ Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
Technologies that make great contributions to policy objectives areaccompanied by pasted symbols (▼●★■◆) for the relevant policy objectives.
Technologies that make great contributions to the "utilization of nuclear energy
and secured safety as precondition" are specified with underlined red letters.

Electric power storage▽□Variable-speed pumped
storage generation□Sea water pumped-storage
power generation
Light water reactor□Underground pumped-storage■Advanced utilization
Smooth shift from light water reactor
power generationof light water reactor
cycle to fast reactor cycle■Decommissioning technology■High-decontamination process prior to■Next-generation light water reactor
conversion of reprocessed uranium

Disposal of radioactive wastes■Shallow land disposal■Disposal at intermediate depth
enough for general underground use■Geological disposal

Natural energies

Nuclear reactors and fuel cycles

Category

Table 4.1-1 Technology Map (List) for Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety
as Premises (1/2)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needsTechnologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"utilization of nuclear energy andsecured safety as premises" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Advanced utilization oflight water reactor

Development and design of light water reactor to utilize full
MOX fuel core, Technologies related to utilize full MOX fuelcore, Uprating, Technologies for maintenance and repair

4102

Decommissioning

Dismantlement technologies, Decontamination technologies,
Waste treatment technologies

4103

Next-generation lightwater reactor

Feasibility study, Conceptual design / development ofelement technologies

Light water
reactor fuelcycle

Centrifugal uranium
enrichment

Development of centrifuge, Centrifuge cascade tests,
Cascade test facility / operation tests

MOX fuel fabrication

Small-scale uranium tests, Full-scale uranium tests, Smallscale MOX tests, Full-scale MOX tests

4121

Smooth shift fromlight water reactor
cycle to fast
reactor cycle

High-decontamination
process prior toconversion of
reprocessed uranium

Research and development of fast reactor cycle technologies,
Studies on transition scenario from light water reactor cycle
to fast reactor cycle, Basic tests for decontamination process,Development of frameworks for reprocessing engineering

4131

Fast reactor
cycle

Fast reactor

Research and development of fast reactor cycle technologies,
Conceptual studies, Development of plant technologies inrelation to demonstration reactor and core elmental
technologies

Fuel cycle

Research and development of fast reactor cycle technologies,
Conceptual studies, Development of element technologies
for fuel cycle (reprocessing, fuel fabrication)

4101

4111
4112

Light water
reactor

4132

Technologies for disposal of radioactive wastes

Individual technology

4144

Other
innovative
reactors

Supercritical-watercooled reactor,
medium and small
reactors

Fundamental research based on the progress ofcollaboration under GIF or GNEP

4201

Disposal ofradioactive
wastes

Shallow land disposal

Technologies for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes inshallow land pits, Technologies for disposal of low-level
radioactive wastes in shallow land trenches, Technologies for
disposal of uranium wastes and TRU (transuranic) wastes inshallow land4202

Disposal atintermediate depth
enough for general
underground use

Technologies for disposal of power-reactor wastes and TRU(transuranic) wastes at depth deep enough for general
underground use

4203

Geological disposal

Geological disposal technologies for high-level radioactive
wastes (e.g. technologies for investigating and evaluating
geo-environment, repository design, technologies for safetyassessment), Geological disposal technologies for TRU(transuranic) wastes (e.g. technology for transforming
wastes into disposable form, repository design, technologies
for safety assessment)

71

Other technologies (e.g. technologies for power system)

Category

Table 4.1-2 Technology Map (List) for Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety
as Premises (2/2)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"utilization of nuclear energy andsecured safety as premises" arespecified with underlined red
letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

1214

Energymanagement

Optimization of energy
demand and load
leveling

Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generation,
Load leveling technology in demand side, Cooperation
control technology for grid/distributed energy system, Energy
demand optimization/assessment technology

1221

High-efficiency
powertransmission /transformation

Large capacity powertransmission

UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission), Boostingof transmission voltage, Reduction oftransmission/distribution loss, Self-commutated largecapacity converter, High-efficacy large-capacity converter,
Superconductive transformer, Superconductive transmission,
Long-distance large-capacity power transmission, Largecapacity DC transmission technology

3527

Power system
controlPower system
protection

System protection relay, Equipment protective relay, Highspeed and high-capacity breakers, High-speed
removal/recovery of accidents, Adaptive relay, Protection
technology for system reliability, LC resonance-type current
limiting devices, SF6 substitutes, Recovery coordination,
Superconducting current limiting devices, Semiconductor
circuit-breakers

3531

Electric power
storage

Variable-speed
pumped storage
generation

High-performance pump turbine, Higher head / larger
capacity, High-performance inverter, Technology for
reduction of bearing loss

3532

Sea water pumpedstorage power
generation

Larger effective head / larger capacity, High-corrosion
resistant materials

3533

Underground pumpedstorage power
generation

Technology for identifying underground structures,Technology for construction of large underground facilities,
Improvement in performance of pumps, Environmental
impact assessment

3534

Compressed air
energy storage (CAES)

Technology for identifying underground structures,
Compressed air storage technology, Reduction inconstruction costs for compressed air storage tanks,
Combination of CAES with gas turbine power generation,
Urban-type CAES

3541

NaS battery

Large solid electrolyte manufacturing technology,
Ceramic/metal junction technology, Safety design technology,
Cost reduction by mass production

72

Figure 4.2-1 Technology Roadmap for Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety
as Premises (1/2)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
4101
4101 Light water reactor
4101
4101
Commencement of operation of OHMA
4101
Advanced utilization of
4101
light water reactor Development and design of light water reactor to utilize full MOX fuel core
4101
Technologies related to utilize full MOX fuel core
4101
Uprating
4101
Technologies for maintenance and repair
4101
4102
4102 Light water reactor
Decommissioning of FUGEN
Completion of decommissioning of FUGEN
4102
Completion of commercial operations of TSURUGA I
Decommissioning of light-water reactor power
4102
Decommissioning of TOKAI
Completion of decommissioning of TOKAI
plants become full-scale
4102
Decommissioning
4102
Dismantlement technologies
4102
Decontamination technologies
4102
Waste treatment technologies
4102
4102
4103
Needs to replace existing4103 Light water reactor
light water reactor power plants
4103
Commercial operation of the first unit
4103
Basic design/safety review/constructionof next-generation light water reactors
4103
Next-generation
4103
Feasibility study
light water reactor
4103
Conceptual design / development of element technologies
4103
4103
4103
4111
4111 Light water reactor fuel cycle
4111
4111
Introduction of advanced centrifuge to commercial plants
4111
Centrifugal uranium
4111
Development of centrifuge
enrichment
4111
Centrifuge cascade tests
4111
Cascade test facility / operation tests
4111
4111
4112
4112 Light water reactor fuel cycle
4112
4112
Commencement of application in commercial plants
4112
MOX fuel fabrication
4112
Small-scale uranium tests
4112
Full-scale uranium tests
4112
Small-scale MOX tests
4112
Full-scale MOX tests
4112
4121
4121 Smooth shift from light water reactor
4121
cycle to fast reactor cycle
Study on second commercial reprocessing plant and development of necessary technologies
4121
4121
High-decontamination
4121
Research and development of fast reactor cycle technologies
process prior to
4121
Studies on transition scenario from light water reactor cycle to fast reactor cycle
conversion of
4121
Basic tests for decontamination process
reprocessed
4121
uranium
Development of frameworks for reprocessing engineering
4121
4131
Recommencement of operations of MONJU(Development of commercial
4131 Fast reactor cycle
Decision on application of innovative technologies
Construction of demonstration reactors
reactors before 2050)
4131
Completion of conceptual designing of demonstration reactor
4131
R&D plan that indicates path to the commercialization of new technologies
4131
Fast reactor
4131
Research and development of fast reactor cycle technologies
4131
Conceptual studies
4131
Development of plant technologies in relation to demonstration reactor and core element technologies
4131
4131
4132
4132 Fast reactor cycle
Decision on application of innovative technologies
Construction of demonstration facility
4132
Completion of conceptual designing of demonstration facility
4132
R&D plan that indicates path to the commercialization of new technologies
4132
Fuel cycle
4132
Research and development of fast reactor cycle technologies
4132
Conceptual studies
4132
Development of element technologies for fuel cycle (reprocessing, fuel fabrication)
4132
4132
4144
4144 Other innovative reactors
4144
4144
4144
Supercritical-water4144
cooled reactor,
4144
medium and small Fundamental research based on the progress of collaboration under GIF or GNEP
4144
reactors
4144
4144
4201
4201 Disposal of radioactive wastes
4201
4201
4201
Shallow land disposal
4201
Technologies for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes in shallow land pits
4201
(The Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited is implementing the disposal of wastes of power reactors)
4201
Technologies for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes in shallow land trenches
4201(The Japan Atomic Energy Agency has implemented the activities in dismantling of the Japan Power Demonstration Reactor)
4201
Technologies for disposal of uranium wastes and TRU (transuranic) wastes in shallow land73

Figure 4.2-2 Technology Roadmap for Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety
as Premises (2/2)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
4202
4202 Disposal of radioactive wastes
4202
Safety review
4202
Detailed investigation
Construction of repository4202
Disposal at
4202
Technologies for disposal of power-reactor wastes and TRU (transuranic) wastes at depth deep enough for general underground use
intermediate depth
4202
enough for general
4202
underground use
4202
4202
4203
4203 Disposal of radioactive wastes
4203
Preliminary investigation
Commencement
4203
Literature survey
Detailed investigation
Construction of repositoryof disposal
4203
Geological disposal
4203
Geological disposal technologies for high-level radioactive wastes
4203(e.g. technologies for investigating and evaluating geo-environment, repository design, technologies for safety assessment)
4203
Geological disposal technologies for TRU (transuranic) wastes
4203(e.g. technology for transforming wastes into disposable form, repository design, technologies for safety assessment)
4203
1214
1214 Energy management
1214
1214
1214
Optimization of energy
1214
Energy demand optimization/assessment technology
demand and load
1214
Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generationleveling
1214
Load leveling technology in demand side
1214
Cooperation control technology for grid/distributed energy system
1214
1221
1221 High-efficiency power
1221
transmission/transformation
Long-distance large-capacity
1221
UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission, 1,000 kV)
power transmission
1221
Large capacity power
1221
Boosting of transmission voltage
Self-commutated large-capacity convertertransmission
1221
Reduction of transmission/distribution loss
High-efficacy large-capacity converter
1221
Superconductive transformer
Large-capacity DC
1221
Superconductive transmission
transmission technology
1221
3527
3527 Power system control
3527
3527
3527
Power system
3527
System protection relay
High-speed and high-capacity breakers
LC resonance-type current limiting devices
protection
3527
Equipment protective relay
High-speed removal/recovery of accidents
Recovery coordination
3527
SF6 substitutes
3527
Adaptive relay
Protection technology for system reliability
Semiconductor circuit-breakers
3527
Superconducting current limiting devices
3531
3531 Electric power storage
3531
3531
3531
Variable-speed pumped
3531
High-performance pump turbine
High-performance inverterstorage generation
3531
Higher head / larger capacity
Technology for reduction of bearing loss
3531
3531
3531
3532
3532 Electric power storage
3532
3532
3532
Sea water
3532
Larger effective head / larger capacity
pumped-storage
3532
High-corrosion resistant materials
power generation
3532
3532
3532
3533
3533 Electric power storage
3533
Technology for identifying
3533
underground structures
3533
Underground3533
Technology for construction of
pumped-storage
3533
underground large facilities
power generation
3533
Improvement in performance of pumps
3533
Environmental impact assessment
3533
3534
3534 Electric power storage
3534
3534
3534
Compressed air energy
3534
Urban-type CAES
storage (CAES)
3534
Technology for identifying underground structures
3534
Compressed air storage technology
3534
Reduction in construction costs for compressed air storage tanks
3534
Combination of CAES with gas turbine power generation
3541
3541 Electric power storage3541
For improvement of power quality
3541
For load change compensation
3541
NaS battery
3541
Large solid electrolyte manufacturing technology
3541
Ceramic/metal junction technology
3541
Safety design technology
3541
Cost reduction by mass production
3541

74

Figure 4.3 Deployment Scenario for "Utilization of Nuclear Energy and Secured Safety
as Premises"
In order to achieve the goal of having the ratio of nuclear generation for 30 - 40% or more of the total
In order to achieve the goal of having the ratio of nuclear generation for 30 - 40% or more of the total
electricity generation even after 2030, we must develop technologies for early commercialization of the fastelectricity generation even after 2030, we must develop technologies for early commercialization of the fast
reactor cycle, the next-generation light-water reactor to replace existing light-water reactors, the nuclear fuelreactor cycle, the next-generation light-water reactor to replace existing light-water reactors, the nuclear fuelcycle for light-water reactors, and measures for disposal of radioactive waste,etc.
cycle for light-water reactors, and measures for disposal of radioactive waste,etc.
Background athome and abroad

2005

2010

2015

2020

New
National Energy Strategy
新・国家エネルギー戦略
NP 2010Gen IV
AFCI
GNEP

2025

2030-

(Rolling)

Advanced Recycling Reactor
Nuclear Fuel Recycling Center

Gen III+ reactor

Gen IV reactor commercialization+50 GWe (by 2020)

Light-water reactors and related nuclear fuel cycle
Promotion oflight-water
reactors andrelated nuclear
fuel cycle forunder secured
safetyDecommissioning of existing light-water reactors
Feasibility
study

Conceptual design andelemental technology

Basic design, safety review, construction, etc.

Demo
tests

Construction of MOX
fuel fabrication plant
System designDemo/ development
tests
Development Cascadeof centrifuge
tests

Introduction of next-generation
light-water reactors

Operation of MOX fuel fabrication plantOperation of full MOX core light water reactor

Introduction ofadvanced centrifuges

Development of technologies for smooth shift from the light-water reactor cycle to the fast breeder reactor cycle

Fast breeder reactor (FBR) cycle
MONJU modification, performance tests, operation
Earlycommercializationof fast reactor

Research and Development
for FBR cycle

Commercialization of FBR
before 2050

Operation ofdemonstration reactor<Demonstration reactor> Basic design, safety
review, detailed design, construction, tests

Relevant demonstration
facilities of fuel cycle

Hot engineering tests

Disposal of radioactive waste
Shallow land disposal of low-level radioactive wastes
Disposal of low-level radioactive wastes at depth deep
enough for general underground use

Steady promotionof radioactive
wastes measures

Development of geological disposal
Literature survey Preliminary investigation

Detailed investigation

Construction of repository

Geological disposal ofhigh-level radioactive
and TRU wastes

Electricity grid technologies for promotion of nuclear power utilization
Promotion ofwide-area
management

Electricity grid control and massive electricity transmission
Pumped-storage generation for electricity storage
Promotion of load-leveling through demand side

Common relevantmeasures

Construct nuclear power plants under condition of electricity industry deregulation
Develop security strategies for uranium resources
Improve human resources for the future
Support international activities of nuclear industries
Participate in creation of international frameworks to expand nuclear power generation and non-proliferation of nuclear arms

Enhance mutual confidence between national and local governments

75

Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises

Major technology development projects and relevant measures

Advanced utilization of light-water reactors

(5) Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels
Japan depends on import from abroad for almost all fossil fuelresources, so securing stable supply of fossil fuel is directly related tonational security. Seeking to secure stable oil and natural gas supplies, thegovernment should support overseas energy resources development by
Japanese companies.
Western oil majors have a great deal of experience in energy resources
development, while new energy-consuming countries like China and India
have been aggressively hunting such resources across the world. In order togain bargaining advantages against resources-rich countries under suchcircumstances, Japan must promote the development of cutting-edge
technologies contributing to acquisition of access to overseas energy
resources.
Technologies should be developed to reduce the environmental loadfrom fossil fuels and to utilize them more efficiently. In acknowledgement of
this, we developed a technology strategy map for resources and fuels in
March 2007 which is reflected it in this Energy Technology Strategy.
Japan should give priority to developing technologies for efficient oilutilization including advanced integration of petrochemical complexes for
efficient production of petroleum products, for refining unconventional oil
resources, for natural gas utilization including GTL (gas to liquid) production
contributing to development of new natural gas fields and wider utilization of
new fuels, for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), for production of methane
hydrate, for exploration, development and production of oil and natural gas
resources, for efficient gasification of coal which has superior stability ofsupply, and for upgrading of coal for new usages. At the same time, Japan
should enhance relations with resources-rich countries and promote theconsideration and demonstration of infrastructure for the supply of new fuels.

77

78

Energy-conserving
Coal fired power generation
CO2storage
industrial processes◇Reduction of trace substances emission◆Geological storage of CO2
CO2 capture▼◆Next-generation coke
◆Ocean storage of CO2◆Post-combustion CO2 capture
production methods
CO2 capture▼◆Iron and steel process
High-efficiency power Coal fired power◆Pre-combustion CO2 capture▽◇New reductive melting irontransmission
generation◇Oxy-fuelcombustion CO2 capture
making processes/ transformation▽◇IGHAT▼◆Petroleum refining process
Fossil fuels▼☆■◇Large capacity ▼◇A-PFBC
Coal Utilization▼◇Petrochemical process
power transmission ▼◆A-USC◇Combustion of low-grade coal
Coal mining▽◇Cement process◇Next-generation
technology◆Advanced technology for mining and cleaning of coal▼◆IGCC
Industry▽◇Paper manufacturing
Coal
Electricity
for pulverizing coal
◇Underground coal gasification▼◆IGFC▽◇Nonferrous metals process○◆Coal to liquid (CTL)▼◆A-IGCC▼◇Process of chemical raw materials
Fuel cells◇Advanced utilization of coal ash/A-IGFC
Development of fossil resources▽◇Glass production process▽☆◇PAFC◆Coal de-ashing technology◆Exploration of oil and gas reservoirs▽◇Processing and assembling▼☆◆MCFC
Oil◆Low-rank coal upgrading◆Drilling
and developing oil and natural gas▽◇Ceramic manufacturing process▼★◆SOFC◇Hot coke oven gas reforming◇Drilling and developing fossil resources in frontiers▼◇Advanced integration
High-efficiency natural
without catalyst◆EOR/EGR
Heat
in complex
gas power generation◇Effective use of coke oven gas◆Eco-friendly oil and gas development▼◇Integration and collaboration▼◇High-temperature GT ◇Efficient coal conversion
Natural gas
between industries▽◇AHAT▼◇Co-production
High-efficiency
Development of unconventional
Gas supply▼◇FC/GT hybrid
Natural energies
co-generation
fossil resources◇Gas transportation
Fuel cells
power generation▽◇Gas/petroleum
engine◆ECBM recovery◇Gas storage▼★◆SOFC
Unconventional ◆Production and reforming of
co-generation▼●★◇PEFC
fossil fuels▼◇GT co-generation
oil sand and other heavy oils
Natural gas utilization▽○☆◇DMFC▼☆◇FC co-generation◆Improved development, production
Biomass◇Producing, transporting and utilizing NGH
and recovery of unconventional gas●◆GTL▽◇High-efficiency industrial◆Developmentof
methanehydrate○◇Synthesizing LP gas
Upgrading ultra-heavy oil
Gasfurnace/boiler(MH) resourcefrom natural gas, etc.
and utilizing upgraded oil
Production of biofuels◆Upgrading oil extracted from oil sands○☆◇Dimethyl ether (DME)
Utilization of heavy crude oil◆Thermal cracking of bitumen from oil sands○★◇Production of BTL by○◇Production of high-octane gasoline
by using supercritical water, etc.
Utilization of LP gas
gasification of biomass
from low-quality oil◆Utilizing bitumen from oil sands○◇Utilization of LPG/DME○◆Production of synthesized diesel fuelProduction of biofuels
mixed fuelAdvanced technology for using petroleum
form asphalt (ATL)☆◇Producing biomass fuels with addition of coal▽◇High-efficiency LPG○◇New alternative fuels for vehicles◆High severity fluid catalytic cracking
burning appliance○◇Improving vehicle efficiency
and other advanced technologies
Coal-fired power generationand promoting exhaust gas cleanup(Res/Com)for heavy oil processing★◇Biomass/coal hybrid power generation○◇Offroad engines with low environmental load
Fuel cells
Petroleum refining
Utilization of new alternative fuels▽○☆◇DMFC
Utilization of heavy crude oil○◇Advanced technology for producing●☆◇Advanced technology for utilizing biomass○◇Production of hydrogen fromdesulfurized liquid fuels
and other unconventional petroleum productsHigh efficiency internal
petroleum pitch and cokes▽◇Fuel-saving high-durability lube oil
combustion engine◇Zero-emission petroleum refinery process
Hydrogen production
Fuel▼●◇Gasoline engine○◇Hydrogen production from coal with CO2 recovery
Coal utilization▼●◆Diesel engine○★◇Hydrogen production by gasification○☆◇Hydrothermal cracking of coal
Energy management☆◆Multipurpose uses of coal gasification
Utilization of new alternative fuels▼☆□◇Optimization of energy demand
Clean energy vehicles○◇Utilization of GTL and other new
and load levelingTechnologies for using natural gas▽○◇Natural-gas vehicles
alternative fuels along with petroleum
Fuel cells○◇Next generation technology for producing hydrogen from natural gas▼●◆Hybrid vehicles▼●★◇PEFC
Advanced technology for using petroleum
Hydrogen○◇Hydrogen production from petroleum and hydrogen transportation▽○◇High efficiency marine transport system
Transport▽○◇High performance ships
Clean energy vehicles(Electricity)▼●★◇Fuel cell vehicles▽●◇Energy-conserving trains
Clean energy vehicles▽○☆◇Hydrogen engine vehicles▼●☆◆Plug-in hybrid vehicles▽○◇High performance aircrafts▼●☆◇Electric vehicles
Advanced traffic system
The colored symbols specified in front of the technologies indicate the policy▼◇Intelligent transport systems (ITS)
objectives to which these technologies would contribute:▽◇Modal shift in passenger transport▽ Improvement of overall energy efficiency▼◇Modal shift in freight transport

Figure 5.1 Technology Map (Diagram) for Stable Supply
and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels○ Diversification of transport fuels☆ Promotion of new energy development and introduction□ Utilization of nuclear energy and secured safety as premises◇ Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels
Technologies that make great contributions to policy objectives areaccompanied by pasted symbols (▼●★■◆) for the relevant policy objectives.
Technologies that make great contributions to the "stable supply and efficientclean use of fossil fuels" are specified with underlined red letters.

Technologies for advanced utilization of petroleum

Technologies for using unconventional fossil resources

Category

Table 5.1-1 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(1/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Enhanced coal bed
methane (ECBM)
recovery

Methane recovery with CO2 injection, CO2 monitoring
technology

Production andreforming of oil sandand other heavy oils

Onsite reforming technology of bitumen, Enhanced recoveryof oil sand and other heavy oils, Enhanced bitumen recovery
from oil sand layers, In-situ reforming of bitumen,
Advanced/complex development technology of oil shales

5103

Improved development,
production andrecovery of
unconventional gas

Improved recovery of coalbed methane (CBM), Improved
production of tight gas and shale gas, Production of deep
natural gas, Low-cost production of natural gas with highconcentration of CO2

5104

Development ofmethane hydrate (MH)resource

Resource assessment, Development of production
techniques, Development of environmental impact
assessment techniques, Technologies for exploration andanalysis, Technology for resource assessment, Advanced
technology for MH production, Environmental impact
assessment

5101

5102

Development of
unconventional
fossil fuelresources

5322

Utilization of
new alternative
fuels

Utilization of GTL andother new alternative
fuels along withpetroleum

Technologies for blending petroleum with GTL, Technologies
for blending petroleum with coal-derived liquids,
Technologies for using other clean liquid fuels

1104

Energyconserving
industrial
processes

Petroleum refining
process

Gasoline desulfurization with low hydrogen-consumption,
Technology for high-efficiency plate heat exchanger,
Advanced utilization of energy in complex and low-grade
heat recovery system in complex

Petrochemical process

Simple plastic manufacturing (SPM) with energy-saving, Gas
phase polypropylene production technology (development of
catalyst), Low energy cracking technology (development of
catalytic cracking process of naphtha, membrane separation),
Production technology for chemical materials from waste
paper, Production technology for oil-alternative molding
materials from biomass, Chemical process technology byusing supercritical fluid, Heat integrated distillation column(HIDiC) process, High-efficiency production for raw materials
of gasoline/petrochemicals, Co-production, Sustainablecarbon cycle chemistry (SC3)1141

Integration andcollaboration
betweenindustries

Integration andcollaboration between
industries

Energy utilization in industrial petroleum complex,
Development of advanced function and integration
technologies for petroleum refining, Heat pinch technology
and cascade utilization, Material pinch technology,
Integration and collaboration between industries withmaterial regeneration, IEMS (industrial energy management
systems), ILEN (industrial local energy network)

1151

Advanced
integration
technology incomplex

Advanced integrationin complex

Utilization technology for by-product materials, Technology
using cold potential recovery from LNG, Technology for
integrated utilization of hydrogen, Advanced technology
using unused distillates, Multi-processing technology forrecycle of unused materials, High-efficiency gasification
technology using simultaneous production ofenergy/chemical material

1105

79

Technologies for advanced utilization of petroleum (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-2 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(2/10)
Energytechnology

Individual technology

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needsTechnologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

High-efficiency
co-generation

Gas/petroleum engine
co-generation

Improved efficiency by combustion of ultralean fuel, Highpower and downsizing by high compression ratio, Improved
NOx emissions by EGR, etc., Mirror cycle engine, Microgas/petroleum engine (HCCI type), Stirling engine, CeramicengineFuel cell co-generation

Improvement of generation efficiency/overall efficiency, Cost
reduction, Mass-production technology, Life extension, Fuelcell technology, PAFC, MCFC, SOFC, PEFC

High efficiency
internal
combustion
engineGasoline engine

Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels,
Surface control of low friction materials, Cylinder cutoff
control for improving part-load efficiency, Powertraintechnology, High compression ratio, Lean burn combustion

Diesel engine

High-efficiency low-emission combustion technology,
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels,
Surface control of low friction materials, Homogeneous
charge compression ignition (HCCI)

2112

Clean energy
vehiclesHybrid vehicles

Regeneration system, Improvement of engine efficiency,
Vehicle weight reduction, Surface control of low friction
materials, High performance rechargeable battery (highenergy density, life expansion, cost reduction)

5201

Utilization ofheavy crude oil

High severity fluid
catalytic cracking andother advanced
technologies for heavy
oil processing

Development of high severity fluid catalytic cracking (HSFCC) process, Development of isomerization catalysts forcracked gas, Development of direct desulfurization catalysts
for heavy oil, Development of cracking catalysts of residual
oil, Development of hydrocracking catalyst of light cycle oil

5202

Production of highoctane gasoline from
low-quality oil

Technology for effective utilization of lower naphtha,
Development of isomerization catalysts of naphtha,
Development of catalysts for high-octane gasoline production(e.g. FCC catalyst)

5203

Production of hydrogenfrom petroleum pitchand cokes

Technology for using pitch as coking additives, Developmentof hydrogen production process, Development of catalysts
for hydrogen production

5204

Production ofsynthesized diesel fuelform asphalt (ATL)

Technology for gasification of heavy oil, FT synthesis
technology, Hydrocracking technology

Hydrogen production
from petroleum andhydrogentransportation

Technology for storing, transporting, and supplying hydrogen,Off-site hydrogen production technology by way of reforming
kerosene, etc., Membrane separation technology, Onboard
reforming technology for vehicle fuels, Development ofautothermal reforming systems for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC), Adsorption desulfurization technology for kerosene,
Development for reforming catalysts of kerosene

No.

1201

1203
2101

2102

5311

Advanced
technology forusing petroleum

80

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Technologies for exploration, development andproduction of oil and gas

Technologies for clean utilization of petroleum

Category

Table 5.1-3 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(3/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Advanced technology
for producing
desulfurized liquid
fuels

Advanced desulfurization technology for petroleum liquid
fuels, Development of desulfurization catalysts for ultra cleanfuel, Development of advanced deep desulfurization
processes

5302

Fuel-saving highdurability lube oil

Fuel-saving lube oil production technology, Lube oil
production technology from GTL, etc.

5303

Zero-emission
petroleum refinery
process

Technology for reducing waste catalysts, Technology for
utilizing surplus sulfur from desulfurization processes,
Technology for decontaminating heavy oil-contaminated soil,
Technology for decontaminating gasoline-contaminated soil,
Technology for producing eco-friendly gasoline-basedmaterials with low-waste emission

New alternative fuelsof vehicle

Technology for blending new alternative fuels such as
biofuels and GTL with conventional fuels such as gasoline
and diesel oil, Technology for vehicles applying toconventional/alternative blended fuels

5313

Improving vehicle
efficiency andpromoting exhaust gas
cleanupTechnology for fuels used for recent models of diesel
vehicles, Technologies for improving vehicle fuel efficiency,
Technology for improving antiknock properties, Technology
for fuels compatible with next-generation vehicle engines
such as HCCI, High-accuracy atmospheric simulation
technology for environmental assessment of exhaust gas,
etc.

5314

Offroad engines withlow environmental load

Technology for developing engines with low-cetane fuels,
Application technologies of ultra low-cetane fuels,
Development of low-cetane fuels for stationary and general
purpose diesel engines

5301

5312

Petroleumrefining

Advanced
technology forusing petroleum

5321

Utilization of
new alternative
fuels

Advanced technology
for utilizing biomass
and other
unconventional
petroleum productsTechnology for using petroleum along with biomass fuels,
Technologies for refining biomass fuels (e.g. refining bymembrane separation of ethanol)

5401

Development offossil resources(Commontechnologies forconventional
andunconventional
resources)

Exploration of oil andgas reservoirs

Exploration technologies and petroleum reserves estimation
methods (petroleum system analysis, reserves estimation,
advanced seismic prospecting technologies, etc.), Reservoir
evaluation/characterization technologies (reservoir
characterization including fractured reservoir analysis,
technology for direct hydrocarbon detection, etc.), Dynamic
modeling

Drilling and developing
oil and natural gas

Advanced drilling and production technologies (e.g. laser
drilling), Advanced production facilities / innovative pipeline
technology, Technology for developing marginal gas fields
with small recoverable reserves

Drilling and developing
fossil resources infrontiers

Technology for developing oil and gas fields in frontier areas(e.g. offshore deepwater, arctic, ice-bound seas)

5402

5403

81

Technologies for utilization and distribution of natural gas and LPG

Technologies for exploration, development and production of oil and gas (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-4 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(4/10)
Energytechnology
No.

5404

5406

5411
5412

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Development offossil resources(Commontechnologies forconventional
andunconventional
resources)(Cont.)

Enhanced oil recovery(EOR) / enhanced gas
recovery (EGR)

CO2 flooding, Gas injection, Thermal oil recovery, Chemical
EOR/EGR, Advanced water flooding, Microbial EOR/EGR,
Technology for reducing interfacial tension, Well stimulation
techniques including fracturing, Reservoir monitoring
technolog

Eco-friendly oil andgas development

Technology for CO2 sequestration into depleted oil
reservoirs and in-situ microbial conversion to methane,
Hydrogen sulfide removal technology using subterranean
microorganism, Downhole water separation technologies
including non-treated water injection into formations,Technology for re-injecting drilled cuttings into formations,
CO2 recovery from depleted gas fields

Upgrading ultraheavy oil andutilizing
upgraded oil

Upgrading oil extracted
from oil sands

Hydrocracking technology, Fluid catalytic cracking
technology, Development of hydrocracking catalysts

Thermal cracking ofbitumen from oil sandsby using supercriticalwater, etc.

Demetallation technology using supercritical water,
Technology for cracking heavy oil by using supercriticalwater, Technology for cracking heavy oil by using subcriticalwater

Utilizing bitumen fromoil sands

Development of catalysts for upgrading synthetic crude oil,Technology for optimization of thermal cracking (cokers),
Development of reforming catalysts, Technology forconversion to petrochemical feedstock

5421

2111

Clean energy
vehiclesNatural-gas vehicles

Greater cruising distance, Natural-gas sorption materials,
Reduction of weight of fuel tank, Expansion of gas supply
infrastructures5501

Gas supply

Gas transportation

Construction technology for gas pipelines, Pipeline
monitoring, Gas sensing technology, Seismometers/remotemonitoring, Technology for inspecting facilities, Highly
efficient transportation technology, Intelligent pipelinematerials, Natural gas hydrate (NGH) transportation

Gas storage

Gas sensing technology, Seismometers/remote monitoring,Technology for inspecting facilities, Airtight structure
designing, High-performance plugs, Reduction inconstruction costs, High-pressure storage of natural gas,
Bedrock storage

High-temperature gas
turbineHighly heat-resistant materials, Highly corrosion-resistantmaterials, Ultra-high purity metal materials, Technology forincreasing temperature of combustion gas, Advances
combined cycle (ACC), Ceramic turbine

Advanced humid air
turbine (AHAT)

Development of high humid equipment (compressor,
regenerator, and combustor)

Fuel cell/gas turbine
hybrid power
generation

High-temperature gas turbine, Stack module technology forhigh pressure, Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell,Hybrid system technology, Improvement of durability

5502

5511

5512
5513

High-efficiency
natural gas
power
generation

82

Technologies for clean use of coalTechnologies for utilization and distribution of natural gas and LPG (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-5 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(5/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Gas to liquid (GTL)

Synthetic gas production technology, FT synthesis
technology, Hydrocracking technology, Scale-up engineering,Operation technique5522

Producing, transporting
and utilizing natural
gas hydrate (NGH)

Cryogenic NGH production technology, NGH containertransportation technology, Technology for NGH regasification/ technology for utilizing NGH, Advanced NGH production
technology, Advanced NGH sea transportation technology

5523

Next generation
technology for
producing hydrogenfrom natural gas

Steam reforming + PSA, Hydrogen-transmissive membranereactors, CO2 separation membranes, Hydrogen production
with CO2 separation

5524

Synthesizing LP gas
from natural gas, etc.

Technology for synthesizing LP gas from natural gas, coal,
CO2, etc., Development of synthetic catalysts with long
durability, Catalyst regeneration technology

Utilization of LPG/DME
mixed fuelImprovement of equipment durability against blended fuels,
Technology for DME/LPG direct-injection diesel engines

High-efficiency LPG
burning appliance

Turbo-jet combustion and heat transfer technologies ofburner, Development of high-efficiency appliance, Exhaustgas processing technology

Next-generation cokeproduction methods

Next-generation coke oven (SCOPE 21), Introduction ofhighly-reactive agglomerates, Coal-iron ore adhesive/binding
technique, Ferro coke production technique, Multi-purpose
furnace, Waste/biomass blowing technology, Application toutility by-product hydrogen (COG) / hydrogen energy system,
Degraded materials (coal) application technology

1102

Iron and steel process

Direct iron ore smelting reduction process (DIOS), Reductionof dust emissions under pulverized coal injection operation,
Casting technology with electromagnetic force, Dust
regeneration technology in electric furnace, New sintering
process, Next-generation metal rolling technology (brittle
special steel, etc.), Innovative electromagnetic steel platetechnology, Pre-carbonized gasification melting furnace,
Detoxification technology for circulation elements byimproving surface quality of cast slab, Production technology
for ultrafine-grained hot-rolled steel plate, Valuable metals
collection technology in rotary hearth furnace, High heatresisting / corrosion-resisting steel materials, Adiabatic
casting system, Hot/cold rolling integrated system,
Resource/energy generation blast furnace, Utilization of low
quality materials (iron ore), Co-production with chemical
process, Energy co-production (iron/gas)1103

New reductive melting
iron making processes

New reductive melting iron making process (ITmk3), Coalbased direct reduction processes (FASTMET), Hot briquetteiron (HBI) production process for electric furnace, Adiabatic
casting system, Production of virgin iron for dilution ofelectric furnace (DRIC), Technology for separation/recoveryof rare metals, Technologies for high clean/high functional
special steels, Co-production with chemical process

Producing biomass
fuels with addition ofcoal

Technology for producing coal-mixed biomass briquette fuel,Technologies for drying and pulverization of mixed fuels,
Technology for co-combustion of pulverized coal withwood/wood-char, Large scale of pelletization

5521

5531

Natural gas
utilization

Utilization of LP
gas

5532
1101

3207

Energyconserving
industrial
processes

Production of
biofuels83Technologies for clean use of coal (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-6 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(6/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Hydrogen production
from coal with CO2
recoveryTechnology for hydrogen production from coal with CO2
absorption (HyPr-RING), Technology for recycling absorbent
materials, CO2 recovery technology

Hydrogen production
by gasification

Partial oxidation reforming, Steam reforming, Autothermal
reforming, Coal gasification, Biomass gasification, Gas
cleanup, CO2 recovery technology, Hydrogen separation
membrane technology

Advanced technology
for mining and cleaningof coalAdvanced technology for the comprehensive evaluation ofcoal resources, Advanced technology for coal preparation,
Advanced technology for coal mining, Underground coalgasification technology

Underground coalgasification

Underground coal gasification technology, Monitoring
technology / environmental impact assessment

Integrated gasification
humid air turbine(IGHAT)

Air-blown coal gasification technology, Technology using
multiple grades of coal, High-efficiency oxygen production
technology, Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology, Dry
gas-cleaning technology, Gas turbine technology using
moisture

5612

Advanced pressurized
fluidized-bed
combustion (A-PFBC)Development of pressurized fluidized-bed furnace(gasification furnace, desulfurizer, and oxidizer), Expansionof grades of coal, High-temperature dry desulfurization,
Improvement of dust removal performance, Mixing firing withbiomass

5613

Advanced ultra
supercritical power
generation (A-USC)

Development of new alloy for boiler/turbine, Development ofhigh-temperature valve, High-temperature welding
technology

5614

Biomass/coal hybrid
power generation

Technology for co-combustion of coal and biomass,
Technology for producing coal/biomass briquettes, Coal
grinding technology, Technology for converting sewage
sludge into slurry form

5615

Integrated coalgasification combined
cycle power generation(IGCC)

Air-blown coal gasification technology, Technology using
multiple grades of coal, High-efficiency oxygen production
technology, Dry gas-cleaning technology, High-temperature
gas turbine technology

5616

Integrated coalgasification fuel cellcombined cycle power
generation (IGFC)

Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology, Technology
using various grades of coal, High-efficiency oxygen
production technology, Dry gas-cleaning technology, Fine
gas-cleaning technology, High-temperature gas turbine
technology, Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell

5617

Next-generation highefficiency integrated
coal gasification power
generation (A-IGCC,
A-IGFC)

High-temperature gas turbine technology, Low-temperature
high-efficiency coal gasification technology, Large-capacity
high-temperature fuel cell

5620

Reduction of trace
substances emission

Behavior understanding of trace substances, Technology formeasuring trace substances, Technology for trapping trace
substances

3311

Hydrogenproduction

3312

5601

Coal mining

5602
5611

Coal fired
power
generation

84

Other/common technologies

Technologies for clean use of coal (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-7 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(7/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Combustion of lowgrade coalTechnologies for combustion of coal with a lower fuel ratio(co-grinding, co-combustion, measures for preventing
slugging), Technologies for combustion of coal with a higher
fuel ratio (burner development, ultrafine grinding technology)

5632

Next-generation
technology forpulverizing coalTechnology for pulverizing mixtures of coal and biomass,
Technology to reduce grinding power, Development of
ultrafine grinding technology

5633

Coal to liquid (CTL)

Upgrading technology for coal-liquefied oil, Gasification
technology, FT synthesis technology, Application of brown
coal liquefaction technology, Training for engineers andoperators, Design and construction of commercial plants

5634

Hydrothermal crackingof coalTechnology applying to a wide range of coal, Establishmentof high performance and high reliability, Co-production
technology

5635

Multipurpose uses ofcoal gasification

Technology applying to a wide range of coal, Technology forco-processing of coal and biomass, etc., Gas cleaning
technology, Co-production by coal gasification, Substitutenatural gas (SNG) production, CO2 separation and recovery

5636

Advanced utilization ofcoal ash

Cement production technology, Fiber production technology

5637

Coal de-ashingtechnology

Technology for utilizing coke, Application tests for caking
additive, Hyper-coal production technology, Application togas turbines

5638

Low-rank coal
upgradingTechnology for the dewatering of brown coal, etc.,
Technology for the reforming of brown coal using oil(upgraded brown oil, UBC), Technology for converting brown
coal into liquid form, Technology for production of coal-water
slurry, Combustion tests, Economic evaluation of a total
system5639

Hot coke oven gas
reforming withoutcatalyst

Actual gas test, System performance test, Technology for
producing syngas from coke oven gas (COG) withoutcatalysts, Hydrogen production technology

5640

Effective use of cokeoven gas

Low-pressure methanation technology, Methane to benzene(MTB) technology, CO2 separation and recovery technology

5641

Efficient coalconversion

Technology for radical chain reaction, Catalysts acting at low
temperature / catalysts acting by electron excitation, Coal
gasification technology using plasma

Cement process

Technology to materialize wastes, Electric power saving mill,High-efficiency dryer, Co-production through gasification ofwastesPaper manufacturing

High-efficiency of black liquor recovery boiler, Energy savingof pulping process, Improvement of efficiency of causticizing
process, Improvement of papermaking process, Generecombination technology of plants, Gasification technology
for black liquor/biomass, Biomass IGCC, Biomass IGFC, Coproduction to utilize biomass

5631

1106
1107

Coal utilization

Energyconserving
industrial
processes

85

Other/common technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-8 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(8/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Nonferrous metals
process

Processing technology, High-efficiency smelting, Metal
recycling technology, Alloy production technology (highfunctional titanium alloy process), Adiabatic casting system,
Materials/composite materials technology (hydrogen storage
materials, etc.), Production technology for thermoelectric
device, Production technology for ultra-pure metals

1109

Process of chemical
raw materials

Process optimization technology (low temperature/lowpressure/high selectivity, reduction of processes, utilizationof microwave), Catalyst technology, Gas separation
technology, Energy recovery, Recycle of materials,
Biotechnology, Bio-refinery, Co-production with iron andsteel process, Utilization of molecular oxygen, Advanced
utilization of SC3

1110

Glass production
process

Energy saving technology on glass melting (utilization ofplasma heating technology), Energy saving technology on
forming/slow cooling of glass

1111

Processing andassembling

Power regeneration system, Improvement of cutting
performance (coolant processing equipment, etc.), Advanced
machining system, Nonferrous metal processing technology,
Miniaturization of regeneration system and its application forother fields

1112

Ceramic manufacturing
process

Low-temperature process technology, Combination heatingprocess technology, Precursor application technology,
Solvent optimization for chemical processes, Complete
returnable ceramic

1108

Energyconserving
industrial
processes(Cont.)

1121

High-efficiency
industrial
furnace/boiler

High-efficiency
industrial furnace/boiler

High-efficiency combustion technology, Regenerative
combustion technology, New combustion technology underoxygen atmosphere, Heat transfer technology, Nextgeneration high-efficiency boiler, High-efficiency industrial
furnace1131

Co-production

Co-production

Gasification technology (partial oxidization process),
Diversification of raw materials, High efficiency, Cost
reduction, Next-generation gasification technology, Coproduction with iron and steel/chemical process

1202

High-efficiency
co-generation

Gas turbine cogeneration

Variable heat power ratio gas turbine, Regenerative cycle
gas turbine, Micro gas turbine, Ceramic turbine,
Manufacturing technology for turbine blade, Technology forfuel-lean premixed combustion, Exhaust heat utilization
technology

1214

Energymanagement

Optimization of energy
demand and load
leveling

Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generation,
Load leveling technology in demand side, Cooperation
control technology for grid/distributed energy system, Energy
demand optimization/assessment technology

1221

High-efficiency
powertransmission /transformation

Large capacity powertransmission

UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission), Boostingof transmission voltage, Reduction oftransmission/distribution loss, Self-commutated largecapacity converter, High-efficacy large-capacity converter,
Superconductive transformer, Superconductive transmission,
Long-distance large-capacity power transmission, Largecapacity DC transmission technology

86

Other/common technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-9 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(9/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Intelligent transportsystems (ITS)

Traffic information and communication system, Navigation
system, Driving safety support system, Traffic demand
management (TDM), Traffic management optimization

1402

Modal shift inpassenger transport

New transport system, Light rail transit (LRT), Guideway
buses, Community EV buses, Dual mode vehicles (DMV)

1403

Modal shift in freighttransport

Bimodal commodity distribution system, Dual mode truck,
General-purpose standardized distribution system (advanced
application of IC tag), Intelligent distribution system

Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Optimum running control
technology, Power supply system

2114

Electric vehicles

Vehicle weight reduction, Improvement of motor efficiency,
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density,
life expansion, cost reduction), Power supply system

2115

Fuel cell vehicles

Improvement of motor efficiency, Improvement of durabilityof fuel cell stacks, High density hydrogen storage technology,
Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction, Hydrogen
supply system

2116

Hydrogen engine
vehiclesMore efficient hydrogen engine, Hydrogen loading
technology, Hydrogen production technology, Cost reduction,
Hydrogen supply system

1401

2113

Advanced trafficsystemClean energy
vehicles2201

Energyconserving
trainsEnergy-conserving
trains

Weight reduction, Hybrid trains, Electric transformer on train,
Utilization of regenerated energy

2301

High
performance
ships

High performance
ships

Highly reliable intelligent ships, Motorization, Weight
reduction, Exhaust heat recovery in engine, Optimization ofship shape, Fuel cells

2302

High efficiency
marinetransportsystemHigh efficiency marinetransport system

Cooperation of land transport, Hub port networking

2401

High
performance
aircrafts

High performance
aircrafts

Weight reduction by using carbon composite materials, etc.,
High-efficiency of jet engine, More energy conservation,
Further improvement of environmental, economic, and safety
properties

3204

Production of
biofuels

Dimethyl ether (DME)

Indirect synthesis process of DME, Direct synthesis processof DME, DME vehicles, Utilization technologies for DME fuelcells, etc., Technologies for storing and supplying DME

Production of BTL bygasification of biomass

BTL production technology, Biomass/wastes gasification
technology, FT synthesis technology, Improvement in BTL
production efficiency, Efficient waste collection systems,
Cost reduction

3205

87

Other/common technologies (Cont.)

Category

Table 5.1-10 Technology Map (List) for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(10/10)
Energytechnology
No.

Technologies for
system processes
and products torealize similarmarket and social
needs

Individual technology
Technologies as classified forevaluating contributions to policy
objectives for the "energy
technology". Technologies thatmake great contributions to the"stable supply and efficient clean
use of fossil fuels" are specified
with underlined red letters.

Major element technologies
and technical issues
Enabling technology and technical issues to realize the"energy technology"

Phosphoric Acid Fuel
Cell (PAFC)

Electrode catalyst technology, Cell stack technology, Higher
current density, System control technology, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability, Enhancing applications

3302

Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cell (MCFC)

Electrode catalyst technology, Cell stack technology, Higher
current density, Cost reduction, Improvement of durability,
Downsizing, Power generation combined gas turbine

3303

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Improvement of
durability, Diversification of fuels, Cost reduction (higher
power, novel materials, mass production technology), Nextgeneration hybrid system (available for high pressure
operation), Optimization of peripheral equipment, Powergeneration combined gas turbine

3304

Polymer Electrolyte
Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Understanding of degradation mechanism, Technology
available for high temperature / low humidity, Reduction ofplatinum content, Poisoning resistant catalyst, Moisturecontrol inside electrolyte membrane, Non-platinum catalysts,
Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.

3305

Direct Methanol Fuel
Cell (DMFC)

Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane, Low swelling
membrane, High activity catalyst, Cost reduction,
Improvement of durability

Pre-combustion CO2
captureSeparation of CO2 from gasified/reformed gas, Chemical
absorption, Physical absorption, Membrane separation

5712

Post-combustion CO2
captureChemical absorption, Physical absorption/adsorption,
Membrane separation, Efficient utilization of exhaust heat

5713

Oxy-fuel combustion
CO2 captureTechnology for membrane separation of oxygen, Highefficient production of oxygen, CO2 capture technology

Geological storage of
CO2

Technology for monitoring and prediction of undergroundCO2 behavior, Survey of CO2 volume stored in reservoirs
and expansion of utilization of CO2, Cost reduction forgeological storage systems, Techniques for environmental
impact/safety assessment, Aquifer storage, Storage incoalbed seams, Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) / enhanced
gas recovery (EGR), Storage in depleted oil and gas
reservoirs

Ocean storage of CO2

Matching simulation and experiments for CO2 diffusion,
Matching biological impact model and experiments, Scientificunderstanding of CO2 diffusion and biological impact of CO2
in ocean, Techniques for environmental impact/safetyassessment, Dissolution and dilution (fixed-type, movabletype), Sequestration and storage of CO2 in seabed

3301

5711

5721

5722

Fuel cells

CO2 capture

CO2 storage

88

Figure 5.2-1 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(1/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5101
5101 Development of unconventional
5101
fossil fuel resources
5101
5101
Enhanced coalbed
5101
Methane recovery with CO2 injection
methane (ECBM)
5101
CO2 monitoring technology
recovery
5101
5101
5101
5102
5102 Development of unconventional5102
fossil fuel resources
5102
5102
Production and5102
Onsite reforming technology of bitumen
Advanced/complex development
reforming of oil
5102
Enhanced bitumen recovery from oil sand layers
technology of oil shales
sand and other5102
Enhanced recovery of oil sand and other heavy oils
In-situ reforming of bitumen
heavy oils
5102
5102
5103
5103 Development of unconventional5103
fossil fuel resources
5103
5103
Improved development,
5103
Improved recovery of coalbed methane (CBM)
production and5103
Improved production of tight gas and shale gas
recovery of5103
unconventional gas
Production of deep natural gas
5103
Low-cost production of natural gas with high concentration of CO2
5103
5104
5104 Development of unconventional5104
fossil fuel resources
Offshore production test
5104
Onshore production test
5104
Development of
5104
Resource assessment
Technologies for exploration and analysis
methane hydrate
5104
Development of production techniques
Technology for resource assessment(MH) resource
5104
Development of environmental impact assessment techniques
Advanced technology for MH production
5104
Environmental impact assessment
5104
5322
5322 Utilization of5322
new alternative fuels
5322
5322
Utilization of GTL
5322
Technologies for blending petroleum with GTL
and other new
5322
Technologies for blending petroleum with coal-derived liquids
alternative fuels
5322
Technologies for using other clean liquid fuels
along with5322
petroleum
5322
1104
1104 Energy-conserving
1104
industrial processes
Gasoline desulfurization with low hydrogen-consumption (Hydrogen consumption rate: 60%)
1104
Technology for high-efficiency plate heat exchanger (CO2 reduction: 20,000 t/year ･ exchanger)
1104
Petroleum refining
1104
Advanced utilization of energy in complex and low-grade heat recovery system in complex
process
1104
1104
1104
1104
1105
1105 Energy-conserving
1105
industrial processes
High-efficiency production for
1105
Heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC) process raw materials of gasoline/petrochemicals
1105
Petrochemistry1105
Simple plastic manufacturing (SPM) with energy-saving
Co-production
Sustainable carbon cycle chemistry (SC3)process1105
Gas phase polypropylene production technology (development of catalyst)
1105
Low energy decomposition technology (development of catalytic cracking process of naphtha, membrane separation)
1105
Production technology for chemical materials from waste paper, Production technology for oil-alternative molding materials from biomass
1105
Chemical process technology by using supercritical fluid
1141
1141 Integration and collaboration
1141
between industries
1141
1141
Integration and
1141
Development of advanced function and integration technologies for petroleum refining
collaboration
1141
Heat pinch technology and cascade utilization
between industries Energy utilization in industrial petroleum complex
1141
Material pinch technology
1141
IEMS (industrial energy management systems) Integration and collaboration between
1141
ILEN (industrial local energy network)
industries with material regeneration
1151
1151 Advanced integration
1151
technology in complex
1151
1151
Advanced integration
1151
Technology for integrated utilization of hydrogen
High-efficiency gasification technology using simultaneousin complex
1151
Utilization technology for by-product materials
production of next-generation energy/chemical material
1151
Advanced technology using unused distillates
1151
Technology using cold potential recovery from LNG
Multi-processing technology for recycle of unused materials
1151
1201
1201 High-efficiency co-generation
1201
1201
1201
Gas/petroleum engine
1201
Mirror cycle engine
Micro gas/petroleum engine (HCCI type)co-generation
1201
Stirling engine
1201
Improved efficiency by combustion of ultralean fuelCeramic engine
1201
High power and downsizing by high compression ratio
1201
Improved NOx emissions by EGR, etc.

89Figure 5.2-2 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(2/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1203
1203 High-efficiency co-generation
1203
1203
1203
Fuel cell co-generation
1203
Improvement of generation efficiency/overall efficiency
1203
Cost reduction, Mass-production technology
1203Life extension
1203
Fuel cell technology
PEFC
SOFC
1203
PAFC
MCFC
2101
2101 High efficiency internal
2101
combustion engine
2101
2101
Gasoline engine
2101
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels2101
Surface control of low friction materials
2101
Cylinder cutoff control for improving part-load efficiency
2101
Powertrain technology High compression ratio
2101
Lean burn combustion
2102
2102 High efficiency internal
2102
combustion engine
2102
2102
Diesel engine
2102
High-efficiency low-emission combustion technology
2102
Technology for engine using alternate fuels and mixed fuels2102
Surface control of low friction materials
2102
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)
2102
2112
2112 Clean energy vehicles
2112
2112
2112
Hybrid vehicles
2112
Regeneration system
Vehicle weight reduction
2112
Improvement of engine efficiency
2112
High performance rechargeable battery
2112(high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2112
Surface control of low friction materials
5201
5201 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5201
5201
5201
High severity fluid
5201
Development of high severity fluid catalytic cracking (HS-FCC) processcatalytic cracking
5201
Development of isomerization catalysts for cracked gas
and other advanced
5201
Development of desulfurization catalysts for heavy oil
technologies for
5201
Development of cracking catalysts of residual oil
disposal of heavy oil
5201
Development of hydrocracking catalyst of heavy gas oil
5202
5202 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5202
5202
5202
Production of
5202
Technology for effective utilization of lower naphtha
high-octane
5202
Development of isomerization catalysts of naphtha
gasoline from low5202
Development of catalysts for high-octane gasoline production (e.g. FCC catalyst)
quality oil
5202
5202
5203
5203 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5203
5203
5203
Production of5203
Technology for using pitch cokes as caking additives
Development of hydrogen production processhydrogen from pitch
5203
Development of catalysts for hydrogen production
cokes consisting of
5203
petroleum residue
5203
5203
5204
5204 Utilization of heavy crude oil
5204
5204
5204
Production of
5204
Technology for gasification of heavy oil
synthesis diesel
5204
FT synthesis technology
fuel form asphalt
5204
Hydrocracking technology
(ATL)
5204
5204
5311
5311 Advanced technology
5311
for using petroleum
Technology for storing, transporting, and supplying hydrogen5311
Off-site hydrogen production technology by way of reforming kerosene, etc.
5311
Hydrogen production
5311
Adsorption desulfurization technology for kerosene
from petroleum
5311
Membrane separation technology
Development for reforming catalysts of kerosene
and hydrogen5311
Onboard reforming technology for vehicle fuelstransportation
5311
Technology for developing autothermal reforming systems for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
5311
5301
5301 Petroleum refining
5301
5301
5301
Advanced technology
5301
Advanced desulfurization technology for petroleum liquid fuels
for producing
5301
Development of desulfurization catalysts for ultra clean fueldesulfurized
5301
Development of advanced deep desulfurization processes
liquid fuels
5301
5301

90

Figure 5.2-3 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(3/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5302
5302 Petroleum refining
5302
5302
5302
Fuel-saving high5302
Fuel-saving lube oil production technology
durability lube oil
5302
Lube oil production technology from GTL, etc.
5302
5302
5302
5303
5303 Petroleum refining
5303
5303
5303
Zero-emission
5303
Technology for reducing waste catalysts
petroleum refinery
5303
Technology for utilizing surplus sulfur from desulfurization processes
process
5303
Technology for decontaminating heavy oil-contaminated soil
5303
Technology for decontaminating gasoline-contaminated soil
5303
Technology for producing eco-friendly gasoline-based materials with low-waste emission
5312
5312 Advanced technology
5312
for using petroleum
5312
5312
New alternative
5312
Technology for blending new types of fuels such as biofuels and GTL
fuels for vehicles
5312
with conventional types of fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil
5312
Technology for vehicles applying to conventional/alternative blended fuels
5312
5312
5313
5313 Advanced technology
5313
for using petroleum
5313
Technology for fuels used for recent models of diesel vehicles
5313
Improving vehicle
5313
Technologies for improving vehicle fuel efficiency
efficiency and
5313
Technology for improving antiknock properties
promoting exhaust
5313
Technology for fuels compatible with next-generation vehicle engines such as HCCIgas cleanup
5313
High-accuracy atmospheric simulation technology
5313
for environmental assessment of exhaust gas, etc.
5314
5314 Advanced technology
5314
for using petroleum
5314
5314
Offroad engines with
5314
Technology for developing engines with low-cetane fuels
low environmental
5314
Application technologies of ultra low-cetane fuels
load
5314
Development of low-cetane fuels for stationary and general purpose diesel engines
5314
5314
5321
5321 Utilization of
5321
new alternative fuels
5321
5321
Advanced technology
5321
Technology for using petroleum along with biomass fuels
for utilizing biomass
5321
Technologies for the refining treatment of biomass fuels
and other
5321(e.g. the membrane separation of ethanol solution)
unconventional
5321
petroleum products
5321
5401
5401 Development of fossil resources(Common technologies for
5401
conventional and unconventional resources)
5401
5401
Exploration of oil
5401
and gas reservoirs Exploration technologies and petroleum reserves estimation methods
5401(petroleum system analysis, reserves estimation)(advanced seismic prospecting technologies, etc.)
5401
Reservoir evaluation/characterization technologies
5401(reservoir characterization including fractured reservoir analysis)(technology for direct hydrocarbon detection, etc.)
5401
Dynamic modeling
5402
5402 Development of fossil resources(Common technologies for
5402
conventional and unconventional resources)
5402
5402
Drilling and developing
5402
Advanced technologies for drilling and production (e.g. laser drilling)
oil and natural gas
5402
Advanced production facilities (e.g. digital fields, corrosion monitoring technology) / innovative pipeline technologies
5402
5402
Technology for developing marginal gas fields with small recoverable reserves
5402
5403
5403 Development of fossil resources(Common technologies for
5403
conventional and unconventional resources)
5403
5403
Drilling and developing
5403
Technology for developing oil and gas fields in frontier areas
fossil resources
5403(e.g. offshore deepwater)(e.g. arctic, ice-bound seas)in frontiers
5403
5403
5403
5404
5404 Development of fossil resources(Common technologies for5404
conventional and unconventional resources)
5404
5404
Enhanced oil recovery
5404
CO2 flooding, Gas injection(EOR) / enhanced
5404
Thermal recovery
Advanced water flooding
gas recovery (EGR)
5404
Well stimulation techniques including fracturing
Chemical EOR/EGR
5404
Technology for reducing interfacial tension
Microbial EOR/EGR
5404
Reservoir monitoring technology

91

Figure 5.2-4 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(4/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5406
5406 Development of fossil resources
Hydrogen sulfide removal technology(Common technologies for
5406
using subterranean microorganism
conventional and unconventional resources)
5406
Technology for CO2 sequestration into depleted oil reservoirs and in-situ microbial conversion to methane
5406
Eco-friendly oil and gas
5406
Downhole water separation technologies including non-treated water injection into formations
development
5406
Technology for re-injecting drilled cuttings into formations
5406
CO2 recovery from depleted gas fields
5406
5406
5411
5411 Upgrading ultra-heavy oil
5411
and utilizing upgraded oil
Development of catalysts and processing technologies
5411
that allow at least 35% of dill bits and at least 50% of sin bits to be blended
5411
Upgrading oil extracted
5411
Hydrocracking technology
from oil sands
5411
Fluid catalytic cracking technology
5411
Development of hydrocracking catalysts
5411
5411
5412
5412 Upgrading ultra-heavy oil
5412
and utilizing upgraded oil
Establishment of the processing technologies
5412
that allow at least 90% of oil-sand bitumen to be decomposed
5412
Thermal cracking of
5412
Demetallation technology using supercritical water
bitumen from oil
5412
Technology for cracking heavy oil by using supercritical water
sands by using
5412
Technology for cracking heavy oil by using subcritical watersupercritical water,
5412
etc.
5412
5421
5421 Upgrading ultra-heavy oil
5421
and utilizing upgraded oil
Establishment of technologies for producing gasoline and kerosene
5421
containing no more than 10 ppm of sulfur
5421
Utilizing bitumen
5421
Development of catalysts for upgrading synthetic crude oilfrom oil sands
5421
Technology for optimization of thermal cracking (cokers)
5421
Development of reforming catalysts
5421
Technology for conversion to petrochemical feedstock
5421
2111
2111 Clean energy vehicles
2111
2111
2111
Natural-gas vehicles
2111
Greater cruising distance
2111
Natural-gas sorption materials
2111
Reduction of weight of fuel tank
2111
Expansion of gas supply infrastructures
2111
5501
5501 Gas supply
5501
5501
5501
Gas transportation
5501
Construction technology for gas pipelines Highly efficient transportation technology
technology
5501
Pipeline monitoring
Intelligent pipeline materials
5501
Gas sensing technology
Natural gas hydrate (NGH) transportation
5501
Seismometers/remote monitoring
5501
Technology for inspecting facilities
5502
5502 Gas supply
5502
5502
5502
Gas storage technology
5502
Gas sensing technology
Airtight structure designing
5502
Seismometers/remote monitoring
High-performance plugs
5502
Technology for inspecting facilities
Reduction in construction costs
5502
High-pressure storage of natural gas
5502
Bedrock storage
5511
5511 High-efficiency natural gas
Gross efficiency:
5511
power generation
53% HHV (1500 degree class GT)
56% HHV (1700 degree class GT)
5511
5511
High-temperature
5511
Advanced combined cycle (ACC)gas turbine
5511
Highly heat-resistant materials
Ceramic turbine
5511
Highly corrosion-resistant materials
5511
Ultra-high purity metal materials
5511
Technology for increasing temperature of combustion gas
5512
5512 High-efficiency natural gas
5512
power generation
5512
1500 degree class1700 degree class
5512
Advanced humid air
5512
Development of high humid equipment (compressor, regenerator, and combustor)
turbine (AHAT)
5512
5512
5512
5512
5513
5513 High-efficiency natural gas
5513
power generation
5513
5513
Fuel cell/gas turbine
5513
High-temperature gas turbine
hybrid power
5513
Stack module technology for high pressure
generation
5513
Hybrid system technology
5513
Improvement of durability
5513
Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell92

Figure 5.2-5 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(5/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5521
5521 Natural gas utilization
5521
Verification tests at pilot plants
5521
7 bbl/d500 bbl/d
5521
Gas to liquids (GTL)5521
Production of GTL
5521
Synthetic gas production technology (stable operations for cumulative time of 6,600 hours)
5521
FT synthesis technology (stable and efficient production of cobalt-based catalysts)
5521
Hydrocracking technology
5521
Scale-up engineering, Operation technique
5522
5522 Natural gas utilization
5522
5522
Establishment of a system for producing hydrated natural gas of 500 t/d
5522
Producing,
5522
Cryogenic NGH production technology
transporting and
5522
Advanced NGH production technology
utilizing natural5522
NGH container transportation technology
gas hydrate (NGH)5522
Advanced NGH sea transportation technology
5522
Technology for NGH regasification / technology for utilizing NGH
5523
5523 Natural gas utilization
5523
5523
5523
Next generation
5523
Steam reforming + PSA
Hydrogen-transmissive membrane reactors
Hydrogen production with CO2 separation
technology for5523
CO2 separation membranes
producing hydrogen5523
from natural gas
5523
5523
5524
5524 Natural gas utilization
5524
5524
5524
Synthesizing LP gas
5524
Technology for synthesizing LP gas from natural gas, coal, CO2, etc.
from natural gas,5524
Development of synthetic catalysts with long durability
etc.
5524
Catalyst regeneration technology
5524
5524
5531
5531 LP gas utilization
5531
5531
Mixed combustion/proof tests
5531
Utilization of LPG/DME
5531
Improvement of equipment durability against blended fuels
mixed fuel5531
Technology for DME/LPG direct-injection diesel engines
5531
5531
5531
5532
5532 LP gas utilization
5532
5532
5532
High-efficiency LPG
5532
Turbo-jet combustion and heat transfer technologies of burnerburning appliance
5532
Development of high-efficiency appliance
5532
Exhaust gas processing technology
5532
5532
1101 Energy-conserving Improvement of energy conservation 21%
23%
1101
industrial
Improvement of productivity
3 times larger than the previous process
1101
processes
Cost reduction of coke production
-18%
-20%
1101
Replace current coke oven1101
Next-generation coke
1101
Next-generation coke oven (SCOPE 21)
production methods
1101
Coal-iron ore adhesive/binding technique, Ferro coke production technique1101
Introduction of highly-reactive agglomerates
Waste/biomass blowing technology
1101
Multi-purpose furnace Degraded materials application technology
1101
Application to utility by-product hydrogen (COG)/hydrogen energy system1102
Co-production with chemical process
1102 Energy-conserving
Next-generation metal rolling technology (brittle special steel, etc.)
Energy co-production (iron/gas)1102
industrial processes
Innovative electromagnetic steel plate technology
Resource/energy generation blast furnace1102
Direct iron ore smelting reduction process (DIOS)
Utilization of low quality materials (iron ore)
1102
Iron and steel process
1102
Casting technology with electromagnetic force
High heat-resisting/corrosion-resisting steel materials
1102
New sintering process
Detoxification technology for circulation elements by improving surface quality of cast slab
1102
Dust regeneration technology in electric furnace Production technology for ultrafine-grained hot-rolled steel plate,1102
Pre-carbonized gasification melting furnace
Valuable metals collection technology in rotary hearth furnace1102
Reduction of dust emissions under pulverized coal injection operation
Adiabatic casting system
Hot/cold rolling integrated system
1103
1103 Energy-conserving
1103
industrial processes
Coal-based direct reduction processes (FASTMET)
Production of virgin iron for1103
New reductive melting iron making process (ITmk3)
dilution of electric furnace (DRIC)
1103
New reductive melting
1103
Adiabatic casting system
iron making
1103
Technology for separation/collection
processes1103
Hot briquette iron (HBI) production process for electric furnaceof rare metals
1103
Technologies for high clean/high1103
Co-production with chemical process functional special steels
3207
3207 Production of biofuels
3207
3207
3207
Producing biomass
3207
Technology for producing coal-mixed biomass briquette fuelfuels with addition
3207
Technologies for drying and pulverization of mixed fuelsof coal3207
Technology for co-combustion of pulverized coal with wood/wood-char3207
Large scale of pelletization
3207

93

Figure 5.2-6 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(6/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3311
Hydrogen price (throughout the entire processes of hydrogen production)
3311 Hydrogen production
150 JPY/Nm3
80 JPY/Nm3
40 JPY/Nm3
3311
3311
Pilot plants with productivity of 5 t/d3311
Hydrogen production
3311
Technology for producing hydrogen from coal with CO2 absorption (HyPr-RING)
from coal with
3311
Technology for recycling absorbent materials
CO2 recovery
3311
CO2 recovery technology
3311
3311
3312
3312 Hydrogen production
3312
3312
3312
Hydrogen production
3312
Partial oxidation reforming
Coal gasification
Hydrogen separation membrane technology
by gasification
3312
Steam reforming
Biomass gasification
3312
Autothermal reforming
Gas cleanup
3312
CO2 recovery technology
3312
5601
5601 Coal mining
5601
5601
5601
Advanced technology
5601
Advanced technology for the comprehensive evaluation of coal resources
for mining and5601
Advanced technology for coal preparation
Advanced technology for coal preparation
cleaning of coal
5601
(e.g. technology for co-production of coal and gas,
5601
technology for developing coal under difficult conditions)
5601
Underground coal gasification technology
5602
5602 Coal mining
5602
5602
5602
Underground coal
5602
Underground coal gasification technology
gasification
5602
Monitoring technology / environmental impact assessment
5602
5602
5602
5611
5611 Coal fired power generation
Net efficiency: 49% （ AHAT ）
49% （ IGHAT)
5611
Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology
5611
Air-blown coal gasification technology
5611
Integrated gasification
5611
Gas turbine technology using moisturehumid air turbine
5611
Technology using multiple grades of coal
(IGHAT)
5611
High-efficiency oxygen production technology
5611
Dry gas-cleaning technology
5611
5612
5612 Coal fired power generation
5612
Development of pressurized fluidized-bed furnace
5612(gasification furnace, desulfurizer, and oxidizer)
5612
Advanced Pressurized
5612
Expansion of grades of coalFluidized-bed
5612
High-temperature dry desulfurization
Combustion
5612
Improvement of dust removal performance(A-PFBC)
5612
Mixing firing with biomass
5612
5613
5613 Coal fired power generation
5613
5613
700 degree class
800 degree class
5613
Advanced ultra
5613
Development of new alloy of boiler/turbine
supercritical power
5613
Development of high-temperature valve
generation
5613
High-temperature welding technology(A-USC)
5613
5613
5614
5614 Coal fired power generation
5614
5614
5614
Biomass/coal hybrid
5614
Technology for co-combustion of coal and biomass
power generation
5614
Technology for producing coal/biomass briquettes
5614
Coal grinding technology
5614
Technology for converting sewage sludge into slurry form
5614
5615
5615 Coal fired power generation
Net efficiency: 40.5%HHV (250 MW demonstration plant)
5615
46%HHV (1500 degree class GT, wet gas refining process)
50%HHV (1700 degree class GT, dry gas refining process)5615
48%HHV (1500 degree class GT, dry gas refining process)5615
Integrated coal5615
Air-blown coal gasification technology
gasification
5615
Technology using multiple grades of coal
High-temperature gas turbine technology
combined cycle
5615
High-efficiency oxygen production technology(1700 degree class)power generation
5615
Dry gas-cleaning technology(IGCC)
5615
5616
5616 Coal fired power generation
Commercial plant (600 MW class/55% HHV)
5616
Plant scale/net efficiency:
Demonstration plant (1000 t/degree class)
5616
Technology using various grades of coal
Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell
5616
Integrated coal
5616
Oxygen-blown coal gasification technology
gasification fuel cell
5616
Dry gas-cleaning technology
combined cycle
5616
Fine gas-cleaning technology
power generation
5616
High-temperature gas turbine technology(IGFC)
5616
High-efficiency oxygen production technology

94

Figure 5.2-7 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(7/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5617
5617 Coal fired power generation
Net efficiency
57%HHV （ A-IGCC ）5617
65%HHV （ A-IGFC)
5617
5617
Next-generation high5617
Low-temperature high-efficiency coal gasification technology
efficiency integrated
5617
Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell
coal gasification
5617
High-temperature gas turbine technology
power generation
5617(A-IGCC, A-IGFC)
5617
5620
5620 Coal fired power generation
5620
5620
5620
Reduction of trace
5620
substances
Behavior understanding of trace substances
5620
Technology for measuring trace substances
emission
5620
Technology for trapping trace substances
5620
5620
5631
5631 Coal utilization
5631
5631
5631
Combustion of low5631
Technologies for combustion of coal with a lower fuel ratio
grade coal5631
(co-grinding, co-combustion, measures for preventing slugging)
5631
Technologies for combustion of coal with a higher fuel ratio
5631(burner development, ultrafine grinding technology)
5631
5632
5632 Coal utilization
5632
5632
5632
Next-generation
5632
Technology for pulverizing mixtures of coal and biomass
technology for
5632
Technology to reduce grinding power
pulverizing coal
5632
Development of ultrafine grinding technology
5632
5632
5633
Operation scale (Japan)
3,000 t/d
6,000 t/d
5633 Coal utilization
Operation scale (China) 3,000 t/d
6,000 t/d5633
Test equipment with a productivity
Provision of training programs with a view to5633
of 1t/d (PSU) (Indonesia)
promoting the use of the technology in Asia
5633
Coal to liquids (CTL)
5633
Upgrading technology for coal-liquefied oil
5633
Gasification technology
Application of brown coal liquefaction technology
5633
FT synthesis technology
Training for engineers and operators
5633
Design and construction of commercial plants
5633
5634
5634 Coal utilization
5634
5634
Pilot tests
Verification tests
5634
Hydrothermal
5634
Technology applying to a wide range of coalcracking of coal
5634
Establishment of high performance and high reliability
5634
Co-production technology
5634
5634
5635
5635 Coal utilization
5635
5635
5635
Multipurpose use
5635
Technology applying to a wide range of coalof gasified coal
5635
Technology for co-processing of coal and biomass, etc.
5635
Gas cleaning technology
Co-production by coal gasification
5635
Substitute natural gas (SNG) production
5635
CO2 separation and recovery
5636
5636 Coal utilization
5636
5636
5636
Advanced utilization
5636
Cement production technology
of coal ash
5636
Fiber production technology
5636
5636
5636
5637
Bench test
Pilot test
5637 Coal utilization
Establishment of production technology
5637
Study on production technology
5637
Technology for utilizing coke
5637
Coal de-ashing
5637
Application tests for caking additivetechnology
5637
Application to gas turbine (GT)5637
GT utilization technology
HyperCoal production technology
5637
GT application tests (normal pressure)
Verification test on GT application
5637
GT application tests (pressurized)
5638
5638 Coal utilization
Verification test
5638
Pilot test
Reforming costs of no more than 7 USD/t
5638
Technology for the dewatering of brown coal, etc.
5638
Low-rank coal
5638
Technology for the reforming of brown coal using oil (upgraded brown oil, UBC)
upgrading
5638
Technology for converting brown coal into liquid form
5638
Technology for production of coal-water slurry
5638
Combustion tests
5638
Economic evaluation of a total system

95

Figure 5.2-8 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(8/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
5639
5639 Coal utilization
System performance test
5639
Pilot test
Demonstration test
5639
Actual gas test
5639
Hot coke oven gas
5639
Technology for producing syngas from coke oven gas (COG) without catalysts
reforming without
5639
Hydrogen production technology
catalyst
5639
5639
5639
5640
5640 Coal utilization
5640
Pilot test
5640
Bench test
Demonstration test
5640
Effective use of
5640
Low-pressure methanation technology
coke oven gas
5640
Methane to benzene (MTB) technology
(COG)
5640
CO2 separation and recovery technology
5640
5640
5641
5641 Coal utilization
5641
Basic test
5641
Preliminary study
Bench test
Pilot test
5641
Efficient coal
5641
Technology for radical chain reaction
Coal gasification technology using plasma
conversion
5641
Catalysts acting at low temperature / catalysts acting by electron excitation
5641
5641
5641
1106
1106 Energy-conserving
1106
industrial processes
1106
1106
Cement process
1106
Technology to materialize wastes
1106Electric power saving mill
1106
High-efficiency dryer
1106
Co-production through gasification of wastes
1106
1107
1107 Energy-conserving
1107
industrial processes
1107
1107
Paper manufacturing
1107
High-efficiency of black liquor boiler
1107
Energy saving of pulping process
Gene-recombination technology of plants
1107
Improvement of efficiency of causticizing process
Gasification technology for black liquor/biomass
1107
Improvement of papermaking process
Biomass IGCC
Biomass IGFC
1107
Co-production to utilize biomass
1108
1108 Energy-conserving
1108
industrial processes
Materials / composite materials technology
1108
Processing technology
High-efficiency smelting(hydrogen storage materials, etc.)
1108
Nonferrous metals
1108
Metal recycling technology
Production technology forprocess
1108
Alloy production technology
thermoelectric conversion materials
1108(high functional titanium alloy process)Production technology for
1108
Adiabatic casting systemultra-pure metals
1108
1109
Aiming at two-third reduction of1109 Energy-conserving
the energy consumption in1109
industrial processes
Process optimization technology
chemical industry in 2005
1109
(low temperature/low pressure/high selectivity, reduction of processes, utilization of microwave)
1109
Process of chemical
1109
Catalyst technology
Biotechnology
Bio-refinery
raw materials1109
Gas separation technology
Utilization of molecular oxygen
1109
Energy recovery
Co-production with iron and steel process
1109
Recycle of materials
Advanced utilization of SC3
1109
1110
1110 Energy-conserving
1110
industrial processes
Large-scale application
1110
Small-scale application
Middle-scale application
1110
Glass production
1110
Energy saving technology on glass melting (utilization of plasma heating technology)
process
1110
Energy saving technology on forming/slow cooling of glass
1110
1110
1110
1111
1111 Energy-conserving
1111
industrial processes
1111
Power regeneration system (Energy conservation rate: 25%)
1111
Processing and
1111
Improvement of cutting performance
Nonferrous metal processing technology
assembling
1111(coolant processing equipment, etc.)
1111
Advanced machining system
1111
Miniaturization of regeneration system and its application for other fields
1111
1112
Aiming to halve reduction of1112 Energy-conserving
energy used in ceramic
1112
industrial processes
production in 2005
1112
1112
Ceramic manufacturing1112
Low-temperature process technology,
process1112
Combination heating process technology
Precursor application technology
1112
Solvent optimization for chemical processes
1112
Complete returnable ceramic
1112

96

Figure 5.2-9 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(9/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
1121
Boiler efficiency: improved by about 17%1121 High-efficiency industrial
Energy efficiency in industrial furnace: improved by about 10 to 30%
1121
furnace/boiler
Next-generation high-efficiency boiler
1121
High-efficiency industrial furnace1121
High-efficiency
1121
High-efficiency combustion technology
industrial furnace
1121
Regenerative combustion technology/ boiler1121
New combustion technology under oxygen atmosphere
1121
Heat transfer technology
1121
1131
1131 Co-production
1131
1131
Next-generation gasification technology
1131
Co-production
1131
Gasification technology (partial oxidization process)1131
Diversification of raw materials
1131
High efficiency
Co-production with iron and steel/chemical process
1131
Cost reduction
1131
1202
1202 High-efficiency co-generation
1202
1202
1202
Gas turbine
1202
Variable heat power ratio gas turbine, Regenerative cycle gas turbine, Micro gas turbine
co-generation
1202
Ceramic turbine
1202
Manufacturing technology for turbine blade
1202
Technology for fuel-lean premixed combustion
1202
Exhaust heat utilization technology
1214
1214 Energy management
1214
1214
1214
Optimization of energy
1214
Energy demand optimization/assessment technology
demand and load
1214
Forecasting supply of photovoltaic/wind power generationleveling
1214
Load leveling technology in demand side
1214
Cooperation control technology for grid/distributed energy system
1214
1221
1221 High-efficiency power
1221
transmission/transformation
Long-distance large-capacity
1221
UHVC (Ultra high voltage AC power transmission, 1,000 kV)
power transmission
1221
Large capacity power
1221
Boosting of transmission voltage
Self-commutated large-capacity convertertransmission
1221
Reduction of transmission/distribution loss
High-efficacy large-capacity converter
1221
Superconductive transformer
Large-capacity DC
1221
Superconductive transmission
transmission technology
1221
1401
1401 Advanced traffic system
1401
1401
1401
Intelligent transport
1401
Traffic information and communication systemsystems (ITS)1401
Traffic demand management (TDM)
1401
Navigation system
Traffic management optimization
1401
Driving safety support system
1401
1402
1402 Advanced traffic system
1402
1402
1402
Modal shift in
1402
New transport system
passenger transport
1402
Light rail transit (LRT)1402
Guideway buses
1402
Community EV buses1402
Dual mode vehicles (DMV)
1403
1403 Advanced traffic system
1403
1403
1403
Modal shift in
1403
freight transport
Bimodal commodity distribution system (road → train, ships)1403
Dual mode truck
1403
General-purpose standardized distribution system (advanced application of IC tag)
1403
Intelligent distribution system
1403
2113
2113 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density of battery
1.5 times
2113
Running distance on a full charge 40 km
2113
2113
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
2113
Vehicle weight reduction
2113
Improvement of motor efficiency
2113
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2113
Optimum running control technology
2113
Power supply system
2114
Traveling distance About 500 km
2114 Clean energy vehicles
Energy density
About 7 times larger than at present
2114
Cost
About 1/40 lower than at present
2114
2114
Electric vehicles
2114
Vehicle weight reduction
Improvement of motor efficiency
2114
High performance rechargeable battery (high energy density, life expansion, cost reduction)
2114
2114
Power supply system
2114

97

Figure 5.2-10 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(10/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
2115
Traveling distance
400 km
800 km2115 Clean energy vehicles
Durability
3,000 hours (5 years), 20,000 start/stops
5,000 hours (10 years), 60,000 start/stops
2115
Vehicle cost (ICV ratio) 3 – 5 times
1.2 times
2115
Stack cost
5,000 JPY/kW
4,000 JPY/kW
Cost reduction (non-platinum electrocatalysts, mass production)
2115
Fuel cell vehicles
2115
Improvement of motor efficiency (high-temperature operation, high catalytic activity,
2115
Hydrogen production technology
new electrocatalysts, etc.)
2115
Improvement of durability of fuel cell stacks
2115
Hydrogen supply system(improvement of electrolyte membrane, etc.)
2115
High density hydrogen storage technology
2116
2116 Clean energy vehicles
2116
2116
2116
Hydrogen engine
2116
More efficient hydrogen engine
vehicles2116
Hydrogen loading technology
2116
Hydrogen production technology
2116
Cost reduction
2116
Hydrogen supply system
2201
2201 Energy-conserving trains
2201
2201
2201
Energy-conserving
2201
Weight reduction
Hybrid trains
trains
2201
Electric transformer on train
2201
Utilization of regenerated energy
2201
2201
2301
2301 High performance ships
2301
2301
2301
High performance
2301
Highly reliable intelligent ships
ships
2301
Motorization
Fuel cells
2301
Weight reduction Optimization of ship shape
2301
Exhaust heat recovery in engine
2301
2302
2302 High efficiency marine
2302
transport system
2302
2302
High efficiency marine
2302
Cooperation of land transporttransport system
2302
Hub port networking
2302
2302
2302
2401
2401 High performance aircrafts
2401
2401
2401
High performance
2401
Weight reduction by using carbon composite materials, etc.
aircrafts
2401
High-efficiency of jet engine
More energy conservation
2401
Further improvement of environmental, economic, and safety properties
2401
2401
3204
3204 Production of biofuels
3204
3204
3204
Dimethyl ether (DME)3204
Indirect methods for synthesizing DME
3204
Direct methods for synthesizing DME
3204
DME vehicles
3204
Utilization technologies for DME fuel cells, etc.
3204
Technologies for storing and supplying DME
3205
3205 Production of biofuels
3205
3205
3205
Production of BTL
3205
BTL production technology
by gasification of3205
Biomass/wastes gasification technology
Cost reduction
biomass
3205
FT synthesis technology
Improvement in BTL production efficiency
3205
Efficient waste collection systems
3205
3301
3301 Fuel cells
System price:3301
600,000 – 1,000,000 JPY/kW
300,000 – 600,000 JPY/kW
200,000 – 300,000 JPY/kW
3301
3301
Phosphoric Acid
3301
Electrode catalyst technology
Fuel Cell (PAFC)
3301
Cost reduction
Cell stack technology
3301
Improvement of durability Higher current density
3301
Enhancing applications
System control technology
3301
3302
3302 Fuel cells
System price:3302
300,000 – 800,000 JPY/kW
200,000 – 300,000 JPY/kW
3302
3302
Molten Carbonate
3302
Electrode catalyst technology
Power generation combined gas turbine
Fuel Cell (MCFC)
3302
Cell stack technology
3302
Cost reduction
Higher current density
3302
Improvement of durability
3302
Downsizing

98

Figure 5.2-11 Technology Roadmap for Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels(11/11)
No. Energy technology
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030 Individual technology
3303
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (JPY/kW, power unit, * assumed price including storage tank for household use)
3303 Fuel cells
Small capacity (less than several kW, co-generation) 40%, 40,000 hr, 1,000,000>40%, 90,000 hr, <250,000 (for household use, 300,000 – 400,000*)
3303
Middle capacity (tens of kW to hundreds of kW, co-generation)
42%, 40,000 hr, 1,000,000>45%, 90,000 hr, < 200,000
Hybrid (distributed power source, for commercial use)
60%, 40,000 hr, several 100,000s 60%, 90,000 hr, <100,000
3303
3303
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
3303
(SOFC)
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Diffusion of small-capacity system
3303
Optimization of peripheral equipment
Diffusion of middle-capacity system
3303
Diffusion of hybrid system
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours) , Diversification of fuels
3303
Cost reduction (higher power, novel materials, mass production technology)
Power generation combined gas turbine
3303
Next-generation hybrid system (available for high pressure operation)
3304
Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability, system price (Stationary type, 1 kW)
3304 Fuel cells
32%, 40,000 hours, JPY 1,200,000
36%, 90,000 hours, JPY 400,000
3304
Improvement of durability (40,000 hours → 90,000 hours, variation of fuel)3304
Understanding of degradation mechanism
Automobile PEFC
3304
Polymer Electrolyte
3304
Technology available for high temperature / low humidity
Fuel Cell (PEFC)
3304
Reduction of platinum content
3304
Non-platinum catalysts
3304
Poisoning resistant catalyst Mass production technology for MEA and separators, etc.
3304
Moisture control inside electrode membrane
3305
3305 Fuel cells
Energy density
500 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
1000 Wh/L
3305
Output density
100 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2
200 mW/cm2<
3305
Durability
5,000 hours<
10,000 hours
10,000 hours<
3305
Direct Methanol
3305
For PC and cell phone
Ultra-low methanol cross-over membrane
Fuel Cell (DMFC)
3305
Cost reduction
Low swollen membrane
3305
Improvement of durability
High activity catalyst
3305
3305
5711
5711 CO2 capture
5711
5711
5711
Pre-combustion
5711
Separation of CO2 from gasified/reformed gas
CO2 capture
5711
Chemical absorption
Membrane separation
5711
Physical absorption
5711
5711
5712
5712 CO2 capture
5712
5712
5712
Post-combustion
5712
CO2 capture
5712
Chemical absorption
Membrane separation
5712
Physical absorption/adsorption
5712
Efficient utilization of exhaust heat
5712
5713
5713 CO2 capture
5713
5713
Demonstration test with IGCC
5713
Oxy-fuel combustion
5713
Technology for membrane separation of oxygen
CO2 capture
5713
High efficient production of oxygen
5713
5713
CO2 capture technology
5713
5721
5721 CO2 storage
Aquifer storage
Domestic potential
5721
Storage in coalbed seams(storage in aquifers)
5721
Storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs
Up to 15 million ton – CO2
5721
Geological storage
5721
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) / enhanced gas recovery (EGR)
of CO25721
Technology for monitoring and prediction of underground CO2 behavior
5721
Survey of CO2 volume stored in reservoirs and expansion of utilization of CO2
5721
Cost reduction for geological storage systems
5721
Techniques for environmental impact/safety assessment
5722
5722 CO2 storage
5722
5722
5722
Ocean storage5722
of CO2
Scientific understanding of CO2 diffusion and biological impact of CO2 in ocean
5722
Matching simulation and experiments for CO2 diffusion
5722
Matching biological impact model and experiments
Dissolution and dilution (fixed-type, movable-type)
5722
Techniques for environmental impact/safety assessment
5722
Sequestration and storage of CO2 in seabed99

Figure 5.3 Deployment Scenario for "Stable Supply and Efficient Clean Use of Fossil Fuels"
In order to secure a stable supply of fossil fuels, including oil and natural gas, Japan should promote theIn order to secure a stable supply of fossil fuels, including oil and natural gas, Japan should promote thedevelopment of advanced technologies contributing to its acquisition of access to overseas resources, anddevelopment of advanced technologies contributing to its acquisition of access to overseas resources, anddevelopment and deployment of technologies for efficient and clean utilization of fossil fuels to reduce theirdevelopment and deployment of technologies for efficient and clean utilization of fossil fuels to reduce theirenvironmental load.
environmental load.
2010

Background at home
and abroad

2005

2015

2020

New National Energy Strategy

2030-(Rolling)

Development of nearzero-emission fossil fuelpower stations by 2030

Promotion of the European Strategic Technology Plan
(Clean energy technology development)

AN ENERGY POLICY FOR EUROPE

Advanced Energy
Initiative

2025

Clean coal development

Enhancement of support for oil Improvement of technologies for development of fossil fuel resources, enhanced recovery and production
Enhanced oil/gas recovery (EOR, EGR)
and natural gas development companies

Technologies for exploration, development
and production of oil, natural gas and coal

Enhancement of oil/gas reserveand other contingency measures

Development and production of unconventional oil/gas resources
Creation of international frameworks
for frontier area development
・コールベッドメタン増進回収技術（ECBMR）
Introduction of undergroundnatural gas storage and NGH transportation system
Efficient development of pipelines and other infrastructure

Development of supply infrastructure,and promotion of cooperation of
supply facilities and third party access

Advanced technology for mining and cleaning of coal

Efficient utilization in res/com andEfficient utilization in industrial processes
industrial sectors (high-efficient(oil-refining process, advanced integrationcogeneration, high-efficientof petrochemical complexes, etc.)
industrial furnaces, burners, etc.)
Advanced refining of heavy crude oil

Subsidies and tax incentives
for creation of initial demand

Efficient utilization in transport sector(natural gas vehicles,
hybrid vehicles, etc.)

Development of fuelspecification standards

Efficient utilization ofoil and natural gas

Deployment of high-efficiency natural gas power generation
Utilization of GTL in transport sector

Production of synthesis diesel
fuel form asphalt (ATL), etc.

Advanced refining and effective utilization of oil sands and other unconventional oil
Diversification of
supply sources

Advanced upgrading of ultra-heavy oil

Technologies for utilization of oil sandand other unconventional fossil fuel resources

Improving efficiency ofcoal fired power generation

IGCC

Enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) recovery
Development of methane
hydrate (MH) resource
and commercial production

IGFC

A-USC

Clean coal technologies

A-IGCC/
A-IGFC

Low-rank coal Upgrading and utilization of low-rank coal
Effective utilization in industrial processes
Multipurpose uses of coal gasification(Next-generation coke production, etc.)
Utilization of CTL in transport sector
Deployment of CCS

CO2 capture and storage (CCS)
Ensuring safety of CCS andpromotion of social acceptance

Attainment of international and social agreements

Post-combustion CO2 capture

Pre-combustion CO2 capture
Geological storage of CO2

Co-utilization of fossil fuels and biomas

Other and common technologies

Common relevantmeasures

Underground coal gasification

Stable supply and efficient clean use of fossil fuels

Major technology development projects and relevant measures

Development of resource
acquisition guidelines

Ocean storage of CO2
Co-production ofmaterials and energy

Efficient production and utilization of hydrogen from fossil fuels

Enhancement of comprehensive relationship with resource-rich countries(R&D collaboration, expansion of persnal exchanges, enhancement of economic cooperation, etc.)
Positive promotion of cooperation with Asian countries in energy and environmental fields

100