BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch22（2005）8187

βJ◎JapaneseSocietyofSnowandIce

Submission to BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch（Report）

Concentrations．deposition rates and source variations of n−aJkanesin Sofiyskiy
Glacier．Russian A［taiMountains

TakayukiMIYAKEl，Fumio NAKAZAWA2．Mika KOHNO3．Jun UETAKE4．KeisukeSUZ
TakaoKAMEDA6．YoshiyukiFUJH3・7．MasayoshiNAKAWOlandKeiichiOHTA8

1ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature，335Takashima−Cho，MarutamachiLdoriKawaramachinishi−iru，KamlgyO−ku，Kyo

602AO878，Japan，E−mail：tmiyake＠chikyu．acjp
2Graduate SchoolofScience，NagoyaUniversity，Furo−Cho，Chikusa−ku，Nagoya4648601，Japan
3NationalInstituteofPolarResearch，1910，Kaga，Itabashi−ku，Tokyo1738515，Japan

4FacultyofBioscienceandBiotechnology，TokyoInstituteofTechnology，2−121，00kayama，Meguro−ku，Tokyo152−855l，Ja
5FacultyofScience，ShinshuUniversity，3」ト1，Asahi，Matsumoto，Nagano3908621，Japan
6FacultyofEngineering，KitamiInstituteofTechnology，165Koen−Cho，Kitami，HokkaidoO90L8507，Japan

7SchoolofMultidisciplinarySciences，TheGraduateUniversityforAdvancedStudies，ShonanVillage，Hayama，Kanagawa240
0193，Japan
8SchoolofEnvironmentalScience，TheUniversityofShigaPrefecture，2500Hassaka−Cho，Hikone，Shiga522u8533，Japan（ReceivedOctober4，2004；Revisedmanuscriptreceived December2，2004）

Abstract
Snow andicesamplesco11ected from asnow pitand underlyingicelayersin SofiyskiyGlacier，Russian AltaiMountains，Wereanalyzedforn，alkanesbygaschromatography．Thetotalconcentra−
tionsofn−alkanes（T−HCs）widelyrangedfrom O．67to9．86ngglinthesamples．Annualdeposition
fluxes ofn−alkanesshowed aseasonalvariation with higherlevelsduringsprlng than autumn．The
valuesofcarbon preferenceindex（CPI）ofn−alkanesrangedfrom O．95to3．35，Whichweresimilarto

thosereportedforsnowsamplesinHimalayaandurbanaerosoIs．Thehighervaluesamongthemwere

closetothosereportedofn−alkanesinloessparticles，Whichwereofplantwaxorigin．Boththe3．00−
7．57m and the12．14−16．80mlayers had higher concentrations and annualdeposition fluxes ofnon−WaxCn，SuggeStingthattherelativecontributionofanthropogenicn−alkanes，forexample，fossil−
fuelcombustionproducts，tOSofiyskiyGlacierwouldincreaseinrecentyears．TheWaxCnrepresent−
ingaportionofn−alkanesderivedfromplantwaxesinT−HCswidelyrangedfrom7．3to65．5％inthesesamples．Itisevidentthatn−alkanesofplantwaxescouldcontributelessthan50％toT−HCsinmost

Samplesatthisglacier．

l．lntroduction（Delmas，1992；GRIPmembers，1993；Petitetal．，1999）．

Someorganiccompoundscan begoodindicators

Itis wellknown that various organic andinor−
ganic compounds existin glaciers andice sheets on

foranthropogenic and／ornaturalsources．Forexam−
Ple，POlycyclicaromatichydrocarbons（PAHs）areemi−
tted together with soot（elementalcarbon）chie月ypogenic sourcesinto the atmosphere，tranSPOrted byare emitted from anthropogenic（fossilfuelpheric chemical reactions during the transport

acidsareknowntobetracersofatmosphericreactions

thecontinents，GreenlandandAntarctica．Thesecom− fromfossilfuelcombustionandbiomassburning，and
SOmeSaturatedstraight−Chainhydrocarbons（n−alkanes）
POundsareemitted from variousnaturaland anthro−

Windanddepositedthroughsnowfalland／ordryfall−
Out．Some compounds can be generated by atmos−（Finlayson−PittsandPitts，1986；SeinfeldandPandis，1998）．
Thus，the chemicalanalysIS Ofice cores providesin−

formationontheglobalenvironmentalchangeinclud−
ingconcentration onsourceandtransportprocessof
Chemicalcompoundsaswellasatmosphericcondition

COmbustion）and natural（plants and soil）sources（SeinfeldandPandis，1998；Simoneit，2002）．Someorganic（Seinfeld and Pandis，1998）．However，the results fororganic analysis of the ice core have been reported
muchless than those for theinorganic one（Legrandand Mayewski，1997；Kawamura，2002）．
In thisstudy，the analysIS forn−alkaneswascar−Bulletin ofGlaciologlCalResearch＆2

Oursampleswerecollectedfromanicecoreanda
pit as we11as snowfallat Sofiyskiy Glacier．Theice
COre and snow samples were then thawed with theSame Sampling procedure of Fujiietal．（2002）．Since

Onlyasma11amountofsample（20mLportionofeach

20−OrlO−Cm SeCtion ofice core and snow samples）

COuldbeusedfororganicanalysesoficecoreduetoa
limitedsampleamount，thewatersamplestakenfrom

25sections were combined withoutfiltration．Thus，
five samples，eaCh of which covered ca．5m depthin
theice core，Were Obtainedin series．In a similarmanner，fivesamples（1morO．5mdepth／eachsample）

Were Obtained from a pit．Allthese samples wererefrigeratedinsitutopreventthebiodegradation．The

fresh snowfa11samples（SeVen Samples）were takenfrom the glacier surface after snowfa11．After theseproceduresinsitu，allfrozensamplesfororganicana−

1yses were sent toJapan and keptin a freezer until
analysIS．
After the samples were melted at room tempera−
turein thelaboratory，they werefi1tered throughthe

glassfiberfilter（Whatman，GF／F，diameter：25mm）

whichwascombustedbeforeuseat450 0cfor4hours
to remove organic matters．The particle matters on
the 自1ter were extracted three times with 5mL ofOrganicsolventinanultrasoniccleanerfor5mineachtime；firsttimewithmethanol／dichloromethane（2：1），

and second and third times with dichloromethane．

The extracts were combined，創tered and concen−

trated．Thecondensatewasfractionated byacolumn

Chromatographusinglgofsilicagel（Merck，Silicage160）whichwassufhcientlypre−Cleaned withhexanetoin Russian AltaiMountains．
remove organic contaminants．The n−alkanes were
eluted with4mL of hexane．The n−alkanes fraction
ried out to ice and snow samples collected fromWaS Spiked with aninternalstandard（Merck，C24D5O）
SofiskiyGlacier，RussianAltaiMountains，tOeStimateanddried by usingarotaryevaporatorand nitrogen
Fig．1．Map of Sofiyskiy Glacierand thesamplingsite

main anthoropogenic and naturalsources of those．
Herewereportourresultstogetherwiththechangein

Stream．

The dried n−alkanes fraction was dissolvedin di−annualdepositionfluxesofn−alkanes．

Chloromethane（20pL），and then measured by a gas

2．Methods（GCTFID，Shimadzu，GC−14B）withafusedsilicacapillary
COlumn（GLSciences，TC−1：0．25mmi．d．x30mlength，0．25FLm Offi1m thickness）．The GCconditionswereas
follows；injector temperature：3000c，detector tem−
Perature：3000c，COlumn temperature program：from

SofiyskiyGlacierislocatedinAltaiMountainsof

SOuthern Russian Federation（Fig．1）．It runs 6km
fromMt．Brat（3，867m）downtothealtitudeof2，500m（Fujiietal．，2000）．The glaciologicalobservation andSampling were conducted on the glacier at a site of

49047′10 N，87043′43 Eand3，450ma．s．l．duringJuly6−17，2001．Theglaciologicalsettingandsamplingpro−
Cedures were describedin detailby Fujiietal．（2000
and2002）．Anice core（25．3m−depth）was taken fromthe accumulation area of the glacier and snow sam−

plesfromapit（4．5m−depth）wasexcavatedabout50−m

northwest of the drilling site．The accumulation rate
in snow depth wasl．78m that wasmeasured usinga

fiⅩedstakefromJuly2000toJuly2001atthisglacier（Nakazawaetal．，2004）．

chromatograph with a flame ionization detector

80to300 0c at3 0c min1andthe holdtime：10minat

300Oc．Anintegrator（Shimadzu，C−R6A）wasusedasa
recorder of chromatogram．Detectionlimits forindi−vidualn−alkaneswereca．severaltoovertenpgglfor
SeVeral−hundredmLsamples．Analyticalreplicatepre−
Cision（n＝3）of gas chromatograph forindividualn−alkanes were below ca．5％．The blanklevels of or−

ganicsolventsfornTalkaneswerelessthanlO％ofthe
peaklevelsofthesamples．
TheorganicsoIvents（HPLCorpesticideanalysis

grade）were purchased from Wako Chemicals．The
WateruSedwaspreparedbyMilli−QGradient（Millipore）

Miyakeetal．

＆ヲ

Tablel．Totalconcentrations（T−HCs），CPI（Carbon PreferenceIndex）and percentages of WaxCn of n−alkanesin（a）ice
COre（OM−15），（b）snow from apit（OM−6．10）and Snowfall（OM−1117）at SofiyskiyGlacierin200l．
（a）Icecore（b）Snow

Depth，m l．91−7．57 7．57−12．1412．1416．8016．8020．52 20．52−24．29 0Ll．00 1．002．002．003．
SampleID OM−1
T−HCs〜1）

CPIb）
Wax C77，％

3．53

1．86

39．6

0M−2

0M−3

1．61

0M−4

2．54

1．80
38．7

l．37

1．18
15．4

1．46
30．5

OM−5

0M−6

OM−7

1．08

2．78

1．70

1．30

1．32

18．1

18．6

1，17
15．3

0M−8
3．18
3．07

49．6

0M−9 0M−10
NMC）

3．58

NM〔）

1．26

NMC） 18．2（c）Snowfall

Samplingtime O8：00／JulJO916：00／Jul．／1119：00／Jul．／12 09：00／Jul．／13 09：30／Jul．／14 20：00／Jul．／14 09：30／Jul．／15
Sample ID
T−HCsa）

CPIb）

WaxCn，％

OM−11

2．47
1．83
37．8

0M−12
NMC）
NMC）
NMC）

0M−13

9．86
1．96
44．9

OM−14

0M−15

OM−16

0．67

2．83

3．01

2．17

0．95

2．30

1．81

3．35

7．3

51．6

42．5

0M−17

65．5

Unit：ngg10fT−HCs．
a）Totalconcentrationofn−alkanesfrom C21tO Cこ∃2．
b）CPI＝（C2129（。dd））／（C2230（evpn））．

C）NM；n−alkanescould notbemeasured．

after deionization and disti11ation（Yamato，Autostill
WG200）．
The main sources of n−alkanes were estimatedbased on their CPI（Carbon PreferenceIndex）values，

homologue distributions and the contribution ratios

Then−alkanesintheicecore，SnOWpitandsnow−

fall samples from Sofiyskiy Glacier consisted of thehomologues with carbon numbers from21（C21）to32（C32）．Thetotalconcentrationsofn−alkanes（T−HCs）are

listed with the CPIvalues and WaxCn percentagesin

Of biogenic（WaxCn）or anthropogenic（non−WaxCn）
Tablel．The T−HCs valuesin theice core and snow
SOurCeS．The values ofcarbon preferenceindex（CPI）
Sampleswereintherangeofl．08−3．53andl．70−3．58ng
WereCalculatedfordeducingthesourcesofn−alkanes． g1，reSpeCtively．Inthesnowsamplescollectedduring
The CPIvalues，the preferenceofn−alkaneswithodd SnOWfall，theT−HCswidelyrangedfromO．67to9．86ng
Carbonnumbersoverthosewithevencarbonnumber，
gl．TheT−HCsvalueswereatthesameorderasthe
Were uSed suchas Simoneitetal．（1977）and Simoneit
totalconcentrationsofn−alkanes（C15−C33）insnowsam−
andMazurek（1982）．Inthisstudy，theCPIvalueswere ples（0．86−1．57ngg1）ofDasuopuGlacierinthecentral
Calculatedaccordingtothefollowingequation（1）．
Himalayas（Ⅹieetal．，2000）and a rain sample（1．2ngg】）collectedinNagoya，Japan（Miyake，unpublished
CPI＝（C21＋C23＋C25＋C27＋C29）
data）．However，they wereoneorderas highasthose／（C22＋C2。＋C26十C28＋C30）．
of n−alkanes（0．240−0．510ng gl）inice core samples
The contribution of biogenic and anthropogenic
from Site−），Greenland（Kawamuraand Suzuki，1991）．
（1）

SOurCeStOn−alkanesinthe SofiyskiyGlaciersamples
WaS also evaluated more quantitatively by the met−

This suggests that the Asian continental glaciers
Sufferhighloadingofchemicalmaterialsfromnatural
hodofSimoneitetal．（1991）．Theypresumedthateach and anthropogenic sources through the atmosphericn−alkaneinthesamplewasderivedfromtwosources，
transportincomparisonwithGreenlandandAntarctica
i．e．，VaSCular plant wax and fossil−fuelcombustion asanthropogenicandbiologlCalactivitiesare highin

PrOducts（mainlypetroleum），andthattheCPIvalueof the Asian continent．
petroleum−derived n−alkanes was 〜l．0．The wax−
Theannualdepositionfluxesofn−alkanestoSofi−
derivedportioninthen−alkaneswithcarbonnumbers
yskiyGlacierwereestimatedfromtheT−HCs，iceden−
Ofn（WaxCn）wasestimatedbysubtractinganaveragesity and annuai layer depth determined by pollen
COnCentration of next higher（Cn＋1）andlower（Cn1）analysis（Nakazawa etal．，2004）．We calculated thehomologuesfromtheconcentrationofCn（equation2）． annualdepositionfluxesofn−alkanes from surface（ONegative values of WaxCn were taken as zerom）to16．80m−depthinthesnow（0−3．00m，n＝3）andice（Simoneitetal．，1991）．
COre（3．00−16．80m，n＝3）samples at Sofiyskiy Glacier，
WaxCn＝［Cn］−［（Cn＋1）＋（Cn′）］／2．

3．Results and discussion
3J Concentrationanddepositionjluxqfn−alkanes

because pollen analyses were made from surface to（2）

18．60m−depth．Kameda etal．（2003）reported thaticelayersatrelativelyregularintervalsofabout2mwere
Observedin theicecoretakeninSofiyskiyGlacierin

2000．Furthermore，aCCOrding to the stratigraphy ofKameda etal．（2004）and Nakazawa etal．（2004），thinBulletin ofGlaciologicalResearch＆ク（a）nCentratn，ngg−1
s。

3

（b）
。

．

1

5

（d）

0 q
ノ

l

ノ

l

ハ
リ
ノ 0

ノ

l
l

7
﹁
O

0 0 5
ノノ4
0 ∩
ノフ

l
l
l
l

0 0
ノノ
q ∩
ノフ
∩∩
フフ
0 ▲
ノu
ノ

つ
J
2
1
0

nOn− axCJl
0．51（C）Averagewateraccumulationrate，

1．5

mw．e．a−1

Fig．2．（a）Totalconcentrations（T−HCs），（b）annualdepositionfluxes ofn．alkanes（stacked bars with scale axisin top），（c）
average water accumulation rates（white and black dashedlines with scale axisin bottom）and（d）time scale ofsummerlayerdetermined by pollen analysis（Nakazawaetal．，2004）inicecoreandsnow samplesat So頁yskiyGlacier．
TLHCs andfluxes ofn−alkanes and water accumulation rates are obtained from snow（0−3．00min depth）andice core
（below3．00min depth），reSpeCtively．

inBltrationicelayersandthickfirnlayersexceptat7−8m and15−16min depth withthickicelayers werealternately observed until18m depthin theicecore．
Thus，the seasonalfluctuation patterns seemed to be
Observed obviouslyin n−alkanes more thaninionic
COmpOSitionsandisotopesof waterin theice coreas

mostn−alkanes，eSPeCially homologuesof those more

thanC25，eXistasparticulatephasein theatmosphere（Kadowaki，1994），althoughperhaps theicelayersare
formedatthepreviousspring−SummerSurfacebyper−

COlationofmeltwaterinthenextsummer（Kamedaetal．，2003）．Furthermore，n−alkanes may be relatively

Stableinicelayer since thesein the atmosphere are
more stable than other organic compounds（alkenes

and aromatics）（Finlayson−Pitts and Pitts，1986）in

Spiteofnosufhcientdataonpreservationinicelayer．
Therefore，itseems that the annualdepositionfluxes
Ofn−alkanesarerelativelyreasonablebecausesample

intervals（ca．5m）aremorethanannualaccumulation
insnowdepth（1．78m；Nakazawaetaム，2004），although

Verticaltransport and preservation of n−alkanesin
SnOWandicelayersarenotsoIveduntilfuturestudies．
Figure2shows the profi1es of T−HCs from O to24．29min depth，annualdepositionflux ofn−alkanes

andaveragewateraccumulationratesfromOto16．80
m with time scale of summer layer determined by

POllen analysis（Nakazawa etal．，2004），in the snow
andice core samples．The concentration and deposi−
tionflux values of n−alkanesin the3．007．57mlayer
arecalculatedfromOM−1（1．917．57mlayer）inTablel．
These two profi1es were similar to each other，al−thoughthe wateraccumulationratesestimatedfrom
theice density and annua11ayer depthlargelyfluct−uatedfromyeartoyear．Wespeculatethatthedeposi−

tionfluxes of nTalkanesin Sofiyskiy Glacier would

mainly depend on atmospheric n−alkanes concentra−Miyakeetal．

0．8

0．4

0．6

0．3

0．4

0．2

0．2

0．1

0

0

Cコ1C24 Cコボ C｝コ

CユICユ4 C2＄ Cぅ〕
0．20

＆与

一斗二

ハ
し

0

0．3

0．5

0．4

0．】5

0．3

−
C
C

し
︹
■
︑
⁚

0．10
0．2

t
．
叫
叫
ロ
ゴ
0
焉
出
已
O
U
喜
U

0．1

0

0

0．5

2．5

0．10

0．4

2．0

0．08

0．j

l．5

0．06

O▼2

1，0

0．04

0．1

0．5

0．02

0

0

0

0．8

0．20

0．6

0．15

C2】Cユ4 C2＄ CJ三

0，4

間…捌

C三IC24 C28 CIZ

間…甜

0．2

0

Cヱ1C之4 Cユ8 Cユ2

円

C21C24 Cコ8 C一三

C2】Cヱ4 C2ざ C，12

0．10

0．05

0

C2− Cユ4 C三月 C〕2Carbonnumber（C2）tOC32）
Fig・3・Thehomologuedistributionsofn−alkanesinicecore（（a）−（e）），SnOW（（f）一（i））andsnowfall（（j）−（0））
Samples at Sofiyskiy Glacier，and rain sample collectedin Nagoya，Japanin December2001（p）．
Envelopes upper or under the dashedlineindicate the estimated concentrations of n−alkanes
frornplantwaxes（WaxC〃）andpetroleum（non−WaxC，7）sources，reSpeCtively．

tion，although thefluxes ofnTalkanes are calculated

2001and2000，reSpeCtively，and thesecondone（1．00−
fromn，alkanesconcentrationsand averagewaterac− 2．00m）was during autumn seasonin 2000．Greater

Cumulationrates．Actually，VerticalvariationofT−HCs

depositionfluxes of n−alkanesin the top and thirdaccumulation ratein Fig．2．However，mOre meteOrO−

alkanes wereat higherlevelsinatmosphericconcen−
trationduringspringthan autumn．

Of n，alkanesis more than that of average water
loglCaldatainsituarenecessarytosolveintheprob−
1em．Thesnowsampleswerebetterintimeresolution

layers than the second one（Fig．2）showed that n−

than underlyingice−COre SamPles．The top（0−1．00m）
3．2．Sourcesqfn−alkanes
andthird（2．003．00m）layersinthepitwereshownby
The CPI values of n‑alkanes derived from plant
thepollenanalysistodepositduringspringseasonsin
WaXeS range5．9−9．2with strong odd・Carbon−numberBulletin ofGlaciologlCalResearchg∂Predominance，Whereas n−alkanes orlglnating from

15．4to39．6％inicecoresamples，from15．3to49．6％in
SnOW Samples and from7．3to65．5％in snowfallsamr
Values nearl（Gagosian etal．，1981；Simoneit and ples，reSpeCtively．Itisevidentthatn−alkanesofplant
Mazurek，1982；KawamuraandKaplan，1986）．Thus，the
WaXeS COuld contributeless than 50％ to T−HCsin

PetrOleumanditscombustionproductsshowtheCPICPIhas been used to evaluate the relative contribu，tion ofbiogenictoanthropogenicsources．Among15

SamPlesofSo丘yskiyGlaciersamples，13samplesgave
theCPIvaluesrangingO．952．30（Tablel），Whichwere
Similartothevalues（1．05−1．88）ofsnowsamplesfrom
Dasuopuglacier，CentralHimalaya（Ⅹieetal．，2000）．All
these values areclosetothoseofurban aerosoIs（1．82．8；Simoneit and Mazurek，1982）and urban rainin
Nagoya（0．97；Miyake，unpublished data），but are far
fromthose（3．8713．0）ofrainandsnowinsemi−ruralto

mostsamplesatthisglacier．

4．Conclusions
The present study showed that totaln−alkane

COnCentrations（T−HCs）widelyrangefromO．67to9．86

ng g1inice core，SnOW and snowfa11samples at

So負yskiy Glacier．The compositionalfeatures ofn−alkanesincludingCPIvalues，homologuedistribution

ruralareasreceivingbiogeniccontributions（Kawamura

patterns and WaxCn and non−WaxCnindicated thatn−alkanesin Sofiyskiy Glacier are derived from twociersin the Asian Continent are under the consider−nating from plant waxes and fossil−fuelcombustion

and Kaplan，1986）．This suggests that the glar

ableinfluence of anthropogenic sourcesin spite of

theirlong distances from urbanized areas．Two sam−ples of the Sofiyskiy Glacier gave the CPI values of

3．07（OMT8）and3．35（OM−17）．Thesevaluesarecloseto

the CPIof about3 reported for n−alkanesinloessmajor sources；SOil（loess）particle constituents origiL

PrOducts．Both the3．00−7．57m and the12．14−16．80m

layers had higher nonTWaxCn concentrationsand an−

nualdeposition Ruxes of n−alkanes．Thus，it seems

reasonablethattherelativecontributionofanthropo−

genicn−alkanes，forexample，fossil−fuel（mainlypetro−（Simoneitetalり1991），Whichwerederivedfromplant1eum）combustion products，tO Sofiyskiy Glacier
WaXeS．But，mOreStudiesarenecessarytoestimatethe WOuldincreasein recent years．Although the WaxC

contributionofloessfromthearidandsemi−aridareas

in Chinaton−alkanesin SofiskiyGlacier．

Figure2also shows the verticaldistributions of

WaxCn and non−WaxCn（totalWaxC ；petrOleum−
derived n−alkane concentrations）portions of T−HCs

andannualdepositionfluxesofn−alkanesinsnowand
icelayer with the estimated annualfluxes of corre−

SPOnding to waters．In theice core，the portions ofboth WaxCn and nonTWaxCn of n−alkanes have re−CentlyincreasedonboththeT−HCsandannualfluxes．
Especially，a peak appearedin the3．00−7．57mlayer

WhichbothWaxCnandnon−WaxCnportionsofT−HCs

and annualfluxes of n−alkanesin thislayer werelargestintheicecore，SuggeStingthattheintensityof
naturaland anthtopogenic sources of n−alkanes waslargerthanthepreviousperiod．Thus，itseemsreason−

able that the relative contribution of anthropogenicn−alkanes，forexample，fossil−fuel（mainly petroleum）

COmbustion products transported fromremoteurban
areas，tO Sofiyskiy Glacier wouldincreasein recent
year・

Figure3shows the homologue distributions ofrepresentingaportionofn−alkanesderivedfromplant

WaXeSin T−HCs widely ranged from7．3to65．5％in

thesesamplesattheglacier，itisevidentthatthoseof
plantwaxescouldcontributelessthan50％toTLHCs
in mostsamples．
AcknowIedgments

We would like to express our gratitude to theRussianparticIPantSinthefieldwork，namelyDr．Lev

M．Savatyugln Of Arctic and Antarctic ResearchInstituteinSt．Petersburg，Dr．SergueiM．Arkhipovof
Institute of Geographyin Moscow and Mr．Ivan A．

Ponomarev of the AltaiState Universityin Baunaul
fortheireffortoficecoredrillingatSofiyskiyGlacier，RussianAltaiMountainsin2000and2001．Thisstudy

WaSSuppOrtedbyGrant−in−AidforScientificResearch（No．11208202 and No．14209020）of the Ministry of
Education，Culture，Sports，Science and Technology，Japan．ThisstudywasalsosupportedbytheOasisPro−ject（Historicalevolution of adaptabilityin an oasis
region to water resource change）promoted by Re−

n−alkanesinice core，SnOW and snowfallsamples at

SearChInstituteforHumanityand Nature，Japanandbution pattern，Which had C29and C31aS the mosttion Funds for Promoting Science and Technology

Sofiyskiy Glacier with rain sample co11ected at

the research proJeCt Aerolian Dust Experiment on
Nagoya，JapaninDecember2001．Thehomologuedistri− ClimateImpact（ADEC） funded bySpecialCoordina−dominantn−alkanesin the glacier samples，indicatedthatn−alkaneswereofplantwaxorigin（Simoneitand
Mazurek，1982），althoughthedistributionpatternSho−

from the Ministry of Education，Culture，Sports，Sci−enceand Technology，Japan．

uldbeconsiderablymodifiedthroughthebiodegrada−

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