Online Appendix
A

Online Appendix Tables and Figures
Table A-1: National Mobile Phone and Internet Penetration Rate

ANC Vote Share

coef

coef

(SE)

(SE)

−0.020−0.044(0.005)(0.006)0.030−0.035(0.009)(0.01)−0.001−0.004(0.00)(0.00)DA Vote SharePop (’000)
Pop under 25 (’000)

0.006

0.013

(0.001)(0.001)

Fraction Male

0.200

0.030

(0.018)(0.021)

Frac Black

0.119

0.084

(0.009)(0.01)

Frac Coloured
Frac English Speaking

0.021

0.053

(0.006)(0.008)−0.0030.091(0.006)(0.008)

0.244

0.211

Frac w/ HS Diploma(0.011)(0.015)0.083−0.001(0.005)(0.004)Frac w/ Electricity
Frac w/ Computers

0.026

0.518

(0.015)(0.016)

Frac w/ Internet Access

0.064(0.012)

Constant

0.513

0.012

(0.012)(0.014)

Number of observations

4,276

4,276

Mean of Dep Var:

0.888

0.248

OLS regressions using census data at the ward levelon all wards in South Africa, weighted by ward-level
population to be nationally representative.

41

Table A-2: Responses to What’s Up questions (Passive Unincentivized Phase 2).
(1)
WhatsUpEver(binary)-0.002(0.002)(2)Campaign
Rallies(0-3)-0.251(0.161)(3)
Voter
Intimidation
(0-3)
0.010
(0.162)(4)
Violence
is justified(0-3)-0.463∗∗(0.213)(5)
Satisfied
Democracy(0-3)
0.317∗∗(0.128)

(6)
Trust
ANC
(0-4)
0.139
(0.204)

(7)
Trust
DA
(0-4)
0.045
(0.253)English Social Media

0.100∗∗∗(0.002)-0.168∗∗∗(0.053)-0.098∗(0.053)-0.170∗∗∗(0.061)-0.271∗∗∗(0.048)-0.741∗∗∗(0.063)-0.231∗∗∗(0.077)

Afrikaans Social Media

0.056∗∗∗(0.007)0.181∗∗∗(0.057)0.165∗∗∗(0.058)0.177∗∗∗(0.060)-0.175∗∗∗(0.057)-0.550∗∗∗(0.084)1.095∗∗∗(0.077)

Zulu Social Media-0.014∗∗∗(0.004)0.410∗∗∗(0.053)-0.196∗∗∗(0.063)-0.274∗∗∗(0.061)0.130∗∗(0.052)0.677∗∗∗(0.067)-0.086(0.074)

Twitter/Gtalk-0.009∗∗(0.004)
90646
0.008
0.040

-0.323(0.396)
5150
1.667
0.013

-0.605(0.388)
5112
1.744
0.005

-0.725∗(0.429)
5089
1.704
0.009

-0.527(0.388)
5172
2.281
0.012

-1.089∗∗(0.509)
5275
3.202
0.046

0.154
(0.642)
5229
2.023
0.037

USSD Non-Experimental

42

Observations
Mean for USSD standard
R squared

Notes: Table analyzes the response rates (Column 1) and actual answers to the ‘What’s Up’ questions, which were asked without response incentives in Phase 2 andrequired users to navigate through a menu to answer them. The USSD Experimental groups are the omitted category, so the comparisons provided in the table areobservational differences across channels. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table A-3: Responses to VIP questions (Passive Unincentivized Phase 2).
(1)
VIP
Ever
(binary)-0.001(0.003)(2)
Registered
to vote(binary)-0.040(0.038)(3)
Likelyto vote(0-3)-0.075(0.088)(4)
Zuma
Performance(0-3)-0.259∗∗(0.116)(5)
Local Govt
Performance(0-3)-0.113(0.116)(6)
AttendRally(binary)-0.149∗∗∗(0.049)(7)
AttendedProtests(0-2)-0.267∗∗∗(0.085)English Social Media

0.189∗∗∗(0.002)-0.160∗∗∗(0.012)-0.415∗∗∗(0.028)-0.637∗∗∗(0.038)-0.464∗∗∗(0.039)-0.175∗∗∗(0.016)-0.205∗∗∗(0.029)Afrikaans Social Media-0.037∗∗∗(0.007)-0.040∗(0.021)-0.239∗∗∗(0.063)-0.300∗∗∗(0.052)0.298∗∗∗(0.054)-0.047∗∗(0.023)-0.106∗∗∗(0.037)

Zulu Social Media

0.016∗∗∗(0.006)0.077∗∗∗(0.013)0.216∗∗∗(0.032)0.707∗∗∗(0.036)0.160∗∗∗(0.040)0.139∗∗∗(0.015)0.097∗∗∗(0.026)

Twitter/Gtalk-0.009(0.006)
90646
0.013
0.075

0.007
(0.069)
9300
0.792
0.016

-0.176(0.220)
9175
3.730
0.018

-1.205∗∗∗(0.134)
9150
1.969
0.066

-0.625∗∗∗(0.174)
9291
1.924
0.017

-0.423∗∗∗(0.093)
9224
0.727
0.020

-0.484∗∗∗(0.142)
9206
1.012
0.009

USSD Non-Experimental

43

Observations
Mean for USSD standard
R squared

Notes: Table analyzes the response rates (Column 1) and actual answers to the ‘VIP’ questions, which were asked without response incentives in Phase 2 andrequired users to navigate through a menu to answer them. The USSD Experimental groups are the omitted category, so the comparisons provided in the table areobservational differences across channels. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table A-4: Responses to Thermometer questions (Pushed twice Unincentivized Phase 2).
(1)
Answeredfirst push(binary)
0.007(0.005)(2)
SupportANC(binary)-0.001(0.023)(3)
SupportDA(binary)
0.006(0.017)(4)
Answeredsecond push(binary)-0.004(0.004)(5)
SupportANC(binary)-0.010(0.029)(6)
SupportDA(binary)
0.018(0.021)English Social Media-0.092∗∗∗(0.002)-0.179∗∗∗(0.037)

0.092∗∗∗(0.030)-0.061∗∗∗(0.002)-0.188∗∗∗(0.030)0.102∗∗∗(0.024)

Afrikaans Social Media-0.004∗∗∗(0.001)0.170(0.139)-0.112(0.091)-0.003∗(0.002)-0.282∗∗∗(0.087)-0.104∗(0.063)

Zulu Social Media-0.003∗∗∗(0.001)
72306
0.021
0.039

0.157∗(0.093)
4227
0.700
0.007

-0.203∗∗∗(0.029)
4227
0.116
0.005

-0.005∗∗∗(0.001)
72306
0.017
0.021

0.172∗∗(0.074)
3286
0.728
0.022

-0.188∗∗∗(0.032)
3286
0.117
0.010

USSD Non-Experimental

44

Observations
Mean for USSD standard
R squared

Notes: Table analyzes the response rates (Column 1) and actual answers to the two ‘Thermometer’ polling questions, which were pushed out by text message to allusers for whom we had a phone number and not incentivized. The USSD Experimental groups are the omitted category, so the comparisons provided in the table
are observational differences across channels. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table A-5: Responses to Push questions (Pushed Thrice incentivized Phase 2).
(1)
Ever answer
push(binary)
0.004(0.007)(2)
Campaigning
door-to-door(binary)-0.079∗∗(0.040)(3)
Voterindimidatation(binary)
0.015(0.042)(4)
Vote buying
with food(binary)
0.007(0.042)(5)
Political
rallies(binary)
0.044(0.040)(6)
Political
violence(binary)-0.093∗∗(0.043)(7)
Political
protests(binary)
0.106∗∗∗(0.040)English Social Media-0.178∗∗∗(0.002)0.061(0.056)-0.005(0.052)0.019(0.055)0.035(0.048)0.030(0.057)-0.014(0.062)Afrikaans Social Media-0.004∗(0.002)0.026(0.139)-0.031(0.194)-0.130(0.256)0.070(0.142)-0.329(0.200)-0.176(0.228)

Zulu Social Media-0.001(0.002)
73802
0.043
0.077

-0.104(0.136)
1704
0.634
0.004

0.176
(0.111)
1693
0.646
0.001

0.020
(0.120)
1562
0.685
0.000

0.057
(0.129)
1823
0.636
0.001

0.052
(0.133)
1622
0.688
0.005

0.003
(0.129)
1614
0.676
0.004

USSD Non-Experimental

45

Observations
Mean for USSD standard
R squared

Notes: Table analyzes the response rates (Column 1) and actual answers to the three ‘Push’ polling questions, which were pushed out by text message to all users
for whom we had a phone number and incentivized using the initial treatment status for USSD users. The USSD Experimental groups are the omitted category, so
the comparisons provided in the table are observational differences across channels. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table A-6: Responses to Voter Experience Survey (Incentivized post-election).
(1)
Ever
answer(binary)
0.011∗(0.006)(2)
Length ofQueue(minutes)
0.868(1.212)(3)
Materials
Correct(binary)
0.004(0.011)(4)
Confidence
in IEC(0-3)-0.053(0.042)(5)
Voter
intimidation(binary)-0.012(0.025)(6)
Electoral
tension(0-2)-0.188∗∗∗(0.049)(7)
Electoral
violence(binary)-0.029(0.025)English Social Media-0.120∗∗∗(0.002)

1.886∗(1.114)-0.009(0.011)-0.051(0.040)0.048∗∗(0.023)-0.002(0.044)0.024(0.023)Afrikaans Social Media-0.012∗∗∗(0.001)-4.244(6.551)-0.018(0.075)0.030(0.201)-0.128(0.123)0.079(0.255)-0.229∗∗(0.096)

Zulu Social Media-0.011∗∗∗(0.001)
90646
0.183
0.054

-3.887(3.500)4545
19.8870.001

0.059∗∗∗(0.011)
4381
0.949
0.001

0.208∗(0.120)
4726
2.527
0.001

-0.191∗∗(0.083)
4571
0.433
0.002

-0.005(0.211)
4172
1.224
0.003

-0.038(0.093)
4591
0.415
0.001

USSD Non-Experimental

46

Observations
Mean for USSD standard
R squared

Notes: Table analyzes the response rates (Column 1) and actual answers to the ‘Voter Experience’ questions, which were pushed out by text message to all users forwhom we had a phone number and incentivized using the initial treatment status for USSD users. The USSD Experimental groups are the omitted category, so thecomparisons provided in the table are observational differences across channels. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Table A-7: Engagement by Channel

47

USSD non-experimental
USSD Experimental
English Social Media
Zulu Social Media
Afrikaans Social Media
Twitter/GTalk

Yes, every votematters(1)
83.54%
79.19%
70.24%
58.99%
64.58%
78.45%

No but I’ll voteanyway
(2)
8.59%
9.05%
7.39%
18.44%
6.81%
9.25%

No so I’m not
voting
(3)
1.12%
1.91%
6.98%
6.67%
1.64%
1.64%

Not Registered
(4)
6.75%
9.84%
15.41%
15.89%
10.76%
10.66%

Cells give fraction of each channel (rows) that give each response to the engagement question “It’s election time! Do u think ur vote matters?” (columns) from the VIP:Voicedata among those who answered the question and were of voting age.

Table A-8: PCM Recruitment Experiment
Phase 1 Recruitment.
Total # Solicited via PCM
Total # Registered
Registered as % of PCMs
Difference with Standard
P-value on test of difference with Standard

USSD
Standard
13.8m
7,258

USSD
Free
16.1m
8,146

USSD
Lottery
19.9m
24,7620.0526%0.0506%-0.002%0.020

0.1244%0.0546%0.00003

Notes: Table provides the number of Please Call Me messages sent out by USSD treatment arm, and then the number ofregistered participants who clicked through from links from each kind of PCM. Because multiple PCMs may have been sent to thesame person, the third row represents the yield rate per PCM, not per person. P-values on differences calculated by creating an
inflated dataset with the number of PCMs sent and using successful registration as the outcome variable, with a robust regression
including dummies for the treatment arms.

48

Table A-9: Balance of Randomized Monitoring Invitations.

Incentivized to monitor
Observations
Mean for unincentived
R squared

(1)
USSD
Free
-0.004(0.003)
50814
0.144
0.000

(2)
USSD
Lottery
0.003(0.004)
50814
0.442
0.000

(3)
SocialMedia
0.001(0.004)
50814
0.227
0.000

(4)
Any
Phase 20.004
(0.004)
50814
0.501
0.000

(5)
Any
Demog
-0.004(0.004)
50814
0.424
0.000

(6)
High
Engagement
0.003(0.004)
50799
0.710
0.000

(7)

(8)

Age
-0.153(0.098)20435
24.469
0.000

Male
0.007
(0.007)
21269
0.477
0.000

(9)
Voted
2009
0.004
(0.007)
19542
0.404
0.000

Notes: Table analyzes the balance of the randomized experiment through which a high-engagement sample of users were invited to serve as Citizen Observers forthe election. The table uses the invitation to participate as an election monitor as the right hand side variable, explaining a set of covariates observed prior to thetime at which these invitations were sent out. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

49

Table A-10: Balance of the Actual Invitations Sent to Monitor.

High Monitoring Incentive
Observations
Mean for unincentived
R squared(1)
Any
Phase 20.017
(0.015)
1862
0.102
0.001

(2)
Any
Demog
0.011
(0.013)
1862
0.077
0.000

(3)
VolunteerSample0.001(0.006)
1862
0.014
0.000

(4)
High
Engagement
0.055(0.035)
792
0.614
0.003

(5)

(6)

Age
0.773
(1.325)145
26.203
0.002

Male
0.032
(0.076)
155
0.290
0.001

(7)
Voted
2009
-0.034(0.086)
138
0.607
0.001

Notes: Table analyzes the balance of the quasi-experiment through which a sample almost entirely consisting of USSD Standard users were given a High incentive
to serve as Citizen Election Monitors (50R) relative to a Low incentive (5R). This variation was generated by a data error and is not a clean randomized
experiment. The table uses the actual invitation to participate as an election monitor as the explanatory variable, with a set of covariates observed prior to the timeat which these invitations were sent out as the outcomes. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

50

Figure A-1: Project Timeline

Election Day
Phase 1:
Registration

April 7, 2014

Phase 3:
Voting and Observation

May 7

May 8

51
Phase 2:
Pre-Election Engagement
Day After
ElectionsFigure A-2: VIP:Voice Ad in Livity Magazine

Advertorial | Brought to you by Praekelt Foundation

52

WHAT:
VIP:VOICE is South Africa’s largest citizen-based election
platform. It allows us, the youth, to engage with election-related
info through the day we put our all-important X on the ballot
paper. VIP:VOICE is a multi-channel engagement portal. Thismeans VIP:VOICE has created a number of applications onsocial networks for us to engage in, voice our opinions, monitor
election activity and view all kinds of info regarding our 2014
elections.

WHY:
VIP:VOICE enables citizens like us to play a vital role in theelectoral process and helps make politicians accountable tous, their voters.

VIP:VOICE IS A SNAPSHOTOF WHAT’S HAPPENING IN
THE ELECTION FROM THE
GROUND UP.
YOU DECIDE HOW YOU
WANT TO ENGAGE AND ON
WHICH PLATFORM!

more active level as a citizen reporter so that you can report on

DIAL 120*7692*1#

MXIT:

ADD VIPVOICE2014 AS A
CONTACT TO GET STARTEDTWITTER: FOLLOW @VIP:VOICE2014 AND
DM US TO BEGIN!
#VIP:VOICE2014
G CHAT:

SEND A CHAT TO
VIPVOICE2014@GMAIL.COM TOGET STARTED.

MOBI:

INTERACT ON THE MOBI SITE
HTTP://YAL.MOBI/VIP/

VLIVE:PARTICIPATE ON VLIVEHTTP://LIVE.VODAFONE.COM/YAL

anything election-based, at any time, in a variety of ways.

10 Autumn 2O14

VIP:VOICE IS EXPECTED TO BE THE LARGEST ELECTION ENGAGEMENT PLATFORM EVER!
It is designed to empower and engage South African citizens during the election process right up through ElectionDay. The plan is to use the knowledge gained from VIP:VOICE to create future platforms for election campaigns
based in South Africa and in other countries, so that peeps can connect on a broader scale when it comes to theirlocal elections.

USSD:

HOW:
You can join the VIP:VOICE community as a follower, or on a

DID YOU KNOW...

Citizen monitoring is an exciting opportunity for
us to get involved, report what’s happening in ourcommunities and keep our elections free and fair.

NEW-SCHOOL = COOL
The old-school way of monitoring election processes has rarely engaged with South Africans like us. VIP:VOICE is the newschool way of sourcing information, by creating citizen reporters who will help observe the election process on the groundby placing the power in the hands of the voters.

Technology is taking over; let’s unite it with the power of people to improve elections!
11Figure A-3: USSD Interface for Engagement Question

53

Figure A-4: USSD Interface for Citizen Observing

54

Figure A-5: Report on Election Activities

55

Figure A-6: Ushahidi Dashboard map showing geographic distribution of citizen election reports in Phase 256

Figure A-7: Example of Declaration of Results Forms Photographed by Citizens via Photo Quick
Count

57

Figure A-8: Strata of election day observation, nation-wide

Figure A-9: Strata of election day observation near Durban, citizen and professional

58

B

Survey Question Wording

B.1

Phase 1: Please Call Me!

Control
Join VIP:Voice to help make elections 2014 free and fair. Dial *120*7692*2# Standard
rates charged

Treatment 1 – Lottery
Join VIP:Voice 2 help make elections 2014 free & fair. Dial *120*7692*3# & stand achance 2 win R55 airtime

Treatment 2 – Subsidy
Join VIP:Voice to help make elections 2014 free and fair. Dial *120*4729# 2 participate
for freeEngagement Question.
It’s election time! Do u
think ur vote matters?
1. YES every votematters
2. NO but I’ll voteanyway3. NO so I’m NOT voting
4. I’m NOT REGISTERED tovote
4. I’m TOO YOUNG to vote

Dis stemtyd! Dink jy joustem maak saak?
1. JA elke stem tel
2. NEE maar ek stem
nogtans
3. NEE ek gaan NIE stemnie
4. Ek’s NIE
GEREGISTEREER om testem nie
4. Ek’s TE JONK om testem

Yiskhathi sokhetho!
Liyasiza yini ivoti
lakho?
1. YEBO lelo nalelo voti
libalulekile
2. CHA kodwa ngizovota
3. CHA Yingakho
ngingavoti
4. ANGIKUBHALISELANGA
ukuvota
4. Ngisemncane; angivoti

After answering the voting question, users were then given the opportunity to immediately
accept the Terms and Conditions of joining the platforms. Alternatively, they were given theopportunity to read in more depth about the Terms and Conditions. This choice was presented asfollows:
Please accept the terms
and conditions to getstarted.
1. Accept & Join
2. Read t&c
3. Quit

Aanvaar asb bepalings &voorwaardes om te begin.
1. Aanvaar & Sluit aan
2. Lees B&V
3. Onttrek

59

Yamukela le imigomo
nemibandela ekuvumela
ukuqala.
1. Yamukela ujoyine
2. Funda imigomo
nemibandela
3. PhumaB.2

Phase 2: Pre-election digital surveys

Welcome Menu
Welcome to VIP!
1. Answer & win!
2. VIP Quiz
3. Report Election
Activity
4. View VIP results...
5. What’s up?
6. About
7. End

B.2.1

Welkom by VIP!
1. Antwoord & wen!
2. VIP-vasvra
3. Rapporteer
verkiesingsaksie
4. Sien VIP-uitslae...
5. Wat gaan aan?
6. Omtrent
7. Eindig

Siyakwamukela ohlelweni
i-VIP!
1. Phendula uwine!
2. Imibuzo ye-VIP
3. Bika umcimbi wokhetho
4. Bheka imiphumela
ye-VIP..
5. Kwenzenjani?
6. Ngalokhu
7. QedaDemographic Survey: Answer & Win

I am...
1. Male2. Female

Ek is...
1. Manlik
2. Vroulik

Ngingo...
1. wesilisa
2. wesifazane

How old are you?
1. u14
2. 15-19
3. 20-29
4. 30-39
5. 40-49
6. 50+

Hoe oud is jy?
1. o14
2. 15-19
3. 20-29
4. 30-39
5. 40-49
6. 50+

Uneminyaka emingaki?
1. ngaphansi kweyi-14
2. 15-19
3. 20-29
4. 30-39
5. 40-49
6. ngaphezu kwengama-50

Did you vote in the 2009
election?
1.Yes
2.No, could not/was notregistered
3.No, did not want to
4.No, other
5.SkipHet jy in die
2009-verkiesing gestem?
1.Ja
2.Nee, kon/was nie
geregistreer
3.Nee, wou nie
4.Nee, ander
5.Slaan oor

Wavota yini okhethweni
lwango-2009?
1.Yebo2.Cha,
angikwazanga/ngangingabhalisanga
3.Cha, angithandanga
4.Cha, okunye
5.Eqa

I am...
1. Black African
2. Coloured
3. Indian/Asian
4. White
5. Other
6. Skip

Ek is...
1. Swart Afrikaan
2. Bruin
3. Indiër/Asies
4. Wit5. Ander6. Slaan oor

Ngi...
1. ngumAfrika oNsundu
2. yiKhaladi
3. ngowomdabu
waseNdiya/waseEshiya
4. Mhlophe
5. ngokunye
6. EqaFor those users who entered on our smart phone channels, where we did not necessarily havetheir phone numbers, we also asked individuals for their phone numbers.
Please give us yourcellphone number so
we can send you yourairtime!

Gee vir ons jou
selnommer sodat ons vir
jou lugtyd kan stuur!

60

Sicel inombolo yeselula
yakho ukuze sikwazi
ukukuthumelel i-airtime
yakho!

B.2.2What’s Up

The “What’s Up” Section of questions asked a mixture of demographic and political questions,which we were interested in collecting, but which could not fit in the other sections of the platform.
These were, therefore, questions to which we expected lower response rates because they were notincentivized. Moreover, no push messaging went out to encourage people to fill them out in Phase2b.
The questions were worded as follows in our three languages:
How satisfied are youwith the way democracy
works in South Africa?
1. Very satisfied
2. Somewhat satisfied
3. Dissatisfied
4. Very dissatisfied
5. Skip

Hoe tevrede is jy met
die manier waarop
demokrasie werk in
Suid-Afrika?
1. Baie tevrede
2. Ietwat ontevrede
3. Ontevrede
4. Baie ontevrede
5. Slaan oor

Ugculiseke kangakanani
yindlela intando yabantu
esebenza ngayo kuleli?
1. Ngigculiseke kakhulu
2. Ngigculisekile
ngandlela thile
3. Angugculisekile
4. Angigculisekile neze
5. EqaDuring the past two
weeks, how frequently
have campaign rallies
occurred in yourcommunity? 1. Often
2. Several times
3. Once or twice
4. Never5. Skip

Gedurende die laaste
twee weke, hoe
dikwels het daar
verkiesingsaamtrekke
in jou gemeenskap
plaasgevind?
1. Dikwels
2. Verskeie male
3. Een of twee maal
4. Nooit
5. Slaan oor

Emasontweni amabili
edlule abe maningi
kangakanani amarali
okukhankasela ukhethoemphakathini wangakini?
1. Kaningi
2. Izikhathi ezimbalwa
3. Kanye noma kabili
4. Nakanye
5.Eqa

During the past 2 weeks,
how often have party
agents gone door todoor in ur community 2
mobilize voters?
1. Often
2. Several times
3. Once or twice
4. Never5. Skip

Gedurende die laaste
twee weke, hoe dikwels
het partyagente vandeur tot deur in jou
gemeenskap gegaan om
stemme te werf?
1. Gereeld
2. Baie male 3. Een oftwee maal
4. Nooit
5. Slaan oor

Emasontweni amabili
edlule abezinhlangano
bangene kangakanani
imizi ngemizi ngakini
benxenxa abavoti?
1. Kaningi
2. Izikhathi ezimbalwa
3. Kanye noma kabili
4. Nakanye
5. EqaDuring the past two
weeks, how frequently
have party agents
intimidated voters inyour community?
1. Often
2. Several times
3. Once or twice
4. Never5. Skip

Gedurende die laaste
twee weke, hoe dikwels
het partyagente kiesers
in jou gemeenskap
geı̈ntimideer?
1. Gereeld
2. Baie male
3. Een of twee maal
4. Nooit
5. Slaan oor

Emasontweni amabili
edlule abamele
izinhlangano babesabisekangakanani abavoti
ngakini? 1. Kaningi
2. Izikhathi ezimbalwa
3. Kanye noma kabili
4. Nakanye
5. EqaDuring the past two
weeks, how frequently
have party agentsGedurende die laaste
twee weke, hoe dikwels
het partyagente kiesers

Emasontweni amabili
edlule abamele
izinhlangano babesabise61

intimidated voters inyour community?
1. Often
2. Several times
3. Once or twice
4. Never 5.Skip

in jou gemeenskap
geı̈ntimideer?
1. Gereeld
2. Baie male
3. Een of twee maal
4. Nooit
5. Slaan oor

kangakanani abavoti
ngakini?
1. Kaningi
2. Izikhathi ezimbalwa
3. Kanye noma kabili
4. Nakanye
5. EqaHow much do you trust
the ANC?
1. A lot
2. Some3. Not much
4. Not at all
5. No opinion
6. Skip

Hoeveel vertrou jy die
ANC?
1. Baie
2. Biejie
3. Nie veel nie
4. Glad nie
5. Geen opinie
6. Slaan oor

Uyethemba kangkanani
i-ANC?
1. Kakhulu
2. Kakhudlwana
3. Hhayi kakhulu
4. Nakancane
5. Anginakuphawula
6. EqaHow much do you trust
the Democratic Alliance(DA)?
1. A lot
2. Some3. Not much
4. Not at all
5. No opinion
6. Skip

Hoeveel vertrou jy die
Demokratiese Alliansie(DA)?
1. Baie
2. Biejie
3. Nie veel nie
4. Glad nie
5. Geen opinie
6. Slaan oor

Uyethemba kangakananiiDemocratic Alliance(DA)?
1. Kakhulu
2. Kakhudlwana
3. Hhayi kakhulu
4. Nakancane
5. Anginakuphawula
6. EqaHow much do you trust
the Economic Freedom
Fighters (EFF)?
1. A lot
2. Some3. Not much
4. Not at all
5. No opinion
6. Skip

Hoeveel vertrou
jy die Ekonomiese
Vryheidvegters (EFF)?
1. Baie
2. Biejie
3. Nie veel nie
4. Glad nie
5. Geen opinie
6. Slaan oor

Uyethemba kangakanani
iEconomic Freedom
Fighters (EFF)?
1. Kakhulu
2. Kakhudlwana
3. Hhayi kakhulu
4. Nakancane
5. Anginakuphawula
6. EqaDuring the past year,
how often have u oranyone in ur family gone
without enough food toeat? 1. Never
2. Once or twice
3. Sometimes
4. Many times
5. Always
6. Skip

Gedurende die laaste
jaar, hoeveel maal het
jy of iemand in jou
familie nie genoeg kos
gehad om te eet nie?
1. Nooit
2. Een of twee maal
3. Soms
4. Baie maal
5. Altyd
6. Slaan oor

Gedurende die laaste
jaar, hoeveel maal het
jy of iemand in jou
familie nie genoeg kos
gehad om te eet nie?
1. Nooit
2. Een of twee maal
3. Soms
4. Baie maal
5. Altyd
6. Slaan oor

In South Africa, it issometimes necessary touse violence for a justcause:
1. Strongly agree
2. Somewhat agree
3. Somewhat disagree

In Suid-Afrika is dit
soms nodig om geweld
te gebruik vir ’n saak
waarin jy glo:
1. Stem sterk saam
2. Stem ietwat saam
3. Stem nie heeltemal

Kuleli zwe kuye kube
nesidingo sokusebenzisa
udlame ukufeza inhloso
ethile:1. Ngiivuma kakhulu
2. Ngiyavuma ngandlela
thile

62

4. Strongly disagree
5. Skip

saam
4. Stem glad nie saam
5. Slaan oor

3. Ngiyaphika ngandlela
thile.
4. Ngiphika kakhulu
5. EqaSometimes not votingis the best way toexpress your politicalpreferences:
1. Strongly agree
2. Somewhat agree
3. Somewhat disagree
4. Strongly disagree
5. Skip

Deur nie te stem nie
druk jy jou politieke
voorkeure die beste uit:
1. Stem sterk saam
2. Stem ietwat saam
3. Stem nie heeltemalsaam
4. Stem glad nie saam
5. Slaan oor

Ukungavoti kuye kube
yindlela yokuveza
ukuzikhethela
ngokwepolitiki:
1. Ngivuma kakhulu
2. Ngiyavuma ngandlelathile
3. Ngiyaphika ngandlelathile
4. Ngiphika kakhulu
5. EqaDuring the past year,
have you attended
a demonstration orprotest?
1.Yes, many
2.Yes, a few
3.No
4.SkipGedurende die laaste
jaar, het jy aan ’nbetoging of protesoptog
deelgeneem?
1. Ja, baie
2. Ja ’n paar
3. Nee
4. Slaan oor

Onyakeni odlule,wawuhambela yiniumbhikisho?
1. Yebo, eminingi
2. Yebo, embalwa
3. Cha4. EqaAre you registered tovote in the upcoming
elections?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Unsure
4. Skip

Is jy geregistreer om in
die komende verkiesing
te stem?
1. Ja
2. Nee3. Onseker
4. Slaan oor

Ukubhalisele yiniukuvota ezinkethweni
ezizayo?
1. Yebo
2. Cha3. Anginasiqiniseko
4. EqaHow likely is it thatyou will vote in theupcoming election?
1. Very likely
2. Somewhat likely
3. Somewhat unlikely
4. Very unlikely
5. Unsure
6. Skip

Wat is die kans dat
jy in die komende
verkiesing sal stem?
1. Beslis
2. Byna seker
3. Nie groot kans
4. Beslis nie
5. Onseker
6. Slaan oor

Maningi kangakanani
amathuba okuba uvote
okhethweni oluzayo?
1. Maningi kakhulu
2. Akhonywana
3 .Ayangabazeka kancane
4. Awekho nhlobo
5. Anginasiqiniseko
6. EqaWhich political party do
you feel close to?
1. ANC
2. Agang
3. COPE
4. DA
5. EFF
6. IFP
7. OtherBy watter politieke
party voel jy tuis?
1. ANC
2. Agang
3. COPE
4. DA
5. EFF
6. IFP
7. AnderIyiphi inhlangano
yezepolitiki
esenhlziyweni yakho?
1. ANC
2. Agang
3. COPE
4. DA
5. EFF
6. IFP

B.2.3

Push Questions63

8. I don’t feel close toa party
9. Skip

8. Voel nie tuis by eennie
9. Slaan oor

7. Enye
8. Ayikho esenhlziyweni
yami
9. EqaDuring the past year,
has your community
had demonstrations orprotests?
1. Yes, several times
2. Yes, once or twice
3. No
4. Skip

Gedurende die laaste
jaar, het jou gemeenskap
betogings of proteste
gehad?
1. Ja verskeie kere
2. Ja een of twee keer
3. Nee
4. Slaan oor

Onyakeni odlule,umphakathi wangakini ube
nayo yini imibhikisho?
1. Yebo, izikhathi
eziningana
2. Yebo, kanye noma
kabili
3. Cha4. EqaIf your community has
had demonstrations orprotests in the lastyear, were they violent?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Not applicable
4. Skip

As jou gemeenskap wel
betogings of proteste
gehad het, was daargeweld?
1. Ja
2. Nee3. Nie van toepassing
4. Slaan oor

Uma kuwkuthi umphakathi
wangakini waba nayo
imibhikisho ngonyaka
odlule, yayinodlameyini?
1. Yebo
2. Cha3. Awufanele lo mbuzo
4. EqaHow easy is it for yourneighbors to find out if
you voted?
1. Very easy
2. Somewhat easy
3. Somewhat difficult
4. Very difficult
5. Skip

Hoe maklik kan jou bureuitvind of jy gestemhet?
1. Baie maklik
2. Redelik maklik
3. Ietwat moeilik
4. Baie moeilik
5. Slaan oor

Kulula kangakanani
komakhelwane bakho
ukwazi ukuthi uvotile?
1. Kulula kakhulu
2. Kulula kancane
3. Kunzinyana
4. Kulukhuni kakhulu
5. EqaPeople in myneighborhood look downon those who do not
vote:
1. Strongly agree
2. Somewhat agree
3. Somewhat disagree
4. Strongly disagree
5. Skip

In my gemeenskap sienmense neer op jou as jy
nie gaan stem nie:
1. Stem sterk saam
2. Stem saam
3. Stem nie heeltemalsaam
4. Stem glad nie saam
5. Slaan oor

Abantu esakhelene
nabo bamthatha kancane
ongavoti:
1. Ngivuma kakhulu
2. Ngiyavuma kancane
3. Ngiyaphika kancane
4. Ngiphika kakhulu
5. EqaHow do you rate theoverall performance ofPresident Zuma?
1. Excellent
2. Good
3. Just Fair
4. Poor5. Skip

Hoe slaan jy President
Zuma se algeheleprestasie aan?
1. Uitstekend
2. Goed3. Middelmatig
4. Swak
5. Slaan oor

Ukuklelisa kanjani
ukusebenza kukaMengameli
Zuma ngokubanzi?
1. Kuhle kakhulu
2. Kuhle
3. Kuyagculisa khona
4. Akukuhle
5. EqaHow do you rate theoverall performance ofyour local government
councilor?

Hoe slaan jy die
algehele prestasie
van jou plaaslike
regeringsraadslid aan?

Ukuklelisa kanjani
ukusebenza kwekhansela
lendawo ngokubanzi?
1. Kuhle kakhulu

641. Excellent
2. Good
3. Just Fair
4. Poor5. Skip

1. Uitstekend
2. Goed3. Middelmatig
4. Swak
5. Slaan oor

2. Kuhle
3. Kuyagculisa khona
4. Akukuhle
5. EqaWhich party has
contacted you the mostduring this election
campaign?
1. None, I have not been
contacted
2. ANC
3. Agang
4. COPE
5. DA
6. EFF
7. IFP
8. Other
9. Skip

Watter party het jou die
meeste gedurende hierdie
verkiesingsveldtog
gekontak?
1. Nie een het my
gekontak nie
2. ANC
3. Agang
4. COPE
5. DA
6. EFF
7. IFP
8. Ander9. Slaan oor

Iyiphi inhlangano
ekuthinte kaningi
kunezinye ngalo
mkhankaso wokhetho?
1. Ayikho,
angithintwanga
2. ANC
3. Agang
4. COPE
5. DA
6. EFF
7. IFP
8. Enye
9. EqaDuring the past two
weeks, have you attended
a campaign rally?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Skip

Het jy ’n
verkiesingsaamtrek
gedurende die laaste
twee weke bygewoon?
1. Ja
2. Nee3. Slaan oor

Emasontweni amabili
edlule, ngabe
uwuyihambele yini irali
yomkhankaso?
1. Yebo
2. Cha3. EqaOpen-Ended Survey Reports on Campaigning Activity:
Choose report:
1. Party goingdoor-to-door
2. Party intimidating
voters
3. Party giving
food/money
4. Campaign rally
5. Campaign violence
6. Protest/Demonstrtn

Verslagtipe:
1. Party wat van deurtot deur gaan
2. Party wat kiesers
intimideer
3. Party wat
kos/geld/geskenke
uitdeel
4. Verkiesingsaamtrek
5. Verkiesinggeweld
6. Protes/Betoging

Khetha uhlobo lombiko:
1. Inhlangano ihamba
imizi ngemizi
2. Inhlangano isabisa
abavoti
3. Inhlangano
isabalalisa
ukudla/imali/izipho
4. Irali yomkhankaso
5. Udlame lokukhankasa
6. Umbhikisho

What is the title ofyour report?

Wat is jou verslag setitel?

Sithini isihloko sombiko
wakho?

Where did this event
happen? Please be as
specific as possible andgive address and city.

Waar het hierdie voorval
plaasgevind? Wees asb
baie spesifiek en gee
adres en stad/dorp.

Wenzekephi lo mcimbi?
Khomba indawo
ngangokusemandleni
unikeze ikheli
nedolobha.

Please select yourKies asb jou ligging uit

Khetha indawo yakho

65location from theoptions below:
1. *Location 1*
2. *Location 2*
3. *Location 3*
4. Moredie opsies hieronder:
1. *Location 1*
2. *Location 2*
3. *Location 3*
4. Meerkulezi ezilandelayo:
1. *Location 1*
2. *Location 2*
3. *Location 3*
4. Ezinye

Thank u for ur report!
Keep reporting & u may
have a chance to be an
official election day
reporter where u canearn airtime or cash forur contribution.

Dankie vir jou verslag!
Hou aan om verslag tedoen & jy staan dalk
’n kans om as amptelike
stemdagverslaggewer
gekies te word en lugtydof kontant vir jou
bydrae te verdien.

Siyabonga ngombiko
wakho! Qhubeka nokubika,
ungaba sethubeni
lokukhethwa njengozobika
ngokusemthethweni
ngosuku lokhetho, lapho
ungazitholela khona
i-airtime noma ukheshi
ngosizo lwakho.

Digital Follow up
On April 19th and April 29th, we sent out the following message to all users, where only the only
difference were platform specific instructions to respond to the message, which would be containedin the <ENTER PLATFORM> part of the message below.
On VIP:Voice 72000+ S.Africans believe their vote counts.Ur voice matters 2!<ENTER
PLATFORM> & complete Answer&Win 4 a chance to win R55 airtime!
On April 21st we pushed a message telling people about the result of the VIP quiz so far
and encouraging users to also participate. We did not distinguish between users who had alreadycompleted the section, so the message may have been redundant for some users.
On VIP:Voice 53% have reported protests in ur communities in the last year. Is thattrue 4 u? <ENTER PLATFORM> to have ur
voice heard in VIP Quiz!
This message was followed up by a message on April 29th updating the statistics from the “Answer& win” Section, which showed a dramatic increase the percentage of our users who had witnessed
protests.
On VIP:Voice 66% have reported protests in ur communities in the last year. Is thattrue 4 u? Dial *120*4279# to have ur voice heard in VIP Quiz!
Also on April 21, we also pushed a message exclusively to our smart phone channels, asking
people to fill out the “Answer & win” section.
So far VIPs rated Pres.Zuma’s performance: 25% excellent. 35% poor. How do u rate
him?Reply VIP &complete Answer&Win 4 a chance to win R55!
We also followed up with a message on April 29th telling people about the updated statistics on
Jacob Zuma, which had barely budged in the preceding 8 days.
So far VIPs rated Pres.Zuma’s performance: 26% excellent. 34% poor. How do u rate
him?Reply VIP &complete Answer&Win 4 a chance to win R55!

66

B.3

Phase 3: Digital Recruitment for Real World Participation

B.3.1

GOTV Messaging

We were also interested in how to use our platform to promote turnout. Hence, we ran an experimentwith one treatment group and two control groups to test the efficacy of information treatments
through the platform. We carried this out on the sub-sample of the people in our platform forwhom we had a phone number and who had signed the Terms and Conditions by the time themessaging went out. This was XXX percent of XXX.
Within the sub-sample, everyone for whom we had a phone number when the message was sentout was randomized into one of three groups. In the control group, we sent no message. In the twotreatment groups, the messaging read as follows:

Treatment 1
Make a choice, have a voice, vote!

Treatment 2
Make a choice, have a voice, vote! Your inked finger will show everyone that you havevoted!
Treatment 2 wanted to measure whether social pressure potentially increased people’s propensity
to vote.
In order to measure the outcome of these measures, we sent everyone in our sub-sample a follow
up SMS on whether they voted. The text read as follows
VIP wants to know if you voted? Reply 1 for Yes. Reply 2 for No.
If platform users responded, we asked them to dial into a separate USSD channel.
Join thousands of other South Africans and report about ur voting experience! Dial
*120*4729*2# t to have ur voice count.
If they responded no, we simply thanked them for their response with the following message:Thanks for ur response
If they dialed back into the system, we asked respondents to questions to attempt to verify theirvoting behavior. These questions were designed to ameliorate potential social desirability bias inrespondents’ saying they had voted, when in reality they had not.
What colours were the ballots at your voting station?
1. white&pink
2. green&yellow
3. pink&blue
4. blue&yellow
5. none of above
6. skip
If your phone has a camera, pls mms us a photo of your inked finger to show yourvote! U will be sent airtime for ur MMS.Send to vipvoice2014@gmail.com

67B.3.2

Recruiting Citizen Observers to Monitor

The message protocol was as follows:

Treatment
Be a citizen observer on May 7 & 8 because free & fair elections matter! Get R55
airtime for submitting all
observations. Are you interested?
1. Yes
2. No

Control
Be a citizen observer on May 7 & 8 because free & fair elections matter!
interested? U’ll be reimbursed R5
airtime for submitting all observations
1. Yes
2. No

Are you

Users could take three actions after being sent this message. First, they could choose not to respond.
Second, they could choose to respond by answering “No.” If participants did respond they were
not interested by answering “No,” then they were thanked for their participation.
Third, users could respond in the affirmative by answering “Yes.” If they answered yes andagreed to be part of the election observer team, then they had to go through two additional steps.
First, they had to agree to a second set of Terms and Conditions. Second, if they agreed to theTerms and Conditions, then we asked them a series of questions to be able to ascertain their voting
district. This series of questions went to all users, both in the treatment and control groups andwere designed to so that each question was more specific than the previous, in order to ensure that
we could appropriately ascertain each individuals voting district. The questions, which were asked
sequentially, were as follows:
2 b observer we need 2 know where u vote! Tell us the Province u live in:
1. EC
2. FS
3. GP
4. KZN
5. Limp
6. MP
7. NCape
8. N West
9. WCapeThanks! Now we need ur town, suburb or district so we r sure of ur voting station
What is the name of your voting station?
Pls type out. Example: KUNI PRIMARY SCHOOL
We’ll use the IEC lookup service 2 confirm ur voting station with ur ID. Pls enter ID
number OR Write "NO" & we’ll try 2
ensure u can still observe if we verify ur voting station
Those assigned to treatment group got a special message back about when they would be paid.
Thanks 4 volunteering 2 b an election observer! U will get R5
for airtime & R50 after u complete all tasks. U will get SMS
about where u will b observing soon!

68B.3.3

Digital Observers: Follow-up

We sent our digital observers two sets of reminder messages.
Hi Citizen Observer! Ull b asked to see the results form at ur voting station the day
after the election. We’ll SMS u Thursday to get the result.
Hi Citizen Observer! Pls go see the results form at ur voting station now. We’ll SMS to
get your report and share with fellow citizens!
On Thursday, May 8th we sent out the following messages. We sent the messages in order andrespondents only received the subsequent message, if they replied to the immediately precedingmessage. We decided to also ask for photos of the tallies, though it was not expected that respondents would be able to send a photo of the tally, since having a smart phone was not a requirement.
We also had to ask respondents to send these photos vial email because the VUMI system itself
had no way of storing images.
Hi Citizen Observer! Please answer when ur at station ready to make ur report: Is
national results form posted at ur voting station? reply SMS 1 Yes 2 No
Pls SMS ANC vote total from national results form at ur voting station if you can’t
read SMS "NR"Thx for ur response! You will get ur airtime shortly. Pls send a MMS photo of thenational results form to vipvoice2014@gmail.com. R20 airtime if u send photo!
Thanks! You will receive your airtime soon!

B.3.4

Voter Experience Survey

On election day itself, everyone in the platform (including those who we had recruited as digitalobservers) who had signed the Terms and conditions and for whom we had a phone number (including all those who entered on other channels, but who provided us a phone number) was sent
an SMS encouraging them to dial into a USSD number for free to tell us about their election day
experience. The message read as follows:
Join thousands of other South Africans and tell us about your experience on election
day! Dial*120*4729*1# It’s free to dial!
If users timed out of the system, they got the following message:
Hi VIP! Make sure ur voice is heard. Please dial back in to*120*4729*1# to complete ur election experience questions! It’s FREE.
VIP: Voice!
The questions themselves were designed to ask about election day problems known from theAfrican context, as well as questions asking people to rate the process. The wording of the questions
were the following:
How long are voters waiting in queue b4 voting?
1. less than 10min
2. 10-30 min
3. 30min to 1hr

69

4. more than 1hr
5.skipDid the voting station have all necessary materials and working
equipment?
1. yes
2. no
3. don’t know
4. skip
How would you rate the overall performance of IEC officials at thevoting station?
1. excellent
2. good
3. fair
4. poor5. skip
Did you observe party agents campaigning outside of the voting station?
1. yes2. no
3. skip
Please report the environment outside the polling station:
1. very tense
2. somewhat tense
3. not tense
4. skip
Did you observe or hear about any violence in or around the polling station?
1. yes2. no
3. skip
Did you observe or hear about any incidents of intimidation inor around the polling
station?
1. yes2. no
3. skip
Did the voting station provide adequate privacy to ensure ballot
secrecy?
1. yes2. no
3. skip70