Reproduced with permission from Vetstream Ltd www.vetstream.com

Kitten socialization
Contributors: Ellis S

Introduction•

The early psychological development of kittens is of concern to the veterinary
profession because inadequate socialization and habituation can result in cats who
are fearful and/or anxious of people, other animals and of the general environment
surrounding them. Many behavior problems such an inappropriate elimination andaggression (both human and cat-directed) are often a behavioral expression of suchfear and anxiety which can hold serious negative consequences in terms of animal
welfare.

Definitions: socialization, sensitive period, habituation, sensitization
Socialization••••

The process whereby an animal learns how to recognize, interact and bond with thespecies with which it cohabits.
In the case of the cat, this will include humans, other cats and potentially otherspecies such as dogs.
During adequate socialization, the animal should develop appropriate social behavior
towards their own species and those others in which they are appropriately socialized
too which will positively influence social behavior expressed later in life.
Additionally, appropriate socialization has a priming effect on the ability of the animal
to accept novel experiences and events later on in life therefore aiding the animal tocope in a changing environment such as the domestic home and boost the quality of
the human-animal relationship.

The sensitive period
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During the sensitive period, kittens are highly responsive to the formation of social
bonds and thus is the period where a program of socialization should be introduced.
The timing of the sensitive period is genetically determined but environmental
factors can cause it to vary.
The exact start and stop date may differ between individuals but generally occurs
from 2 to 7 weeks of age.
After this time, a fear reaction becomes fully established in the kitten, thus
susceptibility to positive experiences with novelty is at its optimum prior to 7 weeks.
During the sensitive period, kittens spend less time suckling and more time actively
exploring, learning about their environment and playing.

•••This period coincides with weaning and the rapid development of motor and sensory
skills.
Exposure to a broad range of benign stimuli in this period is important for therealization of the kitten's genetic potential for confident and friendly behavior
throughout their life.
The kitten sensitive period for socialization ends earlier than in puppies and due toits early timing, the primary responsibility lies with the breeder or rescue shelterrather than the owner since most kittens are re-homed between 8 and 12 weeks.

Habituation••

The process whereby an animal becomes accustomed to irrelevant environmental
stimuli and learns to ignore them.
Kittens will cease to respond to a specific stimulus repeatedly presented to them ifthey learn it is neither noxious nor rewarding. For example, the sound of the washingmachine or the television.

Sensitization•••

A period of high responsiveness following arousal by rewarding or punishingexperiences
One knows sensitization has occurred in a kitten when the behaviour which isrepeatedly elicited shows signs of becoming easier to produce. For example, thesight and smell of a positive person elicits approach behaviour from the kitten.
However, is it important to be aware of sensitization during the socialization phase toensure the kitten is not becoming increasingly responsive in a negative manner, forexample, the kitten is showing increased withdrawal during handling by a particular
individual. This would suggest that the kitten is not being correctly socialized andinstead the negative behavioral consequences of repeated stimulation could lead tofear/anxiety of the inducing stimuli.

The influence of genetic and environmental factors on kitten socialization
A number of factors (both genetic and environmental) have been scientifically shown to
influence the socialization process in kittens. The inter-play between genetics andenvironment and their subsequent influence on socialization should not be underestimated.
Environmental Factors: Handling
Appropriate handling of kittens by humans during the sensitive period has been shown tohave positive and lasting effect on human-cat interactions. In addition, early handling has
been shown to accelerate physical and behavioral development leading to a more adaptable,
less easily distressed cat. Three main components of handling have been indentified:•Type of handlingo Kittens can discriminate between different styles of handling (e.g. roughversus gentle) and thus it is important to use gentle handling techniques toensure the kitten associates the experience as something positive.
o Gently speaking to kittens while stroking them can improve the handlingexperience for the kitten.

ooWhile most kittens will prefer to be handled on the head, cheek, chin andback regions, it is important to remember that every kitten is an individualand different kittens will have different tolerances for different areas on thebody.
Rough play and handling during the socialization period can result in the
kittens becoming aggressive later in life to humans.

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Number and type of people carrying out the handlingo The more contact (positive and neutral contact) kittens have with people, themore sociable they tend to be in later life.
o It is suggested that a minimum of four different people should handle thekittens during their sensitive period to help the kittens generalize that people
are friendly.
o Research has shown that kittens handled by five people made fewer escapeattempts to a stranger, unlike kittens that were handled by one person or not
at all.

•Time spent being handledo Kittens handled daily during the sensitive period have been shown to lessfearful of strangers and of novel objects than unhandled kittens.
o Up to a certain limit (approximately one hour daily), the more positive
handling a kitten receives during the sensitive period the friendlier it is likely
to be.
o Research has shown that typically, a kitten that is handled for more than 1hour per day will go directly to a familiar person, climb up onto their lap, purrand either play or sleep whereas a kitten that has been handled less, forexample, only 15 minutes per day is more likely to approach, head rub thefamiliar person and move away.

Environmental Factors: The presence of the queen
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Interaction with the litter in the presence of the queen appears to promotesocialization due to her ability to maintain a degree of familiarity for the kittens.
Her presence has been shown to influence the speed and type of approach to people
with kittens being quicker to explore and interact with people in her presence andmore hesitant and cautious in her absence.
The queen’s social contact with her kittens is critically important for normal
emotional and behavioral development including reduction in anxiety experienced bykittens. Those who are completely derived of maternal care are at higher risk ofdeveloping fearful or aggressive reactions to other cats and are reported to show
impaired learning abilities.
The handler’s relationship with the queen is really important for positive socializationof the kitten(s) in the presence of the queen. If the queen is friendly towards thehandler, it is likely that this will promote her kitten(s) friendliness.

Environmental Factors: The presence of siblings and other cats••Kittens are found to be more confident during socialization if accompanied by theirsiblings.
Kittens who are not socialized towards other cats are at higher risk of developing
fear or inappropriate social behavior towards other cats in later life. For example,
cats who were not socialized to other cats in a study were shown to exhibit moresigns of behavioral distress when group-housed in an animal shelter that socializedcats.

Environmental Factors: The presence of other species•

Like dogs, cats require positive experiences with members of other species during
their socialization period to understand such animals are non-threatening. This isparticularly important for species cats may live with in the domestic environment,
for example, dogs.

Genetic Factors: Mother••

It is hard to know exactly what genetic influence a mother has on her kittens
socialization ability due to her also being directly involved in the care of thekittens and thus genetic influence is hard to tease apart from environmental
influence.
However, it has been shown that kittens of outgoing mothers tend to be morecapable of developing attachments to humans, even if handled later in adulthood.

Genetic Factors: Father••••

It has been possible to investigate what genetic influence the father has on his
kittens behavior since he has no involvement in the rearing of the kittens andthus no environmental influence.
It has been shown that 1 year old socialized kittens born from a friendly father
approached people more readily than those from a more fearful father.
Kittens of outgoing fathers tend to be more capable of developing attachments tohumans, even if handled later in adulthood.
Father friendliness (or as now known, boldness) is known to interact withsocialization in that the friendliest, most confident kittens are from friendly
fathers and have been well socialized.

Genetic Factors: Breed••Little research has been carried out on breed differences in cats although breed
descriptions will describe some breeds are more friendly towards people.
It may be that certain breeds have a predisposition to friendliness towards people.

Practical considerations to a socialization programme
Genetics•••

If kitten is a pedigree kitten, ensure father chosen for mating is friendly towards
people.
If buying a pedigree kitten, do not rule out visiting the father of a kitten before
selecting which litter to choose a kitten from and choose from litter with friendly
father.
Ensure the temperament of the mother is friendly towards humans (and ideally othercats).

Handling
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Handling should commence at 2 weeks (some gentle handling may have been
carried out by breeder/carer beforehand)
Ensure the queen (if available) is reasonably relaxed before commencing
handling with the kitten. Queen should be positively reinforced for relaxedbehavior (e.g. appropriate food treat).
Ensure the siblings (if available) are reasonably relaxed before commencing
handling. Siblings should be positively reinforced for relaxed/positive behavior(e.g. verbal praise, appropriate petting, appropriate food treat).
Start handling with the more accepted areas first building up to the less tolerant
areas and lifting and gentle restraint
Start handling in a the least threatening posture, for example knelt or sat on floor
alongside kitten(s) and in familiar environment for the kitten(s).
Start handling sessions for a short period of time (few minutes) and build up
gradually depending on kittens tolerance
Always end handling session on a positive note so that kitten recalls theexperience as positive as possible
Introduce items such as toys, grooming brush, nail clippers etc during handlingsessions to habituate kittens to such items and encourage play (which induces apositive emotional state).
Introduce handling by different people (both sexes, different ages includingchildren, different races etc) once kitten is coping well with handling by familiar
people.

Getting used to new equipment••••

The socialization period should be the time when the cat begins to learn about
equipment it may encounter during its life that is relevant to it, for example, collars,harnesses, cat carriers, litter trays, grooming brush/comb nail clippers etc.
Introduction to such items should begin with allowing the kitten to investigate theequipment while it is placed on the floor.
Positive reinforcement such as small food treat (post-weaning), verbal praise andgentle stroking can be used to reinforce calm and relaxed behavior in the presence ofthe equipment.
This process can be built up to having physical contact with the equipment and forentering cat carrier on own accord as well as for placing head voluntarily in loose
collar/harness to receive food treat. Note: this type of work should be carried out inthe latter part of the socialization period and continued beyond in the new owners
home.

Getting used to new environments• Since the socialization period for kittens is very early and the kittens are still likely to
be with the breeder/carers and not have had their first vaccination, experience withnew environments should be carried out using a cat carrier with the kitten placed
inside.
• Making sure the kitten is with the queen and/or siblings will aid the process of
introducing new environments.
Providing the right environment for socialization
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The breeder/carer should provide the right environment for kittens to reach theirpotential for the development of confidence.
Breeders/carers should ensure exposure to a wide range of normal environmental
stimuli.
Research and experience suggest that a domestic maternal environment ispreferable to the stimulus deprivation normally associated with outside pens andsimilar locations.
A kitten that has had regular experience of a television, vacuum cleaner, baby crying
etc will be more able to cope with stimuli beyond the breeder’s/shelter environment
than one that has been shut away in a quiet cattery pen or room.
Audiotapes, CD and video recordings of stimuli that occur outside the domestic
environment can be made and played. These are particularly useful for kittens reared
outside the home environment (e.g. in a rescue environment) and should include
sounds such as washing machines, vacuum cleaners, televisions etc.
Advice regarding hygiene and infection control procedures should be given to
breeders and animal shelter staff as well as to new owners or raisers. Advice should
be obtained from the veterinary profession.
Breeders, shelter staff and carers share responsibility for ensuring that new owners
are aware of the importance of social referencing and habituation after the kitten has
left the maternal environment and how they can achieve it. This involves broadening
the kitten’s experiences in a positive manner.

Getting used to Examination
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Owners should be encouraged to frequently simulate external examination. Once it isevident that the puppy has learnt to enjoy the procedure they should ask otherpeople to conduct the procedures. Developing pleasant associations with this activity
reduces the potential for stress and defensive behavior during actual examination.
Examination should include all body areas; eyes, ears, mouth, feet, tail, etc.
Care must be taken not to allow this examination to turn into a play-fight.
Coercion and punishment must not be used but the use of positive reinforcement for

Handler response to fear•

Owners must be aware of the signs of apprehension so that they do not
inadvertently ignore signs that a kitten is not overexposed to a situation it isfrightened of.

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Reassurance may reinforce fear and should be avoided.
However, positive reinforcement for calm and relaxed behavior should be utilized.
Handlers should avoid trying to pressure a kitten into approaching a stimulus it isfearful of.
Stimuli that worry the kitten should be minimized by increasing the distance at thetime of exposure or reducing the salience of the stimulus so that the kitten canbecome habituated or desensitized to it. As the kitten's response improves the levelof exposure can be increased.

Sources
Journal Publications
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Bateson P (1979) How do Sensitive Periods Arise and what are they for.
Animal Behaviour 27, 470-486.
Collard, R. (1967) Fear of strangers and play behaviour in kittens with variedsocial experience. Child Development, 38, 877-891.
Meir, G. W. and Stuart, J. L. (1959). Effects of handling on the physical andbehavioural development of Siamese kittens. Psychological Reports, 5, 497501.
Feaver, J., Mendl, M. & Bateson, P. (1986) A method for rating individual
distinctiveness of domestic cats. Animal Behaviour, 34, 1016-1025.
Lowe, S. E. & Bradshaw, J. W. S. (2001). Ontogeny of individuality in thedomestic cat in the home environment. Animal Behaviour, 61, 231-237.
McCune, S. (1995) The impact of paternity and early socialization on thedevelopment of cat’s behaviour to people and novel objects. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science, 45, 109-124.
Moelk, M. (1979) The development of friendly approach behaviour in the cat:a study of kitten-mother relations and the cognitive development of thekitten from birth to 8 weeks. Advances in the Study of Animal Behaviour, 10,
163-224.
Reisner, I. R., Houpt, K. A., Hollis, N. E. and Quimby, F. W. (1994). Friendliness tohumans and defensive aggression in cats: the influence of handling andpaternity. Physiology and Behaviour, 55, 1119-1124.
Rheingold, H. & Eckerman, C. (1971). Familiar social and non-social stimuli andthe kittens response to a strange environment. Developmental Psychobiology,
4, 71-89.
Turner, D. C., Feaver, J., Mendl, M. and Bateson, P. (1986). Variations in domestic
cat behaviour towards humans: a paternal effect. Animal Behaviour, 34, 18901892.

Books
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Appleby D L (1993) Socialisation & habituation. In: Fisher J (Ed) The Behaviour ofDogs and Cats. Stanley Paul.
Bateson P (1981) Control of sensitivity to the environment during
development. In: Behavioural Development. Ed: K Immelmann, G W Barlow, L
Petrovich & M Main. Cambridge University Press, pp 432-453.
Beaver, B. V. (1992) Chapter 4: Feline Social Behavior, In: Feline Behavior: A
guide for veterinarians. W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, U.S.A., pp.95-97

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Bradshaw, J.W.S. (1992). Chapter 9: The Cat-Human Relationship, In: Thebehaviour of the domestic cat, CAB International, pp169-171.
Case, L. P. (2003). Chapter 7: Developmental Behavior, In: The Cat: it’s
behavior, nutrition and health. Iowa State Press, pp119-130
Karsh, E. B. (1984) Factors influencing the socialization of cats to people. In:
The Pet Connection: its Influence on our Health and Quality of Life. Eds. R. K.
Anderson, B. L. Hart, and L. A. Hart. Pp207-215. University of Minnesota Press.
Karsh, E.B. and Turner, D.C. (1988) The human-cat relationship. In: The
Domestic Cat: the Biology of its behaviour. Eds. D. C. Turner, and P. Bateson.
Cambridge University Press, pp.159-177
Landsberg G, Hunthausen, W, Ackerman L (1997) Behaviour Problems of the Dog
and Cat. Butterworth Heinemann. Oxford, England.
McCune S, McPherson, J A, & Bradshaw, J S W (1995) Avoiding problems: theimportance of socialisation. In: The Waltham Book of Human-Animal Interaction:
Benefits and responsibilities of pet ownership.Ed Robinson I. Pergamon, pp 71-86.
Yin, S. (2009). Low Stress Handling, Restraint and Behavior Modification ofDogs and Cats: Techniques for Developing Patients Who Love Their Visits

Other sources of information
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Bickett, A. (2002) The impact of early socialization on cats reared in a rehoming shelter. MSc thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Ledger, R. (1993). Factors influencing responses of kittens to humans andnovel objects. Msc Thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Mendl, M. (1986). Effects of litter size and sex of young on behaviouraldevelopment in domestic cats. PhD Thesis, university of Cambridge.
Seskel, K. (1997) Kitty Kindy. In: Proceedings of the First International
Coneference on Veterinary Behavioural Medicine, Birmingham, UK, April 1-2. Eds: DS
Mills, SE Health and LJ Harrington, 20-27.
Yin, S. Kitty Kindergarten: Creating the New Improved Cat Through Early Kitty
Socialization.
Webinaravailable
in
PDF
form
at
http://www.hsvma.org/pdf/webinars/kitty-kindergarten.pdf(available
until
30
September 2011)

Vetstream contributor(s)•Dr Sarah Ellis PhD

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