23

Bulletin of Glaciological Research ,. (,**1) ,-ῌ,2ῌJapanese Society of Snow and Ice

Deposition analysis of non sea-salt sulfate and nitrate along to the northwest wintermonsoon in Hokuriku district by a snow boring core and bulk samples
Hideharu HONOKI+, Koichi WATANABE,, Hajime IIDA-, Kunio KAWADA.
and Kazuichi HAYAKAWA/+ Toyama Science Museum, Nishinakano-machi Toyama,3-3ῌ2*2. Japan, Department of Environmental System Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu-shi, 3-3ῌ*-32 Japan- Tateyama Caldera Sabo Museum, Tateyamamachi, 3-*ῌ+.*0 Japan. Center for Far Eastern Studies, Toyama University, Gofuku Toyama, 3-*ῌ2/// Japan/ Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Kanazawa, 3,*ῌ++3, Japan(Received October -, ,**/; Revised manuscript accepted September +-, ,**0)

Abstract
The depositions of non sea-salt sulfate and nitrate of both the Asian Continent and domestic
origin were evaluated in the Hokuriku district, central Japan. Evaluation periods were from December +, +333 to March +1, ,***.
Observations were done by using bulk samplers in a plain area and by using a snow boring coreon the high mountain area. Depositions of non sea-salt sulfate in the studying area (+*** km,) were,.1.-ῌ+*0 kg and contributions of non sea-salt sulfate of the Asian Continent origin were +..*,ῌ+*0 kg.
Depositions of nitrate in the studying area (+*** km,) were +.,*.ῌ+*0 kg and contributions of nitrate of
the Asian Continent origin were *.,/1ῌ+*0 kg.
However, it was considered that acid rain constituents in precipitation at the high mountain area
had a di#erent origin from those in precipitation in the plain area, because the ratio of both non
sea-salt sulfate and nitrate of the Asian Continent origin to sea-salt sulfate in precipitation at the highmountain was very di#erent from those in precipitation at the plain area.

+.

Introduction

Hokuriku district is located in the Sea of Japanside, central Japan. Winter precipitation in the Hokuriku
district is mainly due to northwestern winter monsoon
that blows from the Asian Continent to Japan. The
precipitation in the plain area in Hokuriku district
due to winter monsoon contains high concentrationsof sea-salt constituents and non sea-salt sulfate(Honoki and Hayakawa, ,**+). The amount of wet
depositions of non sea-salt sulfate in winter is thelargest in Hokuriku district compared to other
districts in Japan (Fujita, +330).
In Hokuriku district, the area a#ected by precipitation due to winter monsoon expands from the seacoast to about +** km leeward. The behaviors ofboth non sea-salt sulfate and nitrate in this area arevery important for revealing acid rain problems.
The area a#ected by winter monsoon is not only theplain areas but also the high mountain areas, forexample, Mountain Tateyama has maximum altitudeof -*** m.

Origins of non sea-salt sulfate in winter precipitation in the plain area in Hokuriku district were both
the Asian Continent and domestic (Honoki and
Hayakawa, ,**+, Honoki et al., ,**+). Concentrationsof both non sea-salt sulfate and nitrate originatedfrom the Asian Continent in winter precipitation inplain part of Hokuriku district were reported in about+* km steps from the seacoast to // km inland (Honoki
and Hayakawa, ,**+). However, no evaluations of
those have not been performed on high mountain area
on Mountain Tateyama, because it is di$cult to takeprecipitation samples continuously on high mountainarea especially during winter.
Snow boring core was also collected in spring at
Murododaira (,./* m a.s.l) on Mountain Tateyama,and deposition data at Murododaira was combinedwith bulk precipitation data at plain area. Moreover,depositions of non sea-salt sulfate originated fromboth the Asian Continent and domestic have been
evaluated in every +* km to ,* km steps from theseacoast of the Sea of Japan to leeward of wintermonsoon. Same evaluations of nitrate have also
been performed.

24

Bulletin of Glaciological Research

In this paper, depositions of non sea-salt sulfate
and nitrate originated from both the Asian Continentand domestic are evaluated in the +* steps of +* km
square area from the seacoast of the Sea of Japan toleeward of winter monsoon.

Methods and Materials,.

Sampling
Sampling sites are shown in Fig. +. Proﬁle ofaltitude through a-a’ line of Fig. + is shown in Fig. ,.
Bulk precipitation samplers (open area of ,,. cm,)were set from station +(abbreviated as St. +) to St. 1,
also at St. +*. St. + to St. 1 were located in the plain
areas in Toyama Prefecture and Ishikawa Prefecture.
St. +* was located at east submontane of Ushiro Tateyama
Mountain Range in Omachi Nagano Prefecture. Station+* was located at the most leeward part of wintermonsoon. All of these samples of St. + to St. 1 and,.+St. +* were collected on the same day. Usually, sampling was taken once per ten days (Honoki and Hayakawa, ,**+). As St. 2 was set at the national acidrain observatory, acid rain data at St. 2 was obtained
from Ministry of Environment (Ministry of Environment, ,**.). St. T was Toyama Science Museum located at urban area of Toyama City. Evaluate period
in this study was from December +, +333 to March +1,,***.
Snow boring core sampling and piece selection
Sample at St. 3 (Fig. +) was snow boring core sample at Murododaira (,./* m a.s.l.), the western slope in
Tateyama Mountain Range. At St. 3 (Murododaira),
all the snows fallen were accumulated from November to next July. Snow boring core sample was collected on May 2 and 3, ,***. About 3 m depth of thecore sample was divided into /* pieces from the bottom. The snow of bottom layer fell in the mid November +333, and this snow was granular snow.
However, other pieces were compacted snows, andtemperature of each piece was subfreezing. Fifty piecesof snow boring core collected at St. 3 were selected byusing precipitation data at St. 2 for adjusting observation period, and deposition data of from 0 to -1 piecesof core from the bottom were used in this analysis(Fig -).
,.,

Analysis
Samples were kept under +*ῒ until processed in
our analysis. In the analysis, snow samples melted atroom temperature. The melted samples were ﬁltrated by membrane ﬁlter (pore size of *../ mm), pH
and electric conductivity was analyzed. Anion andcation constituents were analyzed by an ion chromatography (Shimadzu Co., non-suppressor columntype). The sea-salt sulfate (ssSO.,῏) and non sea-salt
sulfate (nssSO.,῏) were calculated by eq. (+) and (,).
,.-

Fig. +. Location of studying area, sampling stations
and evaluation areas in Hokuriku district, Japan.

Fig. ,. Altitude proﬁle along the a-a* line in Fig. +.
Location of each sampling station is also superimposed in Fig. ,.

ssSO.,῏ῑNa῎ῐῌSO.,῏ῌNa῎῍seawater(+)

nssSO.,῏ῑSO.,῏῏ssSO.,῏.

(,)

Fig. -. Nitrate contribution ratio of each piece ofsnow boring core collected at St. 3.

Honoki et al.

25

Where, (SO.,ῐ/Na῏)seawater is the ratio of SO.,ῐ concentration to Na῏ concentration in the seawater.
,.. Evaluation of the Asian Continent origin nssSO.,ῐ
and nitrate.
Concentration of nssSO.,ῐ and NO-ῐ of the AsianContinent origin from St. + to St. 1 was used fromprevious report (Honoki and Hayakawa, ,**+). In
this report, concentration of nssSO.,ῐ and NO-ῐ of the
Asian Continent origin at St. + was calculated by eq.
(-) and (.), respectively (Honoki and Hayakawa, ,**+).
nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ῒ
Rc,῍+ῐRc+῎῍Ts῏Tn῎ῐ῍+ῐRc+῎Tn(-)
῍Rc,ῐRc+῎
NO-ῐ῍Asian῎ῒnssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ῑRc+ῌ῍+ῐRc+῎(.)

Here, nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ is the nssSO.,ῐ concentration of
the Asian Continent origin, NO-ῐ῍Asian῎ is the NO-ῐconcentration of the Asian Continent origin, Rc+ is thenitrate contribution ratio (NO-ῐ/(NO-ῐ ῏ nssSO.,ῐ))(in equivalent concentration) of acid rain constituentsof the Asian Continent origin, Rc, is the nitrate contribution ratio of those which have domestic origins, andTs and Tn is the concentration of nssSO.,ῐ and NO-ῐin precipitation, respectively. As parameters for eq.
(-) and (.), *.+. and *./3 were used for Rc+ and Rc, at
St. +, respectively (Honoki and Hayakawa, ,**+). The
value of *.+. for Rc+ was mean value (weighted meanby precipitation) of nitrate contribution ratio of newsnow collected at St. + (Honoki et al., ,**+) and *./3 for
Rc, was calculated from bulk precipitation observation from Jun / to November 3, +332 at St. + (Honoki
and Hayakawa, ,**+), respectively.
Concentration of sea-salt constituents, for example ssSO.,ῐ, decreased in accordance with the increasein the distance from the seacoast in the plain area(so-called inland e#ect), and regression equation (/)
was calculated.
ssSO.,ῐῒ/+.,exp῍ῐ*.*,,L῎ῌ(/)

Here, ssSO.,ῐ is the concentration of sea-salt sulfate(unit is meq lῐ+), /+., is the concentration of ssSO.,ῐ at
St. + and L is the distance from the seacoast (km) andῐ*.*,, is the decrease coe$cient. The distance fromthe seacoast is the distance from each station to theseacoast in Hakui City parallel to the a-a* line in Fig. +Concentrations of both the nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ andῐ
NO- ῍Asian῎ also indicate inland e#ect. Moreover, decrease coe$cients of the regression equations of thosewere the same as that of ssSO.,ῐ (Honoki et al., ,**+).
From above results, ratio of nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ to ssSO.,ῐ
(nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎/ssSO.,ῐ) and NO-ῐ῍Asian῎ to ssSO.,ῐ(NO-ῐ῍Asian῎/ssSO.,ῐ) take constant value in plain area.
The value of nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎/ssSO.,ῐ and NO-ῐ῍Asian῎/
ssSO.,ῐ at St. + was +.+, and *.+2,, respectively (Table+). Then, concentrations of nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ and

Fig. .. Changes of nitrate contribution ratio of bulk
samples collected between St. T and St. 3. Openbox and solid line indicates precipitation by wintertype. Solid circle and broken line indicates by
low pressure. Plot of altitude at both 31* m and+3-* m is located between St. 2 and St. 3.

NO-ῐ῍Asian῎ from St. , to St. 1 were calculated by using
eq. (0) and (1) (Honoki and Hayakawa, ,**+).
nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ῒssSO.,ῐῑ῍nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ῌssSO.,ῐ῎St. + (0)NO-ῐ῍Asian῎ῒssSO.,ῐῑ῍NO-ῐ῍Asian῎ῌssSO.,ῐ῎St. +ῌ(1)

Mean concentrations of nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ and NO-ῐ῍Asian῎
at St. 2 were calculated by eq. (0) and (1), because
ssSO.,ῐ concentration at St. 2 was the same as thecalculated concentration by regression equation (/)(Fig. .). Mean concentrations of nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎ andNO-ῐ῍Asian῎ at St. 3 and St. +* were calculated by eq. (-)
and (.), because ssSO.,ῐ concentration at St. 3 and +*were very di#erent from regression equation (/) (Fig.
.). As a parameter for eq. (-) and (.), Rc+ at St. 3 andSt. +* was *.+*. It was determined by mean of +.
samples data of new snow collected at St. 3. The
value of Rc, at St. 3 and St. +* was *.-/. This value
was calculated from acid rain data in summer (from
April . to October ,, ,***) at St. T. The ratio of
nssSO.,ῐ῍Asian῎/ssSO.,ῐ and NO-ῐ῍Asian῎/ssSO.,ῐ at St.
T was also calculated by using eq. (-) and (.) to compare these values to those at St. + (Table +). As aparameter for eq. (-) and (.) at St. T, the value of Rc+
and Rc, was *.+. and *.-/, respectively.
Calculation of Deposition in each mesh box
Ten mesh boxes of +* km squares each were set
from the seacoast to +** km leeward of the northwest
winter monsoon (Fig. +). Deposition of mesh box +was calculated by the mean deposition between St. +and St. , data. Depositions of mesh boxes from , to 1
were calculated by the deposition from St. - to St. 2,
respectively. Deposition of mesh box 2 was calculated by the mean deposition between St. 2 and St. 3.
,./

26

Bulletin of Glaciological Research

Table +.

Acid rain observation data at each station (from December +, +333 to March +1, ,***).
(Unit)

St. +

St. ,

St. -

St. .

St. /

St. 0

St. T

St. 1

St. 2

St. 3

St. +*

Distance from theseacoast*
Amount of precipitation

(km)
(mm)

*4*
0.0

140
102

+/4,
3,2

,.4.
2,0

-+4*
11*

.-40
1+1

./4*
0,/

/,4.
1-*

004*
31.

2/4/
-,/3

+*342
--*

ssSO.,῏
nssSO.,῏
nssSO.,῏ῌAsian῍
nssSO.,῏ῌDomestic῍**NO-῏NO-῏ῌAsian῍
NO-῏ῌDomestic῍***(meq l῏+)(meq l῏+)(meq l῏+)(meq l῏+)(meq l῏+)(meq l῏+)(meq l῏+)

/+4,
1,42
/14+
+/41
-+43
34,,40

.,4+
2/4+
.14*
-24+
,143
140
,*4,

--40
0,4.
-14/
,.43
,-42
04+
+141

-.4+
0041
-24*
,240
,.42
04,
+240

,243
0040
-,4,
-.4.
,/40
/4,
,*4-

+24.
0/43
,*40
./4.
,,43
-4.
+340

+24*
1,4+
,-4*
.34+
-*4,
-41
,04/

+04*
0+4*
+142
.-4,
,-43
,43
,+4*

+*41
/+4*
+,4*
-34+
+34/
+43
+140

-4,
,14+
+24*
34,
043
,4*
.43

,4/
.14+
+-4*
-.4+
,*4/
,4+
+24.

*4-*
+4+,
*4+2,

*4,/

*4,2

*4,1

*4,2

*4,0

*4-*
+4,2
*4,*2

*4,2

*4,2

*4,*
/4/1
*40+3

*4-*
/4-*
*420-

NO-῏/(NO-῏῎nssSO.,῏)
nssSO.,῏ῌAsian῍/ssSO.,῏
NO-῏ῌAsian῍/ssSO.,῏* Distance from the seacoast is the distance from each station to the seacoast in Hakui City parallel to the a-a* line in Fig. +** nssSO.,῏ῌDomestic῍ ῐ nssSO.,῏ - nssSO.,῏ῌAsian῍*** NO-῏ῌDomestic῍ῐNO-῏ - NO-῏ῌAsian῍

Deposition of Mesh box 3 was calculated by the deposition at St. 3. Deposition of mesh box +* was calculated by the mean deposition between at St. 3 and St.
+*.

-.

Results and Discussions-.+ Nitrate contribution ratios in the pieces of snow
boring core
Nitrate contribution ratio (Honoki et al., ,**+) ineach piece of snow boring core collected at St. 3 isshown in Fig. -. The x-axis shows nitrate contribution ratio and y-axis shows each piece number ofsnow boring core. The piece number + means thebottom sample and number /* means the surface sample. Values of the nitrate contribution ratio ranges
from *.** to *.-, in the evaluation period.
Figure . shows examples of relationship between
altitude and nitrate contribution ratios by bulk sample at St. T and St. 3 in October ,**-. Cases of precipitation due to low pressure and winter monsoon weresuperimposed in Fig. .. Nitrate contribution ratio
which indicates high value in the precipitation is due
to low pressure, and the ratio which indicates low
value in the precipitation is due to winter monsoon at
St. 3. Low values of nitrate contribution ratio meansthat origin of acidic constituents (nssSO.,῏ and NO-῏)
are mainly derived from the Asian Continent and highvalues of the ratio means that origin of acid rain
constituents are domestic (Watanabe et al., ,**+).
Moreover, medium values of the nitrate contribution
ratio suggested that both the Asian continent anddomestic origin acid rain constituents were mixed insnow. It is suggested from Fig. - that precipitation
due to both low pressure and winter monsoon fell in
winter at St. 3.

Fig. /. Amount of precipitation and concentration of
ssSO.,῏ at each sampling station. The x-axis
indicates the distance from each station to theseacoast in Hakui City parallel to the a -a* line in
Fig. +. Solid box and solid line indicatesconcentration of ssSO.,῏. Open circle and solidline indicates amount of precipitation. Broken
line indicates regression equation (/) of concentration of the ssSO.,῏.

Precipitation and ssSO.,῏ concentration
Amount of precipitation and ssSO.,῏ concentrations (weighted mean by precipitation) at samplingstations in evaluation period are shown in Fig. / andTable +. The x-axis indicates the distance from eachstation to the seacoast in Hakui City parallel to the a-a* line in Fig. +. Amount of precipitation from St. + to
St. 2 during the sampling period ranged from 0.0 mm
to 31. mm. Amount of precipitation at St. 3 and St. +*was -,/3 mm and --* mm, respectively. The concentrations of ssSO.,῏ at St. , to St. 2 decreased withexponential function due to the inland e#ect. Equation (/) in Fig. / indicated regression function of
ssSO.,῏ concentration in plain area, which was calculated based on the data from St. , to St. 1 (Honoki and-.,Honoki et al.

Fig. 0. Concentration of nssSO.,῎ and NO-῎ at each sampling station. Plate A and B show concentrationsof nssSO.,῎ (open box and solid line) and NO-῎ (opencircle and solid line) at each sampling station,
respectively. Concentrations of nssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍ (solidbox and broken line) and NO-῎ῌAsian῍ (solid circle andbroken line) at each sampling station are alsosuperimposed in plate A and B, respectively.

Hayakawa, ,**+). Concentration of ssSO.,῎ at St. 3
was lower in observation than that in calculation byregression equation (Fig. /). This result suggested
that low concentration of ssSO.,῎ at St. 3 was causedby the altitude e#ect. Sea salt sulfate concentration
at St. +* was the lowest compared to the other stations.
-.- Concentrations of nssSO.,῎ and NO-῎, and ratios ofnssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍/ssSO.,῎ and NO-῎ῌAsian῍/ssSO.,῎
Concentrations of nssSO.,῎ and nssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍ areshown in Fig. 0A and Table +. Concentrations ofNO-῎ and NO-῎ῌAsian῍ are shown in Fig. 0B and Table +.
In Fig. 0A and 0B, the x-axis indicates the distancefrom each station to the seacoast in Hakui City parallel to the a-a* line in Fig. +. The concentrations of
nssSO.,῎ and NO-῎ at St. 3 were the lowest comparedto the other stations (Fig. 0A, 0B and Table +). However, the concentration of nssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍ was higher at
St. 3 than at St. 2, while NO-῎ῌAsian῍ was lower at St. 3
than those at St. 2 (Fig. 0A, 0B and Table +).
Ratio of nssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍/ssSO.,῎ at St. +, St. T and
St. 3 was +.+,, +.,2 and /./1, respectively (Table +).
Ratio of NO-῎ῌAsian῍/ssSO.,῎ at St. +, St. T and St. 3 was

27

Fig. 1. Depositions of nssSO.,῎ and NO-῎ of both the
Asian Continent and domestic origins in each meshbox. Plate A and B show depositions of nssSO.,῎
and NO-῎, respectively. Solid bar and half tone bar
indicate depositions of the Asian Continent origin
and domestic origin in each mash (each area is +**km,), respectively.

*.+2,, *.,*2 and *.0+3, respectively (Table +). These
results suggested that acid rain constituents in precipitation at the high mountain area had a di#erent
origin from those in precipitation in plain area.
-. . Depositions of nssSO.,῎ and NO-῎ of both the
Asian Continent and domestic origin
Figure 1A and Table , shows depositions of
nssSO.,῎ of both the Asian Continent and domestic
origin in the each mesh (+* km square, Fig. +A). Depositions of nssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍ in each mesh decreased withincrease in the distance from seacoast, from mesh + to
1. However, depositions of nssSO.,῎ῌAsian῍ was the largest
in mesh 3 (in high mountain area) compared to thosein the other meshes. Depositions of nssSO.,῎ andthat of the Asian Continent origin in the all meshboxes (+*῏+** km,ῐ+*** km,) were ,.1.-῏+*0 kg and+..*,῏+*0 kg, respectively (Table ,). Depositions of
nssSO.,῎ of the domestic origin in the all mesh boxes
were +.-.+῏+*0 kg. Sulfur dioxide emission in China
is estimated about ,*῏+*3 to ,/῏+*3 kg (Streets et al.,,**+). These amounts are about ,* to ,/ fold of thosein Japan. However, it is revealed from our resultsthat deposition ratio of nssSO.,῎ between the Asian

28

Bulletin of Glaciological Research

Table ,. Depositions of nssSO.,ῌ and NO-ῌ of both the Asian Continent and domestic origin ineach mesh.
NO-ῌ

nssSO.,ῌ
evaluation
mesh No.*

Observed
deposition(῍+*0 kg)

AsianContinent(῍+*0 kg)

Domesticorigin(῍+*0 kg)

Observed
deposition(῍+*0 kg)

AsianContinent(῍+*0 kg)

Domesticorigin(῍+*0 kg)

+
,
.
/
0
1
2
3
+*
Sum from+ to +***

*4,1*
*4,12
*4,0.
*4,.0
*4,,1
*4,+.
*4,-3
*4--,
*4.,.
*4,/*

*4+1/
*4+01
*4+/+
*4++3
*4*1+
*4*0*4*/0
*4+03
*4,2+
*4+/+

*4*3.
*4+++
*4++.
*4+,1
*4+/0
*4+/+
*4+2*4+0*4+.*4*33

*4+-*
*4+-1
*4+,1
*4+,,
*4+*,
*4+*2
*4++2
*4+,3
*4+.*
*4*3+

*4*-1
*4*-/
*4*-,
*4*,/
*4*+/
*4*+*4*+,
*4*,0
*4*.*
*4*,,

*4*3*4+*,
*4*30
*4*31
*4*21
*4*3/
*4+*0
*4+**4+**
*4*03

+4.*,

+4-.+

+4,*.

*4,/1

*43.1

,41.-

* Each mesh area is +** km .
** Sum of areas from mesh + to mesh +* are +*῍+** km,῎+*** km,.
,

Continent origin and domestic origin was almost +: +.
Figure 1B and Table , shows depositions of NO-ῌof both the Asian Continent and domestic origin ineach mesh (+* km square, Fig +A). Total depositionsof NO-ῌ and those of the Asian Continent origin in the
all mesh boxes were +.,*.῍+*0kg and *.,/1῍+*0kg,
respectively. Depositions of NO-ῌ of domestic origin
in the all mesh boxes were *.3.1῍+*0 kg (Table ,).

..

Conclusion

The depositions of nssSO.,ῌ and NO-ῌ that are
originated both in the Asian Continent and domestic
regions like Hokuriku district, central Japan were
evaluated in +* mesh boxes of +* km square from theseacoast to the leeward of northwest winter monsoon.
Depositions of nssSO.,ῌ and those of the Asian Continent origin in the all mesh boxes (+*** km,) from
December +, +333 to March +1, ,*** were ,.1.-῍+*0 kg
and +..*,῍+*0 kg, respectively. Depositions of NO-ῌand those of the Asian Continent origin in the allmesh boxes were +.,*.῍+*0 kg and *.,/1῍+*0 kg, respectively. Deposition ratio of nssSO.,ῌ of the AsianContinent origin to those of domestic origin in studying area was almost +: +, though sulfur oxide emissionin China was ,* to ,/ fold of those in Japan. Moreover, it was considered that acid rain constituents inprecipitation at high mountain area had a di#erent
origin from precipitation in plain area.

Acknowledgments
A part of this study was funded by the Ministry of
Education, Science, Sports and Culture and Toyama
Prefecture Museum association. The authors thankto Toyama Prefecture agency, Toyama Forest administration o$ce and Tateyama Kurobe Kanko Co. for
admittance of investigation on Mt. Tateyama. The
authors thank to Pension Beach Noto, Hotel Green
Wood Noto, Buddhist temple Gyoninji, Himi Seaside
Botanical Garden, Toyama city Hachiman Branch
o$ce, Toyama city Sango Branch o$ce, MurodoSannso and Omachi Energy Museum for collecting
samples.

References
Fujita, S. (+330): An estimation for atmospheric sulfur budget
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Honoki, H. and Hayakawa, K. (,**+): Origin of Acidic Components in Precipitation in Winter in the Hokuriku Districts, J. Ecotechnology Research, 1 (,), 13ῌ2-.
Honoki, H., Tsushima, K. and Hayakawa, K. (,**+): Inorganic
constituents in snow accompanied by winter wind andtheir origin in the Hokuriku districts, J. Heal. Sci., .1 (0),//3ῌ/0..
Ministry of Environment (,**.): Data Sets of Japan Acid
Deposition Survey ,* Ministry of Environment, Acid
Deposition and Oxidant Research center.
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Trends in emissions of acidifying species in Asia,+32/ῌ
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characteristics of cloud water over the Japan Sea andthe Northern Paciﬁc Ocean near the central part of Japan; airborne measurements, Atmos. Environ. -/, 0./ῌ0//.