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Todorov, Karen R., Comp.
Glossary of Social Studies Terms and Vocabulary.
Michigan State Dept. of Education, Lansing.
2002-00-00
37p.

Michigan State Dept. of Education, John Hannah Building,South Tower, 608 West Allegan, P.O. Box 30008, Lansing, MI
48909. Tel: 517-373-3324; Web site:
http://www.michigan.gov/mde.
GuidesClassroom
Teacher (052)
Reference Materials
Vocabularies /Classifications (134)EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage.
Academic Achievement; Academic Standards; Elementary
Secondary Education; Glossaries; *Resource Materials; *Social
Studies; State Standards; Vocabulary*Instructional Preparation; Michigan; Vocabulary Search Aids;*Words

ABSTRACTThis glossary is a tool to help teachers better understandthe language of social studies. It was not created to be a study guide forvocabulary tests, as learning social studies vocabulary is best done incontext. The glossary is for use in conjunction with the social studies
portion of Michigan's Clarifying Language in Michigan Benchmarks (MI CliMB),
and other projects, to provide teachers with an answer to the question "Whatdoes that word mean?" The glossary contains 500+ words. It assists with the
improvement of student achievement based on Michigan social studies
standards, a component of responsible citizenship. (BT)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

Glossary of Social Studies Terms andVocabulary.
Karen R. Todorov
Michigan State Dept. of Education,
Lansing.

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official OERI position or policy.

GLOSSARY

OF SOCIALSTUDIESTERMS ANDVOCABULARY
Compiled by Karen R. Todorov

Social Studies Education Consultant for the Michigan Department of
Education

This glossary is another tool to help teachers better
understand the language of social studies. It was notcreated to be a study guide for vocabulary tests--- learningsocial studies vocabulary is best done in context. Instead,
it is our hope that this glossary, used in conjunction withthe social studies portion of MI CLiMB and other projects
will provide teachers with the answer to the importantquestion "What does that word mean?""Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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Glossary of Social Studies Terms and VocabularyA
Absolute Advantage exists in the production of a good when one country can produce
a good more efficiently than another country.

Absolute Location the exact position on the globe using addresses, grid coordinates,or the imaginary lines of longitude and latitude

Acid rain a type of polluted rain, produced when acids from smokestacks combinewith water vapor that can harm lakes, forests, and human health

Adapt to change or tailor something to fit, humans change their environment or their
way of doing something to fit their current needs or goals.

information provided to encourage the purchase or use of a good, service
or idea by emphasizing its positive qualities.

AdvertisingAffirmative Action

efforts to recruit or hire members of underrepresented groups,
such as women and minorities.

Allegiancedevotion or loyalty.

Allocation the process of choosing which needs will be satisfied and how much of ourresources we will use to satisfy them.

Alternative Courses of Action

the other choice that could have been made which are

inherent in every decision.

Altitude - the height of a thing above sea level or above the earth's surface.

Amendment (to the U.S. Constitution) changes in, or additions to, a constitution.
Proposed by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress or at the request of two-thirdsof the state legislatures. Ratified by approval of three-fourths of the states.

American Influence on Foreign Countries as the most powerful nation and economy
in the world the United States affects the cultures, economies, and politics of nations
worldwide. When other nations seek access to and become part of the lucrative U.S.
market their own economies, cultures and politics are affected by American culture andvalues.

American Political System/Presidential System a system of government in which
the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other and in whichpower is distributed through a system of checks and balances.
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Amnesty - a general pardon granted by a government, especially for political offenses.

Analoga face clock with hands.

Anarchy - Absence of any form of political authority. A state of lawlessness,
confusion, and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government.)

Ancient history history of people living from the beginnings of human society
through 300 CE

Apartheid

policy of separation of the races enforced by law

Appellate court - a court authorized to hear appeals

Apportionment the distribution of legislative seats according to population

Arbitration settlement of a dispute by the decision of a judge, umpire or committee.
Articles of Confederation The first document created to govern the newly formed
government after the American Revolution. It created a "firm league of friendship"
among the 13 original states. The states agreed to send delegates to a Confederation
Congress. Each state had one vote in Congress.

Artifact things made by humans, and used by archaeologists and historians to recreatea picture of the past.

Authority right to control or direct the actions of others, legitimized by law, morality,
custom, or consent.

Ba means of displaying data using the length of "bars" to represent thevalues of the data being displayed.

Bar Graph

Barter the direct trading of goods and services between people without the use ofmoney.

Beliefs

opinions about what is considered to be true and trustworthy.

Benefits something of value, a benefit can be tangible like a gift or money, or
intangible like satisfaction.
Bias

an unfair act or policy resulting from prejudice.

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Bigotry intolerance and prejudice; obstinate and unreasoning attachment to one's own
belief and opinions, with narrow-minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them

Biography a narrative account of a person's life.
Bill of Rights first ten amendments to the Constitution ratified in 1791, theseamendments limit governmental power and protect basic rights and liberties ofindividuals.
Biome a major regional or global biotic community, such as a grassland or desert,characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and prevailing climate.

Bipartisan - supported by members of two parties, especially two major political parties

Boundary the limit or extent within which a system exists or functions, including asocial group, at state, or physical feature.

Branches of Government established in the U.S. Constitution to divide the power ofgovernment between legislative, executive and judicial branches
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Supreme Court case that declaredthat "separate-but-equal" educational facilities are inherently unequal and therefore aviolation of equal protection of the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

C
Calendar a table showing the days, weeks, and months of at least one specific year.
Campaign the overall effort a candidate makes to win votes through speeches, press
conferences, and advertising.
activities planned to achieve a certain goal as in electing a candidate or
establishing a public policy.

Campaigns

Campaign finance reforms how money is collected and spent in campaigns for
public office is subject to rules. Many groups believe that a major change in those rules
is necessary to limit the amount of money that any person or group can donate to apolitical campaign with the goal being to limit the influence any person or group will
have after the election to influence the office holder they helped to elect.

Capital cash, goods, natural resources, or human skills that are used to produce
income.

Capital Equipment manufactured equipment used in the production of goods andservices.
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goods made by people and used to produce other goods andservices (also called intermediate goods).

Capital Resources

Capitalism economic system characterized by the following: private property
ownership exists; individuals and companies are allowed to compete for their own
economic gain; and free market forces determine the prices of goods and services.

Cartel explicit forms of collusion concerned with product price, output, service, or
sales.

Cash currency and coins
Caucus - A meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party,
to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating
convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting.
Census - an official, usually periodic enumeration of a population, often including thecollection of related demographic information. As required by the Constitution, thecensus of the population of the United States takes place every 10 years.

Century

one hundred years.

Certificates of Deposit (CD) - these offer a guaranteed rate of interest for a specified
term, usually one year. The institution generally requires that you keep your money inthe account until the term ends. The institution may pay a higher rate of interest than fora savings or other account. Typically, the longer the term, the higher the interest

Characteristics a special quality or feature; whatever distinguishes one person orthing from others.

Checking Accounts deposits in a checking account give individuals quick,convenient, and immediate access to money in their account. Money is accessed
through the writing of a check, which transfers money to the person or business named.
Some checking accounts pay interest (NOW accounts), but most do not institutions may
impose fees on checking accounts, along with a charge for the checks.

Checks and Balances constitutional mechanisms that authorize each branch of
government to share powers with the other branches and thereby check their activities.
For example, the president may veto legislation passed by Congress, the Senate must
confirm major executive appointments, and the courts may declare acts of Congressunconstitutional.

a series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine.
These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as

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fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletionand have been banned for many uses.

Choropleth map maps that display data by using colors or shading to represent
distinct categories of qualities or quantities.
Choice what someone must make when faced with two or more alternative uses for a
resource, also called an economic choice.

Chronological order arranged in order of time occurrence.
Circle Graph used to display data that adds up to 100%

Circular Flow the flow of money from businesses to households and government,from households to businesses and government, and from government to households andbusiness.

Citizen's responsibilities and conduct actions expected of citizens in their daily
conduct such as upholding the values and principles of the Constitution, obeying thelaw, voting and participating in the civic life of the community.

Citizenship status of being a member of a nation, one who owes allegiance to thegovernment and is entitled to its protection and to political rights.

City Council the equivalent of the legislative branch for a city.
City-state - A self-governing city, often with surrounding lands it governs.

Civil court the place where disputes between people, or between people and thegovernment are resolved

Civilization the type of culture and society developed by a particular nation or region
or in a particular epoch: The ways in which people organize themselves.

Civil Rights protections and privileges given to all U.S. citizens by the Constitution
and Bill of rights

Climate the temperature, precipitation, winds, etc. that characterize a region. Longterm trends in weather elements and atmospheric conditions.

Coin money issued by a government in the form of a metal disk.
Colony - A group of emigrants or their descendants who settle in a distant territory but
remain subject to or closely associated with the parent country.

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Command Economies an economy in which the government makes the decisions
about what, where, how and how much is produced and finally who will get what is
produced.
Common Good involves individual citizens having the commitment and motivation(that they accept as their obligation) to promote the welfare of the community (even if
they must sacrifice their own time, personal preferences or money) to work together
with other members for the greater benefit of all.

Communism the final state of social evolution according to Marx, in which the state
has withered away and economic goods are distributed according to need.

Communication the exchange of thoughts messages and or information.
Community a group of people living in the same locality and under the same
government.

Community Characteristic a feature that helps to define, describe, or distinguish one
community from another.

the principle that states that a country benefits from
specializing in the production of goods at which it is relatively most efficient.

Comparative advantage

Comparison an examination of two or more objects, ideas, locations, concepts, orindividuals to discover the similarities and differences.

Compass rose orientation graphic that indicates the direction north on a map or globe
markets with many buyers and sellers where not one person or
firm controls prices or the number of products for sale.

Competitive Markets

Complementary Goods goods that are jointly consumed. The consumption of one
enhances the consumption of the other (examples hot dogs/hotdog buns; left shoe/rightshoe; snow skis and snow clothing).

Composite region a region that shares more than one characteristic or function e.g.,
Midwest-agricultural region, Midwest-industrial region, urban -industrial regions
Compromise of 1850 had four parts first, California was allowed to enter the Union
as a free state; second, the rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of
New Mexico and Utah (in each territory, voters would decide the slavery question
according to popular sovereignty); third, the slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C.,
the nation's capitol (Congress, however, declared that it had no power to ban the slave
trade between slave states; fourth, a strict new fugitive slave law was passed.

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an open clash between two opposing groups, individuals, or nations regarding
an ideology or a course of action.

Conflicta recurring theme of social studies that represents theopportunities for people in communities, nations, regions or worldwide to engage inactivities in which they openly clash with one another while retaining the capacity atother times to work together towards accomplishing common goals.

Conflict and cooperation

Conflicting viewpoint a position taken by one individual group, or nation, which is in
opposition to the position of another individual, group or nation.

Consensus a point reached in a negotiation where a general agreement of all or mostof the people consulted is achieved

Constitution the system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature,functions, and limits of a government or another institution. The fundamental law of theUnited States, framed in 1787, ratified in 1789, and variously amended since then.

Constitutional guarantee the promises or assurances given to the people of the nationin their written constitution, which cannot be taken away without the due process of law.

Consumer a customer who buys the products or services a business produces.
Consumer Credit ability to buy goods or services now and pay later by installment
payments.

Consumer Goods items that are made for final consumption (i.e., not used bybusiness to produce other goods or services)

Consumer Spending purchase of consumer goods and services.
something that belongs to the same time period as the event,which contributes causally to the event, like the present efficiency and abundance in the
production of wheat in the United States allows us to sell wheat to other countries whoneed it.

Contemporary factors

Continent - one of seven large landmasses on the Earth, which separates the oceansCore Democratic Values fundamental beliefs and constitutional principles outlined in
the Declaration of independence and/or the United States Constitution and otherimportant writings of the nation such as Supreme Court decisions.

an organization of people legally bound together by a charter to conduct
some type of business.

Corporation
Costs

the total money, time and resources associated with a purchase or activity.
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Costs of Production all resources used in producing goods and services, for which
their owners receive payment.

Country a sovereign nation.
County the largest territorial division of a state.
Coup d' etat - the sudden overthrow of a government by usually a small group of
persons in or previously in positions of authority

Crimes against humanity actions that are agreed to be so universally abhorrent thatthey are determined to be unacceptable by all people regardless of culture and for whichpeople seek to have the perpetrators punished on behalf of humanity.

Criminal court the place where cases are heard for those accused of breaking a law
Criminal procedure a set of established steps taken when the government ispreparing a criminal prosecution to bring a person accused of breaking a law to trial,
which includes due process for the accused.

Crusade - Any of the military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the
11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. Also, avigorous concerted movement for a cause or against an abuse.
Culture - -- the values, beliefs and perceptions of the world that are learned and areshared by members of a community or society, and which they use to interpret
experience and to generate behavior, and that are reflected in their own behavior.

the spread of linguistic or cultural practices or innovations(including ideas and beliefs) within a culture or from one culture to another.

Cultural diffusion

Cultural geography

the study of how people use space and interact with theirenvironment.

an important theme in social studies, particularly ingeography and history, which addresses how different societies maintain the stability of
their culture and how they deal with the inevitable difficulties associated with change asa result of interactions with other cultures or changes in prevailing values.

Cultural stability and change

the idea that each culture's features should be understood interms of that culture's history, environment, values, and views of its people, and that it is
ethnocentric or biased, as well as uninformed, to judge another culture by the standardsof one's own culture.

Cultural Relativism"Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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Culturelearned behavior of people, which includes their belief systems andlanguages, their social relationships, their institutions and organizations, and theirmaterial goods (food, clothing, buildings, tools, and machines).

Currency paper money with a specified value, issued by the government or a central
bank.

Currency Exchange

the comparative value of foreign currencies.

D
Decadeten years.

Deciduous type of tree that loses its leaves during portions of the year, usually
beginning in the autumn months
Decisiona conclusion or judgment reached after consideration of alternatives.

Decision Matrix a table comparing possible decisions.

Declaration of Independence the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen UnitedStates of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that thesecolonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of GreatBritain.

Defining Characteristic shared patterns of life, which characterize a period of history.
Deflation a decline in general price levels, often caused by a reduction in the supply ofmoney or credit.

Deforestation the clearing or destruction of forests, generally for the purposes oftimber extraction, agricultural expansion, cattle raising and in drier climates an increasedemand for firewood.

Delegated Powers powers granted to the national government under the Constitution,
as enumerated in Articles, II, III, and I
Demagogue - A leader who obtains power by means of impassioned appeals to theemotions and prejudices of the populace.

Demand the desire and ability of individuals to purchase economic goods or services
at the market price; along with supply, one of the two key determinants of price.

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BEST COPYAVAILABLEDemocracy a system of government in which political authority is held by the people;
typically feature constitutional governments where the majority rules, a belief inindividual liberty and in equal rights for all people, freedom of expression, political
freedom, and freedom of choice.

Demography the study that emphasizes statistics to look at human population
distribution, population density, and trends in population

Describe to tell the who, what, when or where about something
Desegregation - To abolish or eliminate segregation; to open (a school or workplace, forexample) to members of all races or ethnic groups, especially by force of law; to become
open to members of all races or ethnic groups.

Desert an area with little precipitation or where evaporation exceeds precipitation andthus includes sparse vegetation

Desertification a process by which desert-like conditions are created by a loss of plant
cover and soil due to human activity and climatic changes in arid and semi-arid regions

Dictator a ruler with absolute power.
Digital clock

clock, which only uses numbers to tell the time.

Discrimination - treatment based on class or category rather than individual merit.
Disenfranchised - deprived of the rights of citizenship especially the right to vote

Disparities

lack of equality.

Dispute - a disagreement or argument about something important

Distributor a firm that sells and delivers merchandise to retail stores or acts as anintermediary in business.

Distribution

the delivery of merchandise to retail stores.

Diversity variety in culture and ethnic background, race and belief is not only
permissible but also desirable and beneficial in a pluralistic society.
Doctrine - A principle or body of principles presented for acceptance or belief, as by areligious, political, scientific, or philosophic group; dogma, e.g., Monroe Doctrine

Domestic of one's own country; not foreign.
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and services within ones own country.
Dred Scott v. Sanford: Dred Scott Decision of 1857 - the Supreme Court ruled that
Dred Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as a black, he was not a citizen. The justices
also agreed that slaves were property. They also ruled that Congress did not have thepower to outlaw slavery in any territory.

Due Process of Law right of every citizen to be protected against arbitrary action by
government; the government must use fair procedures to gather information and makedecisions in order to protect the rights of individuals and the interests of society.

E
Earning activities people engage in to acquire resources. Also, income after taxes isdeducted.

Early Inhabitants people who first lived in a place.
Economic and political connections the relationship between the government of astate, nation or municipality and its economic system, such as regulation of banking,local ordinances, or worker safety.

Economic Development actions taken to improve the ability of people to moreproductively use capital, natural and human resources in the production of goods andservices.
Economic Dispute a disagreement over how resources will be used.

Economic Freedom the right to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property
without unreasonable governmental interference; the right to seek employment whereverone pleases; to change employment at will; and to engage in any lawful economic
activity.

Economic geography the study of how people use space and interact with theirenvironment to answer the basic economic questions of production and distribution.
Economic Goals of Government, in the mixed economy of the United States
government has six broad goals: economic growth, more and better goods and services
produced; full employment, everyone who wants to work should have a job; pricestability, stable prices that do not rise dramatically, economic freedom, individuals
should be free to make their own economic decisions; fair distribution of wealth, anagreement in principle that it is undesirable for any group to suffer extreme poverty
while others enjoy extreme wealth; and economic security, government aid for those
who are sick, disabled, or aged.
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Economic Growth the change in the level of economic activity from one year toanother.

Economic Incentives factors that motivate the behavior of households and business,
prices, profits, and losses act as incentives for participants to take action in a market
economy.

Economic Indicators the leading indicators include the money supply, stock prices,
consumer expectations, commodity (raw materials, farm products) prices, the average
work week, new unemployment claims, new building permits, new orders for consumer
goods, new orders for capital goods, unfilled orders, and back-logged deliveries.

Economic Institutions, household, government, business, banks, labor unions anorganization founded and united for a specific economic purpose, i.e.; making decisions
about the consumption and production of resources.

Economic Measurement tracking the change in the level of economic activity from
one time period to another. Standard economic measurements are the GDP, housing
starts, unemployment rates, and the Consumer Price Index.
Economic Roles of Government in the mixed economy of the United States
government has six broad goals: economic growth, more and better goods and services
produced; full employment, everyone who wants to work should have a job; pricestability, stable prices that do not rise dramatically, economic freedom, individuals
should be free to make their own economic decisions; fair distribution of wealth, anagreement in principle that it is undesirable for any group to suffer extreme poverty
while others enjoy extreme wealth; and economic security, government aid for those
who are sick, disabled, or aged.

Economic System the way a society organizes the production, consumption, anddistribution of goods and services.
Economic Trends the current general direction of movement of an economic
indicator. Trends can track consumer purchases and production, supply and demand,
GDP, prices, and interest rates
Economics 1. having to do with the production, distribution, and consumption of
goods and services. 2. the management of the income, supplies, and expenses ofhousehold, government, etc.
Ecosystems (ecological system) a system formed by the interaction of all livingorganisms (plants, animals, and humans) with each other and with the physical andchemical factors of the environment in which they live.

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Electoral college- the group of people selected by each state that elect the president andVice President of the United States. The number of votes each states receives isdetermined by the number of representatives they have in Congress (the number of theirstate's Representatives plus their two Senators).
Elevation - the height on the earth's surface above or below sea level
Emigrant - Emigrant and emigration have reference to the country from which the
migration is made; the correlative words immigrant and immigration have reference tothe country into which the migration is made, the former marking the going out from acountry, the latter the coming into it.

Emotionarousal that is interpreted in relation to a situation and results in expressive

behavior.

Endowed - provided with/for; in the Declaration of Independence: "...that they areendowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights..." i.e. rights are provided toeach person by their creator and can neither be given or taken away by a person or thegovernment

English Bill of Rights a law passed by Parliament in 1689 that forms the foundationof Britain's unwritten constitution. The bill prohibited the monarchy from suspendinglaws, levying taxes or maintaining an army in peacetime without consent of Parliament.

Enslaved people individuals whose liberty has been taken away and are forced towork for others without compensation as property

Entrepreneur

individual who takes the risk of producing a product for a profit

Environment the natural or human surrounding in which living things interact.
EPA Environmental Protection Agency

Equality everyone should get the same treatment regardless of where their parents or
grandparents were born, their race or religion, or how much money they have, citizens
all have political, social, and economic equality.

Era a period of time in history.
Ethical consideration a set of moral standards that is a factor when making decisions
or judgments.

Ethicsstandards of right and wrong; morals.

Ethnic Group people who share a common cultural background, including ancestry
and language.
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Ethnic Cleansing the removal or extermination of a racial or cultural group.
Ethnography - the systematic description of a particular culture based on
first-hand observation. (The person who does ethnography is called an
ethnographer).
Ethnocentrism - looking at the world from the perspective of one's own
culture; the attitude or belief that the ways of one's own culture are thebest or only proper ones. Other ways are therefore judged wrong or immoral,
not simply different.
Ethnicity - one's cultural identity (NOT biological identity).

Evaluate make judgments about the value of ideas or materials.
Exchange

giving one thing in return for some other thing.

Excise tax - A Federal or state tax imposed on the manufacture and distribution of certain non-essential
consumer goods.

carries out and enforces laws to protect individual rights andpromote the common good.

Executive Branch

Executive Power power of the president governor or mayor to implement and enforce
laws.

Explain- to give reasons for why something happens

Exports goods or services produced in one nation but sold to buyers in another nation.

F
resources used by businesses to produce goods and services;
natural resources, human capital, capital and entrepreneurship

Factors of Production

Federal anything pertaining to the national government, but not the state or local
government.

Federal Courts - Article III of the Constitution gives the federal courts jurisdiction
the authority to hear and decide a caseonly in certain specific areas. These are casesthat involve one of the following: The Constitution, federal laws, admiralty andmaritime laws, disputes in which the United States government is involved,
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involving foreign governments and United States ambassadors, ministers, and consuls
serving in foreign countries.

Federal Judiciary nine members of the U.S. Supreme Court and approximately five
hundred judges appointed by the president and approved by the Senate for the federal
courtsthe central banking system in the United States. It
regulates money and banking in the United States.

Federal Reserve System (the Fed)

Federalism power is shared between two sets of governmental institutions, those of
the states and those of the central or federal authorities, as stipulated by the Constitution
Fees - charges for services rendered.

Feudal system - Introduced to England by William I -The Conqueror. In a feudal
system the King owned all the land. The King as his personal property kept one quarter,some was given to the church and the rest was rented out. In this system a lord swears
allegiance to the king in return for protection. A lord took in serfs who paid homage tohim and took the same oath. This system would continue to the lower and lower classes
that would work for fiefs or land. The Feudal System lasted in England until the Tudor
period.

Filibuster - The use of obstructionist tactics, especially prolonged speechmaking, forthe purpose of delaying legislative action.

Fiscal Policy decisions by the President and Congress, usually relating to taxation andgovernment spending, with the goals of full employment, price stability, and economic
growthFive Themes of Geography- Location includes both absolute and relative. Absolute location: expressed in termsof the latitude and longitude identifies a place's exact location on the earth. Relative
location: describes where a place is in relation to other places.
- Place - Particular city, village, or area with distinctive physical and humancharacteristics that distinguishes it from other places.
- Human Environment/Interaction How people change their surroundings likeclearing land to make farms; and how people adapt to their environment likebuilding homes with insulation and central heating in cold climates.
- Movement the moving of people, ideas, information, and products around the world.
- Region an area with one or more common characteristics or features, which gives ita measure of homogeneity and makes it different from surrounding areas.

Fluorocarbons any of various chemically inert compounds containing carbon andfluoride used chiefly as lubricants and refrigerants and in making resins plastics. (seechlorofluorocarbons)"Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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Foreign market - when buyers and sellers from different countries make transactions,directly or via intermediaries.
Foreign policy - when dealing with other nations, the systematic collection of practices,
regulations, and rules of procedure and conduct followed by the Federal Government.

Forensic Anthropology a special field within Physical Anthropology that uses
knowledge of the human skeleton to help crimes and other legal issues. Forensic
anthropologists, for example, have been working to identify the skeletal traces recoveredfrom the 9-11 disasters.

Forms of Taxation - forms of taxation: taxes are charges imposed by the government
on people or property for public purposes. Taxes take different forms like the benefit
principle (gasoline taxes for road construction), progressive taxes, regressive taxes,
proportional taxes, direct taxes, indirect taxes, income taxes, sales taxes, excise taxes(levied on a specific item), property taxes estate and gift taxes, tariffs and social security
tax.

Free Market Economy an economy in which individuals decide the economic
questions in the market place.

Freedom being able to act without interference or control by another; right to believein what you want, right to choose own friends, and have own ideas and opinions, toexpress own ideas in public, the right for people to meet in groups, the right to have any
lawful job or business.

Fundamentalism - Fundamentalism can be broadly defined as a strict and literaladherence to a set of basic principles and specific beliefs. Although many, if not mostforms of fundamentalism are religious, by no means are all religious people
fundamentalists. The adherence to certain beliefs seen in fundamentalism is so strong,that the presentation of evidence that contradicts these beliefs leads to no reassessmentof them, on the part of the fundamentalist.

G
Genocide the extermination of a cultural or racial group.
Geography - an integrated discipline that brings together the physical and humandimensions of the world in the study of people, place, and environment focusing on theearth's surface and the processes that shape it, the relationships between people andenvironments, and the connections between people and places.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) the Supreme Court ruled that in federal and statecriminal cases involving serious criminal cases involving serious crimes, the court must
appoint a lawyer to represent an accused person who cannot afford one. In 1972 the"Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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Supreme Court extended the right to counsel even further. It ruled that an accused
person cannot be sent to jail for any offense unless he or she has either been represented
by counsel or voluntarily given up that right. This ruling covers all cases that could
involve imprisonment, no matter how minor the crime.
a geographic database that contains information
about the distribution of physical and human characteristics of places or areas.

GIS global information systems

Good character the moral quality of one's decisions and behavior that is generally
accepted as positiveGoods

objects that can be held or touched that can satisfy people's wants.

Globalization - Refers to the many ways in which people are being drawn together not
only by their own movements but also through the flow of goods/services, capital, andideas/information. Globalization also includes the impact that increased humaninteractions have on the natural environment.

Global warming the theory that Earth's atmosphere is gradually warming due to thebuildup of carbon dioxide in the lower atmosphere caused by human activity such as theburning of coal

Governorthe chief executive of a state government who is elected by the state's

voters.

Government an institution that determines and enforces a society's laws. The size
and nature of a government varies according to the society it governs.

Government Regulation a rule, law, statute or ordinance, through which thegovernment monitors the use of wealth or property by individuals, groups or businesses.

Graphic Data information organized in a pictorial way like a chart, graph or map.
Grasslands middle-latitude grasslands are located between the temperate forests anddesert biomes. Because of a semiarid climate, grasslands usually do not have tree cover
except along rivers. Wetter grasslands supporting taller grasses are prairies and drier
desert margin grassland regions are called steppes

Greenhouse effect the warming of the earth caused by the buildup of carbon dioxidein the lower atmosphere, possibly as the result of human industrial activity
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) the total dollar value of all final goods and services
produced in a country in a given year equals the total consumer, investment andgovernment spending, plus the value of exports minus the value of imports.

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Gross National Product (GNP) is calculated by adjusting the GDP to include income
accruing to domestic residents as a result of investments abroad minus the income
earned in domestic markets accruing to foreigners abroad.

H
Habitat - a place where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows.
Hills landform features that may have steep slopes but lower in elevation andcharacterized by less local relief than a mountain

Households

individual or family units.

Human Capital - the people who perform the work in the production of goods andservices and the skills, which they have.

Human Characteristics of Place things that humans do to change the environment or
natural surroundings (e.g., bridges, roads, and buildings). Also the language, culture,
food and religions of a place.

Human Environment/Interaction

how people adapt their lives to someenvironmental conditions; how people protect themselves from cold climates; howpeople will change their natural environment.

Human Resources

quantity and quality of human effort directed toward producing
goods and services (also called labor or human capital).

Human rights - the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often
held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, andequality before the law.
Hydrologic Cycle - the continuous circulation of water from the oceans, ice sheets,
lithosphere, atmosphere, and all living things in the biosphere.

I
Identify

to recognize and name an object, person, or idea.

Ideas - something, such as a thought or concept, that potentially or actually exists in themind as a product of mental activity, an opinion, conviction, or principle.

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Immigration - To enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native

Imports goods and services that consumers in one country buy from producers inanother country.

Inalienable (also unalienable) rights that cannot be given or taken away.
Incentives factors that motivate and influence the behavior of households andbusinesses; prices, profits, and losses act as incentives for participants to take action in amarket economy.

Indentured servitude

a contract between two people where one party agrees to workwithout any or minimal compensation to pay back money or an opportunity provided by
the other

Indigenous - Originating and living or occurring naturally in an area or environmente.g., indigenous plants or the indigenous people of a country

Income Taxes taxes paid by households and business firms on the income theyreceive.

Indian Removal Act (1830) Native Americans were forced to sign treaties agreeing tomove west of the Mississippi.

Individual choicedecisions made by people acting separately.

Individual Ownership= a business owned and managed by one individual who
assumes all risk of loss and gets all the profit.

Individual Rights fundamental to American constitutional democracy is the belief
that individuals have certain basic rights that are not created by government but whichgovernment should protect. These are the right to life, liberty, economic freedom, andthe pursuit of happiness. It is the purpose of government to protect these rights, and it
may not place unfair or unreasonable restraints on their exercise. Many of these rights
are enumerated in the Bill of Rights.

Inflation an increase in the general level of prices people pay for goods and services.
A popular measure of inflation is the consumer price index.

Infringement
Innovation

contrary to or violate; go beyond the proper or usual limits.
a newly introduced idea, invention or way of doing things that changes theworld.

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Institutions - customs, practices, relationships, or behavioral patterns of importance inthe life of a community or society: the institutions of marriage and the family.
Established organizations or foundations that reflect the culture and beliefs of a people
Integration - The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into
unrestricted and equal association

Interdependence people relying on each other in different places or in the same place
for ideas, goods, and services.

International between or among nations; having to do with the relations between
nations.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) an organization set up to lower trade barriers
between countries and to stabilize currencies, often by lending money to developing
nations.

International Trade the exchange of goods and services between or among nations.

Interpretation an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious.
Investment purchase of tangible assets, such as machines, factories, or inventories
that are used to produce goods and services for the purpose of making a profit.

Investments in Capital Resources business purchases of new plant and equipment.
Investment in Human Resources

activities that increase the skills and knowledge ofworkers.

Invisible hand term used by Adam Smith to describe the natural force that guides freemarket capitalism through competition for scarce resources.
Islam - A monotheistic religion characterized by the acceptance of the doctrine ofsubmission to God and to Muhammad as the chief and last prophet of God.

J
Jihad - A Muslim holy war or spiritual struggle against infidels (those who do notbelieve in the doctrines of the Islamic faith)

Jim Crow Laws the systematic practice of discriminating against and segregating
Black people, especially as practiced in the American South from the end of
Reconstruction to the mid

20th century.
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Judicial Branch the Branch of the Federal government responsible for interpretinglaws. The Supreme Court heads it. A major responsibility is to protect individual rights
and settle conflicts or disputes.

Justice people should be treated fairly in the distribution of the benefits and burdensof society, the correction of wrongs and injuries, and in the gathering of information andmaking of decisions.

K&.y an explanation of the features, colors, or shading on a map or chart
Kinship - the patterns and rules of relationship among people who arelinked or related to each other through shared descent from common ancestors
or through marriage.

L
Labor the physical and mental exertion that human beings put into production
activities.

Labor force

those who are working or actively seeking work.

Landform - the shape, form, or nature of a specific physical feature of the earth's
surface; e.g., plain, hill, valley, plateau, bay island
Land use - the range of uses of Earth's surface made by humans. Uses are classified asurban, rural, agricultural, forested, etc.

Latitude a measure of distance north or south of the equator.
Law a set of rules, issued and enforced by a government that binds every member ofsociety.

Law of Demand if supply is held constant, an increase in demand leads to anincreased market price, while a decrease in demand leads to a decreased market price.
Law of diminishing returns - a point beyond which the application of additional
resources yields less than proportional increases in output.

Law of diminishing marginal utility - the principle that as additional units of a productare consumed during a given time period, the additional satisfaction for the consumer
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BEST COPY AVAILABLELaw of Supply if demand is held constant, an increase in supply leads to a decreased
price, while a decrease in supply leads to increased price.
Learning - a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Legal according to the law; permitted by law; lawful

Legendan explanatory description to the features on a map or chart

Legislative Branch passes laws to protect individual rights and promote the common
good.

Libertarian party - libertarians believe in complete liberty, free enterprise, andpersonal responsibility without the constraints of government. www.lpty.org

Liberty includes the freedom to believe what you want, freedom to choose your own
friends, and to have your own ideas and opinions, to express your ideas in public, theright for people to meet in groups, and the right to have any lawful job or business.
Life each citizen has the right to the protection of their life; individuals right to life
should be considered inviolable except in certain highly restricted and extreme
circumstances, such as the use of deadly force to protect one's own or others' lives.

Limited Resources

the condition of there not being enough resources to fulfill all

wants and needs.

Line graph a means of displaying data by connecting lines between dots representing
the values of a continuous variable.

the uppermost portion of the solid Earth, including soil, land, andgeologic formations

Lithosphere

Location where something is:
Absolute Location the exact position on the globe using addresses, grid coordinates, orthe imaginary lines of longitude and latitude
Relative Location - the location of a place or region in relation to other places or regions(e.g., northwest of or downstream from).

the position of a point on Earth's surface expressed as its angular distance,east or west, from the prime meridian to 180°

Longitude
Loss

the investment lost in a business when its expenses exceed its income

Lumberingindustry involved in cutting timber and selling it.

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Major World Processes population growth, economic development, urbanization,
resource use, international trade, global communication, and environmental impact.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) case in which the Supreme Court held that it had thepower of judicial review over acts of Congress.

Market the place where buyers and sellers come together to make transactions ofgoods and services.

Market Economy an economic system based only on the interaction of market forces,
such as supply and demand. A true market economy is free of governmental influence,collusion and other external interference, and buyers and sellers making exchanges
determine prices
to come in to help settle a dispute; be a go between; act in order to bringabout an agreement between persons or sides.

Mediation

Meeting of the Three Worlds the era of early North American history when thepeople of North America, Europe, and Africa interact on the North American continent.
Melting pot Term was coined in the early 1900s by playwright Israel Zangwill in his
play The Melting Pot. The term refers to the Zangwill's theory that immigrants to theUnited States lose their unique national-ethnic identities upon their arrival in the UnitedStates and become "Americans".
Millennium one thousand years
Minerals - a naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having adefinite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, andhardness.

Migration to move from one place to settle in another.

Miranda Rule an arresting officer's requirements to inform criminal suspects of theirrights before questioning.

Mixed Economy an economy that combines elements of the traditional, market, andcommand economic models.
Modela set of assumptions and hypotheses that is a simplified description of reality.

a system of government in which the head of state, usually a royal figure(king, queen) is a hereditary position

Monarchy"Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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Monetary Policy the regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central
bank, such as the Federal Reserve Board in the U.S., in order to control inflation andstabilize currency.

Money a medium of exchange, a good that can be used to buy other goods andservices.

Money Market Deposit Accounts (MMDA) - An MMDA is an interest-bearing
account that allows you to write checks. It usually pays a higher rate of interest than achecking or savings account. MMDAs often require a higher minimum balance, andyou are limited to only three checks per month. Most institutions impose fees on
MMDAs.

Movement the moving of people, ideas, information and products around the world.

Multiculturala social or educational theory that encourages interest in many cultures
within a society rather than in only a mainstream culture

Muslim also Moslem - A believer in or adherent of IslamN
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement the United States, Canada, andMexico formed a major trading block in 1992 that removed tariffs and other barriers to
the creation of a free trade zone among the three countries.
in social studies narratives are stories or tales about events that identify thepeople involved, describe the setting, and sequences the important events.

Narratives

Nation a culturally and politically unified group of people bound together by a strong
sense of shared values, institutions and cultural characteristics
National interests - a perspective that puts the well-being of the nation before any otherconsideration
Nationalism - The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather thancollectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization founded in 1948 to curb communist
expansion. There are nineteen member countries of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. They are: Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States.
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Natural/Physical Characteristics of Placea description of "what is there naturally,"
the gifts of nature, such as water, minerals, land and timber.

Natural Resources anything from the natural environment that people use to meettheir needs. They are "gifts of nature" that are present without human intervention.
Needs

those things that everyone must have to survive.

Negotiate

to arrange for or bring about through conference, discussion, andcompromise.

NGO - a non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens'group, which is organized on a local, national or international level. NGOs perform avariety of services and humanitarian functions, bring citizens' concerns to governments,
monitor policies and encourage political participation at the community level, e.g. the
Red Cross.

Nonrenewable resourcea finite resource that cannot be replaced once it is used e.g.,

petroleum, minerals

Northwest Ordinance in 1787 Congress set up a government for the Northwest
Territory and outlawed slavery there. It also provided for the vast region to be divided
into three to five separate territories in the future.

0
Ocean - The entire body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the earth's
surface and is separated by the continents; and whose principal divisions include theAtlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic oceans.

Oligarchy

a government controlled by a small group to serve their own purposes.

OPEC the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an international cartel ofthirteen nations designed to promote collective pricing of petroleum, unified marketing
policies, and regulation of petroleum extraction.

Opportunity Cost the next best alternative that must be given up when a choice ismade. Not all alternatives, just the next best choice.

Ownership
Ozone

the right to use something and to enjoy its benefits.

a gas formed from an interaction between oxygen and sunlight

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P
Parliamentary System a system of government in which power is concentrated in a
legislature. The legislature selects one of its members, usually called a prime minister,
as the nations' principal leader and other legislative members deserve as the leader'scabinet.
Partisan - A fervent, sometimes militant supporter or proponent of a party, cause,
faction, person, or idea

Patriotism virtuous citizens display a devotion to their country in words and deeds,
including devotion to the fundamental values and principles upon which it depends

Per Capita Income the average income per person.
Personality relatively stable pattern of behavior and thinking manifested ininteractions with self and others.

Personal Virtue moral excellence, the consistent practice of moral action and theabstinence from immorality and vice

Physical Features natural characteristics of the earth's surface such as land forms,
climate, winds, and ocean currents.

Physical/natural characteristics of place - the natural environment of a place such as
water, minerals, land, and timber.

Pie chart used to display data that adds up to 100%
Place a particular city, village, or area with distinctive physical and humancharacteristics that distinguishes it from other places.
Plains - landform feature characterized by gentle slopes and minimum of local relief
landform features characterized by high elevation and gentle upland slopes(e.g., the Grand Canyon area of the United States.

Plateau

Platform - A formal declaration of the principles on which a group, such as a politicalparty, makes its appeal to the public.
Plank - One of the articles or ideas of a political platform

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the court ruled that segregation was legal so long as
facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

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Political Freedom the right to participate freely in the political process choose andremove public officials, to be governed under a rule of law; the right to a free flow of
information and ideas, open debate and right of assembly.

Popular sovereignty the citizens are collectively the sovereign of the state and holdthe ultimate authority over public officials and their policies.
Population

the people who inhabit a political entity or region

Population a group of individuals which interbreed or exchange genes primarily witheach other, and thus share traits in common more than with members of otherpopulations. If a population becomes split, as from migration, so that one part no longer
interbreeds with the other, gradually each separated group could accumulate changes notshared with the other and would thus develop or evolve into distinctive populations.
the number of individuals occupying an area derived from
dividing the number of people by the area they occupy (e.g., 2,000 people divided by ten
square miles 200 people per square mile).

Population density

Populism - A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in theirstruggle against the privileged elite. In U.S. History the populist movement first gains
national importance in the presidential election of 1892. Agrarian reform and issues
regarding bimetallism are cornerstones of the movement.

Preamble introduction to a formal document that explains its purpose.
Precedent - A judicial decision that may be used as a standard in subsequent similarcases: a landmark decision that set a legal precedent.
Prejudice - holding unreasonable preconceived judgments or convictions especiallypertaining to irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, or religion

Presidential System /American Political System a system of government in which
the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other and in whichpower in branches operate independently of each other and in which power is distributed
through a system of checks and balances.

Price the amounts of money that people pay in exchange for a unit of a particular goodor service.

original documents that help us learn about past people
or events (e.g., letters, diaries, maps, drawings, laws, statutes,).

Primary Source Documents

Primary Sources any document or artifacts that is direct evidence of historical events
including clothing, furniture, homes, recordings, documents and photographs.
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Privacy the state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion.

Private Goods

goods that are privately owned and used to benefit only their owners.

Private Life

concerns the personal life of the individual such as being with family andfriends or practicing ones own religious beliefs.

Process

a series of gradual changes bringing about a result.

Processes the series of changes by which something develops (major world processes
are population growth, economic development, urbanization, resource use, international
trade, global communication, and environmental impact.)

Producers

people who use resources to make goods and services.

Production

the act of growing, making or manufacturing goods and services.

Productivity the amount of output per unit of input.

Profit the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for
all expenses. Opposite of loss

Propaganda the systematic spreading of ideas or beliefs reflecting the views andinterests of those advocating a doctrine or cause.

Property that which is legally owned by an individual or entity.
Property taxes taxes paid by households and businesses on land and buildings.
Public Goods goods and services that are provided by the government. They are often
too expensive or not practical to be obtained by individuals.
Public Policy decisions and laws that a government makes about an area of publicconcern to guide the actions of government.

Public policy issue (should questions) an issue about which reasonable people will
disagree. Questions of public policy require individuals in authority to make decisions orcreate policies that will affect the public lives of all the citizens in a community or
nation.

Public Service

service to local, state, or national communities through appointed orelected office.

Pull factors in migration theory, the social, political, economic, and environmental
attractions of new areas that draw people away from their previous location.

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Pursuit of Happiness the right of citizens in the American constitutional democracy
to attempt to attain "to pursue" happiness in their own way, so long as they do not
infringe upon rights of others

Push factors in migration theory, the social, political, economic and environmental
forces that drive people from their previous location to search for new ones.

R
Race commonly used to refer to regional human populations assumed to besignificantly genetically different from each other, though in the same species.
Anthropologists hold that this view ignores the vast amount of genetic diversity within
any population and the minimal importance of differences between populations, so thatrace is used to refer to ethnic group (cultural) differences as though they had a biologicalbasis. Recent DNA research shows that the amount of DNA variation within any
population is more than 16 times greater than DNA differences between populations.

Racism an irrational belief in an advocacy of the superiority of a given group, people,
or nation

Reapportionment the number of representatives in Congress is fixed. The Supreme
Court has established that all election districts must be equal or nearly equal in
population. States which must make changes as a result of new census figures (situations
where new districts are drawn or seats lost---reapportioning) often experience rancorous
debate by the political parties. Reapportionment plans can affect the ease with which aparty can get its candidates elected.
Rebate - A partial refund following a purchase.

Reciprocity mutual exchange, especially an exchange of special privileges in regard to
trade between two countries

Reconstruction period after the Civil War when the south was re-built; also, theFederal program to rebuild it.

Referendum - The submission of a proposed public measure or actual statute to a direct
popular vote.

Reform movement to improve unsatisfactory conditions.
Region an area that shares common characteristics. Regions can be physical regions;land formations and climate; human traits that make up a region such as language,
religion history and political boundaries.

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Regulation - rules and laws the government makes to control the economy. In laissezfaire economic systems there is no regulation of the economy. In the United States, thegovernment participates in the economy to assure the accomplishment of the economic
goals of government.

Relative Location

Relative Pricedescribes where a place is in relation to other places.

the price of one good or service compared to the prices of others goods

and services.

Religion - A personal or institutionalized system grounded in such belief and worship.

Religious Liberty there shall be full freedom of conscience for people of all faiths ornone. Religious liberty is considered to be a natural inalienable right that must always
be beyond the power of the state to confer or remove. Religious liberty includes theright to freely practice any religion or no religion without governmental coercion orcontrol.

a system of government in which the people choose
political leaders to make policy decisions on their behalf.

Representative Democracy

Republic - a republic is a sovereign state in which all segments of society are
enfranchised and in which the state's power is constitutionally limited. A republic isdistinguished from a true democracy in that the republic operates through a
representative assembly chosen by the citizenry, while in a democracy the populace
participates directly in governmental affairs.

Resources all natural, human and man-made aids to the production of goods andservices. Also called productive resources.
Rule of Law principle that every member of a society, even a ruler, must follow the
law.

Rural

areas of low population density

S

Sales Taxes

taxes paid by the consumer on the goods and services people buy.

Savings Accounts with savings accounts you can make withdrawals, although thenumber you can make each month may be limited. Savings accounts usually earninterest. Institutions may assess various fees on savings accounts, such as minimum
balance fees.

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Scale on maps the relationship or ratio between a linear measurement on a map andthe corresponding distance on Earth's surface. For example, the scale 1:1,000,000
means one unit (mile or kilometer) on the map and represents 1,000,000 similar units on
Earth's surface. Also refers to the size of places or regions being studied.

Scarcity the condition that occurs because people's wants and needs are unlimited,while the resources needed to produce goods and services to meet these wants and needs
are limited.

Secondary Sources summaries and interpretations of original artifacts.
Segregation - The policy or practice of separating people of different races, classes, or
ethnic groups, as in schools, housing, and public or commercial facilities, especially as aform of discrimination

the distribution of political power among the branches ofgovernment, giving each branch a particular set of responsibilities.

Separation of Powers

Services an intangible act, which satisfies the wants or needs of consumers such as
medical advice and education.

Shortages the situation resulting when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity
supplied of a good, service, or resource.

Site the specific place where something is located, including its physical setting (e.g.,
on a floodplain).

Situation the general location of something in relation to other places or features of alarger region (e.g., in the center of a groups of cities).

the representation of all or part of the surface location on a flat piece of
paper drawn from memory.

Sketch Map

Slavery - the institution that supports the holding of human beings as property

Specialization the situation in which a nation produces a narrower range of goods andservices than they consume/specialization in mass production occurs when a worker
repeats a single operation over and over.
Socialism any one of various systems in which the means of producing goods are
owned by the community or the government rather than by private individuals with all
people sharing in the work and the goods produced.
Social organization - the rule-governed relationships of individuals andgroups within a society that holds it together.

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Soil - unconsolidated material found at the surface of Earth, which is divided into layers(or horizons) characterized by the accumulation or loss of organic and inorganic
compounds. Soil types and depths vary greatly over Earth's surface, and are very muchinfluenced by climate, organisms, rock type, local relief, time, and human activity.
Sovereign - the person, body, or state in which independent and supreme authority isvested; such as, in a monarchy, a king, queen, or emperor---in the United States, thepeople.

Stock Market a financial market which is organized to buy and sell stocks throughexchanges, over-the-counter, and electronically
Subculture - a distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns bywhich a group within a larger society operates.
a payment made by government to encourage some activity.

Subsidy,

Substitute goods

goods that can be used interchangeably. The consumption of one
replaces the need to consume the other.

Supply the quantities of a good or service that a firm is willing and able to makeavailable for sale at different prices (economic concept of supply and demand).

Surpluses

the situation resulting when the quantity supplied exceeds that quantity
demanded of a good, service, or resource.
Synthesize - build a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together toform a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.

T
Taking a stand supporting one side of an issue of public policy

Tariff tax on foreign goods brought into a country. An official schedule of taxes
imposed by a government on imports or exports

Taxes

required payments of money made to governments by households and business

firms.

Theorya set of principle that can be used to make inferences about the world.

Three Basic Economic Questions 1.) What goods and services will be produced andin what quantities? 2.) How will they be produced? 3.) For whom will they be
produced?
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Timeline

a graphic means of displaying historical events in chronological order

Tolerance - a disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior
country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of
the lives of the people

Totalitarian

Trade/Exchange trading goods and services with people for other goods and services
or for money. When people exchange voluntarily, they expect to be better off as aresult.

Trade-offs

giving up one thing to get something else.

Traditional Economy an economy in which the three basic questions are answered bycustom, or how things have been done in the past. Roles in traditional economies are
gender based and often inherited. Barter holds an important position.
Treaty - A formal agreement between two or more states, as in reference to terms ofpeace or trade.

Trial the examination before a court of the facts or law in a court case
Trojan Horse - a subversive group that supports the enemy and engages in espionage orsabotage; an enemy in your midst; a large hollow wooden figure of a horse (filled withGreek soldiers) left by the Greeks outside Troy during the Trojan War

Truth A statement proven to be or accepted as true; in a democracy the principle thatthe government and citizens should not lie.

Tyrant one who exercises absolute power without legal authority

U
Unalienable (also inalienable) rights that cannot be given or taken away; that cannot
be transferred to anotherthe situation in which people are willing and able to work at current
wages but do not have jobs.

Unemployment

Unicameral - a state government with a single legislative chamber

Urban an area characterized as a city or town where the population density is greaterthan in the surrounding area and is acknowledged as a major cultural, service, andproduction location in a region"Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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Urbanizationa process in which there is an increase in the percentage of people
living/working in cities and towns

V
Values - beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment(either for or against something); those things that are considered to be most importantby a person or group
Vigilante - One who takes or advocates the taking of law enforcement into one's own
hands.

Voluntarism people who work without monetary compensation to help others in theirfamily, schools, communities, state, nation, and the world.

Voluntary Exchanges choosing to give one thing in exchange for another without
being coerced

w
Wants

things that people desire.

Watershed - an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

Weather atmospheric conditions as regards to temperature, moisture, winds
Wetlands - productive land areas that are flooded for at least part of the year

World Processes population growth, economic development, urbanization, resourceuse, international trade, global communication, and environmental impact.
World Trade Organization (WTO) - An international agency which encourages trade
between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes
when they arise.

Suggestions for additions to this glossary should include:
the worda suggested definition
the source of the suggested definition
Suggestions may be e mailed to Karen R Todorov at:www.todorok@michigan.gov"Helping teachers teach and children learn"Michigan Department of Education

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