Development of AIM/Water-Impact analysis on water use for water resources-Yasuaki HIJIOKA
NIES, Social and Environment System Division
Environment Planning Section
The 7th AIM International Workshop; 15-17, March 2002
National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan

Concept of AIM/Water¾ Analysis on water resource under social,economic, life style and climate changes
9 Water balance between demand and availability
9 Evaluating effectiveness and cost benefits on environmental

policy and investment
9 Scenario analysis for water resources based on social-economicfactors¾ AIM/Water focuses on water use9 One part of impact models for water resources
9 Considering water quantity and quality aspects

Block diagram of impact model forwater resourcesz Populationz Incomez TechnologyWaterUse

z Climatez Climatez Domesticz Industryz Agriculture

Existing model
developed by
AIM/Impactz Land Cover

Watershed level
Water Withdrawals

Water
Availability

Watershed
Water Stress
Grid-level
Water Availability
z Runoffz Recharge

NewDevelopment

Water use and flow process model
Water flow process
considering quantity and quality

Reuse

Water Use

Waterresources

Water supplysystem

zWater use model
zWater flow process modelz Domesticz Industryz Businessz Agriculture

Water
Availability

Wastewater
treatment system

WatershedOutline of Model DevelopmentStudy area ： Asia

Level of model analysis ： Watershed
99Representing water stress distribution inside of countries
Modeling water quantity and quality flow between watersheds



Watershed is divided into two areas : Urban and Ruralarea



Water use model99

Bottom-up model
Sectors : Domestic, Industry, Business, Agriculture

Water flow process model
99

Water resources, water supply, water use, wastewater treatment
Water quantity and quality flow process, modeling wastewater reuse

Concept of Urban and Rural areas Differences between Urban and Rural areas¾ Population, materials and industry concentrate in urban area

than rural area
¾ Huge water use and pollution load are generated in urban area
¾ Different water supply and sanitation systems
 Main water use in Urban area
9 Domestic, Industry, Business Main water use in Rural area
9 AgricultureWater flow in a watershed
Reuse
Water Demand
EconomyWaterworks

Population

Domestic
Industry
Treatment plant

BusinessAgriculture

HYDRORiver
Water availability

Ground waterRainfall

Water Demand
EconomyDomestic

Population

Industry
Business

Rural

Agriculture

Pollution
load

Pollutiondischarge

Water discharge for downstream

Urban

Swimming Pool

Water flows: Domestic

Urban area
Water leakDevice forwater saving

Washhand

Device forwater saving

ShowerDevice forwater saving

BathDevice forwater saving

Laundry
Drinking water

River

Water
treatment
plant

Improved water
RainfallGroundwater

Reuse water

Device forwater saving

Meal

Device forwater saving

Irrigation

Device forwater saving

Flush toilet

Water use
In urban area

Swimming Pool
WashhandShowerBathLaundryDrinking water
Meal

Rural area

Irrigation
Flush toilet

Water usein rural area

Input data Basic data
¾ City location：UNSD, UNEP/GRID¾ Population：LandScan2000¾ Boundary of watershed：Hydro1k¾ Administrative region：UNEP/GRID

 Parameters for model analysis¾ Unit water consumption and pollutant load on each sector¾ Cost and technology information for water saving¾ Necessary water quality data for water use in each unit
¾ Diffusion of water and wastewater treatment plant¾ Treatment ability by water treatment plant and wastewater
treatment plant¾ Costs of construction and management by water treatment plant
and wastewater treatment plant

City location and population data（UNEP/GRID，UNSD)
About 3000 cities in the world：Population ofcapital cities and cities of 100,000 and more
inhabitants

LandScan2000
Estimated population data derived by Census
data (Population), Land cover, Roads, DEM,
Nighttime light dataOverlaying LandScan and UNEP/GRID

Change from rural to urban area

City, Watersheds, Administrative
boundary, Population
Over 5000
population
per 1 km grid(LandScan)
Boundaries ofwatersheds
Administrative
boundariesCity(UNEP/GRID)

Analysis for treated water use in Tokyo 23wards
 Tentative analysis on treated water use in 1997

9 Analysis on treated water use in domestic, industry, business9 Statistical data is opened to the public on the Web
9 Long term series data is scarce
9 Detailed statistical analysis was carried out in 1997
Equation, unit consumption and parameters for domestic water use (JWWA, 1990)＝ Consumption

× Diffusion of device [%]×bathtub＝

168 [L/h/d]×100 (bathtub)×Shower＝

35 [L/p/d]×100 (shower)

×Laundry＝

110 [L/h/d]×100 (Cloth washingmachine)

Toilet＝

14 [L/p/d]

×100 (Flush toilet)

Meal

＝

160 [L/h/d]

Washhand＝Drinking water＝

Unit [L/d]Bath×Segment

×Household [h]×Population [p]

0.85

×

Household [h]3.5

×Population [p]

×0.85

×

Household [h]20 [L/p/d]

×

1.25

×

Population [p]1.0 [L/p/d]

×

1.0×

Population [p]×Frequency [d]0.85

100000

90000

90000

80000

80000

70000

70000

60000

60000

50000

50000

40000

40000

30000

30000

20000

20000

10000

10000

0

Measured water use （1000m3/y）

100000ChiyodaChuo
MinatoShinjuku
BunkyoTaito
SumidaKoto
ShinagawaMeguroOta
SetagayaShibuyaNakanoSuginami
Toshima
Kita
Arakawa
Itabashi
NerimaAdachi
Katsushika
Edogawa

Estimated water use （1000m3/y）Result of water use for domestic in
Tokyo 23 wards

023 wards in Tokyo Metoropolitan
Bathtub

ShowerLaundry

Flush toilet

Meal

WashhandDrinking water

Measured water use

Result of water use for industry inTokyo 23 wards
100000

90000

90000

80000

80000

70000

70000

60000

60000

50000

50000

40000

40000

30000

30000

20000

20000

10000

10000

0

ChiyodaChuo
MinatoShinjuku
BunkyoTaito
SumidaKoto
ShinagawaMeguroOta
SetagayaShibuyaNakanoSuginami
Toshima
Kita
Arakawa
Itabashi
NerimaAdachi
Katsushika
Edogawa

100000023 wards in Tokyo Metoropolitan
Bathtub

ShowerLaundry

Flush toilet
Drinking water

Meal
Industry

WashhandMeasured water use

Measured water use （1000m^3/y）Total treated water use for industry was allocated to each ward
based on number of factories
Estimated water use （1000m^3/y）Water resources for industrial use inTokyoThe proportion of treated water for industry in water resources isonly 7 %2500000

Water volume （m^3/d）



2000000

1500000

1000000

5000007%0Water resources forindustrial use inTokyo
Treated water for industry
Ground waterSea water

Estimated water use Estimated water use
for industry in Tokyo for domestic in Tokyo
23 wards
23 wards

Industrial water
Miscellaneous resource
Treated water for domestic use

Surface water
Recycled waterCalculation of water use for businessin Tokyo 23 wards
Equation, unit consumptions for business water use (JWWA, 1990)
Unit [L/d]＝Consumption

×

Segment

Government＝150 [L/h/d]

×Employee [p]Office＝65000 [L/ha/d]

×

Floor space [ha]School＝

45 [L/p/d]

×

Teacher and student [p]Hospital＝

640 [L/p/d]

×

Employee [p]100000

90000

90000

80000

80000

70000

70000

60000

60000

50000

50000

40000

40000

30000

30000

20000

20000

10000

10000

00

23 wards in Tokyo Metoropolitan
Bathtub
Meal
Government
Measured water use

ShowerWashhand
OfficeLaundry
Drinking water
SchoolFlush toilet
Industry
Hospital

Measured water use （1000m3/y）

100000ChiyodaChuo
MinatoShinjuku
BunkyoTaito
SumidaKoto
ShinagawaMeguroOta
SetagayaShibuyaNakanoSuginami
Toshima
Kita
Arakawa
Itabashi
NerimaAdachi
Katsushika
Edogawa

Estimated water use （1000m3/y）Result of water use for business inTokyo 23 wards

Future Plan
Input data collection for long-term periodanalysis¾ Development of database for model parameters¾ Application of water use analysis to another cities
in Asia region¾ Development of water flow process model¾ Coupling water use model to water availability
model¾ Scenario analysis on environmental policy and¾

investment strategies