The Institute of Applied Energy
June/2008 Published Version

Cool Earth-Innovative Energy
Technology Program

March 2008
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

“Cool Earth-Innovative Energy Technology Program”
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Innovative Energy technologies to be prioritized(1) Criteria for narrowing down the focus of innovative energy technology development(2) Identified “21” innovative energy technologies(3) Innovative energy technology development roadmap through 2050
3. Promotion of international cooperation in innovative energy technology development(1) Current status of energy technology development in the world and the situation oftechnology roadmap development(2) Basic view on international cooperation(3) Current status of international cooperation in the field of energy and future directions
4. Picture of a future social system in 2050 seen from the aspects of energy technology
5. Steady implementation of the program(Appendix)

Technology Development Roadmap for Cool Earth-Innovative Energy Technology

1.

Introduction
The Prime Minister’s initiative on global warming, “Cool Earth 50” was announced on May 24,

2007. It includes the proposal for a long-term objective to reduce global greenhouse gas
emissions by half compared to the current level by 2050. It is difficult to address such along-term objective with only conventional technologies, and so the development of innovativetechnologies is considered essential.
At the Heiligendamm Summit in June 2007, climate change was one of the main discussion
themes, and G8 leaders reached an agreement to “consider seriously the decision which
includes at least a halving of global emissions by 2050” and to treat technology as “a key tomastering climate change and enhancing energy security.”
Since Japan has the world’s top level technology in the field of energy, we need to strongly
promote international cooperation and actively contribute to substantial global emissions
reductions while reinforcing and maintaining our competitiveness. This can be done both byfocusing our research and development resources on the technology fields where we can leadthe world and by accelerating and promoting technology development with the recognition thattechnology is an important resource for Japan.
We have thus decided to develop the “Cool Earth-Innovative Energy Technology Program,”
and we have examined how specific measures can be taken to develop innovative technologies
in the field of energy with the prospects for 2050. In this examination, we first discussed which
technologies Japan should focus on developing to achieve substantial reductions by 2050, andwe specified which technologies should be prioritized in order to prepare a roadmap forlong-term technology development with milestones to ensure steady advances. Next, we
discussed how international cooperation should be used in technology development, since thesubstantial reduction is considered impossible without international cooperation. A long-term
approach is needed for achieving substantial reductions, and nations need to share the directionof technological development to ensure steady progress. We then discussed how international
cooperation should be structured with the roadmaps as the centerpiece of international
cooperation.
This report summarizes these items of discussion as “Cool Earth-Innovative Energy
Technology Program.”1

2.

Innovative energy technologies to be prioritized(1) Criteria for narrowing down the focus of innovative energy technology development
To promote energy technology development effectively and efficiently for the substantial
reduction by 2050, we narrowed down the specific innovative energy technologies to beemphasized by using the following criteria.
Obviously the improvement and diffusion of existing technologies that are alreadycommercialized is also important, but we considered innovative technologies that are notextensions of existing technologies as subjects in this examination.
1, Technologies expected to deliver substantial reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in theworld by 2050
(a) Technologies that can be commercialized by 2030 considering the period required forthe diffusion of the technology, and(b) Technologies that can be commercialized after 2030 if the period required for
diffusion is short.
2, Innovative technologies expected to deliver a substantial performance improvement, cost
reduction, expansion in diffusion and so forth through one of the following methods:(a) Material innovation including the utilization of new principles and the new utilizationof existing materials (e.g. PV cells with new structures or materials, an alternative
catalyst to platinum in fuel cells, etc.)(b) Innovation in production processes (e.g. Innovative iron and steel process usinghydrogen as the reducing agent, etc.)(c) Demonstration of systems based on established elemental technologies (e.g. Carbon
dioxide capture and storage technology)
3, Technologies that Japan can lead the world in developing (this includes areas in which
Japan already has a lead in developing the foundational elemental technologies).
(2) Identified “21” innovative energy technologies
Based on the above concepts, we selected the following “21” technologies. In this figure,these 21 technologies are largely classified on the basis of their impact on the expansion of
low-carbon energy utilization and improvements in energy efficiency, as well as whether they areon the supply side or the demand side.

(Power generation/transmission)◯ High-Efficiency Natural Gas Fired Power Generation◯ High-Efficiency Coal Fired Power Generation2◯ Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)◯ Innovative Photovoltaic Power Generation◯ Advanced Nuclear Power Generation◯ High-Efficiency Superconducting Power Transmission(Transportation)◯ Intelligent Transport System (ITS)◯ Fuel Cell Vehicle◯ Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle/Electric Vehicle◯ Production of Transport Biofuel(Industry)◯ Innovative Iron and Steel Making Process◯ Innovative Material, Production/Processing Technology(Commercial/residential)◯ High-Efficiency House and Building◯ Next-Generation High-Efficiency Lighting◯ Ultra High-Efficiency Heat Pump
◯ Stationary Fuel Cell
◯ High-Efficiency Information Device and System◯ HEMS/BEMS/Local-Level EMS1
(Cross-cutting technologies)◯ High-Performance Power Storage◯ Power Electronics2◯ Hydrogen Production, Transport and Storage
In this program, we selected the 21 technologies based on the information available atpresent. It is possible that technologies that are just emerging may develop into those that cancontribute to substantial reductions in carbon dioxide emissions with future research anddevelopment and some breakthroughs. Therefore, we will need to keep an eye on the1

HEMS/BEMS/Local-Level EMS: EMS stands for Energy Management System. HEMS (House Energy
Management System) controls the energy for individual houses, and BEMS (Building Energy Management
System) controls the energy in individual buildings to optimize the energy utilization. Local-level EMS isan energy control system with a wider areas.
2
Power Electronics: Technologies for inverters, etc. that utilize semiconductors and so forth in power
generation, transmission or distribution, power storage and other electric devices.
3

technologies that were not selected in this program such as offshore wind power generation.
This is currently developed mainly in Europe due to better wind conditions and a better expected
operation rate compared to land-based turbines. We plan to note progress in basic research aswell as the overseas development status of the technology as necessary to provide an elementof flexibility to the technology list.

- 21
21

T
echn
ologies to be Prioritized Tech
nologies

Supply side

Efficien cy im provem ent
Pow
Power
erGGeneration
eneration/transm/transmission
ission1 . H ig h-Efficiency
N a tural Gas Fired
P ow er Gen era tion

Demand side

SystemCComom mmercial
ercial8 . Fu el C ell
V eh icle

9. Plug -in H ybrid Veh icle
/Electric Vehicle

11. Inn ovative m aterials,
Pro du ction/Processing
13. H ig h -Efficien t
hou se and bu ild ing

1 6. U ltra H ig hEfficien cy
H eat p u m p s

3. C arbon D io xid e
Capture an d
Sto rag e (CCS)

5. A d va nced nu clea r
Po w er Generation

4.In no vative
Ph otovoltaic p ow er
Ge neration

6 . H ig h-Efficiency
S up ercon d uctin g
P ow er Tra nsm ission

7. In tellig ent
Transportation
Transportation Tran sp ort

Industry
Ind ustry

Low carbonization

2. High -Efficie ncy C o al Fired
Pow er G eneratio n

10.P rodu ctionof T ransport
Biofuel12 . In novative Iron an d Steelm a king p rocess

14 .N ext-G e neration H ig h
Efficien cy lighting

1 7. H ig h-Efficien cy
In form ation D evice
a nd System

15 . Station ary
Fu el C ell

18 . H EM S/B EM S/Local-level EM S

CCross-cutting
ross-cutting
1 9. H ig h-P erform ance 20 . P ow er Electronics
P ow er storage

2 1. H yd rog en P rodu ction,
1
Tran sp ort and Storag e(Figure 1) Innovative Energy technologies to be prioritized

4

3. CCS(restated)

(3) Innovative energy technology development roadmap through 2050
To promote technologies that require a long lead time before commercialization and great
investments in research and development, it is essential that the government and private sector
share the direction. We therefore developed a technology development roadmap that shows theprocesses from development to practical application over time for the 21 selected innovative
energy technology fields, discussing the technologies in greater detail based on the knowledgeof specialists (Appendix). More specifically, the time until practical application, the course oftechnical advancement, issues to be addressed before diffusion, etc. are provided.
It is important that this technology development roadmap will be reviewed regularly to address
the changes in domestic and international trends in technologies so that related parties canshare the direction of technology development.
(Power generation/transmission)○ High-efficiency natural gas fired power generation•

Outline of technology
Combined cycle power generation by both
high temperature gas turbines and steam
turbines using natural gas (which has lessenvironmental impact than other fossil fuels)as the fuel, and advanced humid air turbine
technologies.
It is possible to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions by approximately 7% if power

Kawasaki Thermal Power Station
Courtesy of Tokyo Electric Power Co.

generation efficiency can be improved to 56%(transmission end 3 , HHV 4 ) from the current
level of 52% efficiency and by nearly 10% ifefficiency

isimproved

to60%

through

improved gas turbine performance. It is also
technically possible to combine this withcarbondioxidecaptureand

Courtesy of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

storagetechnology (CCS) and create a plant that is nearly zero-emission by putting the CCS
3Transmission end: Generating end is calculated based on the power generated by the generator, andtransmission end is calculated by subtracting the power used by devices within the power plant from thegenerating end power.
4
HHV (Higher Heating Value): Indicates the condition for expressing the heating value of a fuel, and HHV
includes the condensation heat for moisture contained in fuel and steam generated by combustion(evaporative latent heat). Lower heating value (LHV) does not include evaporative latent heat. Therefore,
the power generation efficiency using LHV is higher than that with HHV by about 1.05-fold in coal fired
power generation and about 1.1-fold in natural gas fired power generation.
5

technology to practical use.
•

Technology development roadmap
Thermal efficiency for power generation gas turbines has been improved since thebeginning of 1980s by combustion temperature increases at the pace of 20°C per year.
Japan has led the world in this field by putting 1500°C-class gas turbines on the market
ahead of other nations and achieving power generation efficiency of 52%. However,Japanese turbine manufacturers only have about 10% of global market share, withlarge shares held by European and American manufacturers such as GE and Siemens.
These manufacturers are also actively working toward this level of technologicaldevelopment. Therefore, our superiority does not allow for optimism.
To maintain our superiority in this field, we shall approach the development of
1700°C-class gas turbines, aiming for their commercialization with 56% power
generation efficiency by around 2015. To do this, high-temperature resistant andcorrosion resistant materials, cooling techniques, ceramic thermal barrier coating andso forth need to be developed. Also, technology development will be promoted to
improve power generation efficiency to 60% by using a combination of fuel cell and gas
turbines or steam turbine by around 2025. In this case, the development of alarge-capacity fuel cell will be the largest technical challenges.
Development of 1700°C-class gas turbines is an important technology that can also
be used in other power generation technologies such as integrated coal gasification
combined cycle (IGCC). Technology development is also promoted in the U.S. in thefederal government by the High Efficiency Engines and Turbines Programs of the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE). It is expected that early practical application and theestablishment of reliability with demonstration projects can be accomplished in Japan
withsteadytechnology

development

throughindustry-academia-government

cooperation.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
Development of combustion technology that recirculates exhaust gas to create
low-pollution combustion is necessary, as is the advancement of various basic
technologies involving various components of the gas turbine, such as the compressor,
the combustor, and the turbine itself. This technology is expected to contribute toimprovements in the efficiency of the subsequent carbon dioxide separation andcapture by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas.
Furthermore, it is necessary that technology development be conducted withindustry-academia-government cooperation by training young engineers and working

6across disciplines since gas turbine technology requires advanced design andproduction skills in a wide range of fields including aerodynamics, thermodynamics,
combustion, and materials science.
In addition to these R&D efforts, it is necessary to disseminate the high-efficiency
natural gas power generation overseas through transferring our technologies andknow-how, with appropriate management of intellectual property rights, to electricutilities in both developed and developing countries where electricity demand will be
growing.
{High-efficiency coal fired power generation• Outline of technology
Coal is an important resource for the stable supply of energy since there is a large
reserve and it superiors in economic efficiency compared to petroleum, natural gas, andother fuels. Japan’s coal-fired power generation technology started with subcriticalpressure generation (C), advancing to practical application of supercritical pressure
generation (SC), then ultra super critical pressure generation (USC), with continually
improving power generation efficiency. There are also technologies called advanced
ultra super critical pressure power generation (A-USC), Integrated Coal Gasification
Combined Cycle (IGCC), and Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle(IGFC), each with more improved power generation efficiencies that can help overcome
the fact that carbon dioxide emissions from coal combustion are greater than thosefrom other fossil fuels.
<Advanced Ultra Super Critical pressure power generation (A-USC)>
A-USC is the technology to improve the power generation efficiency by increasing thesteam temperature and pressure of pulverized coal fired power generation.
<Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Integrated coal Gasification
Fuel cell Combined cycle (IGFC)>
IGCC is the technology for combined power
generation that uses gas turbines and steam
turbines with coal gasification. IGFC further
improves

power

generation

efficiency

bycombining this process with a fuel cell. Further
reduction of carbon dioxide emissions can be
expected by the next-generation IGFC (A-IGFC)
technology that will improve power generation
efficiency by collecting exhaust heat from the7

EAGLE Pilot Plant
EAGLE: Coal Energy Application for Gas,
Liquid & Electricity
Courtesy of Electric Power
Development Co., Ltd (J-Power)fuel cell and utilizing it in gasification.
Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by about 30% if power generation efficiency
can be improved from the current 42% (with USC technology) (transmission end, HHV)
to 57%. Emissions can be reduced by 40% if efficiency is improved to 65%. In addition,
emissions of carbon dioxide can be expected to be reduced to nearly zero bycombining this technology with CCS.
•

Technology development roadmap
Along with European manufacturers such as Alstom Power and Siemens, Japanesemanufacturers such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toshiba and Hitachi have global
businesses in steam turbine and boiler technologies and are leading the world intechnology. In addition, 3 major Chinese companies, Shanghai, Harbin and Dongfang,
and the Indian national power company BHEL are beginning to obtain a large share of
the global market5 (see Fig. 2) through technical cooperation with major Japanese,
European and American manufacturers. This is happening under the background ofrecent rapidly growing demands for power in China and India, and it indicates advancesin business-based transfers of technologies.
A-USC is suitable for building and retrofiting of pulverized coal fired power plants
since it has a similar system structure and operability to the existing pulverized coal
fired power plants.
Japan has the experience of putting 600℃-class USC to practical use ahead of theworld and is at a technical advantage.
Development of new high-temperature
resistantmaterials

andwelding technology for steel materials
will

be

promoteddevelopment

withShanghai
Turbine Co.
(CHN)
19%

innovativeintechnology

the

goal

Others
30%
2006

of

commercializing 700°C-class turbines

Total:
83.1 GW

with 46% power generation efficiency
by around 2015 and 48% efficiency byaround 2020.

Toshiba (JPN)
5%

Dongfang
Turbine Wks
(CHN)
12%

Alstom Power
(FRA)
11%

ash melting point coals which are

Siemens
Power Gen Harbin(DEU) Turbine Co. Bhel (IND)
10%
5%
(CHN)
8%

difficult to use in pulverized fired power(Figure 2) Market Share of Steam Turbines

IGCC is a technology suited to low

Courtesy of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

plants, and thus it is expected to5

Output based share for 2006 (including nuclear turbines). Survey by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
8contribute to the stable supply of energy by expanding the types of coals that can beused. Internationally, four Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants
in Buggenum (Holland), Puertollano (Spain), Wabash River (U.S.), and Tampa (U.S.)
are currently in commercial operation. All of these plants have generating end output ofapproximately 300MW and use oxygen blown (type) gasifier. Their operation began in
the latter half of the 1990s, and their power generation efficiency was about 40%.
In Japan, technologies to achieve higher power generation efficiency are already inthe demonstration stage, and we will establish reliability, safety, economic efficiency
and maintenance simplicity through the operation of a demonstration plant (250MW,
41% power generation efficiency) in the future.
Furthermore, we will try to achieve 46% power generation efficiency using the wet
gas cleaning method by around 2010, 48 % by around 2015 using the hot gas cleaning
method and 50% by around 2025 by adopting a 1,700°C-class gas turbine.
In the long term, practical application of the next-generation IGCC is expected when
the power generation efficiency will be improved to 57% by moving the exhaust heatfrom the gas turbine to the gasification reactor and using the steam reforming process
to increase gasification efficiency by 2030 and later.
IGFC is currently at the stage of fundamental technology development in a pilot plant.
It has already been confirmed that the fuel cell operates on hydrogen gas generated
from coal, but it is necessary to improve the reliability of the system and reduce its costby developing a large-capacity fuel cell and establishing a system to combine it with thecoal generator. We will aim to reach a power generation efficiency of 55% by around2025.
In the long term, we expect the next-generation IGFC (A-IGFC) to improve power
generation efficiency by collecting exhaust heat from the fuel cell and utilizing it ingasification through steam reforming process, leading to a power generation efficiencyof 65%.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
Due to their characteristics, IGCC/IGFC and A-USC are technologies with especiallyhigh demands from the viewpoint of a stable energy supply and effective measuresagainst carbon dioxide emission as coal fired power generation is expected to increase
mainly in East Asia in the future. Especially for IGCC/IGFC, demonstration projects incombination with the later-described carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) arebeing planned in various nations, and we need to implement efficiency improvements
and implement the technologies while keeping these facts in view.
Furthermore, it is necessary that technology development be promoted while
reinforcing cooperation in large-scale projects to demonstrate the basic research on

9materials, catalyst technology and other technologies in universities and in private plants
as a system. This way, we can continue effective technology development regarding
coal and maintain our technical advantage in the field.
{

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)•

Outline of technology
CCS is a technology to reduce the amount ofcarbon dioxide released into the atmosphere andcontribute to a substantial reduction in carbon dioxide
emissions around the world by separating andcapturing carbon dioxide from the exhaust gas oflarge emissions sources such as thermal power
plants and storing or sequestering it in undergroundgeological formations or in the deep ocean for a longtime. It may enable the development of zero-emission
coal fired power generation.
CCS is a process consisting of 4 stages; carbon
dioxide capture, transport, injection and storage. The

Post-combustion CO2 Capture
Demonstration Plant
Source: Website of Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd.

core in technology development is the carbon dioxide
capture and storage technologies. For carbon dioxide capture process, chemical
absorption, physical absorption, membrane separation, and cryogenic distillation can beused. Potential technical storage methods are geological storage or ocean sequestration.
The former methods involve aquifer (deep saline aquifer) storage, Enhanced Oil/gas
Recovery (EOR), storage in depleted oil/gas reservoirs or unminable coal seams. As
ocean sequestration methods, dissolution type and lake type storage can be used.
•

Technology development roadmap
Currently, domestic and international attention has been focused on CCS technology
as a promising option to mitigate carbon dioxide emission in atmosphere in a shortperiod. In Europe and the U.S., technology development is being actively pursued, andEnhanced Oil Recovery technology has reached the stage of commercialization. In
Japan, basic research began at the end of the 1980s, and small-scale demonstrations of
10,000 ton geological injections have been implemented for storage stability verification.
Because the cost of carbon dioxide capture accounts for approximately 60% or moreof the total CCS cost, our technical challenge in promoting practical application is to
reduce this cost. To address this issue, the development of key technologies such as
CO2 separation membrane and high-efficiency absorbent is necessary.
The cost for separation and capture is currently about 4,200 JPY/t-CO2, and10

technology development is being undertaken with the target cost of 2,000s JPY/ t-CO2
by around 2015 and 1,000s JPY/t-CO2 (CO2 membrane separation method implemented
to IGCC) by the 2020s.
While continuing research on domestic geological storage potentials, a large-scale RD&D project will be promoted using existing large emission sources such as thermal
power plants with a goal of attaining some prospects for practical application by 2020.
Furthermore, overseas transport of carbon dioxide should also be included as an early
opportunity such as EOR because the domestic storage potentials (storage capacity andcost) we currently know are limited. To do this, we will begin designing of carbon dioxidetransport ship and accelerate the feasibility study of overseas transport of carbon dioxide
to oil-producing nations where there are possibilities for reciprocal joint projects such as
EOR.
Meanwhile, additional energy is required for carbon dioxide separation, capture andinjection in CCS process. IPCC-SRCCS reported that additional energy of about 10 40% will be required compared to the same-scale power plant without CCS. Therefore, itwill be necessary to develop technologies that will improve the efficiency of the overall
CCS system while accumulating data from larger scale RD&D projects.
It is necessary to develop high-resolution monitoring and prediction technologies ofcarbon dioxide movement to ensure long-term stability and safety of the storage system.
In the long term, exploration of the storage potential will be an issue to be solved, andtechnologies to utilize aquifers with stratigrafical trap also need to be developed.
Ocean sequestration technology may lead to a great expansion of the storage
potential for Japan, which is surrounded by the sea. It is necessary that research
towards the practical application of the technology be advanced as a long-term issue
while promoting technology’s place in the formation of international and social
confidence building. It is also essential that our ocean sequestration technology befurther advanced through the utilization and contribution of related technologies inmonitoring and safety assessment for carbon dioxide storage in sub-seabed geologicalformations.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
CCS technology development is being undertaken in the U.S., Canada, Europe,
Australia, China and other countries, and several large-scale demonstration projects andcommercial projects are being planned or implemented.
Since the storage potential of Japan is limited, it is necessary that we promote theexchange of information through international forums such as Carbon Sequestration
Leadership Forum (CSLF) and Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and11Climate (APP) where we can provide measures that will lead to further demonstration
projects while accumulating technologies and know-how through participation inlarge-scale overseas projects.
Furthermore, cooperation between the government and the private sector in the futureneeds to be examined since there are few economic incentives to add CCS technology,
except in the case of some commercial uses of the technology such as EOR. In addition,
the challenges to be overcome in introducing this technology include the evaluation ofenvironmental impact, the establishment of related domestic laws, regulations andinternational rules, and the formation of confidence in building CCS by the public. It isalso necessary that the environment for domestic commercialization of the technology
be improved steadily through international bodies of cooperation such as the IEA whilefurther studies of the technology take place.
Since CCS can be utilized for EOR in oil-producing nations, technology development
must be promoted from the viewpoint of ensuring stable supply of resources to Japan as
well.
Because the scientific and social recognition of ocean sequestration is not sufficient atpresent, it is essential to promote international and social confidence building torecognize the development results and safety of ocean sequestration technology.
{

Innovative photovoltaic power generation•

Outline of technology
Photovoltaic power generation technology
tries to improve efficiency drastically with
innovative materials and structures like quantum
nanostructures and to reduce costs with the
adoption of organic PV cells, ultra thin-films andother technologies. PV cells emit no carbon

Solar Power Generation System at
Kunijima Water Purification Plant

dioxide, and they are classified as first, second

Source: Website of Osaka City Waterworks
Bureauor third generation depending on the degree oftechnology advancement.
<First generation>
These are PV cells that utilize crystalline silicon.
They are the type of PV cells widely available in themarket.
<Second generation>
These include thin-film silicon, ultra-thin crystalline
silicon, compound thin-film PV cells and organic PV

12

Flexible PV Cells
Source: New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development
Organization (NEDO)

cells utilizing organic materials and dyes. They have largely resulted from attempts to
reduce the cost by reducing the amount of silicon through thin-film development or byadopting an alternative material to silicon.
<Third generation>
These are PV cells that try to achieve both drastic improvements in efficiency andreductions in cost by utilizing innovative materials and structures such as multi-junction
and quantum nanostructure.
It is necessary that the development of second and third generation technologies thatare still in the research phase be promoted on a medium- and long-term timeline while
expanding the diffusion of first and second generation technologies that are alreadycommercialized.
•

Technology development roadmap
The full-scale development of PV cell technology in Japan began with the Sunshine
Project in 1974. As a resultof technology development
over the past 30 years thathas

soughttoimproveefficiency, reduce costs andencourage deployment, theproduction volume and theamountofinstalledPV

power in Japan are among
the highest in the world. The
relative position of Japan
has been lowered due to
the

fact

that

Germany

exceeded Japan in the total(Figure 3) Cumulative Installed PV Power in Selected Nations
Source: Trends in Photovoltaic Applications, IEA Photovoltaic Power
Systems Programme (IEA PVPS)
Program members: Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, The Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, UnitedStates of America(Table 1) PV Cell Production by Company
Prepared by METI referring to a report by RTS Corporation

amount of installed PV power

Production in 2006
Company

in recent years while the

2006/2005

(MW)

(%)

(%)

1 Sharp (JPN)

434.0

17.4

101.5

2 Q-cells (DEU)

has not been growing so well

253.1

10.1

152.5

3 Kyocera (JPN)

180.0

7.2

126.8

(Fig. 3). Outside of Europe,

4 Suntech (CHN)

157.5

6.3

192.1

5 Sanyo Electric (JPN)

155.0

6.2

124.0

6 Mitsubishi Electric (JPN)

111.0

4.4

111.0

recently seen its production

7 MOTECH (TWN)

110.0

4.4

183.3

levels grow rapidly because of

8 Schott Solar (DEU)

83.0

3.3

101.2

9 SunPower (PHL)

62.7

2.5

272.6

10 Isofoton (ESP)

61.0

2.4

115.1

production volume in Japan

Suntech Power in China has

13its buyout of MSK, a Japanese special PV cell module manufacturer in 2006.
It has nearly caught up with Japanese companies Sharp and Kyocera and the German
firm Q-Cells in production (see Table 1). In addition to such rises of overseas
corporations, active technology development is being promoted by venture capitalists in
the U.S. making our advantageous position an unpredictable one.
While some of the world’s top-level research is conducted in universities and private
corporations in Japan, it is essential that technology development and diffusion of its
outcomes be promoted under industry-academia-government cooperation with amedium- to long-term vision in order for us to maintain this position.
The market for first generation crystalline silicon PV cells has reached the mature
stage, and so the subsidy for their installation in residences ended in Fiscal Year 2005. It
is necessary in the future to promote their installation at public and industrial facilities
where their presence is not as widespread.
Furthermore, there is a global silicon shortage due to the rapid increase in silicon PV
cell production in the recent years, and it is one of the causes of the increase in PV cell
production cost. Thus thin-film silicon PV cells and tandem thin-film silicon PV cells with
reduced amount of silicon use are becoming commercially available.

Developments

are being made on ultra thin crystalline silicon PV cells, ultra high-efficiency thin-film PV
cells which attempt to use less silicon more efficiently, as well as organic PV cells that
adopt materials other than silicon like organic thin-films and dye-sensitized materials.
For these 2nd generation PV cell technologies, steady technology development needs tobe promoted with the objective of achieving a power generation cost of 14 JPY/kWh anda conversion efficiency of 10 – 19% in 2020 and a power generation cost of 7 JPY/kWh(equivalent to thermal power generation costs) and a conversion efficiency of 15 – 22%6
in 2030. We will also promote technology development to foresee 40% conversion
efficiency by around 2030 by developing concentrated multi-junction light-collecting PV
cells that try to improve efficiency by adopting multiple junctions of materials to collectsolar radiation at different absorption wavelengths, giving wide wavelength sensitivity to
the cell.
In the long term, innovative PV cell technology development with drastic
improvements in conversion efficiency from the current level of 10 – 15% as well as large
cost reductions will be necessary by around 2050. Specifically, the development of ultra
high-efficiency technologies such as quantum nanostructures and other technologies
based on new concepts and principles that can expand the wavelength range of solar
6This efficiency indicates the efficiency of solar cell module. Note that conversion efficiency varies
depending on the material such as compounds and organic pigments. For details see the attached technology
development roadmap.
14radiation that can be utilized and increase the efficiency of the cells will be necessary.
Since many of these technologies are still at the stage of basic research, we need toapproach this with a long-term vision to reinforcing basic research at universities andinstitutes with an objective to improve the efficiency of the cells to 40% or higher by 2030
or later.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
As described previously, the innovative PV cells in the third generation are still at thestage of basic research, and only the basic principles by which they function has been
confirmed. Thus we need to establish a COE in Japan and invite domestic andinternational top-level researchers to concentrate research and development.
There are effects on the overall grid voltage, frequency and so forth when alarge-scale photovoltaic power plant is connected to a large supply grid or when even asmall-scale photovoltaic power generation is connected concentrated to grid. That is
because photovoltaic power generation depends on the weather and fluctuates in output.
Therefore, it may disturb the frequency of the entire grid in the same way that normal
demand fluctuations or accidents cause power outages if it is connected to a grid in acertain production level or larger compared to the system capacity. Technologies tostabilize the output with power storage, grid connection improvements and other means
will be necessary.
In addition to the technological development of PV cells, proper combination of
deployment measures such as field tests, introduction into public sector, the RPS, andthe green power certificate program are needed. In addition, cooperative activities
between the government and the private sectors facilitate diffusion and smooth
introduction of the advanced products of researchand development into the marketplace.

{

Advanced nuclear power generation•

Outline of technology
Nuclear power has excellent supply stability, and itemits no carbon dioxide in its generation process. It
is currently the only clean base load energy source inJapan. It is a source of energy that can address bothcarbon dioxide emissions reductions and economic
development since it is capable of stably supplying
electricalpower

necessaryfordevelopment at a relatively low cost.

15

economic

Fast Reactor ”Monju”
Courtesy of Japan Atomic Energy Agency

It is necessary to improve domestic and international mainstream light-water reactor
application technologies and to develop advanced nuclear power generation
technologies such as the innovative fast reactors through 2050. More specifically, thematters to be addressed include technology development for the next-generation oflight-water reactors to improve safety, economic efficiency, and reliability drastically; fast
reactor cycle technology to improve the efficiency of the uranium resource utilizationconsiderably; and the development of small and medium reactors in compact sizes toaddress power demands in developing nations and islands states.
•

Technology development roadmap
Japan has successively constructed light-water reactors, and it currently has 55
light-water reactor units with nuclear power providing about 30% of Japan’s total
generation. The light-water reactions have a considerably lower frequency of unplanned
stops compared to those reactors in other nations. We thus have the world’s top-leveltechnology, human resources, and industry size in all aspects, from technology
development to design, production, construction and operation. On the other hand, ournuclear reactor manufacturers have been slow to enter the international market, andinternational recognition of the nuclear reactors we have developed is low. In addition,
there is little standardization of reactors because nuclear power plants have been
individually designed and constructed for each site to address the individual demands ofthe domestic utility companies.
While drastic expansion in the international market is expected, the nuclear reactor
manufacturers in the U.S., France and Russia have been actively expanding theirbusinesses so that they can participate in new construction markets over the world withsupport from their respective governments. The nuclear reactor manufacturer in Korea iscompetitive with certain components. China is also developing its own reactors based ontechnologies introduced from other countries. In such circumstances, Japan needs tomaintain and improve its level of technological development with the government’s
assistance through its investment in research fields with high investment risks and large
ripple effects.
To address the domestic needs for the replacement of reactors expected around 2030,
we will promote the development of next-generation light-reactor application technology
to drastically improve safety, economic efficiency, reliability while utilizing theachievements that our light-water reactor development programs and operations haveyielded so far. Specifically, technologies to reduce the generation of spent nuclear fueland to address seismic isolation will be developed. Meanwhile, cooperation between thegovernment and the private sector will be necessary to address the development of16

innovative technologies that may become the domestic and global standard withinternational standardization while there is a global trend of re-recognition of the use of
nuclear power and an increase in international cooperation on the issue.
Furthermore, we will promote the development of fast reactor cycle technology to
improve the efficiency of uranium utilization drastically and reduce radioactive waste
substantially, with an objective to build a demonstration reactor and a related cycle
facility by 2025 and commercialization of the technology before 2050. It is important toseek to obtain a position as a global standard reactor through multilateral or bilateral
forums for cooperation such as GNEP (Global Nuclear Energy Partnership and GIF(Generation IV International Forum) with this research and development.
Moreover, the development of small and medium reactors to address the needs ofdeveloping nations and island states will be promoted in order to expand our technology
into an international market different from that of our large next-generation light-water
reactors. Specifically, we will promote the development of innovative basic technologies
while advancing both the international expansion of our nuclear industry andinternational cooperation under the framework of GNEP and other organizations. This
will utilize our experience and skills to improve the economics of reactors with drastic
size reductions and maintenance cost reductions.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
As to technology development on next-generation light-water reactors, it is importantthat we will consider not only domestic but also the international markets in our vision toaddress innovative technologies that may become the global standard.
For the development of fast reactor cycle technologies, we will need to expand thedevelopment cooperation among Japan, the U.S., and France strategically while
promoting steady technological development in Japan. In addition to these measures,
we will have to work on supporting legal system establishment, human resource
development and financial assistance to nations which will try to introduce nuclear power
plants so that utilization of nuclear power can be expanded while ensuring nuclear
nonproliferation, safety, and security.

{

High-efficiency superconducting power transmission•

Outline of technology
Superconductivity is the phenomenon without
electrical resistance at very low temperatures. It is atechnology which could reduce energy loss.
Superconducting

materials

with

17

criticaltemperatures higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K) are called as“high-temperature superconductors”. It is possible to reduce the transmission loss, which
is currently about 5%, to about 1/3 by utilizing these high-temperature superconducting
wire/tape in power transmission cable. This is a technology to efficiently use the electricenergy by suppressing transmission loss in construction of some power supply networks
to address increasing demands for electric power in urban areas and in developing
nations in the future.
•

Technology development roadmap
The contributions by Japanese researchers in the field of high-temperature
superconductors have been remarkable including the discovery of Bi-system
high-temperature

superconducting

materials.

EspeciallyregardingBi-systemhigh-temperature superconducting tapes and cables, Japan has been leading the world
as only some of the Japanese corporations being capable of supplying at present. In
technology development on Y-system coated conductors, Japanese corporations suchas Sumitomo Electric Industries, SWCC Showa Holdings, Fujikura, Furukawa Electricand Chubu Electric Power are among those that are competing and leading the worldalong with the U.S. SuperPower by participating in national projects.
First, we will promote application by demonstration on Bi-system superconducting
cables, and technology development is being advanced on superconducting powertransmission with Y-system superconducting tapes with expected application in 2020 orlater. These are planned as national projects in Japan, and Japanese corporations play
an important role in superconducting power transmission projects around the world.
Specifically,

they are trying to address further improvement in power transmission

capacity and cost reduction with Y-system superconducting tapes and are working ontechnology development for long tape and cost reduction as well as that on the coolingsystem for high efficiency, scaling-up and low cost.
.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
Since superconducting power transmission can enable large-capacity transmission in
addition to reducing transmission loss, its use in underground cables is being anticipated
as a way to address increasing power demands in urban areas. To succeed indeveloping this, it will be necessary to develop technologies that can provide stable
power transmission, including low-loss cable connections and transformers in addition to
new tape materials and cooling system technologies. Also, its introduction in other powerdevices which may be used in long-distance, large-capacity power transmission,18

especially with the development of renewable energy can be expected in the future if
technologies can be developed to realize longer tapes and increase their capacity.
Superconducting technology is a field in which Japan is in an advantageous position,
and we proactively work on its development in concurrence with the promotion ofinternational standardization through the activities of the ISO and the IEC to ensure thesmooth introduction of the technology and contribute to the solution of international
environmental problems.
From a long-term perspective, it will be effective to cooperate with overseas research
institutes with leading research findings.
(Transportation){

Intelligent Transport System (ITS)•

Outline of technology
ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) tries to develop new vehicles for society byadapting to an advanced information society while also solving the traffic problems suchas accidents and traffic jams. It can do this by connecting people, roads, and vehicles
in a network that uses leading-edge information & communication technology.
In terms of energy and environmental protection, it is expected to improve vehicles’
fuel efficiency by improving driving practices and improving and facilitating traffic flows. It
will also promote fuel efficiency measures for individual vehicles and shifts to
next-generation fuels. To efficiently address carbon dioxide emission reduction
measures using ITS, it is important that aninternationallyrecognizedmethodto

Mutual Information
相互情報交換Exchangeevaluate its effects should be established.

Controller
制御機

According to an estimate by the Energy ITS
Study Group, it is possible to reduce thecarbon dioxide emission generated when 1

制御機
Controller

MutualInformation
相互情報交換Exchange

7

vehicle runs 1km by 25% or more by 2050 .
•Controller
制御機
MutualInformation
相互情報交換Exchange

Controller
制御機

Technology development roadmap
The technologies that must be developed
to contribute to energy savings with ITS varyfrom those expected to be adopted in a
relatively short term to those that will require
further study before widespread use. They

7

Source: Document prepared by “Energy ITS Study Group”
19

Source: Energy ITS Study Groupneed to be promoted efficiently by considering the maturity of the technology as well as
its emissions reduction effects. In addition, all of the technologies within ITS that cancontribute to energy savings are promising as future technologies in vehicle electronics,
and strategic measures are required in promoting technology development in energy
ITS.
One example is cooperative driving (automated driving), which is an operation control
and vehicle platooning technology with potentially large effects and technical difficulty
expected to be widely introduced around 2040 – 2050. The potential development
scenario for this technology is to advance the systems by utilizing current technologythat successfully incorporates external information such as the road environment or
traffic signal information. Therefore, phased measures to solve the technical issues intraffic signal control advances, operation control, and vehicle platooning will be
important.
First, we will try to commercialize the signal control function utilizing probe information,
which is expected to deliver effects in a short timeframe, in 2012. In addition, we will
begin the research and development of advanced traffic signal control systems, such as
signal linked ECO driving, operation control, and vehicle platooning at an early stage
with an objective to see successful practical applications in the 2020s.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
At present, most of the measures in ITS technologies are utilized actively as safetymeasures but the application of these measures as devices for mitigating global
warming has only just begun. The evaluation of the effects of such technologies andservices when they are widely adopted is extremely important in making policy andinvestment decisions. Thus it is desired that the establishment of an internationallyreliable effect evaluation method be considered at an early stage.
In additional to technology development, it is necessary that the usefulness of thetechnologies be promoted domestically and internationally through demonstration
projects and model projects, along with technology development. To do this, we will
promote the introduction of methods expected to have large effects at early stages suchas technical exchanges through joint research with European nations or the U.S. andsymposiums that will occur alongside technology development. To clarify the carbon
dioxide reduction effects of these technologies, an evaluation method that can obtain
international recognition will be developed and its international standardization will bepromoted.

{

Fuel cell vehicle20

•Outline of technology
Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen as the fueland run on electricity generated by fuel cells.
We will try to achieve drastic cost reductions
by utilizing alternative catalysts to platinum
and creating ranges equivalent to those ofgasoline

vehiclesbyimprovingtheToyota’s FCHV
Source: Website of Toyota Motor Corporation

performance of hydrogen storage materials.
Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced toabout 1/3 that of the gasoline vehicles8 (seeFig. 4). Furthermore, carbon dioxide emission
can be reduced drastically if the hydrogenfuel is produced from renewable energy orfrom fossil fuel resources that use CCS

Honda’s FCX CONCEPT
Source: Website of Honda Motor Co., Ltd.

technology.

Vehicles Type

Total CO2 emission per 1 km driving (10 - 15 Mode)unit: g-CO2 /km
0
50
100
150
200
0
50
100
150
200

FCV Current
FCV Future
Gasoline
Gasoline HV
DieselDiesel HV
CNG
BEV (Battery EV)(Figure 4) Summary of Well-To-Wheel CO2 Emission Analysis.
Source: Report by Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project•Technology development roadmap
Japan has been actively working on the development of fuel cell system technologies
and battery technologies, and we currently have the most advanced technology of this8

Value evaluated by Well to Wheel total CO2 emissions: Well to Wheel total emissions are the amount ofemissions calculated by comprehensively evaluating the efficiency of the entire energy processes including
the extraction of fuels, power generation, hydrogen purification, transport, storage and filling, and theefficiency of the automobile itself. It supposes that power generation is conducted by the present power source
configuration of Japan.
21

kind in the world. Prominent researchers can be found both in industry and academia,
and major automobile manufacturers have developed fuel cell vehicles andcommercialized them. However, there are many technical problems remaining to besolved before the vehicles can be diffused.
The first problem is cost. FCVs cost about 100 million JPY per vehicle at present.
We must reduce this to about 1% of the current level. While economies of scale will help
to lower costs to about 3 to 5 times that of the goal of 4,000 JPY/kW for the fuel system,
it will be necessary in the future to develop the technologies to reduce cost of using aplatinum catalyst or to replace the platinum catalyst entirely. Furthermore, it will benecessary to develop an electrolyte membrane to improve the durability of the system sothat it can last for 10 years or longer. It is also necessary to develop a storage
technology to replace high-pressure hydrogen containers, and to store the hydrogen fuelmore compactly and at lower cost so that a range of 500 km, the equivalent of that of agasoline vehicle, can be achieved.
We will try to reduce the cost through such technology developments to an objective
vehicle price of 3 – 5 times that of ICV (internal combustion vehicle) by 2010 and to 1.2
times ICV by 2020. Regarding durability, we will try to improve to 3,000 hours by 2010
and to 5,000 hours by 2020, and we will attempt to improve the cruising distance to 400
km by 2010 and to 800 km by 2020.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
In addition to emphasizing research and development, it will be necessary to promotedemonstrations and standardization in an integrated manner. Specifically, it is necessary
to achieve fundamental cost reductions and durability improvements by feeding back theoutcomes obtained in demonstrations utilizing hydrogen station to basic research, while
promoting active introduction of technologies as public service vehicles.
We also need to promote studies of hydrogen infrastructure depending on the
progress of technology development. In addition, we will actively participate indiscussions on international standards regarding fuel quality, and hydrogen stations.
To accelerate basic technology development, we will need to promote technology
development effectively based on the technological trends of other nations by utilizing
the international frameworks such as IPHE (International Partnership for the Hydrogen
Economy) in basic technology development.

{

Plug-in hybrid vehicle/electric vehicle•

Outline of technology

22

A plug-in hybrid vehicle is hybrid vehicle
whose battery is charged by an external
power source and that operates on an electricmotor using the charged power over shortdistances. Hence, it is possible to reducecarbon dioxide emissions to about 1/2 to 1/3of the levels of gasoline vehicles dependingon the driving condition.

Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle
Source: Website of Toyota Motor Corporation

Electric vehicles operate on electric motors
using power contained in the battery as thesource of energy instead of conventional
internal combustion engines, and it is possible
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to about
1/4 those of gasoline vehicles (see Fig. 4).
It will be possible to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions drastically by using power fromefficient sources such as nuclear power

Electric Vehicle (i MiEV)
Source: Website of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

generation and renewable energy for charging
plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. They are also expected to help level power
consumption loads by charging at night when demand is low.
•

Technology development roadmap
Batteries in electric vehicles require drastically different durabilities and capacities
from the small batteries found in cell phones and other devices that Japan has much
experience developing and producing.
While the battery industry of Japan has a large global share and is considered to be at
an advantageous position, the U.S., Europe, Korea and China have recently activatedthe development of automobile batteries though programs led by the national
governments, and many overseas battery manufacturers are actively developing
automobile batteries. Therefore there is a concern on Japan’s advantageous position.
The competition from China and Korea has been especially growing with the global
share of Lithium ion batteries changing from BYD (China) 2.9%, LG Chemical (Korea)
1.3% and Samsung SDI (Korea) 0.4% in 2000 to BYD 7.5%, LG Chemical 6.5% andSamsung SDI 11% in 2005. Samsung SDI had the third largest share of the market then(see Table 2). The relative share of Japanese companies in the world market has
dropped below 50% and production of mobile batteries in the East Asia has been
drastically growing.

23

Under such circumstances, it is necessary that we should promote further technology
development to maintain our advantageous position. We will need to develop batteries
designed to many specifications since the required battery capacity in each plug-in
hybrid and electric vehicle varies by the vehicle type.
At present, the possible distance plug-in hybrid vehicles can drive on electricity is
only about 13 km, and there are technical problems such as battery energy density
improvement and miniaturization to extend the cruising distance by driving withelectricity.
(Table 2) Market Share of Lithium-ion Battery
Prepared by METI referring to a report by Institute of Information Technology, Ltd.
2000

2005

Manuf acturer

Share

Manuf acturer

Share

1 SANYO Electric Co., Ltd.
SANYO GS Sof t Energy Co., Ltd.

JPN

33 %

1 SANYO Electric Co., Ltd.
SANYO GS Sof t Energy Co., Ltd.

JPN

28 %

2 Sony Corp.

JPN

21 %

2 Sony Corp.

JPN

13 %

3 Matsushita Battery Industrial Co.,
Ltd.

JPN

19 %

KOR

11 %

JPN

11 %

JPN

10 %

5 NEC Tokin Corp.

JPN

6.4 % 5 BYD Co., Ltd.

CHN

7.5 %

6 Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.

JPN

3.4 % 6 LG Chem Ltd.

KOR 6.5 %4 Toshiba Corp.

7 BYD Co., Ltd.

CHN 2.9 %3 SAMSUNG SDI Co., Ltd.
4 Matsushita Battery Industrial Co.,Ltd.

7 Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock
CHNCo., Ltd.

4.5 %8 LG Chem Ltd.

KOR 1.3 % 8 NEC Tokin Corp.

JPN

3.6 %

9 SAMSUNG SDI Co., Ltd.

KOR 0.4 % 9 Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.

JPN

3.3 %

Steps to commercialize these technologies are being taken by automobile
manufacturers, and many believe that this will be achieved in the near future, with somemanufacturers obtaining certification by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure andTransport for driving on public roads. To reach the stage of diffusion, however, safety,
durability, robustness and energy density are still insufficient in lithium ion batteries
currently being developed for utilization in hybrid vehicle, and improvements in these
performance as well as cost reduction will be necessary. We will promote technology
development to address these challenges and try to achieve 50% higher performanceand reduce cost to 1/7 of current level by 2015.
In order for electric vehicles to be put into full-fledged practical use, further extensionof the cruising distance by the development of large capacity batteries with low cost is
essential. We have to develop new batteries based on innovative concepts since thecurrent lithium ion batteries are said to have limitations.
In such developments regarding batteries, it has been currently estimated that the24price will be 8 million JPY9 for energy density of 100 Wh/kg. We will work on technology
development with an objective to improve capacity to 3 times the current level andreduce costs to 1/10 their current levels by 2020, and to 7 times capacity and 1/40 costby 2030 so that the cost will be equivalent to that of gasoline vehicle. We will also try toextend the cruising distance to 500 km by 2030 through technology development.
Furthermore, capacitors are expected to be use in auxiliary power supplies for hybrid
vehicles and electric vehicles since they are able to rapidly charge and discharge.

A

hybrid capacitor that combines a capacitor with a secondary battery that utilizes
oxidation-reduction reaction is under development. In the longer term, we will need to
conduct basic research to develop a hybrid capacitor which can sustain rapid charging
and discharging capability.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
Electric vehicles are expected to be commercialized first as commuter vehicles andthen as full-scale electric vehicles as technology development advances. First, it isnecessary that technology development be undertaken to allow for the adoption ofcommuter vehicles for limited use. There must be advances in basic research in order toensure the successive development of general commuter vehicles and electric vehicles
that reduces costs and improves ranges to those gasoline vehicles, but there are manytechnical challenges to be overcome, making it necessary for technology development
to be undertaken with unified industry-academia-government cooperation
It will be also necessary to examine issues such as standardization to ensure safety,
the establishment of charging stations, the identification of stations by car navigation
systems, the elimination of fears about running out of electrical power, and the reductionof charging infrastructure installation cost to create the initial demands for vehicles andallow for their smooth introduction and diffusion in the market.
Furthermore, we need to promote the development of alternative materials to rare
metals that are used in electrical motors from a long-term viewpoint in concurrence withthe widespread adoption of hybrids, plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles in the future.

{

Production of transport Biofuel•

Outline of technology
This is a technology to produce liquid fuels by utilizing microorganisms, enzymes,
gasification and other means from cellulosic biomass. It is expected to lead to reductions
in carbon dioxide emissions from bioethanol and provide alternative to diesel to provide

9

Source: “Proposal for the Future of Batteries for the Next-Generation Vehicles” (August 2006). Estimate
when a 40KWh battery is loaded.
25

fuel for the growing number of clean diesel vehicles. Although carbon dioxide reduction
effects need to be verified in the lifecycle, these biofuels have been considered carbon
neutral in the Kyoto Protocol and reduction effects can be expected if considerable
volumes of the fuel can be supplied.
•Technology development roadmap
Japan has had traditional strengths in fermentation and is at an advantageous position
mainly thanks to the corporations in the fermentation industry. However, we haverelatively little available biomass and collecting biomass like forest residue entails highcosts.
The main problem to be solved with bioethanol is a reduction in ethanol production
cost from cellulosic biomass, since it can ensure high production volumes without using
feedstocks that compete with the foodsupply. To address this problem, we
will need to develop the processing
technology to separate cellulose frombiomass and to search for or develop
microorganisms

andenzymestoEthanol Production

Source: NEDO, etc.

enable high-efficiency conversions ofcellulose into sugar or ethanol so thatethanol can be produced at a low cost.

National technology development programs have been actively implemented inEuropean countries and the United States as well, and research on cellulosic ethanol isespecially widespread. The main players here are venture companies in the U.S. In
Japan, we will promote technology development and try to achieve a production cost of
100 JPY/L as the benchmark (index) from raw materials that are mainly generated fromexisting agriculture and forestry (rice straw, forest residues and so forth) by 2015 and the
production cost of 40 JPY/L as the benchmark (index) with drastic innovation when using
resource crops which can be produced in large volumes. This benchmark takes into
consideration the price competitiveness of gasoline and development projects in the U.S.
To achieve these objectives, we will need to develop technologies to utilize things likemicroorganisms and enzymes with gene recombination techniques and energy crops
with high-efficiency photosynthetic performance.
Furthermore, the development of low-temperature gasification technology to allow for
the utilization of unused exhaust heat will be necessary in Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL)
applications to produce biodiesel through biomass gasification and chemical synthesis
reaction.

26

•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
We will need to learn how to overcome the problems of economic efficiency and stablesupply as we develop these technologies, while promoting the adoption of newtechnologies through demonstrative projects. It is also essential that introduction of
biofuels should be promoted in concurrence with the establishment of necessary
regulatory systems to ensure quality so that exhaust gas quality does not deteriorate andthat

ethanol mixing processes do not affect the safety and security of the citizens andprotect consumers.
For BTL applications, we will need to consider future introduction of the fuel andestablish the foundation for introduction of biodiesel by promoting diesel vehicles
through the proactive introduction of clean diesel vehicles by the government.
(Industry){Innovative material, production/Processing Technology•

Outline of technology
These are production processes and energy-saving material technologies to improveenergy efficiency in Japanese production industries.Specifically, they include:¾

Energy saving glass production technology to melt glass using plasma, etc. tolower energy consumption to about 1/3 of the conventional processes,¾

Drastic efficiency improvement technology in nonferrous metal material
production processes,¾

Chemical production technology using biomass, etc.,¾

Separation membrane technology to drastically reduce energy consumption inwater treatment regarding river water, etc.,¾

Material

technology

andinnovative

design technology to save energy intransport devices such as airplanes,¾

Heating process technologies such as
steam-generation heat pump, etc.

•

Technology development roadmap
While the industrial sector has been actively promoting energy saving, fundamental
process improvement beyond the conventional concepts will be required in order toimprove the efficiency further.
<Glass production process>27

There has been no innovation in the basic production method over 140 years in theglass industry, one of the industries with the largest energy consumption. To
fundamentally improve the process and save energy, we will promote the developmentof technologies to melt small granule glass materials instantly using plasma, and othermaterials. We will try to establish a process with glass melting that takes less than half a
day and address practical application of small melters by around 2015 and large melters
by 2030.
<Nonferrous metal material production process>In nonferrous metal material field, there has been no innovation in the basic
production processes of metal titanium smelting in industrial scale since the invention of
the current method. The current smelting method requires 2-3 weeks from a reaction tocooling time after reaction even in industrial scale systems since the materials areproduced in batches.
Fundamental process efficiency improvement is necessary, and we will promotetechnology development to establish drastic energy savings by developing a series ofprocesses with an objective to achieve widespread industry use in the 2010s.
<Chemical production process>To implement fundamental reductions in the amount of carbon used in current
petrochemical production processes, bio refinery technology utilizing biomass-relatedmaterials as the raw materials will be developed. The current technology requires
production efficiency improvements and reductions in production cost. To address theseissues, we will develop production processes for trunk substances which areintermediates to chemical products and general-purpose chemical products with large
production volumes.
<Other industries>
There is a global concern that energy consumption may increase drastically the need
for water treatment from sources such as rivers, and the development of membrane
separation technology to efficiently remove trace hazardous substances andmicroorganisms to purify water will be promoted.
<Material technologies and innovative design technologies for energy savings intransport devices such as airplanes>
To address drastic diffusion of carbon fiber composite materials, we will develop
material technologies and innovative design technologies to address energy saving intransport devices including airplanes and vehicles, which will contribute to improvementin fuel efficiency by 20% or better.
<Cross-cutting energy-saving technologies>
Coproduction, which is one of the cross-cutting process technologies, is a technology

28

to collect the energy lost in combustion processes as electrical power or substancessuch as hydrogen. Its application is considered possible in various production processes
including petrochemical processes, IGCC, and IGFC.
Although steam is also widely utilized in various heating and drying processes such as
painting processes in a cross-cutting manner, its production process has not been
improved for a long time. Therefore, we will promote the development of processes togenerate steam by utilizing the heat of the air, electricity, and heat pumps which canenable more efficient use of energy. There are problems to be solved including
high-temperature endurance in compressors and efficiency improvements in heatexchangers. We will try to solve these problems and address COP 4.0 by around 2020.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
It will be necessary to promote large-scale technology development in stages frombasic technology development under industry-academia-government cooperation to
enable the smooth introduction of energy-saving technology into the industry sector. To
address this, we will need to examine measures such as tax benefits or preferential
financing in addition to technology development as necessary.

{Innovative iron and steel making process•

Outline of technology
Technology is to address drastic reductions
in carbon dioxide in the iron and steel making
process, in which about 70% of the energy isconsumedinintegrated

steel

works.

Specifically, it is iron and steel making
technology to separate and capture carbon
dioxide from blast furnace gas and to use

Nippon Steel Kimitsu No.4 Blast Furnace
Source: Website of Nippon Steel Corp.

hydrogen as a partial alternative for coke as
reductant. This technology is expected to enable substantial reductions in carbon dioxide
emissions.
•Technology development roadmap
Our iron and steel making processes have contributed to the reduction of carbon
dioxide so far by addressing the world’s best specific energy consumption through waste
heat recovery and waste recycling which includes energy-saving facilities. However,conventional methods of measurement, such as the introduction of energy-saving

29

facilities, are limited in order to further reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is necessarythat innovative technology development have to be moved into action from a long-term
standpoint.
Under such circumstances, technology development is discussed by steel engineers
in the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) and promoted into the ULCOS project
led by European Confederation of Iron and Steel Industries (EUROFER). To establish
innovative technologies for practical use in 2030 – 2050 in Japan, we will promote thedevelopment of technologies to separate and capture carbon dioxide efficiently from
Blast furnance gas by utilizing unused low-temperature waste heat and to applyhydrogen which is amplified from coke oven gas, as iron reductant. Our objective isroughly at least 30% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from iron and steel making
processes by combining these technologies.
ガス処理
Heating Furnace& Power plant

Coke（コークス消費量減少=CO
2減少）•

Challenges

foreffective

technology

コークス

COG
コークス炉ガス

BF
gas
高炉ガス

コークス炉
Coke
oven

副生ガス
Hydrogenex.CH4+H
2O →3H2＋CO

amplification

Waste
heat
廃熱（顕熱）

development and diffusion

水素増幅技術
technology(sensible heat)

BF
高炉

Ex.CH4+H2O→3H2+CO<by sensible heat>

Hydrogen amplification technology withlow energy by using catalyst in coke

CO2 separation

oxygenits behavior on the bench plant level, and it銑鉄technology

andhydrogenreduction

H
H22

and
captureCO2
分離回収技術化学吸着法
technology

酸素

furnace gas is currently being checked foris necessary that hydrogen amplification

H2 ：65%
CO ：35% H2+CO

触媒＋CO
2 → 触媒／CO２（分離）Chemicalabsorption

Technique
加熱＝ 廃熱Hydrogen iron
水素鉄鉱石
ore
reduction
還元技術
technology

Absorbent + CO2 → Absorbent/CO2
separation(waste heat)

CO

CO2

BFG circulation
高炉ガス循環技術
technology

pig iron

転炉
converter

COCO
貯留技術and
2 2storage
monitoring technology

社会への水素供給
Hydrogenfor society

technology development be implemented
under industry-academia-government cooperation.
As to carbon dioxide capture technology from large-scale inflammable gas like Blast
Furnance gas, industrially feasible economic efficiency level and stabilization technology
for successive operation need to be established. Challenges to be addressed in thisarea include technical development items, such as absorption solution and expansion ofwaste heat application range.
Meanwhile, external supply of low-carbon power to the plant will be essential sinceboth technologies accompany large fluctuations in energy balance in steel works.
Japan will promote technology development in this field through the innovative
development program CO2 Ultimate Reduction in Iron and steel process, by innovativetechnology for Cool Earth 50 (COURSE50) and active participation in joint programs
operated by the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) and the EU to grasp the latest
trends in technology development and examine possibilities for joint research in basic
fields in European nations

30

(Commercial/residential){

High-efficiency house and building•

Outline of technology
Energy saving technology for home building will use new heat insulation materials,
room air quality improvement to improve insulation and shielding. Heat insulation forbuilding walls and windows will be enabled by the development of heat insulationmaterials that use multi-ceramics layer. It is possible to reduce air conditioning energy
use by 50% through high heat insulation conditioning, shielding and other technologies,
which are expected to contribute to a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

•Technology development roadmap
Our technology regarding heat insulation materials has been improving and glass
wool (about 0.05 W/m･K), resin foam type insulation materials (about 0.02 W/m･K) andothers have already been put into practical use. 30% of heat loss in houses takes placethrough openings such as sashes and doors. While heat insulation by multi-layer glass
have been advanced and are being diffused with some effect of heat insulation becauseof the multi-layer structure including air inside, it is difficult to deliver high heat insulation
performance compared to the heat insulation in walls.
Therefore, we will promote the development of vacuum heat insulation materials as atechnology with better performance than these insulation materials in the future. The
new insulation material, which uses multi-ceramics layer, is capable of suppressing all
three of the elements that conduct heat (lattice vibration, convex and radiation), and wewill try to put it into practical application by around 2015. High-strength (compression),heat insulation ceramic particle technology, ceramic polymer complex development
technology, high-efficiency radiation prevention coating technology, and transparent,
high-efficiency heat insulation material technology will be used to develop enhanced wall
and window materials. This wall material will have a conductivity of 0.002 W/m･K and aheat transmission coefficient of 0.3 W/m2･K. The enhance window material will have aconductivity of 0.003 W/m･K, and a heat transmission coefficient of 0.4 W/m2･K•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
To expand the diffusion of heat insulation materials and evacuated glass in houses
and buildings, we will need to guide market expansion using the Rationalization in
Energy Use Law10 and Housing Quality Security Promotion Law11, and promote thesmooth introduction of products with excellent technologies by supporting the
introduction of products within a certain technological level.

1011

Law on rationalization of energy use.
Law on promotion of ensuring quality of houses and so forth.
31

It may also be necessary toexamine financing and preferential tax treatment to promote diffusion.
{

Next-generation high-efficiency lighting•

Outline of technology
Lighting technology with drastically improved luminous efficiency and high color
rendering properties compared to the conventional fluorescent lamp will be developed.
It is possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by addressing efficiency (150 lm/W)that exceeds the luminous efficiency ofincandescent lamp (15 - 25 lm/W) or the
fluorescent lamp (80 - 100 lm/W) This will be
done

using

next-generation

lighting

technologies such as high-efficiency LED,
organic EL and microcavity.
Replacing all incandescent lamps (roughly
9.6% of the total lamp power used forgeneral consumption) and fluorescent lamps(roughly. 73.1%of total general consumption
power

use)

with

the

next-generation

Pendant Lamp using Organic
Electro-Luminescence (OEL) . Prototype by
Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.
Source: Website of Research Institute for Organic

high-efficiency lighting of 150 lm/W results in
power consumption for lighting estimated to fall by 50%. These technologies are
expected to contribute reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and potential for further
power consumption reduction may be achieved by combining them with optical sensors,
human sense sensors, HEMS, BEMS and so forth.
•Technology development roadmap
In the field of LED lighting, we will promote development of high-efficiency LED
elements, high-efficiency fluorescent materials for white LED, and other areas to reach
100 lm/W around 2010, and 200 lm/W around 2020. Regarding organic EL lighting, thetheoretical limit is about twice as high when compared to fluorescent lamps, although thecurrent luminous efficiency is equivalent to that of incandescent lamp. Thus, we will
promote improvement in luminous efficiency and technology development to extend its
lifetime and reach 100 lm/W around 2020, and 200 lm/W around 2030.

While

microcavity and cluster luminescence are also next-generation lighting technologies withpotentials for high efficiency, they are still at the basic research stage, and we will
promote necessary technology development from a long-term viewpoint.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion

32

It

is

necessarythat

technology

developmentbepromotedunderindustry-academia-government cooperation, while utilizing the advantageous position of
our material technology. Diffusion of these technologies will be promoted by utilizing theenergy saving top-runner program and other such programs as technology advances.
{

Stationary Fuel cell•

Outline of technology
Stationary fuel celltechnology will be used to directly extract electrical power by anelectrochemical reaction between fuels suchas hydrogen and oxidizing agents such as
oxygen, without using heat. Since energy isconverted directly from chemical energy into
electric energy, it has high theoretical power
generation efficiency. It may also enable highoverallefficiency

(>80%

HHV)

in

this

cogeneration system because it is virtually
unaffected by the system’s size. It is expected
to contribute to the reduction of carbon
dioxide emissions and work as an energy

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Cogeneration
System for Residential Use.

source that covers diverse applications andSource: Website of Kyocera Corp.

scales, including mobile devices such as notebook PCs and cell phones, automobiles,
commercial and industrial cogeneration and power plants.
•

Technology development roadmap
Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte, such as Polymer-Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cell (PEFC), Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cell (MCFC), and application and technology development must be implemented to suiteach of these technologies. Furthermore, Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) and Alkaline
Fuel Cell (AFC) already have practical applications.
In Japan, steady R&D and introduction supporting policies have led to introduction of
about 220012 PEFC units into the market.
Most of the foreign progress in these cells has been in the development ordemonstration phases, although PEFC of Plug Power and MCFC of Fuel Cell Energy
are both in the market introduction phase in the US.
PEFC is a fuel cell that uses thin solid polymer membrane as the electrolyte, and it is12

As of March 2008.
33

easy to handle because it operates at temperatures ranging from room to 90 .
Miniaturization is relatively easy because it has a high output density. It is being
developed for application in home cogeneration, mobile devices and vehicles. The
technical challenges to be overcome include reduction in system cost, improvement indurability and power generation efficiency, and it is necessary to develop a non-Pt
catalyst, improved electrolyte membrane, new electrolyte membrane, etc.

Theobjective is to reduce the current system price of 4 - 5 million JPY per kW to 400
thousand JPY in 2020 - 2030 and improve the durability to 90,000 hours from the current
40,000 hours and the power generation efficiency to 36%, from the current 32% rate.
SOFC uses ion-conducting ceramic with high permeability of oxide ions as theelectrolyte. Applications are projected in home cogeneration, distributed power supply
and large-scale power generation. The operation temperatures are rather high, in therange of 700 – 1000(C, and it is advantageous in the point that utilization of exhaust heatis possible. Various fuels can be used, including coal, and high power generation
efficiency of 60% or larger (HHV) can be delivered in combination with a gas turbine. It isalso advantageous in that it does not require an expensive platinum catalyst. However,there are problems of material deterioration and so forth, since the operation
temperatures are very high. Cost reduction, durability improvement and power
generation efficiency improvement are also issues to be solved in the future, andtechnology development will be promoted with an objective to address 40% power
generation efficiency, 40,000 hours durability and system price per kW of 1 million JPY
around 2020.
MCFC is a fuel cell that uses molten carbonates, such as lithium carbonate andpotassium carbonate as the electrolyte, and it is capable of using natural gas, coal gas
and even biogas as the fuel in addition to hydrogen. It also has the ability to concentrateand capture the carbon dioxide in exhaust gas into its fuel electrode side when
combustion exhaust gas is injected into its air electrode side. Trials have been alreadymade to apply MCFC as technology to recover carbon dioxide in method of CCS.
Applications in combined power generation with gas turbine are expected to be achieved
around 2030.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
For PEFC, large-scale demonstrations are being implemented in addition totechnology development, to enable early commercialization. It is currently at the stage toconsider marketability pf the products. It is necessary that measures to create the initial
demands should be promoted through further scale increases in demonstrative projects,
in addition to technology development.

34

While development of SOFC small devices have advanced rapidly, including 700 W
home cogeneration devices, issues of durability and reliability as commercial devices
must also be addressed in future demonstrative projects.

Although more time will be

required for the development of large-scale power supply devices, it is necessary thatthe technology development be promoted steadily in Japan, considering thedevelopment of large-scale SOFC in the U.S.
We will need to promote measures for international standardization through IEC with aview to international market expansion in addition to technology development anddemonstrative projects to facilitate its diffusion.
{

Ultra high-efficiency heat pump•

Outline of technology
Heat pump is a technology that obtains
heat necessary for air conditioning and hot
water supply by transferring heat. Unlike
room heating and hot water supply createdby the combustion of fossil fuels, it ispossible to achieve efficiency exceeding
100% drastically by actively using solar
heat via heat of air or ground.

“ECO CUTE” - CO2 Heat Pump Water Heaters(“Design Eco Cute” by Corona Corp.)

It is

Source: Website of Corona Corp.

possible to apply this technology in the air
conditioning and hot water supply, which comprise nearly 50% of carbon dioxide
emissions in the commercial/residential sector. Further reduction can be expected withheat pump technology that has drastically improved efficiencies over conventional
technology. It is also possible to have applications in the air conditioning andcooling/heating process used in the industrial sector•

Technology development roadmap
Japan has the world’s top-level high-efficiency heat pump technology, such as thepractical application of high-temperature hot water supply technology using carbon
dioxide coolant for the first time in the world. We have also been expanding businessglobally, which includes exporting and overseas production.
Our technology that utilizes carbon dioxide coolant in the high-temperature hot watersupply has had a record of diffusing 1 million units in only 6 years. On the other hand,
global competition is beginning as Chinese companies have just begun the developmentof high-temperature hot water suppliers using carbon dioxide coolant.
Even at the current level, our household heat pump air conditioners have COP at 6 or

35

higher, which is a better efficiency than European and U.S. heat pump air conditioners
with COP of 2.2 - 3.8., They were also evaluated highly in the 4th IPCC report.
Meanwhile, high-efficiency devices are being introduced in large turbo freezers,
thanks to the technical advances in Japanese corporations. However, this is a field inwhich U.S. companies such as American Standard Train have a large share, as well as
advances in conventional technical abilities
The best methods to address current problems in heat pump technology include
efforts at cost reduction and efficiency improvement. We expect to address efficiency
improvement to 150% and cost reduction to 3/4 of the current level by 2030 andefficiency improvement to twice and cost reduction to 1/2 by 2050 through efficiency
improvement in coolants and heat exchangers, as well as development of elemental
technologies. Other technical challenges include miniaturization for better installation
properties, reduction in raw material consumption, and measures for cold regions to
expand the areas where it can be installed (room heating, hot water supply and snow
melting).
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
High initial cost is the problem about high-efficiency heat pumps compared withcombustion-type heating and hot water supply systems or low-efficiency heat pumps. It
will also be necessary to implement measures that can shorten the period between
market release and diffusion. These policies specifically include the utilization of theenergy saving top-runner program and financial support for the introduction and diffusionof the current technology, in addition to promoting technology development. Given that
there are movements in Europe and the U.S. to evaluate heat utilization by heat pump
as a renewable energy, room remains for examination of such treatment in Japan asnecessary.

{

High-efficiency information device and system•

Outline of technology
This

is

an

innovative,

energysavingtechnology for the overall network, in addition
to the individual devices, in order to develop
anenvironment-friendlyITsocietyandaddress the increasing power consumption by
IT devices under the large amount of data
flowing through thee network. It is expectedthat it may double the consumption efficiency
Upper: Next Generation LC Television,
Lower: Inverter Circuit for Air Conditioner

36

Source: Courtesy of Sharp Corp

in IT devices.
•

Technology development roadmap
Electronic and information technologies have enabled improvements in productivity of
every economic and social activity, as well as energy efficiency. They have contributed
to the reduction of environmental loads through efficiency improvements in production,
distribution, and processes by advanced control and management, in addition to energy
saving in the devices themselves.
Meanwhile, it is expected that the amount of information handled in the society willreach 200 times current levels in 2025 as various IT services, including moving image
distribution are diffused as IT society is being formed. Along with such an explosion of
information, the number of information-processing IT devices and the amount of
information handled by each device has been increasing drastically. This is becoming aserious problem, with the expected amount of information processed by IT devices in2025 expected to be 5 times the current level. In the U.S. the power consumption at data
centers have multiplied in the past 6 years, and it is also becoming a globally recognizedproblem. Under such circumstances, we will promote technology development of theso-called “Green IT” with energy saving technology for the entire network system
including, energy efficiency improvements in individual devices and drastic energy
saving technology development to construct an environment-friendly IT society.
Specifically, we will promote technology development to address energy-saving air
conditioning for data centers and energy management technology to suit the informationload, and increase efficiency in server and power supply systems. The objective here isto put into practical application energy saving technologies for data centers, which will be
the core of information distribution in the future as well as servers around 2015.
Furthermore, technology development will be promoted on network devices such asenergy-saving routers necessary for construction of energy-saving network. One of theobjectives will be a 30% power consumption reduction in the router itself by developing
an innovative router to optimize the power consumption dynamically to meet the amountof data flowing by 2015.
Regarding displays, we will try to reduce the power consumption to half of the current
level and address 2.7 kWh/year・inch with a 52V-size LCD TVs around 2012 bydeveloping a technology to further increase the efficiency if LCD backlight. We will try toachieve luminous efficiency of 70 lm/W by organic EL displays around 2010, which
delivers high luminous efficiency, simplicity for large screen development and high color
rendering properties. We will also try to achieve durability of 50,000 hours around 2020.
Furthermore, technology development will be promoted on the next-generation37

semiconductor devices with an objective to achieve an 11 nm line width by 2022 throughmicrofabrication, development of transistors with new structures, etc. This will enablereduction of power consumption to about 1/10 compared to the current level with 65nm
line width. We will also promote development of heterogeneous, multi-core technology tofurther reduce power consumption.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
To address further efficiency improvement by utilization of IT and electronics, it isnecessary that technology development and diffusion be promoted in a unified fashion
by industry-academia-government cooperation. Specifically, the “Green IT Promotion
Council” we recently founded through an industry-academia-government partnership will
implement enlightenment activities and international cooperation to promote energy
saving by holding international symposiums and so forth. We will also promote theintroduction and diffusion of energy-saving products and systems by utilizing the
top-runner program. In addition, it is necessary that we should examine more
fundamental energy saving technologies such as DC development in homes and officebuildings in the long-term.

{

HEMS/BEMS/Local-level EMS•

Outline of technology
This is an energy saving technology to implement energy measurement andmanagement for houses, buildings or regions via a network.
HEMS/BEMS is a system to control the room environment and energy usage
conditions in houses or business buildings by utilizing IT and optimize energy
consumption by effective control of networked devices such as air conditioners andlighting.
Using HEMS/BEMS and local-level EMS, it is possible to reduce carbon dioxide
emission by 10 – 15%.
Local-level EMS is a system to enable energy management by coordinated control on
HEMS/BEMS, network and distributed power supplies utilizing IT technology, networkand so forth, and it is expected to contribute to reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

•Technology development roadmap
HEMS/BEMS requires the development of telecommunication hardware technology,
home/building sensor network (communication among all devices), microsensing
technology and forecasting technology. For Local-level EMS, technologies to connect
with local cogeneration systems and renewable energy such as photovoltaic power38

generation, technologies for the evaluation and optimization of electricity and heat
energy utilization, heat and power storage need to be developed in addition to
HEMS/BEMS technologies.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
We will promote introduction in stages, depending on the progress in technology
development, while promoting the above technology development. Specifically for
HEMS/BEMS, it is necessary to demonstrate an overall efficient energy management
system. We will need to construct a business model in addition to developing energy
saving technologies such as DC power supply, while promoting ESCO projects toprovide a comprehensive energy management service
As to the local-level EMS technology to enable energy management in wider areas,
we need to continue examination on its effects by demonstration, while also
implementing cooperation with other systems such as renewable energy and distributed
power supplies.

(Cross-cutting technologies){

High-performance power storage•

Outline of technology
This technology includes storage batteries essential for large-scale grid connection ofrenewable energy such as solar power and wind power and for electric vehicles, as wellas power storage technology utilizing capacitor with high output density. It will lead tocarbon dioxide emission reductions by diffusing hybrid vehicles and electric vehicle into
the market, and expanding renewable energy introduction such as solar power and wind
power.

•

Effects of power load leveling can also be expected.

Technology development roadmap(For power storage technologies in vehicle, see the section on Plug-in hybrid vehicle
and electric vehicle (P.24 – 25).)
As described previously, Japanese battery manufacturers have led the world mainly inthe field of battery technology in mobile devices. National projects have been launchedin the U.S., Europe, China and Korea and the situation does not allow our current
advantages to be taken for granted.
Pumped storage generation as a stationary power storage system has been put into
practical application for leveling of power loads. Development of storage battery systems
with few installation restrictions and capable of reducing transmissions have been39

promoted, which has led to practical application of NAS battery 13 . For combined
application with wind power or photovoltaic power generation, development of batteries
with long lifetime, low cost and small auxiliary power consumption that are even better
than those of batteries for power load leveling is demanded. Although nickel hydride
batteries are considered promising for application in load leveling of new energy,
development of a battery capable of charging and discharging larger currents with good
maintainability is required. Furthermore, lithium ion batteries have urgent issues to besolved, such as capacity increase, lifetime extension and cost reduction, although they
are promising candidates regarding the characteristic of high charging and discharging
efficiency.
However, there still remain problems such as the requirements for capacity increase,extension of life and the reduction of cost.

For lithium ion batteries as stationary

installation application, developments of a battery system that are not extension ofmobile application batteries are needed. We will need to develop an improved lithium
ion battery with high performance, a long lifetime, high safety, and low cost. This will beaccomplished by developing cathode materials with high safety and large capacity,
anode materials such as alloy types, electrolytes with high conductivity, safety and low
cost, high-reliability, low price separators ,etc. We will promote technology developmentwith an objective to address lifetime equivalent to PV cells and wind power generation(20 years), and the cost of 15,000 JPY/kWh by 2030.
Electric double layer capacitors are beginning to be used in power storage(uninterruptible power supply system, also known as UPS) as well as in output levelingof momentary load fluctuations from photovoltaic power generation and wind power
generation, and flicker compensation.

In the future, further performance improvements

and cost reductions will be necessary.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
We can expect the diffusion of large lithium ion batteries for applications other thanvehicles, such as a backup power supply, stabilization of wind power or photovoltaic
power generation, accelerated by mass production effects. In addition, we will need topromote development of low-cost sensor technology to monitor the voltage, temperature,pressure in the battery to maintain the battery life and ensure safety, as well as battery
module development technology necessary for using combination of any battery cells tostabilize the system, battery module operation technology and high-efficiency inverter
DC converter that matches the battery system. We will need to make examinations for

13

A storage battery using liquid sodium, liquid sulfur and special ceramic. Has a large energy density
compared to lead storage batteries.
40the establishment of rare metal recycling chain for batteries such as lithium, andstandardization to allow smooth market expansion of the outcomes as technology
development is actively implemented overseas.
{

Power electronics•

Outline of technology
Powerelectronics

technology

is

the

technology to save energy in inverters andelectric

devicesbyutilizingthenext-generation semiconductors, in power
generation, transmission and distribution.
Inverters are popularly used in various fields
including commercial, transportation, industry,

Left: φ100 mm 4H-SiC Single Crystal

and conversion sectors. This technology has

Source: National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

also been used in equipment such as motors,

Source: Yasukawa Electric Corp.

Right: Inverter

various power supply systems, information appliance, home appliances, DC powertransmission, variable pumping systems and power quality improvement devices in
power generation field.
Power electronics semiconductors improve the energy efficiency through energy
saving from these inverters. For example, expected efficiency improvements are about
2 – 10% (varying on the load conditions) in transportation field such as hybrid vehicle
and electric vehicle, 4-5% in computer power supplies, and approximately 2% in theindustrial field in general-purpose inverters for pump/fan motor operation when SiC
device is applied in each of these. It has also been reported that it may contribute to
reductions of power loss in the power generation field.
•

Technology development roadmap
In addition to energy saving technologies centering on silicon semiconductors, newsemiconductors, such as SiC and GaN 14 are expected to enable practical device
applications as a breakthrough to deliver innovative technology progress in the future.
In manufacturing SiC devices, it is important that the technology allow stable epitaxial
film growth on the substrate (wafer), and that large-diameter, high-quality substrates
should be supplied at low costs. The next essential issue to be addressed is the14

Sic (silicon carbide) and GaN (gallium nitride) are the semiconductor compounds that are to be the main
players of the next generation and it is possible to reduce the loss compared to Si (silicon). At present,
expectations are high for GaN as the device in the medium withstand voltage range (several hundred volts)
and SiC as the device in the high withstand voltage and large power due to the difference in ease of crystal
growth, cost, thermal conductivity coefficient and so forth.
41

establishment of process and device technologies with high production efficiencies. It isalso necessary that we should establish packaging technologies capable of enduring
higher operation temperatures than conventional levels, and peripheral technologies
such as soft switching and measures against radio frequency.
Regarding GaN, it exhibits superior high-frequency performance to SiC, and there arehigh expectations for addressing high-voltage switching devices. Research anddevelopment are being made for application in telecommunication, power conversion
and aerospace fields. For much larger power applications, there is also a great demand
to develop vertical transistor devices.
While diamond devices are being touted as the ultimate device, the U.S. has given up
its development due exceeding difficulties. Meanwhile, in Japan, we maintain the basic
research of demand devices with a view to achieving superior power performancecapable of competing with SiC and GaN in the future.
Under such circumstances, we will try to address practical application of SiC and GaN
power devices around 2015. We will promote technology development with objectives ofwafer diameter and dislocation density, which are the indices of mass productivity anddevice properties. Specifically, we will try to address 4-inch wafer diameter and 103/cm-2
dislocation density around 2008 and 6-inch diameter and 102/cm-2 dislocation density15
around 2015 for SiC power devices.
For GaN power devices, we will try to address 3-inch wafer diameter and 104/cm-2
wafer dislocation density around 2010 and 4-inch diameter and 103cm-2 dislocation
density around 2020. For the diamond device, we will promote technology developmentwith objectives to address 2-inch wafer diameter and 103cm-2 dislocation density around2010, 3-inch diameter and 102cm-2 dislocation density around 2020 and practicalapplication around 2020.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
While competition in technology development is fierce among Japan, the U.S. andEurope, there is an oligopoly by certain corporations in terms of substrate supply. Our
processes, devices and mounting technologies in the semiconductor field are at theworld’s top level.

It is necessary that technology development be promoted by utilizingthese technologies for which we are at advantage and investing resources (funding,facilities and human) efficiently in the consortium method and we should promotetechnology development while constructing a network among related parties to ensureinternational competitiveness in power electronics. It is also necessary that measures to15

Wafer dislocation density is the density of linear lattice defect and it is used as an index for wafer defects.
42lead to international standardization of technology be promoted in addition to developing
the technology.
{

Hydrogen production, transport and storage•

Outline of technology
This is a technology for highly efficient production/transport and storage of hydrogento be used in fuel cell vehicle and stationary fuel cell. It is expected to contribute to the
reduction of carbon dioxide emissions
by utilizing hydrogen produced byrenewable energy or with combinationof CCS as the fuel for fuel cell vehicles•

Technology development roadmap
Hydrogenproduction technologies

include hydrogen production from fossil
fuels,

water

electrolysis,

and

the

utilization of renewable energy. The
technology to produce hydrogen from

Hydrogen Fuelling Station, JHFC Project by METI
Source: Website of Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell
Demonstration Project

fossil fuels has matured, but the technical challenges include reforming efficiency andthe miniaturization of production systems for on-site station. In the area of waterelectrolysis, solid polymer and alkaline water analysis technologies are to be established,
and improvements in their efficiency, endurance, economic efficiency are yet to be
overcome. While production technologies from renewable energy include hydrogenproduction from biomass, gasification of woody materials is a conventional technology
applied in heat utilization. Optimization of processes such as hydrogen reforming
efficiency improvement is necessary. In addition, methane fermentation and hydrogen
fermentation are still at the research stage, including the search for efficient fermenters.
Possible methods for hydrogen transport include compressed hydrogen transport,
liquid hydrogen transport, organic hydride transport in trailers, and pipeline transport.
Since there are already records of compressed hydrogen transport in copper containers,
we need to develop technologies that will increase transport volume through furtherpressure increases or the use of composite material containers. The issues for liquidhydrogen transport are improvement in liquefaction process efficiency and heatinsulation performance for the liquid hydrogen tank truck and liquid hydrogen container.
We will promote technology development with an objective to reduce the cost to 7
JPY/Nm3 for high-pressure transport, and to 3 JPY/Nm3 for liquid transport around 2020.
Hydrogen storage technologies include storage as gas, liquid hydrogen and hydrogenstoring alloy. For storage by high-pressure gas, pressure increase from 35 MPa to 70

43MPa, as well as cost reduction in containers is technical challenge we face. Similarly totransport technology, the issues for liquid hydrogen storage include efficiency
improvement in liquefaction process and heat insulation performance for liquid hydrogentank truck and liquid hydrogen container. As for hydrogen storing alloy, we need tosearch for materials, improve endurance and develop hybrid tanks.
We will promote such technology development and try to address price reduction to 40
JPY/Nm3 around 2020.
•

Challenges for effective technology development and diffusion
To produce hydrogen from fossil fuels, an examination on the combination of carbon
dioxide capture and storage technology to further reduce carbon dioxide emission will benecessary. We must also advance technologies to utilize renewable energy to produce
near-zero emission hydrogen.
In addition, preparation of hydrogen supply infrastructure, establishment of safety
protocol supported by commercialization of component such as hydrogen detector, anddevelopment or amendment of regulatory framework should be addressed as enabling
policies and technologies. It is important for Japan to exercise global leadership in suchstandardization arenas as ISO, IEC and SAE for the global diffusion of hydrogen energy
system.
As for hydrogen supply infrastructure, hydrogen utilization will start from stationary fuelcell, integrated with fossil fuel reformer and fueling from facility attached to gas station.
Technological development and increase in hydrogen demand will lead to the use of
dedicated hydrogen station and the local supply system utilizing low pressure hydrogenpipeline.

In the future, a national-scale hydrogen supply infrastructure is expected by

an optimal combination between local hydrogen supply systems and transport incontainers from large-scale production sites.

44

3. Promotion of international cooperation in innovative energy technology development(1) Current status of energy technology development in the world and situation of technology
roadmap development(Stagnating energy research and development investment in the world)
The importance of developing energy technology to tackle the climate change has beenaddressed at various scenes of international discussion, such as the United Nations and G8
Summit since last year. However, investment in technology development in the energy field has
shown the tendency to stagnate in the recent years, indicating the following situations:(See Figs. 5, 6 and 7.)¾

Although global investment in energy technology development increased after the two oil
crises, it has been stagnating after the peak of 1980 as the crude oil price became stable.

¾

It is not always easy for private corporations to make continuous investments in energy
technology, which typically requires a large investment over a long period of time.
Governmental investment in research and development plays a key role in addressing
this.

¾

Investments in the nuclear energy field take up a large portion of governmental researchand development investment in the energy field.

¾

Japan, the U.S. and Europe are leading the world in governmental investment inresearch and development by nation.

¾

Research and development investment by the Japanese government has been among
the world’s largest in aggregate figures, and it has been investing actively on the issue of
ensuring energy security and addressing climate change.
Cool Earth 50（May 2007）
zJapan proposed a policy package named “Cool Earth 50”on 24 May 2007.
【Proposal of a long-term strategy to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases globally 】{Propose a long-term target of cutting global emissions by half from the current level by 2050 as a common goal for the entire world.
{Present a long-term vision for developing innovative technologies and building a low carbon society to achieve the goal.

G8 Summit Heiligendamm Declaration - Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy (Jun. 2007)“Technology is a key to mastering climate change as well as enhancing energy security. We have urgently to develop, deploy and foster
the use of sustainable, less carbon intensive, clean energy and climate-friendly technologies in all areas of energy production and use.”

Japan-U.S. High-Level Consultations on Climate Change (Aug. 2007)
Agreed upon the importance of Japan-US partnership on technology innovation and the significance of energy efficiency.

Sydney APEC Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development (Sep. 2007)
Joint research, development, deployment and transfer of low and zero emission technologies will be crucial in our shared efforts
to address climate change.

Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change (Sep. 2007)
Key to This Effort will be the Advance of Clean Energy Technologies - By developing new, low-emission technologies, the world's
major economies can meet the growing demand for energy while reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. (Fact Sheet:
Toward a New Global Approach to Climate Change and Energy Security, Whitehouse)

Japan-U.S. summit meeting (Nov. 2007){ Two leaders affirmed that Japan and United States would continue close cooperation to enable promoting development of innovativetechnologies and peaceful use of nuclear energy in order to challenge climate change while strengthening economic growth.
{ To continue our leading role in research and development of clean energy and climate technologies and encourage other major
economies to increase public funding, as the United States and Japan have, for research and development of clean energy and climate
technologies.. (Fact sheet: U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Energy Security, Clean Development, and Climate Change)

COP13 (Dec. 2007)
Bali Action Plan stresses the importance of “Cooperation on research and development of current, new and innovative technology”.

(Figure 5) Growing recognition on the importance of energy technology development45

20,000

Oil price

18,000Oil price

16,00014,000Public investment on energy technology
R&D in developed countries

12,000MillionUS$(2006pricesandPPP)

10,0008,000

Private investment on energy
technology R&D in US

6,000

Public investment on energy
technology R&D in US

4,000
2,000
0
1974

1977

Energyefficiency

1980

1983

1986

Fossilfuels

1989

Renewableenergysources

1992

1995

Nuclear

Source：JGCRI 「Global Energy Technology Strategy」）

1998

2001

2004

Hydrogenandfuelcells

Other

Source：IEA(Figure 6) Public and private investment on energy technology R&D in US (left), and public investment onenergy technology R&D in developed countries (right)

UK

129.9
320.5

Italy
Germany

513.2

France523.4

USA3017.8Japan

3905.31250.0

EU
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Million US$(Figure 7) Governmental investment on Energy Technology R&D
Note:1) Budget for EU is for 2007, derived from EC document
2) Budgets excluding nuclear are 2,573 M$ for USA, 1,397 M$ for Japan, 343 M$ for Germany,
221 M$ for Italy and 90 M$ for UK.
Source: IEA Statistics(Movements for development of technology roadmap in Japan, the U.S. and Europe)
To promote technology development effectively and efficiently, efforts are being devoted
domestically and internationally to develop a “technology development roadmap” to indicate thetechnical problems that must be overcome and technical performance achieved along the timeline. For example, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors has beendeveloped by industry-academia-government cooperation to lead the technical innovations in46

the semiconductor field with rapid technical innovations and severe competition.
Japan has developed the “Energy Technology Strategy” (April 2007) to show the long-term
roadmap on technology development in energy field based on New National Energy Strategy.
Similarly, the U.S. developed the “Climate Change Technology Program/Strategic Plan” in 2007
to indicate the roadmap for technology development to be addressed in the short, medium orlong term. This is being done by projecting 100 years into the future to support research anddevelopment necessary as measures against climate change. In Europe, the technology
strategy within the European region to address climate change has been developed with an eye
for the year 2020, 2030 and 2050. As such, there are movements to develop long-term
technology strategies and technology development roadmaps to address climate change andfocus on the importance of energy technology development in Japan, the U.S. and Europe.
(2) Basic view on international cooperation
To reinforce and accelerate energy technology to address the climate change, it is necessarythat the nations of the world cooperate in ensuring research and development investment, andwork steadily toward technology development. Following measures can help promoteinternational cooperation effectively and accelerate technology development internationally forenergy technologies that require long term and continuous efforts:(International sharing of technology development roadmap)
Currently, there is no mechanism or framework to confirm or promote the progress oftechnology development that each country or region has achieved. An International
collaboration framework has been promoted on specific technology areas on an ad hoc basis,and there is no framework to accelerate the collaboration systematically. Therefore, it isnecessary to promote energy technology development more systematically, beginning withanalysis of current status of technology development in each country or region and ofinternational collaboration, and then by sharing the view on the long-term technology
development depicted on the technology roadmaps.

Consequently, common understandings

will be fostered on milestones which indicate the timing of the technology development, e.g.
practical use, commercialization, etc. These efforts will lead to sound progress of technology
development by confirming the status and progress of such efforts in each country or region,and to secure investments to accomplish the goal. It is also beneficial to take a comprehensive
and panoramic view of various technology development efforts being carried out in each country
and region, which will facilitate identification and accelerate the progress of specifictechnological areas to be addressed under international collaboration. The consideration isneeded to establish a potential framework in cooperation with IEA, to foster steady technology
development under the common vision formed by sharing technology roadmaps.

47

(Acceleration in research and development by international cooperation)
As the speed of technical innovation influences global competitiveness, there are many cases
in which private corporations cooperate with overseas research institutes while closely watching
the global trends, and advance research and development efforts more efficiently bycompensating for necessary research and development resources. Promoting international
cooperation will also be effective in facilitating research and development in energy technology
development.
A major advantage of this approach is that it distributes high risks associated with R&D
projects that require long term investments that Japan alone could not address.

It alsoaccelerates research and development by using technology seeds and human resources that
we do not have, improves the efficiency in research and development by rapidly grasping
leading-edge technical trends and findings in overseas through a strong information exchange,
and allows for the smooth market introduction of outcomes by the promotion of international
standardization.
(Notes to be made in promoting international cooperation)
To promote international cooperation without interfering with the aspirations of private
corporations who are the final players of technology development and diffusion, it is essentialthat proper balance be taken between competition and cooperation with consideration to protect
intellectual property rights and prevent unintended technology drain.
One such an effort is seen in the Japan China Business Alliance for Energy Saving andEnvironmental Protection, which promotes cooperation in energy saving technologies on thebusiness base between Japan and China. The Alliance establishes committees withparticipation of governments of both nations to specify the model projects and attempts toprevent problems or solve problems, including the consideration of intellectual property rights.
Consideration to the issues such as intellectual property rights needs to be made beforehand
between governments to allow for the smooth transfer of developed technologies.
(3) Current status of international cooperation in energy field and future directions
International cooperation is already being advanced on various technologies such as nuclear
power, zero-emission coal fired power generation and fuel cells (see Table 3). These include
various forms of cooperation from only information exchange to assigning the share of funding
as well as theme for each nation (Fig. 8). The cases in which researchers gather at one orseveral sites to conduct research and development are limited on cases that need large funding,such as ITER. Many cases in which funding and resources are assigned have the participants
gather the research and development outcomes from each nation. Meanwhile, informationexchange is implemented in a wide range of stages of research, development and deployment,48

as shown in implementing agreements in IEA. Based on such circumstances, it is appropriate tostart cooperation with information exchange, build upon existing international partnerships, andexplore new areas for cooperation based on the technology status and needs of countries.
(Table 3) Current situation of technological cooperation in the field of energy
Partnership

Establishment

Objectives

Members / Partners

International
Energy Agency(IEA),
Implementing
Agreements

Nov. 1974

To cooperate under the framework established in 1975, to support energy
R&D in IEA member countries. Currently, 41 implement agreements havebeen signed upon and provide forums for information exchange on research, IEA’s member countries including Japan, Europe andUnited States, etc. and non-member countries aredevelopment, demonstration and deployment, cooperative research andparticipating according to their own interests.
development, etc. on various technology areas such as end-use
technologies, renewable energy technologies and fossil fuel technologies,
and cross-cutting area including climate change issues.

Generation IV
International
Forum

Jan. 2000

To work together R&D for the fourth generation nuclear reactor. Six type of 12 countries and 1 organization (Japan, United
nuclear reactor systems that could be deployed by 2030, i.e. Sodium-Cooled States, Canada, United Kingdom, France,
Switzerland, Russia, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa,
Fast Reactor, Ultra-High Temperature Reactor, Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor,
Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor, Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor and Molten China, South Korea) and Euratom.
Salt Reactor, will be developed under the international cooperation.

Feb. 2003

To demonstrate, under the international cooperative framework, anintegrated system of zero-emission coal fired plant consists of coalgasification, combined cycle power generation, and capture and geologicalstorage of CO2. Currently, the project is under restructuring and the new
approach will focus on CCS part of the system.

Under consideration

Jun. 2003

To promote R&D of improved cost-effective technologies for the capture,transport and storage of carbon dioxide, and to facilitate international
acceptance on CCS technology for its commercial use.

21 countries and 1 region(Japan, United States,
Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy,
Netherlands, Kingdom of Norway, Denmark, Greece,
Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Australia,
South Africa, China, India, South Korea, Saudi
Arabia) and the European Commission.

Nov. 2003

16 countries and 1 region(Japan, United States,
To accelerate research, development, demonstration and commercialization Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy,
Russia,Kingdom of Norway, Iceland, Australia, Newof hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. Also, IPHE provides a forum for
Zealand, Brazil, India, China, South Korea)
advancing relevant policies, and common technical codes and standards.
and European Commission.

Asia-PacificPartnershipon CleanDevelopment andClimate (APP)

Jul. 2005

To work together to meet goals for growing energy demand, energy security,and climate change in Asia-Pacific region through regional cooperation
which includes development, deployment and transfer of clean and efficient 7 countries (Japan, United States, Canada, Australia,
technologies. Specific joint project includes Callide-A to demonstrate a oxy- South Korea, China, and India).
fuel pulverized coal fired generation with CO2 capture under Japan-Australia
partnership.

Global Nuclear
Energy Partnership(GNEP)

Feb. 2006

20 countries (Japan, United States, France, Italy,
To develop worldwide consensus on enabling expanded use of nuclear
China, Russia, Australia, Republic of Bulgaria,
power, while simultaneously promoting non-proliferation and safety. The
goal include the construction of fast reactors and recycling facilities and the Ghana, Hungary, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lithuania,
promotion of R&D on fast reactor technologies, recycling technologies, small Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Ukraine, Canada, South
Korea, Senegal).
and medium reactor technologies, etc.

FutureGen Project

CarbonSequestration
Leadership Forum(CSLF)
International
Partnership for theHydrogen Economy(IPHE)

Informationexchange only

Collaboration bybringing along
independent
R&D outcomes【Information exchange】 Wide range of information exchange from basic research, to technology establishment, demonstrationand commercialization. (Example: IPHE, Most of IEA Implement Agreement)【Information exchange + Joint
research】
Joint research on technologies
at a research level by sharing
resources by participants, if
necessary. (Examples: AISTLANL Cooperation, IISIBreakthrough Program, GIF)

【Standardization】
Standardization tofacilitate market
dissemination oftechnologies.
(Example: ISO)

【 Information exchange +Joint research 】
Joint research or informationexchange on technologies at
a development phase.
(Example: CSLF)【Information exchange + Joint R&D】
Joint research and development or information exchange ontechnologies at R&D phase. (Example: GNEP)

Collaboration bygathering at
centralized
research center
Cooperation by
sharingresources【Joint demonstration】
Large scale demonstration oftechnologies throughresource sharing byparticipating nations.
(Example: Calide A）【Joint research】
Joint research on technologies
at a basic level and require
major resources throughresource sharing byparticipating nations.
(Example: ITER)

Research

Development

Demonstration(Figure 8) Categorization of existing international RD&D cooperation

49

Commercialization,market introduction

(Promotion of international cooperation utilizing the existing frameworks)
As discussed above, many international partnership projects have already been established,
and it is necessary that cooperation be reinforced based on these efforts. Cooperation may bepromoted specifically in the following technologies:{ Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)

Cooperation regarding leading-edge technologies (separation membranes and monitoring
technologies) of the CCS technology will be reinforced through APP, CSLF and otherprograms. In addition, we will try to demonstrate our technical advantages in overseas
demonstration projects such as Callide A by unified cooperation between government andprivate sector. We will also reinforce cooperation with overseas research institutes anddemonstration projects since the storage potential in Japan is currently limited. Cooperation
on establishing the environment for diffusion of technologies such as the environmental
impact evaluation and ensuring adequate public outreach can be reinforced through IEA{ Fuel cell

While reinforcing information exchange in IPHE, we will also be promoting international
standardization of hydrogen fuel and the presumption of smooth overseas expansion. In
cooperation between two nations, we will reinforce cooperation through technologicalinformation exchange and joint research efforts with Los Alamos National Laboratory
regarding hydrogen storage materials and so on.
{ Advanced nuclear power generation

In the area of fast reactor technologies, we will conduct an examination on reactor designconcept, requirements and basic specifications for the fuel through Japan-U.S. cooperation
within the framework of GNEP and GIF, and try to accelerate research and development
while sharing the findings of different nations.
As to small and medium reactor technologies, we will summarize the design requirements
based on the survey needs of developing nations by IAEA, and investigate the designconcepts that are already discussed in the framework of Japan-U.S. cooperation. We will
also examine possibilities for joint research and development in mutually beneficial fields
regarding small and medium reactors.
{ Intelligent transportation system

To promote an intelligent transportation system that contributes to energy saving, we willreinforce the three-party cooperation among Japan, the U.S. and Europe in the ITS worldconference held every year. Specifically, we will regularly exchange information on ITS
technological trends to contribute to environmental health and energy efficiency, andreinforce cooperation in joint hosting of workshops to exchange information on development50

of autonomous driving, cooperative driving, and the joint development of carbon dioxide
reduction assessment methods.
To diffuse ITS globally, it is necessary that we promote international standardization by
ISO/TC204 (ITS). Since we are to lead the discussion on international standardization by
ensuring the positions of TC vice chairperson and WG14 (driving control) chairperson, we
will promote ITS to contribute to energy saving in cooperation with other nations.
(Promotion of new international cooperation)
It is also necessary to examine the possibilities of new international cooperation in fields thatneed more acceleration or that lack in international cooperation. Furthermore, we will need toreinforce the cooperation in project or partnership in fields where international cooperation isalready made. Specifically, we will promote cooperation on the following technologies:{ Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)

Regarding the CCS technology, we will utilize the findings in the past to contribute to thepromotion of overseas demonstration projects in China, Australia and other countries, andtry to accumulate our experience in its demonstration. We will also develop the mechanism
to promote cross-linking among different domestic and international projects under IEA
cooperation and so forth. Japan will also actively participate in FutureGen with a newframework focusing on carbon dioxide capture and storage technology.
{ Innovative photovoltaic power generation

Regarding the third generation photovoltaic power generation technology for which basic
research has only been started on the academic level, we will begin by establishing a
research site in Japan. We will also construct a network with overseas research institutes
through the invitation of prominent researchers from overseas and by holding several
symposiums to foster information exchange on research and development trends in othernations while also coordinating efforts with the IEA.
{ High-performance power storage

As previously mentioned, Japan is still at an advantageous position in battery technology.
However, development of new materials depends on the research in the U.S. and Europe,
where researchers are conducting research with large sources of funding. Research in newcathode materials has been identified by American and European researchers for this reason
Therefore it is necessary to consider cooperation with overseas research institutes in basic
research efforts. We will also promote international standardization of battery technology.
{ High-efficiency superconducting power transmission

In the area of high-efficiency superconducting power transmission, we will promote
cooperation to address the technology at an early stage by encouraging Japanese51corporations to participate actively in demonstration projects on superconducting cables
implemented overseas and contribute to the promotion of demonstrative research.
We will also implement information exchange on research and development trends inother nations regarding high-temperature superconducting materials, since it is consideredeffective to cooperate with overseas research institutes with leading-edge findings from along-term standpoint.
{ Innovative iron and steel making process

Regarding iron and steel process, we will continue to grasp the latest technological trends
in European nations by participating in International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) and joint
programs in the EU, and examine the possibilities for joint research in basic and fundamental
fields.
{ High-efficiency information device and system

We will emphasize our contributions in the environmental IT field by holding aninternational symposium to form a common recognition on the effectiveness of green IT,
while also sharing information on research and development trends in other nations toaccelerate energy innovative energy saving technology development. We will also try toreinforce the measures in cooperation with other international projects.
While we will promote international cooperation on these technologies and acceleration oftechnology innovation is necessary, it is possible that there could be fields other than thosedescribed above, in which promotion of technology development by international cooperation iseffective. We will need to flexibly examine bilateral and multilateral cooperation frameworks,
depending on the progress in technology development in Japan, overseas trends and so forth.

52

4. Picture of a future social system in 2050 seen from the aspects of energy technology(Image for reducing carbon dioxide emission from energy sources to half in 2050)
Several estimates suggest that it will be necessary to reduce carbon dioxide emission fromenergy sources by more than 40 billion tons16 (t-CO2) when global economy grows smoothly
and we try to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from energy sources by half from the current
level, which is estimated to reach about 27 billion17 tons in 2005.
In this section, we have made some examinations based on a trial calculation18 of how theinnovative energy technologies selected will contribute to substantial reduction in global carbon
dioxide emissions, assuming that technology development is accelerated following theroadmaps. We have also pictured a possible future social system in which these technologies
are introduced.
The “21” innovative technologies included in this estimation contribute to nearly 60% of thenecessary reduction, indicating that development and diffusion of innovative technologies are
essential in reducing carbon dioxide emissions by half in 2050 (Fig. 9). In this estimate, those inpower generation and transportation fields such as nuclear power, CCS and photovoltaic power

High Efficiency
Fired Power Generation,
CCS, 12%Advanced Nuclear
Power Generation, 12%

Miscellaneous(Diffusion ofexisting
efficienttechnologies,etc.), 40%

Next Generation
Vehicles (FCV,
EV, Biofuel,etc.), 11%Innovative Photovoltaic
Power Generation, 7%

Efficiency
Improvement inHeat Pump,(Fuel Cell,
IT, etc.), 11%

Efficiency
Improvement inIndustry(Hydrogen reduction
Iron and SteelProcess,
Innovative
materials, etc.),
8%(Figure 9) Contribution of Innovative Energy Technologies for the 50 % Emission Reduction in 2050
Source: An estimation by the Institute of Applied Energy

IEA “Energy Technology Perspective”, etc.
IEA ”World Energy Outlook 2007”
18 A trial calculation made by the Institute of Applied Energy
16
17

53

have relatively large contributions. However, it is necessary that we address technology
development with all our powers in all fields, including industrial and commercial sectors,
instead of addressing only one of these technologies to achieve substantial reduction. We
should take a leading role in developing those technologies.
[Image for a social system in 2050 assumed from the estimation (example)]Let us try to have a look at the image for the society with carbon dioxide emission reductions
cut in half by 2050. The global society will have thoroughly advanced efficiency and carbon
reduction efforts while addressing sustainable growth thanks to innovative technologies. Drastic
energy saving will have been realized on the demand side due to the optimization of energy
consumption by IT devices, and there will be an environment-friendly automobile society withmajor diffusion of next-generation vehicles. On the supply side, substantial reduction will havebeen realized under the energy supply system with advanced zero-emission technologies suchas innovative photovoltaic power generation, nuclear power generation and CCS. We expectthat there will be a society in which rich life and substantial reduction in carbon dioxide
emissions are both supported by the establishment of an advanced energy demand system.
<Power generation and conversion sector including transmission>
CCS will reduce carbon dioxide emissions for thermal power plants, and advances will havebeen made in zero-emission development and power generation efficiency areas. In addition,with a great premise of securing safety, application of advanced nuclear power generation will
expand.
Introduction of renewable energy will advance drastically, and photovoltaic power generation
will accelerate in diffusion due to cost reductions nearly equivalent to that of thermal power
generation. Applications will expand significantly including utilization on building walls as built-inunits in houses, and megawatt-class photovoltaic power generation will also be possible. In
combination with such large-scale photovoltaic power plants, storage batteries to stabilize thesystem will be installed at these plants.
Furthermore, a high-efficiency power transmission system utilizing superconductors will be
introduced to address the power demands in urban areas and the introduction of distributed
power supplies such as renewable energy and fuel cells will be advanced in a coordinated form
with the system while utilizing the characteristics of the regions.
<Industry sector>
In the iron and steel industries, both of which consume large amounts of energy, carbon
dioxide emissions will be reduced drastically with the development of efficient carbon dioxide
separation and absorption technology from the Blast furnace and partial introduction of54

hydrogen reduction.
In chemical production processes, efforts in biomass production will have advanced.
Low-carbon production processes will have been advanced including the introduction of heatpump technology on heat demands, such as steam used in multiple industries.
<Transportation sector>
In transportation sector, most of the conventional gasoline engine vehicle will have been
replaced by the introduction of electric and fuel cell vehicles, with the advanced introduction of
biomass fuels. There will be proper control of traffic flow by ITS and dramatic improvement inenergy efficiency by diffusion of electric and fuel cell vehicles. Electricity stations and hydrogenfuel stations to support such considerable diffusion of electric and fuel cell vehicle will also beestablished.
<Commercial/residential sector>
Energy saving will have been realized through the development of high efficiency houses andbuildings with high heat insulation, the introduction of stationary fuel cells, and high efficiency
heat pumps in the air conditioning system, room heating and hot water supply. Energy saving
household appliances, devices, and power electronics will also have advanced. Energy will bemeasured and managed without waste by IT utilization in combination with photovoltaic power
generation at home, leading to advanced energy saving in the entire society. Moreover, power
will be utilized more effectively, including the utilization of excess power at night for charging
electric vehicles.

55

5. Steady implementation of the program(Sharing of roles by government and private sector depending on the progress in technology
development)
When the government makes investments in research and development according to the
prepared technology development roadmaps, it is necessary that there be an appropriate role
sharing between the government and the private sector based on the progress in technology
development, especially for technologies near market introduction. In addition, it is necessarythat appropriate resources be distributed, depending on the technology development progress,
to both technologies that need basic research and development, and technologies for whichapplication and demonstration should be focused.
It is also necessary that we promote technology development and diffusion of its outcomes bycooperation

over

the

walls

of

different

industry

fields,

as

well

as

close

industry-academia-government partnership.
(Smooth diffusion and market introduction of research and development outcomes)
It is necessary that the introduction and diffusion of the outcomes of technology development
based on this program be promoted by cooperative efforts, such as proactive introduction in
public organizations, active participation in discussions for international standardization, andconcurrent examination to establish the necessary systems and infrastructures.
(Regular reviewing of the technology development roadmap and so forth)
As competition in technology development becomes fiercer and technology innovation isaccelerated, it is necessary that we flexibly review the milestones on the roadmap. To do this,
this program shall be promoted, considering 10 years as the first phase, and the technology
development roadmap prepared in this program shall be reviewed regularly based on
discussions of related parties in industry, academia and government.

56

(Appendix)

Technology Development
Roadmap
for Cool Earth－Innovative Energy Technology○RD&D Roadmap
Milestones including elemental technologies to promote RD&D and the direction of RD&D for 21 Innovative
Technologies are developed on temporal axis. Relevant supporting technologies are also referred to.
Major performance targets of
R&D and expected timing ofaccomplishment

2000
Power generation cost2010
46 JPY/kWh

2020

23 JPY/kWh

14 JPY/kWh○Compound crystalline solar cell
Module production cost 〔conversion efficiency〕

2030

2040

2050

7 JPY/kWh●High-efficiency compound concentrating solar cell
50 JPY/W 〔40% at collection]
75 JPY/W 〔30% at collection]- Multi-junction technology

Leap in efficiency

Supporting and related technologies- System technologies (grid connection, batteries, etc.)◆High-performance power storage◆HEMS/BEMS/Local-level EMS●: Innovative technologies

Direction from RD&D toward diffusion◆: Innovative technologies described in other area

RD&D
Market introduction and diffusion- : Elemental technologies, etc.

○: Existing technologies

Italic: Direction of technology development○ Introduction/diffusion scenario
Major steps to accomplish RD&D goals and related policies are summarized for 21 technologies.

① High-Efficiency Natural Gas Fired Power Generation

2000

2010

○Natural gas combined cycle power generation

2020

2030

●High-efficiency natural gas power generation

2040

2050

Leap in efficiency

56% (1700℃ class)
60% (FC/GT hybrid power generation)
52% (1500℃ class)- Large-capacity high-temperature fuel cell (MCFC, etc.) technology- Combined cycle power generation- High-temperature gas turbine - High-load compressor, turbine technology
technology- Advanced cooling, combustion and heat insulation technology- Heat resistance material technology- Advanced Humid Air Turbine technologies

Net efficiency (HHV)

Supporting and related technologies◆Integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC)◆Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC)◆CO2 capture and storage

Introduction/diffusion scenario
High-efficiency
natural gas fired
power generation

While protecting the intellectual property rights, Japanese technologies, know-how and so forth will be provided to overseas power suppliers to meet the demands ofdeveloped and developing nations where demands for power are expected to grow to promote diffusion of high-efficiency natural gas fired power generation inoverseas.
Hybrid SOFC (several hundred kW〜)
System verification

FC/GT hybrid power
generation

Demonstration

Initial introduction

Diffusion② High-Efficiency Coal Fired Power Generation
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

●Integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC)
Demonstration plant(1000 t/d class)Net efficiency (HHV)

55% (600 MW-class commercial generation)

65% (A-IGFC)- Next-generation
IGFC●Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
48% (1500℃ class, hot gas clean up)
41%
50% (1700℃ class, hot gas clean up)(250 MW demonstration plant)
46% (1500℃ class, wet gas clean up)

Leap in efficiency
57% (A-IGCC)- Next-generation IGCC

○Ultra super critical pressure coal power generation (USC) ●Advanced ultra super critical power generation (A-USC)
42% (600℃ class)

46% (700℃ class)

48% (750℃ class)Supporting and related technologies◆CO2 capture and storage

Introduction/diffusion scenario
IFCC
IGFC

A-USC

Verification by IGCC pilot and demonstration plants

Introduction as additional or replacement of coal fired power plants (IGCC, IGFC)

Verification and demonstration of FC system for IGFC

Introduction as replacement of existing coal fired power plants (A-USC)

Leap in efficiency

Leap in efficiency

③ Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS)
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

●Separation and capture of CO2
4,200 JPY/t-CO2

Capture cost

2050

Drastic reduction of capture cost

1,000s JPY/t-CO2 (adoption of separation membrane on high-pressure gas)
2,000s JPY/t-CO2
1,500s JPY/t-CO2
addressed by practical- Chemical absorption, Physical absorption/adsorption, Membrane separation,use of separation
Utilization of unused low-grade exhaust heat to regenerate absorbent, etc.
membrane- Size increase in separation membrane, Successive production●Geological storage of CO2
Pilot study on geological storage●Ocean sequestration of CO2 Leap in storage potential

Large-scale demonstration
Full-scale domestic implementation of underground storage- Aquifer, Waste oil and gas field, Coal seam
- Dissolution and dilution,- Transportation technologies
Deep-sea storage and sequestration, etc.

Supporting and related technologies◆Integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC)- Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)- CO2 behavior analysis technologies◆Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC)- Monitoring technologies◆High-efficiency natural gas fired power generation

地中貯留実証試験

排出源近傍大規模実証試験

地中貯留の国内本格実施

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Cost reduction of CO2 capture

Separation and capture
SystemLarge-scale system demonstration

Successive application making sure of legal system development and social acceptance

Environmental impact evaluation and public acceptance (including monitoring for protocol post closure )Establishment of domestic laws, international rules, etc.
Others
Evaluation of storage potential
Reinforcement of international cooperation④ Innovative Photovoltaic Power Generation
2000
Power generation cost2010
46 JPY/kWh

2020

23 JPY/kWh

2030

14 JPY/kWh

2040

2050

7 JPY/kWh●PVwith innovative structure/material

Theoretical efficiency 50% or higher

Leap in efficiency
Module conversion efficiency 40% or higher-Ultra high-efficiency PV
such as quantum nanostructure○Compound semiconductor PV
Module production cost 〔conversion efficiency〕●High-efficiency compound semiconductor PV
50 JPY/W 〔40% at collection]
75 JPY/W 〔35% at collection]- Multi-junction technology

Leap in efficiency●Organic PV (dye-sensitized, thin-film organic)
ー JPY/W 〔6%〕75 JPY/W 〔10%〕50 JPY/W 〔15%〕 Drastic cost reduction andexpansion in popularization- Multi-junction technology○Single-junction○Tandem thin-film Si PV
thin-film Si
PV
100 JPY/W 〔12%〕●Ultra high-efficiency thin-film PV
75 JPY/W 〔14%〕45 JPY/W 〔18%〕75 JPY/W 〔18%〕50 JPY/W 〔22%〕- Multi-junction technology○Thin-film CIS PV○Crystalline Si PV

Drastic cost reduction●Ultra-thin crystalline Si PV
100 JPY/W 〔16%〕75 JPY/W 〔19%〕50 JPY/W 〔22%〕Drastic cost reduction

Supporting and related technologies- System technologies (grid connection, batteries, etc.)◆High-performance power storage◆HEMS/BEMS/Local-level EMS

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Residential

Industrial
Overseas

Conventional grid connection
Medium-range community PV system
Introduction support by public authorities, etc.
Wide-area PV system
Market expansion support by RPS, etc.
In-building high-voltage connection system for captive consumption
SHS (Solar Home System)*→Mini grid

* Small-scale system for houses in areas without electricity supply in developing nations

Very-Large-Scale Photovoltaic power generation (VLS-PV)

⑤ Advanced Nuclear Power Generation
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050
●Fast reactor

Demonstration fast reactor
Experimental fast reactor “Joyo”(O-arai-machi, Ibaraki)
Achieved initial criticality in 1977
and operating up to present.

Commercial fast reactor
Drastic improvement of efficiency of
uranium utilization
Substantial reduction in radioactive wastes

Prototype fast reactor“Monju”(Tsuruga-city, Fukui)
Under modification●Next-generation light-water reactor Excellent economics, reliability and safety○Proper utilization of existing reactors with increased safety- For domestic replacement- Expansion into international market as a
global standard reactor- Shift to more effective inspections- Steady management of substantial measures against aging●Small and medium reactors
Expansion into international market (addressed by subjecting markets different from large
reactors such as the next-generation light-water reactor)

Supporting and related technologies- Technologies for radioactive waste treatment and disposal(including recycling of nuclear materials through reprocessing)- Decommissioning technologies

Introduction/diffusion scenario
LWR

FR

Conceptual design and elemental
technology development

Achievements of development and Feasibility
study
operation in light-water reactors

FR Cycle Technology
Development (FaCT) Project

Feasibility Study on FR Cycle

Small and medium reactors

Detailed design, licensing, construction, etc.

Operation of next-generation light-water reactor

FR Cycle demonstration

1977 - Operation of experimental reactor “Joyo” → Operation of prototype reactor “Monju”→

SMR

Next-generation light-water reactor

Designing and construction ofdemonstration reactor

Commercialization of FR Cycle
Operation ofdemonstration reactor

Designing and licensing oncommercial reactor

Construction of commercial reactor(before 2050)

Development in international market⑥ High-Efficiency Superconducting Transmission
2000

2010
100〜500 m（Bi-system）
AC66kV
(3-phase)

LengthHigh voltage
Large current

1 kA

Low loss

1 W/m/phase
＠1 kA

2020

Several hundred
meters 〜1 km

Several km

AC66kV-class,DC125kV-class
3〜5 kA(Triplex)
0.3 W/m/phase
＠3 kA

5〜10 kA(Single or Triplex)

2040

154〜275kV

Several GJ(with current-limiting function)

6.6 kV
10 MVA

Transformer

2030●Y-system superconducting stabilization technology for power transmission●Y-system superconducting●Y-system superconducting transformer
cable
ブッシング

冷却装置

Engineering Critical Current Density
Tape/Wire Cost

Je>300 A/mm2
8〜12 JPY/A･m＠77K

Transformer

Je> 300〜500 A/mm2
4〜6 JPY/A･m＠77K
2〜3 JPY/A･m＠77K- Long Tape, Low Cost Technology- High Efficiency in Cooling System, Scale-up, Cost Reduction

鉄心
超電導巻線
サブクール液体窒素

Cable○Bi-system Superconducting Tape
Je〜150 A/mm2
20 JPY/A･m＠77K

Je〜200 A/mm2
12 JPY/A･m＠77K

Je〜250 A/mm2
6 JPY/A･m＠77K○Nb-system wire
1 JPY/A･m＠4.2K
SMES for momentary outage compensation

Supporting and related technologies- Cryocooler technology- System management technology- Electrical insulation technology- Superconducting power generator (including wind power generator)

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Power cable

Industrial application cablePowertransformer

On-vehicle transformer

Stabilization technology
for power transmission

OthersMicro SMES

Underground transmission in urban area
Distribution
transformer
For load change compensation

Long-distance transmission - Large-capacity transmission

System connection
transformer

Trunk system transformer
SMES for power system stabilization

Deregulation, Standardization, Human resource development2050

⑦ Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

●Automated driving, Vehicle platooning (highways)

2050●Automated driving,
Cooperative driving（Improved driving method）- ECO driving route guidance system- ECO driving control system utilizing car navigation system- Real-time fuelefficiency meter- Adaptive cruise control (ACC)●Traffic signal control using probe data
●Traffic signal linked ECO-driving●Traffic signal linked green wave system（Elimination of bottlenecks）- Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) - Optimal control system on sag in the roads- Autonomous Merging system○Traffic flow improvement technologies（Effective utilization of roads）- Optimal route guidance system- Vehicle information and communication
system (VICS)- Parking information system- Optimal leaving time prediction system (using probe data)- Car navigation system- Abnormal situation detection system (using probe data)

Supporting and related technologies- CO2 reduction effect evaluation technology and monitoring technology
CO2 emission estimation hybrid traffic flow simulation technology,
Traffic condition monitoring technology using probe data,
CO2 emission estimation technology by driving situation

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Individual vehicles control（ Personal vehicle ）(Automatic engine stop)

Vehicle control
External
Information
Development ofCommunication

Cooperative traffic flow control

Traffic signal
Distant, white lines, host vehicle Road geometry(Traffic signal control using （Optimal control system Traffic signal-linked
on sag in the roads） ECO-driving
probe data )(Cooprative driving on Ordinary roads)
Platoon information, Merging information, Surrounding environment(Autonomous merging) (Vehicle platooning on expressways)

Vehicle to Infrastructurecommunication

Inter-vehicle communications

Effect evaluation and monitoring technology, Standardization, Internationalization,
Systematization, Public outreachPlan for Diffusion⑧ Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)
2000

2010

2020

Traveling distance

300 km

400 km

800 kmEndurability

2,000 hours

3,000 hours

5,000 hours

Vehicle cost (vs. ICV)

20

3〜5

1.2

●Fuel cell vehicles (FCV)

2030

Leap in cruising distance and drastic cost reduction- Drastic improvement in hydrogen storage capacity- Reduction in rare metal content, development of Non-rare metal catalysts

Supporting and related technologies◆Fuel cell (PEFC)

・Hybrid vehicle◆Hydrogen production, transport and supply

・Vehicle body weight reduction◆Intelligent transport system

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Active introduction in public service vehicles
Large-scale social demonstration

Full-scale diffusion of fuel cell vehicles
Standardization
Establishment and safety measures for hydrogen supply infrastructure,
institution review and legal system development

2040

2050

⑨ Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle (PHEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV)
2000

2010

Battery capacity(vs. current level)2020

1 time1 timeBattery cost
Traveling distanceon a full charge

1/2

2030

1.5 times

3 times

7 times

1/7

1/10

1/40

200 km

500 km130 km2040

2050●Electric vehicle (EV)- Improvement of battery performance- Development of post-Li ion batteries
Leap in cruising distance
Drastic cost reduction●Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV)- Improvement of Li ion battery performance

Supporting and related technologies◆Intelligent transport system- Vehicle weight reduction◆High-performance power storage (Li ion battery, high-performance capacitor, Post Li ion battery)- Hybrid vehicle◆Power electronics- Alternative material of rare metal

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Public service vehicles,
Commuters EV for limited-use

Commuter EV

Full-spec EV

Plug-in hybrid vehicle
Establishment of charging infrastructures⑩ Production of Transport Biofuel
2000

2010

(Alternative fuel of Diesel)

2020

2030

○GTL (Gas to Liquid)○CTL (Coal to Liquid)

2040●BTL (Biomass to Liquid)
Drastic cost reduction and high-efficiency improvement- FT(Fisher-Tropsch Process) technology, DME technology- Butanol fermentation- Bio Hydrofined Diesel- Gasification technology-The securing of short rotation crops by domestic productand international cooperation- Small, high-efficiency liquefaction technology○Bio-diesel fuel (BDF)(Alternative fuel of Gasoline)○Ethanol production from sugar, starch, etc.

●Ethanol production from cellulose- ETBE production
100 JPY/L (From rice straw ,waste wood, etc.)-Improvement of process
40 JPY/L (From short rotation crops)(Pretreatment, saccharification, conversion to ethanol)

Drastic cost reduction and high volume production-Development technologies for microorganisms and enzyme-Development of new short rotation crops
with high-efficiency photosynthetic capacity

Supporting and related technologies◆Fuel cell vehicles (FCV)- Clean diesel vehicles Equivalent emission and cost to gasoline vehicles- Combination vehicles of flex fuel vehicles (FFV) and hybrid vehicles

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Ethanol / ETBE production

Ethanol production from cellulose

BDF production
GTL production
Direct synthesis of DME
Spread promotion by demonstration
Establishment legal system for quality assurance of biofuel
Spread promotion of diesel engine

CTL production

BTL production

2050

⑪ Innovative Material, Production and Processing Technology
2000

2010

2020

(Glass production process)

2030

2040

●Innovative glass melting process

2050

Leap in efficiency

Small melter
Large melter- Glass melter automatic control technology
Scale-up
technology- High-efficiency oxygen production technology- Simulation technology- In-flight melting technology utilized plasma, etc.
- High-efficiency cullet heating technology, etc.

(Non-ferrous metal materials production process)●High performance titanium alloy production process

Industrialization of new smelting process- High performance titanium alloy design technology- Molding process technology - New smelting scale increase technology(Chemical process)●Bio refinery technology

Mass production, cost reduction andmaterial conversion of oil for various substances●Water processing by innovative
separation membrane system(Other industries)

Drastic energy saving and application expansion- Development of new energy-saving separation membrane materials- Establishment of water processing technology using energy-saving separation membrane(Material technologies and innovative design technologies forenergy saving in transport devices such as airplanes)●Energy saving material and design
technology for transport devices Drastic energy saving in airplanes , other transport devices and so forth- Carbon fiber composite material technology- Next-generation structural part production/processing technology- Environmentally–friendly, small aircraft engine- Development of thermoplastic carbon fiber composite material- Technology to enable gradient functions with optimal thermo-mechanical treatment(Cross-cutting energy saving technologies)●Co-production- Next-generation gasification(exergy recuperation-type)
technology- Autothermal regenerationindustrial process●Steam generation heat pump

Leap in efficiency
Next-generation coal gasification
power generation (A-IGCC/A-IGFC)
Leap in application- Steam generation by utilization- COP improvement for low-temperature steam heat pumpof air-source
COP 3.0, 120℃ steam
COP 4.0- Temperature increase in generated steam

Introduction/diffusion scenario

Innovative glass
melting process

New titanium forging
technology

Development of energy-saving
technologies regarding glass melting
and forming process
Technology development
regarding titanium smelting
and molding process

Small-scale practicalapplication
New heat collection andutilization system

Medium-scale practicalapplication

Small-scale practical application

Large-scale practical application

Large-scale practical application

Development of new energy saving or resource saving processing technologies

Increase in the number of key materials, general purpose chemical products, etc. using bioprocesses

Bio refinery

Increased number of products made from biomass materials
Increased distribution of biomass-derived chemical products

Water processing byinnovative separation
membrane system

Carbon fiber composite
material technology

Development of membrane pore orientation
control technology
Technology to add functions to improve water permeability
Development of endurance (pressure resistance,
chemical resistance) improvement technologies

Technology development related to forming
process and ensuring thunder resistancein carbon fiber composite material

Co-production

Practical application and diffusion of energy-saving membrane separation water processing system

Practical applicationin small jet liners

Application in other transport devices, etc.

Reduction of exergy loss in industrial processes

Improvement in compressor performance

Steam generation
heat pump

Practical application of steam
generation (approx. 120℃)
HP using exhaust heat

Co-production of power and materials (hydrogen, etc.)

Practical application and popularization of steam generation HP with increased steam temperature

Improvement in heat exchange parts
Development of working fluid

Expansion in application range by high performance⑫ Innovative Iron and Steel Making Process
2000

2010
COURSE50*1

2020

PhaseⅠ(step 1)(step 2)2030
PhaseⅡ

2040

2050

Industrial application/diffusion●Innovative Iron and Steel making process*1: CO2 Ultimate Reduction in Steelmaking Process by Innovative Technology for Cool Earth 50- Blast furnace gas circulation technology- Hydrogen amplification technology- Iron ore hydrogen reduction technology●CO2 separation and capture technology○Energy saving technologies- Next-generation coke production technology (SCOPE21*2)- High temperature waste heat recovery*2: Super Coke Oven for Productivity and Environmental
enhancement toward the 21th century- Medium- to low-temperature waste heat recovery(blast furnace top pressure recovery turbine (TRT), new establishment of coke dry quench facility (CDQ), etc.)- Facility efficiency increase (high-efficiency oxygen plant, power generation turbine improvement, etc.)- Operation efficiency increase (reduction in reducing agent ratio, steel products temperature management, etc.)- Effective utilization of waste plastic, etc. (substitution for coking coal, gasified gas utilization)

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Process innovation
Process efficiency increase

PCI, CNC, etc.

Innovative iron and steel making process

SCOPE-21

Continuous operation, AI, CNC, etc.

By-product gas utilization

Gas holder operation, ACC

Waste heat recovery

TRT, CDQ, etc.

Waste utilization

Continuous efficiency increase promotion
H2 supply

Separation and capture of CO2
Medium to low temperature waste heat recovery

Regeneration burner, etc.

Biomass

Waste plastic and tires⑬ High-Efficiency House and Building
2000

2010

2020

2.7 W/m2･K

Heat loss coefficient

2030

2040

2050

1.6 W/m2･K●High heat insulation and shielding houses and buildings

Remarkable advance in heatinsulation performance

Leap in heat insulation performance- Vacuum insulation wall
- Low thermal conductivity insulators- Vacuum insulation window- Window glass with low
coefficient of heat transmission- Light control glass- Solar shading- Low vacuum heat insulation technology- Multi-ceramic layer heat insulation material technology
Thermal conductivity 0.002 W/m･K, Heat transmittance 0.3 W/m2･K (super insulation wall)
Thermal conductivity 0.003 W/m･K, Heat transmittance 0.4 W/m2･K (super insulation window)- Development and cost reduction of externallyinsulation control system○Highly airtight housing and building- Heat exchange
ventilation system- Indoor air improvement technology(VOC absorption building materials, moisture adjustment building materials)○Passive houses and buildings- Natural ventilation- Utilization of natural light- Heat storage

Supporting and related technologies◆HEMS /BEMS/Local-level EMS

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Insulation wall/window easy construction system
Technologies to utilize insulation walls and windows (structure, design and construction)
Diffusion of energy-saving housing by financing, tax system, etc.
Establishment, expansion and diffusion of housing performance indication system, etc.

⑭ Next-Generation High-Efficiency Lighting
2000

2010

2020

2030

●Organic EL lighting
Light emission efficiencyLife

15 lm/W
1,000 hours

100 lm/W

2040

2050

●Next-generation lighting
200 lm/W
60,000 hours- Micro cavity light emission,cluster light emission,light storage technology,
optical transmission technology, etc.

●High-efficiency LED lighting
65 lm/W
40,000 hours

100 lm/W

200 lm/W
60,000 hours- Area lighting system using light sensor/human detection sensor○Incandescent lamp
○High-efficiency fluorescent lamp
15 lm/W, 1,000〜2,000 hours
50〜100 lm/W, 10,000 hours

Supporting and related technologies◆HEMS /BEMS/Local-level EMS

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Individual
housesCreation of initial demands by subsidiary, tax system reform, etc.

Industrial

Effective management with top-runner method

Overseas

Active promotion of cooperation to developing nations⑮ Stationary Fuel Cell
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

(PEFC)
System cost (stationary, JPY per kW)

Approx. 700,000

4 – 5 million

500,000<400,000
36%, 90,000 hours

Power generation efficiency (HHV), durability 32%, 40 thousand hours(SOFC)
Small-capacity cogeneration

Power generation efficiency (HHV),
Durability, System cost

40%, 40,000 hours
1 million JPY/kW

Medium-capacity cogeneration
GT/FC combined power generation* Cost for household products are estimatedincluding hot water storage tank>40%, 90,000 hours,<250,000 JPY/kW (*for household use: 300,000〜400,000 JPY)
>45%, 90,000 hours, <200,000 JPY/kW
42%, 40,000 hours, 1 million JPY/kW
60%, 40,000 hours>60%, 90,000 hours
several hundred thousand JPY/kW<10,000 JPY/kW●Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Drastic cost reduction- High temperature, low humidity, robust development technology- Reduction of platinum content, etc.
- Non-humidified MEA, Non-platinum/low oxygen overvoltage catalyst, etc.
Household cogeneration
For automobiles (auxiliary power supply, power train)●New direct Polymer-Electrolyte membrane Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Drastic cost reduction- Stable anion membrane, Medium-temperature electrolyte- Bio fuel (direct)- Nonmetal air electrode, Nonmetal fuel electrode- Direct ammonia●Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Small-scale cogeneration

Medium-scale to large-scale power generation- Separation and capture of CO2●Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
Small-scale cogeneration○Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)

Drastic lifetime extension and cost reduction

Drastic lifetime extension and cost reduction

Medium-scale to large-scale power generation- Separation and capture of CO2

Diffusion expansion

Commercial cogeneration, Industrial cogeneration

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Introduction and Diffusion of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC)

Diffusion of fuel cell cogeneration (commercial/industrial)

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
High-efficiency bio-gas power generation
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Promotion of international standard

Output increase(several MW)

GT/FC composite power generation

⑯ Ultra High-Efficiency Heat Pump
2000

2010

Cost (vs. current level)
Device efficiency (vs. current level)(Annual Performance Factor)

2020

2030

2040

2050

1

0.75

0.5

1

1.5

2

* Reference value: Air conditioning and heating APF 6.6 (2.8 kW)
Hot water supply rated COP 5.1- Next-generation coolant technology- High-efficiency compressor technology- Expansion work recovery technology●Ultra high-efficiency heat pump for air conditioning(Air conditioning)

Leap in efficiency- High-efficiency heat recovery technology (simultaneous supply of cold energy and heat)- New air conditioning method such as chemical HP- Low ambient temperature addressing technology - Next-generation ground source utilization technology(including very cold district)(Room heating)●Ultra high-efficiency heat pump fordual purpose of heating and hot water supply
Leap in efficiency- Heat pump technology
for snow melting(Hot water Supply)- Ultra high-efficiency heat exchange
technology- Next-generation latent/sensible heat storage technologies●Ultra high-efficiency heat recovery type heatpump for multiple purposes including air
conditioning, and hot water supply- Exhaust heat utilization technology
for exhaust heat from ventilation and human sewage

Drastic improvement in convenience and cost reduction

Supporting and related technologies◆HEMS/BEMS/Local-level EMS
High-efficiency motor, Inverter technology, Control by forecasting technology, High flux heat removal technology, Material/processing technology, etc.

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Subsidiary, preferential treatment in tax system
Diffusion promotion by top-runner program
Research and development with industry-academia-government cooperation
Information provision to public
International cooperation promotion though IEA etc.

⑰ High-Efficiency Information Device and System
2000

2010

(TV)

2020

2030

2040

●High-efficiency Back Light technology (LCD)
Drastic power consumption reduction
5.3 kWh/year・inch

Annual power consumption

2.7 kWh/year・inch

1.6 kWh/year・inch●Organic EL display(LCD TV size 52V)

Energy saving in individual information devices- Larger screen area
- Light emission
efficiency improvement- Lifetime extension
70 lm/W
50,000 hours(Information and telecommunication devices)●Energy-saving information & communication devices
Drastic power consumption reduction
Drastic expansion in popularization- Ultra high recording density HDD- Large-capacity optical communication network technology, power saving router/switch technology
30% reduction in power consumption●Energy-saving information and communication system (server, data center, etc.)
Energy saving for the entire network system- Cooling technology, Energy management technology- Virtualization technology, energy saving network architecture(Next-generation semiconductor devices)Line width (nm) 90

65●Ultra low power consumption semiconductors
45

32
22
16
14
11
- Heterogeneous multi-core technology- Ultra low power circuit/system technology- Microfabrication technology- Circuit design technology, Transistor with new structure

Supporting and related technologies◆ HEMS/BEMS/Local-level EMS- High-efficiency motor and motor control technology, High-efficiency DC/DC converter technology, DC power supply/distribution technology, etc.
- SiC, GaN high-efficiency inverter

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Technology
development

SystemPromotion of energy saving technology developmentwith industry-academia-government cooperation

Diffusion promotion by top-runner program, etc.

Green IT promotion council

Holding of international symposium

Enlightening and diffusion of environmental IT business management
visualization of environmental contribution by IT in the entire society

Reduction in social load by IT society, how environmental IT business
management should be implemented, transmission of development of energy
saving innovative technologies to domestic and international society2050

⑱ HEMS/BEMS/Local-Level EMS
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

●Local-level EMS (Energy Management System)- Application of HEMS/BEMS technology- Organic combined technology with HEMS/BEMS and local heat/electricity supply- Coordination with autonomous local energy demand and supply system- Local area EMS- Block-level EMS- Cluster type (local-/city-level) EMS●HEMS (Home Energy Management System)- Telecommunication hardware- In-house sensor network- Micro sensing technology
technology- Renewable energy integration - Energy (electricity/heat) storage system integration- Middleware technology- Energy demand and supply analysis- Energy saving technologies such ad DC power supply/forecasting technology- Energy saving cooperation and control by living activity forecasting technology●BEMS (Building Energy Management System)- Application of HEMS technology- High efficiency, power saving BEMS - Next-generation ultra energy saving BEMS
- Integrated/flexible BEMS

Supporting and related technologies◆Next-generation high◆Innovative photovoltaic power generation
efficiency lighting◆Advanced Li ion battery◆Energy-conserving information◆High heat insulation and shielding houses and buildings
devices and systems◆Power electronics

Introduction/diffusion scenario
HEMS
Individual development of communication hardware,
middleware and sensor technology

Local-level EMS connected distributed power supply, Photovoltaic power generation, etc.

BEMS
Diffusion of ESCO projects, Development in energy saving businesses such as EPS, Further efficiency and IT development in commercial and household devices⑲ High-Performance Power Storage
2000(For vehicles)

2010

2020

2030

2040

Energy density

70〜100 Wh/kg

150 Wh/kg

200 Wh/kg

500 Wh/kg

Cost

200,000 JPY/kWh

30,000 JPY/kWh

20,000 JPY/kWh

5,000 JPY/kWh(For stationary use)
Lifetime
Cost

10 years

20 years

40,000 JPY/kWh

15,000 JPY/kWh

2050●Batteries with new concept/principle
Drastic performance improvement and cost reduction
・Metal-air battery, etc.

●Advanced Li ion battery
For Mobile device

For Hybrid vehicle○NＡS battery, Redox flow battery

Drastic performance improvement and cost reduction- Li metal battery, LiS battery, etc.
For Plug-in hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle
Stabilization of wind power/photovoltaic power generation

For load leveling, improvement of power quality, load change compensation○Ni metal hydride battery○Advanced Ni hydrogen battery

Hybrid vehicle
Mobile devices

Stabilization of wind power/photovoltaic power generation○Capacitor●Capacitors based on new concept

For memory maintenance, etc.

Automobile accessory assistance
Automobile power train assistancePower quality improvement
Stabilization of wind power/photovoltaic power generation- Electric dual-layer capacitor, Hybrid capacitor, etc.
- Hybrid with storage battery

Drastic performance improvement and cost reduction

Supporting and related technologies◆HEMS/BEMS/Local-level EMS

Introduction/diffusion scenario
For vehicles

Public vehicles,
Commuters EV for limited-use

General Commuter EV

Full-spec EV

Plug-in HV vehicle
For stationary
use

Load levelingPower quality improvement

Load change
compensation

Stabilization of wind power/photovoltaic power generation

Local-level EMS

⑳ Power Electronics
2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

●Diamond power device
4∼10 mm

Wafer diameter

Wafer dislocation density 105 cm-2

- Extension of wafer diameter- Reduction of wafer defect(dislocation density)- Improvement of- ON resistance reduction/voltage resistance

2 inch103 cm-2

3 inch102 cm-2

4 inch10 cm-2●GaN-type power device
2 inch3 inch105 cm-2

104 cm-2

4 inch5 inch103 cm-2●SiC power device
φ100mm
4H-SiC single crystal

3 inch104 cm-2

4 inch103 cm-2

6 inch102 cm-2

50 cm-2

10 cm-2●High-efficiency inverter/converter- Ultra low loss SiC switching device(normally-off type MOSFET)- Advanced inverter/converter design technology

Supporting and related technologies◆HEMS /BEMS/Local-level EMS

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Information devices, Household appliances, Distributed power supply, Industrial devices, Large power devices

Si
SiC

Information devices(Rectification device)

Household appliances, Distributed power supply,
Industrial devices, Automobiles, Electric railway

GaN-type

Information devices(Rectification device)

Household appliances, Distributed power supply,
Wireless base station (Switching device)DiamondPower distribution devices(Switching device)

Laser in vehicle, etc.

Information devices – Power distribution meters

21 Hydrogen Production, Transport and Storage
2000
Hydrogen price2010
150 JPY/Nm3- Water electrolysis

2020

80 JPY/Nm3●Hydrogen production technology

Drastic cost reduction-Hydrogen production
by renewable energy utilization- Hydrogen fermentation,
Photocatalyst, etc.

●Hydrogen transport technology

Drastic transport efficiency improvement
and safety improvement

2050

High-pressure transport 7 JPY/Nm3, Liquid transport 3 JPY/Nm3- Pipeline transport- Organic hydride transport●Hydrogen storage technology- Ultra high pressure container- Liquid hydrogen container

2040

40 JPY/Nm3- Hydrogen production
from fossil fuels- Compressed hydrogen transport- Liquid hydrogen transport

2030- Hydrogen storage materials(alloy/inorganic/carbon-type, etc.)

Drastic advances, cost reduction,and endurance and safety improvement- Clathrate, Organic metal structures, Organic hydride, etc.

Supporting and related technologies
Hydrogen supply technology（Small Refueling station, Parallel establishment with gas station, Local and National-scale hydrogen supply system)◆Fuel cell vehicle (FCV)◆Fuel cells for fixed installation

Introduction/diffusion scenario
Hydrogen from fossil fuels, By-product hydrogen, Water electrolysis
Hydrogen from renewable energy (Photovoltaic/wind power generation, biomass, etc).
Innovative product of hydrogen
Hydrogen fermentation, photocatalyst, etc.
Establishment and safety measures for hydrogen supply infrastructure,
System review, Legal system development and promotion of standardization