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研究会報告「アフリカ諸語のイベントの統合のパターンに関する研究」平成25年度第1回研究会
日時:
平成25年5月18日（土曜日）午後1時より午後7時
場所:
東京外国語大学アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所 301室
[1]

古閑恭子（AA研共同研究員、高知大学）「アカン語のイベントの統合」[2]

中川裕（AA 研共同研究員、東京外国語大学）「グイ語連結辞構文で表現されるマクロ・イベント」[3]

箕浦信勝（AA 研共同研究員、東京外国語大学）「手話諸言語の mimetic words、いわゆる classifiers について 1」
                                                                                
                                                                                                                                
                                    
                                                   
                                                      
                                                                            
                                       
                                
          
 
                                       
                                                                                         
                                                                        
                                             
                                                                                                               
                             
                
                  
               
            


グイ語連結辞構文で表現されるマクロ・イベント
中川裕（AA研共同研究員、東京外国語大学）
 グイ語（コエ・クワディ語族カラハリ・コエ語派南西カラハリ語群）に観察される連結辞構文は、これまでのelicitationによる語彙調査から、Talmyの「マクロ・イベント」に該当する意味的複合事象を頻繁に表現することが分かってきた。本発表は、初めてテキスト資料を用いて、そこに現れる連結辞構文を網羅的に観察し分析し、その結果を報告した。まずはじめに、完全に文法化されマクロ・イベントには関連しない連結辞構文を排除し、それらを除くすべての３６事例を対象として、Talmy (2000)の提案する枠組みを使って、それぞれの事例の[framing event], [co-event],[event type], [support relation of co-event]の特定を試みた。発表では、グイ語連結辞構文を定義し、その構造を素描的に記述したあと、３６事例の分析の結果を述べ、Talmyの分析手法が上記の事例を捉える上でどれほどの有効かを論じた。また、１２事例において認められたマクロ・イベント解釈にかかわる問題を提起し、その問題について参加者と討議を行った。

1Mimetic Words in Sign(ed) Languages--手話諸言語の mimetic words、いわゆる classifiers について-Nobukatsu Minoura
Graduate School/Institute of Global Studies
Tokyo Univ. of Foreign Studies
0. Introduction
Deaf sign languages have so-called “classifier constructions” (Baker-Shenk et al.
1980, Emmorey 2003, Ichida 2005).

The phenomena called “classifier constructions” in signlanguages have been considered similar to classifier constructions in spoken languages in someways.

1. Synonymy (or many names for “classifier constructions”)
The term “classifier constructions” seems to be the term generally used among signlanguage linguists nowadays.
JSL1 teachers and Japanese sign language linguists use the term Shîeru(CL)-Kôbun2.
Wallin (1994) called them “polysynthetic signs.”
Slobin et al. (2001) called them “polycomponential signs.”
Liddell (2003) called them “classifier predicates.”
And “I” call them “mimetic words” now.

(Mimetic signs3 is perhaps better.)I

hope we will see how appropriate each of the terms above is.

1

Abbreviations (except for the ones used in BTS notation) used in this paper are as follows:
ASL (American Sign Language), BTS (Berkeley Transcription System), JSL (Japanese SignLanguage), NGT (Nederlandse Gebarentaal, also SLN), SLN (Sign Language of theNetherlands), STS (Svenska Teckenspråket, Swedish Sign Language), TTM (Tenin’ny TananaMalagasy, Malagasy Sign Language).
2
I do not use the Japanese term Shîeru(CL)-Kôbun because it is similar to calling negative
construction Enuîjî(NEG)-Kôbun from the generally used abbreviation of the grammaticalcategory in the glosses.
3
A sign is a signed word. A mimetic sign or a polycomponential sign can be more than just asimple word. It can be regarded as a complex made of several componential “words.”

22. How to write the “signifiants 能記” of sign languages
Non-Phonetic

orFor which signUnicode

phonemic

languages?

PhonemicFor

For what purpose

characters
Stokoe system4

Yes

ASL

Academictranscription

SignWriting5

Yes

Phonemic

For general use

Pragmatic writing
system

HamNoSys6

Yes

Phonetic

For general use

Academictranscription

ASLphabet

7

Yes

Phonemic

andFor ASL

Forelementaryvery

educationofunderspecified

English for deaf
children

BTS8No(onlyComponentialFor

ASLASCII(Phonemic???,NGT (but aimingtranscription,characters)

not componential

atinespecially suitable

forothersign

for mimetic signs

non-componential

languages too)theanduses

Academicsigns)

2. Taking a look at BTS
We will take a look at Slobin et al.’s (2001) section 3 “Polycomponential Signs)”:

In the fullest possible elaboration, a polycomponential construction includes:
1. a gloss, indicated in lower case letters enclosed in parentheses to avoid counting it as alexical item
4

Cf. Stokoe (1965).
Cf. SignWriting.org (not dated).
6Hamburg Notation System. Cf.Universität Hamburg (not dated).
7
Cf. ASLphabet.com (not dated). The notating characters used in ASLphabet used to becalled “graphemes” by Sam Supalla.
8
Cf. Slobin et al. (2001).
53

2. paths of movement in the form -pth’X (also -src, -gol, and -rel)
3. property markers (figures and grounds) in the form -pm’X
4. locations in the form -loc’X
5. posture in the form -pst’X
6. movement patterns in the form -mvt’X
7. non-manual elements in the form -^mod’X (also -^opr, -^aff, and -^dis)
8. aspect in the form -asp’X
Only the gloss and one property marker are obligatory. Locations, movement
patterns, and paths of movement may be absent or may have several entries. There can only be
one aspect entry.

＜中略

詳細は Slobin et al. 2001 を参照されたい＞

2.11. Examples of polycomponential signs
The following are examples of polycomponential verbs, with possible translations inparentheses (Slobin et al. 2001). (Note that this analysis reveals derivational relationships
between verbs of location and verbs of movement.)(5)(sit_on)-pm’PL_VL9-pm’TL-loc’PL_VL_TOP-pst’STR10 = ‘sit on a horse’(6)(mount)-pm’PL_VL-pm’TL-gol’PL_VL_TOP-pst’STR = ‘get on a horse’(7)(ride_mounted)-pm’PL_VL-pm’TL-loc’PL_VL_TOP-pst’STR-mvt’LEX(ride) =‘ride a horse’(8)(dismount)-pm’PL_VL-pm’TL11-loc’PL_VL_TOP-pst’STR-src’PL_VL = ‘get off ofa horse’(9)(mount_seated)-pm’CN12-pm’TBL13-gol’CN-pst’SIT14 = ‘get into a car’

(10)

(ride_seated)-pm’CN-pm’TBL-loc’CN_TOP-pst’SIT-mvt’LEX(ride) = ‘ride in a car’(11)

(jump)-pm’PL_G15-pm’TL-pst’ERC16-mvt’LEX(jump) = ‘jump up and down’

9

The notation pm’PL_VL means “Plane showing vertical length (fingertips forward)” (Slobinet al. 2001:11).
10
The notation pst’STR means “straddling.”
11
The notation pm’TL means “Two-Legged animate being” (Slobin et al. 2001:12).
12
The notation pm’CN means “Container” (Slobin et al. 2001:9).
13
The notation pm’TBL means “Two Bent Legs (e.g. small animal, seated person, chair)”(Slobin et al. 2001:12).
14
The notation pst’SIT means the posture “sitting.”
15
The notation pm’PL_G means “Generic plane (horizontal, palm up) (Slobin et al. 2001:10).

4(12)(jump)-pm’PL_G-pm’TL-pst’ERC-src’PL_G = ‘jump off of a horizontal plane’ (13)(jump)-pm’PL_G-pm’TL-loc’PL_G_TOP-pst’ERC-src’PL_G-gol’PL_G = ‘jumpfrom one point to another on a horizontal plane’(14)(get_on)-pm’PL_H17-pm’TBL-gol’PL_H_TOP-pos’USL = ‘cat gets on high, side,

left table’(15)(give)-pm’LEX(give)-src’3-gol’1 = ‘give from her to me’(16)(give)-pm’CYL-src’3-gol’1 = ‘give cylindrical obj from her to me’

2.12. Verb agreement
Verb agreement is indicated by the same conventions as used for transcribing
directionality in verbs of motion (i.e., by use of src/goal and numeric indications, as in theexamples of ‘give’, above) (Slobin et al. 2001).

For example, you show me’:(show)-pm’LEX(SHOW-src’2-gol’1.

2.13. Added examples(17)(get_on)-pm’TL-pst’ERC-gol’UFL-pth’A-pst’LIE = ‘a boy gets on your upper bed

and lies down’ (STS, Wallin 1994, Minoura 1999)(18)

TA_NAKA(kanji)(hit_head)-pm’PL_H-pm’B_FOREHEAD-loc’CON(index_finger) = ‘Tanaka hits her/his forehead with the ‘kamoi’’(JSL, Harumi Kimura p.c., Minoura 1999)(19)(turn)-pm’LEX(1)-pm’VEH-gol’F-gol’L ‘a car turns left going around a person’(ASL, Stokoe 1965)(20)(get_on)-pm’SPHERE 18 -src’3R-pth’ABR (get_on)-pm’SPHERE-src’3L-pth’ABL(21)(get_on)-pm’SPHERE-src’3RB-pth’AFR (get_on)-pm’SPHERE-src’3LB-pth’AFL =‘four people got on a taxi brousse’ (TTM, Eva Raobelina, p.c.)(22)(walk)-pm’LEX(1)-gol’FL-mvt’BOUNCE = ‘a person is walking along slowly’(ASL, Liddell 2003)(23)

MOTHER

APPLE

19(give)-~pm’SPHERE-src’1-src’2 = ‘My mother sent me apples.

16(give)-pm’SPHERE-src’3-gol’1
I give you some apples.” (JSL,The notation pst’ERC means the posture “erect.”
The notation pm’PL_H means “Horizontal plane (palm down)” (Slobin et al. 2001:10).
18
Here the pm’SPHERE does not mean a ball but a person.
19
The lexical sign APPLE includes pm’SPHERE.
17

5Ichirô Miyamoto, p.c.)(24)

PERSON (give_money)-pm’OO20-src’3-gol’2 EXIST ^ ＼ ? = ‘Is there a person

who give you money?’ (TTM, Eva Raobelina, p.c.)(25)

PNT_1 WORLD TRAVEL DISLIKE, (airplane_crash)-pm’AIRPLANE-pth’D = ‘I

do not like traveling abroad because airplanes crash’ (JSL, Yôko Kazumi, p.c.)

Appendices
Slobin et al. (2001), pp. 8-18
Lifeprint.com (not dated)

References
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Resource Text on Grammar and Culture (Washington, DC: Clerc Books, GallaudetUniversity Press)
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“Shuwa no Gengogaku, dai-2-kai, Zuzôsê o Meguru 2-tsu no Sekai –Shuwa no On’inkêtaikôzô (1) ‘CL-Kôbun (Linguistics of Sign Languages, No. 2,Two Worlds Surrounding Iconicity – Phonemico-Morphological Structure of Sign
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(Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)20

The notation pm’OO is a handle property marker for money.

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May, 2013)
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“The Berkeley Transcription System (BTS) Manual.”(http://ihd.berkeley.edu/Slobin-Sign%20Language/(2001)%20Berkeley%20Transcrip
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