2.4.2. 句の範疇（category）b.

ring up his mother.
VP

(1)

(2)

(3)

句のタイプ分けの基準
a. どういうテストが適用可能か
b. 中心となっている語の（形態論的）品詞は何か
範疇のラベルa. N (Noun); NP (Noun Phrase)b. P (Preposition); PP (Prepositional Phrase)c. V (Verb); VP (Verb Phrase)
d. A (Adjective); AP (Adjectival Phrase)e. Adv (Adverb); AdvP (Adverb Phrase)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

(4)

(5)

V

Clefting:
NP
PP
Pseudo-clefting:NP
Preposing:NP
PP
Postposing:
NP(PP)
Sentence fragments:NP
PP
Coordination:
NPPPN
P
Shared Constituent Coordination:
NP
PP
Pronominalization: NP
PP
Ellipsis:
Gapping:

ring

VP
VP

AP

AdvP

VP
V

AP
A

(AdvP)
AdvP
Adv

VP
VP
VP
V

(AP)
(AP)

(AdvP)(AdvP)a.

run down the hill.
VP

(7)

a.
b.
c.

(8)

a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.

(9)
(10)

(12)
NP
(13)
thehill

a.
b.

PP
P
|
down

(14) a.
b.
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his mother

2.4.3. 述語と項の関係（predicate-argument relation）(11)
V|runup[課題](1b)の方針にそって日本語の分析に用いる範疇のラベルを決める際には、必ずしも(2)のようにならない可能性があります。(2)に加える必要のあるもの／変更する必要のあるもの／使う必要がないものなど、問題となりうる点をあげなさい。（もちろん、その問題に対する自分の意見も添えてもらってかまいません。）(6)

樹形図では、a. ひとかたまりの句になっている部分はすべて、その句の範疇ラベルに支配（dominate）される（＝その範疇ラベルの下方に位置する）ように書く。
b. 句の内部の構成がよくわからない場合には、三角形で表しておけばよい。

NP項（argument or complement） ... 述語（predicate: V や A など）の意味が成立するために意味的に不可欠な情報を表す句
付加詞（adjunct） ... 付加的な情報を表す句The newspaper remained [with Mr. Ellis] [for three hours].
The newspaper remained [with Mr. Ellis].
*The newspaper remained [for three hours].
(Wekker & Haegeman 1985:74 (24)(25))
John will read [the book] [in this room].
John will read [the book].
*John will read [in this room].
John is going [to the cinema] [on Tuesday].
John is going [to the cinema].
*John is going [on Tuesday].
John disappeared [in the crowd].
John disappeared.
John is fond [of Mary] [in some ways].
John is fond [of Mary].
*John is fond [in some ways].
John will put [the book] [on the table].
*John will put [the book].
*John will put [on the table].
The children always remind [me] [of their grandfather].
*The children always remind [me].
*The children always remind [of their grandfather].
(Wekker & Haegeman 1985:77-78)
Thelma handed [the text] [to Louise].
*Thelma handed [the text].
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c.

*Thelma handed [to Louise].
(cf. Haegeman & Gueron 1999:23)

Ellipsis: (cf. Akmajian, Steele & Wasow 1979:21)(15) a. "Who might be going to the cinema on Tuesday?" "John might begoing to the cinema on Tuesday."b. "Who might be going to the cinema when?" "John might be goingto the cinema on Tuesday."(Radford 1988:236-237, (31-ii)(32))(16) a. "Who will put the book where?" "John will put the book on thetable."b. "Who will put the book where?" "*John will put the book on thetable."(Radford 1988:237, (34), citing Culicover & Wilkins 1984,27)
Pronominalization (cf. Jackendoff 1977:58)(17) a. John will [buy the book on Tuesday], and Paul will do so as well.
b. John will [buy the book] on Tuesday, and Paul will do so onThursday.
(Radford 1988:234, (23))(18) a. John will [put the book on the table], and Paul will do so as well.
b. *John will put the book on the table, and Paul will do so on thechairs.
(Radford 1988:234, (24))(19) a. John is very [fond of Mary in some ways], but is less so than he used
to be.
b. John is very [fond of Mary in some ways], but is less so in otherways.
(Radford 1988:244, (62))
Gapping (cf. Culicover & Wilkins 1984,29-30)(20) a. John sells [trucks] [on Thursdays], and Mary sells [cars] [onFridays].
b. *John put [Fido] [in the doghouse], and Sam put [Spot] [in the yard].
(Radford 1988:238, (36))(21)
Gapping of a V may not leave more than one argument of the V.
(Radford 1988:238, (37))(22) Pseudo-clefting:a. What Jane did was [give this book to Bill on Saturday].
b. What Jane did on Saturday was [give this book to Bill].
c. What Jane did in the room was [put the book on this table].
d. *What Jane did on this table was [put the book].
(23) Preposing:a. John promised that he will finish the assignment by Sunday, and[finish the assignment by Sunday] he will.
b. John promised that he will finish the assignment by Sunday, and[finish the assignment] he will by Sunday.
基礎演習（上山）2000.5.15.
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d.

John promised that he will put the book on this table, and [put thebook on this table] he will.
*John promised that he will put the book on this table, and [put thebook] he will on this table.

(24) argument／adjunct の違いを樹形図で表現する場合：
a.
VP

VP
V'V

adjunct
argument2

argument1

b.

VPVVP

adjunct

argument1

argument2(25) (24a)の場合：
a. argument は V の sister にする。
b. adjunct は VP の sister にする。
(26) (24b)の場合：
a. argument は（すべての）VP に支配されているようにする。
b. adjunct は VP の sister にする。
(27) argument／adjunct の違いを樹形図で表現しない場合：
VPadjunctargument2
Vargument1[課題]
日本語において、argument／adjunct の対立が見られる現象があるかどうか調べなさい。

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