Laws of
the Game

2018/19

2

The International Football Association Board
Münstergasse 9, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
T: +41 (0)44 245 1886, F: +41 (0)44 245 1887
www.theifab.com
This booklet may not be reproduced or translated in whole or in part in any mannerwithout the permission of The International Football Association Board.
Effective from 1st June 2018

Laws ofthe Game

2018/19

Contents
8

16

Introduction
The philosophy and spirit of the Laws
Managing changes to the Laws
Background to the 2018/19 revision of the Laws
The future

18

Notes on the Laws of the Game

11
12
14

20

Laws of the Game 2018/19
22
Modifications to the Laws
32
01 The Field of Play
42
02 The Ball
46
03 The Players
54
04 The Players’ Equipment
62
05 The Referee72
06 The Other Match Officials
80
07 The Duration of the Match
84
08 The Start and Restart of Play88
09 The Ball In and Out of Play90
10 Determining the Outcome of a Match
96
11 Offside100
12 Fouls and Misconduct
112
13 Free Kicks
116
14 The Penalty Kick
122
15 The Throw-in
126		
16 The Goal Kick
130
17 The Corner Kick

6

134		Video Assistant Referee (VAR) Protocol
144		Law changes 2018/19
145
Outline summary of Law changes
148
Details of all Law changes
166
167
168
177

Glossary
Football bodies
Football terms
Referee terms

180 Practical Guidelines for Match Officials
Introduction
Positioning, Movement and Teamwork
196
Body Language, Communication and Whistle
202
Other advice		• Advantage		• Allowance for time lost			
• Holding an opponent			• Offside			•	Treatment /assessment after		 a caution /sending-off offence
181

182

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Contents

Introduction

The philosophy andspirit of the Laws
 ootball is the greatest sport on earth. It is played in every country and at manyF
different levels. The Laws of the Game are the same for all football throughout
the world from the FIFA World Cup™ Final through to a game between young
children in a remote village.
 hat the same Laws apply in every match in every confederation, country,
T
town and village throughout the world is a considerable strength which must
be preserved. This is also an opportunity which must be harnessed for thegood of football everywhere.

 ootball must have Laws which keep the game ‘fair’ as a crucial foundation ofF
the beauty of the ‘beautiful game’ is its fairness – this is a vital feature of the‘spirit’ of the game. The best matches are those where the referee is rarely
needed as the players play with respect for each other, the match officials andthe Laws.
 he integrity of the Laws, and the referees who apply them, must always beTprotected and respected. All those in authority, especially coaches and teamcaptains, have a clear responsibility to the game to respect the match officials
and their decisions.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Introduc tion

11

Managing changes
to the Laws
 he first ‘universal’ football Laws were drawn up in 1863 and in 1886
T
The International Football Association Board (The IFAB) was founded by thefour British football associations (The FA, Scottish FA, FA of Wales and Irish FA)
as the worldwide body with sole responsibility for developing and preserving
the Laws of the Game. FIFA joined The IFAB in 1913.
 or a Law to be changed, The IFAB must be convinced that the change willF
benefit the game. This means that the potential change will usually be tested,as with the video assistant referee (VAR) and additional substitute in extra
time experiments. For every proposed change, as seen in the significant
modernising revision of the Laws of the Game for 2016/17 and 2017/18, thefocus must be on: fairness, integrity, respect, safety, the enjoyment of theparticipants and how technology can benefit the game. The Laws must also
encourage participation from everyone, regardless of background or ability.

 lthough accidents occur, the Laws should make the game as safe as possible.
A
This requires players to show respect for their opponents and referees should
create a safe environment by dealing strongly with those whose play is too
aggressive and dangerous. The Laws embody the unacceptability of unsafe playin their disciplinary phrases, e.g. ‘reckless challenge’ (caution = yellow card/
YC) and ‘endangering the safety of an opponent’ or ‘using excessive force’(sending-off = red card/RC).

12 ootball must be attractive and enjoyable for players, match officials, coaches,F
as well as spectators, fans, administrators etc. The Laws must help make thegame attractive and enjoyable so people, regardless of age, race, religion,
culture, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability etc. want to take partand enjoy their involvement with football.

 ootball’s Laws are relatively simple, compared to other team sports, but asFmany situations are ‘subjective’ and referees are human (and thus makemistakes) some decisions will inevitably cause debate and discussion.
For some people, this discussion is part of the game’s enjoyment and attraction
but, whether decisions are right or wrong, the ‘spirit’ of the game requires thatreferees’ decisions are always respected.
 he Laws cannot deal with every possible situation, so where there is no directT
provision in the Laws, The IFAB expects the referee to make a decision withinthe ‘spirit’ of the game – this often involves asking the question, “what would
football want/expect?” he IFAB will continue to engage with the global football family so changes toT
the Laws benefit football at all levels and in every corner of the world, and so
the integrity of the game, the Laws and the referees is respected, valued andprotected.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Introduc tion

13

Background to
the 2018/19 revisionof the Laws
 he 2016/17 revision of the Laws of the Game was probably the mostT
far-reaching and comprehensive in The IFAB’s history. The aim was to makethe Laws clearer, more accessible and to ensure they reflect the needs ofthe modern game.

 s with any large-scale revision, there is always a second ‘follow up’ stageAand many of the changes for 2017/18 were clarifications which made thetext clearer and/or easier to translate – most are the result of requests fromindividuals, groups and national FAs from around the world.
I n addition to the clarifications, there were some changes which wereextensions of principles established in the 2016/17 revision and the 2017
AGM also approved some significant changes to help develop and promote
football, including:• an extension of the flexibility of national FAs (and confederations and FIFA)
to modify some of the ‘organisational’ Laws (e.g. increasing the maximum
number of substitutes to five, except for the highest level) to help promoteand develop the football for which they are responsible as The IFAB believes
that national FAs know best what will benefit football in their country• the introduction of temporary dismissals (sin bins) as a potential alternative
sanction to a caution (YC) in youth, veterans, disability and grassroots(lowest levels) football• extension of the use of return substitutes to youth, veterans and disability
football (they are already permitted in grassroots football).

14 he Law changes for 2018/19 are mainly further refinements to the majorTrevision and the inclusion, after rigorous testing, of 2 major options forcompetitions:• the use of an additional substitute in extra time
• t he use of video assistant referees (VARs), subject to permission fromThe IFAB and FIFA

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Introduc tion

15

The future
 he IFAB’s ‘play fair!’ strategy for 2017-22 was established to examine andT
consider proposed changes to see if they will benefit the game. It has beenwell-received throughout the football world and there has been strong
approval of its focus on three important areas:•• Fairness and integrity••will the proposed change strengthen the game’s fairness and integrity on
the field of play?
•• Universality and inclusion••will the proposed change benefit football at all levels throughout theworld?
••will the proposed change encourage more people from all backgrounds
and abilities to take part in and enjoy football?
•• The growth of technology••will the proposed change have a positive impact on the game?
 uring 2018/19, The IFAB, working with its expert panels, will continue toDconsult widely on a number of important Law-related topics, including:• Player behaviour, with special focus on:••the role of the captain••measures to tackle time-wasting• A potentially fairer system of taking kicks from the penalty mark•	Potential use of red and yellow cards for non-playing members in thetechnical area
• Handball• Offside16

 focussing on fairness, universality and inclusion, and technology, The IFAB
By
will continue to develop the Laws to promote a better game on every football
field in every part of the world.
 he IFAB has enjoyed engaging with people throughout the world and isT
always pleased and interested to receive suggestions or questions relating to
the Laws of the Game. Indeed, many of the recent Law changes and topics inthe ‘play fair!’ strategy have come from suggestions from people from manydifferent parts of the world. Please send your suggestions or questions to:lawenquiries@theifab.com

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Introduc tion

17

Noteson the Lawsof the GameOfficial languages
The IFAB publishes the Laws of the Game in English, French, German
and Spanish. If there is any divergence in the wording, the English text is
authoritative.

Other languages
National FAs which translate the Laws of the Game can obtain the layout
template for the 2018/19 edition of the Laws from The IFAB by contacting:
info@theifab.com.

 ational FAs which produce a translated version of the Laws of the GameN
using this format are invited to send a copy to The IFAB (stating clearly on
the front cover that it is that national FA’s official translation) so it can beposted on The IFAB website for use by others.

Applying the Laws
The same Laws apply in every match in every confederation, country,
town and village and, apart from the Modifications permitted by The IFAB
(see ‘Modifications to the Laws’), the Laws must not be modified or changed,
except with the permission of The IFAB.
 hose who are educating match officials and other participants, shouldTemphasise that:• r eferees should apply the Laws within the ‘spirit’ of the game to help
produce fair and safe matches• e veryone must respect the match officials and their decisions, rememberingand respecting that referees are human and will make mistakes
 layers have a major responsibility for the image of the game and the teamP
captain should play an important role in helping to ensure that the Laws andreferees’ decisions are respected.
KeyThe main Law changes are underlined and highlighted in the margin.
YC = yellow card (caution); RC = red card (sending-off ).
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Notes on the Laws of the Game19

Laws of
the Game

2018/19

Modifications
to the LawsThe
universality of the Laws of the Game means that the game is essentiallythe same in every part of the world and at every level. As well as creating a‘fair’ and safe environment in which the game is played, the Laws should also
promote participation and enjoyment.

 istorically, The IFAB has allowed national football associations (FAs) someH
flexibility to modify the ‘organisational’ Laws for specific categories of football.
However, The IFAB strongly believes that national FAs should now be given
more options to modify aspects of the way football is organised if it will benefit
football in their own country.

 ow the game is played and refereed should be the same on every football fieldH
in the world from the FIFA World Cup™ final to the smallest village. However,the needs of a country’s domestic football should determine how long the gamelasts, how many people can take part and how some unfair behaviour ispunished.

 onsequently, the 131st AGM of The IFAB held in London on 3rd March 2017
C
unanimously agreed that national FAs (and confederations and FIFA) now havethe option to modify all or some of the following organisational areas of theLaws of the Game for football for which they are responsible:
For youth, veterans, disability and grassroots football:• size of the field of play
• size, weight and material of the ball• width between the goalposts and height of the crossbar from the ground• duration of the two (equal) halves of the game (and two equal halves ofextra time)• the use of return substitutes• the use of temporary dismissals (sin bins) for some/all cautions (YCs)

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Modific ations to the Laws

23 or any level except competitions involving the 1st team of clubs in the top
Fdivision or ‘A’ international teams:• the number of substitutions each team is permitted to use up to a
maximum of five, except in youth football where the maximum will be
determined by the national association, confederation or FIFA.

I n addition, to allow national FAs further flexibility to benefit and develop theirdomestic football, The IFAB AGM approved the following changes relating to‘categories’ of football:• women’s football is no longer a separate category and now has the same
status as men’s football• the age limits for youth and veterans have been removed – national FAs,
confederations and FIFA have the flexibility to decide the age restrictions
for these categories• each national FA will determine which competitions at the lowest levels offootball are designated as ‘grassroots’ football

Permission for other modifications
National FAs have the option to approve different modifications for different
competitions - there is no requirement to apply them universally or to apply
them all. However, no other modifications are allowed without the permission of
The IFAB.

 ational FAs are asked to inform The IFAB of their use of these modifications,Nand at which levels, as this information, and especially the reason(s) why themodifications are being used, may identify development ideas/strategies which
The IFAB can share to assist the development of football in other national FAs.
 he IFAB would also be very interested to hear about other potentialT
modification of the Laws of the Game which could increase participation,
make football more attractive and promote its worldwide development.

24

25

Guidelines for
temporary dismissals(sin bins)
The 131st AGM of The IFAB held in London on 3rd March 2017 approved the useof temporary dismissals (sin bins) for all or some cautions/yellow cards (YCs)
in youth, veterans, disability and grassroots football, subject to the approval of
the competition’s national FA, confederation or FIFA, whichever is appropriate.
Reference to temporary dismissals is found in:
Law 5 – The Referee (Powers and duties):
Disciplinary action

 he referee has the power to show yellow or red cards and, where competitionTrules permit, temporarily dismiss a player, from entering the field at the startof the match until after the match has ended, including during the half-time
interval, extra time and kicks from the penalty mark temporary dismissal is when a player commits a cautionable (YC) offence andA
is punished by an immediate ‘suspension’ from participating in the next part ofthat match. The philosophy is that an ‘instant punishment’ can have asignificant and immediate positive influence on the behaviour of the offending
player and, potentially, the player’s team.

The national FA, confederation or FIFA, should approve (for publication in
the competition rules) a temporary dismissal protocol within the following
guidelines:

26

Players only
• T
 emporary dismissals apply to all players (including goalkeepers) but not forcautionable offences (YCs) committed by a substitute or substituted player
Referee’s signal• T he referee will indicate a temporary dismissal by showing a yellow card
(YC) and then clearly pointing with both arms to the temporary dismissal
area (usually the player’s technical area)

The temporary dismissal period• The length of the temporary dismissal is the same for all offences• T he length of the temporary dismissal should be between 10–15% of thetotal playing time (e.g. 10 minutes in a 90-minute match; 8 minutes in an
80-minute match)• T he temporary dismissal period begins when play restarts after the player
has left the field of play
• T
 he referee should include in the temporary dismissal period any time ‘lost’
for a stoppage for which ‘additional time’ will be allowed at the end of thehalf (e.g. substitution, injury etc...)• C ompetitions must decide who will help the referee time the dismissal
period – it could be the responsibility of a delegate, 4th official or neutral
assistant referee; conversely it could be a team official• Once the temporary dismissal period has been completed, the player canreturn from the touchline with the referee’s permission, which can be given
while the ball is in play• The referee has the final decision as to when the player can return• A temporarily dismissed player can not be substituted until the end of thetemporary dismissal period (but not if the team has used all its permitted
substitutes)• If a temporary dismissal period has not been completed at the end of
the first half (or the end of the second half when extra time is to be played)
the remaining part of the temporary dismissal period is served from the startof the second half (start of extra time)• A player who is still serving a temporary dismissal at the end of the match ispermitted to take part in kicks from the penalty mark (penalties)
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Modific ations to the Laws

27

Temporary dismissal area
• A temporarily dismissed player should remain within the technical area
(where one exists) or with the team’s coach/technical staff, unless ‘warmingup’ (under the same conditions as a substitute)
Offences before/during/after a temporary dismissal• A temporarily dismissed player who commits a cautionable (YC) or
sending-off (RC) offence during their temporary dismissal period will takeno further part in the match and may not be replaced or substituted

Further disciplinary action• Competitions/national FAs will decide if temporary dismissals must bereported to the appropriate authorities and whether any further disciplinary
action may be taken e.g. suspension for accumulating a number of temporary
dismissals, as with cautions (YCs)
Temporary dismissal systems
A competition may use one of the following temporary dismissal systems:• System A – for all cautions (YCs)• System B – for some but not all cautions (YCs)

System A – temporary dismissal for all cautions (YCs)• All cautions (YCs) are punished with a temporary dismissal• A player who commits a second caution (YC) in the same match:••will receive a second temporary dismissal and then takes no further partin the match••may be replaced by a substitute at the end of the second temporary
dismissal period if the player’s team has not used its maximum numberof substitutes (this is because the team has already been ‘punished’ by
playing without that player for 2 x temporary dismissal periods)

28

System B – temporary dismissal for some but not all cautions (YCs)*• A
 pre-defined list of cautionable (YC) offences will be punished by atemporary dismissal• A ll other cautionable offences are punished with a caution (YC)• A
 player who has been temporarily dismissed and then receives a caution(YC) continues playing• A player who has received a caution (YC) and then receives a temporary
dismissal can continue playing after the end of the temporary
dismissal period• A player who receives a second temporary dismissal in the same match willserve the temporary dismissal and then takes no further part in the match.
The player may be replaced by a substitute at the end of the second
temporary dismissal period if the player’s team has not used its maximum
number of substitutes but a player who has also received a non-temporary
dismissal caution (YC) may not be replaced or substituted• A player who receives a second caution (YC) in the same match will be sent
off and takes no further part in the match and may not be replaced/
substituted* Some competitions may find it valuable to use temporary dismissals only forcautions (YCs) for offence relating to ‘inappropriate’ behaviour, e.g.
• Simulation• Deliberately delaying the opposing team’s restart of the match• Dissent or verbal comments or gestures• Stopping a promising attack by holding, pulling, pushing or handball• Kicker illegally feinting at a penalty kickLaws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Modific ations to the Laws

29

Guidelines for
return substitutes
 ollowing approval at the 131st AGM of The IFAB held in London on 3rd MarchF
2017 The Laws of the Game now permit the use of return substitutes in youth,
veterans, disability and grassroots football, subject to the approval of thecompetition’s national FA, confederation or FIFA, whichever is appropriate.
Reference to return substitutions is found in:

Law 3 – The Players (Number of substitutions):
Return Substitutes• The use of return substitutions is only permitted in youth, veterans,
disability and grassroots football, subject to the agreement of the national
football association, confederation or FIFA.

 ‘return substitute’ is a player who has already played in the match and hasAbeen substituted (a substituted player) and later in the match returns to playby replacing another player.

 part from the dispensation for a substituted player to return to play in theAmatch, all other provisions of Law 3 and the Laws of the Game apply to return
substitutes. In particular, the substitution procedure outlined in Law 3
must be followed.

30

Laws of th e Game 2 017/18 | All Laws | Offences and infringe me nt s

31

01
Law

The Field of Play
1. Field surface
The field of play must be a wholly natural or, if competition rules permit,
a wholly artificial playing surface except where competition rules permit an
integrated combination of artificial and natural materials (hybrid system).
The colour of artificial surfaces must be green.

 here artificial surfaces are used in competition matches betweenW
representative teams of national football associations affiliated to FIFA orinternational club competition matches, the surface must meet therequirements of the FIFA Quality Programme for Football Turf or theInternational Match Standard, unless special dispensation is given by The IFAB.

2. Field markings
The field of play must be rectangular and marked with continuous lines whichmust not be dangerous; artificial playing surface material may be used for thefield markings on natural fields if it is not dangerous. These lines belong to theareas of which they are boundaries.
Only the lines indicated in Law 1 are to be marked on the field of play.

 he two longer boundary lines are touchlines. The two shorter lines areTgoal lines.

 he field of play is divided into two halves by a halfway line, which joins theT
midpoints of the two touchlines.

 he centre mark is at the midpoint of the halfway line. A circle with a radius
Tof 9.15 m (10 yds) is marked around it.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 01 | The Field of Play

33


Marks
may be made off the field of play 9.15 m (10 yds) from the corner arc
at right angles to the goal lines and the touchlines.
 ll lines must be of the same width, which must not be more than 12 cm
A(5 ins). The goal lines must be of the same width as the goalposts and thecrossbar.

 here artificial surfaces are used, other lines are permitted provided theyW
are a different colour and clearly distinguishable from the football lines.

 player who makes unauthorised marks on the field of play must be cautionedA
for unsporting behaviour. If the referee notices this being done during
the match, the player is cautioned when the ball next goes out of play.

3. Dimensions
The touchline must be longer than the goal line.
• Length (touchline):
minimum
90 m (100 yds)
maximum 120 m (130 yds)

• Length (goal line):
minimum 45 m (50 yds)
maximum 90 m (100 yds)

4. Dimensions for international matches• Length (touchline):
minimum 100 m (110 yds)
maximum 110 m (120 yds)

• Length (goal line):
minimum 64 m (70 yds)
maximum 75 m (80 yds)

 ompetitions may determine the length of the goal line and touchline withinCthe above dimensions.

34

corner area

corner flagpost (compulsory)min. 45 m (50 yds) / max. 90 m (100 yds)

goal line

7.32 m (8 yds)
goal area
penalty markmin. 90 m (100 yds) / max. 120 m (130 yds)

penalty area

flagpost (optional)

penalty arc

radius9.15 m(10 yds)
centre markhalfway line

9.15m
(10yds)optional
mark16.5 m(18 yds)

5.5 m(6 yds)16.5 m (18 yds)

11 m
(12 yds)
5.5 m (6 yds)

9.15 m (10 yds)

touchline

centre circle

9.15 m (10 yds)

radius 1 m (1 yd)• M easurements are from the outside of the lines as the lines are partof the area they enclose.
• The penalty mark is measured from the centre of the mark to the back edgeof the goal line.
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 01 | The Field of Play35

5. The goal area
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 5.5 m (6 yds) from theinside of each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for 5.5 m(6 yds) and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The areabounded by these lines and the goal line is the goal area.

6. The penalty area
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 16.5 m (18 yds) from theinside of each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for 16.5 m(18 yds) and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The areabounded by these lines and the goal line is the penalty area.
 ithin each penalty area, a penalty mark is made 11 m (12 yds) from theW
midpoint between the goalposts.
 n arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15 m (10 yds) from the centre of eachA
penalty mark is drawn outside the penalty area.

7. The corner area
The corner area is defined by a quarter circle with a radius of 1 m (1 yd) fromeach corner flagpost drawn inside the field of play.
Corner flagpost is compulsory
Flagpost to be not less than 1.5 m (5 ft)
high, with a non-pointed top

corner area
radius 1 m (1 yd)

36

Lines to be not morethan 12 cm (5 ins) wide

8. Flagposts
A flagpost, at least 1.5 m (5 ft) high, with a non-pointed top and a flag must
be placed at each corner.
 lagposts may be placed at each end of the halfway line, at least 1 m (1 yd)
Foutside the touchline.

9. The technical area
The technical area relates to matches played in stadiums with a designatedseated area for team officials, substitutes and substituted players as outlined
below:• the technical area should only extend 1 m (1 yd) on either side of thedesignated seated area and up to a distance of 1 m (1 yd) from the touchline• markings should be used to define the area• the number of persons permitted to occupy the technical area is defined by
the competition rules• the occupants of the technical area:•• are identified before the start of the match in accordance with thecompetition rules•• must behave in a responsible manner•• must remain within its confines except in special circumstances, e.g.
a physiotherapist/doctor entering the field of play, with the referee’s
permission, to assess an injured player• only one person at a time is authorised to convey tactical instructions fromthe technical area

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 01 | The Field of Play37

10. Goals
A goal must be placed on the centre of each goal line.

 goal consists of two vertical posts equidistant from the corner flagpostsAand joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The goalposts and crossbar must
be made of approved material. They must be square, rectangular, round or
elliptical in shape and must not be dangerous.
 he distance between the inside of the posts is 7.32 m (8 yds) and the distanceTfrom the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is 2.44 m (8 ft).

 he position of the goalposts in relation to the goal line must be in accordanceTwith the graphics.
 he goalposts and the crossbar must be white and have the same width andTdepth, which must not exceed 12 cm (5 ins).

I f the crossbar becomes displaced or broken, play is stopped until it has been
repaired or replaced in position. If it can not be repaired the match must be
abandoned. A rope or any flexible or dangerous material may not replace thecrossbar. Play is restarted with a dropped ball.
 ets may be attached to the goals and the ground behind the goal; they mustN
be properly supported and must not interfere with the goalkeeper.
SafetyGoals (including portable goals) must be firmly secured to the ground.

11. Goal line technology (GLT)GLT systems may be used to verify whether a goal has been scored to support
the referee’s decision.
 here GLT is used, modifications to the goal frame may be permitted inWaccordance with the specifications stipulated in the FIFA Quality Programme
for GLT and with the Laws of the Game. The use of GLT must be stipulated in
the competition rules.

38

2.44 m (8 ft)
7.32

m(

8 yd

s)

 he position of the goalpostsTin relation to the goal line must be inaccordance with the graphics below.

7.32 m7.32 m7.32 m7.32 mLaws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 01 | The Field of Play39

Principles of GLT
GLT applies solely to the goal line and is only used to determine whether a goalhas been scored.
 he indication of whether a goal has been scored must be immediate andTautomatically confirmed within one second by the GLT system only to thematch officials (via the referee’s watch, by vibration and visual signal).

Requirements and specifications of GLT
If GLT is used in competition matches, the competition organisers must ensurethat the system is certified according to one of the following standards:• FIFA Quality PRO• FIFA Quality• IMS - INTERNATIONAL MATCH STANDARD

 n independent testing institute must verify the accuracy and functionality
Aof the different technology providers’ systems in accordance with the Testing
Manual. If the technology does not function in accordance with the Testing
Manual, the referee must not use the GLT system and must report this to theappropriate authority.

 here GLT is used, the referee must test the technology’s functionality beforeWthe match as set out in the FIFA Quality Programme for GLT Testing Manual.

12. Commercial advertisingNo form of commercial advertising, whether real or virtual, is permitted on
the field of play, on the ground within the area enclosed by the goal nets, thetechnical area or the referee review area (RRA), or on the ground within 1 m(1 yd) of the boundary lines from the time the teams enter the field of play until
they have left it at half-time and from the time the teams re-enter the field ofplay until the end of the match. Advertising is not permitted on the goals, nets,
flagposts or their flags and no extraneous equipment (cameras, microphones,etc.) may be attached to these items.

40

In addition, upright advertising must be at least:• 1 m (1 yd) from the touchlines of the field of play
• the same distance from the goal line as the depth of the goal net• 1 m (1 yd) from the goal net

13. Logos and emblems
The reproduction, whether real or virtual, of representative logos or emblemsof FIFA, confederations, national football associations, competitions, clubs orother bodies is forbidden on the field of play, the goal nets and the areas theyenclose, the goals, and the flagposts during playing time.
14. Video Assistant Referees (VARs)
In matches using VARs there must be a video operation room (VOR) andat least one referee review area (RRA).

Video Operation Room (VOR)
The VOR is where the video assistant referee (VAR), assistant VAR (AVAR)
and replay operator (RO) work; it may be in/close to the stadium or at a moredistant location. Only authorised persons are permitted to enter the VOR or
communicate with VAR, AVAR and RO during the match.

 player, substitute or substituted player who enters the VOR will be sent off; aAteam official who enters the VOR will be dismissed from the technical area.
Referee review area (RRA) In matches using VARs there must be at least one RRA where the referee
undertakes an ‘on-field review’ (OFR). The RRA must be:• in a visible location outside the field of play
• clearly marked

 player, substitute or substituted player who enters the RRA will be cautioned;A
a team official who enters the RRA will be publicly given an official warning (orcautioned where YCs are used for team officials).

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 01 | The Field of Play

41

02
Law

The Ball
1. Qualities and measurements
All balls must be:• spherical• made of suitable material• of a circumference of between 70 cm (28 ins) and 68 cm (27 ins)
• between 450 g (16 oz) and 410 g (14 oz) in weight at the start of the match• of a pressure equal to 0.6–1.1 atmosphere (600 –1,100 g/cm2) at sea level(8.5 lbs/sq in –15.6 lbs/sq in) ll balls used in matches played in an official competition organised under theAauspices of FIFA or confederations must bear one of the following:• FIFA Quality PRO• FIFA Quality• IMS - INTERNATIONAL
MATCH STANDARD

 ach mark indicates that it has been officially tested and meets the specificEtechnical requirements for that mark which are additional to the minimum
specifications stipulated in Law 2 and must be approved by The IFAB.
The institutes conducting the tests are subject to the approval of FIFA.
 here goal line technology (GLT) is used, balls with integrated technology
Wmust carry one of the above listed quality marks.

 ational football association competitions may require the use of balls bearingN
one of these marks.
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 02 | The Ball

43

I n matches played in an official competition organised under the auspicesof FIFA, confederations or national football associations, no form of commercial
advertising is permitted on the ball, except for the logo/emblem of thecompetition, the competition organiser and the authorised manufacturer’s
trademark. The competition regulations may restrict the size and number ofsuch markings.

2. Replacement of a defective ball
If the ball becomes defective:• play is stopped and• restarted by dropping the replacement ball where the original ballbecame defectiveI f the ball becomes defective at a kick-off, goal kick, corner kick, free kick,penalty kick or throw-in the restart is re-taken.

I f the ball becomes defective during a penalty kick or kicks from the penalty
mark as it moves forward and before it touches a player, crossbar or goalposts
the penalty kick is retaken.
 he ball may not be changed during the match without the referee’sTpermission.

3. Additional balls
Additional balls which meet the requirements of Law 2 may be placed aroundthe field of play and their use is under the referee’s control.

44

03
Law

The Players
1. Number of players
A match is played by two teams, each with a maximum of eleven players;
one must be the goalkeeper. A match may not start or continue if either teamhas fewer than seven players.

I f a team has fewer than seven players because one or more players hasdeliberately left the field of play, the referee is not obliged to stop play andthe advantage may be played, but the match must not resume after the ball has
gone out of play if a team does not have the minimum number of seven players.
I f the competition rules state that all players and substitutes must be named
before kick-off and a team starts a match with fewer than eleven players,
only the players and substitutes named on the team list may take part in thematch upon their arrival.

2. Number of substitutions
Official competitions
The number of substitutes, up to a maximum of five, which may be used inany match played in an official competition will be determined by FIFA,
the confederation or the national football association except for men andwomen competitions involving the 1st teams of clubs in the top division orsenior ‘A’ international teams, where the maximum is three substitutes.
The competition rules must state• how many substitutes may be named, from three to a maximum of twelve.
• whether one additional substitute may be used when a match goes into extra
time (whether or not the team has already used the full number of permitted
substitutes)
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 03 | The Players

47Other matchesIn national “A” team matches, a maximum of twelve substitutes may be namedof which a maximum of six may be used.
I n all other matches, a greater number of substitutes may be used provided
that:• the teams reach agreement on a maximum number• the referee is informed before the matchI f the referee is not informed, or if no agreement is reached before the match,each team is allowed a maximum of six substitutes.

Return substitutions
The use of return substitutions is only permitted in youth, veterans, disability
and grassroots football, subject to the agreement of the national footballassociation, confederation or FIFA.

3. Substitution procedure
The names of the substitutes must be given to the referee before the startof the match. Any substitute not named by this time may not take part in thematch.
To replace a player with a substitute, the following must be observed:• the referee must be informed before any substitution is made• the player being substituted receives the referee’s permission to leave thefield of play, unless already off the field• the player being replaced is not obliged to leave at the halfway line andtakes no further part in the match, except where return substitutions are
permitted• if a player who is to be replaced refuses to leave, play continues
The substitute only enters:• during a stoppage in play
• at the halfway line
• after the player being replaced has left
• after receiving a signal from the referee48

 he substitution is completed when a substitute enters the field of play;Tfrom that moment, the replaced player becomes a substituted player andthe substitute becomes a player and can take any restart.

 substituted players and substitutes are subject to the referee’s authority
All
whether they play or not.

4. Changing the goalkeeper
Any of the players may change places with the goalkeeper if:• the referee is informed before the change is made• the change is made during a stoppage in play

5. Offences and sanctions
If a named substitute starts a match instead of a named player and thereferee is not informed of this change:• the referee allows the named substitute to continue playing• no disciplinary sanction is taken against the named substitute• the named player can become a named substitute• the number of substitutions is not reduced• the referee reports the incident to the appropriate authoritiesI f a substitution is made during the half-time interval or before extra time,
the procedure must be completed before the match restarts. If the referee is
not informed, the named substitute may continue to play, no disciplinary
action is taken and the matter is reported to the appropriate authority.
I f a player changes places with the goalkeeper without the referee’s
permission, the referee:• allows play to continue• c autions both players when the ball is next out of play but not if the change
occurred during half-time (including extra time) or the period between
the end of the match and the start of extra time and/or kicks from thepenalty mark.

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49

For any other offences:• the players are cautioned• play is restarted with an indirect free kick, from the position of the ball whenplay was stopped

6. Players and substitutes sent off
A player who is sent off:• before submission of the team list can not be named on the team list in
any capacity• after being named on the team list and before kick-off may be replaced by anamed substitute, who can not be replaced; the number of substitutions theteam can make is not reduced• after the kick-off can not be replaced named substitute who is sent off before or after the kick-off may not beAreplaced.

7. Extra persons on the field of playThe coach and other officials named on the team list (with the exception ofplayers or substitutes) are team officials. Anyone not named on the team list asa player, substitute or team official is an outside agent.
I f a team official, substitute, substituted or sent off player or outside agent
enters the field of play the referee must:• only stop play if there is interference with play• have the person removed when play stops• take appropriate disciplinary action
If play is stopped and the interference was by:• a team official, substitute, substituted or sent off player, play restarts with adirect free kick or penalty kick
• an outside agent, play restarts with a dropped ball50

I f a ball is going into the goal and the interference does not prevent a defending
player playing the ball, the goal is awarded if the ball enters the goal (even if
contact was made with the ball) unless the ball enters the opponents’ goal.

8. Player outside the field of play
If a player who requires the referee’s permission to re-enter the field of playre-enters without the referee’s permission, the referee must:• s top play (not immediately if the player does not interfere with play
or a match official or if the advantage can be applied)• caution the player for entering the field of play without permission
If the referee stops play, it must be restarted:• with a direct free kick from the position of the interference• with an indirect free kick from the position of the ball when play was
stopped if there was no interferenceA player who crosses a boundary line as part of a playing movement, does
not commit an offence.

9. Goal scored with an extra person on the field of playIf, after a goal is scored, the referee realises, before play restarts, an extra
person was on the field of play when the goal was scored:• the referee must disallow the goal if the extra person was:••a player, substitute, substituted player, sent off player or team official of
the team that scored the goal; play is restarted with a direct free kick fromthe position of the extra person••an outside agent who interfered with play unless a goal results as outlined
above in ‘extra persons on the field of play’; play is restarted with adropped ball• the referee must allow the goal if the extra person was:••a player, substitute, substituted player, sent off player or team official of
the team that conceded the goal••an outside agent who did not interfere with play

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51

I n all cases, the referee must have the extra person removed from the fieldof play.

I f, after a goal is scored and play has restarted, the referee realises an extra
person was on the field of play when the goal was scored, the goal can not be
disallowed. If the extra person is still on the field the referee must:• stop play• have the extra person removed• restart with a dropped ball or free kick as appropriate

The referee must report the incident to the appropriate authority.

10. Team captain
The team captain has no special status or privileges but has a degree of
responsibility for the behaviour of the team.

52

04
Law

The Players’
Equipment
1. Safety
A player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous.

 ll items of jewellery (necklaces, rings, bracelets, earrings, leather bands,Arubber bands, etc.) are forbidden and must be removed. Using tape to coverjewellery is not permitted.

 he players must be inspected before the start of the match and substitutes
T
before they enter the field of play. If a player is wearing or using unauthorised/dangerous equipment or jewellery the referee must order the player to:• remove the item
• leave the field of play at the next stoppage if the player is unable or unwillingto complyA player who refuses to comply or wears the item again must be cautioned.

2. Compulsory equipment
The compulsory equipment of a player comprises the following separate items:• a shirt with sleeves• shorts• socks – tape or any material applied or worn externally must be the same
colour as that part of the sock it is applied to or covers• shinguards – these must be made of a suitable material to provide reasonable
protection and covered by the socks• footwear
Goalkeepers may wear tracksuit bottoms.

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55

 player whose footwear or shinguard is lost accidentally must replace it asAsoon as possible and no later than when the ball next goes out of play;
if before doing so the player plays the ball and/or scores a goal, the goal isawarded.

3. Colours• The two teams must wear colours that distinguish them from each otherand the match officials• Each goalkeeper must wear colours that are distinguishable from the otherplayers and the match officials• If the two goalkeepers’ shirts are the same colour and neither has anothershirt, the referee allows the match to be played ndershirts must be the same colour as the main colour of the shirt sleeve;Uundershorts/tights must be the same colour as the main colour of the shorts
or the lowest part of the shorts – players of the same team must wear thesame colour.

4. Other equipment
Non-dangerous protective equipment, for example headgear, facemasks
and knee and arm protectors made of soft, lightweight padded material ispermitted as are goalkeepers’ caps and sports spectacles.
Head Covers
Where head covers (excluding goalkeepers’ caps) are worn, they must:• be black or the same main colour as the shirt (provided that the players of
the same team wear the same colour)• be in keeping with the professional appearance of the player’s equipment• not be attached to the shirt• not be dangerous to the player wearing it or any other player (e.g. opening/closing mechanism around neck)• not have any part(s) extending out from the surface (protruding elements)

56

Electronic communication
Players (including substitutes/substituted and sent off players) are notpermitted to wear or use any form of electronic or communication equipment(except where EPTS is allowed). The use of any form of electronic
communication by team officials is permitted where it directly relates to player
welfare or safety or for tactical/coaching reasons but only small, mobile,hand-held equipment (e.g. microphone, headphone, ear-piece, mobilephone/smartphone, smartwatch, tablet, laptop) may be used. A team official who uses
unauthorised equipment or who behaves in an inappropriate manner as aresult of the use of electronic or communication equipment will be dismissedfrom the technical area.
Electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS)
Where wearable technology (WT) as part of electronic performance andtracking systems (EPTS) is used in matches played in an official competition
organised under the auspices of FIFA, confederations or national footballassociations, the competition organiser must ensure that the technology
attached to the player’s equipment is not dangerous and must bear thefollowing mark: his mark indicates that it has been officially tested andTmeets the minimum safety requirements of theInternational Match Standard developed by FIFA andapproved by The IFAB. The institutes conducting thesetests are subject to the approval of FIFA.

 here electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) are used (subject
W
to the agreement of the national football association/competition organiser)
the competition organiser must ensure that the information and datatransmitted from EPTS to the technical area during the match in matches
played in an official competition are reliable and accurate.
 professional standard was developed by FIFA and approved by The IFABA
in order to support the competition organisers with the approval process ofreliable and accurate electronic performance and tracking systems.

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57

The professional standard will be implemented in the transition period until
1 June 2019. The following mark indicates that an EPTS device/system has
been officially tested and meets the requirements in terms of reliability andaccuracy of positional data in football:5. Slogans, statements, images and advertisingEquipment must not have any political, religious or personal slogans,statements or images. Players must not reveal undergarments that show
political, religious, personal slogans, statements or images, or advertising otherthan the manufacturer`s logo. For any offence the player and/or the team will
be sanctioned by the competition organiser, national football association
or by FIFA.
Principles• Law 4 applies to all equipment (including clothing) worn by players,substitutes and substituted players; its principles also apply to all team
officials in the technical area
• The following are (usually) permitted:•• the player’s number, name, team crest/logo, initiative slogans/emblems
promoting the game of football, respect and integrity as well as any
advertising permitted by competition rules or national FA, confederation
or FIFA regulations••the facts of a match: teams, date, competition/event, venue• Permitted slogans, statements or images should be confined to the shirt front
and/or armband• In some cases, the slogan, statement or image might only appear on thecaptain’s armband

58

Interpreting the Law
When interpreting whether a slogan, statement or image is permissible, noteshould be taken of Law 12 (Fouls and Misconduct), which requires the referee
to take action against a player who is guilty of:• using offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures• gesturing in a provocative, derisory or inflammatory way

 ny slogan, statement or image which falls into any of these categories isA
not permitted.

 hilst ‘religious’ and ‘personal’ are relatively easily defined, ‘political’ isWless clear but slogans, statements or images related to the following are notpermitted:• a ny person(s), living or dead (unless part of the official competition name)• a ny local, regional, national or international political party/organisation/group, etc.
• a ny local, regional or national government or any of its departments,
offices or functions• any organisation which is discriminatory• any organisation whose aims/actions are likely to offend a notable
number of people• any specific political act/event
 hen commemorating a significant national or international event, theWsensibilities of the opposing team (including its supporters) and the generalpublic should be carefully considered.

 ompetition rules may contain further restrictions/limitations, particularlyC
in relation to the size, number and position of permitted slogans, statements
and images. It is recommended that disputes relating to slogans, statements orimages be resolved prior to a match/competition taking place.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 04 | The Players’ Equipment59

6. Offences and sanctions
For any offence play need not be stopped and the player:• is instructed by the referee to leave the field of play to correct the equipment• leaves when play stops, unless the equipment has already been corrected
A player who leaves the field of play to correct or change equipment must:• have the equipment checked by a match official before being allowed to
re-enter• only re-enter with the referee’s permission (which may be given during play) player who enters without permission must be cautioned and if play isAstopped to issue the caution, an indirect free kick is awarded from the positionof the ball when play was stopped, unless there was interference in which casea direct free kick (or penalty kick) is awarded from the position of theinterference.

60

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61

05
Law

The Referee
1. The authority of the refereeEach match is controlled by a referee who has full authority to enforce
the Laws of the Game in connection with the match.

2. Decisions of the refereeDecisions will be made to the best of the referee`s ability according to the Lawsof the Game and the ‘spirit of the game’ and will be based on the opinion of thereferee who has the discretion to take appropriate action within the frameworkof the Laws of the Game.
 he decisions of the referee regarding facts connected with play, includingTwhether or not a goal is scored and the result of the match, are final. The
decisions of the referee, and all other match officials, must always be respected.
 he referee may not change a decision on realising that it is incorrect or on theTadvice of another match official if play has restarted or the referee has
signalled the end of the first or second half (including extra time) and left thefield of play or terminated the match.
I f a referee is incapacitated, play may continue under the supervision of theother match officials until the ball is next out of play.

3. Powers and duties
The referee:• enforces the Laws of the Game
• controls the match in cooperation with the other match officials• acts as timekeeper, keeps a record of the match and provides the appropriate
authorities with a match report, including information on disciplinary action
and any other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match• supervises and/or indicates the restart of play

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 05 | The Referee63

Advantage• allows play to continue when an offence occurs and the non-offending teamwill benefit from the advantage and penalises the offence if the anticipatedadvantage does not ensue at that time or within a few seconds

Disciplinary action• punishes the more serious offence, in terms of sanction, restart,
physical severity and tactical impact, when more than one offence occurs
at the same time
• takes disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable andsending-off offences• has the authority to take disciplinary action from entering the field of playfor the pre-match inspection until leaving the field of play after the matchends (including kicks from the penalty mark). If, before entering the field ofplay at the start of the match, a player commits a sending-off offence, thereferee has the authority to prevent the player taking part in the match(see Law 3.6); the referee will report any other misconduct• has the power to show yellow or red cards and, where competition rules
permit, temporarily dismiss a player, from entering the field of play at thestart of the match until after the match has ended, including during thehalf-time interval, extra time and kicks from the penalty mark• takes action against team officials who fail to act in a responsible mannerand may expel them from the field of play and its immediate surrounds;
a medical team official who commits a dismissible offence may remain if theteam has no other medical person available, and act if a player needs medical
attention.
• acts on the advice of other match officials regarding incidents that thereferee has not seen
Injuries• allows play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is only
slightly injured• stops play if a player is seriously injured and ensures that the player isremoved from the field of play. An injured player may not be treated on thefield of play and may only re-enter after play has restarted; if the ball is in
64

play, re-entry must be from the touchline but if the ball is out of play, it may
be from any boundary line. Exceptions to the requirement to leave the fieldof play are only when:••a goalkeeper is injured••a goalkeeper and an outfield player have collided and need attention••players from the same team have collided and need attention••a severe injury has occurred••a player is injured as the result of a physical offence for which
the opponent is cautioned or sent off (e.g. reckless or serious foulchallenge), if the assessment/treatment is completed quickly• e nsures that any player bleeding leaves the field of play. The player may
only re-enter on receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied
that the bleeding has stopped and there is no blood on the equipment• if the referee has authorised the doctors and /or stretcher bearers to enter
the field of play, the player must leave on a stretcher or on foot. A player who
does not comply, must be cautioned for unsporting behaviour• if the referee has decided to caution or send off a player who is injured andhas to leave the field of play for treatment, the card must be shown before
the player leaves• if play has not been stopped for another reason, or if an injury suffered bya player is not the result of an offence, play is restarted with a dropped ball
Outside interference• stops, suspends or abandons the match for any offences or because ofoutside interference e.g. if:••the floodlights are inadequate••an object thrown by a spectator hits a match official, a player or team
official, the referee may allow the match to continue, or stop, suspend or
abandon it depending on the severity of the incident••a spectator blows a whistle which interferes with play - play is stopped
and restarted with a dropped ball••an extra ball, other object or animal enters the field of play during thematch, the referee must:

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 05 | The Referee65

––stop play (and restart with a dropped ball) only if it interferes with play
unless the ball is going into the goal and the interference does notprevent a defending player playing the ball, the goal is awarded if theball enters the goal (even if contact was made with the ball) unless theball enters the opponents’ goal––allow play to continue if it does not interfere with play and have it
removed at the earliest possible opportunity• allows no unauthorised persons to enter the field of play

4. Video assistant referee (VAR)The use of video assistant referees (VARs) is only permitted where the match/competition organiser has fulfilled all the VAR protocol and implementation
requirements (as set out in the VAR Handbook) and has received written
permission from The IFAB and FIFA.

 he referee may be assisted by a video assistant referee (VAR) only in the eventTof a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ in relation to:• goal/no goal
• penalty/no penalty• direct red card (not second caution)• mistaken identity when the referee cautions or sends off the wrong player ofthe offending team he assistance from the video assistant referee (VAR) will relate to usingT
replay(s) of the incident. The referee will make the final decision which may bebased solely on the information from the VAR and/or the referee reviewing the
replay footage directly (‘on-field review’).

 xcept for a ‘serious missed incident’, the referee (and where relevant otherE‘on-field’, match officials) must always make a decision (including a decision
not to penalise a potential offence); this decision does not change unless it is a‘clear and obvious error’.

66 eviews after play has restartedRIf play has stopped and restarted, the referee may only undertake a ‘review’,and take the appropriate disciplinary sanction, for mistaken identity or for apotential sending-off offence relating to violent conduct, spitting, biting or
extremely offensive, insulting and/or abusive gesture(s).

5. Referee’s equipment
Compulsory equipment
Referees must have the following equipment:• Whistle(s)• Watch(es)• Red and yellow cards• Notebook (or other means of keeping a record of the match)
Other equipment
Referees may be permitted to use:

• Equipment for communicating with other match officials – buzzer/beepflags, headsets etc.
• EPTS or other fitness monitoring equipmentReferees and other ‘on-field’ match officials are prohibited from wearing
jewellery or any other electronic equipment, including cameras.

6. Referee signals
Refer to graphics for approved referee signals.

I n addition to the current ‘two armed’ signal for an advantage, a similar‘one arm’ signal is now permitted as it is not always easy for referees to run
with both arms extended.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 05 | The Referee

67

CK
68

Indirect free kick

Direct free kick

Advantage (1)Advantage (2)FREE KICKOFFSIDE
OFFSIDE
Penalty kick

Red and Yellow card

Corner kickGoal kick

PENALTY KICKCORNERCORNERKICK
KICK
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 05 | The Referee

GOAL
GOAL KICK69

•Check – finger to ear, other hand/arm

Check finger to ear, other hand/arm extended

Review TV signal
Review– TV Signal

70

7. Liability of Match Officials
A referee or other match official is not held liable for:• any kind of injury suffered by a player, official or spectator• any damage to property of any kind• any other loss suffered by any individual, club, company, association or other
body, which is due or which may be due to any decision taken under theterms of the Laws of the Game or in respect of the normal procedures
required to hold, play and control a match.
Such decisions may include a decision:• that the condition of the field of play or its surrounds or that the weather
conditions are such as to allow or not to allow a match to take place• to abandon a match for whatever reason• as to the suitability of the field equipment and ball used during a match• to stop or not to stop a match due to spectator interference or any problem
in spectator areas• to stop or not to stop play to allow an injured player to be removed from thefield of play for treatment• to require an injured player to be removed from the field of play fortreatment• to allow or not to allow a player to wear certain clothing or equipment• where the referee has the authority, to allow or not to allow any persons(including team or stadium officials, security officers, photographers orother media representatives) to be present in the vicinity of the field of play• any other decision taken in accordance with the Laws of the Game or inconformity with their duties under the terms of FIFA, confederation, national
football association or competition rules or regulations under which thematch is played

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71

06
Law

The Other
Match Officials
 ther match officials (two assistant referees, fourth official, two additionalOassistant referees, reserve assistant referee, video assistant referee (VAR) andat least one assistant VAR (AVAR)) may be appointed to matches. They willassist the referee in controlling the match in accordance with the Laws of theGame but the final decision will always be taken by the referee.

 he referee, assistant referees, fourth official, additional assistant referees andTreserve assistant referee are the ‘on-field’ match officials.
 he VAR and AVAR are the ‘video’ match officials and assist the referee inTaccordance with the VAR protocol as determined by The IFAB.

 he match officials operate under the direction of the referee. In the eventTof undue interference or improper conduct, the referee will relieve them of
their duties and make a report to the appropriate authorities.

 ith the exception of the reserve assistant referee, the ‘on-field’ match officials
Wassist the referee with offences when they have a clearer view than the referee
and they must submit a report to the appropriate authorities on any serious
misconduct or other incident that occurred out of the view of the referee andthe other match officials. They must advise the referee and other matchofficials of any report being made.
 he ‘on-field’ match officials assist the referee with inspecting the field of play,Tthe balls and players’ equipment (including if problems have been resolved)
and maintaining records of time, goals, misconduct etc.

 ompetition rules must state clearly who replaces a match official who isCunable to start or continue and any associated changes. In particular, it must
be clear whether, if the referee is unable to start or continue, the fourth official
or the senior assistant referee or senior additional assistant referee takes over.

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73

1. Assistant referees
They indicate when:• the whole of the ball leaves the field of play and which team is entitledto a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in• a player in an offside position may be penalised• a substitution is requested• a t penalty kicks, the goalkeeper moves off the goal line before the ball iskicked and if the ball crosses the line; if additional assistant referees havebeen appointed the assistant referee takes a position in line with the penalty
mark he assistant referee’s assistance also includes monitoring the substitution
Tprocedure.
 he assistant referee may enter the field of play to help control the 9.15m
T(10 yards) distance.

2. Fourth official
The fourth official’s assistance also includes:• supervising the substitution procedure• checking a player’s/substitute’s equipment• the re-entry of a player following a signal/approval from the referee• supervising the replacement balls• indicating the minimum amount of additional time the referee intends
to play at the end of each half (including extra time)• informing the referee of irresponsible behaviour by any technical area
occupant74

3. Additional assistant referees
The additional assistant referees may indicate:• when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, including whena goal is scored• which team is entitled to a corner kick or goal kick• w
 hether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper moves off the goal line before
the ball is kicked and if the ball crosses the line

4. Reserve assistant referee
The only duty of a reserve assistant referee is to replace an assistant refereeor fourth official who is unable to continue.

5. Video match officials
A video assistant referee (VAR) is a match official who may assist the referee tomake a decision using replay footage only for a ‘clear and obvious error’ or‘serious missed incident’ relating to a goal/no goal, penalty/no penalty, direct
red card (not a second caution) or a case of mistaken identity when the referee
cautions or sends off the wrong player of the offending team n assistant video assistant referee (AVAR) is a match official who helps theA
VAR primarily by:• watching the television footage while the VAR is busy with a ‘check’ ora ‘review’• keeping a record of VAR-related incidents and any communication or
technology problems• assisting the VAR’s communication with the referee, especiallycommunicating with the referee when the VAR is undertaking a ‘check’/‘review’ e.g. to tell the referee to ‘stop play’ or ‘delay the restart’ etc.
• recording the time ‘lost’ when play is delayed for a ‘check’ or a ‘review’• communicating information about a VAR-related decision to relevant parties

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75

6. Assistant referee signals

Substitution
1

COR

1

2

2

Attacking free kicks

FREE KICK76

Defending free kicks

Throw-in for attacker

Throw-in for defender

Corner kickGoal kickLaws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 06 | The Other Matc h Offic i a l s

77

1

2a

OffsideOffside on thenear side of the field

2b

2c

OFFSIDE

Offside in the
GOAL
KICK
middle of the field
78

Offside on the
PENALTY
KICK
far side of the field7. Additional assistant referee signals

goal(unless the ball has very clearlypassed over the goal line)

79

07
Law

The Duration of
the Match
1. Periods of playA match lasts for two equal halves of 45 minutes which may only be reduced
if agreed between the referee and the two teams before the start of the matchand is in accordance with competition rules.

2. Half-time interval
Players are entitled to an interval at half-time, not exceeding 15 minutes;
a short drinks break (which should not exceed one minute) is permitted at theinterval of half-time in extra time. Competition rules must state the duration of
the half-time interval and it may be altered only with the referee’s permission.
3. Allowance for time lost
Allowance is made by the referee in each half for all time lost in that halfthrough:• substitutions• assessment and/or removal of injured players• wasting time
• disciplinary sanctions• stoppages for drinks (which should not exceed one minute) or other medical
reasons permitted by competition rules• delays relating to VAR ‘checks’ and ‘reviews’• any other cause, including any significant delay to a restart(e.g. goal celebrations)
 he fourth official indicates the minimum additional time decided by theTreferee at the end of the final minute of each half. The additional time may be
increased by the referee but not reduced.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 07 | The Duration of the Mat c h81 he referee must not compensate for a timekeeping error during the first halfTby changing the length of the second half.

4. Penalty kick
If a penalty kick has to be taken or retaken, the half is extended until the
penalty kick is completed.

5. Abandoned matchAn abandoned match is replayed unless the competition rules or organisers
determine otherwise.

82

83

08
Law

The Start andRestart of Play kick-off starts both halves of a match, both halves of extra time and restarts
A
play after a goal has been scored. Free kicks (direct or indirect), penalty kicks,
throw-ins, goal kicks and corner kicks are other restarts (see Laws 13–17).
A dropped ball is the restart when the referee stops play and the Law does not
require one of the above restarts.
I f an offence occurs when the ball is not in play this does not change how
play is restarted.

1. Kick-off
Procedure• t he team that wins the toss of a coin decides which goal it will attack in
the first half
• their opponents take the kick-off• the team that wins the toss takes the kick-off to start the second half
• for the second half, the teams change ends and attack the opposite goals• after a team scores a goal, the kick-off is taken by their opponents
For every kick-off:• all players, except the player taking the kick-off, must be in their own halfof the field of play• the opponents of the team taking the kick-off must be at least 9.15 m(10 yds) from the ball until it is in play
• the ball must be stationary on the centre mark• the referee gives a signal• the ball is in play when it is kicked and clearly moves• a goal may be scored directly against the opponents from the kick-off; if theball directly enters the kicker’s goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opponents
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85

Offences and sanctions
If the player taking the kick-off touches the ball again before it has touchedanother player an indirect free kick, or for deliberate handball a direct freekick, is awarded.
In the event of any other kick-off procedure offence the kick-off is retaken.

2. Dropped ball
Procedure
The referee drops the ball at the position where it was when play was stopped,
unless play was stopped inside the goal area in which case the ball is dropped
on the goal area line which is parallel to the goal line at the point nearest towhere the ball was when play was stopped.
The ball is in play when it touches the ground.

 ny number of players may contest a dropped ball (including the goalkeepers);A
the referee cannot decide who may contest a dropped ball or its outcome.
Offences and sanctions
The ball is dropped again if it:• touches a player before it touches the ground• leaves the field of play after it touches the ground, without touching a playerI f a dropped ball enters the goal without touching at least two players play isrestarted with:• a goal kick if it enters the opponents’ goal
• a corner kick if it enters the team’s goal

86

87

09
Law

The Ball in andout of Play
1. Ball out of play
The ball is out of play when:• it has wholly passed over the goal line or touchline on the ground orin the air• play has been stopped by the referee

2. Ball in playThe ball is in play at all other times, including when it rebounds off a matchofficial, goalpost, crossbar or corner flagpost and remains in the field of play.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 09 | The Ball in and out of P l ay

89

10
Law

Determining the
Outcome of a Match
1. Goal scoredA goal is scored when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, between
the goalposts and under the crossbar, provided that no offence has beencommitted by the team scoring the goal.
I f a referee signals a goal before the ball has passed wholly over the goal line,
play is restarted with a dropped ball.

2. Winning teamThe team scoring the greater number of goals is the winner. If both teams scoreno goals or an equal number of goals the match is drawn.
 hen competition rules require a winning team after a drawn match or homeW
and-away tie, the only permitted procedures to determine the winning teamare:
• away goals rule
• two equal periods of extra time not exceeding 15 minutes each• kicks from the penalty markA combination of the above procedures may be used.

3. Kicks from the penalty mark
Kicks from the penalty mark are taken after the match has ended and unlessotherwise stated, the relevant Laws of the Game apply.
Procedure
Before kicks from the penalty mark start• Unless there are other considerations (e.g. ground conditions, safety etc.),
the referee tosses a coin to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken
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91

Goal
No goalNo goal

goal
line

92

Goal

goal
line

which may only be changed for safety reasons or if the goal or playing
surface becomes unusable• The referee tosses a coin again and the team that wins the toss decides
whether to take the first or second kick• With the exception of a substitute for a goalkeeper who is unable to continue,
only players who are on the field of play or are temporarily off the field ofplay (injury, adjusting equipment etc.) at the end of the match are eligible totake kicks• Each team is responsible for selecting from the eligible players the order inwhich they will take the kicks. The referee is not informed of the order• If at the end of the match and before or during the kicks one team has agreater number of players than its opponents, it must reduce its numbers to
the same number as its opponents and the referee must be informed of thename and number of each player excluded. Any excluded player is not eligible
to take part in the kicks (except as outlined below)• A goalkeeper who is unable to continue before or during the kicks may bereplaced by a player excluded to equalise the number of players or, if theirteam has not used its maximum permitted number of substitutes, a named
substitute, but the replaced goalkeeper takes no further part and may nottake a kick• If the goalkeeper has already taken a kick, the replacement may not take akick until the next round of kicks
During kicks from the penalty mark• Only eligible players and match officials are permitted to remain on the fieldof play• All eligible players, except the player taking the kick and the twogoalkeepers, must remain within the centre circle• The goalkeeper of the kicker must remain on the field of play, outside thepenalty area, on the goal line where it meets the penalty area boundary line
• An eligible player may change places with the goalkeeper• The kick is completed when the ball stops moving, goes out of play or thereferee stops play for any offence; the kicker may not play the ball a second time
• The referee keeps a record of the kicks
L aws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 10 | Determining the Outcome of a Mat c h93• If the goalkeeper commits an offence and, as a result, the kick is retaken,
the goalkeeper must be cautioned.
• If the kicker is penalised for an offence committed after the referee has
signalled for the kick to be taken, that kick is recorded as missed and the
kicker is cautioned.
• If both the goalkeeper and kicker commit an offence at the same time:••if the kick is missed or saved, the kick is retaken and both players
cautioned••if the kick is scored, the goal is disallowed, the kick is recorded as missed
and the kicker cautioned
Subject to the conditions explained below, both teams take five kicks• The kicks are taken alternately by the teams• If, before both teams have taken five kicks, one has scored more goals thanthe other could score, even if it were to complete its five kicks, no more kicks
are taken• If, after both teams have taken five kicks, the scores are level kicks continue
until one team has scored a goal more than the other from the same numberof kicks• Each kick is taken by a different player and all eligible players must take akick before any player can take a second kick• The above principle continues for any subsequent sequence of kicks but ateam may change the order of kickers• Kicks from the penalty mark must not be delayed for a player who leaves thefield of play. The player’s kick will be forfeited (not scored) if the player does
not return in time to take a kick
Substitutions and send offs during kicks from the penalty mark• A player, substitute or substituted player may be cautioned or sent off• A goalkeeper who is sent off must be replaced by an eligible player• A player other than the goalkeeper who is unable to continue may not
be replaced• T he referee must not abandon the match if a team is reduced to fewer thanseven players
94

95

11
Law

Offside
1. Offside position
It is not an offence to be in an offside position.
A player is in an offside position if:• any part of the head, body or feet is in the opponents’ half (excluding thehalfway line) and• any part of the head, body or feet is nearer to the opponents’ goal line thanboth the ball and the second-last opponent

The hands and arms of all players, including the goalkeepers, are notconsidered.
A player is not in an offside position if level with the:• second-last opponent or• last two opponents

2. Offside offence
A player in an offside position at the moment the ball is played or touched*by a team-mate is only penalised on becoming involved in active play by:• interfering with play by playing or touching a ball passed or touched bya team-mate or• interfering with an opponent by:••preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball byclearly obstructing the opponent’s line of vision or••challenging an opponent for the ball or*The first point of contact of the ‘play’ or ‘touch’ of the ball should be used
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97

or

••clearly attempting to play a ball which is close when this action impacts
on an opponent or••making an obvious action which clearly impacts on the ability of an
opponent to play the ball• g aining an advantage by playing the ball or interfering with an opponent
when it has:••rebounded or been deflected off the goalpost, crossbar, match official oran opponent••been deliberately saved by any opponent

 player in an offside position receiving the ball from an opponent whoAdeliberately plays the ball (except from a deliberate save by any opponent) is
not considered to have gained an advantage.

 ‘save’ is when a player stops, or attempts to stop, a ball which is going into orAvery close to the goal with any part of the body except the hands/arms (unlessthe goalkeeper within the penalty area).
In situations where:• a player moving from, or standing in, an offside position is in the way of an
opponent and interferes with the movement of the opponent towards the ballthis is an offside offence if it impacts on the ability of the opponent to play orchallenge for the ball; if the player moves into the way of an opponent and
impedes the opponent’s progress (e.g. blocks the opponent) the offence shouldbe penalised under Law 12.
• a player in an offside position is moving towards the ball with the intention ofplaying the ball and is fouled before playing or attempting to play the ball,or challenging an opponent for the ball, the foul is penalised as it has occurred
before the offside offence• an offence is committed against a player in an offside position who is alreadyplaying or attempting to play the ball, or challenging an opponent for the ball,the offside offence is penalised as it has occurred before the foul challenge983. No offence
There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from:• a goal kick• a throw-in• a corner kick

4. Offences and sanctions
If an offside offence occurs, the referee awards an indirect free kick where theoffence occurred, including if it is in the player’s own half of the field of play.

 defending player who leaves the field of play without the referee’sApermission shall be considered to be on the goal line or touchline for the
purposes of offside until the next stoppage in play or until the defending teamhas played the ball towards the halfway line and it is outside their penalty area.
If the player left the field of play deliberately, the player must be cautioned
when the ball is next out of play.

 n attacking player may step or stay off the field of play not to be involved inA
active play. If the player re-enters from the goal line and becomes involved inplay before the next stoppage in play, or the defending team has played theball towards the halfway line and it is outside their penalty area, the player
shall be considered to be positioned on the goal line for the purposes of offside.
A player who deliberately leaves the field of play and re-enters without thereferee’s permission and is not penalised for offside and gains an advantage,
must be cautioned.
I f an attacking player remains stationary between the goalposts and inside
the goal as the ball enters the goal, a goal must be awarded unless the player
commits an offside offence or Law 12 offence in which case play is restarted
with an indirect or direct free kick.

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99

12
Law

Fouls and Misconduct
 irect and indirect free kicks and penalty kicks can only be awarded forD
offences committed when the ball is in play.

1. Direct free kickA direct free kick is awarded if a player commits any of the following
offences against an opponent in a manner considered by the referee to be
careless, reckless or using excessive force:• charges• jumps at• kicks or attempts to kick• pushes• strikes or attempts to strike (including head-butt)• tackles or challenges• trips or attempts to tripI f an offence involves contact it is penalised by a direct free kick or
penalty kick.

• C areless is when a player shows a lack of attention or consideration when
making a challenge or acts without precaution. No disciplinary sanction
is needed• Reckless is when a player acts with disregard to the danger to,or consequences for, an opponent and must be cautioned• Using excessive force is when a player exceeds the necessary use of force
and/or endangers the safety of an opponent and must be sent off

A direct free kick is awarded if a player commits any of the following offences:• h andles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within theirpenalty area)

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 12 | Fouls and Mis conduc t101• holds an opponent• impedes an opponent with contact• bites or spits at someone• throws an object at the ball, opponent or match official, or makes contact
with the ball with a held object
See also offences in Law 3
Handling the ball

Handling the ball involves a deliberate act of a player making contact with theball with the hand or arm.

The following must be considered:• the movement of the hand towards the ball (not the ball towards the hand)• the distance between the opponent and the ball (unexpected ball)• the position of the hand does not necessarily mean that there is an offence
The goalkeeper has the same restrictions on handling the ball as any otherplayer outside the penalty area. Inside their penalty area, the goalkeeper

cannot be guilty of a handling offence incurring a direct free kick or any related
sanction but can be guilty of handling offences that incur an indirect free kick.

2. Indirect free kickAn indirect free kick is awarded if a player:• plays in a dangerous manner• impedes the progress of an opponent without any contact being made• is guilty of dissent, using offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or
gestures or other verbal offences• prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from the hands or kicks or

attempts to kick the ball when the goalkeeper is in the process of releasing it• commits any other offence, not mentioned in the Laws, for which play is
stopped to caution or send off a player102 n indirect free kick is awarded if a goalkeeper, inside their penalty area,A
commits any of the following offences:• c ontrols the ball with the hands for more than six seconds before releasing it• touches the ball with the hands after:••releasing it and before it has touched another player••it has been deliberately kicked to the goalkeeper by a team-mate••receiving it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mate

A goalkeeper is considered to be in control of the ball when:• t he ball is between the hands or between the hand and any surface(e.g. ground, own body) or by touching it with any part of the hands
or arms except if the ball rebounds from the goalkeeper or the goalkeeper
has made a save
• holding the ball in the outstretched open hand
• bouncing it on the ground or throwing it in the air
 goalkeeper cannot be challenged by an opponent when in control ofA
the ball with the hands.

Playing in a dangerous manner
Playing in a dangerous manner is any action that, while trying to play theball, threatens injury to someone (including the player themself ) and includes
preventing a nearby opponent from playing the ball for fear of injury.
 scissors or bicycle kick is permissible provided that it is not dangerous toA
an opponent.

Impeding the progress of an opponent without contact
Impeding the progress of an opponent means moving into the opponent’s pathto obstruct, block, slow down or force a change of direction when the ball is notwithin playing distance of either player.
 ll players have a right to their position on the field of play; being in the wayAof an opponent is not the same as moving into the way of an opponent.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 12 | Fouls and Mis conduc t103

 player may shield the ball by taking a position between an opponent and theAball if the ball is within playing distance and the opponent is not held off withthe arms or body. If the ball is within playing distance, the player may be fairly
charged by an opponent.

3. Disciplinary action
The referee has the authority to take disciplinary action from entering the fieldof play for the pre-match inspection until leaving the field of play after thematch ends (including kicks from the penalty mark).
I f, before entering the field of play at the start of the match, a player commits
a sending-off offence, the referee has the authority to prevent the player taking
part in the match (see Law 3.6); the referee will report any other misconduct.

 player who commits a cautionable or sending-off offence, either on or off
A
the field of play, against an opponent, a team-mate, a match official or any otherperson or the Laws of the Game, is disciplined according to the offence.
 he yellow card communicates a caution and the red card communicates aTsending-off.

 nly a player, substitute or substituted player may be shown the red or yellow
O
card.
Delaying the restart of play to show a card
Once the referee has decided to caution or send off a player, play must not berestarted until the sanction has been administered.

Advantage
If the referee plays the advantage for an offence for which a caution / send off
would have been issued had play been stopped, this caution / send off must be
issued when the ball is next out of play, except for the denial of an obvious
goal-scoring opportunity when the player is cautioned for unsporting
behaviour.
 dvantage should not be applied in situations involving serious foul play,A
violent conduct or a second cautionable offence unless there is a clear
opportunity to score a goal. The referee must send off the player when the ball104

is next out of play but if the player plays the ball or challenges/interferes with
an opponent, the referee will stop play, send off the player and restart with anindirect free kick, unless the player committed a more serious offence.

I f a defender starts holding an attacker outside the penalty area and continues
holding inside the penalty area, the referee must award a penalty kick.
Cautionable offences
A player is cautioned if guilty of:• delaying the restart of play
• dissent by word or action• e ntering, re-entering or deliberately leaving the field of play without thereferee’s permission• f ailing to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a cornerkick, free kick or throw-in• p ersistent offences (no specific number or pattern of offences constitutes“persistent”)• unsporting behaviour• entering the referee review area (RRA)• excessively using the ‘review’ (TV screen) signal
A substitute or substituted player is cautioned if guilty of:• delaying the restart of play
• dissent by word or action• entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission• unsporting behaviour• entering the referee review area (RRA)• excessively using the ‘review’ (TV screen) signal

 here two separate cautionable offences are committed (even in closeW
proximity), they should result in two cautions, for example if a player entersthe field of play without the required permission and commits a reckless tackle
or stops a promising attack with a foul/handball, etc.

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Cautions for unsporting behaviour
There are different circumstances when a player must be cautioned forunsporting behaviour including if a player:• attempts to deceive the referee e.g. by feigning injury or pretending to havebeen fouled (simulation)• changes places with the goalkeeper during play or without the referee’s
permission• commits in a reckless manner a direct free kick offence• handles the ball to interfere with or stop a promising attack• commits a foul which interferes with or stops a promising attack except
where the referee awards a penalty kick for an offence which was an attempt
to play the ball• denies an opponent an obvious goal-scoring opportunity by an offence which
was an attempt to play the ball and the referee awards a penalty kick• handles the ball in an attempt to score a goal (whether or not the attempt is
successful) or in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent a goal
• makes unauthorised marks on the field of play
• plays the ball when leaving the field of play after being given permission
to leave• shows a lack of respect for the game• uses a deliberate trick to pass the ball (including from a free kick) to the
goalkeeper with the head, chest, knee etc. to circumvent the Law, whether or
not the goalkeeper touches the ball with the hands• verbally distracts an opponent during play or at a restart

Celebration of a goal
Players can celebrate when a goal is scored, but the celebration must not be
excessive; choreographed celebrations are not encouraged and must not cause
excessive time-wasting.
 eaving the field of play to celebrate a goal is not a cautionable offence but
Lplayers should return as soon as possible.

106

A player must be cautioned for:• c limbing onto a perimeter fence and/or approaching the spectators ina manner which causes safety and/or security issues• gesturing or acting in a provocative, derisory or inflammatory way• covering the head or face with a mask or other similar item
• removing the shirt or covering the head with the shirt
Delaying the restart of play
Referees must caution players who delay the restart of play by:• appearing to take a throw-in but suddenly leaving it to a team-mate to take• delaying leaving the field of play when being substituted• excessively delaying a restart• kicking or carrying the ball away, or provoking a confrontation by
deliberately touching the ball after the referee has stopped play
• taking a free kick from the wrong position to force a retake
Sending-off offences
A player, substitute or substituted player who commits any of the following
offences is sent off:

• denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal-scoring opportunity bydeliberately handling the ball (except a goalkeeper within their penalty area)• denying a goal or an obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an opponent whose
overall movement is towards the offender’s goal by an offence punishable bya free kick (unless as outlined below).
• serious foul play• biting or spitting at someone• violent conduct• using offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures• receiving a second caution in the same match• entering the video operation room (VOR)
 player, substitute or substituted player who has been sent off must leave theAvicinity of the field of play and the technical area.

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Denying a goal or an obvious goal-scoring opportunity
Where a player denies the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal-scoring
opportunity by a deliberate handball offence the player is sent off wherever theoffence occurs.
 here a player commits an offence against an opponent within their own
Wpenalty area which denies an opponent an obvious goal-scoring opportunity
and the referee awards a penalty kick, the offender is cautioned if the offence
was an attempt to play the ball; in all other circumstances (e.g. holding, pulling,pushing, no possibility to play the ball etc.) the offending player must be sent off.
 player, sent off player, substitute or substituted player who enters the field ofAplay without the required referee’s permission and interferes with play or an
opponent and denies the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal-scoring
opportunity is guilty of a sending-off offence.
The following must be considered:• distance between the offence and the goal
• general direction of the play
• likelihood of keeping or gaining control of the ball• location and number of defenders

Serious foul play
A tackle or challenge that endangers the safety of an opponent or uses
excessive force or brutality must be sanctioned as serious foul play.

 ny player who lunges at an opponent in challenging for the ball from theAfront, from the side or from behind using one or both legs, with excessive force
or endangers the safety of an opponent is guilty of serious foul play.
Violent conductViolent conduct is when a player uses or attempts to use excessive force or
brutality against an opponent when not challenging for the ball, or against ateam-mate, team official, match official, spectator or any other person,
regardless of whether contact is made.

108

I n addition, a player who, when not challenging for the ball, deliberately
strikes an opponent or any other person on the head or face with the hand orarm, is guilty of violent conduct unless the force used was negligible.
Offences where an object (or the ball) is thrownIn all cases, the referee takes the appropriate disciplinary action:• reckless – caution the offender for unsporting behaviour• using excessive force – send off the offender for violent conduct.

4. Restart of play after fouls and misconduct• If the ball is out of play, play is restarted according to the previous decision• I f the ball is in play and a player commits an offence inside the field of playagainst:••an opponent – indirect or direct free kick or penalty kick••a team-mate, substitute, substituted or sent off player, team official or amatch official – a direct free kick or penalty kick••any other person – a dropped ball

• If, when the ball is in play:••a player commits an offence against a match official or an opposing player,
substitute, substituted or sent off player, or team official outside the fieldof play or••a substitute, substituted or sent off player, or team official commits anoffence against, or interferes with, an opposing player or match official
outside the field of play, lay is restarted with a free kick on the boundary line nearest to where thepoffence/interference occurred; a penalty kick is awarded if this is a direct freekick offence within the offender’s penalty area.

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109

I f a player standing on or off the field of play throws an object (including theball) at an opposing player, substitute, substituted or sent off player, or team
official, match official or the ball, play is restarted with a direct free kick fromthe position where the object struck or would have struck the person or the ball.
If this position is off the field of play, the free kick is taken on the nearest pointon the boundary line; a penalty kick is awarded if this is within the offender’spenalty area.
I f an offence is committed outside the field of play against a player, substitute,substituted player or team official of their own team, play is restarted
with an indirect free kick on the boundary line closest to where the offence
occurred.
I f a player makes contact with the ball with an object (boot, shinguard etc.)
held in the hand play is restarted with a direct free kick (or penalty kick).

I f a substitute, substituted or sent off player, player temporarily off the field ofplay or team official throws or kicks an object onto the field of play and it
interferes with play, an opponent or match official, play is restarted with adirect free kick (or penalty kick) where the object interfered with play or
struck or would have struck the opponent, match official or the ball.

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111

13
Law

Free Kicks
1. Types of free kickDirect and indirect free kicks are awarded to the opposing team of a player,
substitute, substituted or sent off player, or team official guilty of an offence.

Indirect free kick signal
The referee indicates an indirect free kick by raising the arm above the head;
this signal is maintained until the kick has been taken and the ball touches
another player or goes out of play.

 n indirect free kick must be retaken if the referee fails to signal that the kick isAindirect and the ball is kicked directly into the goal.
Ball enters the goal
• if a direct free kick is kicked directly into the opponents’ goal,a goal is awarded• if an indirect free kick is kicked directly into the opponents’ goal,a goal kick is awarded• if a direct or indirect free kick is kicked directly into the team’s
own goal, a corner kick is awarded

2. Procedure
All free kicks are taken from the place where the offence occurred, except:• indirect free kicks to the attacking team for an offence inside the opponents’goal area are taken from the nearest point on the goal area line which runs
parallel to the goal line
• free kicks to the defending team in their goal area may be taken fromanywhere in that area

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 13 | Free Kic ks

113• free kicks for offences involving a player entering, re-entering or leaving
the field of play without permission are taken from the position of the ballwhen play was stopped. However, if a player leaves the field of play as part ofplay and commits an offence against another player, play is restarted with afree kick taken on the boundary line nearest to where the offence occurred;for direct free kick offences a penalty kick is awarded if this is within theoffender’s penalty area
• the Law designates another position (see Laws 3, 11, 12)
The ball:• must be stationary and the kicker must not touch the ball again until it has
touched another player• is in play when it is kicked and clearly moves except for a free kick to thedefending team in their penalty area where the ball is in play when it iskicked directly out of the penalty area
Until the ball is in play all opponents must remain:• at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the ball, unless they are on their own goal line
between the goalposts• outside the penalty area for free kicks inside the opponents’ penalty area free kick can be taken by lifting the ball with a foot or both feetAsimultaneously.

 einting to take a free kick to confuse opponents is permitted as part ofF
football.

I f a player, while correctly taking a free kick, intentionally kicks the ball at
an opponent in order to play the ball again but not in a careless or recklessmanner or using excessive force, the referee allows play to continue.

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3. Offences and sanctions
If, when a free kick is taken, an opponent is closer to the ball than the required
distance, the kick is retaken unless the advantage can be applied; but if a player
takes a free kick quickly and an opponent who is less than 9.15 m (10 yds) fromthe ball intercepts it, the referee allows play to continue. However, an opponent
who deliberately prevents a free kick being taken quickly must be cautioned
for delaying the restart of play.
I f, when a free kick is taken by the defending team from inside its penalty area,
any opponents are inside the penalty area because they did not have time toleave, the referee allows play to continue. If an opponent who is in the penalty
area when the free kick is taken, or enters the penalty area before the ball is inplay, touches or challenges for the ball before it has touched another player, thefree kick is retaken.
I f, when a free kick is taken by the defending team inside its penalty area, theball is not kicked directly out of the penalty area the kick is retaken.
I f, after the ball is in play, the kicker touches the ball again before it has
touched another player an indirect free kick is awarded, if the kicker
deliberately handles the ball:• a direct free kick is awarded• a penalty kick is awarded if the offence occurred inside the kicker’s penalty
area unless the kicker was the goalkeeper in which case an indirect free kickis awarded

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14
Law

The Penalty Kick
 penalty kick is awarded if a player commits a direct free kick offence insideAtheir penalty area or off the field as part of play as outlined in Laws 12 and 13.

A goal may be scored directly from a penalty kick.

1. Procedure
The ball must be stationary on the penalty mark.

The player taking the penalty kick must be clearly identified.

 he defending goalkeeper must remain on the goal line, facing the kicker,Tbetween the goalposts until the ball has been kicked.
The players other than the kicker and goalkeeper must be:• at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the penalty mark• behind the penalty mark• inside the field of play
• outside the penalty area

 fter the players have taken positions in accordance with this Law, the refereeAsignals for the penalty kick to be taken.
 he player taking the penalty kick must kick the ball forward; backheeling isTpermitted provided the ball moves forward.
The ball is in play when it is kicked and clearly moves.

The kicker must not play the ball again until it has touched another player.

 he penalty kick is completed when the ball stops moving, goes out of play orT
the referee stops play for any offence.
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 dditional time is allowed for a penalty kick to be taken and completed at theA
end of each half of the match or extra time. When additional time is allowed,
the penalty kick is completed when, after the kick has been taken, the ballstops moving, goes out of play, is played by any player (including the kicker)
other than the defending goalkeeper, or the referee stops play for an offence by
the kicker or the kicker’s team. If a defending team player (including thegoalkeeper) commits an offence and the penalty is missed/saved, the penalty
is retaken

2. Offences and sanctions
Once the referee has signalled for a penalty kick to be taken, the kickmust be taken. If, before the ball is in play, one of the following occurs:• the player taking the penalty kick or a team-mate offends:••if the ball enters the goal, the kick is retaken••if the ball does not enter the goal, the referee stops play and restarts withan indirect free kick• except for the following when play will be stopped and restarted with anindirect free kick, regardless of whether or not a goal is scored:••a penalty kick is kicked backwards••a team-mate of the identified kicker takes the kick; the referee cautions
the player who took the kick••feinting to kick the ball once the kicker has completed the run-up (feinting
in the run-up is permitted); the referee cautions the kicker• the goalkeeper or a team-mate offends:••if the ball enters the goal, a goal is awarded••if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is retaken; the goalkeeper iscautioned if responsible for the offence118• a player of both teams offends the Laws of the Game, the kick is retaken
unless a player commits a more serious offence (e.g. illegal feinting); if both
the goalkeeper and kicker commit an offence at the same time:••if the kick is missed or saved, the kick is retaken and both players cautioned••if the kick is scored, the goal is disallowed, the kicker is cautioned and playrestarts with an indirect free kick to the defending teamIf, after the penalty kick has been taken:• the kicker touches the ball again before it has touched another player:••an indirect free kick (or direct free kick for deliberate hand ball) is awarded• the ball is touched by an outside agent as it moves forward:••the kick is retaken unless the ball is going into the goal and the interference
does not prevent the goalkeeper or a defending player playing the ball, in
which case the goal is awarded if the ball enters the goal (even if contact wasmade with the ball) unless the ball enters the opponents’ goal.

• the ball rebounds into the field of play from the goalkeeper, the crossbar or
the goalposts and is then touched by an outside agent:••the referee stops play••play is restarted with a dropped ball at the position where it touched theoutside agent

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3. Summary table
Outcome of the penalty kick
Goal

No GoalEncroachment
by attacking player

Penalty is retaken

Indirect free kick

Encroachment
by defending player

Goal

Penalty is retaken

Offenceby goalkeeper

Goal

Penalty is retaken andcaution for goalkeeper

Ball kickedbackwards

Indirect free kick

Indirect free kick

Illegal feinting

Indirect free kick andcaution for kicker

Indirect free kick andcaution for kicker

Wrong kicker

Indirect free kick andcaution for wrong kicker

Indirect free kick andcaution for wrong kicker

Goalkeeper and kicker
at the same time

Indirect free kick andcaution for kicker

Retake and caution for
kicker and goalkeeper

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15
Law

The Throw-in throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched theAball when the whole of the ball passes over the touchline, on the ground orin the air.
A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in:• if the ball enters the opponents’ goal – a goal kick is awarded• if the ball enters the thrower’s goal – a corner kick is awarded

1. Procedure
At the moment of delivering the ball, the thrower must:• stand facing the field of play• h
 ave part of each foot on the touchline or on the ground outside thetouchline• throw the ball with both hands from behind and over the head fromthe point where it left the field of play ll opponents must stand at least 2 m (2 yds) from the point at which theAthrow-in is taken.

The ball is in play when it enters the field of play. If the ball touches theground before entering, the throw-in is retaken by the same team from thesame position. If the throw-in is not taken correctly it is retaken by the
opposing team.

I f a player, while correctly taking a throw-in, intentionally throws the ball at an
opponent in order to play the ball again but neither in a careless nor a recklessmanner nor using excessive force, the referee allows play to continue.
The thrower must not touch the ball again until it has touched another player.
Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 15 | The Throw-in123

2. Offences and sanctions
If, after the ball is in play, the thrower touches the ball again before it has
touched another player an indirect free kick is awarded; if the thrower
deliberately handles the ball:• a direct free kick is awarded• a penalty kick is awarded if the offence occurred inside the thrower’s penalty
area unless the ball was handled by the defending team’s goalkeeper inwhich case an indirect free kick is awarded
 n opponent who unfairly distracts or impedes the thrower (including movingAcloser than 2 m (2 yds) to the place where the throw-in is to be taken) is
cautioned for unsporting behaviour and if the throw-in has been taken an
indirect free kick is awarded.
For any other offence the throw-in is taken by a player of the opposing team.

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16
Law

The Goal Kick
 goal kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line,Aon the ground or in the air, having last touched a player of the attacking team,and a goal is not scored.

 goal may be scored directly from a goal kick, but only against the opposingAteam; if the ball directly enters the kicker’s goal a corner kick is awarded to the
opponents if the ball left the penalty area.

1. Procedure• The ball must be stationary and is kicked from any point within the goal
area by a player of the defending team• The ball is in play when it leaves the penalty area
• Opponents must be outside the penalty area until the ball is in play

2. Offences and sanctions
If the ball does not leave the penalty area or is touched by a player before it
leaves the penalty area the kick is retaken.
I f, after the ball is in play, the kicker touches the ball again before it has
touched another player an indirect free kick is awarded; if the kicker
deliberately handles the ball:• a direct free kick is awarded• a penalty kick is awarded if the offence occurred inside the kicker’s penalty
area unless the kicker was the goalkeeper in which case an indirect free kickis awarded

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 16 | The Goal Kic k

127I f an opponent who is in the penalty area when the goal kick is taken, or
enters the penalty area before the ball is in play, touches or challenges for theball before it has touched another player, the goal kick is retaken.
I f a player enters the penalty area before the ball is in play and fouls or
is fouled by an opponent, the goal kick is retaken and the offender may becautioned or sent off depending on the offence.
For any other offence the kick is retaken.

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17
Law

The Corner Kick
 corner kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line,Aon the ground or in the air, having last touched a player of the defending team,and a goal is not scored.

 goal may be scored directly from a corner kick, but only against the opposingAteam; if the ball directly enters the kicker’s goal a corner kick is awarded to the
opponents.

1. Procedure• The ball must be placed in the corner area nearest to the point where theball passed over the goal line
• The ball must be stationary and is kicked by a player of the attacking team• The ball is in play when it is kicked and clearly moves; it does not need toleave the corner area
• The corner flagpost must not be moved• Opponents must remain at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the corner arc until
the ball is in play

2. Offences and sanctions
If, after the ball is in play, the kicker touches the ball again before it has
touched another player an indirect free kick is awarded; if the kicker
deliberately handles the ball:• a direct free kick is awarded• a penalty kick is awarded if the offence occurred inside the kicker’s penalty
area unless the kicker was the goalkeeper in which case an indirect free kickis awarded

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Law 17 | The Corner Kic k

131I f a player, while correctly taking a corner kick, intentionally kicks the ballat an opponent in order to play the ball again but not in a careless or recklessmanner or using excessive force, the referee allows play to continue.
For any other offence the kick is retaken.

132

VAR
protocolProtocol –principles, practicalities
and procedures
 he VAR protocol, as far as possible, conforms to the principles and philosophy
Tof the Laws of the Game.
 he use of video assistant referees (VARs) is only permitted where the match/Tcompetition organiser has fulfilled all the VAR protocol and implementation
requirements (as set out in the VAR Handbook) and has received written
permission from The IFAB and FIFA.
Principles
The use of VARs in football matches is based on a number of principles, all ofwhich must apply in every match using VARs.

1. A video assistant referee (VAR) is a match official, with independent
access to match footage, who may assist the referee only in the event of a‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ in relation to:a. Goal/no goalb. Penalty/no penaltyc. Direct red card (not second yellow card/caution)d. Mistaken identity (when the referee cautions or sends off thewrong player of the offending team)

2. T he referee must always make a decision, i.e. the referee is not permitted togive ‘no decision’ and then use the VAR to make the decision; a decision toallow play to continue after an alleged offence can be reviewed.
3. The original decision given by the referee will not be changed unlessthe video review clearly shows that the decision was a 'clear andobvious error'.
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4. O
 nly the referee can initiate a ‘review’; the VAR (and other match officials)
can only recommend a ‘review’ to the referee.
5. The final decision is always taken by the referee, either based on
information from the VAR or after the referee has undertaken an ‘on-field
review’ (OFR).
6. There is no time limit for the review process as accuracy is more important
than speed.
7. The players and team officials must not surround the referee or attempt to
influence if a decision is reviewed, the review process or the final decision.
8. The referee must remain ‘visible’ during the review process to ensuretransparency.
9. If play continues after an incident which is then reviewed, any disciplinary
action taken/required during the post-incident period is not cancelled,even if the original decision is changed (except a caution/sendoff for
stopping a promising attack or DOGSO).
10. If play has stopped and been restarted, the referee may not undertake a‘review’ except for a case of mistaken identity or for a potential sending-off
offence relating to violent conduct, spitting, biting or extremely offensive,
insulting and/or abusive gesture(s).
11. The period of play before and after an incident that can be reviewed isdetermined by the Laws of the Game and VAR protocol.
12. As the VAR will automatically ‘check’ every situation/decision, there is noneed for coaches or players to request a ‘review’.
Reviewable match-changing decisions/incidents
The referee may receive assistance from the VAR only in relation to four
categories of match-changing decisions/incidents. In all these situations, theVAR is only used after the referee has made a (first/original) decision(including allowing play to continue), or if a serious incident is missed/notseen by the match officials.
 he referee`s original decision will not be changed unless there was a ‘clear
Tand obvious error’ (this includes any decision made by the referee based on
information from another match official e.g. offside).

136 he categories of decision/incident which may be reviewed in the event of aTpotential ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ are:a. Goal/no goal n offence by the team that scored the goal in the attacking phase thatA
ended with the scoring of a goal, including• o ffence by the attacking team in the build-up to or scoring of the goal
(handball, foul, etc.)• offside: position and offence• ball out of play prior to the goal
• goal/no goal decisions

b. Penalty kick/no penalty kick• penalty kick incorrectly awarded• penalty kick offence not penalised• location of offence (inside or outside the penalty area)• offence by the attacking team in the build-up to the penalty incident• ball out of play prior to the incident• offence by goalkeeper and/or kicker at the taking of a penalty kick• e ncroachment by an attacker or defender who becomes directly
involved in play if the penalty kick rebounds from the goalpost,
crossbar or goalkeeperc. Direct red cards (not second yellow card/caution)• DOGSO (especially position of offence and positions of other players)• serious foul play (or reckless challenge)• violent conduct, biting or spitting at another person• using offensive, insulting or abusive gesturesd. Mistaken identity (red or yellow card)I f the referee penalises an offence and then gives the wrong player fromthe offending (penalised) team a yellow or red card, the identity of theoffender can be reviewed; the actual offence itself cannot be reviewed
unless it relates to a goal, penalty incident or direct red card.

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137

Practicalities
Use of VARs during a match involves the following practical arrangements:• The VAR watches the match in the video operation room (VOR) assisted byan assistant VAR (AVAR) and replay operator (RO)• Depending on the number of camera angles (and other considerations) there
may be more than one AVAR or RO• Only authorised persons are allowed to enter the VOR or communicate with
the VAR/AVAR/RO during the match• The VAR has independent access to, and replay control of, TV broadcast
footage• The VAR is connected to the communication system being used by the matchofficials and can hear everything they say; the VAR can only speak to thereferee by pushing a button (to avoid the referee being distracted byconversations in the VOR)
• If the VAR is busy with a ‘check’ or a ‘review’, the AVAR may speak to thereferee especially if the game needs to be stopped or to ensure play does
not restart• If the referee decides to view the replay footage, the VAR will select the best
angle/replay speed; the referee can request other/additional angles/speeds
Procedures
Original Decision• The referee and other match officials must always make an initial decision(including any disciplinary action) as if there was no VAR (except for a‘missed’ incident)• The referee and other match officials are not permitted to give ‘no decision’as this will lead to ‘weak/indecisive’ officiating, too many ‘reviews’ andsignificant problems if there is a technology failure• The referee is the only person who can make the final decision; the VAR has
the same status as the other match officials and can only assist the referee

138

• D
 elaying the flag/whistle for an offence is only permissible in a very clear
attacking situation when a player is about to score a goal or has a clear run
into/towards the opponents’ penalty area
• I f an assistant referee delays a flag for an offence, the assistant referee mustraise the flag if a goal/penalty/corner or attacking free kick or throw-in
results as this decision will be the basis for any ‘check’/‘review’

Check
• T
 he VAR automatically ‘checks’ the TV camera footage for every potential
or actual goal, penalty or direct red card decision/incident, or a case of
mistaken identity, using different camera angles and replay speeds• The VAR can ‘check’ the footage in normal speed and/or in slow motion but,in general, slow motion replays should only be used for facts, e.g. position of
offence/player, point of contact for physical offences and handball, ball out ofplay (including goal/no goal); normal speed should be used for the ‘intensity’of an offence or to decide if a handball was ‘deliberate’• If the ‘check’ does not indicate a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed
incident’, there is usually no need for the VAR to communicate with thereferee – this is a ‘silent check’; however, it sometimes helps the referee/assistant referee to manage the players/match if the VAR confirms that no‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ occurred• If the restart of play needs to be delayed for a ‘check’, the referee will signal
this by clearly holding a finger to the earpiece/headset and extending theother hand/arm; this signal must be maintained until the ‘check’ is complete
as it announces that the referee is receiving information (which may be fromthe VAR or another match official)• If the ‘check’ indicates a probable ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed
incident’, the VAR will communicate this information (but not the decision to
be taken) to the referee who will then decide whether or not to initiate a‘review’

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139

Review• The referee can initiate a ‘review’ for a potential ‘clear and obvious error’ or‘serious missed incident’ when:••the VAR (or another match official) recommends a ‘review’••the referee suspects that something serious has been ‘missed’• If play has already stopped, the referee delays the restart • If play has not already stopped, the referee stops play when the ball is next ina neutral zone/situation (usually when neither team is in an attacking move)• In both situations, the referee must indicate that a ‘review’ will take place byclearly showing the ‘TV signal’ (outline of a TV screen)• The VAR describes to the referee what can be seen on the TV replay(s) but
not the decision to be taken, and the referee then:••makes a final decision based on the referee’s own perception and theinformation from the VAR, and, where appropriate, input from other matchofficials – VAR-only review
or••goes to the referee review area to view replay footage – ‘on-field review’(OFR) – before making a final decision. The other match officials will notreview the footage unless, in exceptional circumstances, asked to do so by
the referee.

• At the end of both review processes, the referee must show the ‘TV signal’
again, immediately followed by the final decision• For factual decisions e.g. position of an offence or player (offside), point ofcontact (handball/foul), location (inside or outside the penalty area), ball outof play etc. a VAR-only review is usually appropriate but an ‘on-field review’(OFR) can be used for a factual decision if it will help manage the players/
match or ‘sell’ the decision (e.g. a crucial match-deciding decision late in thegame)• For subjective decisions, e.g. intensity of a foul challenge, interference at
offside, handball considerations (position, intent etc.) an ‘on-field review’(OFR) is often appropriate

140

• T
 he referee can request different cameras angles/replay speeds but, ingeneral, slow motion replays should only be used for facts e.g. position of
offence/player, point of contact for physical offences and handball, ball out ofplay (including goal/no goal); normal speed should be used for the ‘intensity’of an offence or to decide if a handball was ‘deliberate’• F or decisions/incidents relating to goals, penalty/no penalty and red cards
for denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity (DOGSO), it may benecessary to review the attacking phase of play which led directly to thedecision/incident; this may include how the attacking team gained
possession of the ball in open play
• T
 he Laws of the Game do not allow restart decisions (corner kicks, throw-insetc.) to be changed once play has restarted, so they cannot be reviewed• I f play has stopped and restarted, the referee may only undertake a ‘review’,and take the appropriate disciplinary sanction, for a case of mistaken
identity or for a potential sending-off offence relating to violent conduct,
spitting, biting or extremely offensive, insulting and/or abusive gesture(s)• T he review process should be completed as efficiently as possible, but theaccuracy of the final decision is more important than speed. For this reason,and because some situations are complex with several reviewable decisions/
incidents, there is no maximum time limit for the review process
Final decision• W hen the review process is completed, the referee must show the ‘TV signal’and communicate the final decision• T he referee will then take/change/rescind any disciplinary action (whereappropriate) and restart play in accordance with the Laws of the Game
Substitutes and team officials• A
 s the VAR will automatically ‘check’ every situation/incident, there is noneed for coaches or players to request a ‘check’ or ‘review’• P layers, substitutes and team officials must not attempt to influence
or interfere with the review process, including when the final decision iscommunicatedLaws of th e Game 2 018/19 | VAR protocol141• During the review process, players should remain on the field of play;
substitutes and team officials should remain off the field of play
• A player/substitute/substituted player who excessively shows the TV signal
or enters the RRA will be cautioned• A team official who excessively shows the TV signal or enters the RRA will be
publically officially warned (or cautioned where yellow and red cards forteam officials are in use)
• A player/substitute/substituted player who enters the VOR will be sent off;a team official who enters the VOR will be dismissed from the technical area
Match Validity
In principle, a match is not invalidated because of:• malfunction(s) of the VAR technology (as for goal line technology (GLT)• wrong decision(s) involving the VAR (as the VAR is a match official)• decision(s) not to review an incident• review(s) of a non-reviewable situation/decision142

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143

Law
changes

2018/19

Outline summaryof Law changes
Herewith a simple outline of the main changes /clarifications.

Modifications• There is no limit on the number of substitutes that can be used in youth
football• Permission is needed from The IFAB for any modifications not alreadypermitted• Temporary dismissals – System B: a player who receives two temporary
dismissals and a non-temporary dismissal caution (YC) may not be
substituted/replaced

Law 1• Clarification of measurements on the field of play
• Reference to substituted players being permitted to be in the technical area
• Commercial advertising is not permitted on the ground in the referee
review area (RRA)• R
 eference to the video operation room (VOR) and referee review area (RRA)
Law 3
• C
 ompetition rules may permit the use of an additional substitute in extra
time (even if not all permitted substitutes have been used)• A maximum of 12 substitutes can be named for international ‘A’ friendly
matches

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Outline s ummary of Law c hanges

145Law 4• Small, hand-held electronic or communication devices are permitted in thetechnical area if used for coaching/ tactics or player welfare• Introduction of a FIFA quality mark for EPTS and data from EPTS may bereceived in the technical area during the match• Detailed guidelines for what can and cannot appear on players’ equipment• Player who has left the field because of an equipment issue and returns
without permission and interferes is penalised with a direct free kick(or penalty kick)

Law 5
• R
 eference to video assistant referees (VARs) and assistant VARs (AVARs)
and the ability of a referee to use video replays for decision-making as partof VAR system• Some sending-off offences can be reviewed even if play has restarted• Match officials are not permitted to wear cameras• Inclusion of the referee ‘check’ and ‘review’ signals used in the VAR process
Law 6• Distinction between ‘on-field’ match officials and ‘video’ match officials• Duties of the video assistant referee (VAR) and assistant VAR (AVAR)
Law 7• Drinks breaks should not exceed one minute• Allowance must be made for time ‘lost’ for drinks breaks and VAR‘checks’/ ‘reviews’

Law 10• Kicks from the penalty mark – a replacement for a goalkeeper cannot take akick in that ‘round’ if the goalkeeper has already taken a kickLaw 11• The first point of contact when the ball is played/touched is the moment
when offside position is judged146

Law 12• Biting is included as a direct free kick and sending-off offence• Throwing an object at the ball or hitting the ball with a held object are
separate direct free kick offences (not a form of handball)• If the ball rebounds from the goalkeeper this does not prevent the
goalkeeper handling the ball a second time even if the first attempt tocatch/hold the ball was deliberate• If the referee plays advantage for a DOGSO the offender is cautioned (YC)
whether or not a goal is scored• Entering the RRA or excessively showing the TV signal are cautions (YCs)• Where 2 separate cautionable (YC) offences are committed in close
proximity, both cautions (YCs) must be issued; same principle if one is asending-off offence• Entering the VOR is a sending-off (RC) offence• If a player commits an offence outside the field of play (ball in play) against
someone from their own team (including a team official) it is an indirect freekick on the boundary line
Law 13• Clarification that free kicks can also be awarded for offences by a substitute,substituted or sent off player, or team official
Law 15• A player must stand to take a throw-in (kneeling, sitting etc. not permitted)
In addition, the following wording was deleted as it is no longer relevant:Law 2• Reference to previous ball quality marks:
Balls carrying previous quality marks such as “FIFA Approved”,“FIFA Inspected” or “International Matchball Standard” may be used inaforementioned competitions until 31 July 2017.

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Details of
all Law changes(in Law order)

The following lists all changes to the Laws of the Game since edition 2017/18.
For each change the old wording (where appropriate) and the new/changed/
additional wording are given followed by an explanation for the change.
Modifications to the Laws
Additional text
For any level except competitions involving the 1st team of clubs in the top
division or ‘A’ international teams:•• the number of substitutes each team is permitted to use up to a maximum offive, except in youth football where the maximum will be determined by thenational association, confederation or FIFA
Explanation
The 2017 AGM approved a major revision of the Modifications to the Laws of theGame which aimed to increase participation but unintendedly reduced
participation in some countries which already allowed 7 substitutes in youth
football; this clarification therefore enables more than 5 substitutes to be usedin youth football.
Permission for other modifications
Additional text
National FAs have the option to approve different modifications for different
competitions – there is no requirement to apply them universally or to apply
them all. However, no other modifications are allowed without the permissionof The IFAB.

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Explanation
Clarifies that, exceptionally, The IFAB may give permission for othermodifications.
Guidelines for temporary dismissals (sin bins) –Temporary dismissal systems (System B)
Additional text
A player who (…). The player may be substituted at the end of the second
temporary dismissal period if the player’s team has not used its maximum
number of substitutes but a player who has also received a non-temporary
dismissal caution (YC) may not be replaced or substituted.
Explanation
A player who gets 2 x temporary dismissals can be replaced/substituted at
the end of the second temporary dismissal period. However, a player who also
receives a non- temporary dismissal YC (and has thus had 3 x YCs) should not
be replaced /substituted.
Law 01 – The Field of Play
Additional text
Field of Play markings diagram•• Measurements are from the outside of the lines as the lines are part of thearea they enclose.
•• The penalty mark is measured from the centre of the mark to the back edgeof the goal line.
Explanation
Addition to the diagram how to measure the distances for the markings.

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9. The technical area
Additional text
The technical area relates to matches played in stadiums with a designatedseated area for team officials, substitutes and substituted players as outlined
below: (…)
Explanation
Reference to substituted players being allowed in the technical area.
12. Commercial advertising
Additional text
No form of commercial advertising, whether real or virtual, is permitted on
the field of play, on the ground within the area enclosed by the goal nets, thetechnical area or the referee review area (RRA), or on the ground within(…).
Explanation
Inclusion of the referee review area (RRA) in the restrictions on commercial
advertising on the ground.
14. Video Assistant Referees (VARs)
New text
In matches using VARs there must be a video operation room (VOR) and at least
one referee review area (RRA).
Video Operation Room (VOR)
The VOR is where the video assistant referee (VAR), assistant VAR (AVAR) andreplay operator (RO)work; it may be in/close to the stadium or at a more distantlocation. Only authorised persons are permitted to enter the VOR or
communicate with VAR, AVAR and RO during the match.
A player, substitute or substituted player who enters the VOR will be sent off; ateam official who enters the VOR will be dismissed from the technical area

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Referee review area (RRA)In matches using VARs there must be at least one RRA where the referee
undertakes an ‘on-field review’ (OFR). The RRA must be:•• in a visible location outside the field of play•• clearly marked
A player, substitute or substituted player who enters the RRA will be cautioned;a team official who enters the RRA will be publicly given an official warning(or cautioned where YCs are used for team officials).
Explanation
Reference is needed in the Laws to the ‘working areas’ used as part of the VAR
process.
Law 03 – The Players
2. Number of substitutes – Official competitions
Additional text
The competition rules must state:•• how many substitutes may be named, from three to a maximum of twelve•• whether one additional substitute may be used when a match goes into extra
time (whether or not the team has already used the full number of permitted
substitutes)
Explanation
The two-year experiment with a 4th substitute being available in matcheswith extra time has been successful. Regardless of the maximum number ofsubstitutes allowed during ‘normal time’, this change gives competition
organisers the authority to permit each team to use one additional substituteduring extra time.

Laws of th e Game 2 018/19 | Details of all Law c hanges1512. Number of substitutes – Other matches
Old text

New text

In national ‘A’ team matches amaximum of six substitutes may beused.

In national ‘A’ team matches, amaximum of twelve substitutes may
be named of which a maximum of six
may be used.

Explanation
Clarifies that for national ‘A’ team friendly matches, a maximum of twelve
substitutes can be named. This is consistent with the restriction for competitive
matches and prevents there being insufficient seating in the technical area.
Law 04 – The Players' Equipment
4. Other equipment – Electronic communication
Old text

New text

Players (…).
The use of any form of electronic
communication equipment by team
officials is not permitted except where
it directly relates to player welfare orsafety.

Players (…).
The use of any form of electronic
communication equipment by team
officials is permitted where it directly
relates to player welfare or safety orfor tactical/coaching reasons but only
small, mobile, hand-held equipment(e.g. microphone, headphone,
ear-piece, mobilephone/smartphone,smartwatch, tablet, laptop) may be
used. A team official who uses
unauthorised equipment or who
behaves in an inappropriate manner asa result of the use of electronic orcommunication equipment will bedismissed from the technical area.

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Explanation
As it is impossible to prevent communication to/from the technical area and it isreasonable to have an exchange of information relating to coaching/tactics orplayer welfare (but not match officials' decisions), the focus will move to the
behaviour resulting from the use of such equipment.
4. Other equipment – Electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS)
Additional (and amended) text
Where wearable technology (WT) as part of electronic performance andtracking systems (EPTS) is used in matches played in an official competition
organised under the auspices of FIFA, confederations or national footballassociations, the competition organiser must ensure that the technology
attached to the player’s equipment is not dangerous and must bear thefollowing mark: his mark indicates that it has been officially tested and meetsTthe minimum safety requirements of the International MatchStandard developed by FIFA and approved by The IFAB. The
institutes conducting these tests are subject to the approval ofFIFA. The transition period runs until 31 May 2018.
 here electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) are used (subject toWthe agreement of the national football association/competition organiser) thecompetition organiser must ensure that the information and data transmitted
from EPTS to the technical area during the match in matches played in an
official competition are reliable and accurate.
 professional standard was developed by FIFA and approved by The IFABA
in order to support the competition organisers with the approval process ofreliable and accurate electronic performance and tracking systems.

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The professional standard will be implemented in the transition period until
1 June 2019. The following mark indicates that an EPTS device/system has been
officially tested and meets the requirements in terms of reliability and accuracyof positional data in football:

Explanation
Outlines the changes to the use of EPTS data and the development of a FIFA
Quality standard.
5. Slogans, statements, images and advertising
Additional text
Principles•• Law 4 applies to all equipment (including clothing) worn by players,substitutes and substituted players; its principles also apply to all team
officials in the technical area•• The following are (usually) permitted:>> the player’s number, name, team crest/logo, initiative slogans/emblems
promoting the game of football, respect and integrity as well as any
advertising permitted by competition rules or national FA, confederation orFIFA regulations>> the facts of a match: teams, date, competition/event, venue•• Permitted slogans, statements or images should be confined to the shirt front
and/or armband•• In some cases, the slogan, statement or image might only appear on thecaptain’s armband

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Interpreting the Law
When interpreting whether a slogan, statement or image is permissible, noteshould be taken of Law 12 (Fouls and Misconduct), which requires the referee totake action against a player who is guilty of•• using offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or gestures•• gesturing in a provocative, derisory or inflammatory way
Any slogan, statement or image which falls into any of these categories
is not permitted.
Whilst ‘religious’ and ‘personal’ are relatively easily defined, ‘political’ is lessclear but slogans, statements or images related to the following are notpermitted:•• any person(s), living or dead (unless part of the official competition name)•• any local, regional, national or international political party/organisation/group, etc.
•• any local, regional or national government or any of its departments,
offices or functions•• any organisation which is discriminatory•• any organisation whose aims/actions are likely to offend a notable
number of people•• any specific political act/event
When commemorating a significant national or international event, thesensibilities of the opposing team (including its supporters) and the generalpublic should be carefully considered.
Competition rules may contain further restrictions/limitations, particularly in
relation to the size, number and position of permitted slogans, statements andimages. It is recommended that disputes relating to slogans, statements orimages be resolved prior to a match/competition taking place.
Explanation
 his guidance is to help competition organisers, national FAs, confederations
Tand FIFA decide what can be visible on players’ equipment.

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1556. Offences and sanctions
Additional text(…)
A player who enters without permission must be cautioned and if play is
stopped to issue the caution, an indirect free kick is awarded from the positionof the ball when play was stopped, unless there was interference in which casea direct free kick (or penalty kick) is awarded from the position of theinterference.
Explanation
Clarifies the restart if a player returns without the necessary permission andinterferes (consistent with Law 3).
Law 05 – The Referee
4. Video assistant referee (VAR)
Additional text
The use of video assistant referees (VARs) is only permitted where the match/competition organiser has fulfilled all the VAR protocol and implementation
requirements (as set out in the VAR Handbook) and has received written
permission from The IFAB and FIFA.
The referee may be assisted by a video assistant referee (VAR) only in the eventof a ‘clear and obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ in relation to:•• goal/no goal•• penalty/no penalty•• direct red card (not second caution)•• mistaken identity when the referee cautions or sends off the wrong playerof the offending team156

The assistance from the video assistant referee (VAR) will relate to using
replay(s) of the incident. The referee will make the final decision which may bebased solely on the information from the VAR and/or the referee reviewing the
replay footage directly (‘on-field review’).
Except for a ‘serious missed incident’, the referee (and where relevant other'on-field' match officials) must always make a decision (including a decision
not to penalise a potential offence); this decision does not change unless it is a‘clear and obvious error’.
Reviews after play has restarted
If play has stopped and restarted, the referee may only undertake a ‘review’,and take the appropriate disciplinary sanction, for a case of mistaken identity or
for a potential sending-off offence relating to violent conduct, spitting, biting or
extremely offensive, insulting and/or abusive gesture(s).
Explanation•• Inclusion of the provision for a referee to use video assistance (via the VAR)•• Reference to the referee being able to use information from video replays forcertain sending-off offences and mistaken identity, even if play has restarted.
5. Referee’s equipment – Other equipment
Additional text(…)
Referees and other ‘on-field’ match officials are prohibited from wearing
jewellery or any other electronic equipment, including cameras.
Explanation
Clarifies that referees and other ‘on-field’ match officials are not permitted touse or wear cameras.

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Law 06 – The Other Match Officials
Additional (and amended) text
Other match officials (two assistant referees, fourth official, two additional
assistant referees, reserve assistant referee, video assistant referee (VAR) andat least one assistant VAR (AVAR) may be appointed to matches. They will assist
the referee in controlling the match in accordance with the Laws of the Gamebut the final decision will always be taken by the referee.
The referee, assistant referees, fourth official, additional assistant referees
and reserve assistant referee are the ‘on-field’ match officials.
The VAR and AVAR are the ‘video’ match officials and assist the referee inaccordance with the VAR protocol as determined by The IFAB.
(…)
With the exception of the reserve assistant referee, the ‘on-field’ match officials
assist the referee with….. (…)
The ‘on-field’ match officials assist the referee with inspecting the fieldof play… (…)
Explanation•• Reference in the Laws to the match officials who are used within the
VAR system.
•• Distinction created between ‘on-field’ match officials and the ‘video’ matchofficials.

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5. Video match officials
Additional text•• A video assistant referee (VAR) is a match official who may assist the referee
to make a decision using replay footage only for a ‘clear and obvious error’ or‘serious missed incident’ relating to a goal/no goal, penalty/no penalty, direct
red card (not a second caution) or a case of mistaken identity when thereferee cautions or sends off the wrong player of the offending teamAn assistant video assistant referee (AVAR) is a match official who helps theVAR primarily by:•• watching the television footage while the VAR is busy with a ‘check’
or a ‘review’•• keeping a record of VAR-related incidents and any communication or
technology problems•• assisting the VAR’s communication with the referee especially communicatingwith the referee when the VAR is undertaking a ‘check’/‘review’ e.g. to tell thereferee to ‘stop play’ or ‘delay the restart’ etc.
•• recording the time ‘lost’ when play is delayed for a ‘check’ or a ‘review’•• communicating information about a VAR-related decision to relevant parties
Explanation
Outline of main duties of the ‘video’ match officials.
Law 07 – The Duration of the Match
2. Half-time interval
Additional text(…); a short drinks break (which should not exceed one minute) is permitted at
the interval of half-time in extra time. (…)
Explanation
To avoid drinks breaks becoming lengthy coaching (commercial) breaks, theirlength is limited/defined. This restriction does not apply to medical ‘coolingbreaks’.

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3. Allowance for time lost
Additional text
Allowance is made by the referee in each half for all time lost in that halfthrough:(…)•• stoppages for drinks (which should not exceed one minute) or other medical
reasons permitted by competition rule•• delays relating to VAR ‘checks’ and ‘reviews’

Explanation

Reference to additional time for stoppages for drinks and VAR ‘checks’/‘reviews’.
Law 10 – Determining the Outcome of the Match
3. Kicks from the penalty mark – Procedure
Additional text•• A goalkeeper who is unable to continue before or during the kicks may bereplaced (…) but the replaced goalkeeper takes no further part and may nottake a kick. If the goalkeeper has already taken a kick, the replacement may
not take a kick until the next round of kicks
Explanation
Clarifies that if a goalkeeper is replaced and has taken a kick, the replacement
may not take a kick in that ‘round’ of kicks.
Law 11 – Offside
2. Offside offence
Additional text
A player in an offside position at the moment the ball is played or touched*by a team-mate is only penalised on becoming involved in active play by:(…)*The first point of contact of the ‘play’ or ‘touch’ of the ball should be used160

Explanation
Slow motion shows a detectable difference between the first and last contact
with the ball so a definition of the precise moment that the ball is ‘played’ isneeded when judging offside position.
Law 12 – Fouls and Misconduct
1. Direct free kick
Additional text
A direct free kick is awarded if a player commits any of the following offences:(…)•• bites or spits at an opponent someone•• throws an object at the ball, opponent or match official, or makes contact
with the ball with a held object
Handling the ball•• touching the ball with an object held in the hand (cloting, shinguard etc.) is anoffence•• hitting the ball with a thrown object (boot, shinguard etc.) is an offence
Explanation•• Reference to biting (a rare offence) as a direct free kick offence (and also in
the list of sending-off offences)•• Throwing an object at the ball or making contact with the ball with a held
object become a separate category of offence and not part of handball so
a goalkeeper can be penalised for such conduct in their penalty area.

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2. Indirect free kickAmended text
A goalkeeper is considered to be in control of the ball when:
the ball is between (…) or by touching it with any part of the hands or arms
except if it rebounds accidentally from the goalkeeper or the… (…)
Explanation
Goalkeepers often unsuccessfully attempt to catch/hold/stop or ‘parry’ the ballbut as this is a ‘deliberate’ touch with the hand(s) they have technicallycontrolled the ball so cannot pick it up. This is not the Law’s intention and is notenforced; removal of ‘accidentally’ clarifies the Law.
3. Disciplinary action – Advantage
Amended text
If the referee plays the advantage for an offence for which a caution / send off
would have been issued had play been stopped, this caution / send off must be
issued when the ball is next out of play, except when for the denial of an
obvious goal-scoring opportunity results in a goal when the player is cautioned
for unsporting behaviour."
Explanation
If the referee plays advantage for a DOGSO and a goal is scored it is a YC but
technically if no goal results the Law said it should be a RC. This is never applied
and is not seen as ‘fair’ as applying the advantage effectively means that agoal-scoring opportunity remains; consequently, a YC is the fairest sanction,
whether or not a goal is scored.

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3. Disciplinary action – Cautionable offences
Additional text
A player is cautioned if guilty of:(…)•• entering the referee review area (RRA)•• excessively using the ‘review’ (TV screen) signal
A substitute or substituted player is cautioned if guilty of:(…)•• entering the referee review area (RRA)•• excessively using the ‘review’ (TV screen) signal
Where two separate cautionable offences are committed (even in close
proximity), they should result in two cautions, for example if a player enters thefield of play without the required permission and commits a reckless tackle orstops a promising attack with a foul/handball, etc.
Explanation•• Inclusion of entering the referee review area (RRA) or excessively using the‘review’ (TV screen) signal in the list of cautionable offences•• Clarifies the action the referee should take where 2 clearly separate
cautionable (YC) offences occur which may be linked, particularly whensomeone enters the field without permission (where needed) and thencommits a cautionable offence. This principle also applies to sending-off
offences.
3. Disciplinary action – Sending-off offences
Additional text
A player, substitute or substituted player who commits any of the following
offences is sent off: (…)•• biting or spitting at someone•• entering the video operation room (VOR)

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163Explanation
Inclusion of biting and entering the VOR as sending-off offences.
4. Restart of play after fouls and misconduct
Additional text
If, when the ball is in play:(…)
If an offence is committed outside the field of play against a player, substitute,substituted player, or team official of the ir own team, play is restarted with anindirect free kick on the boundary line closest to where the offence occurred.
If a player makes contact with the ball with an object held in the hand (boot,shinguard etc.) play is restarted with a direct free kick (or penalty kick).
Explanation
Clarifies:•• how the game is restarted if a player commits an offence off the field of playagainst someone from their own team (including a team official).
•• that hitting the ball with an object held in the hand is a separate offence andnot part of handball; consequently a goalkeeper can be penalised for suchconduct in their own penalty area.
Law 13 – Free kicks
1. Types of free kick
Additional text
Direct and indirect free kicks are awarded to the opposing team of a player,
substitute, substituted or sent off player, or team official guilty of an offence.
Explanation
The Laws permit substitutes, substituted and sent off players, and team official
to be penalised with a free kick for some offences.

164

Law 15 – The Throw-in
1. Procedure
Amended text
At the moment of delivering the ball, the thrower must:
face stand facing the field of play
Explanation
Clarifies that a player must stand to take a throw in i.e. sitting or kneeling
positions are not permitted.

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Glossary he Glossary contains words/phrases which need clarification or explanationTbeyond the detail in the Laws and/or which are not always easily translated
into other languages.

Football bodies
The IFAB – The International Football Association Board
Body composed of the four British FAs and FIFA which is responsible for theLaws of the Game worldwide. In principle, changes to the Laws may only beapproved at the Annual General Meeting usually held in February or March
FIFA – Fédération Internationale de Football Association
The governing body responsible for football throughout the world

Confederation
 ody responsible for football in a continent. The six confederations are AFC
B(Asia), CAF (Africa), CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean),
CONMEBOL (South America), OFC (Oceania) and UEFA (Europe)
National Football Association
Body responsible for football in a country

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167

Football terms
A
AbandonTo end/terminate a match before the scheduled finish

Advantage
The referee allows play to continue when an offence has occurred if this benefits
the non-offending team
Additional time
Time allowed at the end of each half for time ‘lost’ because of substitutions,injuries, disciplinary action, goal celebration etc.

Assessment of injured player
Quick examination of an injury, usually by a medical person, to see if the player
requires treatment

Away goals rule
Method of deciding a match/tie when both teams have scored the same number ofgoals; goals scored away from home count double

168

B
Brutality
An act which is savage, ruthless or deliberately violent

C
Caution
Official sanction which results in a report to a disciplinary authority; indicated byshowing a yellow card; two cautions in a match result a player being dismissed(sent off )Charge (an opponent)
Physical challenge against an opponent, usually using the shoulder and upper arm(which is kept close to the body)D
Deceive
Act to mislead/trick the referee into giving an incorrect decision/disciplinary
sanction which benefits the deceiver and/or their teamDirect free kickA free kick from which a goal can be scored by kicking the ball directly into the
opponents’ goal
Discretion
Judgment used by a referee or other match official when making a decision

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169Dismissal
Another word for ‘sending-off ’ (red card)

Dissent
Public disagreement (verbal and/or physical) with a match official’s decision;punishable by a caution (yellow card)
Distract
Disturb, confuse or draw attention (usually unfairly)

Dropped ballA ‘neutral’ method of restarting play – the referee drops the ball between playersof both teams; the ball is in play when it touches the ground

E
Electronic performance and tracking system (EPTS)
System which records and analyses data about the physical and physiological
performance of a player
Endanger the safety of an opponent
Put an opponent at danger or risk (of injury)
Excessive force
Using more force/energy than is necessary

Extra time
A method of trying to decide the outcome of a match involving two equal
additional periods of play not exceeding 15 minutes each170

F
Feinting
An action which attempts to confuse an opponent. The Laws define permittedand ‘illegal’ feinting

Field of play (Pitch)
The playing area confined by the touchlines and goal lines and goal nets whereused

G
Goal line technology (GLT)Electronic system which immediately informs the referee when a goal has
been scored i.e. the ball has wholly passed over the goal line in the goal
(See Law 1 for details)

H
Hybrid system
A combination of artificial and natural materials to create a playing surface which
requires sunlight, water, air circulation and mowing

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171

I
Indirect free kickA free kick from which a goal can only be scored if another player (of any team)touches the ball after it has been kicked
ImpedeTo delay, block or prevent an opponent’s action or movement
Intentional
A deliberate action (not an accident)Intercept
To prevent a ball reaching its intended destination

KKick
The ball is kicked when a player makes contact with the foot and/or the ankle

Kicks from the penalty mark
Method of deciding the result of a match by each team alternately taking kicks
until one team has scored one more goal and both teams have taken the same
number of kicks (unless during the first 5 kicks for each team, one team could notequal the other team’s score even if they scored from all their remaining kicks)

N
Negligible
Insignificant, minimal
172

O
Offence
An action which breaks/violates the Laws of the Game

Offensive, insulting or abusive language
Verbal or physical behaviour which is rude, hurtful, disrespectful; punishable
by a sending-off (red card)

Outside agent
Any person who is not a match official or on the team list (players, substitutes andteam officials)

P

PenaliseTo punish, usually by stopping play and awarding a free kick or penalty kick to the
opposing team (see also Advantage)
PlayedAction by a player which makes contact with the ball

Playing distance
Distance to the ball which allows a player to touch the ball by extending the foot/leg or jumping or, for goalkeepers, jumping with arms extended. Distance depends
on the physical size of the player

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173

Q
Quick free kickA free kick taken (with the referee’s permission) very quickly after play
was stopped

R
Reckless
Any action (usually a tackle or challenge) by a player which disregards (ignores)
the danger to, or consequences for, the opponent
RestartAny method of resuming play after it has been stopped

S
Sanction
Disciplinary action taken by the referee

Save
An action by a player to stop or attempt to stop the ball when it is going intoor very close to the goal using any part of the body except the hands/arms (unlessa goalkeeper within their own penalty area)

Send off (Dismissal)
Disciplinary action when a player is required to leave the field for the remainder ofthe match having committed a sending-off offence (indicated by a red card); if thematch has started the player can not be replaced174

Serious foul play
A tackle or challenge for the ball that endangers the safety of an opponent or uses
excessive force or brutality; punishable by a sending-off (red card)
SignalPhysical indication from the referee or any match official; usually involves
movement of the hand or arm or flag, or use of the whistle (referee only)

Simulation
An action which creates a wrong/false impression that something has occurred
when it has not (see also deceive); committed by a player to gain an unfair
advantage
Spirit of the gameThe main/essential principles/ethos of football

Suspend
To stop a match for a period of time with the intention of eventually restarting playe.g. fog, heavy rain, thunderstorm, serious injury

T
TackleA challenge for the ball with the foot (on the ground or in the air)Team official
Any non-player listed on the official team list e.g. coach, physiotherapist, doctor(see technical staff )Team list
Official team document usually listing the players, substitutes and team officials
Technical staff
Official non-playing team members listed on the official team list e.g. coach,physiotherapist, doctor (see team official)
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175Technical area
Defined area (in stadia) for the team officials which includes seating(See Law 1 for details)
Temporary dismissal
A temporary suspension from the next part of the match for a player guilty ofsome/all cautionable offences (depending on competition rules)

U
Undue interference
Action/influence which is unnecessary

Unsporting behaviour
Unfair action/behaviour; punishable by a caution

V
Violent conduct
An action, which is not a challenge for the ball, which uses or attempts to use
excessive force or brutality against an opponent or when a player deliberately
strikes someone on the head or face unless the force used is negligible

176

Referee terms
Match official(s)	General term for person or persons responsible for controlling a football matchon behalf of a football association and/or competition under whose jurisdiction
the match is played
Referee	The main match official for a match who operates on the field of play. Other
match officials operate under the referee’s control and direction. The referee isthe final/ultimate decision-maker
Other match officials‘On-field’ match officials
Competitions may appoint other match officials to assist the referee:• Assistant referee
A match official with a flag positioned on one half of each touchline to assist
the referee particularly with offside situations and goal kick/corner kick/throw-in decisions•F ourth official
A match official with responsibility for assisting the referee with both on-field
and off-field matters, including overseeing the technical area, controlling
substitutes etc.
• Additional assistant referee (AAR)
A match official positioned on the goal line to assist the referee particularly
with situations in/around the penalty area and goal/no-goal decisions• Reserve assistant referee
Assistant referee who will replace an assistant (and, if competition rules
permit, a fourth official and/or AAR) who is unable to continue

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177‘Video’ match officials
	
These are the VAR and AVAR who assist the referee in accordance with
the VAR protocol• Assistant video assistant referee (AVAR)
A current or former referee/assistant referee appointed to assist the video
assistant referee (VAR)• Video assistant referee (VAR)
A current or former referee appointed to assist the referee by communicating
information from replay footage only in relation to a ‘clear and obvious error’or ‘serious missed incident’ in one of the reviewable categories

178

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179

Practical
Guidelines
for Match
Officials

Introduction
 hese guidelines contain practical advice for match officials whichTsupplements the information in the Laws of the Game section.

 eference is made in Law 5 to referees operating within the framework of theR
Laws of the Game and the ‘spirit of the game’. Referees are expected to use
common sense and to apply the ‘spirit of the game’ when applying the Laws of
the Game, especially when making decisions relating to whether a match takes
place and/or continues.
 his is especially true for the lower levels of football where it may not alwaysT
be possible for the Law to be strictly applied. For example, unless there aresafety issues, the referee should allow a game to start/continue if:• one or more corner flags is missing• t here is a minor inaccuracy with the markings on the field of play such as
the corner area, centre circle etc.
• the goal posts/crossbar are not whiteI n such cases, the referee should, with the agreement of the teams, play/continue the match and must submit a report to the appropriate authorities.
Key:••AR = assistant referee••AAR = additional assistant referee

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Positioning, Movement
and Teamwork
1. General positioning and movement
The best position is one from which the referee can make the correct decision.
All recommendations about positioning must be adjusted using specificinformation about the teams, the players and events in the match.

 he positions recommended in the graphics are basic guidelines. The referenceTto a “zone” emphasises that a recommended position is an area within which
the referee is likely to be most effective. The zone may be larger, smaller ordifferently shaped depending on the exact match circumstances.
Recommendations:• The play should be between the referee and the lead AR• The lead AR should be in the referee’s field of vision so the referee should
usually use a wide diagonal system• Staying towards the outside of the play makes it easier to keep play and thelead AR in the referee’s field of vision• The referee should be close enough to see play without interfering with play
• “What needs to be seen” is not always in the vicinity of the ball. The referee
should also pay attention to:••player confrontations off the ball••possible offences in the area towards which play is moving••offences occurring after the ball is played away

182

Additional Assistant referee n° 2

Assistant referee n° 2

Referee

Assistant referee n° 1
Additional Assistant referee n° 1

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Positioning of assistant referees and additional assistant referees
The AR must be in line with the second-last defender or the ball if it is nearer
to the goal line than the second-last defender. The AR must always face thefield of play, even when running. Side-to-side movement should be used forshort distances. This is especially important when judging offside as it gives
the AR a better line of vision.

 he AAR position is behind the goal line except where it is necessary to moveTonto the goal line to judge a goal/no goal situation. The AAR is not allowed toenter the field of play unless there are exceptional circumstances.

(GK)

184

Goalkeeper

DefenderAttacker

Referee

Assistant
Referee

Additional Assistant
Referee2.	Positioning and teamwork
Consultation
When dealing with disciplinary issues, eye contact and a basic discreet handsignal from the AR to the referee may be sufficient. When direct consultationis required, the AR may advance 2–3 metres onto the field of play if necessary.
When talking, the referee and AR should both face the field of play to avoid
being heard by others and to observe the players and field of play.
Corner kickThe AR’s position for a corner kick is behind the corner flag in line with thegoal line but the AR must not interfere with the player taking the corner kickand must check that the ball is properly placed in the corner area.

(GK)

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185Free kickThe AR’s position for a free kick must be in line with the second-last defenderto check the offside line. However, the AR must be ready to follow the ballby moving down the touchline towards the corner flag if there is a direct shoton goal.

(GK)

(GK)

186

(GK)

(GK)

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187

Goal/no goalWhen a goal has been scored and there is no doubt about the decision, thereferee and assistant referee must make eye contact and the assistant refereemust then move quickly 25–30 metres along the touchline towards the halfway
line without raising the flag.
 hen a goal has been scored but the ball appears still to be in play, theWassistant referee must first raise the flag to attract the referee’s attention thencontinue with the normal goal procedure of running quickly 25–30 metresalong the touchline towards the halfway line.

 n occasions when the whole of the ball does not cross the goal line andOplay continues as normal because a goal has not been scored, the referee must
make eye contact with the assistant referee and if necessary give a discreet
hand signal.

(GK)

188

Goal kickThe AR must first check if the ball is inside the goal area. If the ball is notplaced correctly, the AR must not move from the position, make eye contact
with the referee and raise the flag. Once the ball is placed correctly inside thegoal area, the AR must move to the edge of the penalty area to check that theball leaves the penalty area (ball in play) and that the attackers are outside.
Finally, the AR must take a position to check the offside line.

 owever, if there is an AAR, the AR should take up a position in line with theHedge of the penalty area and then the offside line and the AAR must be
positioned at the intersection of the goal line and the goal area, and check if theball is placed inside the goal area. If the ball is not placed correctly, the AAR
must communicate this to the referee.

(GK)
1

2

3

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189Goalkeeper releasing the ballThe AR must take a position in line with the edge of the penalty area and checkthat the goalkeeper does not handle the ball outside the penalty area.
Once the goalkeeper has released the ball, the AR must take a position to checkthe offside line.

(GK)

190

Kick-off
The ARs must be in line with the second-last defender.

(GK)

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Kicks from the penalty markOne AR must be positioned at the intersection of the goal line and the goal area.
The other AR must be situated in the centre circle to control the players. If there
are AARs, they must be positioned at each intersection of the goal line and thegoal area, to the right and left of the goal respectively, except where GLT is in use
when only one AAR is required. AAR2 and AR1 should monitor the players in thecentreNocircleAARand AR2 and the Fourth Official should monitor the technical areas.
(GK)

(GK)

(GK)

(GK)

(GK)

(GK)

(GK)

(GK)

No AAR

AARs
AARs

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Penalty kickThe AR must be positioned at the intersection of the goal line andthe penalty area.

(GK) here there are AARs the AAR must be positioned at the intersection of theWgoal line and the goal area and the AR is positioned in line with the penalty
mark (which is the offside line).
(GK)

(GK)

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Mass confrontation
In situations of mass confrontation, the nearest AR may enter the field of play
to assist the referee. The other AR must observe and record details of theincident. The fourth official should remain in the vicinity of the technical areas.
Required distanceWhen a free kick is awarded very close to the AR, the AR may enter the fieldof play (usually at the request of the referee) to help ensure that the players
are positioned 9.15 m (10 yds) from the ball. In this case, the referee must wait
until the AR is back in position before restarting play.
Substitution
If there is no fourth official, the AR moves to the halfway line to assist with thesubstitution procedure; the referee must wait until the AR is back in position
before restarting play.
I f there is a fourth official, the AR does not need to move to the halfway line
as the fourth official carries out the substitution procedure unless there areseveral substitutions at the same time in which case the AR moves to thehalfway line to assist the fourth official.

194

195

Body Language,
Communicationand Whistle
1. Referees
Body language
Body language is a tool that the referee uses to:• help control the match• show authority and self-control

Body language is not an explanation of a decision.
Signals
See Law 5 for diagrams of signals
WhistleThe whistle is needed to:• start play (first and second half of normal play and extra time), after a goal• stop play:••for a free kick or penalty kick••if the match is suspended or abandoned••at the end of each half
• restart play for:••free kicks when the appropriate distance is required••penalty kicks• restart play after it has been stopped for a:••caution or sending-off••injury••substitution

196

The whistle is NOT needed to:• stop play for a clear:••goal kick, corner kick, throw-in or goal

• restart play from:••most free kicks, and a goal kick, corner kick, throw-in or dropped ball

 whistle which is used too frequently/unnecessarily will have less impactAwhen it is needed.

I f the referee wants the player(s) to wait for the whistle before restarting play(e.g. when ensuring that defending players are 9.15m at a free kick) the refereemust clearly inform the attacking player(s) to wait for the whistle.
I f the referee blows the whistle in error and play stops, play is restarted with adropped ball.

2. Assistant referees
Beep signal
The beep signal system is an additional signal which is only used to gain thereferee’s attention. Situations when the signal beep may be useful include:• offside• offences (outside the view of the referee)• throw in, corner kick, goal kick or goal (tight decisions)Electronic communication system
Where an electronic communication system is used, the referee will advise theARs as to when it may be appropriate to use the communication system with,or instead of, a physical signal.

Flag technique
The AR’s flag must always be unfurled and visible to the referee. This usuallymeans the flag is carried in the hand closest to the referee. When making asignal, the AR stops running, faces the field of play, makes eye contact with thereferee and raises the flag with a deliberate (not hasty or exaggerated) motion.
The flag should be like an extension of the arm. The ARs must raise the flagusing the hand that will be used for the next signal. If circumstances change
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197and the other hand must be used, the AR should move the flag to the opposite
hand below the waist. If the AR signals that the ball is out of play, the signal
must be maintained until the referee acknowledges it.
I f the AR signals for a sending-off offence and the signal is not seen
immediately:• if play has been stopped, the restart may be changed in accordance with theLaws (free kick, penalty kick, etc.)• if play has restarted, the referee may still take disciplinary action but not
penalise the offence with a free kick or penalty kickGesturesAs a general rule, the AR should not use obvious hand signals. However, insome instances, a discreet hand signal may assist the referee. The hand signal
should have a clear meaning which should have been agreed in the pre-match
discussion.
Signals
See Law 6 for diagrams of signals

Corner kick/goal kickWhen the ball wholly passes over the goal line the AR raises the flag with theright hand (better line of vision) to inform the referee that the ball is out ofplay and then if it is:• near to the AR – indicate whether it is a goal kick or a corner kick• far from the AR – make eye contact and follow the referee’s decision

 hen the ball clearly passes over the goal line the AR does not need to raiseWthe flag to indicate that the ball has left the field of play. If the goal kick or
corner kick decision is obvious, it is not necessary to give a signal, especiallywhen the referee gives a signal.
Fouls
The AR must raise the flag when a foul or misconduct is committed in theimmediate vicinity or out of the referee’s vision. In all other situations,
the AR must wait and offer an opinion if it is required and then inform thereferee what was seen and heard, and which players were involved.
198

Before signalling for an offence, the AR must determine that:• t he offence was out of the referee’s view or the referee’s view was obstructed• t he referee would not have applied the advantage
 hen an offence occurs which requires a signal from the AR,
W
the AR must:• r aise the flag with the same hand that will also be used for the remainder ofthe signal – this gives the referee a clear indication as to who will be awarded
the free kick• make eye contact with the referee• g ive the flag a slight wave back and forth (avoiding any excessive or
aggressive movement) he AR must use the “wait and see technique” to allow play to continue and notTraise the flag when the team against which an offence has been committed will
benefit from the advantage; it is therefore very important for the AR to makeeye contact with the referee.

Fouls inside the penalty area
When a foul is committed by a defender inside the penalty area out of thevision of the referee, especially if near to the AR’s position, the AR must firstmake eye contact with the referee to see where the referee is positioned andwhat action has been taken. If the referee has not taken any action, the AR mustsignal with the flag, use the electronic beep signal and then visibly move down
the touchline towards the corner flag.
Fouls outside the penalty area
When a foul is committed by a defender outside the penalty area (near theboundary of the penalty area), the AR should make eye contact with thereferee, to see the referee’s position and what action has been taken, and signal
with the flag if necessary. In counter-attack situations, the AR should be able
to give information such as whether or not a foul has been committed andwhether a foul was committed inside or outside the penalty area, and what
disciplinary action should be taken. The AR should make a clear movement
along the touchline towards the halfway line to indicate when the offence took
place outside the penalty area.
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Goal – no goalWhen it is clear that the ball has wholly passed over the goal line in the goal,
the AR must make eye contact with the referee without giving any additionalsignal.

 hen a goal has been scored but it is not clear whether the ball has passedW
over the line, the AR must first raise the flag to attract the referee’s attention
and then confirm the goal.

OffsideThe first action of the AR for an offside decision is to raise the flag (using theright hand, giving the AR a better line of vision) and then, if the referee stops
play, use the flag to indicate the area of the field of play in which the offence
occurred. If the flag is not immediately seen by the referee, the AR must
maintain the signal until it has been acknowledged or the ball is clearly in thecontrol of the defending team.

Penalty kick
If the goalkeeper blatantly moves off the goal line before the ball is kicked anda goal is not scored, the AR must raise the flag.
Substitution
Once the AR has been informed (by the fourth official or team official) that asubstitution is requested, the AR must signal this to the referee at the next
stoppage.
Throw-inWhen the ball wholly passes over the touchline:• near to the AR – a direct signal should be made to indicate the direction of
the throw-in• far from the AR and the throw-in decision is an obvious one – the AR must
make a direct signal to indicate the direction of the throw-in• far from the AR and the AR is in doubt about the direction of the throw-in– the AR must raise the flag to inform the referee that the ball is out of play,make eye contact with the referee and follow the referee’s signal

200

3. Additional assistant referees
The AARs use a radio communication system (not flags) to communicate withthe referee. If the radio communication system fails to work, the AARs will use
an electronic signal beep flagstick. AARs do not usually use obvious handsignals but, in some instances, a discreet hand signal may give valuable support
to the referee. The hand signal should have a clear meaning and such signals
should be agreed in the pre-match discussion.
 he AAR, having assessed that the ball has wholly passed over the goal lineT
within the goal, must:• immediately inform the referee via the communication system that a goal
should be awarded• make a clear signal with the left arm perpendicular to the goal line pointing
towards the centre of the field (flagstick in the left hand is also required).
This signal is not required when the ball has very clearly passed over thegoal line.
The referee will make the final decision.

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Other advice
1. Advantage
The referee may play advantage whenever an offence occurs but should
consider the following in deciding whether to apply the advantage or stop play:• the severity of the offence – if the offence warrants a sending-off, the refereemust stop play and send off the player unless there is a clear opportunity toscore a goal
• the position where the offence was committed - the closer to the opponent’s
goal, the more effective the advantage can be• the chances of an immediate, promising attack• the atmosphere of the match

2. Allowance for time lostMany stoppages in play are entirely natural (e.g. throw-ins, goal kicks).
An allowance is made only when delays are excessive.

3. Holding an opponent
Referees are reminded to make an early intervention and to deal firmly withholding offences, especially inside the penalty area at corner kicks and freekicks. To deal with these situations:• t he referee must warn any player holding an opponent before the ballis in play
• caution the player if the holding continues before the ball is in play• a ward a direct free kick or penalty kick and caution the player if it happens
once the ball is in play202

4. Offside
Interfering with play(A)

1
Offsideoffence(GK)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A), not interfering with an opponent,
touches the ball. The assistant referee must raise the flag when theplayer touches the ball.

Interfering with play(A)

2
Not offside
offence(GK)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A), not interfering with an opponent, does
not touch the ball. The player did not touch the ball, so cannot be penalised.

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203Interfering with play(GK)

3
Not offside
offence(A)
Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker(B)

Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A) runs towards the ball and a team-matein an onside position (B) also runs towards the ball and plays it. (A) did nottouch the ball, so cannot be penalised.

Interfering with play(GK)

4
Offsideoffence(A)
Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

A player in an offside position (A) may be penalised before playing or
touching the ball, if, in the opinion of the referee, no other team-mate in an
onside position has the opportunity to play the ball.

204

Interfering with play(GK)

5
Goal kick(2)(1)
Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (1) runs towards the ball and does nottouch the ball. The assistant referee must signal “goal kick”.

Interfering with an opponent(GK)

6
Offsideoffence(A)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A) is clearly obstructing the goalkeeper’sline of vision. The player must be penalised for preventing an opponent fromplaying or being able to play the ball.

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205Interfering with an opponent(GK)

7
Not offside
offence(A)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A) is not clearly obstructing thegoalkeeper’s line of vision or challenging an opponent for the ball.

Interfering with an opponent(GK)

8Not offside
offence
Corner kick(A)

Goalkeeper (GK)(B)

DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A) runs towards the ball but does notprevent the opponent from playing or being able to play the ball.
(A) is not challenging an opponent (B) for the ball.

206

Interfering with an opponent(GK)

9Offsideoffence(A)(B)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (A) runs towards the ball preventing the
opponent (B) from playing or being able to play the ball by challenging the
opponent for the ball. (A) is challenging an opponent (B) for the ball.

Gaining advantage(GK)

10Offsideoffence(B)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player(A)

Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (B) is penalised for playing or touching theball that rebounds, is deflected or is played from a deliberate save by the
goalkeeper having been in an offside position when the ball was last touched
or is played by a team-mate.

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Gaining advantage
(C)

11

(B)

(GK)

Offsideoffence

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee(A)

Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker in an offside position (B) is penalised for playing or touching theball that rebounds or is deflected from a deliberate save by a player from thedefending team (C) having been in an offside position when the ball was last
touched or is played by a team-mate.
Gaining advantage(GK)

12
Not offside
offence(C)(B)
Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker
Referee
Movement of the Player(A)

Movement of the Ball

The shot by a team-mate (A) rebounds from the goalkeeper, (B) is in an
onside position and plays the ball, (C) in an offside position is not penalised
because the player did not gain an advantage from being in that position
because the player did not touch the ball.

208

Gaining advantage(GK)

13
Offsideoffence(B)

Goalkeeper (GK)DefenderAttacker(A)

Referee
Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

The shot by a team-mate (A) rebounds off or is deflected by an opponent to
attacker (B) who is penalised for playing or touching the ball having
previously been in an offside position.

Gaining advantage(GK)

14
Not offside
offence(B2)(C)
Goalkeeper (GK)Defender(B1)

Attacker
Referee(A)

Movement of the Player
Movement of the Ball

An attacker (C) is in an offside position, not interfering with an opponent,
when a team-mate (A) passes the ball to player (B1) in an onside position whoruns towards the opponents’ goal and passes the ball (B2) to team-mate (C).
Attacker (C) was in an onside position when the ball was passed, so cannot be
penalised.
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5. Treatment/assessment after a caution/sending-offPreviously, an injured player who received medical attention on the field ofplay must leave before the restart. This can be unfair if an opponent caused the
injury as the offending team has a numerical advantage when play restarts.
 owever, this requirement was introduced because players often unsportinglyH
used an injury to delay the restart for tactical reasons.
 s a balance between these two unfair situations, The IFAB has decided thatA
only for a physical offence where the opponent is cautioned or sent off, an
injured player can be quickly assessed/treated and then remain on the field ofplay.

I n principle, the delay should not be any longer than currently occurs when amedical person(s) comes on the field to assess an injury. The difference is thatthe point at which the referee used to require the medical person(s) and theplayer to leave is now the point at which the medical staff leave but the player
can remain.
 o ensure the injured player does not use/extend the delay unfairly, refereesTare advised to:• be aware of the match situation and any potential tactical reason to delay therestart• inform the injured player that if medical treatment is required it must bequick• signal for the medical person(s) (not the stretchers) and, if possible, remindthem to be quick
When the referee decides play should restart either:• the medical person(s) leaves and the player remains or• the player leaves for further assessment/treatment (stretcher signal may benecessary) s a general guide, the restart should not be delayed for more than about
A
20–25 seconds beyond the point when everyone was ready for play to restart.
The referee must make full allowance for the stoppage.

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