2.4. 文を構成する基本的な「関係」
2.4.1. 句をなしていること（constituency）「ひとまとまりになっている」という感覚

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

a.
b.

太郎が花子を訪ねてきた。
[太郎が][花子を][訪ねてきた]。
*[太郎][が花子][を訪ねてきた]。

a.
b.

[[太郎が花子を]訪ねてきた]。
[太郎が[花子を訪ねてきた]。

cf.
Radford, Andrew (1988) Transformational Grammar, Cambridge University
Press.
Wekker, Herman & Liliane Haegeman (1985) A Modern Course in English
Syntax, Routledge.
(5)(6)

Clefting:
It is from silkworms that most of the silk we see in Britain comes.
(Wekker & Haegeman 1985:16 (2))
a. *It was Jane gave that this book to Bill on Saturday. (Wekker &Haegeman 1985:17 (3))
b. *It was to Bill on Saturday that Jane gave this book.

(7)

Pseudo-clefting:a. What Jane did was [give this book to Bill on Saturday]. (Wekker &Haegeman 1985:18 (4))
b. What Jane gave to Bill was [this book]. (Wekker & Haegeman
1985:18 (5))
c. [This book] is what Jane gave to Bill on Saturday. (Wekker &Haegeman 1985:18 (6))(8)

Preposing:a. I can't stand [your elder sister] (Radford 1988:69 (51))
b. [Your elder sister], I can't stand (through your brother's OK)(Radford 1988:70 (52))
a. [That kind of behaviour], I simply will not tolerate. (Radford1988:70 (53a))b. I went to see the new James Bond film yesterday, and [very exciting]it was, too. (Radford 1988:70 (53b))c. [Very shortly], he's going to be leaving for Paris. (Radford 1988:70(53c))d. [Down the hill] John ran, as fast as he could. (Radford 1988:70(53d))e. [Give in to blackmail], I never will. (Radford 1988:70 (53e))f. Every afternoon, the big red bus would stop in front of the village

(9)

g.
(10)
(11) a.
b.
c.

clock, and [off the bus] would get a dear old lady carrying a
shopping bag. (Radford 1988:95 (141))
John promised that he will finish the assignment, and [finish theassignment] he will. (Radford 1988:101 (168a))*Elder sister, I can't stand your. (Radford 1988:70 (54c))*Up his mother, John rang. (Radford 1988:70 (56a))*Up her phone number, John looked. (Radford 1988:70 (56c))*The manager suspects that drunks would put off the customers, andoff the customers they certainly would put. (Radford 1988:95(142))(12) Postposing:a. He explained [all the terrible problems that he had encountered] toher. (Radford 1988:71 (58a))b. He explained to her [all the terrible problems that he hadencountered]. (Radford 1988:71 (58b))(13) Sentence fragments:
A: "Where did he go?"
B: "Up the hill." (Radford 1988:72 (62))(14)"Did he get off the train?" "No, off the bus." (Radford 1988:96(143))(15) a. "Who were you ringing up?" "*Up my elder sister." (Radford1988:72 (63))
b. "Would drunks put off the waitresses?" "*No, off the customers."(Radford 1988:96 (144))(16) Coordination:a. He has [a cat] and [a dog]. (Radford 1988:75 (73a))b. Is she [in the kitchen] or [in the bathroom]? (Radford 1988:75(73c))c. He speaks [very slowly] but [very articulately]. (Radford 1988:75(73d))d. He is a [very shy] and [rather inarticulate] man. (Radford 1988:76(80b))e. He may [go to London] and [visit his mother]. (Radford 1988:76(80d))f. Drunks would get [off the bus] and [on the train]. (Radford1988:97 (148))
g. John will [finish the assignment] and [hand it in]. (Radford1988:101 (168c))(17) a. *John rang up his mother and up his sister. (Radford 1988:75 (75))
b. *Drunks would put off the customers and off the waitresses.
(Radford 1988:97 (149))(18) Shared Constituent Coordination:
a. John walked (and Mary ran) [up the hill]. (Radford 1988:77 (81a))b. John denied—but Fred admitted—[complicity in the crime].
(Radford 1988:77 (81b))c.
d.
(19) a.
b.

John will, and Mary may, [go to the party]. (Radford 1988:77(81c))
Drunks would get—and junkies would fall—off the bus. (Radford
1988:97 (150))*John rang (and Harry picked) up Mary's sister. (Radford 1988:77(82))*Drunks would put—and junkies would also put—off the customers.
(Radford 1988:97 (151))(20) Pronominalization:
A: What do you think of the guy who wrote that unbelievably boringbook on Transformational Grammar?
B: I can't stand him. (Radford 1988:78 (86))(21)*What do you think of the him who wrote that unbelievably boring it
on Transformational it? (Radford 1988:78 (87))(22) A: Have you every been to Paris?
B: No, I have never been there. (Radford 1988:79 (89))(23) A: Mary has finished her assignment.
B: I don't believe it. (Radford 1988:81 (94a))(24) a. John might [go home], and so might Bill. (Radford 1988:79 (90a))b. John might [resign his post], as might Bill. (Radford 1988:79(90b))
c. If John can [speak French fluently]—which we all know hecan—why is he shy with French girls? (Radford 1988:79 (90c))d. John will [finish the assignment], and so will Mary. (Radford1988:101 (168b))(25) Ellipsis:A: John won't wash the dishes.
B: I bet he will wash the dishes if you're nice to him. (Radford1988:82 (97))(26) a. John won't help me with the dishes, but his brother will help me withthe dishes. (Radford 1988:82 (98))
b. Mary wants to close the shop, but I don't want to close the shop.
c. Paul will [finish the assignment], but John will finish the assignment.
(Radford 1988:101 (168d))(27) a. John won't put the vodka into the drink, but his brother will put thevodka into the drink. (Radford 1988:83 (101))b. *John won't put the vodka into the drink, but his brother will put thevodka into the drink. (Radford 1988:82 (100c))c. *John won't put the vodka into the drink, but his brother will put thevodka into the drink. (Radford 1988:82 (100e))(28) Gapping:a. John bought an apple, and Mary bought a pear. (Radford 1988:98(152))b. Could John close the window, and could Mary close the door?
(Radford 1988:98 (153))c.
(29) a.
b.

Drunks would get off the bus, and junkies would get off the train.
(Radford 1988:98 (154))*Drunks would put off the customers, and junkies would put off thewaitresses. (Radford 1988:98 (155))
Drunks would put off the customers, and junkies would put off thewaitresses. (Radford 1988:98 (156))[課題]
日本語における句の構成を調べるテストについて考察すること。テストとして有効だと思うものは、例をあげてどのように有効であるかを示しなさい。また逆に、一見、テストとして成り立ちそうなのに実は有効なテストではないということを例をあげて示してもらってもかまいません。
英語のテストを参考にしてもらっても、独自に考えてもらっても結構です。