Training Reporton
Cultural Heritage Protection
Training Course for Researchers in Charge of Cultural Heritage
Protection in Asia and the Pacific 2005 – Fiji –16 January – 21 February 2006, Nara

Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)

Edited and Published by
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia / Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Nara Prefectural Government “Horen” Office Ground Floor
757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113 Japan
Phone: +81-(0)742-20-5001
F A X: +81-(0)742-20-5701
E-mail: nara@accu.or.jp
U R L: http://www.nara.accu.or.jp
Cover design by Elia R. F. Nakoro
Printed by MeishinshaⒸ Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia / Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) 2006

Preface

The Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO(ACCU Nara) was established in 1999 with the cooperation of the Agency for Cultural Affairs,
Nara Prefectural Government and the Municipal Government of Nara. Since its establishment, the
ACCU Nara Office has worked towards the protection and investigation of cultural properties
through training courses, international conferences, public symposia and database production.
Training courses on the investigation and protection of cultural heritage form an important part ofour activities. These training courses are of two types: group courses of about one month for some
fifteen participants and individual training on particular topics for one or two participants. The
present course was the second type and was held in association with the National ResearchInstitute for Cultural Properties.
This time we welcomed two specialists from Republic of the Fiji Islands. Republic of Fiji is a new
country born in 1998. With the entire area as small as Shikoku Island, it consists of islands
containing abandoned archaeological information.
While disclosing information on cultural heritages and extinct organisms with exhibitions, Fiji
Museum is engaged in investigation mainly on archaeological sites and architectures. Observationof the ground surface, collection of relics, exact records of sites and features by measurements, and
GIS to integrate such results are essential for relevant field works. However, necessary technology
and software are not sufficiently obtained.
Regarding the present situation, the training will be implemented for the purpose of masteringvarious methods of measurements and GIS to integrate those results as technology related to
documentation of the entire cultural heritages.
Finally, we wish to thank the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Toshodai-ji Office of Cultural
Properties Preservation, Nara Prefecture, Chatan-cho Board of Education, Nakijin-mura Board of
Education, Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre and Pasco Co. Ltd. for their assistance withthis training course.

YAMAMOTO Tadanao
Director
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU), NaraContents
Preface
Introduction
1. General Information
2. Programme Schedule

3
6

Ⅱ

Summary of Lectures and Workshops

11

Ⅲ

Participants’ Country Reports

23

Ⅳ

Lecturers’ Papers

Ⅰ

1. Outline of Survey
NISHIMURA Akira

37

2. Measuring Survey Methods and GIS
KIGUCHI Hiroshi

51

Ⅴ

Participants’ Final Reports

61

Ⅵ

Appendixes
1. List of Lecturers and Interpreter
2. List of Staff Members, ACCU Nara

75
76

General Information
Training Course for Researchers in Charge of Cultural Heritage
Protection in Asia and the Pacific 2005 – Fiji –(16 January−21 February 2006, Nara)

1. Organizers
Organizers: The Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties

2. Background
Republic of the Fiji Islands was “discovered” by Dutch explorers in mid 1600s,
colonized by U.K. in the second half of the 19th Century, and became independent
as a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1970s. After withdrawing
from and reentering the Commonwealth from 1980s through 1990s, Republic of Fijimade a fresh start as a new country in 1998. With the entire area as small as Shikoku
Island, it consists of islands containing abundant archaeological information, suchdiscoveries of human bones from rock shelter sites and shell mounds.
While disclosing information on cultural heritages and extinct organisms withexhibitions, Fiji Museum is engaged in investigation mainly on archaeological sites
and architectures. Observation of the ground surface, collection of relics, exact
records of sites and remains by measurements, and GIS to integrate such results are
essential for relevant field works. However, necessary technology and software are
not sufficiently obtained.
Regarding the present situation, the training will be implemented for the purpose of
mastering various methods of measurements and GIS to integrate those results astechnology related to documentation of the entire cultural heritages.
3. Date and Venues
Date:

Monday 16 January to Tuesday 21 February 2006

Venues:Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, ACCU (ACCU Nara Office);
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara; Archaeological
Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, Okinawa34. Objective of the Training Course
Presently, Fiji Museum is investigating and recording cultural heritages including woodenarchitectures development stricken, using GPS and GIS. For this purpose, training on theactual operation of GPS and GIS used for sites in Japan presently will be carried out.
Furthermore, aiming at contributing to utilization of cultural monuments in Fiji in future,
this training will be also an opportunity to study the relationship between remains/historicsites and tourism in Japan.

5. Training Curriculum
The training curriculum consists of three primary foci:-Introduction to the Measuring Survey Method of Archaeological Site-

Practical Training on Measuring Survey Methods in Archaeological Sitei.e. Traverse survey with total station, Plane table surveying method, GPS use-

Introduction and Application of GIS System-

Introduction and Practical Training on 3D Laser Scanner Measuring Survey Method-

Exhibition and Collection Storing of Museum-

Preservation and Utilization of the Archaeological Sites and Monuments

6. Participants
Praveena CHARAN (Ms.)
Field Research Officer, Division of Historical Archaeology, Fiji Museum
Elia Robert Francis NAKORO (Mr.)
Field Research Officer, Division of Pre-Historical Archaeology, Fiji Museum

7. Certificate
Each trainee will be awarded a certificate upon completion of the course.

8. Language
The working language of the course will be English.

9. Expenses
Expenses for participants for the training course shall be borne by ACCU and comprise thefollowing:(1) Travel expenses:
Participants shall be provided with an economy-class return air ticket between theinternational airport nearest to her residence and Narita International Airport / KansaiInternational Airport, and domestic transportation costs / to and from the airports and4between the training venues in Japan.
(2) Living expenses:
Participants shall be provided with a daily subsistence allowance during the training course,
beginning from January 10 (Tuesday) to 22 February (Wednesday), 2006. Arrangements foraccommodations will be made by the ACCU Nara Office.

10. Correspondence
Dr. YAMAMOTO Tadanao
Director
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU Nara Office)Nara Prefectural Government Horen Office,757 Horen-cho, Nara City 630-8113
Tel: +81-742-20-5001

Fax: +81-742-20-5701

E-mail: nara@accu.or.jp

5Programme Schedule
Date
13 (Fri)

Venue
Arrival to Nara

14 (Sat)
15 (Sun)
16 (Mon)Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 1/ Introduction to Measuring Survey

NRICPN

17 (Tues)

Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 2

NRICPN18 (Wed)Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 3

NRICPN19 (Thu.)

Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 4

NRICPN

January

20 (Fri)

Visiting the World Heritage Sites 1

Ikaruga Town

21 (Sat)22 (Sun)23 (Mon)Plane Table Survey 1

ARIKNP

24 (Tues)

Plane Table Survey 2

ARIKNP

25 (Wed)Plane Table Survey 3

ARIKNP

26 (Thu.)

Plane Table Survey 4

ARIKNP27 (Fri)

Visiting the World Heritage Sites 2

Nara City

28 (Sat)29 (Sun)
30 (Mon)Trip from Nara to Okinawa

31 (Tues)

GPS Survey 1 : Introduction of Survey for Archaeology /GPS introduction

Naha City

Feb 1 (Wed)

GPS Survey 2: GPS field work / GPS Data processing

Chatan Town

2 (Thu.)GPS Survey 3: Digital Photogrametry

Chatan Town

3 (Fri)

Archaeological Operation in Okinawa

Nishihara T.

February

4 (Sat)5 (Sun)6 (Mon)3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 1

Nakijin Vil.

7 (Tues)

3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 2

Nakijin Vil.

8 (Wed)3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 3

Nakijin Vil.

9 (Thu.)3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 4

Nakijin Vil.

10 (Fri)

Investigation of Heritage Preservation Methods 1

6

Nakijin Vil.

11 (Sat)
12 (Sun)February

13 (Mon)Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 1

Naha City

14 (Tues)

Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 2

Naha City

15 (Wed)Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 3

Naha City

16 (Thu.)

Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 4

Naha City17 (Fri)

Investigation of Heritage Preservation Methods 2

18 (Sat)Okinawa

Trip from Okinawa to Nara

19 (Sun)20 (Mon)Evaluation of the Training Course and Final Report
Submission

ACCU

21 (Tues)

Closing Ceremony

ACCU

22 (Wed)Departure to Fiji

NRICPN

National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara

ARIKNP

Archaeological Research Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture

7

Shinigun-Ni Ritual Site, Okinawa

Closing Ceremony

8Summary of Lectures
January 16 (Mon.)
Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 1<KANAI Ken/ NRICPN>
Introduction to Traverse survey.
•

What is the “Benchmark”•

How to set a tripod

Lecture: Introduction to Measuring Survey<NISHIMURA Akira, Kokusai Kogyo Co.Ltd. / NRICPN>•

Navy Navigation System Survey (NNSS)

•

GPS

•

Purpose of the measuring survey in Archaeology•

How to calculate distance by law of sines

January 17 (Tue.)
Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 2<KANAI / NRICPN>••

Practical training: Levelling Survey-

How to set the level-

Transfer of height from one point to another-Calculation of the result-

Error limit in a levelling survey

Introduction to measuring survey

Learning how to handle the level

Practical training: Setting of a Total Station (EDM)-

How to set a Total Station-

Measuring of the distance with Total Station
Setting the reflector for the Total Station

January 18 (Wed.)
Measuring Survey Method : Traverse survey by Total
Station 3<OZAWA Tsuyoshi / NRICPN>•

What is the “Measuring Survey Method”?

•

Theory of triangle division method-

Calculation procedure using triangle division
method•Fixing the Total Station on
benchmark, at Heijo Palace Site

Practical training: traverse survey

11

the

-

Angle and distance survey by total station using
four points (two known points and two unknown
points) laid out in a quadrangular shape in thefield.

January 19 (Thu.)
Calculation of survey data

<OZAWA / NRICPN>
Measuring Survey Method: Traverse survey by Total
Station 4• Calculation method of traverse data-

Calculation of traverse data obtained the day
before by observation of included angle anddistance•

Evaluation of measuring survey carried out on
previous days•

Classification of traverse types: it is necessary tochoose an adquate traverse type for the specific

Observing a painted member, at
Toshodai-ji Temple

purpose.
Visiting the World Heritage Sites: Toshodai-ji Temple
and Yakushi-ji Temple<OZAWA/ NRICPN; MATSUI, Toshodai-ji Office ofCultural Properties Preservation / Toshodai-ji>•

Visit to Toshodai-ji Temple under restoration forobserving the preservation project of the Main hall as
an example of wooden structure preservation in Japan.
Explanation by Mr. Matsui•

Yakushi-ji Temple: Observation of reconstruction of
temple complex introduced by Mr. Ozawa

Horyu-ji Temple, Yumedono HAll

January 20 (Fri.)
Visit the World Heritage Sites 1: Horyu-ji Area
(Fujinoki Tumulus, Horyu-ji, Horin-ji and Hokki-ji)• Outline of cultural heritages of Horyu-ji Temple area•

History of Horyu-ji Temple and explanation of thetemple premise•

Short lecture about the date of the accidental fire gave
serious damage on temple. The day was designated a

At the room for artefacts treatment andarrangement, AIKNP

disaster drill day for preventing disaster involving

12

cultural heritages.
•

Overview of the current situation of parking lots,
bicycle hire service, information centre, etc. in
Horyu-ji Temple Area

January 23 (Mon.)
Plane Table Survey 1<TERASAWA

Kaoru;HASHIMOTO

Hiroyuki:

KOBAYASHI Chika / AIKNP>

Learning how to set up the plane table
for surveying

Interview on the situation of survey in Fiji-

Engagement in measuring survey mainly using a
handy GPS-No particular recording method is applied.
Measuring surveys are usually carried out by
research project teams from foreign countries.

-

Desire for learning every measuring method
including topographical drawing with contour
lines by the trainees themselves

Looking the small model of imaginary
reconstruction of the ritual site at themuseum•Inspecting tour of facilities of the institute•Observation of the practice site: Asuka-Itabuki Palace
Site•

Explanation about the plane table survey and practiceof set up in the building

January 24 (Tue.)
Plane Table Survey 2<MATSUDA Shin’ichi; HASHIMOTO/AIKNP>•Practicing the plane table survey at
AIKNP

Observation of the Museum-

How to exhibit archaeological artefacts in themuseum•Special storage room for wooden tablet

Practical training of plane table survey at Itabuki
Palace Site, Asuka-

Determination of the setting place of the plane
table (Due to snow in the training field, thetraining programme was moved indoors.)
Practical training of plane table survey at
Itabuki Palace Site, Asuka

13

January 25 (Wed.)
Plane Table Survey 3<HASHIMOTO/ AIKNP>•Practical training of plane table survey at Itabuki
Palace Site, Asuka-

Practical training at Niizawa Senzuka,
group of mound tombs.

•

Resetting of the plane table on the control point

Visit to the Ishibutai Tumulus

January 26 (Thu.)
Plane Table Survey 4<HASHIMOTO; IRIKURA Norihiro; KOBAYASHI/ AIKNP>Practical training on plane table survey at Niizawa Senzuka, Kashihara City-

Practical survey of topographical map by drawing contours at 25cm intervals.

January 27 (Fri.)
Visit the World Heritage Sites 2: Nara Area
Kasuga Shrine Main hallTodai-ji Temple
Shoso-inNara National Museum
January 30 (Mon.)
Trip from Nara to Okinawa
Visit Mr. Kiguchi and had a brief introduction to thetraining programme in Okinawa
January 31 (Tue.)GPS Survey 1: Introduction of Survey for Archaeology/GPS introduction<KIGUCHI Hiroshi / PASCO>•

Lecture on GPS by Mr. Kiguchi•

Drawings for Archaeology- Topography map- Distribution map- Drawing of features- Drawing of artefacts
What is GPS?

•How to use GPS•

Lecture review

14February 1 (Wed.)
GPS Survey 2: GPS field work / GPS Data processing< KIGUCHI / Chatan Town, Urasoe City>•

How to draw artefacts: use of the 3D Degitiser for
drawing a stone coffin•

GPS observation-

Marking movement locus-

Training on how to use "TO GO" command of
GPS at the Irebaru Site, Chatan Town•

Review of the lecture•

How to restore, reconstruct and show the historic site:
Urasoe Gusuku Castle, Youdore or royal graveyard andmuseumFebruary 2 (Thu.)
Practical training: how to use GPS

GPS Survey 3: Digital Photogrametry< KIGUCHI / Chatan Town>•

Process of Digital Photogrametry-

Setting of the control points and figuring out thecoordinates of each point-

Taking photos of the artefacts with a digital
camera; a bamboo basket of Jomon Period foundin Ireibaru Site of Chatan Town-

Data processing by computer

February 3 (Fri.)
Visit: Okinawa Prefectural Archaeology Centre< KINJO Kamenobu / Okinawa Prefectural Archaeology
Centre >•Archaeological operation in Okinawa-

Storage room for artefacts-

Scientific conservation rooms-

How to make records of or reports on historical

Assistingdata
takingfor
digitalphotogrametry. Recoding the coordinatesof targets set on the object

information brought from archaeological site
investigations•

Visit Naka Gusuku Castle –World Heritage Site-

Observation of how the castle site is maintained and restored15

February 6 (Mon.)
Visit: Nakijin Village Museum of Culture and History<MIYAGI Hiroki, Board of Education, Nakijin Village>•

Introduction to the history of preservation andrestoration project on Nakijinjo Gusuku Site•

Tour of Nakijinjo Gusuku Site for observing theundergoing preservation and reconstruction work

At the workshop room of Archaeology
Centre, trying a zig-saw puzzle of amodified artefact found in Okinawa

3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 1: Introduction to
3D Laser Scanning Method and Equipments< KIGUCHI / Nakijin Village>•

Observation of Shinigun Ni Site: pratical survey sitefrom the following day•

Two of applicable equipments: terrestrial and airborne
mounted stations-

ADA40: 100 percent overlapping 3 lines image
sensor.

Museum of Culture and History, Nakijin-

AISA: 4-band spectra sensor from satellite.

-

Airborne laser measuring system using two
different frequencies.

February 7 (Tue.)
3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 2: 3D Scanner
fieldwork<KIGUCHI / Shinigun Ni Ritual Site, Nakijin Village>•

How to establish a survey schedule-

At Nakijinjo Castle site: observing thepanel

Scanning point cloud density and location forshoots•Practical training by using 3D scanning equipment(Cyrax) at Shinigun-Ni Ritual Site in Nakijin Gusuku
CastleFebruary 8 (Wed.)
3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 3: 3D Scanner field
work<KIGUCHI / Nakijin Village>
Lecture at the former Kaneshi JuniorHigh School: Nearby is THE small scalemodel of the castle•

Continuation of practical training on 3D scanning at
Shinigun-Ni Ritual Site using cubic and flat roundstructures16

•

Topographic survey using a total station (EDM) witha reflecting staff and a non-prism laser pointer toobtain 3D data for drawing a map

February 9 (Thu.)
3-D Laser Scanning Survey Method 4: 3D Scanner dataprocessing<KIGUCHI / Nakijin Village>•

Lecture on 3D scanning and total station survey data
integration by Mr. Kiguchi at former Kaneshi Junior

3D Laser Scanning Equipments

High School.
•

Supplementary survey at Shinigun-Ni Ritual Site,using a total station•

Processing of the 3D scanner data obtained on theprevious days-

Image matching method according to the common
control points in every image-

Topographical Survey by Total Station

Drawing a topographical map from the datameasured by digital camera image-

Data integration and processing for presenting thefinal results-

Drawing a topographical map using the total
station data

February 10 (Fri.)
Investigation of Heritage Preservation Methods 1<NAKAMINE Seiji, MIYAGI / Nakijin Village>•

Visit Nakijin Gusuku Castle guided by Mr. Nakamine
Seiji, a volunteer guide of the area-

Visit the buffer zone of the castle site: the role andImadomari Village

problem of the buffer zone-

Observation of the excavation site in front of thecastle gate•-

Medieval approach path for the castle-

Imadomari Village cultural landscapeLecture on the process of registration for the World
Heritage Site in Okinawa by Mr. Miyagi Hiroki at
Lecture by Mr. Miyagi

former Kaneshi Junior High School17-Buffer zone should be guaranteed permanently
under the Nakijin Village regulation.

-

Every alteration of nature within buffer zone
should be controlled under the law.

-

How and who monitors the sites after registrationin the World Heritage list-

Problem of authenticity and reconstruction among
the cultural heritages in Okinawa

Software and Data Acquisition from web
Sites.

February 13 (Mon.)
Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 1: GIS introduction<KIGUCHI / Naha>••

Lecture on GIS by Mr. Kiguchi-

What is located where? (Basic Data)-

Why are they there? (Analysis)-

Why do I care (Management)

What is GIS-

GIS consists of hardware and software. For preventing data exchange problems, atransforming software SHP (Shape) is applied to create compatible format data. Data
format is applied in GIS.

-

Raster - Point data in grid coordinate. Aerial photographs and images from satellite-

Vector - Line (Linear) data.

-

Practice of downloading GIS software from the internet into individual computers-

Kashimir - Software originally produced for enjoying mountain scenery. It is applicable to

Feature, line, polygon etc., that classifies size and character

derive a Locus data obtained by GPS navigation.

The route of transferring GPS datafrom Naha to Chatan site was drawn on a map.
-

Data drawn on a map can be exported as points for BL (Breit, Länge = Longitude,
Latitude), Date, ALT (Altitude=height) and description are divided by comma.

Introduction: Recent GIS application•

Virtual image example and Google Earth.

February 14 (Tue.)
Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 2: Using GIS / What can we do?
<KIGUCHI / Naha>•

Preparation of topographical map data and GIS database (DB)-

Example: BHN (Basic Human Needs) research on a village in Cambodia. Evaluation of
acquired data is a basic task of satellite images.
18

•

METADATA-

JPG, XML, TXT formats, etc., consisting of names executor, date, contents, quality andother elements as indice that are applied to GIS are called Metadata.

•

Software applicable to GIS analysis-

ArcView, Adobe Illustrator, ArcInfo etc

Most recent "Arc Map8" consists of ArcView

and ArcInfo.
-

Practice using software ESRI&Maps to import and export example data from an internet
web site.

•

Introduction to IKUTOKO Service opened to the general public by PASCO Corp.

February 15 (Wed.)
Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 3: Making GIS data
<KIGUCHI / Naha>••

Introduction to application study in Japanese archaeological investigations-

Distribution map of archaeological sites-

Cultural properties navigation system an example from Chiba prefecture-

Prefecture-based archaeological DB accessible from local public body-

Cultural properties database drawn on maps created by Illustrator instead of GIS

GIS Projects in the World-Time Map - Animated presentation of a country's history.

It can be downloaded in SWF(Shock Wave Flash) format.
-

Archaeological DBs are based on old and new maps, urban area divided into layers

Visit to Kimoto (Grafica) Company to Observe Digitalization for Map• How to digitalize analogue topographical map into digital format archive•

Flat bed scanner and computer-supported editing software

February 16 (Thu.)
Integration of Archaeological Data Set (GIS) 4:
GIS on web<KIGUCHI / Naha, Chatan Town >•Recapturing of lectures and practical surveys
carried out in the previous lectures•

Simple topographical survey method using asingle measuring tape
Flat scanner and computer control

19

February 17 (Fri.)
Investigation of Heritage Preservation Methods 2:
Visiting Katsuren Gusuku, Nakabaru Site and Zakimijo
Gusuku•Katsuren Gusuku – One of the world heritage sites in
Okinawa.
-

Observation of the reconstruction procedure ofstone wall and method covering a slope with lawn

Nakabaru Jomon Site•

Nakabaru Jomon Site Park-

Jomon pitdwellings area found in an excavation ispreserved as a park with reconstructed houses.

•

Yomitan Historical Arts Museum and Zakimijo
Gusuku-An exhibit of human skeleton with shellornamentation on head, which looks similar to
FijianReconstruction of houses•

Zakimi-jo Fort-

Reconstruction of main part of the fortification
and an arch-shaped main gate structure has been
conducted, depending on the excavation result.

February 18 (Sat.)
Trip from Okinawa to Nara
February 20 (Mon.)<ACCU Nara Office>Evaluation of the training course and submission of final
report.
February 21 (Tue.)<ACCU Nara Office>Closing Ceremony
Certificate was conferred to each participant.
Closing ceremony

20

Country Report

Praveena CHARAN
Field Research Officer, History Department of Archaeology
Fiji Museum

The Fiji Museum is a statutory body governed by Board of Trustees, which comes under the
Culture and Heritage Department in the Ministry of Fijian Affairs. The Museum has a total of 25
staff members that all report directly to their Heads of Department who in turn report to the
Director of the Fiji Museum. The Museum Director is responsible to the Fiji Museum Board ofTrustees and the Director of Culture in the Ministry of Fijian Affairs. Apart from the Director, allstaff at the Museum is employee of the Fiji Museum Board of Trustees. The Museum is made up ofsix departments consisting of the Collections, Historical/Pre-history Archaeology, Conservation,
Display and Exhibitions, Education and Accounts Administration General and Shop. The
Collections, Archaeology, Conservation and Education are the four main departments that work
closely with the museum's objectives of preserving and safeguarding Fiji's traditional and culturalvalues.

Annual Budget:
The Museum receives revenues from three sources.
1.

Government

2.

Internal Revenues

3.

Special Projects

Government's annual grant accounts for one third, which covers existing staff salaries only.
The museum manages to generate additional revenues through admission fees, donations, fundraising and shop revenues. These revenues cover the museum's operational costs such as
maintenance, electricity, water and stationery requirements. Special Projects revenues generated
are used for capital projects and other special programmes such as exhibitions and field trips. The
entire museum staff is allotted for the preservation of cultural assets in Fiji. Insufficient financial
grant from the government is a major problem faced by the museum.

23

Under the legislation of Fiji, the Fiji Museum is covered by two acts. These are Chapter 263 of theFiji Museum Act enacted in 1929, and Chapter 264 of the Preservation of Objects ofArchaeological and Palaeontological Interest Act enacted in 1940.
The Fiji Museum is the most concerned organization in regards to the education,
preservation and restoration of cultural assets both tangible and intangible.
The Museum currently receives aid from overseas institutions in terms of financial andequipment aid. In 1997, the Japanese Government under its Cultural Aid Fund donated to the Fiji
Museum among other items surveying equipment for recording and mapping archaeological sites.
The major cultural assets in Fiji are the pre historic sites, built historic sites, artefacts thatwere once utilized by our ancestor's tangible and intangible art and oral traditions. Like other
Pacific countries, Fiji is where the people relate to one another orally, thus the history is passed on
through oral traditions.
At the moment the Archaeology Department has a total of 1000 data entered into the database ofboth historic and prehistoric sites but out of that only 677 has coordinates of its location, and therest is still left to be identified or needs to be captured with GPS.
I work as a Field Research Assistant in Historical Archaeology Department. The work that
I do in the Museum is in the archaeology department:•

Mapping and recording of old sites，•Archaeological impact assessment field work and research,•

Collection, storage and preservation of oral traditions,•

Historic site research•

Archaeological site monitoring•

In−house research（local research）

Experience with computer: Microsoft Office-- MS Word, MS Access, MS Excel and MS Power
Point
Software：MapInfo

Present Situation and Needs for Surveying Method in Fiji and Duties
At present, surveying method used by the department is mainly plain surveying method withmeasuring tape, Sunto compass and the Panasonic GPS.
The main aim of using the GPS in the Museum is to gather the coordinates and manually
locate the positions on the Fiji map grid layer and to see where it lies on the map. In addition, we
use the Map Info software, which enables us to pinpoint the location of the exact points taken by
the GPS.
24

Our future aim is to broaden the use of proper GIS system in the Archaeology Department. At
present Museum had converted its old coordinates of the northing and the easting readings by Mike
Poidevin of the Ministry of Forestry who designed the software to convert the old coordinates into
the current FMG（Fiji Map Grid Coordinates）.

We are now hoping to create good maps using

those point locations of the old coordinates. Additionally, we intend to process information in as
many ways as we can, so that the department and other organisations can use the information
effectively.
The current main data processing of the GPS data collected in the field, and processing or
merging other information together in the GIS system back in the office are a huge problem. The
main problem faced by the Museum is lack of funding. We do not have a good precise GPS, where
we can use the data to process into GIS, hence a lack of training in the processing of the GPS data
and PC systems to store all the information in one place.
On the whole Fiji islands, there is no professional archaeologist.

There is only one local

researcher, a lecturer at University of the South Pacific, who works in collaboration with the Fiji
Museum on archaeological excavations.

As we do not conduct our own research in the country,

the department relies heavily on overseas researchers to conduct archaeological research here in
Fiji. Some of the overseas institutions that have conducted their work in Fiji include the Australian
National University, Auckland University, the University of Hawaii, Simon Fraser University,
University of Florida and Institute of Palaeontologie de France with the Archaeology Departmentof Fiji Museum. Therefore, it is a great opportunity for me to be trained in the archaeologicalmethods of surveying, because I am in the Archaeology Department without having a professional
experience in archaeology.

In the course of the training, my personal interest in GIS will enable

me go thorough the theoretical and practical knowledge of archaeological background, and to learn
how other museums use GIS to manage their information.
At the end of the training, I hope to understand better methods of surveying, recording，
preservation, and how to best restore artefacts in the Museum.

I would also like to have a betterknowledge with the modern technology utilised by the developed countries, and how else Museum
can improve what the techniques it is using now.

In addition, I wish to learn more how to processdata relative to the collection using GPS. I hope to gain more from the training course organised by
Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU and utilise similar method back in Fiji.

25

Mappi ng Fiel d Tri p Phot os:
1. Levuka Workshop Exercise.

Mapping the old Nasova house building(1860’s) in Ovalau Levuka

Learning how to capture data using trimble
GPS in front of the Church of the holy
Redeemer (1870).

2 . N a d i F i e l d t r i p E x e rc i s e

Capturing data using Thales mapper in Nadi of the oldwater tank26

GPS reading in Momi gun
site of the shelterFig.1 Hand drawn map of Nasova
Final drawing was drawn up by hand using ruler and protector

Fig.2 Auto CAD Drawing
Also drawn up one participant who was familiar with Auto CAD software27

Fig.3 Drawing of Butoni House MoundFig.4 Drawing of Bulu Village Site, Nadarivatu

28

Country Report
REPORT ON PRESENT SITUATION AND
NEEDS FOR SURVEYING METHODS IN FIJI
Elia Robert Francis Nakoro
Field Research Officer, Archaeology Department
Fiji Museum

As a research assistant, part of our research is looking at traditional totems, which is what I havebeen working on lately. This includes interviews with villagers for creating a database andmapping our sites out of an initiative. As it stands, a survey is conducted on our pilot site along theCoral Coast of Viti Levu, (the biggest island) where their plant totem is the Tahitian Chest Nut(innocarpes fagifer). On this trip a team is doing a terrestrial survey on this plant in three villages
and comparing the results. Two villages have the plant as their totem and the third village has
another plant for its totem. The survey includes identifying, plotting and mapping in a 10 x 10
quadrant of the Tahitian Chestnut forest, and the outcome of this survey shall give us an idea ofwhether the villagers are looking after and taking care of their sacred plant. This shall also tell us
about the density of the tree totems in the two areas under study, those that the totems belong toand those that they do not. The study shall also reveal some indicators for the tree type, whether it
is introduced or indigenous, and also the features of area that it grows in. It is believed that thesetrees indicate signs of old human settlement. Though it is unfortunate for the progress of the survey,
it has given me the chance to attend the training course at ACCU/Japan to access more knowledge
about survey methods. This research looks at totems as means of conservation, preservation andmanagement of biodiversity.

Yadua Island Site
In 2004, there was an excavation trip to a remote island, Yadua, just off the Western coast of Vanua
Levu (the second biggest island). It was led by Professor Patrick Nunn, a lecturer of Geoscience at
the Geography Department of the University of the South Pacific. The excavation was a joint effort
by my University and the Fiji Museum. It was just a plain excavation trip where we dug 1 x 1 pits
and recorded everything we found, such as ceramics, shells and stone tools. Orientation of the pits
was confirmed using a compass and measurements were done with steel tape measures and levels
to keep the floor of the pits level. The outcome of the field research was that we were able todetermine the island as one of the first settlements of the Lapita people. From the two weeks of
excavation we managed to find only one piece of the type of ceramic ware that we were expecting

29

to find, which is a piece of decorated Lapita pottery believed to have been made around 900 BC
and a Notched Rim pottery found on the ground during the surface collection.

Fig. 1 Right: the post-Lapita notched pot rim found by Stephanie Robinson at Vagairiki,
discovery of which led the research team to discover the underlying Lapita site. Left: adecorated piece of Lapita pottery from Vagairiki, thought to have been made on Yadua Island
about 900 BC. (Source: http://www.usp.ac.fj/index.php?id=2531&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=71&tx_
ttnews[backPid]=331&cHash=1eef928096)

Bourewa Site
The next excavation trip was in 2005 and again it was a joint effort and the site was in theSouthwest coast of Viti Levu called Bourewa. It was a two-week research trip and also involved
was the mapping of the whole terrain and the relief of the site by using a Total Station. However,
the mapping process failed as measurements were not taken from any bench marks or Datum
points and measurements could not be positioned with actual coordinates.
In the same year, an excavation of the same site was done in November and December for
four weeks. This site is believed to be the earliest site where the first settlers of Fiji, believed to be
Lapita people, first settled. The excavation was quite extensive and again it was very important thatthe mapping of the site was correct. This time a Leveler and a Total Station were used. Accessedby the Ministry of Lands that looks after this field, bench marks and datum points were identified
and the mapping process was a success. Looking after the mapping process was a Russian lecturer
at the University of the South Pacific. We dug 2 x 2 pits that numbered close to 30, and these pits
contained 16 skeletons and a whole collection of beautifully decorated ceramic ware believed to beof the Bismarck Archipelago origin. Some of the pieces of pottery appear to have been imported
from Vanuatu and New Caledonia but its analyses is still in its early stage.

30

Area of Excavations –Behind these bushes

Fig. 2 The site (named Bourewa) was first occupied by people around 3170 cal yr BP (1220 BC), perhaps
slightly earlier. It may have been established as much as 1260 BC (3264 years ago) by a group of the Lapita
people (Source: http://www.usp.ac.fj/index.php?id=2486)

At the moment, I have been a volunteer at
the Fiji Museum and upon my arrival back home,
I will become a permanent staff member. Whilevolunteering, part of the work that I carry out istranscribing interview collections by the Museum.
These are the interviews on old stories that are
being passed down to some of the very old people
that are still alive today. They are also stories of
how the ancestors of most of the Solomon and
Vanuatu peoples got over to Fiji through theBlack Birding process in the colonial era. There
are also stories and legends of how things areformed, stories of war and cannibalism and how
the early Fijians moved from one place toanother.
Furthermore, I assisted in cataloguing of
human bone samples and also in the database of
our archaeological sites using MapInfo.

Fig. 3 These are pieces of pottery found during thesecond excavations. (Source: http://www.usp.ac.
fj/index.php?id=2531&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=72&tx_tt
news[backPid]=331&cHash=b080f75b14)

31

In late 2005, the Fiji Museum was given
the task of managing a project that used to beunder the National Trust of Fiji and has been
going on for quite a number of years. This is thenomination of Levuka Town to be recognized asa World Heritage historical site. A team was sent
to the town to make a preliminary survey. We(Source:
http://www.fijifvb.gov.fj/activity/listing/levuka.htm)

went to observe the state of the town and also to
try and implement efforts for the community towork together, ensuring the safety of the town,
since fire is a major threat.
The citizens of the town have lost hopeand faith in the efforts of the town to berecognized as a heritage site. Many of theoriginal buildings from the colonial era are madeof wood and businessmen desire to replace the(Source:
http://www.fijifvb.gov.fj/activity/listing/levuka.htm)

old wooden structure for a development project.
Mapping of the area and measurement ofbuilding is being done by a Japanese expert of
JICA. This is just the first step that we have done
and the next step is to map the town and probably
torestorethedeterioratingbuildings

andhopefully we will be able to apply what we havelearned and seen on this training course in orderto help in the nomination of the town as Fiji's
first heritage site to be recognized by UNESCO.
(Source:
http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/19-3/19-3-5.pdf#search)

The University of the South Pacific offers
classesforsurveyingandGeographical

Information Systems. Unfortunately, I was only
enrolled in a unit on basic introduction to GIS in 2003 for the software MapInfo. This software isout-dated and it is no longer taught in the university. Instead, the unit now introduces ArcView as
new software, which is easier to use and user friendlier.
Most students enrolled in these courses found a position in the government or in private
firms and there is a need that museum staff is trained in the surveying methods.
From what I believe, so far the Fiji Museum has been doing the mapping of their historicalsites manually and using methods that utilizes equipments such as compasses and GPS receiver,32

and the work could be even quicker if staff members are taught the right and modern ways ofmeasurement and surveying. I would like to thank all who are involved in this program that ACCU
implements, for smaller nations like Fiji do benefit a lot from their expertise and knowledge, which
they are willing to share.
Majority of the sites in Fiji are mostly old village settlements with house mounds andditches, and many of them are recent. In Fiji, the tourism industry is flourishing, hotel
constructions are very evident along the South western coast of Viti Levu and part of the work
carried out by the museum is to conduct Archaeological Impact Assessments for the preservationof the old village sites and historical sites of that area.
Since the museum has a curator who also looks at archaeological work, there is also a needto have more young people to work for them, but the only hindrance to this is financial support.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude on behalf of the Fiji government, Director,
Board Members and staff of the Fiji Museum to the facilitators of the program, Asia/Pacific
Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Nara, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara andthe Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, for this opportunity to learn about
preservation and conservation of our national heritage and our identity.

Vinaka Vakalevu

33

APPENDIX
Research Project Involvement
2003-Field Research in Matuku and Totoya
2004-Field Research in Yadua Island, Bua on Lapita Pottery-Field Research in Na Bourewa, Natadola, Nadroga on Lapita Pottery
2004-Field Survey on Poverty and the Nasinu Town Councils Plan to convert Yasiyasi Road:
Population Studies and Demography
Publications
Nunn, P.D., Geraghty, P., Nakoro, E., Nasila, A. and Tukidia, S. submitted. Location andpalaeogeography of allegedly vanished islands in Fiji. Environment and History. [manuscript:
40 pages, 6 figures, 1 table].
Nunn, P.D., Matararaba, S., Ishimura, T., Kumar, R. and Nakoro, E. submitted. Reconstructing
the Lapita-era geography of northern Fiji: a newly-discovered Lapita site on Yadua Island andits implications. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology. [manuscript: 16 pages, 4 figures 1
table].
Chandra, D., Nakoro, E., Batee, J., Fatagogo, S., Musudroka, M., Naviriba, A., Toge,S.,
Tunisau,V., Uelese, T., Waqairatu, J., Sakitora, P., Tagivetaua, A., Vuiyanuca, V., Kishor, A.,
Umaima, A., and Bayer, F. Resident’s Preception on Commercial Zoning of Yasiyasi Road.
[manuscript: 27 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables]34

Outline of Survey

NISHIMURA Akira
Kokusai Kogyo Co.Ltd.

0. Target of survey for archaeological site
Possible targets of survey for archaeological site are as follows:a. Remains, relics
b. Historical buildings

1. Objective of Survey for archaeological site
The objective is to document the target of the survey according to a standard.
Specifically, this involves the preparation of maps, plans and side view of the remains. The survey
results can be used when describing the site to a third party and as basic data for archaeologicalinvestigations.

2. Outline of Survey
2.1 Objective of Survey(1) Objective of Survey
The objective of survey is to quantitatively measure (observe) and determine the positionand shape of the target.
(2) Use of Survey Results
The survey results can be used to make a map (topographic map) of a specified scale.
2.2 Survey Standard(1) Coordinate System
To determine positions, the concept of a coordinate system is introduced.
a. Types of Coordinate System*Geographic Coordinate System: latitude, longitudezGreenwich

λφx or y(Equator)

37

Origin of latitude：Equator
Origin of longitude：Longitude that passes through the Greenwich Observatory
Ex) Suva, Fiji

18° 7′40.02″south latitude
178°24′44.29″east longitude*Cartesian

Coordinate

System(PlaneN(X)Rectangular Coordinate System)：E(Y), N(X)The origin can be set at any given point.

A ( N,E )Ex) UTM Coordinate System
The origin is the intersection withtheequatorevery

N

６ ° ofE(Y)Elongitude.
(2) Height standard
In general, the mean sea level is brought in

Mean sea levelline with the surface of the reference
ellipsoiddescribed

hereafter,

and thatsurface is made the height standard (0.00m
above mean sea level).

h=0.000m
Reference
ellipsoid(3) Projection Method
If the object of the survey is on the Earth’s surface expressed as a globe or ellipsoid, theobject should be projected onto a plane when a map or plan is made using the survey
results.
a. Types of Projections
UTM Projection
Gauss-Kruger Projection
Othersb. Features of Projection System
Each projection system has the following characteristics:
・In the projection, the area remains unchanged.
・In the projection, the angle remains unchanged.
(4) Reference Ellipsoid
Because the earth’s surface is not smooth, it is difficult to accurately represent itmathematically. Therefore, an ellipsoid that resembles the shape of the earth and is easy torepresent mathematically is defined. This ellipsoid is called a reference ellipsoid.

38

Example of reference ellipsoid：Clark
Bessel
WGS84
ITRF94, etc(5) Survey for archaeological site
When making maps and drawings at a specified scale using survey results on national andglobal levels, consideration needs to be given to the reference ellipsoid and projection
system described above.
However, in surveys within a narrow scope such as a survey for archaeological site, thereference ellipsoid and projection system generally do not need to be considered.
2.3 Survey Methods
The five basic survey methods (to determine position) are as follows:a. Measurement of distanceb. Measurement of angle
c. Measurement of height difference (leveling)d. Traversing
e. GPS survey
2.3.1 Measurement of distance
The two methods for measuring distance are as follows:a. Direct measurement of distanceb. Indirect measurement of distance(1) Direct measurement of distanceFor the direct measurement of distance, you have the following equipment:* Eslon tape
* Steel tape
* Tellometer* Electronic distance meter (EDM)
Of the equipment above, the tellometer is hardly used at present. Also, when measuring a
distance using each of the equipment, various corrections must be added to obtain highaccuracy results.

39

＊

Slope correction

d=d′cos θa. Eslon tape
Measuring tape made from Eslon fiberglass, graduated in centimeters. Used formeasuring distance when conducting supplementary topographic field surveys for 1:500
and 1:1000 scale topographic maps.
When using an Eslon tape, slope correction is generally carried out.
b. Steel tape
Measuring tape made from steel with little expansion and contraction due to temperature,
usually graduated in mm. The steel tape constant is indicated.
The steel tape used for measuring distance in control point surveys.
When using a steel tape, temperature, tension and sag correction are generally carried out
in addition to slope correction.
＊Example of steel tape constant
50m-6.8mm 15℃： The tape length of 50m at 15℃ is 49.9932ｍ
50m＋2.2mm 15℃：The tape length of 50m at 15℃ is 50.0022ｍ＊Temperature correction
The expansion of the tape at 15℃ can be corrected with a steel tape constant.
However, expansion of the tape at any temperature other than that cannot becorrected. The correction of the expansion at the temperature during measurement istemperature correction.
Ct = +α(t - t0)d′Ct:

temperature correction valueα:expansion coefficient of measuring tapet:temperature at time of measurementt0:

standard temperatured′:measured distance＊Sag correction
When measuring distance, the tape is used at a fixed tension. However, the tape may
sag. Sag correction is the correction of the measurement error due to sag.

40[Remarks]
In general, when measuring distance by tape, slope correction must be carried out.
1) Correction by steel tape constant, 2) temperature correction, and 3) slag correction
should be carried out in the order from 1) to 3), according to the required accuracy.
c. Tellometer
This instrument measures distance using radio waves. A tellometer can measure longer
distances than an EDM described below, although the measurement accuracy is not as
good. They are hardly used at present.
d. Electronic distance meter (EDM)
An electronic distance meter measures the distance from the instrument (point from
where the light pulse is sent) to a prism (point from where the light pulse is reflected)using light.
These days, they are often built into total stations.
＊Types of corrections of EDM
・As with tapes, slope correction is necessary.
・The discrepancy between the position where the light pulse is sent and the positionof the point and the discrepancy between the position where the light pulse isreflected and position of the point are corrected by the instrument constant andreflector constant.
・Atmospheric correction (temperature and air pressure) of the atmosphere throughwhich the light travels is also necessary(2) Indirect measurement of distanceIn the event that the direct measurement of distance cannot be carried out, the distance ismeasuredindirectly

by

the

followingLmethods:* Method of orthogonal base lineb

* Subtense bar method
A* Stadia method

α

d

B

β

* Triangulationba. Method of orthogonal base line

R

When measuring the distance AB indirectly
as in the figure below, an angle-measuring

41

d = b cot α or β = b*1/tanα or β

instrument (transit, theodolite) is set up at A, and the baseline LR orthogonal with A is
set up at B. Then ＜LAB or ＜BAR is measured at A.
b. Subtense bar method
When measuring the distance AB indirectly as shown in the figure on the down, anangle-measuring instrument (transit, theodolite) is set up at A, and a subtense bar oflength b is set up on a tripod at B so that it is orthogonal with A. Then, ＜LAR ismeasured.

b/2
α/2
A

B
b/2
H

d = l / 2tanα/2 = l/2 cotα/2

c. Stadia method
This method measures the distance indirectly using the stadia line within the sight of thetransit and level. Some stadia surveys also use alidades.
d. Triangulation
This method measures distance indirectly applying the principles of triangulation.

l：Known distance
α、β：Known angle

Cd1 / Sinβ = l / Sin (180-α-β)180-α-βd1 = l Sin β/ Sin (180-α-β)d2

d1d2 = l Sin α/ Sin (180-α-β)
β
α

B
l

A

42

2.3.2 Measurement of Angle
Z (h)In a survey, horizontal and vertical angles
are measured with a transit (theodolite)
and total station. To remove errors inmeasurment,

variousstrategiesP

aredevised. Methods to verify the accuracy

Vertical
angle

E (Y)

of measured angles are also prepared.
N (X)Horizontal
angle

P1

(1) Units of measurement for angles
The following three units of measure for angles are currently used:
・Degree system
・Grad system
・Radian systema. Degree system
Units： degree (°), minute (′), second (″)
Full circle ＝ 360°
1° ＝ 60′
1′ ＝ 60″
Right angle ＝ 90°
This is a commonly used unit of measure.

b. Grad system
Units： grad (g), centigrad (c), milligrad (cc)Full circle ＝ 400g
1 g ＝ 100c
1 c ＝ 100cc
Right angle ＝ 100g
Grad system recently used in the field of photogrammetry and in France, Germany andthe former Soviet Union

43

c. Radian systemr

Units： radian (rad),1 radian

１rad＝angle at the center of the circle that cuts off
an arc length equal to the radiusr

Full circle ＝ 2π rad
Right angle ＝ π/2 rad
Radian system plays an important role in thetheoratical calculation of trigomometric functions.

(2) Angle-measuring equipment
In general, horizontal angles and vertical angles are measured by transits (theodolites)
and total stations.
With a transit (theodolite), the measured angle on the graduated circle is read by vernierscale, etc., and that value is recorded in a logbook. On the other hand, with a total station,
the angle is expressed on the graduated circle as a barcode and is digitally read andindicated in the display, while at the same time recorded in an internal recorder.
1) Types of transits (theodolites)
As with a total station, a transit is classified based on its performance and structurea. Classification based on performance
The performance of a transit is classified based on the smallest graduation.
Ex) 1-second transit (theodolite)
5-second transit (theodolite)
10‒second transit (theodolite)
b. Classification based on structure
・Single axis
・Dual axis
A2) Observation method
When observing (measuring) an angle, two important matters
are as follows:* The transit should be set up so that it is level and centred* Methods to minimize the various measurement errors
should be applieda. Setting up the transit
When setting up a transit with a tripod, first set up the tripod soPthat it is firmly in place.

44

Next, level the transit with the built-in levellingA

device (use the bubble tube of the levellingdevice), and centre the transit with the built-in
plumbing device. Repeat these actions alternately

θB

until the transit is properly levelled and cantered.
θA

b. Observation of horizontal angle

B

The two methods for observing horizontal angles
are as follows:P・ Angle method ： Each target angle isobserved from one standard direction.
・Double angle method：The angle to be observed is cumulatively measured byrotating the graduated circle.
(This can only be done with a dual-axis transit. This method is not commonly
used.)c. Observation error of horizontal angle
Errors in measurement occur even if the transit is properly leveled and centered. Typicalerrors are as follows:・Errors due to uneveness of the graduations on the horizontal circle
・Accidental errors in observation[Errors due to uneveness of the graduations of the horizontal circle]
To minimize the error caused by the uneveness of graduations, measure theangle using the entire circle (application of circle).
[Accidental errors in observation]
To minimize accidental errors, measure the same angle multiple times andadopt the mean value (Application of face left and face right observations).
d. Check of observation of horizontal angle
In order to check the observation of a horizontal angle, the following two values are
required:・Double angle：Obtain the sum of the seconds of the face left and face rightobservation results.
・Observation difference：Subtract the seconds of the face right observation resultsfrom the seconds of the face left observation results.
The double angle and observation difference mentioned above are obtained for theobservation results of every circle. The discrepancy (observation error) between the45

double angle difference and observation difference in the same direction between eachcircle is also calculated.
Check that the respective values are within the limiting value indicating the accuracy ofobservation (Ex: Within double angle difference of 20 seconds, within observation errorof 10 seconds, etc.)
e. Observation of vertical angles
The graduations on the circle of the vertical angle are numbered from 0 to 360 degrees.
However, there are transits that indicate 90 and 270 degrees and transits that indicate 0
degrees when the telescope is levelled. This point should be noted when using the
instrument.
In observing a vertical angle, after sighting the target, level the instrument again using
the precise bubble tube in order to maintain the horizontal of that direction more
precisely. Then read the observed value.
f. Observation error of vertical angles
Errors may occur in the observation of vertical angles even if the instrument is properlylevelled and cantered. Therefore, face left and face right observations in at least two
directions should be carried out.
g. Check of observation of vertical angles
The vertical constant is the difference between the sum of the face left and face rightobserved values and 360 degrees. Check that the difference in the two directions arewithin the limiting value (Ex: 30 seconds).
To obtain the vertical angle, the face left observed value is subtracted from the face rightobserved value and divided by two, and added or subtracted 90 degrees depending on thetype of transit.
2.3.3 Measurement of height difference
If you measure (levelling) the height difference based on the standard of height mentioned in
2.2, you can establish the height of any given point.

(1) Principle for measurement of height difference
For measuring the height difference between two points A and B, set staffs vertically at
points A and B. Next, set up the level in a horizontal position at the point midway
between those points and read the observed value a of the staff at point A. Then read theobserved value b of the staff at point B. The height difference from A between A and B
can be measured from the following equation.
Δh = a - b

46

b
a

h=Hb

B
Δh

A
h=Ha

If height Ha of point A is known, height Hb of point B can be determined based on thefollowing equation.
Hb ＝ Ha ＋ Δh = Ha ＋ a - b(2) Error in measurement of height difference
The above principle is based on the following conditions:・Staff A and staff B are set up in a vertical position.
・There is no expansion of the staffs
・The line of sight of the level is kept level.
・There is no refraction of light due to weather conditions.
・There is no error in reading.
However, in actual levelling such conditions are not always met and errors occur.
(3) Check of levelling
In order to determine whether the errors mentioned above are permissable, the following
checks are applied.
・Carry out duplicate observations and check that the discrepency in the height
difference of the forward observations and return observations are within thelimit value. (Ex:：20mm√S; S is the distance of observation in km)

・

・

47

・Carry out leveling from one known point of height to another known point ofheight and compare the height difference based on observations with the height
difference based on the heights of the known points. Then check whether that
discrepency is within the limit value (Ex：20mm√S)・・・(4) Equipment used in leveling1) Level
There are several types of levels. The two types that are commonly used today are as
follows:

a. Tilting Level
A tilting level is a level with the capacity to make the collimation axis horizontal for eachobservation by adjusting the tilting of the level (by the tilting screw).
b. Automatic Level
An automatic level is a level with the capacity to automatically level the collimation axis
with an internal compensator.
c. Staff
You have the following staffs based on the material and shape:
・3ｍ staff
・5ｍ staff
・High precision invar staff
・Staff for digital level (barcode staff)

d. Turning plate
This plate is used when setting a staff in the ground to prevent it from sinking and/or
shifting position.
e. Parasol
The parasol is used to keep the level out of direct sunlight in order to prevent a rise intemperature (horizontal error of collimation axis) of the bubble tube, which is used tokeep the level in a horizontal position.

48

2.3.4 Traversing
Classic methods for determining the position of a point are as follows:a. Triangulationb. Traversing
Of the above methods, traversing is still widely used today.
(1) Principles of traversing
The principle of traversing is as follows:(x, y)：Coordinate value of known point A(X, Y)： Coordinate value of unknown point B
θ：The angle from north to unknow point B at a known point
D：Distance from known point A to unknown point B
a. The angle θ at point A from north to the direction of unknown point B is obtained bymeasuring the angle.
b. The horizontal distance from point A to point B is obtained by measuring distance.
c. The coordinate value of unknown point B is obtained by the following equation:
X＝x＋D cos θ
Y＝ｙ＋D sin θInactualtraversing,

the

angle

N(X)

formed at a known point by anotherP ( X, Y )known point and an unknown point
P1, and the distance from the known
D

point to P1 are measured. Then, theθangle formed at P1 by a known point
and an unknown point P2, and theA( X, Y )distance from P1 to P2 are measured.
And this is repeated.

E(Y)

49

known point

unknown point

Connected traverse

Closed traverse(2) Error adjustment of traversing
In actual traversing, tie errors and closing errors generally occur with the angles andcoordinates when tying and closing. First, the angle error is adjusted and then thecoordinate error is adjusted. Then, the final position coordinates are determined.

50

Measuring Survey Methods and GIS

KIGUCHI Hiroshi
PASCO Corporation
Chapter 1 : Archaeology and Surveying
Chapter 2 : GPS
Chapter 3 : 3D Leaser Scanning
Chapter 4 : Virtual Reality
Chapter 5 : GIS

The surveying training at PASCO consists of 4 chapters.
fieldwork.

Each chapter has a lecture and a

We designed this course to be practical for the trainees.

Chapter 1: Archaeology and Surveying
Introduction of Department of Cultural Properties and Technology in PASCO・Making maps for Archaeologists
・Excavations
・Measurement of cultural properties
・Historical park design・Construct database and GIS for cultural properties

1-1 Drawings for cultural properties
When we study Archaeology or Cultural properties, certain drawings and maps are necessary. List
up some examples and discuss, what their purpose is, or what the drawer wants to tell by them.

51Topography map of a site

Sites distribution map

Topography map of tombs

Founds distribution map in a site

Drawing of features in a site

52

Drawing of artefacts

1-2 Handling with New Technology
It takes time to make drawing while excavation is undergoing.

It requires “speed” sometimes. So

it is a good idea to apply a new technology or process in Archaeology.
•

Speed

•

Easy and Convenience•

High accuracy•

Low cost•

Reusability

Of course, there should be deep knowledge of Archaeology and experiences in surveying.
Some methods of Surveying
Total station is well known at excavation sites
nowadays.

It is used for picking up founds,

making drawings and so on.

53

A

radio

remotecontrolhelicopter

with

Photogrametry camera is a good way to photographfrom the sky.
Use of RC helicopter is more convenient compared
to larger aircrafts.

Some can monitor the angle

from the ground.

3D laser scanner is recently introduced.

It is agood method of recording a whole building orcomplex objects.

But there are still somedifficulties to overcome.

With 3D digitiser for artefacts, 3D data is provided
simultaneously by tracing objects with a stylus pen.

Chapter 2: GPS
2-1 What is GPS?
••

Satellite based ‘measuring’ system-

Consisting of 24 NAVSTAR satellites (28 in place)-

Navigation Satellite Timing And Ranging system

Established by the U.S. Department of Defence (1978).
-$12 billion.

-

It provides rapid, accurate targeting for ICBMs andother military functions.

•

It provides accurate location and timing information,nearly worldwide.
-•

Difficulty at the poles.

Worldwide resource-

Free utility, GPS: Not Free.

54

2-2 GPS consists of 3 segments-

Space: Launch NASA (Block I), Delta 2 (BlockII).

-

Control:

U.S.

Military

trackingandmaintenance.
-

User: Originally military, now civilian andcommercial.

2-3 Accuracy and choice of GPS equipment
Use of an off-the-shelf Garmin eTrex or similar isvery useful, especially in the natural resource fieldand Archaeological fieldwork. (Left)
If it is required high accuracy, when we set up datum
base points for field archaeological Survey. (Right)
Low accuracy but
cheapHigh accuracy but
expensive

Chapter 3: 3D Leaser Scanning
3-1 Usage of 3D leaser scanner

MAP・Digital Mapping

Topographical survey

Management
・Registration Book
・Virtual Factory

Cultural Heritage

・Management of land
・Volume analysis

・3D Digital Archives

3-2 Choice of 3D leaser scanner
It is necessary to select an instrument for an ideal survey in the field. Each of them has its original
features.

Some are good for long-distance, others are able to scan precisely.

55

Lo n g - d i s t a n c e an d w id e a r e a s c a n n i n g sy s t e m:
L M S -Z 2 1 0 ( R I E G L )Measurement accuracy 25mm
Measurement Distance 350m
Scanning Range 330 degree

P r e c i se L a s e r s c an n i ng
s ys t e m : C y r ax 2 5 0 0
Meas urement ac c uracy 6mm
Meas urement Dis tanc e 1.5-100m

Chapter 4: Virtual Reality

Realistic
VisualSensuous

3D v i r t u a l r e a l i t y
Enjoyable

Experimental

Virtual reality can be defined as something related to three dimensions, or containing
three-dimensional information, or as intelligent computer-simulated ecology.When we demonstrateor simulate it is very useful and arouse people’s interest.
There are many ways to make 3 dimensional data.

56

Desi gn proce ss of roads a nd pavements from a d ig ital map

Chapter 5: GIS
5-1 What is GIS?
GIS is a computer technology that uses a geographic information system as an analytic framework
for managing and integrating data, solving a problem, or understanding a past, present, or future
situation.
5-2 Data is everything
When we talk about GIS, data is most important.
It could be said that data is everything.
There are a lot of ways to make digital data for
GIS.

57

GIS data are two-fold: raster data and vector data. Each of them has their advantages as well as
disadvantages.

Raster data

Vector data

5-3 GIS resource in WWW
http://www.gis.com/
http://www.geographynetwork.com/
http://www.timemap.net/
http://data.geocomm.com/
http://www.opengeospatial.org/
http://www.usgs.gov/

58

Final Report
Praveena CHARAN

I. Introduction
The training programme for Measuring Survey Method of Archaeological Sites was organised by
the Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO(ACCU) in Nara and in Okinawa, Japan from 13th January to 23rd February. I am an Indo-Fijian
Field Research Officer and have fortunately been accepted as a participant of the programme titled:“Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in Asia-Pacific Region”.
The training course was very well organised by ACCU, Nara. It focused on three main
topics:1.
2.
3.

Total Station and Leveller
Plane table surveying method
GPS and GIS
Apart from the topics above, a new method of surveying was also introduced with the useof modern technology called 3D Laser Scan and Digitiser for Photogrametry. In addition to thethree main focuses of the training, there was an opportunity to visit museums to see the exhibitions
and storage collection. It was also a chance to visit the heritage sites in Japan to observe theirpreservation and utilisation of the archaeological sites and monuments for the tourists to come andvisit such sites from all over the world.
1. Total Station and Leveller
Total station really is very precise equipment in the field of surveying for measuring. In the firstpractical training, we learned how to set the tripod for the total station and to set the level. We also
learned about setting the Electromagnetic Distance Meter (EDM) and how to measure the distancewith EDM. The total station with the data collector was also introduced, which makes it extremely
easy to process data back in the office.
In theory, we learned about what a benchmark is and how to handle the level and the staff.
We also get acquainted with the notion of what an archaeological perspective of a true north andmagnetic north is. Thus, calculation of the survey methods was determined by control point
without the use of any total station or GPS. These methods are trilateration, triangulation andtraversing. These were the real basis for the beginning, which you can then use to determine theangles and distance or even the utilisation of any technological device. But due to the time factor,
other alternatives are available, which can determine things very easily, and various software are
there to process the data.
61

2. Plain Table Surveying Method
It is an easy method of surveying with a use of less expensive and portable tool, rather than a total
station, which is really expensive equipment. The plain table surveying led by Mr. Hashimoto, anarchaeologist of Kashihara Institute at Itabuki Palace Site in Asuka gave us a real experience of
how to do a plain table survey. A map of a well at Asuka was drawn and finally the map was
adjusted and features were drawn according to its visible design. Also, the combination of the plain
table and level can be used to make the contour-line maps. In this mapping, usually three people,
the plain table, leveller and staff are required. Mr. Irikura of Kashihara Institute also showed this.
Though it is replaced by mainly total station in Japan, this was used before. Most countries have
replaced total station too with GPS for its location, but Japan still uses total station.
3. GPS and GIS
What is a GPS and how do you use it? GPS is short for Global Positioning System and it provides
accurate location and timing information, depending on the accuracy of the device. It uses thesatellite to measure, so this is not suitable in the forests or where the satellite is not available. The
GPS utilises four or more satellites to give a good reading and lower Dilution of Precision (DOP),
which gives a good measurement. The training led by Mr. Hiroshi Kiguchi of PASCO Corp. used a
Garmin Etraxs GPS to navigate for making a distribution maps for its vectors such as lines, points
and polygons. It can also be used on the topography maps, drawing of features and finds. The
accuracy level of Garmin e-trax is about 10meters and the software to be downloaded onto to thecomputer for it is Kashmir, which is free software, and it can be used to make maps in GIS(Geographical Information System). It can also be used to set up a base point for observation and it
has a “TO GO” function. For a “TO GO” function, you can set a command and you can navigate to
the desired location. In addition, the track data is important in the mountains, by which you candetermine how people travelled. Hence it can be an imperative in eco-tourism projects fordeveloping a site for the villagers.
GIS is a method to visualise, manipulate, analyse and display spatial data. It can bedisplayed both as a raster and vector data. It can be used in many ways to display the informationfor various purposes. The software used in a practical training, Arcview and Kashmir were briefly
introduced to us. Another way of getting map information is on the web GIS, which has a numberof maps on Google Earth, Geography Network and Clearing House. Google Earth works only
online and Kashmir 3D is free software, which can be easily downloaded and used.

II. How Archaeologists uses GIS in Japan:
GIS is mainly used to determine excavation sites for an area. It is also utilized by Boards ofEducation for the purpose in schools to teach the pupils / students the significance of culturalproperties near their school. Further, developers can decide the land price on which the propertiesare located. For example, the land price will be more expensive for a cultural property area than the62area containing no cultural property. Mostly for web GIS, a latest method called Mofin is used for
displaying archaeological information, linking database access information.
Photogrametry
Photogrametry is not only a good method of displaying the 3D image data in the museums, but also
a way of showing the images to the public and the tourists. The total station and portable prism wasused in mapping the basket in Chatan and 3D dimensional photos were taken to make a 3D
dimensional image data. The software used to process the 3D scan data was converted into rapid
form 2004 software and AutoCAD -Intellicad 5 basics and Adobe Photoshop. The processing ofdata in the office takes more time than in the field. The other modern technology introduced was
3D digitiser and 3D Laser scan used to make 3D models. These are becoming popular mainly forthe use on the websites or little demonstrations to the public at museums. This 3D scanner is very
expensive equipment, so I do not believe it can be implemented at our work, due to the financial
problem. Nevertheless, it was really good to learn the new methods of surveying, which might beuseful one day.
Museum Visits
Various museums were visited in Nara and in Okinawa to see the exhibits and storage collections.
The way the archaeologists display their findings was excellent and it can be displayed in a similar
way back in our museum. The only problems we have are the financial strain and lack of space, buton the other hand, we have unique objects in our collection that can be displayed with a similar
method. Nonetheless, some of the basic techniques gained through these site visits to several
museums can be utilised.
World Heritage Sites
Nearly all the Heritage sites in Nara and in Okinawa visited were well preserved, and seen from thestandpoint of their preservation and utilisation of the archaeological sites and monuments for the
tourists and the general public. This type of preservation methods of the sites is not as good in Fiji.
The support from the people and government is not much, compared to the value the Japanese
attach to their cultural properties.

III. Recommendations
1. The total station can now be used to get a precise X and Y coordinates at the Fiji Museum.
2. Our museum can now really use what is learnt in training about the plain table survey for abetter surveying method and production of good maps. I thank the Archaeological ResearchInstitute of Kashihara, Nara very much for providing to the Fiji Museum the tripod andtable, and ACCU office for the alidade3.

The use of GPS Etraxs taught in our training is another asset given by Mr. Hiroshi Kiguchi63to the Fiji Museum, which can now use it in making good maps.

4.

The possibility of a joint research project between the institutes and the professors
concerned would be great for preserving cultural properties in Fiji.

5.

If it were possible, a research and analysis internship in any university would be greatly
appreciated, as we do not have technological facilities available in our country.

IV. Conclusion
Upon completion of this training program, a comparison between various surveying methods ofarchaeological properties will be possible back in our country. The training overall has shown me
various methods of mapping, and which one can be applied to the actual practice of mapping. As a
Field Research Officer, it is important for me to have such knowledge, as in our country all thework is done by us due to lack of staff. I had a chance to meet and build network among theprofessionals with expertise at the institutes for the future use, and also a chance to meet some very
important people. Last but not least, I really enjoyed my stay in Japan for six weeks with thetraining provided by different people and also the various types of food to eat for the first time. I
would personally say it was a really good experience for me in a foreign country for the first time.

Acknowledgements
Finally, I wish to express my gratitude in the first place to Mr. Yamamoto Tadanao,
Director of ACCU Nara, and to Mr. Nishimura Yasushi and Ms. Ishii Kayoko of ACCU for theirassistance and guidance. My thanks are also expressed to Ms. Hata Chiyako, Mr. Kanai Ken, Mr.
Nishimura Akira, Mr. Irikura, Mr. Hashimoto, Mr. Kiguchi Hiroshi, Mr. Miyagi and others who
have spent their valuable time with us.
This training has been a basis for advancing work in the field of cultural properties
mapping, the advanced knowledge that has been gained will be of much use and help to the Fiji
Museum. Apart from this, the visits to the museums and to the heritage sites were additional things
related to archaeology in storing and preservation methods learnt.

Praveen CHARAN
Field Research Officer, Division of Historical Archaeology,
Fiji Museum
Thurston Gardens, PO Box 2023, Suva, FIJI ISLANDS
Tel: (+679) 331-5944
www.fijimuseum.org.fi

64

Final Report
Elia Robert Francis NAKORO

I. Fiji Museum Background
The idea for a museum to display and preserve
traditional Fijian culture was first discussed in 1904.
Later that year, Sir William Allardyce presented hiscollection to the Suva Town Board, and it was
displayed in the Town Hall.
In 1908 the Fijian Society was formed withthe specific aim of researching and preserving thecountry's history and culture.
The formation of a museum was included in this aim. In 1910 the government approved ofan annual grant of £25 to appoint a collection caretaker. With the passing of the Fiji Museum
Ordinance in 1929, the museum was formally inaugurated as a government statutory body with a
Board of Trustees.
Local residents presented pieces and collections they owned to the Town Board and theTrustees purchased the artefacts. These contributed to a growing collection, which filled the Town
Hall.
The collection remained on display in the Town Hall until 1919, when a substantial part of
the hall was destroyed by fire. The collection was moved to a variety of venues until thegovernment was persuaded by the Trustees to build a National Museum.
The Governor of Fiji, Sir Ronald Garvey, opened the current museum in 1955. Thisbuilding was used to house the displays, reserve collection and provide storage. Today the building
has two adjoining sections, the first was constructed in 1972 and the second in 1978. Together,
these buildings provide a history gallery, masi gallery, art gallery, Indo-Fijian gallery, space fortemporary exhibition, storerooms and gift shop. The archives, photographic studio, editing suite,
library and administration offices are located in what used to be the Nawela Hostel for Women
adjacent to the main museum building.
For a long time the museum served as a storehouse for cultural items and as a centre for a
few erudite persons. The majority of local people did not show much interest. In the 1960's, aseries of education and craft programmes was initiated by the then newly appointed director, Bruce
Palmer. However, a long-term injection of funds to maintain such programmes was not made.
Over the years, directors such as R.A. Derrick, B. Palmer, and F. Clunie built up themuseum’s reputation as a research institution. The museum published their work along with that of65

other world-renowned scholars, establishing itself as a small centre for academic excellence. Sadly,
the lack of funding has restricted its research and publication programs.
The recent employment of key professional staff has enabled the museum not only toeffectively fulfil its responsibilities according to the professional museum standards, but also todevelop educational programmes aimed at generating greater support from the community.
(Source: Internet, Fiji Museum Website)
At present, there are no qualified local archaeologists in Fiji or even in the museum itself.
Close to the end of 2005, there were efforts in trying to send four members of the Fiji Museum
over to universities overseas for archaeological studies, but unfortunately there were no
scholarships available.
The Fiji Museum also has a Total Station and a Leveller. However, there is no one that canoperate the machine, so they remained in storage until they were used in a recent excavation by thestudents of the University of the South Pacific, accompanied by two staff members of the museum.
Archaeological research in the country is carried out by university researchers from abroad,such as Simon Frazer University, ANU researchers and also from New Zealand. These researchers
are the ones to write the report including their findings and the survey of their excavation sites.
However, the museum staff members accompany them also.

II. What is My Impression on the Training Course?
This training course has been very rewarding, and it has also been an eye-opener for me. The
program covered a wide range of activities and most of them were very vital in keeping data ofhistorical monuments and also reporting and maintaining archaeological research survey data.
Not only did the training develop our skills in surveying, it also allowed us to interact withpeople from a very different, very humble and intact culture. I have learnt about how people lived
and some of the basic values of Japanese traditional customs. Also, the taste of the delicious
traditional Japanese cuisine will never be forgotten. This exchange in cultural values is important,as we need to be aware of others and not only of our own culture.
I found the review of all the facilitators with different topics were tremendously
overwhelming. They were also very helpful, gentle and patient. Especially with the language
barrier, they took time to try and share their expertise on what most pacific islanders lack in thefield of archaeology.
This training course was as good as one would ever expect. It took the participants todifferent fields of survey, where it was most suitable to carry out the methods. One would be soinundated with the amount of work that has been carried out with the restoration of historicalmonuments, the amount of excavations that has been carried out, conservation and preservation ofthese sites, and it so went in line with the program of survey methods that we were learning.
66Not only did we train the survey methods practically but we also observed their applicationin the field, such as historical site excavation, castle and temple ruins and in museums, and theamount of work and time focused towards constructing such national and world heritage historicalsites.
The visiting of the world heritage sites on Fridays during the training also assisted
participants on what kind of things that they can take back with them and apply them to their own
country such as restoration and preservation of national heritages and historic monuments.

III. What We Have Learned?
All throughout this training program we have learnt a lot. Namely they are:•Use of Total Stations•

Leveller•

Plane Table survey•

The use of GPS receiver•

Digital Photogrametry•

3D scanner•

Introduction to GIS
Among different methods of survey, a few of them are applicable and the rest shall take a

few more years before implementation back in Fiji. Applicable methods include Total Stations,Leveller, and Plane Table survey, GIS, GPS and most probably Digital Photogrametry.
In this training, we learned how to use the Total Station and the Leveller, and also how to
calculate using the Traverse and Triangulation methods, which was a long but necessary process.
We were able to locate Datum Points and make new points from the Datum, and the methods usedwere very crucial in minimizing errors.
Setting up the plane table was simple and going through the method was easy, as it isstraightforward and the site is actually drawn at the same time. We have also come to learn that likeany other method, each method has its own limitations and so you need to use other techniques as
well.
Furthermore, in Okinawa we were taught how to use a GPS receiver together with thesoftware. We were able to mark Way Points and also include track data. This method is simple but
the accuracy depends on the type of GPS you have.
Digital Photogrametry and 3D scanner were two methods that I found really astounding, as
they are useful in 3D representation of the sites and also huge monuments. Such representation we
found also useful in museum displays, but unfortunately, the equipments cost a great deal ofmoney.
67

Finally, use of GIS for archaeological research is also very important, as one needs tomaintain a database of their sites and also such data are kept organized for easy future referencing.

IV. How Can What We Have Learnt be Implemented Back In Fiji?
1. Total Station and Leveller
Although the Fiji Museum is equipped with a Total Station, there is none that understands how it
works and even knows how to operate it. However, the University of the South Pacific, in its latest
archaeological survey, managed to use this equipment out in the field. It also used a Leveller and a
GPS receiver.
With the knowledge that we have gained during this training course, it is possible that thismethod of survey is enhanced and applied with the existing equipment that we have.

2. Plane Table Survey
During the practical training, we noticed how easy it was to use a plane table survey method and I
am sure that there will be of no hindrance in trying to implement it as one of the methods that theFiji Museum can use during fieldwork. It is one of the suitable methods for most of our sites, as
they include elliptical and square house mounds, and in those days Fijian people lived in small
communities or villages, thus the area for surveying is not that large. It might be possible topurchase a set of this equipment, provided that the museum tries.

3. GISThe Fiji Museum uses outdated GIS software called MapInfo to maintain a database of its
historical sites, and with the help of a GPS, they were able to locate and give coordinates to theirsites. In the field the data is entered manually into the database.
It is also possible that Arcview is used instead, for it is easier and user friendlier and also it
has special features that MapInfo does not. And since almost every company in the world uses
Arcview for GIS, it is wise to keep up with them.

4. GPS and Digital Photogrametry
The Fiji Museum has been using a GPS receiver out in the field to map its historical sites andmonuments. However, the receiver does not have any software that locates the site in the global
coordinate system but rather only in the local grid coordination.
It is also possible that these two methods are applied, but the problem is that it would be somuch easier if it also comes with the software. The GPS software can be easily downloaded fromthe web, whereas for Photogrametry, it is expensive and difficult to access with the financial
68

constraints that the museum faces. However, since it is a very effective and important tool insurvey, I am positive that upon our return we will do our best to allocate funds to it, to upgrade thesurvey techniques that the museum is using, and to implement the ones that we have learnt.

V. Recommendations
The board of education or the advisory committee of the ACCU, Nara needs to screen applicant’s
recommended field of study, especially when applicants need to study a number of topics infieldwork.
In the case of Fiji, they recommended five (5) methods of survey to undergo in the training
and the advisory committee needs to look at whether those 5 topics are applicable back in the homecountry of the applicants. If the applicants have the equipments for the particular survey, it will
help advising the applicants on which field to focus on and strengthen their skills and knowledge,
so that they will be able to fully utilize it, rather than teaching about topics that cannot bepractically applied due to absence of equipments.
However, it was good that we could learn about 3D scanning and Photogrametry, because
we now know the current situation of survey in terms of modern technology. However, it could
have been just a brief lecture on it, so we could focus on methods that we can fully apply back in
our home country.
Furthermore, the advisory committee should also have an idea of the current situation in
the country of the applicant as to which area to focus on with the required or recommended field ofstudy, which could be achieved if the applicant is asked to update the committee with their current
need and situation.
On the whole, most Pacific Island countries speak the English language and most of theirtechnologies are also available in English. During the training course, if they can also read about
whatever equipment that they will be using in English, whether it is a computer or a Total Station
monitor, it would greatly help them when they go back to their countries. This, I believe, will bedifficult on the facilitators’ part, but overall, I would like to commend each and everyone that
instructed us in every field, even though language was a barrier.
Overall, we have so many European researchers that visit our shores and it would be an
honour to have researchers from Japan to collaborate in whatever archaeological research that goeson in the Pacific.

Acknowledgement
On behalf of the Fiji government, the Fiji Museum Director, Board members and its entire staff, I
would like to take this wonderful opportunity to thank ACCU, Nara for choosing Fijians asparticipants to their program of conservation and preservation of national and world heritage
69

monuments and sites focusing on surveying methods.
I would like to thank the following persons and institutes for the great work and individual
effort for bringing this program a success:•Director of ACCU, Nara – Mr. Yamamoto Tadanao•

Director and staff of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara•

Director and staff members of the Archaeological Research Institute of Kashihara•

Members and staff of PASCO Corporation– Mr. Hiroshi Kiguchi•

Education Committee of Nakijin – Mr. Miyagi

And last but not least to Mr. Nishimura Yasushi, Ms. Ishii Kayoko and Ms. Hata Chiyako
for their kindness and patience in accompanying us everywhere we went.
Without all their assistance, the Fiji Museum would not be able to have the expertise andskills in order to map, manage and create a database of all its archaeological sites and historicalmonuments, let alone conservation and preservation of these national treasures.

Once again, VINAKA VAKALEVU (Thank you so much)!

Elia Robert Francis NAKORO
Field Research Officer, Division of Pre-Historical Archaeology,
Fiji Museum
Thurston Gardens, PO Box 2023, Suva, FIJI ISLANDS
Tel: (+679) 331-5944
www.fijimuseum.org.fi

70

A map of Itabuki Palace Site, drawn with plane table survey method by participants(24-25 January)

A map of tumulus in Niizawa Senzuka group mounds, drawn with plane
table survey method by participants (26 January)71Map of Shinigun-Ni, Okinawa, surveyed with total station

Total station survey at Shinigun-Ni Site72

1. List of Lecturers, Cooperators and InterpretersLecturers

KANAI Ken
Researcher
Architecture Section, Department of Heijo Palace Site Investigations
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara
2-9-1 Nijo-cho, Nara 630-8577
Office Phone: (+81) 742-30-6836 Office Fax: (+81) 742-30-6830
kkanai@nabunken.go.jp
OZAWA Tsuyoshi
Section Head
Conservation Technology Section, Centre for Archaeological Operations
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara
2-9-1 Nijo-cho, Nara 630-8577
Office Phone: (+81) 742-30-6733 Office Fax: (+81) 742-30-6730
ozawat@nabunken.go.jp
NISHIMURA Akira
Chief Engineer
Registered Consulting Engineer
Geographic Research & Information Division, Overseas Operations Department
Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075
Office Phone: (+81) 3 3237 5472 Office Fax: (+81) 3 3237 5477
TERASAWA Kaoru
Director, Research Department
HASHIMOTO Hiroyuki
Chief Researcher
IRIKURA Norihiro
Chief Researcher
KOBAYASHI Chika
Researcher
Archaeological Research Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture
1 Unebi-cho, Kashhara, Nara 634-0065
Phone: +81 744 24-1101 Fax: +81 744-24-6747
http://www.kashikoken.jp/
MATSUDA Shin’ichi
Director, The Museum, Archaeological Research Institute of Kashihara Nara Prefecture50-2 Unebi-cho, Kashhara, Nara 634-0065
Phone: +81 744 24-1185 Fax: +81 744-24-1355
http://www.kashikoken.jp/museum/index.html
KIGUCHI Hiroshi
Okinawa Branch, Eastern Japan District Division
Shoei Bld. 2-15-8 Kumoji, Naha, Okinawa 900-0015
Phone: +81 98-860-7570 Fax: +81 98-863-8910
Hiroshi_kiguchi@pasco.co.jp
http://www.pasco.co.jp/global/english/

75

KINJO Kamenobu
Senior Specialist, Research Department, Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre
193-7 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0125
Phone: +81 98-835-8752 Fax: +81 98-835-8754
http://www.maizou-okinawa.gr.jp/
MIYAGI Hiroki
Specialist for Cultural Properties, Social Education Section, Nakijin Board of Education
3933 Imadomari, Nakijin, Okinawa 905-0428
Phone: +81 980-56-3201 Fax: +81 980-56-3217
n-bunkazai@tontonme.ne.jp
NAKAMINE Seiji,
Volunteer guide
5110 Imadomari, Nakijin, Okinawa 905-0428
Phone: +81 980-56-3201 Fax: +81 980-56-2789
mn-bunkazai@tontonme.ne.jp



Cooperators

Toshodai-ji Office of Cultural Properties Preservation,
Nara Prefectural Board of Education
13-46 Gojo-cho, Nara 630-8032
Office Phone: (+81) 742-34-9275 Office Fax: (+81) 742-34-9276
NAKAMURA Sunao
Culture Subsection Chief
TOUMON Kenji
Culture Subsectio Stuff
Social Education Section, Chatan-cho Board of Educaton
226 Kuwae, Chatan-cho, Okinawa 904-0192
TABA Kiyoshi
Director, Research Department, Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Centre
193-7 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0125
Phone: +81 98-835-8752 Fax: +81 98-835-8754

Interpreter

HATA Chiyako

2. Staff Members, ACCU Nara
YAMAMOTO Tadanao, Director
KOMEDA Muneo, Deputy Director
NISHIMURA Yasushi, Director of Programme Operation Department
ISHII Kayoko, Chief of International Cooperation Section
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113
Office Phone: +81-(0)742-20-5001 Office Fax: +81-(0)742-20-5701
URL: http://www.nara.accu.or.jp
E-mail: nara@accu.or.jp

76