APPLICATION NOTE
RS-485 Networks
External Fail-Safe Biasing of RS-485 Networks

AN1986
Rev.1.00
Aug 3, 2017

Abstract
Despite the integrated fail-safe feature of full fail-safe transceivers, RS-485 networks in electrical noisy environments
require additional fail-safe biasing in the form of external voltage divider networks. Knowing how to calculate thenecessary resistor values ranks at the top of the list of customer inquiries. This application note shows how to apply
external fail-safe biasing for short and long distance buses, using the ISL3152E, the industry’s strongest RS-485
transceiver.

Contents
1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.

Single Fail-Safe Biasing Network Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.

Common-Mode Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.

Dual Fail-Safe Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1
4.2

5.

Calculation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Transceiver Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

6.

Revision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

List of Figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.

External Fail-Safe Biasing Network for Short to Medium Bus Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lumped Equivalent Model of Figure 1 Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lumped Equivalent Model for Dual Fail-Safe Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Differential Output Drive Capability: ISL315x vs Standard RS-485 Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Common-Mode Output Drive Capability: ISL315x vs Standard RS-485 Transceivers. . . . . . . . . 8

AN1986 Rev.1.00
Aug 3, 2017

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

1.

Introduction

In RS-485 networks (see Figure 1), there are periods of time when no driver actively drives the bus, such as when one
driver relinquishes the bus to another driver. During this time, the termination resistors collapse the differential bus
voltage to 0V, which is an undefined input level for many RS-485 receivers. Faced with this undefined input, a receivermight output the wrong logic state, or worse yet, might oscillate. The oscillation may be interpreted as an “endless”
stream of message start bits, so a controller might waste valuable bandwidth trying to service these phantom messages.
Fail-safe bus biasing is one way to alleviate this problem.
External fail-safe biasing is accomplished through resistor networks of pull-up, termination, and pull-down resistors
whose voltage divider actions provide a differential DC bus voltage, VAB, when no driver is actively driving the bus.
To drive all receiver outputs to the defined idle state of a logic high, VAB must be higher than the maximum input
threshold, VIT-MAX. In addition, sufficient noise margin should be added to allow for operation in harsh industrial
environments, thus making VAB = VIT-MAX + VNoise.
VS1

VS48
RB

RB

VAB

Z0
VS2

RIN

R T2

RIN

MASTER

SLAVE

R T1

VS3
ISL3152E

ISL3152E
SLAVE

SLAVE

ISL3152E

ISL3152E

Figure 1. External Fail-Safe Biasing Network for Short to Medium Bus Distance

To help system engineers design successful fail-safe biasing networks, this article drives the equations for calculating
the resistor values and the maximum possible bus loading caused by transceivers for single and dual fail-safe
terminations. The article also introduces the ISL315x family of high VOD transceivers whose common-mode drive
capabilities of 60 unit loads exceeds the 32 ULs of standard transceivers by far.

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

2.

Single Fail-Safe Biasing Network Design

For short network distances of ≤100m and low to medium idle-bus voltages of 50mV ≤ VAB ≤ 300mV, fail-safe biasing
at one bus end often suffices. For simplification, the network in Figure 1 is converted into the lumped equivalentcircuit of Figure 2 with the bias resistors, RB, and the termination resistors, RT1 and RT2. REQ represents the equivalent
input resistance of all transceivers connected to the bus.
VS
RB
A
RT2

VAB

RT1

B
RB

REQ

REQ

Figure 2. Lumped Equivalent Model of Figure 1 Circuit

Before deriving the equations for calculating the resistor values, we establish the conditions that must be satisfied withregards to line termination and common-mode loading.
(1) The cable end without the biasing network is terminated with RT1, whose value should match the characteristic
impedance of the cable, Z0.
(EQ. 1)

R T1 = Z 0(2) For line impedance matching during normal operation, the series combination of the two biasing resistors inparallel with the termination resistor, RT2, must match the characteristic cable impedance: Z0 = 2RB||RT2. Thus,
for a given value of RB, RT2 becomes:
2R B  Z 0
R T2 = -----------------------2R B – Z 0(EQ. 2)(3) RS-485 specifies the maximum common-mode load, which a standard compliant transceiver must be able todrive, with 32 parallel unit loads (ULs). One unit load represents a minimum common-mode resistance of around12kΩ between each signal conductor and ground. Thus, the total common-mode loading of 32 ULs results in aminimum common-mode resistance of RCM = 375Ω. Because the bias resistors present a common-mode load in
addition to the equivalent transceiver input resistance, the parallel combination of RB and REQ must be greater or
equal to RCM: RB||REQ ≥ RCM. For a given RB value, REQ is therefore limited to:R B  R CM
R EQ = --------------------------R B – R CM

(EQ. 3)

To find the equation for calculating RB, we determine the node currents of A and B in Figure 2 and solve for theindividual line voltages, VA and VB.
V

V –V

V

V

R EQ

RB

R T2

R T1

A
S
A
AB
AB
- = -------------------- – ---------- – ---------Node A) -----------

V

V

V

V

R EQ

R T2

RB

R T1

B
AB
B
AB
- = ---------- – ------- + ---------Node B) -----------

V

V

RB

RB

1
1
- + ----------- V A = R EQ -------S- – -------A- – V AB  ---------
R T2

R T1

V

1 - ---------1 - ------B+–  V B = REQ V AB  ---------
R T2

R T1

RB

Then calculating the difference between the line voltages provides the differential bus voltage with:
 VS

1
1
1
V AB = R EQ  -------- – V AB  -------- + 2  ----------- + ----------- 
R

RB
 RB
T2 R T1 

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

Inserting EQs. 1, 2, and 3 into (EQ. 4) provides the final equation for the DC-bus idle voltage with:VS
V AB = -------------------------------------------------4
1
R B  ------------- + ------ – 1
R
Z 
CM

(EQ. 5)0

And solving for RB yields the minimum required bias resistor value with:V S  V AB + 1
R B  ----------------------------------------1  R CM + 4  Z 0

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

3.

Common-Mode Loading

Because external fail-safe biasing presents additional common-mode loading, it is necessary to determine themaximum number of transceiver unit loads, nUL, that can load the bus without dropping below RCM = 375Ω.
nUL is the ratio of the common-mode resistance of one unit load to the common-mode resistance of the transceiver unit
load: nUL = 12kΩ / REQ, and inserting (EQ. 3) for REQ yields:
1
1n UL = 12k   ------------- – --------
R
R 
CM

(EQ. 7)

B

This maximum number of transceiver unit loads can be accomplished through the use of n x 1 UL, 2n x ½ UL,
4n x ¼ UL, or 8n x ⅛ UL transceivers.

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

4.

Dual Fail-Safe Biasing

To maintain a constant VAB over long cable lengths, fail-safe biasing at both bus ends is necessary. Here, each biasing
network compensates for the loss of biasing of the other network towards along the cable run.
Figure 3 shows the lumped equivalent circuit of a bus with dual fail-safe biasing.
VS

VS

RB

A

VAB

RT

RT

B

B
RB

RB

A

A

B

REQ

REQ

RB

Figure 3. Lumped Equivalent Model for Dual Fail-Safe Biasing

The requirements for the termination resistors, RT, are the same as for RT2 in the single fail-safe biasing network
demanding that Z0 = 2RB||RT. Hence, for a given RB, RT must be:
2R B  Z 0
R T = -----------------------2R B – Z 0(EQ. 8)R B  R CM
R EQ = ------------------------------R B – 2R CM(EQ. 9)The condition for common-mode loading however, changes because each conductor now sees two biasing resistors inparallel to ground. Thus, the parallel combination of RB/2 and REQ needs to be greater or equal to
RCM: RB/2 || REQ ≥ RCM. Hence, for a given RB value, REQ is limited to:

To find the equation for RB we determine the node currents into A and B. Because the biasing networks are identical,
they drive the same amount of current through REQ. We therefore have to establish only one current through REQ and
multiply it by a factor of two to determine VAB in the middle of the bus.
V

V –V

R EQ

RB

V

 S
A
A
AB
Node A) ----------- = 2  -------------------- – ----------


RT 

V

V

V

R EQ

 RT

R B

 AB
B
B
Node B) ----------- = 2  ---------- – -------

Solving the node currents for the individual line voltages, VA and VB, and calculating the difference between them,provides the differential bus voltage with:VS
2
1
V AB = 2R EQ -------- – V AB  -------- + -------
R

RB
B RT

(EQ. 10)Inserting EQs. 8, and 9 into (EQ. 10) provides the final equation for VAB with:VS
V AB = -------------------------------------------------RB 1
41--------  ------------- + ------ – --2  R CM Z 0 2

(EQ. 11)And solving for RB yields the minimum required bias resistor value with:
2V s  V AB + 1
R B  ----------------------------------------1  R CM + 4  Z 0

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

With RB in place the maximum number of transceiver unit loads can now be calculated via:
2
1
n UL = 12k   ------------- + --------
R
R 
CM

4.1

(EQ. 13)

B

Calculation Examples

In the following examples we calculate the resistor values for the single and dual fail-safe biasing networks of ashort and a long data link assuming a characteristic impedance of Z0 = 120Ω. The bus transceivers chosen are of
the ISL8487E type. This device is a 1/8 UL transceiver with a minimum supply of VS = 4.75V. Its maximum
receiver input threshold is 200mV which, assuming a 100mV noise margin, requires an idle bus voltage of
VAB = 300mV.
Single Fail-Safe Network

Dual Fail-Safe Network(1) Make RT1 = Z0 = 120Ω(2) Calculate RB with (EQ. 6):(1) Calculate RB with (EQ. 12):

4.75V  0.3V + 1
R B  --------------------------------------------------- = 467.6
1  375 + 4  120

Choose RB = 470Ω from E-192 series of standard
resistors.
(3) Calculate RT2 with (EQ. 2):
2  470  120R T2 = --------------------------------------------- = 137.6
2  470 – 120

Choose RT2 = 138Ω from E-192 series.
(4) Calculate nUL with (EQ. 7):
1
1
n UL = 12k   --------------- – --------------- = 6.4 UL
 375 470

2  4.75V  0.3V + 1
R B  --------------------------------------------------- = 907.4
1  375 + 4  120

Choose RB = 909Ω from E-192 series.
(2) Calculate RT2 with (EQ. 2):
2  909  120R T2 = --------------------------------------------- = 128.5
2  909 – 120

Choose RT2 = 129Ω from E-192 series.
(3) Calculate nUL with (EQ. 13):
1
2
n UL = 12k   --------------- – --------------- = 5.6 UL
 375 909

Here the maximum number of 1/8 UL transceivers is
5.6 UL / ⅛ UL = 44.

The maximum number of ⅛ UL transceivers is
6.4 UL/ ⅛ UL = 51.

4.2

Transceiver Selection

Selecting the best transceiver with regard to noise immunity and output drive capability is important for robust
network design for two reasons.
(1) During times when the bus is not actively driven, there should be sufficient noise margin to prevent a receiverfrom false triggering even in very noisy environments.
(2) During normal data transmission, the active driver must be able to drive the added common-mode load createdby fail-safe biasing and still provide a signal with sufficient noise margin to remote transceivers.
Take the first generation ISL8487E, for example. The device has a positive receiver input threshold of
VIT-max = 200mV. Adding just a small noise margin of 50mV makes VAB = 200mV + 50mV = 250mV.
Compare this to a second generation transceiver, such as the ISL83082E, with full fail-safe capability. Its receiver
output turns high whether the receiver inputs are floating (bus open) or shorted (bus short or idle). Full fail-safe
capability is accomplished by offsetting the maximum input threshold to a slightly negative level, in this case
-50mV. To provide the same 50mV noise margin, a VAB of 0V is sufficient, which eliminates the need for external
fail-safe biasing. Without a biasing network, all 32 unit loads are available to bus transceivers.

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

In modern industrial applications with high electrical noise pollution however, industrial networks, such as
Profibus, use dual fail-safe biasing with idle bus voltages of 0.6V and more. VAB levels that high require the bias
resistors to be of such low resistance that their combined value drops far below the minimum common-mode
resistance of 375Ω. When this happens the calculation of nUL will result in negative values. In fact, it is possible tocalculate the maximum VAB (when nUL = 0) by making RB/2 = RCM in (EQ. 12) and solving for VAB:

VS  Z0
4.75V  120V AB = -------------------- = ------------------------------------- = 0.38V
4.375
4R CM(EQ. 14)Hence, networks requiring high VAB levels need dedicated transceivers that provide much higher differential andcommon-mode drive capability than standard compliant transceivers.
One transceiver series meeting these demands is Intersil’s ISL315x family of large VOD transceivers. These devices
are capable of driving up to eight 120Ω terminations in parallel at a minimum differential output of
VOD-MIN = 1.5V, (Figure 4) and more than 60 DC-unit loads over a common-mode voltage range from -7V to+12V at a minimum VOD of 2.4V (Figure 5).

DRIVER OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)

RCM = 200O
(60 ULs)140

ISL3152

120

60O

15O
Std.485
Comp. A100

ISL315xVCM =-7V TO 12V

RCM = 200O
(60 ULs)80

RCM = 375O
(32 ULs)

54O

60

2.4Vmin40
Std.485
Comp. B20
000.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)Figure 4. Differential Output Drive Capability: ISL315x
vs Standard RS-485 Transceivers

xx308260O

1.5VminVCM =-7V TO 12V

RCM = 375O
(32 ULs)

Figure 5. Common-Mode Output Drive Capability:
ISL315x vs Standard RS-485 Transceivers

The ISL315x’s superior output drive capability provides enhanced noise immunity even to the most remote bus
transceiver, while allowing for twice the common-mode loading of standard RS-485 transceivers.
Table 1 on page 9 lists the resistor values for single and dual fail-safe biasing networks and compares the available
transceiver unit loads for two standard transceivers, ISL8487 and ISL83082, and the high-VOD transceiver,
ISL3152, as a function of noise margin.

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

Table 1. Resistor Values and ULs for Standard and High VOD Transceivers as a Function of Noise Margin
VNOISE (mV)

50

100

300

600

800

Device

ISL8487

ISL83082

ISL3152

ISL8487

ISL83082

ISL3152

ISL83082

ISL3152

ISL3152

ISL3152

VIT-MAX (mV)

200

-50

-50

200

-50

-50

-50

-50

-50

-50

VAB (V)

250

0

0

300

50

50

250

250

550

750

RT1, Z0 (Ω)

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

150

RCM (Ω)

375

375

200

375

375

200

375

200

200

200

Single Fail-Safe Biasing
RB (Ω)

556

∞

∞

470

2670

2520

556

523

252

232

RT2 (Ω)

135

120

120

138

123

123

135

137

158

249

Dual Fail-Safe Biasing
RB (Ω)

1110

∞

∞

942

5360

5110

1110

1050

505

463

RT (Ω)

127

120

120

129

121

121

127

127

137

180

Transceiver Count and Unit Loads
nUL

10.4

32

60

6.5

27.5

55.3

10.4

37.1

12.5

8.2

nTX

83

256

480

52

220

442

83

297

99

65

Transceivers with a 200mV input threshold, such as the ISL8487, allow only for low idle-bus noise margins of up to
100mV. Beyond that, the required rise in VAB demands the bias resistor values to be so low that the resulting numbersin transceiver unit loads turns negative.
Full fail-safe transceivers, such as the ISL83082, require much lower VAB values due to their negative input thresholdof -50mV. This allows for much higher bias resistor values and consequently higher numbers in bus transceivers.
Both transceiver types however, have a standard drive capability of up to 32 unit loads, which limits their use in noisy
environments to networks with mediocre noise margins and low transceiver counts.
In strong contrast, the ISL3152 with its high VOD easily drives more than twice the transceiver count at medium noiselevels and still manages to support up to 100 transceivers at 600mV noise margin. To accomplish even higher noise
margins, an increase in the characteristic cable impedance is necessary. This is done in Profibus where Z0 = 150Ω, thus
necessitating higher values for RT and RB to lower common-mode loading of the biasing networks.

AN1986 Rev.1.00
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RS-485 Networks

5.

External Fail-Safe Biasing of
RS-485 Networks

Conclusion

Fail-safe biasing networks ensure stable network node operation during periods of time when the bus is not actively
driven. The additional common-mode loading caused by the bias resistors must be driven by an active driver during
normal data transmission. The high noise margins required in industrial networks demand low bias resistor values
whose common-mode load can overburden the drive capability of standard RS-485 transceivers.
To alleviate this problem Intersil has released the ISL315x family of large output voltage swing transceivers, capableof driving up to eight 120Ω terminations and more than 60 DC-unit loads. In combination with the equations provided
in this application note, these transceivers ease and accelerate the design of fail-safe biasing networks.
The ISL315x transceivers are available in half- and full-duplex versions and with speed grades of 0.115, 1, and
20Mbps. The devices come with ±16kV IEC61000 ESD protection on the bus pins, high transient overvoltage
tolerance of up to 100V, hot plug capability, slew-rate limiting, and ultra-low shutdown mode of 70nA.

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RS-485 Networks

RS-485 Networks

6.

Revision History

Rev.

Date

1.00

Aug 3, 2017

Updated Equations 11, 12, and 13.
Removed Note under Equation 13.
Updated the calculated examples.
Added Revision History.

0.00

Apr 28, 2017

Initial release

AN1986 Rev.1.00
Aug 3, 2017

Description

Page 11 of 12

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Tel: +1-408-432-8888, Fax: +1-408-434-5351
Renesas Electronics Canada Limited
9251 Yonge Street, Suite 8309 Richmond Hill, Ontario Canada L4C 9T3
Tel: +1-905-237-2004
Renesas Electronics Europe Limited
Dukes Meadow, Millboard Road, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, SL8 5FH, U.K
Tel: +44-1628-651-700, Fax: +44-1628-651-804
Renesas Electronics Europe GmbH
Arcadiastrasse 10, 40472 Düsseldorf, Germany
Tel: +49-211-6503-0, Fax: +49-211-6503-1327
Renesas Electronics (China) Co., Ltd.
Room 1709 Quantum Plaza, No.27 ZhichunLu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 P. R. China
Tel: +86-10-8235-1155, Fax: +86-10-8235-7679
Renesas Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
Unit 301, Tower A, Central Towers, 555 Langao Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333 P. R. China
Tel: +86-21-2226-0888, Fax: +86-21-2226-0999
Renesas Electronics Hong Kong Limited
Unit 1601-1611, 16/F., Tower 2, Grand Century Place, 193 Prince Edward Road West, Mongkok, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Tel: +852-2265-6688, Fax: +852 2886-9022
Renesas Electronics Taiwan Co., Ltd.
13F, No. 363, Fu Shing North Road, Taipei 10543, Taiwan
Tel: +886-2-8175-9600, Fax: +886 2-8175-9670
Renesas Electronics Singapore Pte. Ltd.
80 Bendemeer Road, Unit #06-02 Hyflux Innovation Centre, Singapore 339949
Tel: +65-6213-0200, Fax: +65-6213-0300
Renesas Electronics Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.
Unit 1207, Block B, Menara Amcorp, Amcorp Trade Centre, No. 18, Jln Persiaran Barat, 46050 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: +60-3-7955-9390, Fax: +60-3-7955-9510
Renesas Electronics India Pvt. Ltd.
No.777C, 100 Feet Road, HAL 2nd Stage, Indiranagar, Bangalore 560 038, India
Tel: +91-80-67208700, Fax: +91-80-67208777
Renesas Electronics Korea Co., Ltd.
17F, KAMCO Yangjae Tower, 262, Gangnam-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06265 Korea
Tel: +82-2-558-3737, Fax: +82-2-558-5338© 2018 Renesas Electronics Corporation. All rights reserved.
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