Why Data Centers Must Prioritize
Environmental Sustainability:
Four Key Drivers
White Paper 64
Version 3

by Linda Zhang and Robert Bunger

Executive summary
Data center operators have focused on efficiency andsustainability over the last two decades. The four key drivers
prompting data center operators to prioritize environmental
sustainability are: 1) Customer requirements; 2) Government
regulations; 3) Business value; and 4) ESG investment.
Today, the focus is expanding beyond evaluating andmeasuring efficiency into environmental sustainability
including renewable energy, greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, water, waste, and land & biodiversity but
impending reporting requirements are emerging.
Governmental regulations are evolving from providing
suggested metrics and guide data center owners on pathway
to decarbonization to mandatory regulations and reporting.

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Introduction

Data centers represent 2% 1 of total global electricity consumption today. Digitaltransformation, automation and increasing adaptation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)requires more IT compute capacity and more data centers. This has drawn theattention of environmental groups and consumers concerned about climate change,
the most pressing issue society faces today.
With data center operations at the core of their business, colocation providers arefacing the most pressure to improve sustainability by reducing GHG emissions,water consumption, and energy use. Machine Learning and AI-supported softwarefor data center management, like DCIM, enables bespoke decarbonization of thesector. According to the “Multi-tenant Datacenters and Sustainability” report from451 Research, 43% of multi-tenant data center operators have a comprehensive
sustainability program to improve the design, build, and operation of their data
centers, and we believe this number will continue to grow. Figure 1 from this reportshows that “customer requirements” is the most important driver of data center
efficiency and sustainability initiatives, followed by “long-term operational
resilience,” “regulations,” “cost saving”, and “public opinion.”

Which are most important in driving efficiency and sustainability initiatives?
Customer requirements
Long-term operational resilience
Regulations requirements

Figure 1

Cost saving

Report on drivers ofsustainability initiatives

Public opinion
Competitive pressureLong-term legal risk management
Good corporate citizenship
External financial incentives

Efficiency improvement as a first step – The data center industry has beenproactive by introducing the power usage effectiveness (PUE) metric, which
focuses on improving electrical efficiency of the facility. This focus has garneredsignificant improvements over the years, reducing the average annual PUE of large
data centers from 2.0 to 1.2. Furthermore, PUE values from some of the internet
giant data centers (Google, Facebook, etc.) have been reported to be as low as
1.1 2. However, sustainability is more than just electricity use. In 1987, the United
Nations Brundtland Commission defined sustainability as: “Meeting the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.” Sustainability includes three main categories: environmental, social, andgovernance (ESG). For colocation providers to thrive in this competitive market,
sustainability programs are essential and the need for them is supported by fourmain drivers:

1

Masanet, Shehabi, Lei, Smith, Koomey, Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates, 2020

2

Google Data Center PUE performance

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 3
1. Colocation tenant requirements
2. Government regulations
3. Business value
4. ESG investment

1. Colocation
tenantrequirements

Prospective customers of colocation providers are demanding contractual
sustainability commitments as a condition for their business. According to the 451
Research report, as shown in Figure 2, nearly all respondents have customers
asking them for sustainability commitments, with only 1% of respondents say none
are required.

2%

1%

All of our customers want to see contractually binding strong
efficiency and sustainability commitments

7%
Figure 2

17% Q: Which of the following

Importance of efficiency
and sustainability tocustomers

30%

best characterizes how
important efficiency andsustainability are today foryour customers?

Source: 451 Research

Most of our customers expect efficiency and sustainability clausesin the contract
Some customers require efficiency and sustainability
commitments in the contract
Few customers want contractual commitments on the wider
scope of sustainability, but consider efficiency
Most customers don’t require contractual commitments on either
efficiency or sustainability

44%

None of our customers require contractual commitments against
efficiency and sustainability

For example, some tenants ask data center owners to provide comprehensive
sustainability program/plans and sustainability certifications (e.g. BREEAM 3 orEAC 4) to validate their sustainability development. The following are examples oftenant requirements gathered from interviews with data center owners and otherstakeholders.
Provide data center environmental sustainability reporting – Tenants rely on theircolocation provider to deliver information on environmental sustainability goals andreport on their progress. Internet giants and large corporations are pledging toreach net-zero emissions, but such starts to be present across the entire data
center sector. Besides voluntary pledges, governments start to demandsustainability reporting with mandated list of parameters published and audited. To
meet carbon neutrality goals, operators are required to disclose their GHG
emissions as part of their own sustainability reporting. A colocation provider’s
Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions are part of their tenant’s Scope 3 emissions 5, sothey need to collect the provider’s carbon footprint data for their disclosure.
Software savvy tenants ask their providers to offer monitoring software to provide
real-time and trending carbon footprint data from data center infrastructure assets
through an online portal or customizable application programming interface (API).
Use of circular economy practices –Tenants are also asking for circular economy
practices from their providers’ operations. For instance, specific recycling3

https://www.breeam.com/

4https://energy-attribute-certificates.com/

5

According to the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064 standard, the actual physical weight of greenhousegas emissions was specified using the term “Scope” falling into three categories: (1) Scope 1 – Direct
GHG emissions, (2) Scope 2 – Energy indirect GHG emissions, (3) Scope 3 – Other indirect GHG
emissions, such as business travel and the value chain.

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 4
programs may be required to help them improve their own waste diversion efforts.
Data centers produce tons of waste annually through the disposal of end-of-life
products (e.g. older servers, batteries), which can contain hazardous materials.
Through circular practices, decommissioned servers can be dismantled into
separate components and be reused instead of sent to a landfill. For example,
Microsoft expects to increase its reuse of server parts by 90% by 2025 6.
Reduce Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions – Tenants are choosing providers who arefinding ways to reduce their GHG emissions from operations. This includes Power
Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for renewables to finding alternatives to diesel
backup generators. For example, natural gas generators, fuel cells, and other formsof long-term energy storage provide alternatives to diesel generators along withlower Scope 1 emissions. In addition, colocation providers need to mitigate direct
GHG emissions from cooling (i.e., refrigerant leakage) and medium voltage
switchgear (i.e., SF6 leakage).
Reduce Scope 3 emissions – Scope 3 emissions make up the largest portion ofdata center’s GHG footprint and they are widely under-reported today. Moreinformation on this topic see White Paper 53, Recommended Inventory for Data
Center Scope 3 GHG Emissions Reporting. As more and more tenets are requiring
complete GHG emission reporting and reduction measures, colocation providers
must start putting in place programs to measure and report Scope 3 emissions
before considering reduction initiatives. One way is to require all vendors to provide
Type III Environmental Product Disclosures (EPDs) 7 that document, for example, theembedded carbon footprint of the purchased product. One example of an EPD is a
Product Environmental Profile (PEP) as shown in Figure 3. PEP provides a summaryof a full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), extracting key data essential to documenting
the full environmental impact of the product.

Figure 3

Examples of PEP
documentation

We believe acting on these requirements is essential for colocation providers toretain current tenants while also attracting new ones.

2. Government
regulations

The resource consumption and carbon footprint of data centers have attracted theattention of government and climate “watchdog” organizations. Lawmakers are
increasingly acting to curb the environmental impact of data centers throughregulation. Companies that don't comply with these regulations face revocation of
6

Yevgeniy Sverdlik, Microsoft Plans to Reuse More Server Parts with the Help of AI, 2020

7Type III EDPs are independently verified as required by ISO14025

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 5
their license to operate. Increasing number of regions introduce mandatory ESG
reporting in data center sector driving the focus towards decarbonization. In thissection, we describe some examples of regulations that impact GHG emissions in
the data center industry, and some areas of environmental sustainability that could
be regulated in the future.
Figure 4

An example of regulations on the phase down or phase out of high global warming potential (GWP)
refrigerants

U.S.

Draft proposal to phase down HFCs
used in refrigerators, air conditioners,
and many other applications in 2021

Canada

HFC phase out in chillers
if GWP>750 in 2025

EU

HFC phase down in mini-splits
if GWP>750 in 2025

California

Japan

Proposal to ban the sale of all HFC
refrigerants from 2020

1991

HFC phase out forcommercial air conditioning
if GWP>750 in 2020

1996

Phase out of CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) begins

China

Announcement of strong
management of HFCemissions in 2014

Phase out of HCFCs(hydrochlorofluoro
carbons) begins

2010

2019

Phase down of HFCs
(hydrofluorocarbons)
begins2036
For HFCs, 85%
reduction indeveloped countries

2045
For HFCs, 80%
reduction indeveloping countries*The Montreal Protocol has different timetables for developed and developing
countries.
A continued focus on refrigerants – Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants in the
HVAC systems of commercial, residential, and industrial buildings are a potent
source of GHGs. As such, countries have reached a consensus to phase-down orphase-out these refrigerants based on the Montreal Protocol. Figure 4
demonstrates the regulatory timeline.
Phasing out SF6 – One of the most potent GHGs, Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), is used
as an insulation gas in electrical systems. 8 As a result, the California Air Resources
Board (CARB) set the end of 2024 as a target date for the phase out of SF6 from all
equipment of 72 kV or less. The European Commission is considering a ban on SF6
gas to take effect between 2025-2030. 9 China’s State Grid Corporation is
mandating that a percentage of its procurement must be SF6-free switchgear.
Vendors are developing SF6-free MV switchgear to comply with government
regulations. Figure 5 shows an example of SF6-free switchgear that uses air toeliminate GHG emissions.

8

SF6 is a popular insulation gas for arc extinguishing because its good characteristics from 1960s.

9Green Deal: Phasing down fluorinated greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances.

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 6

Figure 5

An example illustrating air
replacing SF6 in medium
voltage switchgear tocomply with regulations in
the future.
(Schneider SM AirSeT shown)

A variety of actions are being taken around energy efficiency, use of renewables,and even moratoriums on data center builds. Table 1 provides insight into potential
future regulations that could impact data centers.
Table 1

Sustainability insights and regulations on data center environmental sustainability

Countries/regions

Potential impact on data center environmental sustainability••

European Union•••

The overarching policy initiatives European Green Deal released in January 2021 introduces controls
on business, including data centers, and follows set of standards ISO/IEC 30134. Mandatory
regulations are coming mainly from two directions:o Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) in revised version was published in September
2023, coming into force in the same year. 10 Regulation breaks data center reporting into
three categories of action with different thresholds and timelines.
o Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) that evolves from Non-Financial
Reporting Directive (NFRD) was adopted in June 2023. Regulation mandates detailed
reporting with metrics following the European Sustainability Reporting Standards(ESRS). From 2024 data needs to be collected (and reported in 2025) by the first groupof companies, and eventually reports must be audited.
Decarbonization pledges follow the Green Deal path:o European Code of Conduct for Data Centers (EU DC CoC) is a voluntary initiative
developed in 2008 by Joint Research Center (JRC) with PUE as a key metric used toassess efficiency. 11
o Climate Neutral Data Center Pact (CNDCP) gathers data center operators thatvoluntarily commit to European Green Deal. 12 Initiative includes purchase 100% carbonfree energy, prioritize water use, reuse servers, recycle heat and set measurable
targets.
o Sustainable Digital Infrastructure Alliance (SDIA) and European Data Center
Association (EUDCA) are sector-driven initiatives grouping environment-cautious data
center operators.
In July 2021 the EU released “Fit for 55” as a part of the Green Deal strategy, which recommends
legislative policies to reduce carbon emissions by 55% by 2030.13 General rules for the economy
decarbonization (transport, buildings, adoption of renewable energy, etc.) come into power in 2024.
German government released in September 2023 the Energy Efficiency Act (EEA) that mandates
data centers to have PUE of 1.2 by July 2026 and increase of heat reuse from 10% in 2026 to 20% in
2028. 14 Besides, a target of 50% renewable energy by 2024 and 100% by 2027 was set.
Dutch government released in 2022 the National Spatial Strategy (NOVI) that includes obligation fordata centers to be established in areas with ready access to sustainable energy networks, heat reuse
infrastructure and sufficient digital connectivity.15

10

Energy efficiency directive, 2023

11

European Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centres, 2022

12

Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact13

Fit for 55, 2023

14

Dentons, How Germany’s Energy Efficiency Act will impact data center operators, 2023

15

Stibbe, Increasing control of data center locations

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 7

Countries/regions

Potential impact on data center environmental sustainability•

United States

•
•

•
•

China
•
•
•

Singapore•••

Office of Technology and Science Policy’s (OTSP’s) works on development of effective, evidencebased environmental performance standards to mitigate growth in data center energy
consumption.16 Three main areas will be addressed:o Minimizing emissions from crypto-mining operations,o Requirement for public reporting,o Promoting improvements and innovation in the sector.
Expected amendment of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) will require
reporting from 100kW installed IT equipment data centers to the Energy Information Administration(EIA).
The US Department of Energy (DOE) in January 2023 introduced new national HVAC regulations. 17
Further changes and expansion of regulations are expected in 2024 from the US Securities andExchange Commission (SEC), potentially requiring emissions reporting, evaluating climate-relatedrisks, and demonstration of plan for action.
Washington’s state legislature passed a “cap-and-invest” program in April 2021, coming into force in2023 that initiates gradual reduction of pollution limits 18.
Published in April 2023 and coming into effect July 2023 Green Data Center 19 regulation for
procurement of data center equipment includes criteria like:o PUE below 1.4 form June 2023 and below 1.3 from 2025,
o Annual water consumption per power consumption of IT equipment below 2.5 L/kWh,o Gradual increase of renewables in energy mix from 5% in 2023 to 100% in 2032,
Restrictions of plastics and chemicals use in IT hardware and batteries.
Singapore Standard for Green Data Centers (SS 564) 20 refers to reducing carbon emissions
associated with data center operations. It is modeled after the ISO 50001 Energy Management
Systems and address energy and water consumption and efficiency.
Data Center Carbon Footprint Assessment (DC-CFA) program introduced in July 2022 andadjusted in 2023, focuses on renewable energy usage, connectivity, compute capacity andeconomic commitments on pathway to decarbonize data center sector:
o PUE equal or below 1.3,
o new or expanded capacity certified under the BCA-IMDA Green Mark,o investment in innovative energy pathways
Digital Connectivity Blueprint 21 launched in June 2023 aims to optimize energy efficiency in data
centers operating in tropical climate countries.
Industry overarching incentives like Pioneer Certificate (PC), Goods and Services Tax (GST) or
several Import Duty Exemptions 22 reward companies, including data center operators, with tax
exemptions for introducing new hardware technologies like servers, networking gear, and coolingsystems.
Green Building Masterplan 23 address energy consumption behaviors also in data center buildings.

Many of these regulations are coming into force soon and data center owners needto anticipate changes to ensure compliance.

3. Business
value“Marketing sustainability and sustainability reporting have become alternatives to
traditional advertising techniques, for their ability to promote transparency, resulting
in trust” 24. Becoming sustainable can give companies a competitive advantage andhave a material impact on reputation and brand value which, among other benefits,
helps attract and retain current customers and investors. Data center owners can

16

Uptime Institute, First signs of federal data center reporting mandates appear in US , 2023

17

DCD, The path to data center decarbonization starts now , 2023

18

U.S. News & World Report, Washington Legislature Passes Carbon Pricing Measure, 2021

19

Liu Yake, China sets requirements for government procurement of data center equipment, 2023

20

Singapore Standard 564 for Green Data Centers

21

IMDA introduces sustainability standard for data centers operating in tropical climates, 2023

22

Singapore’s Data Center Sector: Regulations, Incentives, and Investment Prospects, 2023

23

Green Building Masterplans

24

Katrine Julie Heuer, The Competitive Advantage of Sustainability Reporting , 2017, p 2

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 8
improve their overall image and gain an advantage over competition throughsuperior sustainability practices.
Deploy sustainable solutions to reduce costs – Energy sources like solar and windcan be built near a data center and have reasonable payback periods. Due to thehigh energy intensity of data centers, onsite installation of renewables typicallycovers only a fraction of the overall electricity needs but will still have a positive
impact. Implementing a microgrid with energy storage provides opportunities forgrid services like peak shaving and demand response. There are other programswith utility companies for revenue-earning opportunities. For more information, seeWhite Paper 274, Monetizing Energy Storage in the Data Center.
Some investments in sustainable technologies are very economical. For example,
cooling solutions like blanking panels, hot aisle air containment, and warmer chilledwater supply temperature can result in substantial energy savings. Implementing air
containment can save 43% in annual cooling system energy cost, corresponding to
a 15% reduction in annualized PUE 25. Liquid cooling technologies remove heatmore efficiently and increase sustainability of data centers. For more information
about this technology, see White Paper 265, Liquid Cooling Technologies for Data
Centers and Edge Applications.
Avoiding or delaying large capital expenditures is another benefit. For example, alarge European insurance company's data center used some best practices to free
up power capacity, improve efficiency, and reduce capital cost. By implementing
air management practices like cable brushes, blanking panels, and warmer
operating temperature, the data center freed up over 1MW of critical power
capacity, with about $40 million in CapEx savings by not having to build newcapacity. 26 For more information on best practices to improve air flow for energy
savings, see White Paper 49, Avoidable Mistakes that Compromise Cooling
Performance in Data Centers and Network Rooms.
Improve competitiveness via investment in innovation – New, innovativetechnologies, such as high-efficiency uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), trim
chiller cooling systems, and li-ion batteries, can help data center owners improve
competitiveness with better performance. For example, 3-phase UPSs on themarket today are capable of delivering 97% efficiency in double conversion normal
mode and 99% in high-efficiency normal mode. For more information on the costand benefit tradeoffs of high-efficiency normal mode see White Paper 157, Ecomode: Benefits and Risks of Energy-saving Modes of UPS Operation.
Attract new customers via investment in new technologies – Investments inforward-looking technologies, such as liquid cooling, energy re-use systems, andhydrogen fuel cells, communicate a focus on sustainability. For example, one large
tenant prohibited colocation providers from using diesel generators in a particularregion and investigated hydrogen fuel cells as an alternative. However, as
discussed in White Paper 513, Making Sense of Hydrogen's Role in Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, the use of hydrogen has tradeoffs. Similarly, Google ispiloting a li-ion battery energy storage system to replace the diesel generators in its
Belgium data center 27. These and other low- or zero-carbon technologies may resultin faster permitting times and fewer community objections, especially in areas like
California where regional regulations severely limit fossil fuel use.

25

White Paper 135, Impact of Hot and Cold Aisle Containment on Data Center Temperature andEfficiency
26

James Kaplan, Brent Smolinski, and Allen Weinberg, Sharpening data center due diligence, 201127

Rich Miller, Google Looks to Batteries as Replacement for Diesel Generators, 2020

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 9
Retain talented employees – More sustainable and inclusive companies can foster
increased workforce satisfaction and reduced costs related to employee turnover.
Employees are proud to work for organizations admired for environmental
sustainability.
Considering environmental sustainability as an integral part of a data center’sbusiness model can improve brand reputation, reduce TCO, improve
competitiveness, retain talented employees, and increase brand value, which
ultimately increases business value.

4. ESG
investment

Directly aligning a business to ESG initiatives can open up investment capital andinvestment focus. Investors are increasingly evaluating companies based on
specific ESG-related criteria and the subset focused on “responsible investments”
continues to grow. Sustainability commitments and progress also protect against
climate risk and investment risk.
Demonstrate sustainability-related commitments and progress – Investors are
getting serious about sustainability and will require corporations to publish astatement of purpose and provide integrated financial and ESG reports showing not
only a commitment but validated improvements they’ve made. According to theGovernance & Accountability Institute, 90% of companies in the S&P 500 Index
published a sustainability report in 2019, which shows public companies are
adopting sustainability into their operating and reporting strategies 28.
Fund business growth – Investment vehicles, called green bonds, allow data
center owners to raise capital based on the expectation of sustainable projects 29.
For example, some large, multi-tenant data centers are already deeply engaged insustainable finance. Equinix, Aligned, and Digital Realty have all raised funds using
green bonds or environmental sustainability-linked loans. In early 2019, Digital
Realty issued its second green bond 30 and a follow-on offering totaling €1.08 billion
in gross proceeds.
Some countries or regions have a sustainable innovation fund focused on improving
energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprint. Governments typically provide
grants, loans, or tax relief to support businesses that use less energy or provide
evidence of their environmental sustainability efforts. Regional regulations start tomandate sustainability reporting, forcing operators to decarbonize data center
operations. Businesses without sustainable development might be heavily taxed
and left without access to “green funding”. Subsidized incentives (i.e. tax breaks,
rebates, etc.) can help pay for hardware cost, and with the added revenue fromparticipating in utility programs, sustainable solutions can reach cost parity with
non-sustainable solutions.
Investors with an ESG focus will only back organizations that set sustainability
goals, provide transparent reporting, and demonstrate meaningful progress.

Conclusion

Environmental sustainability for data centers focuses on efficiency, renewableenergy supply, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water conservation, waste
recycling, and land & biodiversity. The focus on sustainability is becoming a “topof mind” concern for data center operators. The four key drivers prompting data
28

Mark Segal, Why Should Fund Managers Embrace ESG?, 2021

29

Digital Realty, Environmental Performance

30

Green bonds are standard bonds with green features, designed to support projects that havebeneficial impacts on the environment compared to business as usual.

Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 10
center operators to prioritize environmental sustainability are: 1) Customer
requirements; 2) Government regulations; 3) Business value; and 4) ESG
investment. Governmental regulations are evolving from providing suggested
metrics and guide data center owners on pathway to decarbonization to mandatory
regulations and reporting.

About the author
Linda Zhang joined Schneider Electric in 2011, with over 15 years of experiencein data center industry. Before joining Schneider Electric, Linda worked as a data
center design engineer and accumulated rich experience in electrical engineeringand standards. Linda holds a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering
Automation and her MBA from University of Science and Technology Beijing. She
is also an Accredited Tier Designer (ATD) of Uptime Institute and a qualified
engineer of power grid.
Robert Bunger is the Program Director within the CTO office at Schneider
Electric. In his 23 years at Schneider Electric, Robert has held management
positions in customer service, technical sales, offer management, businessdevelopment & industry associations. While with APC / Schneider Electric, he
has lived and worked in the United States, Europe, and China. Prior to joining
APC, he was a commissioned officer in the US Navy Submarine force. Robert
has a BS in Computer Science from the US Naval Academy and MS EE from
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Marcin Wegrzyn for updating the content of this white paper.
Marcin Wegrzyn is Research Analyst for the Data Center Research Center at
Schneider Electric. He publishes in areas of Data Centers, and Commercial and
Residential Buildings. He holds Master of Polymer Technology degree, PhD in
Industrial Engineering and Production and MBA. Marcin has over 10 years R&D
research experience in academia and industry

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Why Data Centers Must Prioritize Environmental Sustainability: Four Key Drivers

Schneider Electric – Energy Management Research Center White Paper 64 Ver 2 11

Resources

The Different Types of UPS Systems
White Paper 1

Avoidable Mistakes that Compromise Cooling Performance in Data Centers
and Network Rooms
White Paper 49
Recommended Inventory for Data Center Scope 3 GHG Emissions Reporting
White Paper 53

Impact of Hot and Cold Aisle Containment on Data Center Temperatureand Efficiency
White Paper 135

Eco-mode: Benefits and Risks of Energy-saving Modes of UPS Operation
White Paper 157
Liquid Cooling Technologies for Data Centers and Edge Applications
White Paper 256

Monetizing Energy Storage in the Data Center
White Paper 274

Making Sense of Hydrogen's Role in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
White Paper 513

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