Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)
Photonics and Quantum Technology for Society 5.0
Research and Development Plan

August 8, 2019

Director General for Science, Technology, and Innovation
Cabinet OfficeContents
OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................. 4
1. SIGNIFICANCE AND TARGETS.................................................................................................... 4
2. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT THEMES .................................................................................. 4
3. IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE ................................................................................................. 4
4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 4
5. ASSESSMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 5
6. HARVESTING STRATEGY .......................................................................................................... 5
1. SIGNIFICANCE AND TARGETS ............................................................................................ 6(1) BACKGROUND AND DOMESTIC/OVERSEAS SITUATION ............................................................... 6(2) SIGNIFICANCE AND POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ............................................................................ 6(3) TARGETS AND GOALS ............................................................................................................. 8(i) Realizing Society 5.0 ........................................................................................................... 8(ii) Social targets ..................................................................................................................... 8(iii) Industrial targets .............................................................................................................. 9(iv) Technological targets ......................................................................................................... 9(v) Institutional targets .......................................................................................................... 10(vi) Global benchmarks ......................................................................................................... 10(vii) Cooperation with municipalities ...................................................................................... 15
2. SPECIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.................................................................... 16(1) LASER PROCESSING .............................................................................................................. 17(i) R&D for a CPS-type laser processing system ...................................................................... 18(ii) R&D for a spatial light modulator technology ................................................................... 26(iii) R&D for photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) .............................................. 31(2) PHOTONIC QUANTUM COMMUNICATION ................................................................................ 38(i) Quantum cryptography technology .................................................................................... 39(3) PHOTONIC AND ELECTRONIC INFORMATION PROCESSING ....................................................... 46(i) R&D for a next-generation accelerator platform ................................................................ 47
3. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 49(1) USE OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR QUANTUM AND RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 49(2) SELECTION OF LEAD RESEARCHER ........................................................................................ 50(3) WAYS OF OPTIMIZING THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 50(4) COOPERATION BETWEEN THE CABINET OFFICE AND MINISTRIES ........................................... 51(5) CONTRIBUTIONS FROM INDUSTRY ......................................................................................... 51

4. MATTERS RELATED TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES................................................. 53(1) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COMMITTEE ................................................................................ 53(2) AGREEMENT ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ............................................................... 53(3) LICENSING OF BACKGROUND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ............................................ 53(4) HANDING OF FOREGROUND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ............................................... 54(5) LICENSING OF FOREGROUND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ............................................. 54(6) APPROVAL OF THE TRANSFER OF FOREGROUND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE
ESTABLISHMENT OR TRANSFER OF EXCLUSIVE LICENSES ............................................................. 55(7) HANDLING OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AT THE END OF THE SIP ............................... 55(8) PARTICIPATION OF OVERSEAS INSTITUTIONS OR PEOPLE (E.G., FOREIGN COMPANIES,
UNIVERSITIES, OR RESEARCHERS) .............................................................................................. 55

5. ASSESSMENT ITEMS .......................................................................................................... 56(1) SUBJECT OF ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................... 56(2) TIME OF ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 56(3) ASSESSMENT ITEMS AND ASSESSMENT STANDARDS ................................................................. 56(4) UTILIZATION OF THE ASSESSMENT RESULTS ........................................................................... 57(5) DISCLOSURE OF THE RESULTS ............................................................................................... 57(6) SELF-INSPECTIONS ............................................................................................................... 57(i) Self-inspections by lead researchers ................................................................................... 57(ii) Self-inspections by the PD ................................................................................................ 57(iii) Self-inspections by the QST ............................................................................................. 58(7) PEER REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 58
6. HARVESTING STRATEGY .................................................................................................. 59(1) HARVEST-ORIENTED RESEARCH ............................................................................................ 59(2) MEASURES FOR PROMOTING THE RESEARCH OUTCOMES ........................................................ 60
7. OTHER IMPORTANT ITEMS .............................................................................................. 62(1) RELATED LAWS AND REGULATIONS ........................................................................................ 62(2) FLEXIBLE PLAN REVISIONS ................................................................................................... 62(3) PERSONAL HISTORIES OF THE PD AND THE COUNCILORS IN CHARGE ....................................... 63< Attachment >Attachment 1: Fund plan and estimate
Attachment 2: TRL definition in this SIP
Process Chart

Overview of the Research and Development Plan
1. Significance and Targets
A cyber-physical system (CPS) that seamlessly fuses cyberspace (virtual space) with physicalspace (real space) is the key to realizing Society 5.0, which is a human-centered society that
pursues both economic advancement and the resolution of social problems. However, although
investment in smart manufacturing using IoT and AI technologies has begun, some bottlenecks
are impeding investment in society and industry. To clear these bottlenecks, this SIP will leverage
Japan's strengths in photonics and quantum technologies. From among these technologies, the
SIP has carefully selected important and high-priority technologies in laser processing, photonic
quantum communication, and photonic and electronic information processing to implement its
development plans. This approach will accelerate the realization of Society 5.0.

2. Research and Development Themes
The main research and development themes are as follows.
(1) Laser processing (development of a CPS-type laser processing system to regain a leading
share in the laser processing market)(2) Photonic quantum communication (social implementation of quantum cryptography as aservice that provides unbreakable security)(3) Photonic and electronic information processing (advanced verification and social
implementation of information processing that solves, for example, optimization problems at
a speed that far surpasses that of conventional computers)
3. Implementation Structure
NISHIDA Naoto, the program director (PD), is in charge of creating and promoting thedevelopment plans. The Promoting Committee, which consists of experts from related ministries
and agencies, controls the SIP comprehensively, with the PD serving as the chair and the Cabinet
Office as the secretariat. The Promoting Committee utilizes the Management Expenses Grants
provided by the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST)
under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to recruit
research leaders. The QST manages the progress of development.

4. Intellectual Property Management
The Intellectual Property Committee has been established under the QST to secure incentives forinventors and entrepreneurs and increase the benefits to the nation through the appropriatemanagement of intellectual property.

5. Assessments
Before the Governing Board conducts its annual assessment at the end of the fiscal year, researchleaders and the PD conduct self-inspections to make autonomous improvements to the SIP.

6. Harvesting Strategy
To ensure social implementation of development achievements, by releasing as much information
to domestic/overseas enterprise networks and providing as many test platforms to collecttechnological data as possible, the SIP will feedback enterprises' assessment and adoption
examples to the R&D activities to promote commercialization. At the same time, the R&D
achievements will be publicized proactively and strategically so that they are disseminatedthroughout not only the enterprise communities but also society as a whole.

1. Significance and Targets(1) Background and domestic/overseas situation
A cyber-physical system (CPS) that seamlessly fuses cyberspace (virtual space) with physicalspace (real space) is the key to realizing Society 5.0, which is a society that is centered on eachand every person and pursues both economic advancement and the resolution of social problems.
In the Japanese and overseas markets, active investment has already begun in the smart
manufacturing field, which involves the specific application of IoT and AI technologies, so theact of constructing a CPS is underway.
However, causes for concern in relation to the expected promotion of this trend are becoming
apparent. In the fields of IoT and AI, for example, there is no guarantee that, as required by
future markets, electronic equipment equipped with control, communication, and AI devices will
advance as expected (i.e., reduction in the factor of costs and performance). Similarly, it isunclear in the smart manufacturing field whether manufacturing will be transformed into
network-type manufacturing systems. Moreover, the incidence of security threats in cyber space
is rising constantly, and there are growing concerns that, once a disturbance occurs, its impact
may cause enormous damage to the physical space.
Because these concerns may give rise to bottlenecks that discourage private companies frominvesting in the future, the national government needs to accelerate R&D activities to eliminate
such obstacles and provide guidance to related industries so that these companies feel reassured
enough to continue or expand their investments.
Outside Japan, multiple nations are strenuously promoting the IoT society and CPS throughinitiatives such as the Industrial Internet in the US, Industrie 4.0 in Germany, and Made in China
2025 in China to eliminate the above concerns. There are concerns that this may mark a drop in
Japan's international competitiveness.

(2) Significance and political importancePhotonics and quantum technologies are positioned as core technologies that offer advantages
in creating new value under the Fifth Science and Technology Basic Plan, and Japan has anadvantageous position in this field. It is important that we leverage this advantage to clear thebottlenecks that are impeding the investment required for the realization of Society 5.0, promote
investment by private companies, and then improve our international competitiveness in related
fields.
With this in mind, the SIP has selected three important and high-priority development items fromamong the wide range of photonics and quantum technologies: (1) laser processing, (2) photonic

quantum communication, and (3) photonic and electronic information processing.
For example, although there is strong demand for the development of a CPS for laser processingin the field of smart manufacturing, laser processing is actually one of the most difficult
processes to establish a physical model for because it involves complicated physical phenomena.
By establishing a CPS for laser processing, this SIP aims to lead the way in demonstrating that
almost all types of manufacturing equipment can be transformed into smart systems. Such an
achievement will surely accelerate investment in smart manufacturing and achieve significant
improvements in productivity at every manufacturing site.
Furthermore, in Society 5.0, personal information with a high degree of secrecy and corporate
information with a high business value will be generated in the fields of not only smart
manufacturing, but also smart mobility, smart energy, and smart medical care. These types of
information must be circulated and backed up securely. To realize Society 5.0, it is important toestablish a quantum secure cloud technology by combining truly unbreakable quantum
cryptographic communication technologies and secret-sharing backup technologies so thatcompanies and users can feel secure enough to share, store and use various types of important
information.
In light of this, continuing to clear the investment bottlenecks by developing photonic quantum
technologies can help accelerate investment aimed at realizing Society 5.0 and make asignificant contribution to improving Japan's competitiveness.

Figure 1-1: Overall background to photonics and quantum technologies for Society 5.0

(3) Targets and Goals(i) Realizing Society 5.0
The SIP will clear bottlenecks that are impeding the investment required for the realization ofSociety 5.0 by leveraging Japan's strengths in photonic quantum technologies, specifically laser
processing, photonic quantum communication, and photonic and electronic information
processing. This SIP will implement initiatives designed to eliminate bottlenecks to investment
in smart manufacturing such as the following: (1) installing CPS-type laser processing systems(thereby reducing the lead-time in the establishment of parameters for laser processing by 90%);(2) developing a quantum cryptographic technology that will facilitate the secure distribution,
storage and utilization of data without exposure to cyber security threats for a long time to come(thereby developing quantum cryptographic devices that cost a quarter of conventional options);and (3) developing a next-generation accelerator platform constructed by utilizing various
optimally arranged computing technologies, such as Ising computers, noisy intermediate-scalequantum (NISQ) computers, and fault-tolerant quantum computers, to facilitate the practical useof technologies that enable the optimal installation of whole applications that contribute to therealization of Society 5.0 (thereby raising the speed by 10 to 100 times). Consequently, this SIP
is aimed at contributing to the establishment of a network-type manufacturing system that will
qualitatively revolutionize manufacturing productivity. By clearing such bottlenecks, this SIP
will initiate a trend (in investment, social systems, and business development) toward smart
manufacturing, smart mobility, and smart energy to which private companies can practically
apply their IoT and AI technologies, thereby helping to accelerate the realization of Society 5.0.

(ii) Social targets
To construct the CPS that is essential to realizing Society 5.0, the SIP will conduct R&D related
to laser processing, photonic quantum communication, and photonic and electronic information
processing in an effort to contribute to the establishment of a network-type manufacturingsystem by using CPS-type laser processing. This SIP will also conduct R&D for quantum
cryptography with the aim of providing a quantum secure cloud service that will facilitate thesecure storage of data backups and the secondary usage of highly confidential data, where
information with a high degree of secrecy, such as personal information, cannot be decoded orillegally falsified on an computer even if advances are made in cryptanalysis and cyberattack
techniques in the future. The SIP will establish a system platform as a next-generation accelerator
that utilizes a wide range of computer types—including Ising computers (quantum annealing
machines and classical technology-based annealing machines), NISQ computers, and faulttolerant quantum computers—and then use these computing technologies optimally to clear thebottlenecks that are impeding the realization of Society 5.0.
Through measures such as those described above, this program will accelerate investment by

private companies toward the realization of Society 5.0 in smart manufacturing and other fields
that contribute to enhancing the sustainability of Japan's industrial competitiveness, thereby
promoting economic advancement and the safety and security of Japan and its citizens to realize
a rich, high-quality society.

(iii) Industrial targets
As described earlier, this SIP aims to realize a network-type manufacturing system by using
CPS-type laser processing and contribute to improved productivity in the manufacturingindustries by clearing the investment bottlenecks in the field of smart manufacturing throughR&D related to laser processing, photonic quantum communication, and photonic and electronic
information processing.
In addition, this SIP aims to improve Japan's competitiveness in various fields, including theautomobile and medical industries, by implementing technological initiatives such as thefollowing: (1) pursuing near-term applications (e.g., in sensing, medicine, and life sciences) for
photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs), which offer greater brightness and superior
performance in comparison to existing semiconductor laser technologies, during the course ofdeveloping ultra-small laser processing systems; and (2) facilitating the practical use of quantum
secure cloud systems to improve security in the exchange and management of personal
information with a high degree of secrecy, such as the medical inspection data held by medical
institutions.

(iv) Technological targets
Laser processing
This SIP will develop a CPS-type laser processing system that can be used in the manufacturing
equipment required to ensure high precision and high-throughput and to perform complicatedcontrols in accordance with the relevant material. More specifically, this system will deliveradvanced real-time optical controls by the previous processing records and the measurement
values. As the first step after that, it will be implemented in electronic device manufacturing
processes, such as those for dealing with processing resistant materials in the manufacture ofelectronic components.
In addition, high-performance spatial light modulator devices (high light-resistance, high speed,
and high integration) will be developed to facilitate the practical use of high-precision and highthroughput processing techniques including nonthermal laser processing. Moreover, thebrightness of PCSELs will be increased to 1 GWcm-2sr-1 and their near-term application incompact smart sensing systems, including light-detection and ranging (LiDAR), will bedemonstrated. PCSELs and their related technologies will finally be established as light sources
for the aforementioned laser processing system in the future.
Photonic quantum communication
By developing a quantum secure cloud system, this SIP will develop a data distribution, storage
and utilization network platform that will prevent security being compromised even if advances
are made in cryptanalysis and cyberattack techniques. As the first step after that, it will performdemonstrations to apply the system mainly in the medical field (electronic medical records,
genome analysis information, and smart manufacturing).
Photonic and electronic information processing
This SIP will develop a next-generation accelerator platform that makes optimal use of
conventional accelerators (e.g., graphics processing units [GPUs]) and next-generation
accelerators (e.g., Ising computers, NISQ computers, and fault-tolerant quantum computers)for each application domain and will then perform demonstrations that apply the platform invarious fields, such as smart manufacturing, logistics, materials, and the energy andenvironment industries.

(v) Institutional targets
To prepare an environment in which companies can feel secure enough to manufacture orprovide devices and services based on quantum cryptography, this SIP will promote
standardization activities related to physical random number generators and quantum
cryptography, create documents on safety assurance standards and evaluation methods, and thenpropose them to Japanese and international standardizing body.
At the same time, the SIP will construct an ecosystem model for the operation of assessments,
inspections and certification in the future and put together a system design proposal that will be
submitted to related ministries, agencies, advisory committees, and other government offices.

(vi) Global benchmarks
Laser processing► Laser light sources with a wavelength that ranges from UV to near infrared will be introduced
for installation on the CPS-type laser processing system taking into consideration future
demand for laser processing systems. As a result, this SIP will establish a system that can also
accept a quasi-general purpose-processing model that corresponds to a specific processing
method based on a quantum physics model or other theories for which research is moreadvanced in Japan than it is in Europe. (Table 1-1)

► Maintaining Japan's current advantage compared to Europe and the US with respect to highprecision phase modulation characteristics (e.g., sensitive areas, efficiency of light utilization,and flatness) that are important in the development of spatial light modulator devices, this SIP
will achieve greater light resistance (expanding the sensitive areas) and expand the available
wavelength region (to include UV). (Table 1-2)
► PCSELs have already achieved the world's highest level of brightness among semiconductor
lasers (Table 1-3). With the aim of utilizing these lasers as light sources for ultra-small
processing systems in the future, this SIP will establish a device technology that delivers alevel of brightness (1 GWcm-2sr-1) that is nearly as high as that of large fiber lasers and CO2
lasers. (Note: This achievement will serve the needs of various fields other than justprocessing.) In addition, ahead of Europe and the US, this SIP will develop a light source thatsimultaneously possesses a narrow divergence angle, a narrow lasing spectra, and a highoutput power, all of which are unattainable with other light sources (Table 1-4), and will alsoestablish a technology that enables the electronic scanning of the output beam direction at ahigh speed (of several MHz) that is faster than that available with mechanically driven
methods (several kHz) (Table 1-4 and 1-5).

Table 1-1: Development of CPS-type laser processing systems

Table 1-2: Development of spatial light modulation techniques

Table 1-3: Development of semiconductor lasers (processing)Table 1-4: Development of photonic crystal lasers

Table 1-5: Development of methods for driving photonic crystal lasers

Photonic quantum communication► In addition to promoting secure communication, this SIP will also develop a quantum secure
cloud technology with metropolitan area network coverage that enables secure data storage
that is unique to Japan's systems. (Tables 1-6 and 1-7)

Table 1-6: Development of quantum cryptography

Table 1-7: Trends in quantum network services

Photonic and electronic information processing► Some acceleration technologies have been developed that deal with specific problems byusing specific next-generation accelerators and conventional accelerators (Table 1-8). This
SIP will develop a next-generation accelerator platform technology as an upper layer forthese accelerators to enable application programs to use optimum acceleration.

Table 1-8: Japanese and overseas next-generation acceleration technologies(vii) Cooperation with municipalities
This SIP will cooperate with local municipalities in relation to their policies for industrial
development. Through the transfer of technologies that include this SIP's achievements, this SIP
will contribute to industrial advancements and the creation of added value.

2. Specific Research and Development
To construct the CPS that is essential to realizing Society 5.0, this SIP will conduct R&D related
to laser processing, photonic quantum communication, and photonic and electronic information
processing, all of which leverage photonics and quantum technologies, to contribute to theestablishment of a network-type manufacturing system by using laser processing. Morespecifically, the SIP will develop technologies such as the following: (1) a CPS-type laser
processing system that identifies optimal processing conditions through simulations and performs
the processing accordingly; (2) a spatial light modulator technology for performing high-quality
laser processing with a high throughput; (3) a compact energy-saving photonic crystal laser witha high beam quality that can be applied to a sensing light source and other such uses; (4) a quantum
cryptography technology for ensuring safe and secure communication within a network-type
manufacturing system; and (5) a high-speed optimization technology for processes and otherelements of a network-type manufacturing system.
During this R&D, the SIP aims to facilitate the social implementation of systems that leverage
the characteristics of the individual technologies for each research program while attempting toconstruct the above-mentioned network-type manufacturing systems.

Figure 2-1: Overview of R&D into photonics and quantum technologies for the realizationof Society 5.0

Figure 2-2: R&D items and their relationships(1) Laser processing
Deputy PD: YASUI Koji (Senior Chief Engineer, Industrial Automation Market Div., Factory
Automation Systems Group, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation)
Participating organizations: The University of Tokyo, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.,
Utsunomiya University, Kyoto University, Mitsubishi Electric
Corporation, and ROHM Co., Ltd.
Although there is strong demand for the development of a CPS for laser processing to facilitate
the realization of Society 5.0, laser processing is actually one of the most difficult processes
to establish a physical model for because it involves complicated physical phenomena. We
will attempt to apply the CPS to laser processing to demonstrate that most of manufacturing
equipment can be made smarter, ahead of others. Such an achievement will surely accelerate
investment in smart manufacturing and achieve significant improvements in productivity at
every manufacturing site.
To implement this, the SIP aims to establish a base for promoting the systematization of laser
processing machines equipped with a CPS with a focus on the system integration of a Meister
laser processing machine and a smart laser processing machine, as detailed in the description
for each of the following research items.

For the establishment of such a base, the SIP will obtain technologies such as the underlying
technologies required for the conducting of social demonstrations at the base as well as data
communication, protection, and analysis technologies as the achievements of other R&D
items (photonic quantum communication and photonic and electronic information processing)under the SIP or on the market.
This SIP also aims to apply themes that can be isolated as underlying technologies at an earlystage, such as the LiDAR light source in the photonic crystal field, to facilitate their promptsocial implementation.

(i) R&D for a CPS-type laser processing system
Lead researcher: KOBAYASHI Yohei (Professor, Institute for Solid State Physics, The
University of Tokyo)
Participating organizations: The University of Tokyo, Kyushu University (in charge of
proof of concept), and Gigaphoton Inc.
Collaborating organizations: Purdue University (in charge of proof of concept)
Summary of R&D:
In the manufacturing of electronic devices that are mounted in state-of-the-art electronics,
laser and other forms of beam processing are being used increasingly often in addition to theapplication of semiconductor and substrate processing for semiconductor devices. In fact, theuse of laser processing is indispensable for some state-of-the-art manufacturing lines, andthere is strong demand for its application in a wider range of uses. However, the extraction ofprocessing parameters to ensure that such processing can be applied as required is still largely
dependent on people's experience and instinct. As a result, new processes are not being
developed at the required speed. This R&D program demonstrates the use of a CPS-type laser
processing system that significantly reduces the time required for the extraction of suchparameters. More specifically, the SIP is employing the latest light source technology, opticalelement technology, optical operation technology, processing system technology,
measurement and evaluation technology, calculation technology, and other such technologies
to develop the following: a laser processing system that automatically changes parameters(i.e., a laser processing system with automatically variable parameters), a laser processing andmeasurement system for collecting and learning from data on past performances, and aparameter extraction system. As initial processing targets for demonstrations, this SIP selects
materials that will help clear the bottlenecks that are impeding advances and cost reductionsin the manufacturing of electronic device parts that are essential to the promotion of Society
5.0 (e.g., difficult-to-process materials in the manufacturing of electronic parts). After that,
the SIP establishes the foundations required to include other materials and processing in thetarget range. Work is also conducted to advance the methods used to establish and verify aphysical model for processing, thereby supporting the realization and progression of theapplication of a CPS in laser processing.
More specifically, this SIP creates a multifunctional high-speed Meister laser processing
machine equipped with a site observation function as a laser processing and measurement
system for collecting and learning from data on past performances. The SIP also creates asmart laser processing machine as a laser processing system with automatically variable
parameters for field processing. A parameter extraction system links these two processors to
extract the parameters required for laser processing. This R&D program has developed thissystem by integrating a Meister laser processing machine and a smart laser processing
machine and forming a base to promote the systemization of laser processing machines
equipped with a CPS with a focus on system integration.
This SIP is also attempting to create a laser processing CPS application base (social
implementation) more efficiently and to accelerate the realization of a network-type
manufacturing system by sharing its expertise of using the above processes in the building ofa CPS promotion base with organizations that possess the basic underlying technologies forother laser processing processes and want to purse the industrial application of a CPS in formof a proof of concept.

Specific research details:
This SIP implements a parameter search program based on a physical model, AI, and othertechnologies as the foundation for a CPS-type laser processing system. To this end, a basemachine that automatically changes parameters, processes materials, and observes and records
processing is being built. This machine consists of a parameter-variable light source, a
processing operation unit with a large parameter variable region, various detailed observationand evaluation units, a real-time observation unit, and a system that centrally controls all of
the equipment via computers.
For the light source, this SIP evaluates and implements a system that widely and dynamicallychanges the parameters within the practical operation range from infrared to ultraviolet,
mainly targeting light sources in the short wavelength region, including the wavelength
conversion method that uses nonlinear optical elements and the like, taking into consideration
the trend of putting the latest technologies to practical use in relevant projects, such as the
Project for the Development of Next-Generation Laser Technologies with High-Luminanceand High-Efficiency conducted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the New
Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO laser project). The
reason for this is that the demand for light sources in the short wavelength region is expectedto increase in the field of laser processing, and Japan has an advantageous position in relation
to the development of such light sources. Although the basic light source parameters include
the wavelength, luminance*, pulse width, and repetition frequency, the SIP also examines a
wider range of parameters, such as the waveform in a pulse and the pulse burst pattern, in linewith the evaluation progress. For the processing operation unit, the SIP implements the latest
technologies for high-luminance light sources with a shorter pulse and wavelength as the
optical operation system, sets wide control ranges for the scan speed, scan pattern, and otherparameters, and designs a system for obtaining data in a wide parameter space that is suitable
for machine learning and other purposes. Furthermore, the SIP utilizes a modular design for
the foundation of the system described above, sequentially builds demonstration units forevaluating multiple promising combinations of light sources, detailed observation andevaluation units, and real-time observation units based on their operation and evaluation, andconstructs a Meister laser processing machine that serves overall as a laser processing systemfor collecting and learning from data on past performances and a parameter extraction system.
To apply the operation results in a demonstration unit for a laser processing system with
automatically variable parameters (described later) that prioritize availability, it is important
to associate the basic information obtained from real-time observation units with the moredetailed information obtained from detailed observation and evaluation units. Because themutually correlated information on its own may not necessarily be sufficient, the SIP
establishes a collaboration system to resolve issues and conduct studies by utilizing theories
and information on interactions between light and substances based on the basic physicalproperty research conducted in projects such as Q-LEAP, conducted by the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
This SIP operates the above system, obtains processing data on the target materials and target
processing (selecting those that have a significant impact on the market, such as difficult-toprocess materials in the manufacturing of electronic parts) in a wide parameter region, andbuilds a database to correlate the processing parameters and results through machine learningand other such methods. For specific applications that have strong market demand, the SIP
engages in the R&D required for the quantification of interactions between light and materials
with the aim of creating a physical model for applying the CPS.
Furthermore, this SIP conducts a unit design of subset configurations for demonstrations thatare tuned to the expected actual processing based on obtained insights rather than learningand implements a smart laser processing machine as a laser processing system with
automatically variable parameters. The SIP limits the variable ranges of the parameters for thelight source and processing operation unit used in this system to a sufficient extent as
necessary, but focuses on availability, stability, and other features in the configuration. In
addition, the SIP aims to offer a configuration that allows processing to be performed withparameters that are automatically optimized with the database and algorithms that are learned
and built for each processing target in the learning system based on the necessary data fromthe real-time observation system.
To select more specific target materials and target processing, this SIP first focuses on glass,which shows promise as an ultrahigh-speed and high-density electronic circuit substrate in theera of IoT. A bottleneck that is impeding the application of through holes on the glass used for
substrates (TGV) is cracks caused by the processing. The SIP also evaluates and examines theselection of ceramic, which is another type of material used in electronic circuits, materials
for the electrodes used in batteries for electric vehicles, carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP), and various composite materials. Furthermore, the SIP attempts to select the target
materials promptly from aluminum, stainless steel, copper, titanium, and other substances forwhich demand is expected.
This R&D program first conducts R&D into a system with a boring CPS and then attempts toapply the results to a system equipped with a cutting CPS.
To develop a more specific framework for conducting the above research, the SIP has
implemented a Meister laser processing machine at the Kashiwa Campus of the University ofTokyo and a smart laser processing machine at the Hongo Campus and connected them via a
network line, based on the assumption that the results of this R&D program will be
implemented in society and used as the foundation for examining the future construction of a
network-type manufacturing system (Figure 2-(1)-(i)).
*Luminance: Light output per unit area and unit solid angle

Figure 2-(1)-(i): Overall configuration of a smart manufacturing promotion base
To share expertise related to building a base for the application of a CPS, the specific steps
taken for the SIP involved the development of a laser modification process for semiconductormaterials at Kyushu University for the CPS system to prove the concept of the effect ofexpertise on the application of a CPS. The underlying technologies required to apply the CPS
to this process are a processing technology, a measurement technology, an evaluation
technology, and a simulation technology. These technologies were evaluated in collaboration
with Gigaphoton Inc. and Purdue University (US), starting with the proposal of measures for
extracting and overcoming challenges to apply the packaged expertise for the application of
the CPS developed at the University of Tokyo and accelerate the creation of an industrygovernment-academia manufacturing ecosystem.

Social implementation:
For the social implementation of these systems, this SIP collaborates on the NEDO laser
project and other such projects. More specifically, the SIP considered working with
communities and other groups that were founded to collaborate widely with user companies
such as the Consortium for Technological Approaches toward Cool Laser Manufacturing withIntelligence, which was mainly founded by corporations participating in the NEDO laser
project. The SIP provides the equipment developed during this R&D program as a processing

platform so that user companies and other participants can use this equipment to extract theprocessing parameters or for other purposes and reflect their evaluations in the R&D.
Throughout this process, the SIP has considered the widespread acceptance of private
resources in terms of people, materials, needs information, and evaluation information related
to the R&D and marketing of the equipment.
This SIP also collaborates on Q-LEAP and other such projects and helps to promote thedevelopment of algorithms for estimating the optimal processing parameters, for which there
is a strong demand in industry, by providing processing performance data. The SIP also createsa framework for updating the software used in this system based on the results of Q-LEAPand other such projects to establish a framework that will continue to meet these needs.
Furthermore, this SIP gives consideration to working with bases that study related themes inbusiness-academia collaboration projects that began before this R&D program, such as the
COI-STREAM Project conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology and the Japan Science and Technology Agency, and make sure that synergy isachieved from the results by extracting important challenges and sharing plans for the social
implementation of systems and harvesting strategies and other types of data.
This SIP intends to raise social awareness of its results by demonstrating a CPS-type system
for laser processing, which is inhibiting the application of a CPS with respect to the overall
manufacturing process, to stimulate investment in smart manufacturing as a whole. Morespecifically, the SIP demonstrates processing—which is one of the most difficult processes torealize using conventional laser processing but is in great demand on the grounds of its highspeed and flexibility (consequently, the application of lasers in such processing has asignificant impact on industry)—in fields where the application of a CPS is in strong demandand future growth is expected. An example of this type of processing is the processing ofdifficult-to-process materials in the manufacturing of electronic parts. Furthermore, the SIP
provides the results of this SIP for industrial fields where lasers are conventionally applied(e.g., cutting and welding) and new markets in which they are expected to be used in future(e.g., 3D printers and surface modifications) as necessary by collaborating on related projects
with the aim of contributing to raising the levels of industries that require laser processing as
a whole.
To provide a more specific means of smoothly transferring technologies developed by publicorganizations to industry, this SIP selects partner companies from existing private companies
and venture companies (startup companies founded at universities or research organizations)and works with them on a business basis. This R&D program promotes the building of aframework in which the main modules to be designed and demonstrated are subcontracted inadvance to partner companies that will implement them so that the companies that utilize theresults can evaluate the technologies produced by this program at consortiums or other eventsand receive the same technologies as-is in the form of products, thereby spreading the research
results across enterprises, including small and medium-sized companies.
In addition, to share expertise related to building a base for the application of a CPS, Kyushu
University has taken the lead in establishing a laser modification process base to address
future user needs based on an evaluation of the proof of concept results and help accelerate
the process of making manufacturing smarter overall (creation of network-type manufacturingsystems) through collaborations with the bases at the University of Tokyo. This demonstrates
the application of a CPS in manufacturing technologies using lasers in multiple processes andaccelerates private investment in smart manufacturing, thereby speeding up the social
implementation of the results of this R&D.

Research goals:
Goals for FY2019• Begin verifying a method for observing the processing process based on an evaluation of theunderlying technologies for performing detailed observations, begin verifying a test modelof the Meister laser processing machine, and design and build the smart laser processing
machine. In addition, provide a test model of the Meister laser processing machine to theConsortium for Technological Approaches toward Cool Laser Manufacturing withIntelligence, discuss preparations for the trial operation, including the system, and then start
its operation.
• With the aim of sharing expertise related to the building of a base for the application of a
CPS, evaluate the underlying technologies required to apply the CPS to a laser modification
process—in other words, a processing technology, a measurement technology, an evaluation
technology, and a simulation technology—in collaboration with Gigaphoton Inc. and Purdue
University (U.S.) and propose measures for extracting and overcoming challenges to apply
the packaged expertise for the application of the CPS developed at the University of Tokyo.

Interim goals to achieve by FY2020• Verify a system that remotely updates the functions of a laser processing system with
automatically variable parameters based on information learned by a laser processing andmeasurement system for collecting and learning from data on past performances to improve
the processing performance (TRL5).

Final goals to achieve by FY2022• Aim to achieve TRL7 for the demonstration of a laser processing system with automaticallyvariable parameters and TRL5 for the demonstration of a laser processing and measurement
system for collecting and learning from data on past performances and verify a system thatfurther improves the processing performance based on data collected in these systems.
Attempt to reduce the parameter extraction time significantly using these results with theaim of reducing the lead-time by 90% when initially selecting the processing method.

Institutes and researchers for each R&D item:(A) Item name: Development of a Meister laser processing machine (representative
researchers: KOBAYASHI Yohei and TAMARU Hiroharu, the Universityof Tokyo)
Twelve school personnel, three graduate students, and some other additionally selectedparticipants are involved in the development of the system and equipment and other suchwork.
Task A1: Development of prototype model
Task A2: Development of demonstration model(B) Item name: Development of a smart laser processing machine (representative researchers:
KOBAYASHI Yohei and TAMARU Hiroharu, the University of Tokyo)
Twelve school personnel, three graduate students, and some other additionally selectedparticipants are involved in the development of the system and equipment and other suchwork.
Task B1: Development of prototype model
Task B2: Development of demonstration model(C) Item name: Building of a base for the application of a CPS (representative researchers:
TAMARU Hiroharu and KOBAYASHI Yohei, the University of Tokyo)
Twelve school personnel, three graduate students, and some other additionally selectedparticipants are involved in the establishment of the collaboration framework and systemdevelopment.
Task C1: Establishment of baseTask C2: Operation of baseTask C3: System development

(ii) R&D for a spatial light modulator technology
Lead researcher: TOYODA Haruyoshi (General Manager, Central Research Laboratory,
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.)
Participating organizations: Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. and Utsunomiya University
Summary of R&D:
A manufacturing technology that supports industry in Japan, laser processing is an integrated
technology that consists of materials, a laser, light control, light measurement, and system
integration, all of which are areas in which Japan has accumulated considerable expertise asa world leader in science and technology. Laser processing allows for advancements in thefunctionality of devices that link cyberspace and physical space as well as the high-precision
processing of, among other things, highly functional materials that are difficult to process andcan help realize Society 5.0 through contributions to smart manufacturing, smart mobility andother smart solutions. Given this, technologies capable of overcoming the bottlenecks in laser
processing are highly anticipated.
More specifically, we need to meet a variety of needs, including the development of highprecision and high-throughput processing techniques to process new materials that are bothlightweight and rigid, the adoption of complicated designs with a large number of curved
surfaces, and a reduction in the lead-time for new products. In particular, carbon fiber
reinforced plastic (CFRP), which has attracted attention for its use in transport machinery andother applications because it is lightweight and highly rigid, poses some challenges. For
example, existing technologies cannot achieve a sufficiently high level of processing precision
to cut CFRP cleanly because this material is extremely rigid and the processing shapes arelimited. Consequently, CFRP users have high expectations for the use of laser processing,which offers high precision and a high throughput.
The aim of this R&D is to develop high-precision LASER processing with a high throughput
into practical use (thereby raising the speed by 10 to 100 times), and perform other activities
that contribute to the establishment of a network-type manufacturing system that will
qualitatively reform productivity in the manufacturing industry. For these aim, we develop aspatial light modulator (SLM) that can control the two-dimensional phase distribution of lightwith a high degree of precision and its applied technologies. More specifically, we aim toincrease the precision (larger area, support for ultraviolet light, higher acceleration, andgreater integration) of a next-generation SLM, which will be the key to realizing multipoint
simultaneous processing and die cutting processing technologies that surpass the concept of
conventional laser processing by offering greater precision and higher speeds, and put a highprecision laser processing module that combines processing and measurements using this
SLM into practical use by combining the power of industry, academia and government torealize the social implementation of such systems.

Specific research details:
The two main development items are described below. We are attempting to put a highprecision next-generation laser processing technology with a high throughput into practicaluse by realizing these development items.

1) Enhanced performance of photonics and quantum control devices (SLMs) that can beapplied in industry
We will design an optimal reflective mirror, adopt a film forming technology that is optimalfor transparent conductive films, and optimize liquid crystal materials for the main
components of an SLM to realize a device that offers sufficient high-power-resistance fora liquid-crystal-type SLM to be able to withstand the use of a processing laser that has ahigh average power level. We will also develop SLMs for the wavebands used in laser
processing, which range from near-infrared light to ultraviolet light, by optimizing the light
modulation materials and components (i.e., a mirror, transparent conductive film, and nonreflective mirror) to demonstrate multipoint simultaneous processing. In addition, we willdevelop an SLM with a phase modulation function that has a much higher degree ofprecision by making improvements such as increasing the area for higher high-powerresistance, improving the flatness for higher precision, and using a semiconductor
microfabrication technology for higher speed and integration with the aim of realizing highpower laser processing with a high throughput. For example, we will develop SLMs that
support the non-thermal processing by ultrashort pulse laser processing, which has attracted
attention for its use in the laser processing of difficult-to-process materials, and SLMs for
microfabrication by ultraviolet light laser.

2) Development of photonics and quantum control modules (high-precision laser processing
modules) that accelerate industrial applications
We will evaluate the light harvesting properties and material processing performance during
beam pattern control for a laser light by using an SLM and a CW laser light source with anaverage power of 100 W or a short pulse laser light source with an average power of 10 W.
After that, we will obtain the same data using a laser light source with a power level thathas been enhanced for general industrial usage. We will build a laser processing machineusing this SLM and laser light source and then confirm that the throughput can be improvedby one or two orders of magnitude in comparison to conventional methods by controllingthe beam pattern of the laser light according to the processing shape and target andoptimizing the parameters. In the final stage, we will build the Platform for Practical Use
Tests (tentative name) by conducting technology transfers to processor manufacturers andother companies with its practical use in mind and work with users and other parties to
execute a processing test while targeting its practical use.

Social implementation:
We will attempt to establish a high-tech processing technology with spatiotemporal control
and realize flexible switching between thermal processing and non-thermal processing as wellas simultaneous three-dimensional multipoint processing to accelerate high-precision
processing in manufacturing processes (raising the speed by about 10 to 100 times compared
to existing processing technologies) and achieve various other improvements. By achieving
the final goal of this R&D program, we will be able to deliver a processing technology thatmeets the needs of the automobile and semiconductor industries. We will establish the
Platform for Practical Use Tests (tentative name; PF) as a user collaboration base at the
Utsunomiya University Center for Optical Research & Education (CORE) and the Central
Research Laboratory (HPK) of Hamamatsu Photonics to collect a wide range of informationon the needs of user companies and begin testing and evaluating laser processing samples topave the road to its practical usage and commercialization through user collaborations in bothcompeting and partnership fields. To promote the widespread use of this technology, we will
release the research results, advertise the PF, and perform other activities by attending
symposiums and workshops hosted by the CORE and utilizing various forms of media (e.g.,
websites). We will also organize seminars and training sessions to develop engineers andhuman resources for R&D organizations and user companies.

Research goals:
A) Enhanced performance of photonics and quantum control devices (SLMs) that can beapplied in industry
Goals in FY2019• Prototype a device with an optimally designed pixel drive unit and components to improvehigh-power-resistance by one order of magnitude and realize an SLM with a phase control
precision with a wavelength of 1/100 or less (FY2020) as well as conduct device evaluations
and processing demonstration experiments.
• Prototype and evaluate the device to verify the principles of a high-speed SLM with a large
area and expanded wavelength region.

Interim goals to achieve by FY2020• Realize an SLM that has a light high-power- resistance that has been improved by more than
one order of magnitude (average strength level: 100 W) and an improved phase control
precision with 1/100 wavelength or less [TRL3]. Create a laser processing system with anembedded SLM based on the laser processing optical system built on an optical bench at
Hamamatsu Photonics and its joint research partner, Utsunomiya University, and apply thesystem in demonstration experiments of multiple types of laser processing.

Final goals to achieve by FY2022• Realize an SLM with a several times larger light control area realizing a high light highpower-resistance as well as a new-typed SLM that has a response speed that is higher by
three orders of magnitude or more. (Using these SLMs will allows us to acquire the SLM
manufacturing technology required to enhance the performance of high-power laser
processing and improve productivity by about 100 to 1,000 times) (TRL7). As various toolsthat can be used under conditions similar to the actual usage conditions are available on the
TRL7 level, we will provide them with a technology for integrating the light source, lightcontrol system, and measurement system to ensure that the functions of the SLM aresufficiently leveraged in the user's laser processing equipment.
• Realize laser processing with a high throughput. On the Platform for Practical Use Tests(tentative name), execute a processing test that is linked to needs (to promote the practicaluse of high-power laser processing) (TRL5).

B) Development of photonics and quantum control modules (high-precision laser processing
modules) that accelerate industrial applications
Goals in FY2019• Hamamatsu Photonics will develop a laser processing module. And more, Utsunomiya
University will develop a laser processing platform and produce processing experiments forselected processing targets.

Interim goals to achieve by FY2020• Perform laser processing with a module that combines a laser for general industrial usage
with an SLM (TRL3). Perform a laser processing test that meets the needs identified fromthe results of an investigation performed using the prototyped laser processing machine todemonstrate the effectiveness of conducting processing with an SLM.

Final goals to achieve by FY2022• Work with external users to produce laser processing demonstration experiments andimprove usability (TRL3). Build a hologram database to incorporate processing needs andperform optimal processing by executing a laser processing test with external users on the
Platform for Practical Use Tests (tentative name; Utsunomiya). Also in Hamamatsu, laser
processing platform where users in Chubu district can test and feel the useful of CPS-typelaser processing with SLM, will be built. Hamamatsu Platform will operate in cooperation
with the Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries

Institutes and researchers for each R&D item:
Figure 2-(1)-(ii) provides an overview of the specific R&D and implementation framework.
(A) Item name: Enhanced performance of SLMs that can be applied in industry (representative
researcher: TOYODA Haruyoshi, Hamamatsu Photonics)
Task A1: Realization of light-resistant device (person responsible for specificimplementation: TOYODA Haruyoshi, Hamamatsu Photonics)(1) Materials selection and optimal design for reflective mirror(2) Production of transparent conductive film under optimal conditions(3) Optimization of liquid crystal material
Task

A2: Expansion of effective wavelength range (particularly the ultraviolet region)(person responsible for specific implementation: TOYODA Haruyoshi,
Hamamatsu Photonics)

Task A3: Development of large-area SLM (person responsible for specificimplementation: TOYODA Haruyoshi, Hamamatsu Photonics)
Task A4: Development of high-speed integration (person responsible for specificimplementation: TOYODA Haruyoshi, Hamamatsu Photonics)
Task A5: Establishment and evaluation of SLM evaluation method (person responsible
for specific implementation: HAYASAKI Yoshio, Utsunomiya University)(B) Item name: Development of high-precision laser processing modules that accelerateindustrial applications (representative researcher: KATO Yoshinori,
Hamamatsu Photonics)
Task B1: Development of measurement method for high-precision laser processing(person responsible for specific implementation: KATO Yoshinori,
Hamamatsu Photonics)

Task B2: Development of high-precision laser processing modules (person responsible
for specific implementation: KATO Yoshinori, Hamamatsu Photonics)
Task B3: Development of Platform for Practical Use Tests (person responsible for
specific implementation: HAYASAKI Yoshio, Utsunomiya University)

Figure 2-(1)-(ii): Overview and implementation framework for R&D(iii) R&D for photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs)
Lead researcher: NODA Susumu (Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto
University)
Participating organizations: Kyoto University, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and ROHM
Co., Ltd.
Collaborating organizations: Hokuyo Automatic Co., Ltd. and other organizations
Summary of R&D:
Semiconductor lasers have excellent features, such as small device size, low costs, low power
consumption, and high controllability. However, their brightness (up to 100 MWcm-2sr-1) has
been limited to no higher than about one-tenth of that of other large-scale lasers. This
limitation has made it difficult to realize highly compact and efficient processing systems
using a semiconductor laser diode (LD) for applications in smart manufacturing, to develop
smart, compact sensing technologies that support smart mobility, and to apply semiconductor
lasers in medicine and life sciences to foster a healthy society. To overcome this limitation,
the realization of a coherent oscillation of light over a large area is indispensable. The only

semiconductor laser that can be expected to realize such an oscillation is the photonic crystal
surface emitting laser (PCSEL), which was invented in Japan.
In this R&D program, we will advance this PCSEL technology with the aim of achieving highbrightness (i.e., a higher output power together with a high beam quality). At the start of this
SIP, PCSELs realized the highest brightness of any semiconductor laser in the world at 300
MWcm-2sr-1, which is triple the above-mentioned limit (100 MWcm-2sr-1) of conventional
semiconductor lasers. We will attempt to establish a device technology for the achievementof a higher brightness of 1 GWcm-2sr-1. This technology is to be transferred to near-term
applications, including sensing, medicine, and life sciences. We aim to develop PCSELs witha brightness of 1 GWcm-2sr-1 in nanosecond-pulsed operations and demonstrate theirapplication in a smart, compact sensing system that supports smart mobility, which isimportant for the realization of Society 5.0. Furthermore, we will attempt to establish afoundational device technology that can deliver a high-brightness PCSEL in continuous-wave(CW) operations with the aim of facilitating future applications in smart processing. As atechnological goal for the future, we will also promote activities aimed at developing smart
PCSELs by, for example, adding electronic beam-scanning functionality.

Specific research details:
We will develop a technology that increases the brightness of PCSELs to 1 GWcm-2sr-1 and—as one of a variety of near-term applications—achieves high-brightness, nanosecond-pulsed
operations for the purpose of facilitating sensing applications in smart mobility.
In addition, we will develop a foundational device technology for high-brightness CW
operations and a beam-combining technology (achieving an output power of over 100 W) for
smart processing (laser processing) systems that will support Society 5.0.
Furthermore, we will develop technologies that make PCSELs smart (i.e., electronic beamscanning and beam-pattern optimization) in order to lay the foundation for further
advancements for this unique laser that was invented in Japan and thereby maintain its
technological superiority into the future.
Figure 2-(1)-(iii) provides an overview of the R&D and arrangements for its execution. In thisR&D program, we will perform the following activities.
(A) Development of high-brightness PCSELs for pulsed and CW operations
A1: Establishment of a foundational device technology for higher laser brightness(1) Advancement and optimization of photonic crystal (double-lattice) structures thatfacilitate high-power, high-beam-quality operations over a large area of coherent
oscillation

(2) Control of the distribution of the injected current for operations with stable, highquality beams(3) Improvement of the upward light extraction efficiency and elimination of unnecessary
absorption losses for high-efficiency operations
A2: Establishment of heat dissipation, packaging, and beam-combining technologies as wellas large-area, one-chip, high-power device technologies for future applications in smart
processing (laser processing)A3: Development of a nanosecond-pulsed operation technology for application in sensing
systems such as LiDAR
By developing underlying technologies such as those described above, we will attempt torealize high-brightness PCSELs and, as a near-term application, demonstrate their use in smart,compact sensing systems such as LiDAR.
(B) Development of smart PCSELs
B1: Establishment of structural designs and fabrication methods for PCSEL devices thatenable beams to be emitted in arbitrary directions and development of two-dimensional
matrix-driving technologies to facilitate electronic beam-scanning in two dimensions
B2: Development of device technologies for controlling the in-plane distribution of theinjected current and investigation of methods for performing machine learning on thecorrelation between the current distribution and beam shape for the on-demand control
of beam shapes through a machine learning (AI) technology
By developing technologies such as those described above, we will make PCSELs smart.
The R&D will be executed as follows: Kyoto University (representative R&D institute) will
coordinate the SIP as a whole while also performing the design, fabrication, and evaluation ofhigh-brightness PCSEL prototypes as well as conducting studies on how such lasers can bemade smarter. Mitsubishi Electric (joint R&D institute (1)) will develop high-brightness
PCSEL technologies (particularly for CW operations) and beam-combining technologies.
ROHM (joint R&D institute (2)) will develop high-brightness PCSEL technologies(particularly for pulsed operations) and short-pulsed driving technologies. We will establish acenter of excellence in the Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center at Kyoto
University to allow participating institutes to collaborate in conducting intensive R&D into
PCSELs. Through this center of excellence, we will accelerate the social implementation of
PCSEL technologies by transferring device technologies to non-participating companies andproviding sample devices to user companies, including collaborating institutes.

Figure 2-(1)-(iii): Overview and execution of R&D
Social implementation:
As this R&D program will demonstrate high-brightness PCSELs with nanosecond-pulsed
operations as one of a variety of near-term applications, the social implementation of PCSELs
with high directivity and stability in smart, compact sensing systems will be feasible. This
achievement is expected to allow the technical issues affecting current sensing products (suchas size, cost, and reliability) to be surmounted.
As the foundational device technology for high-brightness PCSELs with CW operations,
together with a beam-combining technology, will also be established, the social
implementation of PCSELs in a compact, low-cost processing system that offers a highefficiency and throughput is expected to be achieved within several years of the SIP's
completion. These technologies are expected to be applied in on-demand smart processing in
the future.
Furthermore, the development of smart PCSELs through the addition of an electronic beamscanning technology will secure our market supremacy in a sustainable way now and into the
future.

In the Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center at Kyoto University, we will
establish a center of excellence for conducting R&D into PCSEL technologies and pursue thesocial implementation of PCSELs by transferring device technologies to companies (otherthan participating institutes) that are interested in the results of this R&D while also providing
such devices to the user companies. We will also consider various strategies, such as making
intellectual property available to the public, with the aim of eliminating obstacles to thewidespread commercialization of PCSELs.

Development goals:(A) Development of high-brightness PCSELs for CW and pulsed operations
Goals in FY2019
To establish the underlying technologies required for higher brightness, we will further
enhance the functionality of the double-lattice photonic crystal structure, develop a method
for controlling the distribution of the injected current, and advance technologies for improving
the slope efficiency using a DBR. Specifically, for "(A1) Foundational device technology,"
we aim to achieve the following: (1) fabrication of a double-lattice photonic crystal device
capable of high-power, high-beam-quality operations over a circular oscillator area with adiameter of approximately 1 mm (whose design was completed in the previous fiscal year) torealize a brightness of 500 to 600 MWcm-2sr-1; (2) transformation of the injected current intoa Gaussian distribution and clarification of the effects of this distribution on the beam quality;and (3) establishment of a technology for reliably achieving a slope efficiency of 0.7 W/A or
higher. For "(A2) Heat dissipation, packaging, and beam-combining technologies," we will
evaluate a prototype water-cooling package that is designed to maintain a device temperatureof below 60C during 50-W heat generation over a circular area with a diameter ofapproximately 1 mm and then produce a second prototype. We will also prototype a systemfor combining seven beams and evaluate various characteristics, such as the combined beam's
diameter, divergence angle, quality, and robustness against mounting-position errors. In
addition, we will fabricate the first one-chip device with a large circular area of 3 mm to 5
mm. For "(A3) Nanosecond-pulsed driving technologies," we will design and demonstrate adriver and package for the purpose of realizing short-pulsed operations with pulse widths ofless than 10 nanoseconds. In addition, we will provide PCSELs to user companies, including
collaborating institutes, and prototype a LiDAR system equipped with a PCSEL to accelerate
the social implementation of PCSELs.

Interim goals to achieve by FY2020

Our interim goal is to establish an underlying technology for increasing the brightness of
PCSELs to 1 GWcm-2sr-1. Specifically, for "(A1) Foundational device technology," we aim toachieve a large-area, coherent oscillation that enables a narrow divergence angle of less than
0.2 and a slope efficiency of 0.8 to 1.0 W/A, by establishing underlying technologies that
include the following: (1) optimized double-lattice photonic-crystal structures; (2) optimized
injected-current distribution controls; and (3) optimized upward extraction efficiency throughcontrol of the reflection phase of a DBR and suppression of the internal absorption loss. For"(A2) Heat dissipation, packaging, and beam-combining technologies," we will attempt toestablish heat dissipation and packaging technologies capable of providing a heat resistanceof less than 1C/W, beam-combining technologies for PCSELS, and a fabrication method forlarge-area, one-chip, high-power devices. For "(A3) Nanosecond-pulsed driving
technologies," we intend to build a nanosecond-pulsed driving circuit.

Final goals to achieve by FY2022
By integrating the above R&D results, we will attempt to achieve the following goals.
・Establishment of an underlying technology for the CW operation of PCSELs with highbrightness (1 GWcm-2sr-1) and beam-combining technologies (TRL5) and clarification of
the effectiveness of large-area, one-chip, high-power devices.
・Achievement of the nanosecond-pulsed operation of PCSELs with high brightness (1GWcm-2sr-1) and realization of a PCSEL that does not require a beam-shaping opticalsystem and has a high signal-to-noise ratio and a high tolerance for environmental changes
in sensing applications (TRL7).

(B) Development of smart PCSELs
Goals in FY2019• With respect to smart PCSEL technologies, we will investigate advanced photonic-crystal
modulation schemes and basic technologies for arrayed structures for two-dimensional
electronic beam-scanning and implement a driving method that uses a matrix transistor forfusion with machine learning. Specifically, for "(B1) Two-dimensional beam-scanningtechnology," we will evaluate devices fabricated by air-hole-retained regrowth based on the
MOVPE method, develop a modulation scheme for increasing the slope efficiency, anddevelop a basic technology for arrayed structures. For "(B2) Integration with machinelearning (AI)," we will fabricate a prototype PCSEL device with an integrated matrix
transistor that can control the injected-current distribution and establish the foundation fora method of applying machine learning that will allow for the control of the beam shape.

Interim goals to achieve by FY2020• The interim goal for the two-dimensional beam-scanning technology is to establish a PCSEL
technology that will allow beams to be emitted in arbitrary directions. The interim goal for
integration with machine learning (AI) is to establish an underlying technology by
performing machine learning on the correlations between the various injected-current
distributions and the beam shapes.

Final goals to achieve by FY2022
By integrating the above R&D results, we will attempt to achieve the following goals.
• Completion of the development of smart PCSEL technologies (integrated with electronic
beam-scanning and machine learning) that will allow beams to be emitted in arbitrary
directions using electronic controls and shaped using machine learning (TRL4).

Institutes and researchers for each R&D item:(A) Development of high-brightness PCSELs for CW and pulsed operations(Representative researcher: NODA Susumu [Kyoto University]; joint researchers:
FUJIKAWA Shuichi [Mitsubishi Electric] and NAKAHARA Ken [ROHM])
A1: Establishment of foundational device technology for higher brightness(Research institute: Kyoto University, Mitsubishi Electric, and ROHM; persons incharge: ISHIZAKI Kenji and YOSHIDA Masahiro [Kyoto University], SATAKE
Tetsuya and AKIYAMA Koichi [Mitsubishi Electric], KUNISHI Wataru and MIYAI
Eiji [ROHM], and eight other researchers)
A2: Development of heat dissipation, packaging, and beam-combining technologies for
future applications in smart (laser) processing(Research institute: Mitsubishi Electric and Kyoto University; persons in charge:
KUBA Kazuki and SOTA Shinnosuke [Mitsubishi Electric], DE ZOYSA Menaka
and YOSHIDA Masahiro [Kyoto University], and 11 other researchers)
A3: Development of nanosecond-pulsed operation technologies for sensing applications,such as LiDAR(Research institute: ROHM and Kyoto University; persons in charge: KUNISHI
Wataru and MIYAI Eiji [ROHM], DE ZOYSA Menaka and ISHIZAKI Kenji [Kyoto
University], and five other researchers)(B) Development of smart PCSELs

(Representative researcher: NODA Susumu [Kyoto University]; joint researchers:
FUJIKAWA Shuichi [Mitsubishi Electric] and NAKAHARA Ken [ROHM])
B1: Electronic beam-scanning technology(Research institute: Kyoto University and ROHM; persons in charge: ISHIZAKI
Kenji and SAKATA Ryoichi [Kyoto University], KUNISHI Wataru and MIYAI Eiji
[ROHM], and five other researchers)
B2: Integration with machine learning (AI)(Research institute: Kyoto University; persons in charge: DE ZOYSA Menaka and
YOSHIDA Masahiro [Kyoto University], KUBA Kazuki and NIIKURA Eiji
[Mitsubishi Electric], and five other researchers)(2) Photonic quantum communication
Deputy PD in charge: SASAKI Masahide(Distinguished Researcher, Advanced ICT Research Institute, National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology)
In modern society, important digital information that has a high business value and must be
kept confidential (e.g., genome and medical information) has been and will continue to begenerated in line with the evolution of computing technologies, AI, surveillance cameras,sensing technologies, and medical technologies as well as other technological developments.
If data generated through the secondary use of this digital information leaks, the lives andlifestyles of victims from many families and generations are highly likely to be perpetually
threatened. If actual damage occurs, the litigation risk and resultant compensation payouts
could be astronomical, so we need to ensure confidentiality and tampering resistance(integrity) for centuries to come.
Furthermore, it is said that a quantum computer capable of decrypting public key
cryptography methods (RSA cryptography and elliptic curve cryptography), which currently
support the security of the Internet, could appear by around 2030. To counteract this, every
country in the world is preparing to migrate to a new public key cryptography method(quantum-safe public key cryptography) that is expected to prove difficult to decrypt even if
quantum computers are used. However, there is still a threat that even quantum-safe publickey cryptography cannot protect against: an attack known as "Store Now, Decrypt Later,"which involves attackers intercepting and storing encrypted data that cannot yet be decryptedwith the aim of retroactively decrypting all of the data once a sufficiently advanced computeris developed in the future. Intelligence agencies in major countries are said to be using thismethod already. To protect against this threat, we need to develop a method of proving thatno computer would be able to decrypt the encryption (information-theoretic safety).
In this R&D program, we aim to develop new technologies to continue to ensure the ultralong-term security of cyberspace, which supports Society 5.0, and to realize the secure
distribution, storage, and use of data protected against cyber security threats going forward
and pursue the social implementation of such systems. We will start the social implementationof these systems by identifying potential users in fields that involve the handling of advanced
secret information, such as the field of medical information and the field of criticalinfrastructure for enterprises, nations, and other organizations. We will also work on theapplication of these systems in the smart manufacturing field by working closely with thelaser processing and photonic and electronic information processing teams involved in the SIP.

(i) Quantum cryptography technology
Lead researcher: FUJIWARA Mikio (Research Manager, Quantum ICT Advanced
Development Center, Advanced ICT Research Institute, National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology)
Participating organizations: National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology, NEC Corporation, Toshiba Corporation,
Gakushuin University, Hokkaido University, University ofTokyo, and ZenmuTech, Inc.
Summary of R&D:
Quantum cryptography is the only existing type of cryptography communication technologythat can prove that not even someone who has access to unlimited computing power would
be able to decrypt the encryption, and there are high expectations for its use as a means ofprotecting the communication of important digital information. However, quantum
cryptography poses some challenges because, for example, it is more expensive than existing
cryptography technologies, the market competitiveness of cryptography equipment is not very
high, and the establishment of recommended standards is ongoing. In addition, quantum
cryptography guarantees secure data communication, but it cannot guarantee secure data
storage. In light of this, we will combine quantum cryptography technologies and secretsharing methods, which are conventionally used as a means of securely storing important
digital information, while also working on the development of equipment that offers market
competitiveness and standardization with the aim of realizing data storage that will, in theory,
continue to completely prevent the leakage of secrets going forward.

Specific research details:A) Quantum cryptography technology
Quantum cryptography can be broken down into the following two protocols depending on
the type of detector that is used: BB84*1 and CV-QKD*2. In this R&D program, we use bothof these methods.
At present, BB84 equipment is manufactured by procuring some of the parts from overseas.
Given this, we will develop quantum cryptography equipment that offers market
competitiveness by, for example, consolidating parts, modularization, softening, and the useof commercialized products, and maintaining the high key distribution performance with theaim of manufacturing all of the parts and equipment in Japan.
In R&D involving the use of CV-QKD, we will complete a research prototype by transferring
CV-QKD technologies to companies through collaborations between universities andcompanies, improving the noise tolerance and light multiplicity, and further developing
technologies to ensure that they can be operated stably and reliably in user environments.
In addition, we will conduct R&D into the following challenges posed by both methods.
i) Standardization of safety assurance technologies
To guarantee the information-theoretic safety of quantum cryptography in a production
environment, we will repeat a cycle of basic theory, experiment, action implementation,and verification and then implement tamper resistance measures and side-channel attack
prevention measures. We will reliably complete these activities, continue to advance safetyassurance technologies, and sequentially standardize them.
ii) Size reduction of physical random generators
We will accelerate the speed of physical random generators, which play the central role ingenerating the keys for quantum cryptography, and halve the volume that these generators
occupy in quantum cryptography equipment compared to conventional ones.
iii) Establishment of test criteria and a recommended method list
Test criteria and a recommended method list must be established to ensure that
manufacturers manufacture and sell appropriate physical random generators and quantum
cryptography equipment and that the users can use them safely. Because Japan does not yet
have such a framework, we will conduct a feasibility study on its future operation,
accumulate the basic data necessary for its operation, and draft a design for a system thatwill function as an ecosystem.

*1 BB84
This is a typical quantum cryptography protocol that uses a single-photon detector to detectparticles of light (i.e., photons). It has been proven that this type of encryption cannot be
decrypted using any form of wiretapping attack that is permitted by the laws of physics or by
any computer with computing capabilities. The majority of R&D has long been focused on
this protocol and companies are currently operating it as a trial. This protocol assumes a highend usage, such as that required in the national security field, where the possibility ofwiretapping must be eliminated completely.
*2 CV-QKD
This is a quantum cryptography protocol that uses a homodyne detector, which detects thephase and amplitude of light. A method of attacking communication channels by using thistype of cryptography is limited to the physical operation of some classes. However even if theattack method is attempted, it is next to impossible to do so using current technologies. It has
also been proven that this type of cryptography cannot be decrypted using any computer withcomputing capabilities. One advantage of this protocol is that it can be run alongside otherprotocols in fiber optics for optical communication. Consequently, it is expected that thisprotocol will be applied in the existing optical communication infrastructure. CV-QKD is lesscostly to develop than BB84, so it mainly assumes commercial high-end usage.

B) Quantum secure cloud technology
To realize a quantum secure cloud function, we will integrate the following: a secret sharing
technology; a physical random generator and quantum cryptography technology; an electronic
signature and authentication technology; and a secure computation technology. At this time,
it will be essential for action to be taken to respond to an explosive increase in the amount ofprocessing required and ensure the irreversibility of the encryption key to realize a quantum
secure cloud function. To satisfy these needs, we will develop an optimal middlewareapplication interface to integrate high-speed secret sharing and secure computation
technologies with a light computation workload and encryption key management for
operations.

C) Social implementation
Based on the assumption that medical information storage networks and critical infrastructure
networks for enterprises, nations, and other organizations are representative applications, wewill realize the social implementation of these systems while working with potential users inthese fields.
In particular, we will categorize and prioritize the information assets to be handled for eachusage type according to criteria such as the confidentiality level, data size, and usage
frequency and develop an application that allows the user to access the necessary data asneeded and perform the necessary processing or data restoration. We will also develop a
gateway function to convert data into a common data format for data storage so that different
organizations can mutually view the data.

Research goals:
Figure 2-(2) shows the more specific R&D goals and implementation framework.
A) Quantum cryptography technology
Goals in FY2019• Complete the primary design for BB84 quantum cryptography equipment that has tamper
resistance, fewer components, and parts that cost half that of conventional ones and then start
the primary prototyping.
• For CV-QKD equipment, complete the basic design for manufacturing a test modelaccording to a clear definition of the requirements and demand criteria to complete a semiproduct.
• Complete the requirements definition for a modulator from the viewpoints of the theory
related to deviations from the ideal transmitter-receiver model and the requirements withrespect to the device characteristics when verifying the method for evaluating theimplementation safety of the BB84 method in actual machines.
Interim goals to achieve by FY2020 (TRL4)• Complete the implementation of tamper resistance measures and side-channel attack
prevention measures while maintaining the key distribution performance of existing BB84
equipment. In addition, complete the development, evaluation, and verification of a primary
prototype that is smaller and less costly.
• Complete the examinations necessary for the transfer of CV-QKD from universities tocompanies and its realization as a semi-product to complete the primary prototyping.
• For safety assurance technologies, create and release technical documents on basic policies
and establish a framework for having them continuously updated and revised by the
Quantum Key Distribution Technology Promotion Committee under the domesticorganization called the Quantum ICT Forum. In addition, propose work items and contributerecommendation drafts to international organizations, such as the International
Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and theEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

• Accelerate the speed of physical random generators by 10 times compared to current models(generation speed of several Gbps).
Final goals to achieve by FY2022 (TRL7)• With the aim of receiving orders from high-end users, develop BB84 equipment that costs
one-fourth as much as conventional equipment, which is equivalent to the current high-end
common key cryptography model, and complete reliability tests in a field environment.
• Complete the creation of CV-QKD semi-product equipment (research prototypes that canrun in user environments) in companies.
• For safety assurance technologies, issue recommendations on the main work items, such as
implementation safety evaluations and key management, from the Quantum Key
Distribution Technology Promotion Committee under the Quantum ICT Forum orinternational standardization organizations, such as the ITU-T or ETSI.
• Accelerate the speed of physical random generators by 10 times (generation speed of severalGbps) and halve their size (in terms of the volume that they occupy in the quantum
cryptography equipment) compared to existing models and then transfer the technology tocompanies.
• Formulate a system design proposal to create and continuously update the test criteria and arecommended method list to guarantee the safety of physical random generators andquantum cryptography technologies and then recommend them to the relevant agencies.
B) Quantum secure cloud technology
Goals in FY2019• Enhance the functionality of the sharing storage system for electronic medical records
subject to high-efficiency secret sharing over a quantum cryptography network with a 100km range so that it can be used as a secure and highly efficient data exchange foundation for
medical institutions.
• Demonstrate the principle of facilitating a mutual data reference among multiple hospitals
that use different electronic medical record systems on the JGN test bed.
• Develop a sharing storage system at three bases (10-km range) in Sendai to realize a systemthat allows for the secure storage of genome analysis data and then complete a basic
evaluation.
Interim goals to achieve by FY2020 (TRL5)

• Prototype technologies designed to increase the efficiency of secret sharing and securecomputation as well as the middleware required to integrate them with safe management andthe operation of encryption keys, implement these prototypes on the field test bed, and thencomplete an evaluation of their basic performance levels.
• Demonstrate a function for integrating and restoring necessary medical data (e.g.,
medication history) of about 1 MB per person within 30 seconds in the event of an emergency,such as a disaster, by using simulated data in the standard data storage format recommended
for electronic medical records.
Final goals to achieve by FY2022 (TRL7)• Implement middleware that integrates technologies for reducing the computation workload
for secret sharing and secure computation with key management and operations in a programon the field test bed and realize high-speed secret sharing for several dozen gigabytes ofsimulated electronic medical record data (processing speed: a few MB/s). Provide a suite ofdeveloped middleware as open resources on the field test bed.

C) Social implementation
Goals in FY2019• Design an application for standardized medical data using the key management technology,
which is an underlying technology for the quantum secure cloud, and demonstrate the widearea sharing backup storage of electronic medical records and other medical data as aprototype.
• Create a sharing backup system at four bases in the Kochi Health Sciences Center and JGN
as a demonstration environment and develop a system that restores data at high speeds (1MB of data within 30 seconds).
• Apply quantum cryptography to the transmission of personal data during biometricauthentication and the like to contribute to enhanced security when biometric authentication
is used.
• Store the data for the sports medical records used by the All Japan Taekwondo Associationon the NICT's network test bed and implement the secure sharing backup for this data byusing the quantum secure cloud technology. In addition, monitor access to the server onwhich the data is stored by means of a face authentication technology that has enhanced
safety by using the quantum cryptography technology to demonstrate the secure transmission
and storage of personal data.

Interim goals to achieve by FY2020 (TRL5)• Complete the development and verification of the main application software in the medical
information storage network field. Realize a backup function that maintains the ultra-longterm security of electronic medical records and other data. Complete the prototyping andevaluation of advanced computing technologies for the safe secondary use of medical
information.
• Develop application software for the processing of actual data in the field of criticalinfrastructure for Kochi Health Sciences Center, conduct simulations, jointly verify thissoftware with users, and start building a network in a user environment.

Final goals to achieve by FY2022 (TRL7)• Incorporate the results of test operations conducted by users into the network at about threeurban bases in the field of medical information storage networks and the field of criticalinfrastructure for enterprises, nations, and other organizations and then complete thedevelopment of a business model to increase the number of operation users.

Figure 2-(2): Overview and implementation framework for R&D
Institutes and researchers for each R&D item:

(A) Item name: Quantum cryptography technology (National Institute of Information andCommunications

Technology[NICT],

Toshiba

Corporation,

NEC

Corporation, Gakushuin University, University of Tokyo, and Hokkaido
University)
Task A1: Development of BB84 quantum cryptography equipment (IIZUKA Hiromi[NEC] and BABA Shinichi [Toshiba])
Task A2: Development of CV-QKD quantum cryptography equipment (HIRANO
Takuya [Gakushuin University] and IIZUKA Hiromi [NEC])Task A3: Development of technology for underlying device (physical random
generator) (FUJIWARA Mikio [NICT])Task A4: Development of safety assurance technologies and design of evaluation andcertification system (KOASHI Masato [University of Tokyo] and TOMITA
Akihisa [Hokkaido University])(B) Item name: Quantum secure cloud technology (NICT and ZenmuTech, Inc.)
Task B1: R&D into secret sharing and secure computation technologies (FUJIWARA
Mikio [NICT])Task B2: Technologies for accelerating secret sharing and reducing computation
workload (ISHIDA Yusuke [ZenmuTech])(C) Item name: Social implementation of systems (NICT, Toshiba, NEC, Gakushuin
University, University of Tokyo, Hokkaido University, and ZenmuTech)
Task C1: Development of equipment for medical storage networks and criticalinfrastructure for enterprises, nations, and other organizations (FUJIWARA
Mikio [NICT], IIZUKA Hiromi [NEC], BABA Shinichi [Toshiba],
HIRANO Takuya [Gakushuin University], KOASHI Masato [University ofTokyo], TOMITA Akihisa [Hokkaido University], and ISHIDA Yusuke[ZenmuTech])
Task C2: Initiatives for developing harvesting strategies (FUJIWARA Mikio [NICT],IIZUKA Hiromi [NEC], BABA Shinichi [Toshiba], HIRANO Takuya[Gakushuin University], KOASHI Masato [University of Tokyo], TOMITA
Akihisa [Hokkaido University], and ISHIDA Yusuke [ZenmuTech])(3) Photonic and electronic information processing
Deputy PD: The PD doubles as the deputy PD until the specific R&D is determined.

(i) R&D for a next-generation accelerator platform
Lead researcher: Applications open to the public.
Summary of R&D:
In Society 5.0, it is necessary to accumulate an enormous amount of physical-space data incyberspace for a variety of industry fields (including smart manufacturing, the automobile
industry, logistics, and materials), perform operations using this data instantaneously andflexibly, and then feed the results back in the physical space. Since artificial intelligence,
which surpasses human abilities, analyzes an enormous amount of big data and then feeds
back the results to human beings through robots or other machines, new types of value thatwould have been impossible until now will be created everywhere in industry and society.
Expectations for proposals and developments concerning the use of computers such as Ising
computers (annealing-type quantum computers or Ising machines that utilize classic
technologies), noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, and fault-tolerant
quantum computers as a mean of creating new value have increased, and Japan is also
conducting comprehensive R&D into them across a variety of technologies. This is expected
to significantly accelerate and advance processing and analysis in comparison withconventional computing methods by optimally leveraging these computing resources.
In this R&D program, we will widely position computers such as Ising computers (including
quantum and classic computers), NISQ computers, and fault-tolerant quantum computers as
computing accelerators and aim to build a system platform that can be leveraged byapplication program developers in application fields that contribute to Society 5.0.
Furthermore, we will optimally leverage these computing resources to eliminate bottlenecks
that impede the realization of Society 5.0.
For example, if we assume that computers such as Ising computers, NISQ computers, andfault-tolerant quantum computers are to be used as accelerators for individual computing
resources, it is important to note that each accelerator may prove effective in some areas but
ineffective in other areas. In addition, to leverage an accelerator, we need to prepare a data
entry format that is optimal for the accelerator to be used (preprocess) and then retrieve andparse the output data (post-process). In this R&D program, we will accelerate and advance allof the application programs that contribute to Society 5.0, by attempting to use each of theseaccelerators in its appropriate place, to conduct R&D into a next-generation accelerator
platform that will significantly accelerate and advance processing and analysis in comparison
with conventional computing methods.

Specific research details:
1) Next-generation accelerator co-design technology
In Society 5.0, an enormous amount of data must be rapidly computed to a high degree ofprecision. To realize this level of computing, R&D is conducted into the use of computerssuch as Ising computers, NISQ computers, and fault-tolerant quantum computers as nextgeneration accelerators. Each of these types of computers is effective in some areas but
ineffective in other areas. Furthermore, to leverage an accelerator, we need to execute anapplication program to prepare the data to be input into the accelerator, input the prepareddata into the accelerator, retrieve the computing results after the accelerator has processed thedata, and then continue to execute the original application program based on the retrieved
results. The success of an accelerator depends on not only its processing time, but also a seriesof processes that include the preparation of the data to be input into the accelerator, theinputting of the data, and the retrieval and parsing of the output data. In addition, it may benecessary to prepare and input data as well as retrieve and parse the output data multiple times,changing the parameters and conditions as necessary, to achieve the optimal output results.
To accelerate and advance the application program as a whole, it is critical that we consider
which type of acceleration is suitable for which part of the program and what should be
actually used as the accelerator and that we optimize the application program and accelerator
at the same time, assuming the use of classic accelerators, such as GPU, as well as Ising
computers, NISQ computers, and fault-tolerant quantum computers (next-generation
accelerator co-design). Given the above, we will formulate the next-generation accelerator codesign problem as a base technology for next-generation accelerators in this R&D programand conduct R&D into the system to find an optimal solution to this problem.
More specifically, we will work on the following R&D items.

i) Formulation of the next-generation accelerator co-design problem
Formulate the next-generation accelerator co-design problem based on the assumption thatapplication programs that contribute to Society 5.0 will be accelerated and advanced using avariety of next-generation accelerators. Assuming the use of next-generation accelerators, wewill need to abstract the application program architecture and optimize the processing speed
and computing costs.
ii) Resolution of the next-generation accelerator co-design problem
Conduct R&D into the system to resolve the formulated next-generation accelerator co-design
problem. Include a mechanism for calling each type of next-generation accelerator, receiving
the results in the application program, and accelerating and advancing the application program
as a whole.

2) Next-generation accelerator interface technology
Create an interface with the application program for each type of accelerator, such as an NISQ
computer, a quantum computer, or a classic accelerator that uses a GPU.
Define the target problems for each type of accelerator, the input and output formats, and othersuch details in line with Task 1).

Social implementation:
Assuming the use of certain applications from smart manufacturing, logistics, materials,
energy, the environmental industry, and other such fields as typical applications, realize thesocial implementation of systems by working with potential users in these fields on the
retrieval and formulation of social problems and the selection and development of optimal
solutions. After the SIP has been completed, we will realize the social implementation of thesesystems for each type of smart manufacturing application, such as image recognition
processing and manufacturing equipment optimization, logistic services, new material
searches, and the energy field (e.g., smart grid).

Development goals:
Interim goals to achieve by FY2020• Complete the formulation of problems for the next-generation accelerator co-design base
(TRL3).
• Complete the prototype design for the application program and the accelerator interface foreach type of accelerator (TRL3).
Final goals to achieve by FY2022• Complete the implementation of software to realize the next-generation accelerator codesign base and complete its adoption as an open test bed (TRL7).
• Accelerate the speed of typical applications by 10 to 100 times compared to conventional
technologies that only use classic accelerators by using the next-generation accelerator
platform and complete semi-product equipment in companies (TRL7).

3. Implementation framework(1) Use of the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
We will conduct this SIP according to the framework shown in Figure 3-1 by using the operation

subsidy granted to the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology(QST). The QST will assist the PD and the Promoting Committee, publicly seek a lead researcher,conclude the necessary contracts, manage the finances and progress of the R&D, submit the selfinspection results to the PD and other related parties, and conduct related investigations andanalysis among others.

(2) Selection of lead researcher
The QST selects a lead researcher through applications that are open to the public or otherprocesses in accordance with this R&D plan.
The Public Offering Review Committee established in the QST after consultation with the
Cabinet Office and other related parties determines the screening method, including screening
criteria. Stakeholders including the lead researcher, joint researchers with whom the leadresearcher plans to work, and subcontractors to which the lead researcher plans to consign work
(re-consignment from the standpoint of the QST) as well as the PD and deputy PDs do notparticipate in the screening for the relevant lead researcher and other parties. The definition of
stakeholders is as specified in the provisions and other regulations that the QST designates, but
it can be changed as necessary after consultation with the PD, the Cabinet Office, and otherrelated parties.
The QST determines the selection results with the approval of the PD and the Cabinet Office.

(3) Ways of optimizing the research framework
The PD supervises the deputy PDs assigned to each of the R&D items and determines theresearch framework through modifications, reshuffles, or additions related to the research
programs and the lead researchers as well as other activities after discussions with each deputyPD.
A deputy PD capable of objectively seeing the big picture for the technologies in the relevant
field and discussing matters with the lead researcher is assigned to each R&D item. The deputy
PD manages the R&D and promotes research in each of the research programs as the person
leading the R&D item for which he or she is responsible. In addition, the deputy PD examines
the research subjects, research goals, necessary expenses, and research framework (including
modifications, reshuffles, and additions) for the research program as well as the proposed
harvesting strategies—including the implementation and integration of the results from otherrelated projects in line with the progress made in the research program, the results of technology
investigations or other research conducted by related organizations or other groups, and changes
in the social conditions—proposes them to the management council, and obtains approval fromthe PD.
The Management Council is set up in the QST to help the PD make decisions. The Management
Council determines the general policies for the R&D, sets the goals, manages the progress of the
R&D, and examines proposals made by the deputy PDs with respect to matters such as theresearch subjects, the research goals, the necessary expenses for each research program, andmodifications, reshuffles, or additions related to the research framework.
To continue monitoring changes in Japanese and international social and industrial trends andR&D trends in relation to laser processing (R&D Item 1) and photonic quantum communication(R&D Item 2) and to conduct R&D with optimal harvesting strategies, meetings of the relevant
Subcommittee for the Review of the Harvesting Strategy are individually set up under theManagement Council. Chaired by the deputy PD, these meetings are attended by the leadresearcher, external experts, and other related parties.

(4) Cooperation between the Cabinet Office and Ministries
Under the R&D management of the PD and deputy PDs, the following bodies shall participate in theManagement Council and subcommittees as observers: the Cabinet Office, the Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communication, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,
and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. They shall also ascertain the progress made withrespect to the research items and other such matters while closely cooperating with each other toensure the social implementation of these research items by, for example, utilizing technologies
developed under the related programs of the ministries in the SIP.

(5) Contributions from industry
Future contributions from industry (including personnel and material contributions) are expected to
be 15 to 30% of the total R&D expenses (sum of the support provided by the Government andcontributions from industry).

Figure 3-1 Implementation Structure

4. Matters related to Intellectual Properties
To ensure that Japan's national interests are served by making sure that this SIP is successful and thenworking to make the SIP achievements practically available and commercialize them, an incentive
to encourage talented people and outstanding organizations to participate in the SIP will be secured
and intellectual properties will be appropriately managed.

(1) Intellectual Property Committee
The Intellectual Property Committee shall be established under the QST. Additionally, in principle,
an intellectual property subcommittee shall be established for each research subject in the institution
to which the relevant lead researcher belongs.
The Intellectual Property Committee determines the policy for intellectual property rights (e.g.,patents included in the outcomes of the research subjects as a whole and over multiple subjects) andundertakes coordination and arbitration for issues related to intellectual property rights that have notbeen settled by the intellectual property subcommittees. Each intellectual property subcommittee
determines and coordinates the policy for the publication of papers on research achievements, thefiling or maintenance of applications for intellectual properties rights (e.g., patents), and the like.
The Intellectual Property Committee is composed of the PD, deputy PDs, lead researchers, andmanagement entity representatives as well as key related parties, experts, and others.
The detailed operation methods and rules for the Intellectual Property Committee and the intellectual
property subcommittees shall be decided upon by the relevant institution to which they belong.

(2) Agreement on intellectual property rights
By entering into contracts and other agreements with trustees, the QST shall determine in advancematters concerning the handling of nondisclosure agreements, background intellectual property
rights (intellectual property rights acquired by lead researchers or their institutions before
participating in the SIP as well as those acquired by such parties without having used the SIP expenses
after participating in the SIP), and foreground intellectual property rights (intellectual property rights
generated during the SIP at the SIP's cost).

(3) Licensing of background intellectual property rights
With respect to the granting of licenses for background intellectual property rights to participants inother programs, the owners of the intellectual property rights may grant licenses in compliance withthe conditions determined by the owners (or in compliance with an agreement entered into by the
SIP participants).

If the actions of the intellectual property rights owners, including the licensing conditions, may hinder
the promotion of the SIP (including not only the R&D but also the practical use andcommercialization of the outcomes), the Intellectual Property Committee shall coordinate matters toreach a reasonable solution.

(4) Handing of foreground intellectual property rights
Article 19-1 of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44, 2000), in principle, applies
to the foreground intellectual property rights, and the institutions (or the trustees) to which theinventors or the lead researchers belong shall have the ownership of these rights.
If a re-trustee or a similar entity creates an invention and the intellectual property rights revert to said
re-trustee or entity, the Intellectual Property Committee's approval is required. In such case, theIntellectual Property Committee can add some conditions.
If the intellectual property rights owners do not intend to commercialize the properties, theIntellectual Property Committee recommends that ownership of the rights be transferred to people
who actively intend to commercialize or grant licenses to them.
For participants who withdraw from the SIP before the end of the term, the QST can transfer all orpart of the achievements that they have made during their participation at the SIP's cost (all of theachievements since their first participation if they have participated in the SIP for multiple years) to
QST for free and QST can grant licenses for the transferred achievements to them at the time of theirwithdrawal.
In principle, the expenses incurred in applying for and maintaining intellectual property rights shallbe shouldered by the intellectual property rights owners. For cases involving joint applications, theratios for the ownership share and expense quota shall be determined through discussions between
the joint applicants.

(5) Licensing of foreground intellectual property rights
With respect to the granting of licenses for foreground intellectual property rights to participants inother programs, the owners of the intellectual property rights may grant licenses in compliance withthe conditions determined by the owners (or in compliance with an agreement entered into by the
SIP participants).
With respect to the granting of licenses for foreground intellectual property rights to third parties, theowners of the intellectual property rights may grant licenses in compliance with the conditions
determined by the owners as long as said third parties shall not enjoy more favorable conditions thanthose for the SIP participants.

If the actions of the intellectual property rights owners, including the licensing conditions, may hinder
the promotion of the SIP (including not only the R&D but also the practical use andcommercialization of the outcomes), the Intellectual Property Committee shall coordinate matters toreach a reasonable solution.

(6) Approval of the transfer of foreground intellectual property rights and the establishment
or transfer of exclusive licenses
Based on Article 19-1-4 of the Industrial Technology Enhancement Act (Act No. 44, 2000), thetransfer of foreground intellectual property rights and the establishment or transfer of exclusive
licenses shall be conducted only after the QST's approval has been obtained, except for in cases
involving the transfer of rights due to the splitting or merging of participating organizations, thetransfer of intellectual property rights, or the transfer or establishment of exclusive licenses tosubsidiaries or the parent company (hereafter referred to as "cases involving the transfer ofintellectual property rights or similar actions due to a merger or similar changes").
In cases involving the transfer of intellectual property rights or similar actions due to a merger orsimilar changes, the intellectual property rights owner must obtain the QST's approval based on its
contract with the QST.
Even after the transfer of intellectual property rights or similar actions due to a merger or similarchanges, the QST can retain the license with sublicense rights. If this condition is rejected, the QST
will not approve the transfer.

(7) Handling of intellectual property rights at the end of the SIP
The Intellectual Property Committee holds discussions on how to handle (abandonment or succession
by the QST) intellectual property rights that nobody wants to own at the end of the R&D program.

(8) Participation of overseas institutions or people (e.g., foreign companies, universities, or
researchers)
If the participation of foreign institutions or people is needed for certain research subjects, suchparties can participate in the SIP.
From the viewpoint of administration, such participants must have representatives in Japan, in
principle, to deal with the paperwork for contracts related to the research.
Intellectual property rights that involve a foreign entity shall be owned jointly by the QST and therelevant foreign entity.

5. Assessment Items(1) Subject of assessment
The Governing Board assesses the SIP together with invited external experts and professionals withreference to the self-inspection results of the PD, the QST, and other groups and the QST's peer
review results. The Governing Board can hold assessment meetings separately by research field or
subject.

(2) Time of assessment
Three types of assessment shall be made: prior assessments, annual fiscal year-end assessments, andfinal assessments.
When a specified period (three years in principle) has passed since the final assessment, a follow-up
assessment shall be conducted as necessary.
In addition to the assessments described above, assessments can be conduct in the middle of a fiscal
year as well if necessary.

(3) Assessment items and assessment standards
Based on the General Guidelines for the Assessment of Government-Commissioned Research andDevelopment (determined by the then Prime Minister on December 21, 2016), the assessment items
and assessment standards are as described below from the viewpoint of assessing values such asnecessity, efficiency, and effectiveness. The assessment process not only judges whether the targets
are achieved or not, but also analyzes the relevant causes or factors and proposes improvements andother measures.
(i) Importance of this SIP's significance and its consistency with the Cabinet Office's purposes for
SIPs.
(ii) Validity of the targets (outcome targets in particular) and progress made in relation to the process
chart toward achievement.
(iii) Appropriate management as well as effectiveness of cooperation between the Cabinet Office andMinistries.
(iv) Strategy and achievement level in relation to practical use and commercialization.
(v) Expected effects or ripple effects at the final assessment as well as clear and appropriate followup methods after the end of the final assessment.

(4) Utilization of the assessment results
The prior assessment is conducted on the plans and other matters for the next fiscal year onward, andthe results of this assessment are then fed back into the plans.
The fiscal year-end assessment is conducted on the achievements that have been made up to thepresent fiscal year and the plans or other matters for the next fiscal year onward, and the results ofthis assessment are then fed back into the plans or other matters for the next fiscal year onward.
The final assessment is conducted on the achievements that have been made up to the final fiscal
year, and the results of this assessment are then fed back into the follow-up assessment carried out
after the end of the final assessment.
The follow-up assessment is conducted on the progress that has been made in relation to the practicaluse and commercialization of the research outcomes, after which improvements and other measures
are proposed.

(5) Disclosure of the results
In principle, the assessment results shall be released.
The results of assessments conducted by the Governing Board are not released, because they also
deal with non-disclosure R&D information.

(6) Self-inspections(i) Self-inspections by lead researchers
The PD shall instruct the lead researchers to conduct self-inspections.
Referring to the assessment items and standards described in section 5-(3), the lead researchers shallconduct inspections on the achievements made since the previous assessment and the future plans.
After that, they shall not only judge whether the targets are achieved or not, but also analyze therelevant causes or factors and then put together improvements and other measures.

(ii) Self-inspections by the PD
Looking into the lead researchers' self-inspection results and referring to the assessment items andstandards described in section 5-(3), the PD shall conduct his/her own self-inspection and assess theachievements of the QST and each lead researcher and the future plans. After that, the PD shall not
only judge whether the targets are achieved or not, but also analyze the relevant causes or factors andthen put together improvements and other measures. Based on the results, the PD shall decide
whether each lead researcher should continue his/her research activity and issue appropriate advice

to the lead researchers and other members. In doing this, the PD can help the organization to improve
itself autonomously.
Based on these results, the PD shall create documents to be submitted to the Governing Board withthe support of the QST.

(iii) Self-inspections by the QST
The self-inspections of the QST are conducted to determine whether the QST is implementing officeprocesses for the use of budgets appropriately.

(7) Peer review
To conduct technological assessments from a specialist's viewpoint (hereafter referred to as a "peerreview"), the QST has established the Technology Review Committee and research subject
subcommittees, which are composed of external experts confirmed by the Cabinet Office, to develop
an organization that is capable of conducting peer reviews with a higher degree of specialty. This
organization will be strengthened so that it is able to implement global and objective assessments,
including assessments of harvesting strategies aimed at social implementation, such as incorporating
the viewpoints of world-leading application-oriented overseas research institutions in the Technology
Review Committee. Additionally, to ensure that appropriate peer reviews are conducted, theopportunities for discussions will be increased so that the Technology Review Committee, the PD,
deputy PDs, and lead researchers can hold in-depth discussions. The QST shall compile the peer
review results from the Technology Review Committee and report them to the Governing Board.
Our technologies in the selected three fields already hold world-class technological advantages.
However, it is important to determine if the social implementation strategy for this SIP meets thesocial trends and the market demands from a global viewpoint and then use the review results asfeedback for the strategy. For this reason, in FY2019, this SIP will use leading overseas investigation
and research institutions to conduct investigations of technological trends in the photonic andquantum field and then promote active discussions based on global viewpoints in the peer review.

6. Harvesting Strategy
Leveraging Japan's advantages in photonic and quantum technologies, this SIP will conduct R&D into
the technological fields of laser processing, photonic quantum communication, and photonic andelectronic information processing and then promote investment by private companies to secure andimprove Japan's industrial competitiveness by realizing smart manufacturing, smart mobility(automated driving), and smart energy.

(1) Harvest-oriented research(i) Using business networks and establishing links with them
To expand R&D outcomes widely throughout the market, it is essential to obtain favorable reviewsof market-dominant companies in the early stages. This SIP will disclose as much information about
its R&D achievements as possible to Japanese and international business networks (e.g., in theelectronic equipment field), allow each company to hold discussions on their practical use and then,by reviewing some specific evaluation and utilization examples, decide whether the social
implementation of these achievements has any feasible practical uses as early as possible to feed theresults back into the R&D activities. For example, by operating the Meister laser processing systemand the smart laser processing system to be established through R&D into CPS-type laser processing
systems as the intelligence center for smart manufacturing, this SIP will conduct various actions,such as collecting information on needs, collecting technological data by conducting test processing,obtaining feedback on processing evaluations, conducting outreach work, and establishingpartnerships. Adopting this approach will help to prepare an environment in which many stakeholders
can use the systems and improve the system performance.
In a study conducted by utilizing meetings held by the relevant Subcommittee for the Review of theHarvesting Strategy and other such bodies to determine the best options for the social implementationof the achievements, inviting or establishing venture businesses will be studied as one of the options.
In addition, the PD, deputy PDs, lead researchers, and other members will obtain accurate
information on overseas leading institutions with the aim of learning about overseas examples ofadvanced social implementation and understanding the overseas situation more correctly.

(ii) Links to related programs• With respect to R&D into CPS-type laser processing systems, the SIP will accelerate thedevelopment process by cooperating on the outcomes of other national projects, such as a project
initiated by MEXT called Q-LEAP and a project initiated by METI and NEDO called theDevelopment of Advanced Laser Processing with Intelligence Based on High-Brightness and High-Efficiency Next-Generation Laser Technologies, in this SIP.
• By combining the ultra-long-term secure secret sharing storage technology of the Cabinet Office's
ImPACT program called Advanced Information Society Infrastructure Linking Quantum Artificial
Brains in Quantum Network together with a secure computation technology and other related
techniques for quantum cryptography, this SIP will realize a quantum secure cloud technology. In
addition, advanced core techniques for securing ultra-long-term security will be provided to otherprojects for the second term SIP with the aim of spreading this technology.
• For photonic and electronic information processing, the SIP will accelerate the development process
by avoiding any overlap with the activities involved in the Cabinet Office's ImPACT, MEXT's QLEAP, a project initiated by METI and NEDO called the Project for Innovative AI Chips and NextGeneration Computing Technology Development, and other such projects and combining theoutcomes of these other projects with this technological research where appropriate.

(iii) Areas of the SIP activities and entities to which the development outcomes are to be transferred• Although different research items have different technological maturity levels depending on theirfoundation technologies and development progress, the overall aim is for one or two of them toreach TRL7.
• Companies that participate in the research subjects and those who are licensed to use the intellectual
properties will translate the research outcomes into the market as products or services. Refer to theattached process chart for specific harvesting strategies that utilize the research outcomes.
(iv) Contributions of personnel, materials, and funds from participating companies• Participating companies shall contribute to the promotion of R&D activities by providing personnel,
equipment, and technological knowledge. As the prospects for the commercialization of the R&D
outcomes become clearer, these companies shall also contribute funds for these activities with theaim of launching products. Refer to the attached process chart for specific fund plans.

(2) Measures for promoting the research outcomes
To promote and spread the research outcomes, this SIP will not only use the business networks
described earlier, but also utilize existing entities, such as private companies and venture businesses(startup companies generated by universities and research institutions), as resources of social
implementation on a business basis, including small and medium companies. For CPS-type laser
processing systems in particular, associations such as linked businesses and related consortiums will
be used to promote these systems.

In addition, this SIP will also conduct active and strategic advertisement activities for the researchoutcomes, promote the permeation of research outcomes into Japanese and overseas companies andinstitutions, and expand the global share of those businesses to make them flagships in relatedindustries. In particular, this SIP will hold high-impact events, such as demonstrations using actual
devices, for not only related companies but also the general public and press communities to conduct
activities that will help actively expose the research outcomes to the mass media. For this purpose,
the Management Entity hired some full-time personnel to enhance the advertisement performance(promotion) starting from this fiscal year.

7. Other Important Items(1) Related laws and regulations
This SIP is implemented based on the following laws and guidelines: Article 4, Paragraph 3-7-3 ofthe Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office (Act No. 89 of 1999), the Basic Policy on the
Utilization of Funds for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Innovation (Council for
Science, Technology and Innovation, May 23, 2014), the Implementation Policy for the Second Term(allocation of the supplementary budget for FY2017) of the Strategic Innovation Promotion Program(SIP) (Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, March 29, 2018), and the guideline of theStrategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) (Governing Board of Council for Science,
Technology and Innovation, May 23, 2014).

(2) Flexible plan revisions
This SIP can be reviewed flexibly from the viewpoint of gaining the most significant outcomes as
quickly as possible.
Instead of setting the SIP periods uniformly to five years for all of the research subjects, the researchsubjects will be set up flexibly by, for example, adding subjects for new needs at the time of theiroccurrence based on the achievements of other related projects.

(3) Personal histories of the PD and the councilors in charge(i) PDNISHIDA Naoto (since June 2018)(ii) Councilors in charge (directors)

CHISHIMA Hiroshi

NISHIYAMA Takashi

TONOUCHI Toshio

OKU Atsushi(April to October(April to October(since October 2018)(since October 2018)

2018)

2018)

(iii) Officer in charge

RYU Masahiko(since April 2018)

Attachment 1: Fund plan and estimate
Fiscal 2018: 2,500 million yen in total
Breakdown statement
1. Research expenses, etc. (including general management and indirect expenses)
2,360 million yen
Breakdown by research item:(1) Laser processing

1,940 million yen(2) Photonic quantum communication

419 million yen(3) Photonic and electronic information processing

1 million yen

2. Project promotion expenses (e.g., labor, evaluation, and meeting expenses)

140 million yen

Total

2,500 million yen

Fiscal 2019: 2,280 million yen in total
Breakdown statement
1. Research expenses, etc. (including general management and indirect expenses)
2,100 million yen
Breakdown by research item:(1) Laser processing

1,291 million yen(2) Photonic quantum communication

559 million yen(3) Photonic and electronic information processing

250 million yen

2. Project promotion expenses (e.g., labor, evaluation, and meeting expenses)

180 million yen

Total

2,280 million yen

Attachment 2: TRL definition in this SIP

Projects under this SIP shall conform to the TRL definition of NASA listed in the above table.