The Buddhist Manuscripts in the Collection of St-Petersburg
Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academyof Sciences
I. F. Popova

T

HE core of the vast manuscript collection of St-Petersburg Branchof the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences,
has been formed long before the Academy itself was founded in 1724.
Collecting of historical documents, manuscripts and antiquities was
popular in Russia since ancient times. Primarily the collected items werestored in churches, monasteries and state treasuries.1 In XVIII century
the importance of private collections had been growing. Besides theobjects of historical importance and items of art, the first books in Asian
languages were acquired by its owners.
Because of its geographical location and historical destiny, Russia is
the state which lies between East and West. The early Russian ethnos
was formed under an active contact with Turks. The Golden Hordeexerted a great influence on Russian national identity and way of life.
Since the beginning of XIV century, while gradually moving eastwards,
Russians were creating contact territories, where different cultural,social and religious traditions were coexisting, getting mixed up andintegrating. The trade and political bonds between Russia and the peoples of Asia and Northern Africa were set in the ancient times and in the
Middle Ages. The gradual accumulation of knowledge about Easterncountries was determined mostly by the current practical claims and also
by missionary purposes. The new period in relations between Russia
and East begun in the early XVIII century, when academic Asian studies, which later become a field of the fundamental humanities, haddeveloped out of the practical Asian studies based only on the necessityof knowing the languages and customs of Eastern countries. The teaching of Asian languages was primarily introduced in Russia by the ordersof Peter the Great in 1700 and 1702. The tradition of collecting of historical and religious objects and books from Asia was developed at thesame time.
Peter the Great was himself an active collector, while traveling with
“Grand Embassy” through Western Europe in 1697–1699 he purchased
a great number of objects, including books on various fields of knowl126

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edge. For the storage of Peter’s vast collections the Imperial Library andKunstkamera were established in 1714. The books and manuscripts
brought from the Tsar’s libraries and Aptekarsky Prikaz in Moscow
made up the basis for the Imperial Library. When the Academy was
founded in 1724, the Library and the Kunstkamera were transferredunder its auspices.2 Afterwards the book funds of RAS were being
enriched steadily.3
The first manuscripts and books of Buddhist content were received
into Russian collections in 1720s. J. Backmeister, who made up the firstprinted handbook of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences,mentioned Tibetan, or as they were called at the time Tangut, and Mongolian books, collected by G.F. Miller (1705–1783) and P.S. Pallas(1741–1811): “The Library is abundantly supplied with Tangut andMongolian scriptures written by gold, silver and ink, but as we don’tknow these languages, we don’t have any further knowledge about
them... A lot of designated scriptures were sent from Siberia in 1720,
there they were found in ancient temple Ablainkiid, which was build on
the bank of Irtysh by taishi Ablai and which was destroyed by his brother who expelled him away from there with his horde.”4 The bigger partof the books in Tibetan and Mongolian languages, which were received
by the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences from Central Asia
were of Buddhist content. This can be explained by the fact that Buddhist literature was the most popular and therefore easy to acquire in theresettlement area of the Mongol tribes.5
In 1730 the first books from China were brought to the Library of theRussian Academy of Sciences by Lorenz Lange. Later the book collections in the Chinese and Mongolian languages of the Academy weresteadily being enriched primarily with the dictionaries, Confucian classics, historical, geographical, etc. books and works written by the Jesuit
missionaries. The first information on the Far East Buddhism came toWestern science with the works of European priests, who were in needof understanding Buddhist ideology to fulfill their missionary tasks. In
Leonid Leontiev’s “Register of Chinese and Manchurian books collected by Alexei Leontiev and stored in the Library of the Academy of Sciences” which dates back to 17666 among 235 books in Chinese andManchurian there are only two items of Buddhist content mentioned,
which were: “N 41. Retaliation for Merits and Lawlessness from Pagan
heshangs’ law in Manchurian language (4 volumes)” and “N 130. An
Account of a Journey taken by a Pagan monk to accept a Law from his
God, which is entitled “Xi yu ji” in Chinese language (2 volumes).”7
After the Asiatic Museum was established in 1818, the Academy of

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Sciences transferred all books in Asian languages there, and afterwards
started sending to the Museum all the books from Asia. Unfortunately,
these additions were rarely registered properly, most of the books do nothave stamps of their previous owners and collectors, so it is impossible
to trace out the provenance of every book. According to some remaining
written information and evidence one can conclude that in XVIII—early
XIX centuries, the primary attention was devoted to the collecting ofdictionaries, grammar essays, works on history, geography and ideology,
which could give some common knowledge about Asian countries. The
Asiatic Museum began to select written monuments as the objects forresearch, acquiring the collections of scholars who were purposefully
engaged in collecting.
Books and manuscripts of Buddhist content in Sanskrit, Chinese,
Mongolian and Tibetan came to the Asiatic Museum as a part of two big
collections of Pavel Lvovich Schilling von Canstadt (1786–1837). The
importance of these acquisitions was noted by the Russian researchers
immediately. It was mentioned in the Report of Marii Ivanovich Brosset(1802–1880), who inventoried the Chinese part of the Asiatic Museum
collection in 1841: “Until now the Chinese collection of the Asiatic
Museum did not have anything particularly remarkable, at least nothingthat could outstrip the private facilities and could correspond the needsof academic community, which has the best conditions to increase its
richness endlessly. But in 1836 and 1838 it was somehow magically lifted on a grade of an unbelievable benefit. So except for the Paris Royal
Library now immensely increased by books belonging to its new curator
Stanislas Julien our Library undoubtedly leaves behind all others of thiskind.”8Some fragmental descriptions of P.L. Schilling’s first collection arepreserved among his papers in the Orientalists Archive in St. Petersburg
Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies. They were made up mostly
by his correspondents who were acquiring books in China.9 Several
notes written by P.L. Schilling and other persons show that his collection was well arranged and systematized. It numbered totally at morethen 2000 volumes, 286 items of books in Asian languages and included
unique copies, which none of other European libraries possessed.10
The acquisition of books for P.L. Schilling’s collection was executed
mainly through the mediation of the members of the Russian Orthodox
mission in Beijing, P.I. Kamensky, N.I. Voznesensky, Z.F. Leontievsky,
D.S. Chestnoi, M.D. Sipakov and others who were specially fulfilling
P.L. Schilling’s orders. The collection of P.L. Schilling also had Chinese, Manchurian, Tibetan and Mongolian dictionaries; encyclopedias;

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Classics; historical, geographical, philosophical, mathematical, astronomical, medical etc works; maps; Catholic missionaries theologicalwritings.11
P.L. Schilling sold the first part of his collection to the state in 1830,
when the claim of foundation of the Department of Oriental studies
came up in the Saint-Petersburg University. For a number of reasons thebooks were not housed in the library of the University and in 1836
according to the order of the Emperor Nicolas I, they were handed down
to the Asiatic Museum. P.L. Schilling decided to sell his collection justbefore his expedition to Siberia in 1831–1832. Probably he intended toget some money for a purchase of his other collection. His second collection was also later handed down to the Asiatic Museum. The quantityof books of this collection left the first far behind, it numbered morethan 4800 items. An inventory on it was written by Y.I. Schmidt and
N.Y. Bichurin. The first of them described Tibetan and Mongolian
books, the second worked with Chinese, Manchurian, Japanese andKorean books.12
In 1835 the collection of the Asiatic Museum was enriched by 95
Indian manuscripts bought by D. Stewart in London. In the collection
different Sanskrit literature genres were represented, all of the records
well accomplished and adjusted, and written in different areas of Northern India in the second half of XVIII century.13 V.P. Vasiliev (1818–
1900) in 1840s handed over to the Museum several manuscripts andblock-prints in Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan, mainly of Buddhist
content collected by him in Beijing.14 Among them there was an exemplar of “Lotus Sutra” rewritten in XIX century by an archaic Nepal
handwriting of XI–XII centuries.15
In XIX century the Asiatic Museum received a number of rare Chinese books and manuscripts of Buddhist content. About 1920, V.M.
Alexeev wrote: “The Buddhist literature of the book collection being
described [Chinese collection] has not escaped the common destiny ofall other collections. ‹ … › The old collection, possessing some of
exquisite parts of Ming canon, didn’t have the whole of it. That is in thelatest years only when the Museum got a splendid Japanese edition of
the canon with an enormous supplement for it. The popular Buddhism isrepresented by the editions of the monastery shops located in the islandof Avalokiteshvara (Putuoshan) and also by books, leaflets, paintingsbought from the street merchants.”16 “A splendid Kyoto edition of Tripitaka” mentioned by V.M. Alexeev was bought for the Museum in 1910s
in Japan by O.O. Rosenberg along with some other Buddhist dictionaries and books.17

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According to the catalogue of Dorzhi Banzarov, in 1848 in the holdings of the Asiatic Museum, there were 83 Manchurian books with 10
Buddhist books among them: “VII. Buddhist religion. 1. Manchuriantranslations of various Buddhist books, on oblong sheets, 1 bunch which
includes: a. Vatsir-yi lashalara sure-yi chardzi dalin-de akunaha nomon.
“The Book which is Cutting as Vatsir (Diamond) and having Achieved
the Opposite Side of Perception.” Translated by Vadzhrachgediki; b.
Suayan shadzin-yi da bakshi Dzunkaba Lamai dzhalbarin, adistit hudun
bahabure gebunge nomon. “The Book entitled as A Prayer which Brings
Happiness and Benediction offered to Lama Dzunkhaba, a Main Masterof the Yellow Religion;” c. Mandzhushiri-yi maktachun. “Panegyric to
Mandzhushri;” d. Maidari-yi forobun. “The Prayer offered to Maitreya;”e. Shijiamuni futsisi-yi maktachun, adistid-yi oiongo dogon. “Eulogium
on Buddha Shakyamuni and His Way to Benediction;” f. Mohon aku
dzhalafunga futsisi-yi dzhuleri urebumo gunire nomon toktoho. “TheBook of Reflection in front of Endlessly-Beatifical Buddha (Amithaba);” g. Mohon aku dzhalafunga futsisi-yi boe de urebumo gunirenomon toktoho “The Book of Spiritual Reflection on the Essential ofEndlessly-Beatifical Buddha;” h. Enduringe eiten ehe bandzin-bo biratai
geterembure dziolongo umezhi etehe emo gebunge toktobun tarni
nomon toktoho. “The book of Tarni, Named as Victorious Mother,which Absolutely Redeems (a Reader) from Reincarnations into Lower
Class Creatures;” i. Umezhi efulere vatsir gebunge toktobon tarni toktoho “Principal Tarni, Named an Extremely Destructive Diamond.” 2.
Han-yi toktobuha sin-li-gao-yuan-yi bithe. “About Happy and Unhappy
Days.” Volume I (incomplete item).”18
Within XIX—early XX centuries the collections of the Academy of
Sciences were being enriched by the purchases made by the Academy
itself, by the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs andby the unsolicited gifts given by the individuals and by the heirs of thedeceased Orientalists. Exchange of doublets was rather active. The
French sinologist Stanislas Julien (Correspondent Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1845) who continually used the libraryof the Asiatic Museum, enriched it by the exchange of doublets.19 He
delivered an incomplete exemplar of the manuscript “The Biographiesof the Buddhist Patriarchs since the Birth of Shakyamuni up to 1383”(佛祖綱目 ). Later, in XX century this tradition of book exchange wascontinued by another great French scholar Paul Pelliot (1878–1945).
About 1855–1857 the Asiatic Museum received the collection of the
Kazan Mission, which mainly included Buddhist writings.20 In 1864 alarge collection was received from the Asian Department of the MinistryTHE BUDDHIST MANUSCRIPTS

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of Foreign Affairs.
Since late 80s of the XIX century the Asiatic Museum started receiving materials from the nowadays Chinese Xinjiang. These were collections of manuscripts in Sanskrit, Uigur, Sakha. Tokharian and Tibetan
languages of the 1 millennium A.D., bagged by the Russian researchersand diplomats N.F. Petrovsky, N.N. Krotkov, A.A. Dyakov, V.I.
Roborovsky, I.P. Lavrov.21 These manuscripts were mainly fragments ofsutras. They were included into the Central-Asian collection of the Asiatic Museum.
In 1902 the Asiatic Museum got the precious collection of Tibetan
books (333 volumes) which earlier belonged to G.T. Tsybikov, who collected them during his stay in the monasteries of Ambo and Central
Tibet: Kumbum, Kundeling, Ganden etc. Soon the Museum got a valuable collection of B. Baradiin, which was bagged in Kumbum andLabrang.22 In 1907 the Museum was enriched by the collection of P.A.
Dmitrievsky with Buddhist works in Japanese language, such as “TheStory about the Departure to the Southern Sea and Coming Back [to the
Native Land]” (南海寄歸傳). Together with the collection of A. Goshkevich in 1910 there were received such books as “The Enlarged andRevised Corpus of Buddha Images of all Schools” (R補諸宗佛像圖彙 )and “The Illustrated Martyrology of Jodo School with Japanese Transcriptions” (淨土宗回向文和訓圖會 ). Along with the collection of N.P.
Zabugin in 1911 the Asiatic Museum got the manuscript entitled as“The Biography of 6 Shoho Mountain Patriarchs” (正法山六祖傳).
A new stage in the collecting material by the Academy of Sciences
was connected with a dynamic expedition activities of the Russian scientists in China and Central Asia in the late XIX—early XX centuries.
The expedition of V.I. Roborovsky and P.K. Kozlov to Turfan in
1893–1895 acquired some objects of antiquity and some fragments ofmanuscripts in Uigur and Syriac, which were sent for the research to
A.O. Ivanovsky and S.F. Oldenburg (1863–1934).23 The findings havebeen handed over to the Asiatic Museum.
In 1899 the Russian Committee for the Research of the Middle andEastern Asia was founded under the patronage of the Russian Emperor.
The task of the Committee was to arrange and to support Russian andforeign expeditions to the region. W.W. Radlow became the Chairman,
S.F. Oldenburg Vice-Chairman of the Committee. The decision toarrange the First Russian Turkistan Expedition was accepted by theCommittee when nothing of the materials brought by the European
expeditions who earlier visited the region of the nowadays Xinjiang has
not been published, so it was difficult to decide in Saint-Petersburg

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where exactly the systematic works should be opened. 22 August 1910
the expedition started research in Shikshin near Kharashahr. At first, theruins of a Buddhist monastery were investigated, further excavations
were carried in Turfan and Kucha. About ten above-ground and cavemonasteries were investigated there. The findings of the expeditions at
first were sent to the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), RAS, where they were briefly systematized and inventoried.
In 1931–32 they were transferred to the State Hermitage Museum and in1935 put on an open display. Among the findings there were about 100
manuscripts transmitted to the Asiatic Museum.
In 1910 S.E. Malov discovered in his expedition a unique Uigur manuscript entitled “The Sutra of Golden Light” (Suvarnaprabhasa) andendowed it to the Asiatic Museum. Later it was published and partiallytranslated into German by W.W. Radlow.
In 1911 the Asiatic Museum got the collection of the expedition by
P.K. Kozlov (1863–1935). In 1907–1909 he discovered an abandoned
Tangut city Khara-Khoto, which lies in the Gobi desert. The expedition
findings were represented mainly by the manuscripts in dead Tangut language, and also a numner of writings in Chinese. At present the Tangut
collection of St. Petersburg Branch of IOS RAS encounters about 6
thousand manuscripts and block-prints, with a lot of works of Buddhist
content. Most of them are translations from the Chinese and Tibetan languages. Original Tangut Buddhist writings imitated Tibetan pattern andby their genre belonged to the preaching of morality based on the facts
from Chinese history.24 Among the Chinese manuscripts from KharaKhoto there are 283 Buddhist sutras, encapsulating the basic points of
the religion in brief and comprehensible way.25 All other sutras areinconsiderable in number, there are only 31 of them, with 15 exemplars
of “The Lotus Sutra.” 9 of them are reprinted from 1146 year edition, 6of them are fragments of different time manuscripts, the earliest is dating back to the second half of VII century, one was produced in late XI
century and two in the middle of XIV century.26
The famous Dunhuang collection of manuscripts and fragments of
IX–XI centuries, discovered in The Thousand-Buddha Caves was
acquired by the Second Russian Turkistan Expedition of S.F. Oldenburg
of 1914–1915. The manuscripts collection totally numbers at about 19
thousand pieces including tiny fragments. The more or less full scrolls(about 400) were bought by S.F. Oldenburg from the local people; fragments were discovered inside the caves during archeological excavations. The Dunhuang collection in IOS in St. Petersburg also includes
some of the manuscripts from S.E. Malov (1909–1910) Hotan Expedi-

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tion and a number of manuscripts collected by N.N. Krotkov.
Most of the manuscripts in the Dunhaung collection, which is a partof the Buddhist monastery library, are the Buddhist sutras (under morethan 80 titles). The largest part of them exists in a several copies. The
collection contains commentaries on sutras, apocrypha, records of oral
Buddhist sermons, prayers, ceremonial notes and writings on Buddhist
ritual. Primarily, the Dunhuang collection of the Asiatic Museum hadsome objects of art, but in the early 1970s, 71 items of them painted on
silk and paper were moved to the State Hermitage Museum for restoration and display. All the pieces of art brought by the First Russian Turkistan Expedition of S.F. Oldenburg were kept there since 1931–1932. In
1970–80s M.L. Pchelina-Rudova accomplished the study of some difficult ichnographic fragments, which are exposed in the Hermitage nowadays. In 1992–2001 nearly all of the manuscripts of from St. Petersburg
Dunhuang collection were published facsimile by Shanghai Classic
Publishing House. Totally 17 volumes of “The Dunhuang manuscripts
kept in Russia” were published.27
One of the last large acquirements of the Institute of Oriental Studies
dates back to 1935, when some Chinese manuscripts were sent from theFar East Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Evidently
they were brought to Russia from China in the first years of the XX century. At first these manuscripts were kept in the library of the Far Eastern State University, in 1932 they were transferred to the Far East
Branch of the Academy of Sciences and after that delivered toLeningrad. The most precious books of the collection are the Chinesevoluminous art albums, which are a part of NOVA collection now.
Among them there is a colorful album of 5 volumes which dates back to
XVIII century and contains stories and pictures on Buddhist canon.28
At present handwritten and printed monuments of Buddhist culture indifferent languages, which were brought to St. Petersburg from various
areas of Asia, are part of a unique collection, which has few analogs in
the world. In 1930 the Asiatic Museum with all his staff and collections
was integrated into newly-founded Institute of Oriental Studies of theRussian Academy of Sciences, one of the basic functions of which is toedit written monuments of the collection of Asian manuscripts.
During the last 50 years the researchers of the Saint-Petersburg(Leningrad) Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, almost finishedthe cataloguing of the collection. The cataloguing did not lose its actuality during all the history of the Academy of Sciences. For the first time
it was evidently mentioned in 1724 in the contract of the unter-librarian
I.D. Schumacher (1690–1761), among whose duties were “to manage

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over the Library and the Kunstkamera; to keep in order both the Libraryand the Kunskamera, and to establish the catalogues.”29 Since then during XVIII–XIX centuries the inventories for the several parts of the collection were made and some attempts to write full annotated catalogues
were undertaken, but the universal pattern to make full written accounts
to the collections in different languages has been worked out only by the
middle of 1950s. According to this pattern almost all of the catalogues
for the collections of the Institute of Oriental Studies were compiled.
Now the work on publishing the catalogues is almost finished, which isof great importance for the revelation of printed and handwritten monuments and affords an opportunity of comprehensive investigation ofthese books and manuscripts.
Notes
1
Stanyukovich, T.V. Kunstkamera Peterburgskoi Akademii Nauk (Kunstkamera of
St-Petersburg Academy of Sciences). Moscow Leningrad, 1953. P. 7.
2
M.I. Radovsky outlines an interesting evidence of G.F. Miller, which concerns thesignificance of the Russian Academy’s collections. During his trip to England in 1731,
G.F. Miller got acquainted with the collections gathered by G. Sloan, the President of
the Royal Society in London, which later made up the basis of the British Museum.
Later Miller wrote: “In the early 1753 he [Sloan] passed away being an aged man, after
suggesting in his bequeathal to acquire his priceless wealth for an appropriate sum mainly to Russian Empress. This, evidently, has not been considered necessary, because
Saint-Petersburg collection of natural and historic objects and pieces of art was so full,that accepting this suggestion was out of requirement.” [Radovsky M.I. Poseschenie
peterburgskoi Akademii nauk kitaiskimi gostyami v 1732 godu (Chinese guests visiting
Saint-Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1732) // Iz istorii nauki i tekhniki v stranakh
Vostoka (Some historical facts of science and technology in the countries of Orient). II
issue. Moscow, 1961. P. 85].
3
Materialy dlya istorii Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk (Information for the History of
the Imperial Academy of Sciences). Vol. I (1716–1730). Saint-Petersburg, 1885. P. 182,
184, 187, 191, 194, 208.
4
[Backmeister J.G.] Opyt o biblioteke i kabinete redkostei i istorii naturalnoi SanktPetersburgskoi Imp. Akademii nauk, izdannyi na frantsuzskom yazyke J. Backhmeisterom, podbibliotekarem Akademii nauk, na rossiiskii yazyk perevedennyi Vasiliem
Kostygovym (An Experience about Library and Cabinet of curiosities and Natural History of Saint-Petersburg Academy of Sciences, published in French by J. Backhmeister,under-librarian of the Academy of Sciences, translated into Russian by Vasilii Kostygov). [Saint-Petersburg]. Printed in the Printing-office of the Navy Polish Gentry Cadet
Corps.1779. P. 87.
5
Puchkovsky L.S. Predislovie (Preface) // Mongolskie rukopisi i ksilography Instituta
vostokovedeniya (Mongolian manuscripts and block-prints of the Institute of Oriental
Studies). Vol. I. Moscow-Leningrad, 1957. P. 1.
6
The Orientalists Archive of Saint-Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental
Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. Fund N 152, register N 2, item N 9. P. 1–14v.
7
The Orientalists Archives. Fund N 152, register N 2, item N 9. P.1–14v.

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8[Brosset M.I.] Otchet extraordinarnogo akademika Brosset o kitaiskoi biblioteke
Aziatskogo Muzeya Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk (The Report of an Extraordinary
Academician Brosset about Chinese Collection of Asiatic Museum of the Imperial
Academy of Sciences // Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosvescheniya (Magazine of
the Ministry of Public Education). 1841. Vol. XXX. Pt. III. P. 3.
9
The Orientalists Archive. Fund N 56, register N 1, item N 115. P. 1–18, 57–58;
Fund N 56, register N 1, item N 131.
10
Chuguevsky L.I. Schilling Pavel Lvolich. [The survey of the fund N 56 of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Oriental Studies Saint-Petersburg, Orientalists
Archive]. Vstuplenie I publikatsiya I.F. Popovoi (Prefece and publication by I.F. Popova) // Pismennye pamyatniki Vostoka (Written Monuments of the Orient). N 1 (4). 2006.
P. 259.
11
Catalogue des Livres Chinois, Japonais, Mantchous, Mongols, Tibetains, Tonquinois, Sanscrits, etc. de la Collection du Conseiller d’Etat actuel Baron Schilling de
Canstadt // The Orientalists Archive. Fund N 152, register N 2, item N 30.
12Chuguevsky L.I. Schilling Pavel Lvolich. P. 261.
13
Vorobyov-Desyatovsky V.S. Sobranie indiiskikh rukopisei Instituta vostokovedeniya
Akademii nauk SSSR (The collection of Indian manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental
Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR // Posova T.K., Chizhikova K.L.
Kratkii catalog indiiskikh rukopisei Instituta vostokovedeniya RAN (Summary Catalogue of Indian manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS). Moscow, 1999. P.
9.
14
Tikhonov D.I. Sokrovischa Aziatskogo muzeya i ikh sobirateli (Istoricheskii ocherk)(The treasures of the Asiatic Museum and people who collected them. (Historical survey) // Sbornik Muzeya antropologii i etnografii (Collected Articles of the Museum of
Ethnography and Anthropology). XXIX. Leningrad, 1973. P. 13.
15
Aziatskii muzei Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk. Kratkaya pamyatka (The Asiatic Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Short Commemorative Booklet). Petrograd,
1920. P. 88.
16
Aziatskii muzei Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk. Kratkaya pamyatka. P. 54.
17
Aziatskii muzei Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk. Kratkaya pamyatka. P. 72.
18
Katalog knigam i rukopisyam na manchurskom yazyke, nakhodyaschimsya v Aziatskom muzee Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, sostavlennyi D. Banzarovym (The Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts in the Manchurian language kept in the Asiatic Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, compiled by D. Banzarov) (Lu le 31 mars1848) // The Orientalists Archive. Fund N 152, register N 2, item N 10. PP.17v–18.
19
Menshikov L.N., Chuguevsky L.I. Kitaevedenie (Chinese Studies) // Aziatskii
muzei—Leningradskoe otdelenie Instituta vostokovedeniya AN SSSR (Asiatic Museum- The Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR. Moscow, 1972. P. 83.
20
Puchkovsky L.S. Predislovie (Preface). P. 1.
21
Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya M.I. Sobranie vostochnykh rukopisei Sankt-Peterburgskogo filiala Instituta vostokovedeniya Rossiiskoi Akademii nauk (The collection of
the Asian manuscripts of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies,
Russian Academy of Sciences // Pismennye pamyatniki Vostoka (Written Monumentsof the Orient). N 1. 2004. P. 249.
22
Bogoslovsky V.A. Tibetskie rukopisi i ksilografy (Tibetan M anuscripts and Blockprints) // Vostokovednye fondy krupneishikh bibliotek Sovetskogo Soyuza (The Asian

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Collections of the Largest Libraries of the Soviet Union). Moscow, 1963. P. 57.
23
Petrov N.I. Nauchnye svyazi mezhdu vostokovedami I puteshestvennikamigeografami v kontse XIX—nachale XX v. (The Scientific Bounds between Orientalists
and travelers-geographers in the late 19–early 20 centuries) // Strany I narody Vostoka(Countries and Peoples of the Orient). Issue I, Moscow, 1959. P. 260.
24
Gorbachova Z.I. Tangutskie rukopisi i ksilografy (Tangut manuscripts and blockprints) // Vostokovednye fondy krupneishikh bibliotek Sovetskogo Soyuza (The Asian
Collections of the Largest Libraries of the Soviet Union). Moscow, 1963. PP. 51–52.
25
Menshikov L.N. Opisanie kitaiskoi chasti kollektsii iz Khara-Khoto (Fond P.K.
Kozlova) (The Description of the Chinese part of the collection from Khara-Khoto)(P.K. Kozlov’s Collection). Moscow, 1984. P. 9.
26
Menshikov L.N. Opisanie kitaiskoi chasti kollektsii iz Khara-Khoto (Fond P.K.
Kozlova) P. 17.
27
俄藏敦煌文獻. Shanghai. Vol. 1–17, 1992–2001.
28
Marakuev A.V. Opisanie kitaiskikh rukopisei v Biblioteke Dalnevostochnogo otdeleniya AN SSSR (The Catalogue of Chinese Manuscripts of the Library of the Far-East
Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Vladivostok, 1932. PP. 1–3.
29
Materialy dlya istorii Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk (Information for the history of
the Imperial Academy of Sciences). Vol. I (1716–1730). Saint-Petersburg, 1885. P. 14.