FORKTAIL 32 (2016): 36–40

Field records of Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila cumatilis
on Java and Sumatra, with notes on the distribution
and status of Blue-and-white Flycatcher C. cyanomelana
in Indonesia
ARELLEA R. DEWI, NURROHMAN E. PURNOMO, REZA A. AHMADI, I. PURWIANSHARI & MUHAMAD H. ASHSHIDIQI
Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila cumatilis was a long-forgotten taxon that is now recognised as a distinct species from Blue-and-white
Flycatcher C. cyanomelana. Its distribution, especially during the non-breeding season, is poorly known. In Indonesia it was known fromtwo records from Sumatra and a single record from Java. Observations from Halimun Salak National Park in February 2014 and Cibodas
Botanical Gardens in March 2015 revealed new records of Zappey’s Flycatcher from mainland Java. Published information and observations
by Indonesian birdwatchers confirm the presence of the two races of Blue-and-white Flycatcher (cyanomelana and intermedia) on Java andsuggest that it is a much commoner migrant than previously believed.

INTRODUCTION
Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila cumatilis is a valid species that waspreviously considered to be a race of the Blue-and-white Flycatcher
C. cyanomelana (Thayer & Bangs 1909, Leader & Carey 2012).
Zappey’s Flycatcher differs from the latter in having a blue wash on
the throat, breast and ear-coverts, similar to the blue upperparts,
whereas in the Blue-and-white Flycatcher these areas are black (racecyanomelana) or blackish (race intermedia), in contrast to the blue
upperparts. The distribution and status of Zappey’s Flycatcher isstill not fully known. Leader & Carey (2012) state that it breeds incentral China, north to Beijing, west to Shaanxi and south to north-west Hubei. Clement (2015) noted that during the non-breeding
season the taxon cumatilis migrates to Laos and Vietnam, the Greater
Sundas in Indonesia, and Luzon and Palawan in the Philippines.
However, cumatilis has in fact been seen over a wider area during
the non-breeding season—Hong Kong, South Korea, Peninsular
Malaysia and Sabah: images can be found on Oriental Bird Images(http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=2945) and
Borneo Bird Images (http://www.borneobirdimages.com/species/
zappey-at-s_flycatcher#navigation).
Very little information is available on the distribution of Zappey’s
Flycatcher in Indonesia and, as far as we are aware, there is only
a handful of published records from Java and Sumatra. The only

Figure 1. Locations of Cyanoptila cumatilis, C. cyanomelana cyanomelana, C. cyanomelana intermedia, C. cyanomelana undetermined and undetermined
female and immature birds recorded in Indonesia from 1894 to 2015.

Forktail 32 (2016)

Field records of Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila cumatilis on Java and Sumatra, Indonesia

previous confirmed record from Java is a male collected from the
Karimoen Djawa Islands (now Karimunjawa) by K. W. Dammerman
on 25 November 1930 (Chasen & Kloss 1933). A record by Bartels &Stresemann (1929) gave no specific information about the number,sex or location of the birds observed. Records from Sumatra canfirst be traced from van Marle & Voous (1988), where one male—from Kaban on 22 February 1916 (de Beaufort 1921)—and threefemales are reported. However, knowledge of the plumage of females
and first-winter birds is far from complete and it is not possible todistinguish between the females and first-winter birds of the two
species (Leader & Carey 2012); therefore, the females noted byvan Marle & Voous (1988) and all other records of females andfirst-winter birds cannot be assigned to either species until further
research has been carried out. There is one recent record, a single
bird in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in September 2014
(Eaton 2014). James Eaton (in litt. 2016) confirmed that this wasan immature male Zappey’s Flycatcher that was just distinguishable
from Blue-and-white Flycatcher.  
The closely related Blue-and-white Flycatcher is regarded as a rare
winter visitor to Sumatra and Java (MacKinnon & Phillipps 1993),
although some earlier records may relate to Zappey’s. Furthermore,
Blue-and-white Flycatcher has recently been observed further eastin Indonesia, in Bali (Mason 2011, Hjerppe 2015) and Sulawesi(Rheindt & Verbelen 2011).
Here we present recent records of Zappey’s Flycatcher on Javaand also investigate the distribution and status of Blue-and-white
Flycatcher in Indonesia, particularly on Java, which suggest that the
species is more common than previously thought.

METHODS
Surveys of three areas in West Java were made, the first by ARA in
Halimun Salak National Park on 22 February 2014, and the second
and third by ARD, NEP, IP & MHA between 16–20 March 2015
in Cibodas Botanical Gardens and Gede Pangrango National Park.
In Halimun Salak NP, the Kawah Ratu track was followedfrom Gunung Bunder (6.717°S 106.711°E). The track is in tropicalrainforest, with more open forest around Kawah Ratu (1,400 m), andall birds were recorded along it from 06h00 to 12h00. Observationsin the 80 ha Cibodas Botanical Garden (6.740°S 107.004°E) weremade on 16, 17, 18 and 20 March 2015. It is a coniferous park lying
between 1,200 and 1,400 m. Observations covered the entire area,
which was divided into four blocks, each surveyed by two observers.
Surveys were carried out from 07h00–11h00 and 14h00–17h00. A
survey was made in Gede Pangrango NP (6.749°S 106.990°E) on
19 March by following the Cibereum waterfall track (1,300–1,700m) from 06h00 to 12h00.
We also traced records of Zappey’s and Blue-and-white
Flycatchers in Indonesia from published information andinformation gathered from Indonesian birdwatchers.

RESULTS
Single Zappey’s Flycatchers were recorded in two of the survey
sites. The first, a single male in Halimun Salak NP on 22 February
2014, was observed by ARA at about 1,300 m in forest on the
Kawah Ratu track at 11h00. The weather was cloudy but visibility
was good, and the bird was observed at about 8–15 m for about 30
seconds. The all blue appearance of the upperparts (with a lack ofmoult contrast in the upper coverts) confirmed that the bird was anadult male. It appeared larger than the resident Indigo Flycatcher
Eumyias indigo, which might be a cause of confusion, but the stark
contrast between the blue throat and the white belly removed any
possible doubt.

37

The second record was of a single male at 08h30 on 20 March
2015, a cloudy morning after earlier rain, seen by ARD and NEP in
Cibodas Botanical Gardens at 1,350 m, and confirmatory images
were obtained (Plates 1 & 2). The bird was not disturbed by theobservers’ presence and was approached to about 5 m. It perched
quietly on a branch of a conifer for about a half minute, thenmoved to another tree before it flew off and disappeared. At first
ARD and NEP thought it was an Indigo Flycatcher, but its larger
size and the appearance of its tail led them to conclude that it was
a Blue-and-white Flycatcher. However, subsequent examination of
the images highlighted the contrasting blue throat and white belly
and, after discussion on the Indonesian birdwatchers Facebook
group (Pengamat Burung Indonesia), the bird’s identification as amale Zappey’s Flycatcher was confirmed.
Three Blue-and-white Flycatchers were also recorded in Cibodas
Botanical Garden. NEP and IP observed a single male perched on atree at 1,295 m on 16 March (Plate 3) and at 08h00 on the following
day, ARD and MHA saw a male perched in the tree canopy at thesame location. On 18 March, at 11h39, NEP and IP found a malemoving from branch to branch in a conifer at 1,342 m. There werealso two records of female Cyanoptila sp. on 16 and 17 March. We
were unable to determine whether any of these sightings were of thesame individuals or not.

DISCUSSION
Previous confirmed records of Zappey’s Flycatcher in Indonesia
consisted of one from Java (Chasen & Kloss 1933) and two from
Sumatra (de Beaufort 1921, Eaton 2014). Our records from
Halimun Salak NP and Cibodas Botanical Gardens are the first of
the species on Java for more than 80 years. Falling in February andMarch, at the start of the northern migration period, they suggestthat Java may be the most southerly wintering location of the species.
A compilation of Blue-and-white Flycatcher observations frompublished information and birdwatchers’ records in Indonesia
produced 30 confirmed records (Table 1). There were six records
from Sumatra: one of the race cyanomelana, one of intermedia andfour of undetermined race. Historical records (from 1913 to 1998)
were all from mainland Sumatra. However, recent observations
have been made on Sumatra’s satellite islands, Bangka and Belitung(Syahputra pers. comm., M. Iqbal pers. comm.). There are only four
records from Kalimantan, without any information as to the race(s)concerned (Büttikofer 1899, Rice 1989, Holmes 1997, Brickle etal. 2010, Wielstra et al. 2012). On Bali there is one record of race
cyanomelana and four of undetermined race, all from the highlandsof Bedugul and north Payangan (Mason 2011, Hjerppe 2015).
Most records of Blue-and-white Flycatcher were from Java, with
11 records during the 11 years 2005–2015, nine of them between
2011 and 2015—one of undetermined race, five of cyanomelana
and three of intermedia; two of the latter were from East Java (C.
Fitri Riani pers. comm, H. Cahyono pers. comm.) and one from
Plawangan Hill, Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java (F.
Mufti pers. comm.).
There have been 13 records of undetermined Cyanoptila species
in the last four years (2012–2015)—females and first-winter birds
that cannot be determined to species level. Some of the females show
a gradation in the colour of breast and belly whereas others show a
sharper contrast between a brown breast and white belly (Plates 5& 6) that might be evidence of age-related changes.
It is interesting that almost half of the Blue-and-white Flycatcher
records from Java were from Mount Merapi NP, where the species
was previously thought to be a rare visitor (Yuniatmoko &Nurcahyadi 2013). In December 2015, up to 13 individuals wererecorded there by three observers. However, due to the similarity ofthe plumages of some birds, it is only certain that there were sevenForktail 32 (2016)

ARELLEA R. DEWI

ARELLEA R. DEWI et al.

ARELLEA R. DEWI

38

Plate 4. Female Zappey’s/Blue-and-white Flycatcher, Cibodas Botanical
Gardens, 17 March 2015.

Plate 2. Ventral view of the same bird, Cibodas Botanical Gardens, 20
March 2015.

Plate 5. Female Zappey’s/Blue-and-white Flycatcher with gradation frombreast to belly, Cibodas Botanical Gardens, 17 March 2015.

Plate 3. Adult male nominate Blue-and-white Flycatcher C. cyanomelana,
Cibodas Botanical Gardens, 16 March 2015.

Plate 6. Female Zappey’s/Blue-and-white Flycatcher with strong contrast
between breast and belly, Turgo Hill, Gunung Merapi National Park, 8
March 2014.

MA’ARUF ERAWAN

NURROHMAN E. PURNOMOARELLEA R. DEWI

NURROHMAN E. PURNOMO

Plate 1. Lateral view of adult male Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila
cumatilis, Cibodas Botanical Gardens, Java, Indonesia, 20 March 2015.

Forktail 32 (2016)

Field records of Zappey’s Flycatcher Cyanoptila cumatilis on Java and Sumatra, Indonesia

39

Table 1. Compilation of Indonesian records of Cyanoptila cumatilis, C. cyanomelana cyanomelana, C. cyanomelana intermedia, C. cyanomelana
undetermined and undetermined female and immature birds between 1894 and 2015.
Species

Location

Date

Number/Sex/Age

SourceC. c. cyanomelana
C. c. intermedia

Kaban
Bukit Barisan Selatan NP
East Belitung Island
Bangka Island1ƃ
1 ƃ imm1ƃ
1ƃ

de Beaufort (1921)
Eaton (2014)
M. Iqbal pers. comm.
Syahputra pers. comm.

C. cyanomelana undetermined

Bandar Baru, Deli Serdang

1ƃ

Robinson & Kloss (1920)

1ƃ
2ƃ
1ƃ
1Ƃ
1Ƃ*
1Ƃ

Holmes (1996)
Holmes (1996)
Buij et al. (2006)
Robinson & Kloss (1924)
Naturalis (2016a), S. van der Mije & P. Kamminga in litt. see note below
Naturalis (2016b)

1Ƃ

Robinson & Kloss (1920)

Lampung
Bengkulu
Berastagi, North Sumatra
Bangka Island

22 February 1916
September 201415 February 2014
19 March 201318 December 1918,
19 January 1919
7 March 1986
8 March 1986
26 December 1998
1913–1917
13 January 1915
11 January 1915
18 December 1918,
19 January 1919
December 19211981
8 March 1986
14 November 20121ƂUnknown1Ƃ
1 ƃ imm

Kloss (1931)
R. de Wulf in van Marle & Voous (1988)
Holmes (1996)
Syahputra pers. comm.

Bukit Baka NR
Tanjung Selor
Gunung Lumut
Gunung Menyapa
Gunung Kenepai

9 February–5 March 1988
26 March 19972005
21–27 November 2007
17–30 January 1894

Unknown
One bird
Unknown1ƃ
6 ƃ imm & 3 Ƃ

Rice (1989)
Holmes (1997)
Wielstra et al. (2012)
Brickle et al. (2010)
Büttikofer (1899)

Unknown
Karimun Jawa
Halimun Salak NP
Cibodas Botanical Garden
Kinahrejo, Gunung Merapi NP
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Cibodas Botanical Garden
Cibodas Botanical Garden
Cibodas Botanical Garden
Siman, Ponorogo
Sendi, Mojokerto
Pronojiwo Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Trawas, Mojokerto
Dieng Highland
Halimun Salak NP
Gunung Sawal
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Sendi, Mojokerto
Cangar, Tahura R. Soeryo
Cangar, Tahura R. Soeryo
Turgo Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Gunung Manglayang Bandung
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Pronojiwo Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Cibodas Botanical Garden
Cibodas Botanical Garden
Pronojiwo Hill, Gunung Merapi NP
Plawangan Hill, Gunung Merapi NP

Undated
25 November
22 February 2014
20 March 2015
20 March 2005
7 March 2008
14 November 2012
13 March 201416 March 201517 March 201518 March 2015
30 August 201115 January 201413 December 201528 February 1996
13–17 February 2000
UndatedMarch 2012
2 November 2012
2 March 201314 December 201325 December 2013
8 March 2014
January 2015
5 December 2015
6 December 201521 December 201516 March 201517 March 201513 December 201526 December 2015

Unknown
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1ƃ
1 or 2
Unknown
Unknown
3 birds
1 ƃ imm1Ƃ
1 ƃ imm1 ƃ imm1Ƃ
1Ƃ
1 ƃ imm3 ƃ imm & 3 Ƃ
2 ƃ imm & 1 Ƃ1Ƃ
1Ƃ
1ƂOne bird

Bartels & Stresemann (1929)
Chasen & Kloss (1933)
This paper
This paper
I. Taufiqurahman pers. comm.
A. Satriya Wibowo pers. comm.
H. Cahyono pers. comm.
I. Yuniatmoko pers. comm.
This paper
This paper
This paper
C. Fitri Riani pers. comm.
H. Cahyono pers. comm.
F. Mufti pers. comm.
Ichida & van Balen (1996)
Nijman & Setiawan (2001)
Wisnubudi (2009)
Widodo (2013)
A. Zulfikar Abdullah pers. comm.
H. Cahyono pers. comm.
B. Hermawan pers. comm.
B. Setiawan pers. comm.
M. Erawan pers. comm.
S. Ade pers. comm.
F. Mufti pers. comm.
M. Erawan pers. comm.
J. Setiyono & W. K. Wibowo pers. comm.
This paper
This paper
F. Mufti pers. comm.
M. Erawan pers. comm.

BedugulCandi Kuning, Bedugul
Candi Kuning, Bedugul
Bedugul
North Payangan, Badung

23 January 201413 January 1998
13 January 2009
4 March 2014
8 March 2015

1ƃ
2ƃUnknown3ƃ
4ƃ

Hjerppe (2015)
Mason (2011)
Mason (2011)
Hjerppe (2015)
Hjerppe (2015)

Gunung Ambang, North Sulawesi

16 March 20091ƃRheindt & Verbelen (2011)

SumatraC. cumatilis

C. undetermined

Berastagi, North Sumatra
Berastagi, North Sumatra
Kapi Plateau, Gn Leuser, Aceh
Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi
Bandar Baru, Deli Serdang

Kalimantan
C. cyanomelana undetermined

C. undeterminedJava
C. cumatilis

C. c. cyanomelana

C. c. intermedia

C. cyanomelana undetermined

C. undeterminedBali
C. c. cyanomelana
C. cyanomelana undetermined

Sulawesi
C. c. cyanomelana*although the specimen label described it as ‘male’, the image of the specimen obtained from the Naturalis curators shows a characterisitc brown female.

40

ARELLEA R. DEWI et al.

different individuals present during the month, six of which wereof indeterminate race on Plawangan Hill on 6 December 2015
(M. Erawan pers. comm.) and a single adult male intermedia on
Pronojiwo Hill on 13 December 2015 (F. Mufti pers. comm.).
These Javan records indicate that Blue-and-white Flycatcher is
not as rare as previously thought and suggest that it may be a common
migrant. It appears that the species was previously overlooked (orassumed to be the smaller resident Indigo Flycatcher), but thegrowing numbers of birdwatchers and photographers have led
to more comprehensive documentation of records, with positive
identification from images.
The fact that there were no records of Zappey’s Flycatcher fromJava since Chasen & Kloss (1933) until our records in 2014 and 2015is probably due to its lack of recognition as a species and its similarity
to the Blue-and-white Flycatcher. In our experience, these closelyrelated species can be found in the same location at the same time ofyear, so the identification of these taxa requires care and attention.
Zappey’s Flycatcher was not listed in Sukmantoro et al. (2007)
as it had not been recognised as a species at that time and it has no
Indonesian common name. We suggest Sikatan Cina as its Indonesianname, linking it to its known breeding area and distinguishing it fromthe Blue-and-white Flycatcher, Sikatan Biru-putih.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank all those who helped with surveys: Andri Nugroho, Andi Asmara
Cipta Putra, Panji Gusti Akbar and Amanina Khusna Maulida of the Pygmy Tit
team, KPB Bionic UNY and all the team from KPB Perenjak HIMAKOVA IPB.
Cibodas Botanical Gardens, Gede Pangrango National Park and Halimun Salak
National Park kindly allowed us to carry out surveys. Special thanks go to Imam
Taufiqurrahman for help in Gede Pangrango, providing various references as wellas commenting on the manuscript. Thanks also to Muhammad Iqbal for sharing
observations from Sumatra and providing information from the literature, andSteven van der Mije and Pepijn Kamminga of Naturalis Biodiversity Centre
for providing information about the specimens in the Naturalis collection. The
following kindly provided field records: Agung Satria Wibowo, Ahmad Zulfikar
Abdullah, Boedi Setiawan, Budi Hermawan, Citra Fitri Riani, Faradlina Mufti,
Heru Cahyono, Irwan Yuniatmoko, Joko Setiyono, Ma’aruf Erawan, Syahputra
and Waskito Kukuh Wibowo. Finally, we would like to thank the Forktail editors
and two reviewers for their valuable input.

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Arellea R. DEWI, Kelompok Pengamat Burung Bionic
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (KPB BIONIC UNY),
Gelanggang Organisasi Mahasiswa Fakultas Matematika
dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta,
Karangmalang, Depok, Sleman 55281, Indonesia
Email: arellea44@gmail.com
Reza A. AHMADI, Himpunan Mahasiswa Konservasi
Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata (HIMAKOVA) Institut
Pertanian Bogor, Tangkaran Himakova, Departemen
Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata, Fakultas
Kehutanan IPB 16680, PO BOX 168, Dramaga Bogor, Indonesia
Email: reza.conservationist@gmail.com
Nurrohman E. PURNOMO, Insiwi PURWIANSHARI and
Muhamad H. ASHSHIDIQI, Kelompok Pengamat Burung
Bionic Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (KPB BIONIC UNY)