ACCU Nara International Correspondents
ACCU Nara Correspondents periodically send reports on cultural heritage protection in their country. This is a collection of the
fourth regular reports submitted by sixteen International Correspondents in the Asia/Paciﬁc region supplemented with two
special reports.

The Fourth Regular Report
Contents
Bangladesh

1

Cambodia

2

India

4

Indonesia

6

Malaysia

8

Philippines

11

Maldives

14

Mongolia

16

New Zealand

18

Papua New Guinea

22

Mst. Naheed Sultana
The Ancient Urban City Site: Mahasthan Garh
Srun TechNews from Angkor Archaeological Park
Vasant Kumar Swarnkar
The Recent Excavation of Gardens and Pathways at Red Fort, New Delhi
Mohammad Natsir Ridwan Muslim
The Preservation of Prambanan Temple after the Earthquake
A Ghafar Bin Ahmad
Restoration of Kedai Mulong Old Mosque, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
Edwin Winston A. Valientes
Raising Local Heritage Consciousness through Archaeology Field Schools
Aishath Moosa Fikree
Conservation of Kalhuvakaru Miskiiy, Malé, Republic of Maldives
Munkhjargal NarguiWorld Heritage: Orkhon Valley Cultural LandscapeMatthew Schmidt
Preservation of the Bendigo Bakery at the Bendigo Goldﬁeld, Central Otago, New Zealand
Naomi Faik Simet
Festival for Safeguarding Mask Culture in Papua New Guinea

Singapore

24

Sri Lanka

26

Thailand28

Uzbekistan

30

Viet Nam

32

Viet Nam

34

Faith Teh Eng Eng
Heritage Conservation Centre: A Custom-built Storage and Conservation Facility for Cultural Properties
and Works of Art in Singapore
Sujeeva Kaushalyani Peiris Deraniyagala
Restoration of Old Building Facades in the City of Kandy, Sri Lanka
Wirayar Chamnanpol
Thailand's Cultural Heritage Protection Using GIS: Part 1
Akmaljon Ulmasov
News from Uzbekistan on Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Do Huu Triet
Introduction of Clay and Laterite Materials in Traditional Construction
Nguyen Khanh Trung Kien
Excavation and Restoration of Duong Long Tower Complex, Binh Dinh Province, Viet Nam

Special Report
Sri Lanka

37

Uzbekistan

38

Sujeeva Kaushalyani Peiris Deraniyagala
Ceremonial Opening of the Sigiriya Museum and Information Centre
Akmaljon Ulmasov
Restoration Work of Archaeological Collections Damaged by Earthquake

Bangladesh
Mst. Naheed Sultana

The ancient city, “Pundranagara” is now lying underneath thearea of about 9.65 km north-south and 8.64 km east-west. These

Mahasthan Garh. It was known from the archaeological accounts

ancient remains are temples, mosques, monasteries, houses, roads,

that this city prospered as a very rich and resourceful habitation

embankment, water bodies and all settlements are dating from 4thfrom 4th century B.C. to 15th century A.D. A thrilling accountcentury B.C. to 16th century A.D.

Bangladesh

ACCU The Ancient Urban City Site: Mahasthan GarhREP O R T

of the ruins of this hidden city was at ﬁrst written by Buchanan
Hamilton. But the credit and glory of identifying “Mahasthan garh”

Around this city, many other important structural remains haveas the ancient “Pundranagara” of pre-Muslim period undoubtedly

been discovered by both Bangladesh and foreign archaeologists

goes to Sir Alexander Cunningham. He (Cunningham) formed

through numerous excavations from 1902 until the present

this most acceptable conclusion by having gone through theday. These sites are: Mahasthan, Khodar Pathar Bhita, Mankalirelaborate reports of the famous Chinese traveler, Huen-Tsang.

Kunda, Jiyat Kunda or the well of life, Bairagir Vita, Parasuram’s

Besides, there are enormous descriptions in different ancient

Palace, Nishanghata, Yoginir Dhap, Sur Dighir Dhap, Bihar Dhap,

literatures. Mahasthan Garh was not only a distinguished centre

Dolmancha, Dhaniker Dhap, Khulnar Dhap, Yogir Dhap, Padmar

of administration of ancient period but also it gained world widebari, Madarir Than, Dinga Duba,Chander Dhap, Netai Dhopanir

reputation as one of the resourceful centers of religion, industry,

Dhap, Skandar dhap, Bismaran,Govinda Bhita, Salban Rajar bari,culture and inter provincial trades.

Pir Borhan alir Mazar, Godai bari Dhap, Mongalkot etc. Huge
number of antiquities was collected from these excavations such

The Mahasthan Garh represents the ancient city of Pundranagara,

as various kinds of stone sculptures (both Hindu and Buddhist),

the Provincial capital of Pundrabardhanvukti. The extensive

terracotta images, terracotta plaques, precious beads, ornamental

ruins of Mahasthan Garh, situated on the western bank of river

bricks, NBPW (Northern Black Polished Ware), ancient coins,

Karotoa in the district of Bogra, have been identified as theBrahmi inscriptions, terracotta seals and sealing and hugeearliest urban site in Bengal, 12 Km north of Bogra town andpotsherds and other miscellaneous objects.

on the north of Dhaka -Rangpur highway. Spreading beyond afortified area, other ancient ruins covering an extensive area of

Description of the current management system:

12 Km radius are deemed to be the suburbs of the ancient city

The department of Archaeology, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, theof Pundranagar, familiar in Mauryan, Gupta, Pala and Sen literary

Government of Bangladesh, manages the sites at Mahasthan andand other epigraphic records. The ancient urban provincial capital

its environments through the ofﬁces of the custodian of Mahasthancity extends 1500 m from north to south and 1400 m east to west.

Museum and the Regional Director of Rajshahi Division located at

These ancient settlements are found as cultural mounds in an

Mahasthan and Bogra respectively.

Gokul Madh

Excavation of Mahasthan Garh area and near Mahasthanruins of an ancient temple, near MahasthanAncient Buddhist monastery at Bashu Bihara, near Mahasthan

1Cambodia
Cambodia

ACCU News from Angkor Archaeological ParkREPORT

Srun Tech

1. Changing the Head of Demon and God at Southern Gate ofsymbolical link between heaven and earth. The wall enclosing

Angkor Thom

the city of Angkor Thom represents the stone wall around the

The Angkor Thom that we see today is the result of at least

universe and the mountain ranges around Meru. The surrounding

five centuries of occupation and urban development, including

moat symbolizes the cosmic ocean. (Angkor, an introduction tofrequent remodeling. It is a succession of cities, which took more

the temple: Dawn Rooney, 1994, p. 82.)or less ﬁnal from around the end of the 12th century under thereign of Jayavarman VII, though some construction within the

These walls are pierced by four gates at the cardinal points, andcity walls post-date this monarch’s reign. (Angkor Thom, a shortthe roads that pass through them converge on the State Temple

historical guide: APSARA Authority, 2001, p. 3.)of Jayavarman VII (Bayon temple), but on the East has one more
Gate with its road leads directly to the Royal Palace (by tradition,

In 1777, the Angkor capital was sacked by the Chams andthe palace was always sited North of the State Temple). (Ancient

occupied for five years. It was Dharanindravarman’s son who

Angkor, Michael Freeman & Claude Jacques, 1999, p. 74.)

liberated the city to proclaim himself “King Jayavarman VII”.
Adopting Mahayana Buddhism, the savior monarch undertook a

The wall, called Jayagiri in period inscriptions, is itself surroundedvast rehabilitation, which he continued to call Yashodhara, withinby a wide moat called Jayasindhu. One inscription explicitly

a 12-kilometer-long wall. It is this nearly perfect square which

compares this ensemble to the mountain range and the Sea of Milk

today we call Angkor Thom (or literary term Maha Nokor, bothwhich encircles the universe in Indian cosmological conceptions

meaning “Great Angkor”). (Angkor Thom, a short historical guide:

adopted in ancient Cambodia. Thus Angkor Thom was in its

APSARA Authority, 2001, p. 16.)

entirety the world created or recreated after the city sacking by
the Chams, emerging as ambrosia after the Churning of the Sea

2

Symbolically, Angkor Thom is a microcosm of the universe,of Milk. This explains why the churning episode was represented

divided into four parts by the main axes. The temple of theat each of the ﬁve gates giving entry to the city. (Angkor Thom, aBayon is situated at the exact centre of the axes and stands as theshort historical guide: APSARA Authority, 2001, p. 17.)

The Southern Gate of Angkor Thom (Tonle Om Gate)

The cement head of Demon was removed

The sandstone head of Demon was replaced

The sandstone head of God was replacedIn that time, he built a temple on each of three hills dominating
the plain of Angkor: Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Krom and Phnomof 54 stone ﬁgures on each side (Demons on the right and Gods

Bok. (Phnom means mountain in Khmer). From the summit ofon the left) holding a serpent which extends at the length of thePhnom Krom, we can see the Tonle Sap Lake and West Baray.

causeway. It also symbolizes the Churning of the Sea of Milk.

Cambodia

A long causeway leading to each entry tower is ﬂanked by a row

Phnom Krom is one of the most endangered temples. For instance,
Through the long civil war in Cambodia, some of the heads on

the temple itself became decayed and had many gaps or holes

these ﬁgures have been stolen; some are copies while the original

between the joining of stone blocks. Many parts of the towers

ones have been removed to be kept at the Angkor Conservation

turned fragile and it was verge on collapse. Therefore, in order toOfﬁce in Siem Reap and the National Museum in Phnom Penh forrescue the temple, APSARA Authority took stringent measures tosecurity purposes. In cooperation with Artisants d’Angkor, APSARA

make the Phnom Krom-Management Agent (being formed by aAuthority recently replaced the cement heads of Demons andgroup of archaeologist, architects and conservators) support theGods at the Tonle Om Gate (Southern Gate of Angkor Thom) withthree towers and immediately conserve the complex.

the new sandstone heads of original style. At ﬁrst as a trial, we
replaced only two heads, one of Demon and the other of God and

The propping work is scheduled to last for one year, commencing

received favourable support and high praise from both nationalfrom June 2008 and 95% of its work has been achieved.

and international tourists. In the next stage, we will continue toreplace other ten heads: ﬁve those of Demons and ﬁve Gods.

Listed below are the conservation works by the Agent:- Propping the riskiest parts, mainly at the eastern entrances of

2. Propping Work of Phnom Krom Temple

the three towers and other towers as well.

Phnom Krom is approximately 12 kilometers south-west of Siem

- Setting up scaffolds to tightly tie the three towers with cables so

Reap near the north end of the Tonle Sap Lake. It is located on aas not to make bigger holes /gaps and to prevent the smaller

mountain, 137 meters high. Phnom Krom temple consists of thetemples from falling off. Pieces of insecticide-treated wood

three principle towers in a row (dedicated to the Hindu Trinity:and pieces of rubber were placed where cables were directly

Siva, Visnu and Brahma) and other secondary towers. This temple

attached to the sandstones of the temples to avoid them fromwas built in the reign of the King Yasovarman I, late 9th to early
10th century.

being worn.
- Clearing weeds on the temples by injecting poison at their roots
to stop growing.

Plan of Angkor area

Plan of Phnom Krom temple

In progress of shoring up of the three principle towers

Other towers after shoring up

3

IndiaIndia

ACCU The Recent Excavation of Gardens and Pathways at
Red Fort, New Delhi

REPORT

Vasant Kumar Swarnkar

Red Fort, Delhi, popularly known as Lal Qila, was constructedLahori gate through a roofed passage, ﬂanked by double-storied

between A.D. 1639 and 1648 by Mughal emperor Shahjahan andarcaded apartments called Chhatta-Chowk and being used as

showcases the very high level of art form and ornamental work.

shops. The Delhi gate is ﬂanked on the outside by two elephants,

The art work in the Fort is a synthesis of Persian, European

commissioned in 1903 by Lord Curzon in place of the originaland Indian art. Red Fort, Delhi is one of the important building

ones demolished by Aurangzeb.

complexes of India which encapsulates a long period of Indian
history and its arts and is relevant as a symbol of architectural

A study of some of the old site plans, paintings and photographs,

brilliance and power. The fort, located on the west bank of theavailable at different places, shows that within the fort, a large

river Yamuna, is octagonal on plan, with two longer sides on

number of the old enchanting buildings and other structureseast and west and is provided with four gates viz. Lahori, Delhi,

were demolished and replaced with military barracks and otherYamuna and Salimgarh gate. The ramparts, covering a perimeter

modern constructions by the British after 1857. The British Armyof 2.41 km have a moat all along on the outside, which originally

had occupied the Red Fort in 1857 and converted it into an army’s

was connected with the river Yamuna. On the north, the Red

stronghold. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent

fort is connected with the Salimgarh Fort by a bridge. Lahori

the zenith of Mughal creativity which prevailed during the region

gate, a magnificent three-storied structure, later screened by aof the emperor Shahjahan and was an important focal point of thebarbican by Aurangzeb, served as the main entrance. Palaces,

medieval city of the Shahjahanabad.

lying on the eastern side of the Fort, are approached from the

Red Fort − 1850

Red Fort − Present

GPR survey was carried out before the excavation.

4

The Archaeological Survey of India is doing its best efforts topathways of the garden as depicted in the drawing of 1850.

by undertaking necessary archaeological investigations, structural

The trenches were laid and excavated 30 cm to 1.50 m deep inconservation, improvement of the historical ambiance, scientific

the garden in front of Rang Mahal, but any evidence of pathways

preservation, historical landscaping, etc. of various buildings andas depicted in the drawing of 1850 was not disclosed. However,gardens located within the Red Fort and get a Comprehensive

trenches laid out towards Khas Mahal (depth of 35 to 40 cm)

Conservation Management Plan prepared to protect the

exposed edging line of the ancient pathway. The lakhuri brickoutstanding universal value of the site and to guide development

masonry in lime mortar was exposed almost in all the trenches,in the setting.

which originally formed the foundation of the cloistered gallery.

India

restore the originality of the historical character of the Red Fort

Width of the original pathway was probably 5.50 m laid in lime
The Red Fort Complex is also significant for the country sinceconcrete. In two trenches, impression of stone slabs over lime

it was from the ramparts of the Red Fort that the country’s

plaster was traced, being suggestive of robbing of stone slabs.

Independence was declared. The Independence Day Celebrations,Excavation also revealed a buttress-like feature provided to theevery year, is organized at the ramparts of the Red Fort and thefortiﬁcation wall from inside.

Prime Minister unfurls the National Flag. The World Heritage
Committee has accepted the nomination of the Red Fort Complex,

In the year 2006-07 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey

Delhi for inscription in the World Heritage List in 2007.

has been carried at select locations to detect the existence ofburied structures vis-à-vis the 1850 map. With the objective to

The stupendous task of investigation to expose the original layout,

expose the remains of pathways, water channels, fountains andfollowed by restoration of Hayyat Baksh garden and marble

remains of enclosures of Mughal period, scientific excavations

fountain (in front of rang mahal etc), had been carried out by latehave been undertaken. Based on archaeological exploration and

Sir Jhon Marshall, the then director general of the archaeologicalobservations made through Ground Penetrating Radar survey, 25

survey of India in early twentieth century. In 1970’s efforts weretrenches (10mx10m) have been laid out in Mehtab Bagh area. The

made to expose the remains of the tank, fountains and ancillarymaximum depth up to which excavation has been conducted isstructural remains in the area between diwan-i-Am and Rang-

1.13 m below the ground level.

Mahal. The underground chamber having traces of water channels
were exposed along the fortification wall in the area between

Remains of north-south water channel with lime concrete floor

Asad Burj and Rang Mahal.

and coping of red sand stone have been exposed up to 40 m
lengths. Width of the water channel is about 10.25 m. It also has

The Recent Excavation

the provision of fountains at regular intervals of 1.50 m. on the

To take up conservation of built heritage and the open spaces,

retaining walls. There is clear evidence of robbing of stone slabs

it is necessary to archaeologically investigate the select areas

as suggested by the impressions on the lime concrete. This is also

to ascertain authenticity of the map prepared in 1850. The

a prominent feature in the water ways of Hayyat Baksh garden

idea behind such exercise was to know the original layout andwhich is already exposed and available as reference. Remains ofsubsequent changes. The main objective of the excavation was toeast-west aligned water channel have also been exposed up to

expose the remains of water ways, channels and terracotta pipesome length. At places, the channel has been found lined with redlines which were part the irrigation system of the garden in front

sandstone slabs.

of Rang Mahal and Mehtab bagh and to expose the remains of5

Indonesia
Indonesia

ACCU The Preservation of Prambanan Temple after the
Earthquake

REPORT

Mohammad Natsir RM

Prambanan is the largest Hindu Temple compound in Indonesia,

temporary rescue operations. The aim of recovery phase was thelocated in Yogyakarta Province. The temple was built in 9th

restoration of damaged buildings. The restoration of the temples

century and was inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List,

was implemented in several stages. The restoration of Prambanan

number 642 in 1992. Prambanan Temple Compound has

temple was implemented through research by national andoutstanding universal values as seen from its unique architecture,international experts from multidiscipline expertise.

relief, iconography, and setting. Prambanan temple compoundconsist of three zones: the ﬁrst zone consists of sixteen temples

In the recovery phase, they completed the restoration of two

with three main temples (Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu); threevahana temples: Garuda temple (2007) and Nandi temple (2008).

vahana temples (Garuda, Nandi, Angsa); four kelir temples; two

The high priority for restoration was given to the Garuda temple,

apit temples; and four patok temples. The second zone consists

because many of its ratna (diamond ornament) collapsed orof 224 small (pervara) temples. The third zone has no building

almost collapsed and endangered the safety of other building(picture no. 1).

components. After the completion of Garuda restoration, theNandi temple was restored.

The earthquake struck Yogyakarta on 27 May 2006, measuring
5.7 on the Richter scale. It caused serious destruction andIn the year 2009, the restoration work continues at two main

damage to Prambanan, especially to the main temples and vahana

temples: Brahma Temple and Vishnu temple. The restoration

temples. The damage was identiﬁed as follows: collapsed building

officially began on 28 May 2009, when the Director Generalcomponents such as balustrade, gapura (temple gateway), andof History and Archaeology, Ministry of Culture and Tourism,

ratna (diamond ornament); and cracked or broken temple stones,

symbolically raised the stone from the temple. The aims of

etc. (picture no. 2).

restoration in Vishnu Temple are the reparation of the ﬁrst terrace,
balustrade, terrace ﬂoors, broken temple stones, ratna (diamondIndonesian government policies in managing the earthquake

ornament) and structures. Restoration works on Vishnu temple

divided the period in two phases: the emergency response

in May and June have finished installing the scaffolding (50%);

and the recovery phase. The rescue activities continued fordismantling the ﬁrst terrace, balustrade, and terrace ﬂoor (25 %);three months after the earthquake. The activities involved

transportation of stones; and documentation (picture no. 3).

documentation, damage observation, preliminary research, andGaruda temple
Vishnu temple

Nandi temple
Shiva temple

Picture 1. Complex of Prambanan temple

Brahma temple

6

Nandi temple

Indonesia

Picture 2. Vishnu temple after earthquake, May 2006

Picture 3. Restoration work on Vishnu temple, May and June 2009

The restoration oﬃciallybegan on 28 May 2009, byDirector General of History andArchaeology

Dismantling ratna, June 2009

Marking stones before dismantling, June 2009

Marking stones, June 2009

After dismantling,
June 2009

Dismantling ﬁller stones,June 2009

Before dismantling,
June 2009

Relief stones before dismantled, June 2009

Moving stone after dismantled,
June 2009

Moving stone after dismantled,
June 20097

Malaysia
Malaysia

ACCU Restoration of Kedai Mulong Old Mosque, Kota Bharu,
Kelantan, Malaysia

REPORTA Ghafar Bin Ahmad

Introduction

architectural styles of Kelantan. The building features high quality

Built in 1900s, Kedai Mulong Old Mosque was originally a royalof carpentry work. This can be seen from its wood carvings,

hall, constructed as part of the palace main hall complex in Kota

mainly on lattice panels, columns, walls and ceiling. There are

Bharu. Kelantan. Known as Balairong Seri Istana Raja Dewa Tuan

original wall panels that feature symmetrical pattern with black

Zainal Abidin, the building was left abandoned after the Worldand gold-colour paints. The building was designed to allow cross

War II. In 1958, the building was bought by the local villagers atand stacked ventilation that provides comfort to the users. Thea cost of RM1,000 (USD285). The building was dismantled andoriginal roofs were of 2-tier with curved fascia boards at both

relocated to the present site at Kedai Mulong which is 7 miles

sides, similar to the traditional Thai architecture. The existing

away from the royal palace. Due to its size and difficulties inasbestos sheets were not original and needed to be replaced withtransporting the building parts, its main structures such as roofs

clay slates or locally known as Singgora.

and floors were cut into halves. The building was rebuilt withsome additions and extensions including the front verandah,

Restoration Worksstairs and toilets. The roof clay slates were replaced with asbestos

Restoration works began in October 2008. The works included

sheets. The building was then used as a mosque until today. Duerepositioning of the building, replacing asbestos roofs to clay

to its defects and in the state of disrepair, the building received anslates, demolishing old toilet, re-wiring and providing new

amount of RM843,000 (USD240,857) from the Federal Government

verandah at the main entrance. Restoration works were carried tothrough the Department of National Heritage for the repair andthe existing timber structures and elements including roof trusses,

restoration works. The restoration works were carried out in 8

columns, walls, lattice panel, doors, windows and ﬂoorboards.

months from October 2008 until June 2009.
One of the challenges in this project was to adjust, lift and move
Architectural Signiﬁcancethe building to a new location within the site. This is because a

The Kedai Mulong Old Mosque was built with hardwood,small portion of the building was located outside its boundaries

locally known as Chengal (Neobalanocarpus Heimii). Raised on

and that it needed to be repositioned. The building was lifted

timber stumps with 2-tier roofs, it reflects the traditional Malay

using 20-tonne jack before temporary timber beams and GI pipes

Site plan showing the old and new location of the Kedai Mulong Old Mosque

The Kedai Mulong Old Mosque before restoration, showing its new front porch and toilet facilities

8

During restoration work, all new extensions were demolished including the front porch and toilet.

communities were invited to repair and clean the lattice panels.

lock and enough man power, the building was carefully pushed

The involvement of local communities in the project had createdand shifted to a new location of approximately 25 feet away.

greater awareness on preservation and conservation of heritage

Once it was placed to a new location, concrete blocks were ﬁxed

properties.

at base of the timber stumps for additional support and stability ofthe building.

Malaysia

were placed underneath the timber stumps. Using 3 units of chain

All restoration works were supervised and monitored by the
Department of National Heritage with the assistance of local

The existing asbestos sheets were replaced with clay slates

consultants. The building was documented before, during andsupplied from a tile supplier in Bachok, Kelantan. The roof wasafter restoration in the forms of photographs, drawings and videos.

reinstated to its original design which reflects the traditional

A ﬁnal report has been prepared and submitted to the Department

architectural styles with curved fascia boards and duck-tail shapeand various agencies for future references and archival purposes.

at the lower edge of the roof ridges. Such styles are common to
the traditional Malay architecture in the East Coast of Peninsular

Conclusion

Malaysia. To accommodate the clay slates, new battens were ﬁxed

Restoration of Kedai Mulong Old Mosque was fully funded by theto the roof trusses. A mock-up was set up at site to demonstrate

Federal Government. It reflects the concerted effort undertaken

the ﬁxing of new clay slates. This was done prior to ﬁxing the clay

by both the Federal Government and the local communities toslates onto the roof structures.

save heritage properties. The restoration works posed many
challenges among those involved in the project. This includes

All new timber structures and elements were of the sameoutsourcing sufficient building materials mainly the hardwood

hardwood species which is Chengal. This is to ensure that theChengal and Singgora clay slates. The restoration works alsobuilding maintains its authenticity as well as its original design.

required experienced labourers and skilled carpenters who could

All new timber structures and elements were tagged and labeledunderstand and appreciate heritage conservation. On the 5th ofusing metal plates for identiﬁcation and future references.

July 2009, the building was handed over to the mosque committeeby the Minister of Information, Communications and Culture,

One of the main features of the building is its decorative timber

Malaysia. A brass plaque was then placed by the Minister at thelattice panels located above the walls. The panels portray simple

main entrance to commemorate the completion of the restoration

patterns similar to that of traditional Chinese houses in the nearby

project. The building has been successfully restored to its originalareas. These lattice panels were then repaired and restored. Local

design and now becomes a local pride.

The Kedai Mulong Old Mosque after restoration featuring its new roof styles based on the original design

Decorative timber walls, lattice panels and wood carvings at the base of the columns
are some examples of high quality of carpentry work found in the building.

Timber walls, lattice panels and columns after restoration. The original black andgold-colour panels on the wall were revealed after scraping oﬀ the existing paint.

9

Malaysia
Timber decorative (Buah Butong ) found on the ceiling before (left) and after (right) restoration

During restoration work, the building was re-surveyed to determine
its actual boundaries. A small portion of the building was found to belocated inside its neighbouring lot. The building was then adjusted andshifted within its own lot.

Using chain lock, GI pipes and enough man power, the building was
carefully pushed and shifted to a new location of approximately 25
feet away from its existing location.

Local villagers were invited to be involved in the restoration of timber lattice panels. Such community involvement
creates greater awareness on preservation and conservation of heritage properties.

10

Philippines
Edwin Winston A. Valientes

Cultural heritage conservation in the Philippines is still limited

whose primary aim is to generate explanation on past culturalto the efforts being done by national cultural agencies such asprocesses, archaeology here is now seen as a crucial avenue

the National Historical Institute and the National Museum of

to engage the public’s interest to their past, as well as to raise

the Philippines. For the nation’s archaeological heritage, theawareness to the importance of conserving heritage especially

National Museum is taking the lead in rescuing and conserving

at this time when destruction of archaeological sites is almost an

archaeological sites under threat and to secure the proper

everyday reality. While conscious of the fact that work like thisundertaking of archaeological excavation all over the country.

cannot be achieved overnight and without connecting to key

While there are now several non-government organizations

institutions such as the National Museum, the National Historicalthat are committed specifically to advancing the preservation

Institute, and the various Local Government Units (LGUs) concern,and the promotion of heritage in the Philippines, most of their

the UP-ASP is taking steps to bridge the gap between academic

efforts so far are national in scale, academic, and top-down inarchaeology and the interest of local heritage stakeholders throughapproach. The scope of their vision and their efforts to achieve it

its Archaeology Field School.

Philippines

ACCU Raising Local Heritage Consciousness throughArchaeology Field Schools

REP O R T

are commendable, however, they have yet to show an impact on
raising heritage consciousness at the local level, where ownership

Archaeology Field School is an annual activity of the UP-ASP

of these heritage places reside and community participation to

aimed to expose its graduate students to the basic ﬁeld methods

conserve them is critical.

of archaeology such as reconnaissance survey, mapping,
excavation, recording, and curation of archaeological materials.

As the only institution in the Philippines that trains and grants

Since its inception, most excavations were held on historical sites,

academic degree in archaeology, the University of the Philippines

where abandoned ruins of Spanish structures such as churches

Archaeological Studies Program (UP-ASP) has designed its

and fortiﬁcations are located. The choice of site lies on the fact

curriculum to integrate heritage discourses and concerns to itsthat historical archaeology is still an unpopular practice in thepractice of archaeology. No longer a purely academic endeavor

Philippines and this effort will open-up the potential of studying

Opening of exhibit at the Baluarte site, San Teodoro, Mindoro

UP-ASP graduate students who attended the Field Schoolin San Teodoro

The locals waiting for the start of the opening of the exhibit

Excavation at the Baluarte Site, San Teodoro, Mindoro

11

Philippines

historical sites through archaeology to supplement what is so far

the Philippines. The site yielded several plain earthenware sherds,

has been known in historical documents. Another reason is moreglass beads, metals, and wooden materials.

pedagogical in nature, meaning the method of ﬁeld archaeology
is seen to be better taught to young students on sites with positive

Consciously designed to engage the public in the conduct offeatures or standing structures, rather than open sites where one

archeological research, these excavations are undertaken in such a

has to guess what materials might be recovered in the area. Most

way that the locals living near the sites are well-informed throughimportantly, since the sites are usually located within or near

various means, such as seeking audience with their local ofﬁcials

major towns, the ﬁeld school is designed to expose students early

and the private owners of the site to explain the purpose of theon how to engage the public in the practice of archaeology.

research, posting information materials about archaeology and the
excavation project such as tarpaulin signages and billboards at

For four straight years, starting in 2004, the Archaeology Field

the most conspicuous areas of the sites, distributing information

School of UP-ASP was held in the Island of Mindoro, in the mid-leaflets to the locals, and giving constant updates to curious

western part of the Philippine archipelago. The four-year project,individuals who frequent the site as the excavations are on-going.

‘Mindoro Island Archaeology and Heritage Project’, was held in

Traditionally, in the Philippines, people are not allowed to go

four municipalities of Oriental Mindoro. The ﬁrst ﬁeld excavationnear the excavation site to avoid any untoward disturbances while

one was conducted in the Municipality of Naujan, in a site thatthe research is on-going. This has its owned advantage, but it

consists of a large 18th century Spanish Colonial Church ruin. In

discourages the interested public from witnessing the unraveling2005, the ﬁeld school was held in the Municipality of Bongabongof their own heritage, thereby leaving them to speculate on thewhere the team excavated several human burials below a ruin ofprogress turning up within the site. Worse, there have been cases

another 18th century Spanish structure. In 2006, excavation was

where they accuse the archeologists of robbing them of treasures

undertaken in Bulalacao. This site, which was located on top ofthat they believe are buried in the site. The UP-ASP Field Schoola forested hill, has yielded stone structures, earthenware potteries

is currently trying to reverse this practice by giving the public

and Chinese ceramics of late 15th century. The fourth ﬁeld school

access to the site, allowing them to watch and sometimes, evenseason in Mindoro was held in San Teodoro, in the northeastern

to participate, in the excavation. Local people are also hired topart of the island. The team excavated a ruin of large rectangular

help the team in clearing and excavating the site. Their own

wall enclosure called Baluarte located in the middle of the town’views and knowledge of the site are also taken seriously, and thiss Lumang Bayan (old town). Archival research points the structure

information is incorporated in the ﬁnal report of the excavation.

as one of the several fortiﬁcations built by the Spanish militia in
Mindoro during the 18th century to protect the villages under

It is also now a practice for the ﬁeld school to set up an exhibit

their jurisdiction from invading pirates from the southern part ofright in the site towards the end of each excavation season. The

The locals helping in the excavation at San Teodoro

Vegetation growth in some parts of the Baluarte thick walls

12

Baluarte Site, San Teodoro

heritage, not only in promoting tourism in their town, but also

the artifacts and pictures of important archaeological featuresin the construction of their identity as a strong and progressive

recovered so that the locals will know what objects were foundcommunity. A classic story from the ﬁeld school experience thatand the kind of materials that archaeologists are interested in (notperfectly illustrates this is the one that happened in Naujan. Whentreasures, but any materials that can give clues to the history of

the team revisited the site after a year it was excavated, they were

the site). Copies of archival documents related to the sites are also

surprised to see a new structure build up in front of the churchpresented to the public and the local government so they will

ruin. The structure turned out to be a small museum set up by

know that such early documents exist and may be used to write

the locals to house all the exhibit materials that the excavation

a local history of their own. Since most of the areas excavatedteam left to them a year ago. According to the caretaker, thethrough the ﬁeld schools are historical sites usually with Spanish

construction of the museum was funded from the generous

colonial structures, it has also been a practice to present in thecontribution of the whole community, and initiated by the local

exhibit, however very preliminary, a miniature reconstruction ofofﬁcials. The team did not expect that the impact to the locals of

the site so that the locals can have a better visual appreciation

the ﬁeld school exhibit would come as fast as that.

Philippines

exhibit aims to present the results of the excavation, such asof what has been understood (i.e. how the structure might havelooked like in its original form) in the excavation regarding the

Aside from raising the awareness of the local stakeholders to thestructure.

importance of their archaeological heritage, the ﬁeld school also
contributed a lot in dispelling the deeply ingrained negative notion

All the exhibits were well-attended by the people and the local

and skepticism of people towards archaeology. In the Philippines,

officials of the town where the excavation was held (from thelike in most other places around the world, people don’t know

mayor down to barangay ofﬁcials). Mindoro is also predominantly

much about archaeology as an serious academic endeavor, and for

Catholic, and it is a local tradition to start every importantsome who have had a chance to know little about it, they usuallycommunity activity through a thanksgiving mass. A Catholic

associate it with scrupulous hunting of treasures hidden in the so-mass is usually held at the opening of the exhibit. The ofﬁciating

called ‘enchanted spaces’ of towns such as old church ruins. That

priests, most of whom are also heritage advocates, and would use

is why, whenever we start an excavation in a new place, we are

the mass to explain the value of preserving heritage to the people.

always met with doubt and cynicism; some even accused us of

After the mass, a short program is held where the purpose of

hunting for the elusive ‘Yamashita treasure’, hidden according to

the Field School and the results of the excavation are presented

a popular folklore, somewhere in the Philippines, with the exact

again, and where the value of preserving the site is explained. To

place no one knows it yet.

encourage more interaction between the locals and the researchteam, snacks and drinks are also commonly served during the

The local practice of archaeology in the Philippines is still in

exhibit. After the field school, all the materials set up for theits infancy period. Most of the early archaeological researches

exhibit were left to the care of the local community for their own

conducted in the country were done by foreign archaeologists.

use.

While they did contribute a great deal of information about the
pre-colonial heritage of the Philippines, they did little on how

In the four years the field school was conducted in Mindoro

people can connect to it and appreciate its value to their culturalIsland, there is an observed qualitative change of views among

history. With the initiative of UP-ASP through its ﬁeld school, we

the locals, particularly community officials, towards their local

hope to advance a particular archaeological practice that is keen

heritage. From a rather limited concern about their history andon the standard ways of archaeological education, but at the same

sense of heritage, the locals gradually gained a richer and broader

time, is sensitive to the interests of the local communities towards

understanding and appreciation of the importance of their culturalarchaeology and towards their local heritage.

Local cultural performers at the oppening of the exhibit

Answering queries on the excavation from the curious public13

Maldives
Maldives

ACCU Conservation of Kalhuvakaru Miskiiy in Malé, Republicof Maldives

REPORT

Aishath Moosa Fikree

This beautifully crafted mosque, build in the year 1789, is anof pentacholorophenol in ethanol). Consolidation was needed

exemplar of local craftsmanship in Maldives. It was built at

at a few places which were done with injection of diluted PVA

Malé (capital), and then it was auctioned and taken to a resort

emulsion under gravitational force. Treated lacunae were re-on October 1978. The concerned party presented it back tointegrated with suitable earth colours to give a harmonious

the government, realizing its historical importance on February

appearance.

1979. The mosque was made like a puzzle; it was dismantled
and reassembled over and over again according to the frequent

To prevent further growth of fungus on wood, 1% pentachlorophenol

relocation. It was moved to its current location in 1979. The

in ethanol solution was sprayed on bare wood members. As a ﬁnal

mosque was built of wood and coral stone. Wood was used

touch, an application of picture varnish diluted with turpentine

extensively for the frame work and other parts and most of them

was applied to the painted wooden surface and the bare wooden

were painted or lacquered.

members were treated with clear varnish mixed with turpentine asa thinner.

WOOD
The main factor of deterioration of wood was insect attack.

CORAL STONE

Although appearing to be in sound condition on the surface,

The coral stone were sprayed with 2% benzalkoniumchloride

most of the wooden members were badly eaten by insects from

aqueous solution to disinfect and eradicate algal growth on coral

inside and a beam was also noted to have only a thin outer layerstone. The algal growth on the surface was easy to remove, but

remaining. The painted and lacquered areas were also faded.

the algae that had penetrated inside the pores required a waterInsecticide solution mixed with 2% Pentachlorophenol in ethanolpressure of 4 kg/cm2 to be cleaned. The cracks and lacunae in thewas used to disinfect and eradicate insects and fungal activities oncoral stone were ﬁlled with putty made from lime, coral powderwood.

and PVA emulsion with an algaecide (0.1% of solution of ziram).
To prevent further algal growth on coral, 1-2 ppm ziram aqueous

The painted areas were cleaned by using cotton swabs moistenedsolution were sprayed on the coral stones.

with a mixture of ethanol and turpentine, while securing theloosely held paint with a tissue paper.The cracks and lacunae

CONCLUSION

in the wood were first cleaned of excreta of insects and debris

The conservation of this mosque was originally planned to takeusing a vacuum cleaner. Then they were ﬁlled with putty madethree months and twenty days. It started on 10 May 2008, but due

from saw dust, white PVA emulsion with a fungicide (1% solution

to lack of human resources the work ﬁnished on 1 February 2009.

Kalhuvakaru Miskiiy, after conservation

14

Maldives

The ceiling of the mosque after conservation

The ceiling of the mosque: conservation treatment was done on half, and the other half shows the state before conservation.

The coral stone of the mosque, showing the condition before and after pressure-water cleaning

15

Mongolia
Mongolia

ACCU World Heritage - Orkhon Valley Cutural LandscapeMunkhjargal Nergui

REPORTThe Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (OVCL) is the second− Firstly, OVCL demonstrates interchange and influence ofWorld Heritage Site and the first cultural property in Mongolia

human values, unique civilization and cultural triumphs frominscribed on the World Heritage List. It is located in the basin of

both east and west, in accordance with Criteria II of the Worldthe Orkhon River, a real hearth of the unique nomadic civilization,

Heritage Convention.

where people took a good care of their virgin nature and animals− Secondly, OVCL reﬂects unique revelation of pastoral nomadic,

and respected humans from the ancient times. The way of cattle

nomadic civilization and traditional cultures of Mongols whichbreeding has been traditionally developed and handed down

are still practiced under threats of disappearing by exogenous

from generation to generation. The ancient historical Orkhon

factors, in compliance with Criteria III.

valley is the place where the great Central Asian states and− Thirdly, Orkhon Valley is an outstanding example of valuable

empires of herding nomads founded and developed the major

historical sites to illustrate several signiﬁcant stages in human

centers for governing, trade, commerce, culture and religion.

history of Central Asia.

It is demonstrated by the unique properties which were left by

Therefore, efforts of protecting and conserving World Heritage-successive nomadic empires, in particular by the Mongol Empire

OVCL have become Mongolia’s honor and commitments toestablished by Chinggis Khaan and its famous capital city of

mankind.

Kharakhorum.
A number of measures has been taken in order to strengthen
There is also a variety of historic sites and ruins within thisresearch, protection and restoration of historical, cultural andcultural landscape, including monasteries, temples and otherarcheological properties of World Heritage-OVCL. For instance, themonuments having outstanding universal value. These include

Mongolian government has been expanding its cooperation with

important Turkish memorial sites, Khar Balgas-capital city of

UNESCO and other international partners from Japan, Germany

Uighur Empire as well as the Kharakhorum city of Mongol

and Turkey in regards to protecting significant and valuable

Empire which was the largest empire in the world history. Erdene

properties within the World Heritage landscape. During 1995-1998,

Zuu, the earliest surviving Mongolian Buddhist monastery andthe joint project of the UNESCO, the government of Japan andthe Tuvkhun monastery, evidence of the widespread religious

Mongolia, “On the preservation and conservation of the ruins ofmeditative tradition and custom, as well as a number of otherancient Kharakhorum city” was implemented for the investigationsites were also preserved. Also, many cultural and archaeologicalof the ruins and the nearby areas: mapping and speciﬁcation ofvestiges dated from Paleolithic period through the Bronze andthe site scope. The partial excavation at sites of Kharakhorum,

Iron Ages, including the Stone Age archaeological sites of Moiltyn

capital city of Mongolian Empire was implemented under the joint

Am and “Orkhon-7” were revealed here. These remains certify thatcooperation with German counterparts and resulted many new

nomadic tribes lived, moved and pastured here over the several

discoveries from unearthed artefacts. These excavated ﬁndings arethousands years.

expected to be exhibited at the open museum of Kharakhorum on
site.

The inscription of OVCL into the World Heritage List in 2004 by
the World Heritage Committee has encouraged the protection andUnder the support of Turkish government, the extensive

transmission of its outstanding universal values for the benefits

excavation, restoration and protection work has been carriedof human beings worldwide. Indeed, OVCL has fulfilled theout at Turkic Monumental site at Khushuu Tsaidam to ensure its

following criteria as a World Heritage site:

conservation. In doing so, the indoor museum has been built to
exhibit original monuments and subsequent replicas at original

Erdene Zuu Monastery

16

Excavation work

initiatives and efforts to rebuild the Main Tsogchin Templeof security devices. There are ongoing wide-ranging activities

of Erdenezuu Monastery. Under the support of the Japanese

implemented in cooperation with UNESCO Office Beijing, ingovernment, a joint project is currently being implemented forterms of enhancing protection and conservation of Erdene

establishing ‘Kharkhorum Museum’ with preparation work to

Zuu Monastery-museum. In addition, serial restoration work

open the museum. The overall power and telecommunications

is currently carried out under the budget of the Mongolian

supply has been substantially improved at Kharkhorin region,

government. Tuvkhun Monastery and Shankh Monastery havesuch as building asphalt roads to connect Kharkhorin town andbeen restored upon State Budget funding as well as donation

Turkic monuments at Khushuu Tsaidam.

Mongolia

spots, being fenced with wall enclosures and with installationfrom religious believers. From Erdene Zuu Museum, Tuvkhun
and Shankh monasteries, a total of 30 immovable properties andIn 2008, “The UNESCO Workshop on the integrated values-

Buddhist religious artworks have been categorized as outstanding

based management for Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape World

artworks and subjects of appropriate protection schemes.

Heritage Site” was organized by Mongolian National Commission
for UNESCO and UNESCO Ofﬁce Beijing in Kharakhorin province,

Archeological excavation work has been performed at sites

Mongolia. This workshop aimed to develop the integratedof Ayush, Maidar and Avid temples, built in 1730 inside thesustainable management approaches of the World Heritage-OVCL

Erdene Zuu Monastery. It revealed the foundations and the wall

including efforts necessary for environmental sustainability, and aconstruction of the temples for research purposes. Furthermore,management structure and requirements for establishing the OVCL

the Dambadarjaalin Foundation is demonstrating proactive

Management Ofﬁce.

Turtle monument

Tuvkhun Monastery17

New Zealand
New Zealand

ACCU Preservation of the Bendigo Bakery at the Bendigo
Goldﬁeld, Central Otago, New Zealand

REPORT

Matthew Schmidt

Introduction

surviving now being the focus of a stabilisation project. This report

The Otago Goldfields of the mid to the late 19th century

on Stage 1 of the Bendigo Bakery stabilisation project ﬁrst provides

provided signiﬁcant wealth not only for the region of Otago but

a background to the historically important Bendigo goldfield. It

New Zealand. Millions of dollars of gold were mined from thethen explains the signiﬁcance of the Bendigo Bakery to the heritage

goldﬁelds through alluvial and hard rock mining with thousandsof the Otago Goldﬁelds and why it was selected for preservation.

of European and Chinese miners coming to New Zealand during

How the site has been protected is then described and finallythe 1860s to 1890s to seek their fortune.

details of Stage 1 of the project are presented and the aims of Stage 2.

Archaeological evidence of the miner ' s activities can be seen

Bendigo Township and its Goldﬁeld

throughout the Central Otago landscape with the most noticeable

Alluvial gold was discovered at Bendigo in 1862 and by 1863 ca.

evidence being the numerous water races and sluiced terraces and

150 miners had staked claims along Bendigo Creek (Figure 2).

hillsides. Associated with these mining sites are the remains of

One of these miners was Thomas Logan who discovered a gold

the townships that supported the miners and which were places

bearing quartz reef in the hills above the creek where the alluvialof accommodation, supplies and communication to the outsidemining was active, but at this time miners were more interested inworld. These townships were crucial to the miners in the sparsely

winning the easier alluvial gold than invest in the more expensive

populated Otago region of the 19th century and without thesequartz reef mining. By 1866 the easier won alluvial gold had been

centres of dependency the goldﬁelds could not function.

exhausted and many of these miners left the area to mine in other
goldfields. Alluvial mining continued, but this required larger

Although some of the goldﬁelds towns still exist today as thriving

operations to bring water to the sluicing areas by water races andcommunities, many of the towns associated with historicallyso only large companies which could afford to do this stayedsignificant 19th century goldfields have disappeared. Often theon. There was therefore new interest in the quartz reef gold andonly evidence of these towns is building ruins made of sod, mudby 1869 Logan and his business partners began to use a stamper

brick or stone. These ruins illustrate the isolation and hardshipbattery to crush gold bearing quartz rock and extract gold. Logan

experienced by the new settlers to New Zealand who sought& Co's Cromwell Company gold battery operation became very

their fortune in gold and tried to establish themselves in the new

successful and profitable early on, leading other companies tocolony. The ruins also illustrate the importance of the Otago

quickly set up their own mines and gold batteries in the hills

Goldﬁelds to the history of New Zealand, and even though thearound Bendigo.

19th century architecture of these towns was small and diminutive
in nature, what survives is as important to the history of New

The large alluvial operations and the gold mining batteries

Zealand as the larger more complex structural sites found in otherrequired the dozens of miners to live permanently at the isolated

Asia/Paciﬁc countries.

goldﬁeld. This saw three towns spring up, these being Logantown,
Welshtown and Bendigo. Bendigo was located at thèentrancewayʼOne goldﬁelds town which was associated with possibly the mostto this goldﬁeld, based around the successful Cromwell Company

profitable and successful 19th century hard rock gold mining

battery, and Logantown and Welshtown were located further away

operation in Otago, was Bendigo located in Central Otago (Figureon the hills above Bendigo closer to the reefs being mined (Figure

1 & 2). Today, however, little of this historically important 19th2). Each town had hotels, stores for supplies, huts and miners

century town can be seen, with the only substantial building

tents, butchers shops and bakeries and it has been estimated that�������
��������

�������

Figure 1. Location of Bendigo, Central Otago in the South Island of
New Zealand (Sourced from InfoMap 266. Crown Copyright Reserved).

18

Figure 2. Location of Bendigo (and Logantown) near Lake Dunstan,
Central Otago, New Zealand (Sourced from 260-G41 - Cromwell.
Crown Copyright Reserved).

Protection of the Bakery: Determining Ownershipits busiest period in the late 1860s to mid-1870s. Logantown andOwnership of the bakery and the land upon which it sits is an

Welshtown peaked in their population and commercial use byinteresting aspect of the history of the site in terms of the legal

ca. 1871-75 and then declined as towns by the 1880s with only aprotection of the building and its heritage management. Because

few residents after this time. Bendigo, however, became the mainof the early success of gold mining at Bendigo, land was surveyed

commercial hub as the other towns declined and continued to be

for the establishment of the Bendigo township in 1869 (Figures 10

occupied at least into the 1930s.

& 11). The land surveyed belonged to the Crown (Crown referring

New Zealandthese towns served up to 500 miners from this goldﬁeld during

to Her Majesty the Queen of the British Empire) and was part ofMuch of the Bendigo Goldfield is now a Historic Reservea pastoral farming lease. In the late 19th century in New Zealand,

administered by the Department of Conservation ( ʻ DoC ʼ ) andit was common for town plans to be developed for areas where

so the towns and their associated mines, pack tracks, sluicings

gold mining had become successful, even if the actual town itself

etc. are all protected by this reserve status and, as they are also

was never established. Often these towns were surveyed onto

archaeological sites, by the Historic Places Act (1993). Some ofland where working farms were already operating and which were

the stone ruins of Logantown and Welshtown can still be seen

leased by the farmer from the Crown. At Bendigo Township, only

today and were stabilised in 2004 by re-mortaring of the surviving

ca. 12 permanent buildings are recorded as being actually built atstonework (Figures 3 & 4). For a brief history of the goldﬁeld go

the settlement during the 19th century and so most of the lots onto www.doc.govt.nz, search: bendigo history.

the town plan were never occupied.

Significance of the Bakery to Bendigo and the Otago

When the town of Bendigo was abandoned in the late 1930s,

Goldﬁelds

the following years saw the few buildings which were present

Little archaeological evidence of the Bendigo township is visible

progressively stripped of their stone, iron and timber, therefore

today with the only other remains besides the bakery being aleaving little trace of the town (Figure 12). The area of thecorner of the stone Solway Hotel (built in 1870) with its garden

township again became part of the working farm. Beginning inwall, and a stone and mud cottage. The 1872 Bendigo bakery

the early 1980s, the farmer who held the pastoral lease from thetherefore provides context to the history of the Bendigo Township

Crown to farm the land where the Bendigo Township was located,and goldﬁeld (Figures 5 to 9). In addition, the Bakery is the only

began a process to acquire this land from the Crown for private

tangible evidence of a bakery on this goldfield and is the only

ownership. In 2005 when concerns were raised about the survival

surviving commercially sized 19th century bakery remaining on a
Clutha basin goldﬁelds archaeological site. The builder of the ovenis also known, this being James Lawrence, who built commercial
ovens at three other 19th century goldfields, but none of theseovens have survived.

Figure 4. Welshtown miner's hut which was re-mortared in 2004 topreserve the ruin (photograph: Matthew Sole).

���� � �� �

Figure 3. Logantown ruin which was re-mortared in 2004 to preserve
the structure (photograph: Matthew Sole).

Figure 5. Bendigo Bakery ruins. The vineyards in the background lie
over the old township. The footprint of the building is the new DoC
Historic Reserve, the surrounding land being in private ownership(photograph: Matthew Schmidt).

19

New Zealandof the Bakery, initial investigations found that ownership of theGoldfields Heritage Trust (OGHT) (www.goldfieldstrust.org.nz).

land upon which the ruins were located was unclear ie. it wasThis long standing organisation aims “...to develop, represent andnot known whether the bakery was now located on private land

promote the historical sites, trails and events of Otago

or Crown land. Ownership would therefore determine whether

has been involved in a number of successful projects to preserve

the bakery could be easily protected or not as if it was in private

Otago's Goldﬁelds heritage such as the restoration of the Come-In-

ownership, preservation of the building would depend on theTime gold mining battery also located at Bendigo. The project isprivate owner.

being supported by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (my roleand itbeing to provide archaeological support and advice on stabilisation
An analysis in 2006 of surveyor's maps of the Bendigo Townshipof the structure and excavation of the oven), the Department offrom the 19th century through to the present, found that many ofConservation (DoC), the Otago Polytechnic Stone Masonry course

the surveyed sections from 1869 remained in ownership of theand expert stone mason Keith Hinds who specialises in goldﬁelds

Crown up until at least the 1990s, and that few people in the 19th

historic stonework restoration.

century purchased sections for private ownership (Figures 13 &14). It was conﬁrmed from this investigation that the small parcel

Stage 1 is currently underway. This ﬁrst involved the project teamof land that the bakery is located on was still owned by the Crown,

meeting on site in February 2009 to discuss the project with Bruceeven though by 2006 the surrounding township sections were now

McMillian and Martin Anderson of the OGHT who are funding

in private ownership. This therefore meant any member of thethe stabilisation. At present the legal paperwork required so the

public could request that this land be transferred to the Department

stonework and archaeological work can be undertaken is beingof Conservation for management. In 2008, the Department of

prepared Amanda Ware of the Department of Conservation which

Conservation gazetted the Bendigo Bakery as a Historic Reserve,

will then be processed by me at the New Zealand Historic Places

meaning that funds could be contributed by the public to stabilise

Trust. The OGHT has now approved funding for the project andthe building.

is working with the Otago Polytechnic Stone Masonry course
lecturer Steve Holmes and Keith Hinds to determine start dates

Stabilisation of the Bendigo Bakery: Stage 1

for the project. I and the DoC archaeologist Shar Briden will soon

The stabilisation of the Bendigo bakery is being led by the Otago

discuss how much of the site will be disturbed for the proposed
works, how the oven structure at the back of the building will be
excavated, recorded and then managed, what parts of the building
will be stabilised and other issues with the site such as drainage.
Stage 2 of the project, the actual stabilisation of the structure andthe archaeological work, should commence in September 2009 andwill be the subject of the next ACCU International Correspondent
report from New Zealand.

Figure 6. Bendigo Bakery ruins. More vineyards lie behind the building(photograph: Matthew Schmidt).

Figure 7. Bendigo Bakery viewed from the back of the structure looking
towards Oxford Street and the goldﬁeld in the distance. The collapsed
structure at the back of the bakery is believed to be where the ovenwas located. This mound is also made up of debris bulldozed onto
the site over the years. The mound will be investigated during thestabilisation works.

20

Figure 8. Collapsing chimney on the back wall of the bakery viewed
from the interior. On the right of the photograph was where the entrance
to the oven used to be.

New Zealand������� ������

�

Figure 9. Window of bakery viewed from inside the structure looking
out onto Oxford Street. In the 19th century, the schist stonework
was set using a mud/lime mortar.

Figure 12. Bendigo 1936. The only known picture of Bendigo mainstreet, Oxford Street". The bakery is located on the far left of thispicture and has a corrugated iron roof (Photograph courtesy of Ron
Murray). All these buildings were stripped of their corrugated iron etc.
during the Second World War leaving only the schist stone shell of the
bakery.

������ �������� �� ������ �� �������� � �� �

Figure 10. Cropped section of survey plan SO 14113 of Bendigo
Township and outlying features from November 1869. No buildings
were located at this stage on the town plan. Note Quartz Crushing
Machine " on the bottom right of the map, this is the very successful
Logan & Co Cromwell Company battery where the main township of
Bendigo actually became established. Note also the two stores on
the south side of Bendigo Gully road near the battery. The bakery
would be built in 1872 across the road from these stores and ismarked by the red rectangle.

Figure 13. Survey plan SO 1652 of Bendigo from 1909 showing
sections possibly being leased from the Crown shaded blue and theremaining unoccupied sections also belonging to the Crown. The
bakery section has been shaded red.

���� � �� ����� � �� �

Figure 11. Extended survey plan SO 14115 of Bendigo Township from1871. The bakery would be built one year later on the section shaded red.

Figure 14. Survey map SO 23856 of Bendigo Township from 1993
showing the entire township as belonging to the Crown. The location of
the bakery has been shaded in red. Today, the whole area north of themain access roads Loop Road and Oxford Street is planted in vineyards
and privately owned, except for the bakery section (as of 2008) andsection 25. South of Oxford Street is Department of Conservation land.

21Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea

ACCU Festival for Safeguarding Mask Cultural in Papua New
GuineaREPORT

Naomi Faik Simet

Introduction

Province, were completely destroyed by the 1910s. One of the

Mask cultures of Papua New Guinea (PNG) are akin to the maskwell-known mask cultures was the hevehe which was associatedcultures of West Africa, South America and the Melanesian sub-with the hevehe ceremony and the long house known as theregion of the Paciﬁc. In this respect some of them are associatederavo of the Western Elema people. Only recently attempts arewith secret societies and are sacred. They are associated withnow being made to revive these elaborate mask cultures throughinitiation processes and ceremonies. In the country there are at

the Gulf Mask festival, an initiative of the National Cultural

least sixty different kinds of masks which come from about 30

Commission and supported by the Gulf Provincial Government.

different mask culture groups.
In the New Guinea Islands and Momase regions, the picture is
In PNG, mask cultures were found in mainly three regions: thea lot better than that of the Gulf Province. Much of the mask

New Guinea Islands, Momase, and the Gulf Province of thecultures of these two regions have remained intact. The maskSouthern Region. While the mask culture in the New Guinea

cultures of these two regions are associated with fraternities which

Islands and Momase regions have been preserved reasonably

are secret in nature and are associated with sanctuaries and men’well and continuously maintained, the mask culture in the Gulfs houses known as haus tambaran (spirit-house). The masks ofProvince was not so good preserved and went into a decline.

these two regions were known by different names in local terms,
but now they are commonly referred to as tumbuan in Tok-22

The National Mask Festival is an initiative of the National Cultural

Pisin (national lingua-franca). While it can be said that the mask

Commission of PNG, to combat any further erosion of mask

cultures of these two regions are reasonably intact, it is recognizedcultures in PNG and to safeguard their survival into the future. It

however that we cannot be too complacent and that measures

was started in 1995 and its staging at Kokopo in East New Britain

have to be taken to ensure their continued survival into the future.

on 15th to 18th July 2009 saw its ﬁfteenth year.

This was then the commencement of the National Mask Festival.

The State of Mask Cultures in PNG

The National Mask Festival

The ﬁrst outsiders arrived on PNG soil in the mid-1870s, in mainly

The first National Mask Festival was staged in Port Moresby in

the coastal areas and quickly spread to other areas of the country.

1995 and which was followed by the second to the fourth festival.

The first arrivals were Christian Missionaries and traders. While

During the fourth festival it was realized that it was expensive tothe traders mostly left peoples’ cultures alone, the Missionaries onbring masks and people to Port Moresby and that Port Moresby

the other hand tried their best to destroy them, as they believed

was a long way from the mask culture areas. So the fifth andit stood in the way of the evangelization process. As a result,sixth festivals were taken out of Port Moresby and were held insome cultures, such as the very colorful mask culture of the Gulf

Madang, a town on the Momase region and which was in the

1

2

3

4

masks from New Ireland participated. From the other Provinces ain East New Britain where it has since remained until 2009.

minimum of two masks and maximum of four masks participated.

The National Mask Festival is an annual event and which held over

From East New Britain and New Ireland Provinces, it was mainly

a four day period, around about the second week of July. Every

the tubuan masks which participated. In East New Britain theyear a number of different types of masks from the many Provinces

tubuan masks belong to the Tolai people. On New Ireland, theof the country come to participate. These masks are highly

tubuan masks belong to the Namatanai people of the South Coastvaried in appearance and in performance. Some of them performof that Province. Also from East New Britain another group of

specifically only during the day, some perform specifically only

people known as the Sulka, came with the hemlaut mask, which isduring the night and others can perform both day and night. Somemarkedly different from the tubuan mask.

Papua New Guinea

mask culture area. After the sixth festival, it was moved to Kokopo

of these masks are the representations of spirits of the environment
or ancestors of the past and this sense man of them are sacred.

Apart from the East New Britain and New Ireland masks, the other

They are associated with fraternities in which only males can be

Provinces which came with masks to perform were West New

members. The different mask groups that participate at this festival

Britain, Morobe and Eastern Highlands Provinces. Unfortunately

come by air, sea and some come by road; some taking many days

the groups from Madang and East Sepik Provinces were not able

to travel. The festival is funded jointly by the National Cultural

to make it to the festival due to transportation problems although

Commission, the East New Britain Provincial Government and asome of theme had actually made it part of the way. The festival

number of corporate organizations; some contributing in kind.

opened on the morning of the 15th of July with the usual kinavai
dance (canoe dance) by the tubuan of East New Britain and which

The 2009 National Mask Festival

was followed by mask performances for the next three days.

The 15th National Mask Festival once again attracted participating
masks from many parts of the country with heavy participation

On the whole, the 15th National Mask Festival of 2009 was a big

from the host Province and the nearby New Ireland Province.

success, with which the Mask Festival Committee, the participants

A total of 24 masks from East New Britain appeared and eight

and the general public were very satisﬁed.

5

6

7

8

9

1

East Sepik mask of 2007

2

East Sepik mask of 20083

Gulf mask 1

4

Gulf mask 2

5

New Ireland wanis mask

6

Pomio mask of East New Britain

7

Tolai tubuan of kinavai (canoe dance)

8 Tubuan after the canoe dance
9

Wanis mask of New Ireland

23

Singapore
SingaporeACCU

REPORT

Heritage Conservation Centre: A Custom-built Storage and Conservation
Facility for Cultural Properties and Works of Art in Singapore

Faith Teh Eng Eng

Heritage Conservation Centre (HCC), an institution of the National

collections to the lower set points may therefore be detrimental.

Heritage Board (NHB)(Singapore) is tasked with custodianship

The storage environment in each repository is monitored by the

responsibilities to document, manage and conserve the collections

Building Automated System on a daily basis. This helps to ensureof four National Museums, namely National Museum of Singapore,a consistent storage environment for the collection so that any

Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore Art Museum and The

ﬂuctuation in the repositories can be detected. The tolerance level

Peranakan Museum. The Centre has a purpose-built facility within environmental ﬂuctuation within each repository is set between

14 climate-controlled repositories and 5 conservation laboratories±3% in RH and ±1˚C. Any ﬂuctuation beyond this range calls forto cater to the needs of over 155,000 artefacts and works of art

investigation and rectiﬁcation.

acquired by the national museums of Singapore. The gross ﬂoor
area of this facility is about 13,600 sqm, with a total storage area

In addition to having a good facility to house the collection, HCC

of 8,100 sqm. All repositories are also fitted with a good air-also looks into other preservation strategies to complement ourfiltration system and fitted with custom-made powder-coatedcollections management work processes. HCC has obtained SS

storage equipment. Ample space for movement is also worked in
but without compromising good and efﬁcient use of space. The（Singapore Standard） ISO9001:2000 certiﬁcation in Collections
Management and is committed to be abreast of the latest

compactor systems are thus widely used in HCC. All laboratories

development in conservation and collections care issues. All

are fully fitted to suit the needs of conservators carrying out

artefacts and works of art are accessioned for easy identiﬁcation,

treatments for the collection.

accountability and inventory purposes. Good housekeeping andstringent Integrated Pest Management (IPM) measures are in place.

To ensure optimum storage and preservation for the future

These IPM measures are important because pests and mould

generations, all artefacts are categorised and stored according

growth are two major problems for museums in tropical climate.

to their material composition in different climate-controlled

All new acquisitions or collections returned from exhibitions arerepository rooms that provide optimal storage conditions, suitable

quarantined and checked for signs of mould growth or possible

for the material. The relative humidity levels in these repositories

pest infestations. To avoid risks to other collections in storage,

are set between 55% and 65% and the temperature is set at 23

fumigation is carried out for identified cases. There are two

˚C. These set points are decided based on cost effectivenesstypes of fumigation processes. The ﬁrst is called the “Controlled

and also with consideration that majority of the collections

Atmosphere Treatment (CAT) and the other is the freezing

acquired by the museums are from around Asia. Subjecting suchmethod. The CAT involves bagging the collections in a big foil

Heritage Conservation Centre

Paintings Collection Store

24

Corridor Leading to Repositories for Permanent
Storage

Textiles Collection Storage - Compactor
System to Maximise Storage Capacity

Oversize and Sculpture Collection StoreBoard, Urban Redevelopment Authority and NHB. Dedicatedand in its place, the use of either nitrogen or argon gas for a period

resources to adequately fund most if not all activities needed forof 30 days. The freezing method involves freezing the collection forthe protection and advancement of movable or immovable cultural

24 hours at a low between minus 20˚C to minus 30˚C and 24 hours

properties in Singapore are well-supported. Budget to meet daily

acclimatisation. Artefacts are cleaned before they are brought into

operating and staffing cost is well-provided for on an annual

the permanent storage repositories. HCC observes this process ﬂow

basis. Where necessary, additional funding for special projects

stringently.

is also provided for. An example of such project is the building

Singapore

bubble, removing the oxygen in the bubble to a low level of 0.2%

alteration and addition construction work of HCC’s facility. With an
HCC is also equipped to meet the conservation treatment needs

expanded gross ﬂoor area of 58%, HCC will be more equipped toof the collection. The conservators play an active role in assessing

meet the preservation needs of the growing museum collections.

the condition of artefacts and identifying suitable conservation

The expected date of completion is December 2009. In terms oftreatments to stabilise the condition of artefacts or to prevent

meeting the cost of caring and conserving artefacts, NHB has also

further deterioration. The general conservation approach adopted

strategised to address the conservation and storage cost of theseis to ensure that the integrity of the artefacts is retained. All

collections. In anticipation of the growing collections, NHB has also

conservation treatments applied are reversible. Conservators insince 2008 allocated and set aside a ﬁxed percentage of museum’

HCC also actively advise on the preventive aspects of conservation.

s acquisition budget for conservation and storage so that care andThis includes recommending suitable storage methods for sensitive

preservation is not compromised by volume.

or fragile collections. Advice on display, mounting and lighting in
exhibitions is also provided. Conservators also carry out Oddy test

NHB promotes the awareness and appreciation of the heritage ofon materials used for constructing showcases to make sure thatthe people of Singapore. Her role in nation-building is prominent.

these materials do not emit gases or particles that may cause harm

Through active collection; identification and marking of heritage

to artefacts in showcases.

sites and trails; research and interpretation; conservation; access;display; and a robust preservation strategy, we are assured that

The government of Singapore plays a major role in the protection

the cultural properties in Singapore are well preserved. This isof the cultural properties of Singapore. Since the 1970s, foura privilege for without the commitment and heavy investment

historic districts, 84 heritage sites, two heritage districts trails andby the government, these artefacts may not be present for the

recently five community trails had been marked by the different

enjoyment of this and the future

government agencies for example, Preservation of Monuments

Artefacts Conservation Laboratories

In-House Photographic Studio for Visual Documentation

25

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka

ACCU Restoration of Old Building Facades in the City of
Kandy, Sri Lanka

Sujeeva Kaushalyani
Peiris Deraniyagala

REPORT

Kandy is the last kingdom of Sri Lanka, situated amidst highdistinguished in Kandy today; the native Buddhist/Hindu stylemountain range in the central region. Its access was difﬁcult due

and colonial style. While the ﬁrst is conﬁned to the Sacred Area

to sudden steep rise of mountains and rocks. During the 15th

the Colonial type can be identiﬁed along the major streets and inand 16th century, there were no permanent roads linking the low

the city centre. The most important feature of British architecture

country plains and the Kandyan Kingdom. So the Europeans foundis that it had strong form and detailing but diminutive humane

it very difficult to get access and could not drive a large army

scale. They never rose beyond the ridge line of the mountains or

through the hostile terrain. In the late 18th century, the British

an established height along the streets. This architectural form had

managed to build a road to Kandy by making a tunnel at the

been powerful enough to absorb the unsympathetic late 20th andKadugannawa Pass. This was a major turning point of the Island's

21st century new constructions.

history that enabled the British to enter the hill country and occupy
it with other coastal regions.

Ancient buildings in the Kandy regions were mostly built using
timber and wattle and daub. That may be a reason for their fast

The British made Kandy as the administrative capital of Central

disappearance without any trace. Only a few temple buildings

region and built infrastructure necessary for a smooth functioning

and manor houses in and around the Kandy City are remainingof a 19th century commercial hub. They were sensitive enough tofor us to present an idea about what they were like. Even thesekeep away from the Sacred Area, where the Temple of the Toothbuildings were renovated with additions/alterations and thus their

Relic - the most hallowed possession of the Buddhists is located.

architectural authenticity is doubtful.

Kandy was essentially a spiritual city of the Buddhists and apartfrom the Sacred Area where the Temple, King's Place and four

In order to fulfill a long felt need, the Central Cultural Fund,

Hindu shrines located, other significant buildings were those of

Sri Lanka is preparing a database on architecturally significant

Kandyan chieftains. These are called Manor Houses and deﬁnitely

buildings in Kandy and suburbs. Although most of the temples andinﬂuenced the British to pick up the architecture most suitable forbuildings within the historic city are documented and conserved,

the hill climate.

the CCF had no resources to expand its activities to the commercial
area. But these buildings were documented and graded according

The British mainly concentrated on the lower areas of the city

to their architectural and historical values. A Master Plan wasand built number of public buildings, the railway station, police

prepared to provide guide lines to future development andbarracks, club houses, bungalows and most of all roads to linkconserve the architectural character of the City. This work was

the city with other areas. The British might also have studied

carried out by the World Heritage Committee headed by thethe Dutch architecture on coastal areas and they amalgamatedMayor of Kandy and the Municipal Council with other relevant

the styles to obtain pleasing built environment for the new

government ofﬁces.

administrative capital. Two distinct architectural styles can be

Map of Sri Lanka with
Kandy in the Centre

Police Barracks - dating from early British Period[19th Century]

One of the earliest Manor Houses that exists today − Giragama Walawwa, Yatinuwara
Vidiya [Topmost parts of the house is totally made out of timber]

26

British period buildings along Colombo Street, Kandy[19th Century]

Typical Street House of British Period − House
along Trincomalee Street, Kandy

The Central Cultural Fund through the World Heritage Committee
has been able to build awareness among the people regarding thesepanels for doors and windows; timber framed roofs, timber ﬂoors,

heritage buildings and now the situation is not that bad. Yet there

balustrades and beautifully carved balustrades. But most of theseis long way to go to achieve totally acceptable built form for all thatolder timber members are now deteriorated while some others

concerned. Modern appearance with simple cubic forms, which

are completely replaced by other materials like concrete, glass,can be built with less cost and time, is another threatening factor toaluminum or stainless steel.

the preservation cause. People like to have modern type because

One reason for this unacceptable situation is the cost of timber,

air conditioning, electricity, water supply etc. With diminishing land

which has risen to very high level during recent past, which is notareas people opt for maximum usage from a building and most old

Sri Lanka

The essential feature of these buildings is that the extensive useof timber. Most buildings have carved timber columns, timberthese can easily adapted to any purpose and be easily ﬁtted withaffordable for average people. Unlike in Japan where trees arebuildings have thick walls, many niches, plaster moldings and heavygrown essentially for conservation work, Sri Lankan natural forest

roofs laden with half round clay tiles. Thus prominent buildings

reserves are fast diminishing due to new development projects

along major streets within the city are undergoing rapid, haphazard

and illegal deforestation activities. Total forest cover, which waschanges destroying the original facades.

over 50% at the turn of the 20th century, is below 20% at present.
As a result, heritage buildings that need timber for the restoration

The Central Cultural Fund provides free architectural and restoration

are in vulnerable situation. When people could not afford to use

proposals for the city dwellers and shop owners within the City,

timber they simply replace the old ones with other materials. Worse

whose buildings have been undergone arbitrary changes during

still they never consider the historic/architectural values, age ofthe recent past, in order to arrest the rapid degradation of built

the structure or its compatibility when replacing. Another way ofform. In addition, the Municipality has exempted the owners who

losing original architectural form is that when a part of an ancientare willing to retain old facades from paying taxes and provide

building deteriorates - especially in temples, people tend to replaceﬁnancial assistance to those who want renovations. Together theseit immediately because they feel it awkward to worship in ruined or

two institutions have been successful in turning the tide towards

incomplete building.

a favourable position and hope to proceed further to ensure legal
status to new Kandy City Development Proposal.
Beautiful detailing of ancient buildings in the City of Kandy;

Carved Valance Board

Deteriorated timber window and Valance Board

Temple building being conserved by the Central CulturalFund − Katudeniya Vihara

Lack of sensitivity! − Recently painted
window of a historic building

Masonry moldings of the Queen's Hotel

Accepted built scale of the City−maximum of two
storeyNew Constructions breaking the two storey height27

Thailand
Thailand

ACCU Thailand's Cultural Heritage Protection Using GIS: Part I

REPORT

Wirayar Chamnanpol

After 2005 Tsunami, Thai Government realized the impact andConsequently, the Fine Arts Department conducted a researcheffects of natural disaster on livelihood and properties. Several

study to draft the GIS Master Plan for Arts, Culture and Heritage.

government agencies have been involved in developing theThis Master Plan is an important tool in supporting troubleshooting

national alarm system. The Fine Arts Department, on the otherof responsibilities of the Fine Arts Department to develop andhand, focuses on the deterioration and damage of cultural heritage

sustainably manage cultural heritages. The 4-year Master Plan

and archeological sites as a result of natural disasters.

was ﬁnalized in February 2009. The purpose of this Master Plan
is to develop the geospatial data sets for arts, culture and heritage

With high demands in archaeological data usage, to quickly

as a specific group of information with organizationally-specificobtain the data from Thailand’s databases was nearly impossible.

layers. This information will be a tool used for managing spatial

Thailand’s Ofﬁce of Archaeology introduced the implementation of

information and presenting in a layer in a map. The layered data

computer technology to store and manages cultural heritage data

will show dimensional relationships and information of arts, culture

and information. Such innovations like Geographical Informationand heritage. The data will also be a key to enhance understanding

Systems (GIS) and Cultural Mapping have led Thailand to a newof issues and resources to support planning and decision making

world of information management systems. These advanced

for the arts, cultural heritage and environmental-oriented spaces.

technologies have significantly supported and assisted Thai

Moreover, the data will also be useful in planning, problem solving

archaeologists to deal with a large quantity and complexity ofin conservation, monitoring and foreseeing situations to prevent

information, which an old-fashioned, basic record keeping andthe destruction or loss of cultural heritages.

administration cannot do.
The analyzed result of data sets developed from the GIS Master
GIS integrates data from diverse fields of archaeology, geology,

Plan can describe spatial relationships with layers relating to thehydrology, climatology, environmental science and demographyenvironment or relevant sources, which provide a bigger picture

to develop plans for agriculture, irrigation, road construction

in wider areas. In addition, the spatial data and attributed data

and tourism. Compiled data is stored in an integrated database.

from GIS analysis can be applied and used for different purpose,

This also encourages planners and developers to work on thesuch as location search; setting up conditions, patterns and trends;

same plan, and to ensure that the archaeological remains at all

and, creating models. The data can also show the relationships

world heritage sites are not endangered by poorly conceived or

between different layers and geographical areas as well as theuncoordinated actions.

relationships between sites in a large area. Furthermore, the datafrom location survey can be used to explain, for example the

The Fine Arts Department developed the GIS Project related to

distribution of ancient communities, prehistoric resources, certain

destruction prevention of cultural heritage as a result of natural

types of antiques, modern architecture models, and to identify

disaster in 2003, which was prior to tsunami, but there was a lacktypes of antiques found in the relationships-oriented areas such asof clear policies and direction for the GIS implementation andthe main boundary marker of a temple stone, graves or antiques.

using the geo-spatial data effectively. Many staff in the Fine Arts

The GIS Master Plan of the Thailand’s Fine Arts Department was

Department did not also understand the actual content of GIS.

developed aiming at, as follows:

Figure 1: Thailand's Ancient Monument Database on GIS Application28

•areas by using current satellite images superimposing andnatural disasters, for example risk areas analysis, ﬂood andoverlaying the old data maps.

landslide prevention programs and rescuing historic districts
Thailand’s Cultural Properties and GIS Database Developmentfrom ﬂoods;

The Office of Archaeology developed and implemented a GIS•

Planning and troubleshooting in high-density historic anddatabase for cultural properties in 2003. System users were alsourban areas such as community expanded in the ancient

involved in the design process. The database of cultural heritage

city and historic areas using aerial photograph and GIS insites was created to build GIS layer. Its structure relationally links

planning for surveillance and protection of heritage resources

with archaeological sites. It contains data collected from, forand national cultural heritage. Due to economic factors andexample cultural heritages, national museums, national archives,town development plans, there is a high risk that community

traditional architectures and other sources deﬁned by Thailand’s

expansion can destroy historical sites;

Fine Arts Department. The Fine Arts Department later developed

ThailandPlanning to prevent, and troubleshooting the damage byanother database to collect data from ancient monument•

Studying the impact on ancient monuments, historical sites,

evaluation and priority. The ancient monuments database has

ancient cities and communities, as a result of infrastructure

clearly stated values, qualities or cultural significance of thedevelopment, by using survey maps developed during

properties and management plans for each property that alsoplanning, designing, construction and maintenance process;explicitly address issues on preservation of those values.

and,To be continued in Thailand’s Cultural Heritage Protection•

Surveillance and monitoring the country’s natural resources toUsing GIS: Part II, Prediction the impact of disaster on ancient

inspect effects on historical sites, ancient city and community

monuments by GIS.

Figure 2 − 3 : GIS Website of Thailand's Fine Arts Department

29

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

ACCU News on the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage in
Uzbekistan

REPORT

Akmaljon Ulmasov

1. Exhibition “Antique and Medieval Art of Uzbekistan”

developed by an employee of the laboratory of the Institute of

For the ﬁrst time, the unique archeological collection of the Fine

Chemical Polymers by Vakhidova Nayira. It differs from other

Arts Institute was presented in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan.

kinds in terms of heavier molecular weight;

The exhibition took place in the International Caravanserai- Glazed ceramics and “hum fragments” were restored. Also, one

of Culture by Ikuo Hirayama, the place used for international

whole hum was completely restored, which was excavated fromscientific-theoretical conferences, seminars and trainings on themonuments of the Tashkent oasis in Kavardan.

1

protection and the restorations of cultural heritage.
Hum – one of the most widespread kinds of ceramic vessels in
At the exhibition, there were many artefacts displayed, which

Central Asia. It served for storage of grain, rice, wine, water, etc.

were obtained as a result of the archeological excavation, “Artand it was characterized by a smooth surface and a thick rim.

Expedition of Uzbekistan” on the south territory of the country.
Exhibits were unique ceramic molds and rock objects from the

The excavated hum consisted of a set of fragments. Some of themBronze Age, dated to the second-half of the second millennium

have been pasted (gum up) on site during excavation. Judging

B.C.; unique art objects of the antiquity (clay and gypsum ofby the vertical welds, it can be assumed that it was broken by

sculpture, the objects of adornment from the ivory, precious

being dropped on the ground from the height. Before joining

stones and others); medieval glazed ceramic parts and terracotta

the shards of hum, each has been cleaned of former glue layers.

ossuary of Sogd; and also the different archeological objects of theThrough conservation treatment, hum has been almost completely

early and late Middle Ages.

restored. Only its missing parts (the most part of a rim with a neckand some places on the wall of hum) have been ﬁlled by plaster.

2. The Conservation Science Laboratory of the Museum ofBecause large parts of the neck were missing, traditional methods

Timur's Dynasty History

were not enough in its restoration. At first, the framework of

The preservation of cultural heritage is one of the mostmetallic wire was made, and then moulding clay was taken fromimportant tasks of each society. In Uzbekistan, practical works

the broken edge.

of preservation and restoration are also conducted. One of suchorganisations performing restoration work is the conservation

In conservation and restoration treatment, the different types

science laboratory in the state museum of Timur's dynasty historyof the glue were used: above-mentioned polymer PBMA, PVA

in Tashkent. The laboratory occupies two small premises. It is

and Trilon-B72 (obtained from Japan). This new polymer PBMA

equipped with modern equipment and the necessary environmentscompletely met the requirements of works of pasting andfor restoration and conservation treatment of different artefacts.

strengthening of various objects, made of damp clay, glass, wood

Since beginning of 2009, young specialists have started working at

and metal. This new polymer as well as previous kinds is colorlessthe laboratory. In this short time they made the following works:

with high-viscosity and quick hardening. Acetone was used asa solvent of acrylic polymers. Restoration was executed by the- For the ﬁrst time, the new kind of polymer, PBMA (poly-butylmeta-acrylate) as ﬁxing and gluing agents to join the fragments,

author of this report. It is possible that this restored earthenware
will soon be displayed among the exhibits of the museum.

was applied in practice. This type of chemical agent was──────────────1Kavardan - A fortiﬁcation, with total area 70 hectares, is locatedin the country side of Kavardan, on the left bank of Karasu river,in 25 km to the east from Tashkent. According to written sources,
the city in the early time was called Kabarna. On scientificresearch, human habitation in Kavardan supposed to start from thesecond to ﬁrst century B.C. and ended in the thirteenth century
A.D., when the Mongols invaded and completely demolished thesites. Kabarna consisted of two parts: “Shakhristan”, fortiﬁcation
itself and “Kush- Ark”, two citadels in the west. A distance
between the citadels was 250 m. The local people used to call two
citadels as Khontepa and Khonimtepa respectively (Khon means
King, Khonim means Queen and tepe means hill). According to
the local legends, the city was ruled by the King and the Queenand each citadel was connected with the underground tunnel.
Conservation Science Laboratory30

Uzbekistan

Before restoration

A process of restoration����������� ��� ��������� ������� �� ��������� ���������

����������
���������� �����

����� ���������

After restoration

Description of restoring process of hum

A total process of restoration (Footnotes)

31Viet Nam
Viet Nam

ACCU Introduction of Clay and Laterite Materials in Traditional
Construction

REPORT

Do Huu Triet

Clay and laterite were widely known as the construction materials

Picture 1 and 2 are photographs of the private house constructedin old times, and using of clay plaster was not strange toby using clay. The clay of this area is highly durable for theVietnamese people. However, according to the rapid developmentbuilding. There are some 200 years old houses which have stillof industries, the practice of using traditional materials in local

been so stable now. Picture 3 and 4 are photographs of the private

areas has nearly disappeared. In this article, I would like tohouse which was constructed of laterite stone, mined from theirintroduce the basic information of using clay and laterite inown garden.

traditional construction as building materials and to make some
remarks.

It is especially worth noting that laterite is very useful for
consolidation. When laterite is powdered and pressed, it easily

What is remarkable with those materials is its sustainability;

consolidates with high compression strength. When you mine

they are eco-friendly building materials and can be easily andlaterite from the ground, it will quickly harden by being exposed

locally available. Using those kinds of materials will save theto the air; the clay mine close to laterite had the related properties.

energy production; reduce the industrial pollution; minimize

Most of basic foundations of royal buildings in Hue were

the transportation expenses and these factors will contribute theconsolidated by the mixture of laterite, lime, clay and brickbat,

sustainable development in the future. However, the traditional

which demonstrates that construction experts of the past well

local materials usually have some negative properties, being

understood the properties of laterite and clay.

hard to handle. It is the researchers' responsibility to improve
this negative feature and to enhance the positive aspects of thesematerials with scientiﬁc knowledge.
These pictures show the extensive application of the local material
from the private house to the royal building.

Picture 1, 2: Clay used for private house construction, Duong Lam village - Hanoi

Picture 3: Laterite used for private house construction
Duong Lam village - Hanoi

32

Picture 4: Exploitation of laterite at their own garden
Duong Lam village - Hanoi

However, we somtimes had bad results when we used hydrated

pozzolan method based on the creation CSH mineral, summarized

lime with laterite, brickbat or clay, because moisture-absorption

in abbreviated notation as follows:

properties and shrinkage of these materials were so high thatcrystal structures of calcite were easily broken. Usually, it is better

CH + SH → CSH (1)to use the lime powder for this purpose. If the exposure time

Viet Nam

Basically, using lime and laterite or brickbat is the application theof the lime powder in water was too short and had not enoughThe basic pozzolanic reaction:

time for hydration process, it could not form the chemical linking
water of laterite or clay to develop a new structure. We hope weCa(OH)2 + H4SiO4→Ca2+ + H2SiO42- + 2 H2O→will get a sucessful result of this experiment in the near future and

CaH2SiO4 . 2 H2O (2)will further report in the next article.

On the experiments with reaction process of laterite with lime

During surveying these traditional materials in the laboratory,

mortar, we have recently got satisfactory results. The experimental

we simultaneously found out the conservation treatments andcomposition contained clay, laterite, lime powder and buffalo

conserved the construction techniques of private folk houses

animal glue with different ratios. The chemical reaction followed

Besides, the research in the local materials will be beneﬁcial forbased on pozzolan machenism at the room temperature andsuitanable development in traditional materials which is cost-made the new material that was insoluble and strong enough.

saving as well as friendly with nature.

Picture 5, 6: The consolidation of foundation by laterite, clay, sand, lime, and brickbat
Can Chanh Palace ‑ Imperial City ‑ Hue Citadel

33

Viet Nam
Viet Nam

ACCU Excavation and Restoration of Duong Long Tower
Complex, Binh Dinh Province, Viet Nam

REPORT

Nguyen Khanh
Trung Kien

Introduction
The site known as Duong Long tower is the three-tower complex
in Tay Son district, Binh Dinh province, Central Vietnam. The
three towers were built in straight line from north to south, facing
to the east direction. They were on the top of a high laterite hill.
The Center tower is the biggest among three towers. They werethe most famous of Champa architectural vestiges dated fromthe late 12th to the early 13th century. The Duong Long towercomplex was brick-made with the stone-carved decorations, fourlevel roof with the height of about 43 meters, and located in anarea approximately of 100m x 200m. The antechamber, the lotusshaped roof, and some corners had fallen down on the stone baseof these towers. Many excavations were conducted since 2006 to
study pre-restoration for ﬁnding ways to stabilize the deteriorating
ruins and in order to safeguard it to the general public to enjoy.
Excavations
The archaeologists conducted three excavations from 2006 to
2008, and exposed the tower's stoned base and other undergroundfoundations. First excavation in 2006 explored the stone basewith decorations and the brick platform around the towers. The
second fieldwork in 2007 excavated the extended area in frontof the Center tower. We unearthed several annex architecturesthat may be built in later period and many valuable artifacts. In
addition, the third excavation in 2008 exposed two brick-made,Top view of Duong Long tower

open-air temples at the west area. We also unearthed the entrance
from east area to the Center tower. Archaeological artifacts madeof terra cotta and stone were so many, over two thousands items.
Most of them are sculptures and decorative reliefs at the tower's
roof corners with Hinduism God: Naga, Garuda, Makara...
Restoration
Restoration work of Duong Long tower complex can be divided
in two periods. The ﬁrst one was conducted at the same time of
the 2006 excavation. The main project was aiming to repair andrestore the deteriorating ruins especially in the upper parts of
towers, including the top to the stone perrons. Restorers fixed
the broken stones, trying to replace the lost parts with newones of same material. They made the decorative sculptures incomparisons with the existing parts. Fortunately, they had almost
complete documentation, with highly detailed information ofDuong Long tower complex performed from 1908 by Mr Henry

Duong Long tower (before excavation) Photo by Tran Ky Phuong

Parmentier, a French scholar. Restorers can study from thesereferences to restore the towers. The second period of restoration
will be conducted when complete information is documented after
the fieldworks. The base of tower and decoration door will be
restored by the time.
Conclusion
The Duong Long tower complex in Binh Dinh − Vietnam is themost famous, big and high tower of ancient Cham's architectural
structures in the golden period of Champa's art history. Afterthe restoration work, Duong Long complex will be the goodarchaeological site both for researchers and the general public toenjoy the on-site artifacts exhibitions and the wonderful scene ofthree towers on the high hill.

34

Duong Long tower (after excavations)Viet Nam

Stone base of Duong Long tower (after excavations)
Lotus ﬂower on the top of the tower

Restoration of the relief on the roof of Duong Long tower
Makara: Aquatic creatures in mythology

The temple site (in the west)
Naga: A semi-divine race associated with water, serpent,dragon etc. in mythology

Ling: Agni (a god of ﬁre) symbol

Naga

Note: Photographs of artefacts from Duong Long Tower Complex were provided by the courtesy of the Center for
Archaeological Studies.

35

Special Report

Sri Lanka
Sujeeva Kaushalyani
Peiris Deraniyagala

Sigiriya is the 5th century rock fortress of the patricide Kingwas explored, excavated and conserved and the whole area was

Kasyapa I, who reigned from A.D. 477 to 495. He escaped fromlandscaped to suit the ancient setting. Ancient walls, Palace on

his enemies at Anuradhapura and made abode at this giant rockthe summit, Water Garden, structures at Boulder Garden andrising about 600 feet from the surrounding plain. He turned thisTerrace Garden, the famous Lion's Paw etc. were all conserved

early Buddhist monastery into a magnificent palace complex

and visitor facilities were improved. But until now the ''dream'' ofand resided like kuvera - the god of Wealth. As a result of his

setting a museum at the site could not get realized mostly because

endeavours Sigiriya today is considered as a fine example ofit required huge sum of ﬁnances.

Sri Lanka

ACCU Ceremonial Opening of the Sigiriya Museum andInformation Centre

REP O R T

human achievements in the Asian region. Sigiriya is one entity
where one can experience engineering, architecture, landscaping,

The Government of Japan came to the assistance by shouldering

ancient city planning, hydraulic engineering, art, sculpture andthe ﬁnancial aspect and expertise where necessary. JICA experts

grafﬁti all at one place. Even today it is difﬁcult to perceive thehandled the project from the inception and due to their untiring

magnitude of the feats achieved when considered the resources

efforts Sigiriya World Heritage Site will get a new lease with thethat were available during that period as far as the 5th century.

opening of the new Museum and Information Centre in June
2009, which was a long felt need at Sigiriya, the most visited site

When the Cultural Triangle was formed, Sigiriya was placed atof the famous ''Cultural Triangle'' of Sri Lanka. This project will

the central position of a triangular area formed connecting the

be a unique symbol of friendship and cooperation between two

ancient capitals of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruva and Kandy. Under

countries.

this UNESCO assisted project, Sigiriya archaeological reserve

Sigiriya rock from the lake end

An interior view of the new museum

Gallery depicting Ibbankatuwa Megalithic burial site37Special ReportUzbekistan

Uzbekistan

ACCU Restoration Work of Archeological Collections
Damaged during Earthquake

Akmaljon Ulmasov

REPORT

Archeological collection of Fine Arts Institute is one of the uniqueonly succeeded in restoring a ceramic jug of antique period fromcollections, which stored the unearthed artefacts found by the

Dalvarzintepa. This jug was egg-shaped body with two handles,

researchers of the Institute in the archeological expeditions on

the narrow neck and the flat bottom. On the upper part of thethe territory of South Uzbekistan. These collections consist of theneck, there was the ornament in the form of wavy lines. It wasarticles of daily life, craft, ﬁne and applied art of Central Asia frommade from the ﬁred clay on the potter's wheel, with the size of 25

the period of Bronze to the Middle Ages. During the earthquake

cm in height and 7.7 cm in diameter, covered with bright angob

in Tashkent on 22 August 2008, some exhibits of the archeological(paint).

collections were significantly damaged and required urgent
restoration work.

The restoration was carried out on the usual method:- broken crocks were assembled and glued by PVA (polyvinyl

Most damaged exhibits were clay sculptures from the outstanding

acetate);monuments of Khalchayan and Dalvarzin-tepa. These sculptures- missing parts were ﬁlled with gypsum;

were made from unburned clay and were painted with mineral- the surface was painted with natural color.

polychrome paints. The sculptures of Khalchayana were dated to
between 100 B.C. to 100 A.D., while the sculpture of Dalvarzintepa

Restoration work was made in the conservation science laboratory

dated back to a period of the early third century A.D.

of the Fine Arts Institute by the students of the National Institute of
Art and Design Named after K. Begzad, under the guidance of theAmong the damaged exhibits were the ceramic jugs of antiqueauthor of this report. Restoration of other damaged artefacts will

period and the ceramic vessel of the sixth to fourth century B.C.

be also made by them when necessary equipment and materials

Due to the Institute's capacity as a conservation laboratory, we

are available.

Before earthquake

38

After earthquake

After restoration